17,
This Edition is limited to five hundred
copies, of which this is No
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
VOLUME I
AAGAARD-DYER
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
CHARLES C. PERKINS
CarresfaittiKg Memttr of the Frrnck Institute
WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME I
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
M DCCC LXXXVI
Copyright, 1885, 1886, by
Charles Scribner's Sons
PREFACE,
THE years of laborious preparation devoted to this work
show that its projectors have not only believed it to be
needed, but have expected for it a novel as well as stand-
ard place among authorities upon its subject. The Cyclopedia of
Painters and Paintings founds its claim to this position especially
upon three things : the character and comprehensiveness of the
information which, through its text and illustrations, it for the
first time makes accessible ; the new simplicity of its arrangement ;
and the bibliography, of a kind hitherto unattempted, through
which it furnishes a key and guide to the whole literature of its
art.
It is not only a fuller biographical dictionary than now exists
of the painters of all times and schools, including prominent con-
temporaries, but it is as well a dictionary of works : and in a
form in which the one branch of information is as immediately
accessible as the other. The important paintings of all periods
are treated under their own names, in separate articles, in which
are given an accurate description of each work, its date, its
place of preservation, its history from the time of leaving the
painter's easel, notices of its replicas and copies, the names of its
engravers, and such other facts as make the account as nearly as
possible exhaustive. Both biographical and descriptive articles
are based, not upon statements accepted in any sense at second
PREFACE
hand, but upon close research, conducted with the hope of making
this work virtually an original authority— their facts being de-
rived from the latest monographs in all languages on the several
painters and schools, from the art periodicals of many countries,
and from autobiographical memoranda and other original material.
The latest catalogues of all the great art museums of the world,
and of many private collections, have also been carefully collated,
so that the information given is the best and fullest accessible up
to the date of publication.
The method of arrangement of the Cyclopedia is believed to
be especially practical, intelligible, and convenient. The bio-
graphical and descriptive articles are combined under a single al-
phabet; a novel plan enabling any reader, with no knowledge
of a well-known painting other than the name, to turn to it
directly, and trace its history back to its author. A simple cross-
reference system also enables the reader of the biographical ar-
ticles to tell at a glance what works of each artist are treated at
length, the italicizing of a single word in the name of a picture
showing that under that word a separate article upon it will be
found.
The bibliography appended to each article is such as will guide
the reader to further and more minute investigation than would
be possible in any book of reference ; even, it may be said, to an
exhaustive study of the whole literature of the topic. It em-
braces, besides English works and periodicals, those in French,
German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, and Danish.
In the illustration of the work, nothing has been spared that
could make it valuable and really representative. The articles
contain portraits of prominent artists, living and dead, fac-similes
of their monograms and signatures, outline sketches of the im-
portant pictures of the older masters (intended as aids to the
PREFA CE
verbal description, and as memoranda of the compositions) ; and
there are in addition full-page reproductions, by the best-known
processes, of representative works of many painters of the modern
schools.
The Cyclopedia being intended primarily for English readers,
each painter is treated under his best-known English appellation,
whether surname, assumed name, or sobriquet. Thus, Correggio
will be found under that title, and not under his less-known family
name of Allegri ; and, in like manner, Domenichino will be used
instead of Zampieri, Giorgione instead of Barbarelli, Pinturicchio
instead of Biagi, Raphael instead of Sanzio, Tintoretto instead of
Robusti, Titian instead of Vecelli, etc.
The work is under obligations to Mr. Louis von Eltz for his
efficient labors during its entire progress, and especially for his
valuable aid in researches connected with the German, Flemish,
Dutch, and Scandinavian schools of painters.
Thanks are due, also, to the superintendent and other officials
of the Astor Library for numerous privileges and courtesies, with-
out which the work on the Cyclopedia would have been attended
with great difficulties, if not rendered impossible.
NEW YORK, January 1, 1886.
Til
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
To face
Page
1. ALGERIAN FALCONER
EUGENE FROMENTIN
Etching by Stephen J. Ferris after Couteux ... .25
2. THE ANATOMIST
GABRIEL MAX
Etching by Stephen J. Ferris )j
}. AUTOMEDON
HENRI REGNAULT
Lewistype from the original by the Lewis Company, Boston . . . . 83
4- THE YOUTH OF BACCHUS
WILLIAM ADOLPHE BOUGUEREAU
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. BoussoJ, Valadon Sr Co., Paris . 88
i*
5. LE BOURGET
ALPHONSE DE NEUWLLE
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Yaladon Sr Co., Paris . 193
6. THE BUCKWHEAT HARVEST
JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET
Lewistype from the original pastel by the Lewis Company, Boston . .218
7. CHRIST ON THE CROSS
LEON BONN AT
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Yaladon Sr Co., Paris . 284
8. THE RETURN TO THE CONVENT
EDUARDO ZAMACOi'S
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Valadon & Co., Paris ,
9- LANDSCAPE
JEAN BAPTISTS CAMILLE CO ROT
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Valadon & Co., Paris .
10. DANSE DU BATON
JEAN LEON GEROME
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, I/aladon Sr Co., Paris . 370
II.
EDU/ARD JOHN POYNTER
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 402
12. THE DISCOVERER
WILLIAM MORRIS HUNT
Etching by S. A. Scboff after the original fresco at Albany . . . . 4'3
*** The publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce the paintings in
this list to Messrs. Boussod, Valadon & Co., in cases where the right of reproduction
is owned by them ; to the Directors of the Boston Museum of Art (for Regnault's
AUTOMEDON); to Martin Brimmer, Esq., of Boston (for Millet's BUCKWHEAT
HARVEST); to Robert L. Cutting, Esq. (for Zamaans' RETURN TO THE CONVENT);
to E. J. Poynter, Esq. (for bis DIADUMENE); and to Messrs. Knoedler & Co. (for
Couteux's etching after Fromentin).
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
1. ABRAHAM AND ANGELS Murillo Stafford House, London . 4
2. ABRAHAM, SACRIFICE OF Bembrandt Hermitage, St. Petersburg. 5
3. ABRAHAM, SACRIFICE OF Andrea del Sarto Dresden Gallery. 5
4. ACHILLES, EDUCATION OF. . .Jean Regnault Louvre, Paris. 7
5. ADAM, CREATION OF Michelangelo Vatican, Rome . 10
G. ADAM AND EVE Filippino Lippi Carmine, Florence . 11
7. ADAM AND EVE Michelangelo Vatican, Eome. 11
8. ADONIS, DEATH OF II Moretto Uffizi, Florence. 13
9. AGATHA, ST., MARTYRDOM ) ^^ ^ ^^ j^^ pm> Morence. 15
OF )
10. AGNES, ST., MARTYRDOM OF . . Domenichino Bologna Gallery . 17
11. AMAZONS, BATTLE OF THE . .Rubens Munich Gallery. 35
12. AMBROSE AND EMPEROR) T ,T. ,r op
c Rubens Vienna Museum . do
THEODOSIUS )
13. ANATOMY, LESSON IN Rembrandt National Gallery, Amsterdam . 38
14. ANNUNCIATION Fra Barlolommeo Louvre, Paris . 46
15. ANNUNCIATION Lodovico Carracci Louvre, Paris . 47
16. ANTHONY, ST., TEMPTATION ) „. T\ j /i n ei
r Pieter Brueghel, the younger Dresden Gallery. 51
17. ANTHONY OP PADUA, ST., ) „ ,. ,, ..0
t Munllo Berlin Museum . 52
AND INFANT JESUS . . )
18. ANTHONY OF PADUA, ST.,
, Elisabetta Sirani Bologna Gallery . 53
AND INFANT JESUS. . )
19. ANTIOPE Correggio Louvre, Paris . 54
20. APOLLO AND DAPHNE Francesco Albani Louvre, Paris . 59
21. APOLLO AND MARSYAS Guercino Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 60
22. APOLLO AND MARSYAS Raphael Louvre, Paris . 61
23. ARCADIA, SHEPHERDS OF ... .Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 64
24. ARIADNE Luca Giordano Dresden Gallery . 66
25. ASCENSION Perugino Lyons Museum . 71
26. ASSUMPTION Rubens Antwerp Cathedral . 75
27. ASSUMPTION Andrea del Sarto Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 76
28. ASSUMPTION Titian Venice Academy . 77
29. ATALA, BURIAL OP Girodet de Roussy Louvre, Paris. 78
30. ATTILA, MAKCH OF Raphael Vatican, Home. 79
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
PAOK
31. AURORA ................. Guercino ................ Palazzo Ludovisi, Rome . 82
32. AURORA ................. Guido Rcni ............ Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome . 82
33. AVALOS, ALFONSO D', AL- \
LEGORY OF ----
34. BACCHANAL ............... Giovanni Bellini and Titian . Alnwick Castle, England. 87
35. BACCHUS AND ARIADNE ..... Titian .................. National Gallery, London . 88
36. BANQUET OF THE Civic
t Titian Louvre, Paris. 83
T
B. van dcr Heist ..... National Museum, Amsterdam . 99
GUARD ........... )
37. BELISARIUS ............... Jaques Louis David ................ Louvre, Paris. 126
38. BELLA DI TIZIANO ......... Titian .................... Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 127
39. BELLE FERONNIERE ........ Leonardo da Vinci .................. Louvre, Paris. 129
40. BLIND-MAN'S-BUFF ........ Sir David Wttkie ..... Buckingham Palace, London. 167
41. BLUE BOY ............... Thomas Gainsborough . . .Grosvenor House, London . 169
42. BORRACHOS, Los .......... Velasquez ....................... Madrid Museum. 183
43. BROKEN PITCHER ......... Jean Baptists Greuze ............... Louvre, Paris. 208
44. BRUNO, ST., DREAM OF. . . .Etistache Lesueur .................. Louvre, Paris. 215
45. BRUNO, ST., VISION OF .... Guercino ....................... Bologna Gallery . 216
46. BUUTUS ................. Louis David ............ ........... Louvre, Paris. 217
47. C.ESAR, DEATH OF ........ Vincenzo Camuccini ......... Palazzo Beale, Naples. 227
48. CALAIS GATE ............. William Hoijarth ............ Marton Hall, England . 229
49. CALUMNY ................ Alessandro Botticelli .............. Uffizi, Florence . 231
50. CALVARY, PROCESSION TO ... Pierre Miynard ...................... Louvre, Paris . 233
61. CASTOR AND POLLUX ....... Rubens ......................... Munich Gallery . 254
52. CATHERINE, ST., MARRIAGE ) T
f Fra Bartdommeo .................. Louvre, Pans . 25o
OF ............... )
53. CATHERINE, ST., MARRIAGE ) -
t Correggio ......................... Louvre, Paris. 256
54. CATILINE, CONSPIRACY OF .... Salvator Roxa .............. Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 258
55. CATO, DEATH OF .......... Charles Lebrun .................... Louvre, Paris . 258
56. CECILIA, ST .............. Domenichino ...................... Louvre, Paris . 261
57. CECILIA, ST .............. Raphael ........................ Bologna Gallery . 262
58. CENCI, BEATRICE .......... attributed to Guido ...... Palazzo Barbcrini, Rome . 263
59. CHALDEAN SAGES .......... Gioryione ....................... Vienna Museum . 267
60. CHAPEAU DE PATT.T.R ....... Rubens ................. National Gallery, London . 268
61. CHARITY ................. Andrea del Sarlo ................... Louvre, Paris . 270
62. CHARLES I ............... Anton van Dyck. ................... Louvre, Paris. 272
63. CHARLES I, CHILDREN OF. . .Anton van Dijck ................. Windsor Castle. 273
64. CHARLES V. .............. Titian ........................... Munich Gallery. 274
65. CHARLES V. AT MUHLBEHG . . Titian .......................... Madrid Museum . 275
66. CHATHAM, DEATH OF ....... John Singleton Copley ---- National Gallery, London. 277
67. CHRIST, BAPTISM OF ....... Francesco Albani ................. Bologna Gallery. 281
68. CHRIST, BAPTISM OF ....... Andrea del Verrocchio .......... Florence Academy. 282
69. CHRIST AMONG THE Doc- ) .
r School of Leonardo da Vinci . National Gallery, London . 285
70. CHRIST AND EVANGELISTS. . .Fra Barlolommeo .......... Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 286
xill
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
PAQI
71. CHRIST IN HOUSE OF JAIRUS . Paolo Veronese Vienna Museum . 289
72. CHRIST HEALING THE PAR- ) Muriao _ Orwell Park, Suffolk . 290
ALYTIC J
73. CHRIST HEALING THE SICK . Benjamin West National Gallery, London. 292
74. CHRIST CROWNED WITH } ^ _ Berlin Musellm . 293
THORNS )
75. CHRIST CROWNED WITII | ^.^ ^ Louvre, Paris. 294
THORNS )
76. CIRCE Guercino Louvre, Paris. 299
77. COLUMBINE, LA Bernardino Luini Hermitage, St. Petersburg. 316
78. CONCEPTION, IMMACULATE . .MurUlo Louvre, Paris. 319
79. CONCEPTION, IMMACULATE . . Murillo Madrid Museum . 320
80. CONCERT Michelangelo da Caravayyio Louvre, Paris. 322
81. CONCERT Gioryione Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 322
82. CONCERT, RUSTIC Giorgione Louvre, Paris. 323
83. CRUCIFIXION Lucas Cranach Stadtkirche, Weimar. 354
84. CRUCIFIXION Andrea JUantegna Louvre, Paris. 355
85. CUPID, EDUCATION OF Correggio National Gallery, London . 358
86. CYMON AND IPHIGENIA Sir Joshua Reynolds. . .Buckingham Palace, London. 361
87. DANAE Correygio Palazzo Borgbese, Rome . 367
88. DANAE Titian Vienna Museum . 367
89. DANTE Giotto Bargello, Florence . 371
90. DARIUS, TENT OF Charles Lebrun Louvre, Paris . 373
91. DAVID AND GOLIATH Guido Ileni Hermitage, St. Petersburg . 376
92. DEATH ON THE PALE HORSE. Benjamin West. Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. 378
93. DEATH, TRIUMPH OF Sienese School Campo Santo, Pisa. 379
94. DELUGE Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris . 390
95. DESCENT FROM THE CROSS. Rubens Antwerp Cathedral. 394
96. DESCENT FROM THE CROSS . Daniele da Volterra S. Triuitii de' Monti, Rome. 395
97. DEVONSHIRE, DUCHESS OF . . Thomas Gainesborough AHLorp Park, England . 400
98. DEVONSHIRE, DUCHESS OF. .Sir Joshua Reynolds Althorp Park, England. 401
99. DIANA AND ACTION Titian Bridgewater House, London . 402
100. DIANA AND CALLISTO Titian Bridgewater House, London . 403
101. DIANTI, LAURA, AT HER )
ToILETTE I JltWn L°mre> PariS- 4°4
102. DIEGO, ST., OF ALCALA. . . .Murillo Due de Pozzo di Borgo, Paris. 407
103. DONNA GRAVIDA Attributed to Raphael Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 418
104. DONNA VELATA Attributed to Raphael Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 419
105. DROPSICAL WOMAN Gerard Dou Louvre, Paris . 426
liv
PORTRAITS OF POINTERS.
(DRAWN BY JACQUES REICH.)
1. Achenbach, Andreas 6 i 36. Bellini, Gentile 131
2. Adam, Franz 9 j 37. Bellini, Giovanni 131
3. Albani, Francesco 20 38. Benczur, Gyula 137
4. Albertinelli, Mariotto 21 39. Bendemann, Eduard Julius Fried-
5. Aldegrever, Heinrich 22 j rich 137
6. Aliense 25 40. Benjamin-Constant, Jean Joseph . . 139
7. Allan, Sir William 26 41. Berchem, Claas Pietersz 143
8. Allori, Alessandro 28 42. Bernier, Camille 148
9. Allori, Cristofano 28 43. Bierstadt, Albert 157
10. Allston, Washington 29 44. Bigio, Francia 157
11. Alma-Tadema, Laurenz 29 ; 45. Blake, William 162
12. Amerling, Friedrich 36 46. Blanchard, Jacques 164
13. Auguisciola, Sofouisba 44 47. Bloemaert, Abraliam 167
14. Asselyu, Jan 73 48. Bokelinann, Ludwig Christian
Louis 174
15. Bacciccio, H 88 \ 49. Bol, Ferdinand 175
16. Bacheh'er, Jean Jacques 89 50. Bonheur, Marie Eosa 177
17. Backhuysen, Ludolf 90 51. Boningtou, Richard Parkes 178
18. Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo da. ... 92 52. Bonuat, Leon Joseph Floreutin . . . 179
19. Balen, Hendrik van 95 53. Bordone, Paris 181
20. Barocci, Federigo 102 54. Both, Jan 185
21. Barrias, Felix Joseph 103 55. Botticelli, Alessandro 186
22. Barry, James 103 56. Boucher, Fra^ois 186
23. Earth, Ferdinand 104 j 57. Boughton, George Henry 188
24. Bartolommeo, Fra 105 58. Bouguereau, William Adolphe 189
25. Bassano, Francesco 107 j 59. Boulanger, Gustave Kodolphe Clar-
26. Bassano, Jacopo 107 i ence 190
27. Bassano, Leandro 108 60. Boullongue. Bon 191
28. Bastien-Lepage, Jules 109 61. Boullongue, Louis de 191
29. Battoni, Pompeo Girolamo 110 62. Bourdon, Sebastien 192
30. Baudry, Paul Jacques Aimee Ill 63. Bramer, Leonard 196
31. Beard, William H. 115 64. Brandt, Jozef 197
32. Beccafumi, Domenico 117 65. Brce, Mattheus Ignatius van 200
33. Becker, Karl Ludwig Friedrich. . . 119 66. Breenbergh, Bartholomew 200
34. Bega, Cornelis Pietersz 122 ! 67. Breton, tirnile Adelard 202
35. Begas, Karl 123 | 68. Breton, Jules Adolphe 203
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
PAGE I FAOH
69. Bridgman, Frederick Arthur 205 ! 115. Cimabue, Giovanni 298
70. Bril, Pauwel 205 [ 116. Claude Lorrain 302
71. Brion, Gustave 206 j 117. Clouet, Jean 307
72. Brouzino, Agnolo 208 118. Coello, Claudio 309
73. Brouwer, Adriaeu 209
74. Brueghel, Jan 212
75. Brueghel, Peeter, the elder 213
76. Burckmair, Hans 220
77. Burgess, John Bagnold 222
78. Bume-Jones, Edward 222
79. Busson, Charles 223
80. Butin, Ulysse 224
81. Butler, Elizabeth Thompson 224
82. Cabanel, Alexandra 225
83. Calabrese, II Cavaliere 228
84. Calame, Alexandra 229
85. Calderon, Philip Hermogenes .... 230
86. Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall 230
87. Cambiaso, Luca 234
88. Camphausen, Wilhelm 235
119. Cogniet, Leon 311
120. Cole, George 312
121. Cole, Thomas 312
122. Cole, Vicat 313
123. Collins, William 314
124. Compte-Calix, Francois Claudius. 317
125. Constable, John 325
126. Cooper, Thomas Sidney 328
127. Copley, John Singleton 329
128. Coques, Gonzales 330
129. Cormon, Fernand 331
130. Corneliszen, Cornells 333
131. Cornelius, Peter von 333
132. Corot, Jean Baptiste Camille 335
133. Correggio 336
134. Costa, Lorenzo 338
135. Courbet, Gustave . . .341
89. Canaletto, H 238 13(J- Courtois, Jacques 342
90. Cano, Alonso 239 137- Cousin, Jean 343
91. Canon, Hans 239 138- Couture, Thomas 343
92. Caravaggio, Michelangelo da 241 , 139- Coxcyen, Michiel van 344
93. Caravaggio, Polidoro da 242 14°- Coypel, Antoine 345
94. Carolus-Duran 244 141- Coypel, Charles Antoine 345
95. Carpaccio, Vittore 245 142- Coypel, Noel 345
96. Carracci, Agostino 246 1<t3- Craesbecke, Joost van 345
97. Carracci, Annibale 246 ^- Craeyer, Caspar do 346
98. Carracci, Lodovico 247 ^5- Cranach, Lucas 346
99. Carrefio de Miranda, Don Juan . . 248 l*6- Crane, Walter 348
100. Camera, Rosalba 248 147- Credi, Lorenzo 349
101. Carstens, Asmus Jacob 249 148- Crespi, Daniele 349
102. Castello, Bernardo 252 149- Crofts, Ernest 352
103. Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto . 253 15°- Crowe, Eyre 354
104. Cerezo, Matteo 264 ^1. Cuyp, Aelbert 3GO
105. Cesari, Giuseppe 264
106. Cespedes, Pablo de 265 152. Danhauser, Josef 369
107. Champaigne, Philippe de 267 153. Daubigny, Charles Francois' ' 374
108. Chardiu, Jean Baptiste Simoon . . 269 154. David, Jacques Louis 376
109. Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint 275 155. Davis, Henry William Banks " ' 377
110. Chase, William Merritt 276 156. Decamps, Alexander Gabriel. . ' 381
111. Chodoviecki, Daniel Nicolaus 280 157. Defregger, Franz von. 383
112. Church, Frederic Edwin 295 158. Delacroix,' Ferdinand Victor Eu-
113. Cignani, Carlo 296 gune 386
114. Cima da Couegliauo 297 159. Delaroche, PauL '.'.','.'.'.'. 387
xvi
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
IfiO. Desportes, Alexander Francois . .
161. Detaille, Jean Baptiste fidouard.
162. Diaz de la Pefia, Narciso Virgilio
163. Dicksee, Frank
164. Diepenbeeck, Abraham van
165. Dietrich, Christian William Er-
nest
166. Dietz, Feodor
167. Dobson, William Charles Thomas
168. Does, Jacob van der
169. Dolci, Carlo
170. Domeuichino
PAGE
397
398
404
405
408
409
171. Dorc, Gustavo Paul 419
172. Dossi, Giovanni 422
173. Don, Gerard 422
174. Doyen, Gabriel Francois 424
175. Drouais, Germain Jean 427
176. Dubufe, Edouard 430
177. Duchatel, Frans 431
410 ' 178. Duez, Ernest Ange 433
414 179. Dupre, Jules 435
415 180. Durand, Asher Brown 436
415 181. Ddrer, Albrecht 437
416 ' 182. Dyck, Antou van 441
xvii
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES.
PAGE
1. Abbate, Niccolo dell' 2
2. Achen, Johann G
3. Achenbacli, Andreas 7
4. Achenbacli, Oswald 7
5. Adam, Albreclit 9
3G. Bacler d'Albe, Louis Albert Guil-
lain 90
37. Baldung, Hans 95
38. Balen, Hendrick van 95
39. Balestra, Antonio ... 96
6. Adam, Heinricli 9 40. Barbari, Jacopo de' 99
7. Adam, Jean Victor 10 41. Basaiti, Marco 106
8. Adau, Louis Emile 12 42. Bassen, Bartholomeua van 108
9. Aelst, "Willem van 14 43. Battoui, Pompeo Girolamo 110
10. Aertszen, Pietcr 14 44. Becker, Georges 119
11. Ainmiller, Max Emanuel 19 45. Beerstraaten, Jan 122
12. Albani, Francesco 21 40. Bega, Cornelis Pietersz 123
13. Aldegrever, Heinrich 22 47. Begas, Karl 123
14. Alfaui, Domeuico 24 ' 48. Begeijn, Abraham Cornelisz 124
15. Aliense 25 49. Behaui, Hans Sebald 125
16. Allori, Alessandro 28 50. Bellini, Giovanni 132
17. Altdorfer, Albrecht 32 j 51. Bellotto, Bernardo 133
18. Alunno, Niccolo 33 ! 52. Bellucei, Antonio 134
19. Amalteo, Pomponio 34 53. Beuner, Jean 139
20. Anselmi, Michelangelo 49 , 54. Berchem, Claas Pietersz 143
21. Ausiaux, Jean Josepli Eleouore 55. Berck-Heyde, Job 144
Antoine 50 j 56. Berruguete, Alouso 149
22. Appiani, Andrea 62 [ 57. Bertram!, James 152
23. Arellano, Juan de 65 58. Beschey, Balthasar 152
24. Arthois, Jacques d' 70 1 59. Bigio, Francia 158
25. Asher, Louis 72 60. Billet, Pierre .' 158
26. Asper, Hans 72 61. Biset, Karel Emanuel '.'.'.'.'.'. 160
27. Aspertini, Amico 72 | 62. Bissolo, Pietro Francesco 161
28. Asselyn, Jan 73 ! C3 BieS) Herri de ' 1G6
29. Aubert, Ernest Jean 80 I 64. Bloemaert, Abraham '.'.', '. 168
30. Aubry, Etienne 80 | 65. Bloemen, Pieter van 168
31. Avercamp, Hendrik 85 66. Blondeel, Lancelot 169
67. Bockhorst, Jan van 170
32. Baade, Knud 86 ! 68. Boenisch, Gustav Adolf 172
33. Bach, Alois 88 69. Boeyermaus, Theodor 172
34. Bachelier, Jean Jacques 89 70. Boilly, Louis Laopold. ... 173
35. Backhuyseu, Ludolf 90 71. Bol, Ferdinand 175
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
FADE I ,.,..,,
72. Bol, Hans 175 ( 117. Carolus-Duran 244
73. Bonnat, Leon Joseph Florentin . . 179 ' 118. Carpaccio, Vittore 245
74. Boouen, Arnold van 181 119. Carracci, Agostino 246
75. Bordone, Paris 181 120. Carracci, Aniiibale 247
76. Borgoguone, Ambrogio 182 121. Carracci, Lodovico 248
77. Borras, Fray Nicholas 183 122. Carreiio de Miranda, Don Juan . . 248
78. Bosch, Hieronyinus 184 123. Carricra, Kosalba 248
79. Bosschc, Balthasar van den 184 124. Casanova, Francesco 250
80. Both, Andries 185 125. Castello, Beniardo 252
81. Both, Jan 185 12G. Castiglionc, Giovanni Benedetto. 253
82. Botticelli, Alessandro 186 127. Catena, Vinccnzo 254
83. Boucher, Francois 187 128. Caulitz, Peter 259
84. Bouguereau, William Adolphe . . . 189 129. Cuvedonc, Giacomo 2(K)
85. Boulanger, Gustave Uodolphe 130. Gazes, Pierre Jacques 2(50
Clarence 190 131. Cerezo, Mattco 2(54
86. Bourdon, Sebastien 192 132. Cesari, Giuseppe 2(15
87. Bourgeois, Loon Pierre Urbain . . 192 133. Cespedes, Pablo de 265
88. Braekeleer, Ferdiiiandus de 195 134. Champaigne, Philippe do 2(!7
89. Bramautino 196 135. Ghapliu, Charles Joshua 269
90. Brainer, Leonard 196 136. Chardin, Jean Baptiste Sinu'on . . 269
91. Bredael, Jan Fraus van 199 137. Cliodoviecki, Daniel Nicolnus — 280
92. Bree, Mattheus Ignatius van 200 138. Cignani, Carlo 297
93. Breenbergh, Bartholoineus 200 139. Cinia da Conegliano 298
94. Brekelenkam, Quiryn 201 140. Clairin, Georges Jules Victor. . . . 301
95. Brt'ton, Jules Adolphe 203 141. Codde, Pieter 309
96. Breu, Jorg 203 142. Coello, Claudio
97. Bril, Pauwel 206 143. Cogels, Joseph . .
98. Briou, Gustave 206 144. Collantes, Francisco
99. Brouziuo, Agnolo 209 145. Comerre, Lron Francois. .
100. Brouwer, Adriaeu 209 146. Compte-CaUx, Francois Claudius. 318
101. Brueghel, Peeter, younger 214 147. Conca, Sebastiano. .
102. Bugiardiui, Giuliauo 219 148. Congnet, Gillis. .
103. Burcknmir, Hans 220 149. Coninck, David de. .
104. Butiu, Ulysso 224 150. Coutariui, Giovanni . .
151. Cooper, Abraham
105. Cabanel, Alexandre 225 152. Corinon, Femand..
106. Cagliari, Carlo 228 153. Corneille, Michel . .
107. Cagnacci, Guido '.. 228 154. Corneliazen, Cornelia. .
108. Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall 231 155. Correggio
109. Cambiaso, Luca 234 156. Cossiers, Jan . .
110. Caraphuyseu, Govert 236 157. Costa, Lorenzo
111. Campi, Antonio 236 158. Cosway, Richard. .
112. Cano, Alouso 239 159. Cot, Pierre Auguate.
113. Capelle, Jan van der 240 160. Courtat, Louis. .
114. Caravaggio, Polidoro da 242 161. Courtois, Gustave.,
115. Carducho, Yincenzo 243 162. Cousin, Jean . .
116. Carloni, Giambattista 243 163. Coxcyen, Michiel vau.
344
xix
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
164. Coypel, Charles Antoine 345
165. Coypel, Noel 345
166. Craesbecke, Joost vau 346
167. Craeyer, Caspar cle 346
168. Cranach, Lucas 347
169. Credi, Lorenzo di 349
170. Crespi, Daniele 349
171. Crespi, Giovanni Battista 350
172. Crivelli, Carlo 351
173. Cuyleuborch, Abraham van 3GO
174. Cuyp, Aelbert 360
175. Cuyp, Jacob Gerritsz 361
176. Czermak, Jaroslav 362
177. Daege, Eduarcl 363
178. Dael, Jan Frans van 363
179. Danloux, Henri Pierre 370
180. Daunat, William T , 370
181. David, Jacques Louis 377
182. Decaisne, Henri 381
183. Decker, Cornelis Gerritsz 382
184. Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eu-
gene 386
185. Delaunay, Jules £lie 388
186. Delobbe, Francois Alfred 389
187. Dernier, Baltliasar . 391
188. Deshays, Jean Baptiste 397
189. Desportes, Alexaudre Francois ... 398
190. Detaille, Jean Baptiste Edouard. . 398
191. Deveria, Eugene Francois Marie
Joseph 399
192. Diepenbeeck, Abraham van 408
193. Dietteiiein, Wendel 410
194. Does, Simon van der 415
195. Dolci, Carlo 416
196. Dossi, Giovanni 422
197. Don, Gerard 423
198. Douven, Jan Frans van 424
199. Doyen, Gabriel Francois 424
200. Drolling, Martin 425
201. Drooch-Sloot, Joost Cornelisz . . . 426
202. Dubbels, Hendrik 428
203. Dubois, Ambroise 428
204. Duchatel, Frans 431
205. Ducreux, Joseph 432
206. Dughet, Gaspard 433
207. Dupre, Julien 435
208. Dupressoir, Joseph Francois 435
209. Diirer, Albrecht 438
210. Dusart, Cornelis 438
211. Dyck, Anton van 443
212. Dyck, Philip van 443
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xxxviii
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Acad., Academy.
A.N.A , Associate of the National Academy.
A.R.A., Associate of the Royal Academy.
A.R.H.A, Associate of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy.
A.R.S.A., Associate of the Royal Scottish
Academy.
C. & C., Crowe and Cavalcaselle.
Cat., Catalogue.
Ch., Church.
Col., Collection.
Gal., Gallery.
H., Height.
ib., ibidem.
id., idem.
Inst., Institute.
L. of Honour, Legion of Honour.
Mus., Museum.
N.A., National Academy or Academician.
Nat. Gal, National Gallery.
Pal., Palace, Palais, Palazzo.
R, Royal.
R.A., Royal Academy or Academician.
R.H.A., Royal Hibernian Academy or
Academician.
R.S.A., Royal Scottish Academy or Acad-
emician.
S., San, Santa.
SS., Santi, Sante.
S. M., Santa Maria.
St., Saint.
W. & W., Woltmann and Woermann.
%* Words in italics indicate the alphabetical place of articles on tlte subjects qxctfed.
ixxix
CYCLOPEDIA
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
AAGAARD, CARL FREDERIK, bom ' Sehidone in the Palazzo Commuiiale, Mo-
at Oclensc, Denmark, Jan. 29, 1833. dena, parts of which still exist. In the Mo-
Landscape painter, first instructed in dena Gallery are four pictures of this master,
bis native place, then pupil of Copenhagen namely, the Marriage (?), Annunciation, and
Academy, and in 1853 of P. C. Skovgnard. Presentation of the Virgin, and the Birth of
Visited Italy before 1871, and in 1875-76. St. John Baptist.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., L 9 ;
Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1874. Vedriaui, Pittori . . . Modenesi, 102.
Works: Wild Flowers (1857); View in' ABBATE, NICCOLo DELL', bora in
Jaegersburg Deer-park (18G5), Copenhagen Modeua about 1512, died in Paris in 1570.
Gallery ; Views on Island of Moeu. — Sigurd Lombard school ; son of a painter named
Miiller, 3 ; Weilbach, 7.
AALST. See A, -I*!.
Giovanni (died at Modena, 1559), but
whether Abbate is the family name, or a
AARESTRUP, MARIE HELENE, born patronymic derived from Abba or Abate, a
at Flekkefjord, Norway, in 1829. Genre village in the territory of Reggio, or was
and portrait painter ; pupil in Bergen of adopted by Nieeolo in recognition of his
Reusch, landscape painter, in Paris (185(5) master the Abate Primaticcio, is still uncer-
of Tissier, and in Diisseldorf of Vautier. tain, although it has Ijeen much discussed.
Works : Playing Child and Shepherd's Boy, He went with Primaticcio to France about
Art Union, Christiania ; Interior of Hotel 1531, and after several years returned to
Cluny in Paris, Flower Girl, Gothenburg Italy and executed many works in Bologna
Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 2. and Modena ; in 1551 or 1552, he again
ABATE CICCIO, L'. See Rolimena. crossed the Alps to assist Primaticcio in
ABBATE (Abate, Abati), ERCOLE decorating the CbUeau de Fontaiucbleau,
DELL', died Jan. 20, 1613. Lombardo-Mo- where, in 1570, Cutheriue de Medicis com-
denese school ; eldest son of Giulio Camillo, missioned him to paint frescos of the La-
and grandson of Niccolo Abbate ; worked bours of Hercules, the Loves of Vcrtuin-
mostly in Modena. Painted several Ma- nus, and incidents in the life of Alexander
donnas for the Modeuese churches, also a the Great. Niccolu also painted frescos
Hercules and the Nemean lion ; but princi- after the designs of Primaticcio in the
pal work is a fresco of Labours of Hercules, Hotel de Guise, the Hotel de Montmorency,
executed in connection with Bartolommeo and the Chateau de Beauregard near Blois
ABBATI
Essentially an imitator, and an eclectic
whose style was a mixture of the Corre-
gesque and Roman schools, Niccolo had a
great reputation, and is mentioned by Agos-
tino Caracci in a famous sonnet, as combin-
ing in his style all the qualities most desir-
able for a painter to possess. Of his Italian
frescos, several from the Palazzo Scandiano
transferred to canvas are in the gallery at
Modena, the best of which represent singers
periodicals, but has done good work in
water colours. Studio in New York until
1883, when he removed to London. Mem-
ber of New York Water Colour Society and
of London Institute of Water Colours.
Works : Stage Office (1876), R. G. Dun, New
York; Evil Eye (1877), Lady in a Gar-
den (1878), J. W. Harper, ib. ; Rose in Oc-
tober (1879), J. P. Townsend, ib. ; the Wid-
ower
(1883); Reading the Bible (1884),
and players on musical instruments. Twelve Andrew Carnegie, ib.
subjects are taken from the Mneid. In the | ABBOTT, FRANCIS LEMUEL, born in
University, also, there is a frieze of men ' Leicestershire, England, in 1760, died in
and maidens. Of the joint works of Prima- London in 1803. Pupil of Frank Hayman ;
ticcio and Niccolo at Fontainebleau little is went to London in 1780, and occasionally ex-
distinguishable, and of that of Niccolo, hibited portraits at the Academy from
nothing, as the Great Gallery where he 1788 to 1800. Among his best works are
painted the Gods of Olympus and the j Viscount Bridport, Earl Macartney, Sir
story of Ulysses was destroyed in 1738.
Whether the life-size Diana in the chateau
is by the master or the pupil is uncertain.
Among Niccolo's few authentic paintings are
the Rape of Proserpine, Stafford House,
London ; and a Holy Family in his Corre-
gesque manner, at Kedlestou Hall, near
•ATA 7)u3- i
Derby, the
seat of Lord
Scarsdale. —
Vasari, ed. LeMon., xi. 211 ; xiii. 5 ; Meyer,
Kunst. Lex., i. 4 ; Burckhardt, 682 ; Miind-
ler, Essai (Paris, 1850).
ABBATI, GIUSEPPE, born in Naples
George Staunton, Nelson, Nollekens, and
Vancouver in the National Portrait Gallery ;
Admiral Sir Peter Parker, Nelson, Green-
wich Hospital. — Redgrave ; Catalogue Na-
tional Portrait Gallery, 408.
ABD-EL-KADER, CAPTURE OF THE
SMALA OF, Horace Vernet, Versailles
Museum ; canvas, H. 16 ft. x 71 ft. The
smala, consisting of his camp, court, harem,
and treasury, was taken by surprise, May
16, 1843, by Due d'Aumale at the head of
two cavalry regiments. Booty of immense
value and 5,000 prisoners were captured.
Abd-el-Kader was absent at the time.
in 1836, died in Florence, Feb. 20, 1868. ABEL, DEATH OF (Genesis iv. 8), An-
Genre and landscape painter; son and drea Schiavone, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; can-
pupil of Vincenzo A,, of Naples ; studied ! vas, H. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in. Cain in the act of
also at Venice Academy until 1852. In striking Abel, who, prostrate, tries to ward
1860 and 1866 he joined the volunteers off the blow ; background, a wooded land-
under Garibaldi, and then retired to the
Tuscan coast to paint nature and peasant
life, in the treatment of which he resembles
Jules Breton. Scarcely had he reached a
prominent place among modem Italian
painters, when he died of a bite from his
dog.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 10.
ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN
born
ni
Philadelphia, United States, in 1852. Genre
scape, with a dead goat. Baldinucci calls it
Samson killing a Philistine. — Catalogue Pal-
azzo Pitti.
By Tintoretto, Venice Academy ; canvas.
Ruskin says this picture and its companion
piece, Adam and Eve, are the " best possible
examples of what, in absolute
painting, is supremest work,
power of
so far as I
know, in all the world." One of four sub-
painter, pupil of Pennsylvania Academy of jects from Genesis, painted for the former
Fine Arts. Best known as an illustrator of ! Scuola della Trinita.— Lavice, 462.
ABEL
ABEL, JOSEF, born at Asehach, Upper j Museum ; St. Stephen preaching the Gospel
Austria, iu 17G8, died in Vicuna, Oct. 4,
1818. History and portrait painter ; pupil
of Vienna Academy ; obtained iu 1794 the
gold medal for his Diedalus and Icarus.
(1817), St. Etienue du Mont ; Baptism of
Clovis (1824), Cathedral of Reims ; St. Peter
reviving Tabitha (1827), St. Peter, Douai ;
Burial of the Madonna, Notre Dame, Paris.
In 1795 he accompanied Prince Czartoryski — Ch. Blanc, ficolo fran<;aise ; Siret, 729 ;
to Poland, whence, notwithstanding brilliant ! Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 22.
offers from Russia, he returned to Vienna, ABELS, JACOBUS THKODOKUH,
and remained there until 1801, when he bora iu Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sept 1,
went to Rome, where he sketched and partly 1803, died in Abcoude, June 18, 18(!(J.
finished several of his most important works. Landscape painter ; pupil of Jan van Raven-
After 1807 he resided at Vienna and became swaay. Went to Germany in 182(5, and
member of the Academy in 1815. Abel is after his return settled at the Hague, where
better known by his engravings than by his he married a daughter of the painter P. G.
pictures. Works : Hector and Andromache, van Os. His moonlight landscapes are es-
Audromache with Hector's Body, Antigone, pecially noteworthy. Works : Fir Grove
Prometheus, Socrates saving Therameues, with Cattle, Wood Landscape, View of the
Klopstock and Homer entering Elysium Downs, National Museum, Amsterdam. —
(1807), Vienna Museum ; Cato of Utica, Die- Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 23.
dalus and Icarus, Vienna Academy ; Socrates ] ABELDGAARD, NICOLAI ABRAHAM,
as Sculptor, Amor, Tibullus in Ecstasy, Hor- bom in Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 11,
ace at Tibur, Scene from Olympian Games, 1742, died at Fredriksdal, June 4, 1809.
Oath over Corpse of Lucretia, Darmstadt Son of Soren A., the Norwegian draughts-
Gallery ; Socrates dictating his Will, Seiz- man, and pupil of Copenhagen Academy,
ure of Antigone, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vi- where he won the great medal iu 17G7.
enna.— Andreseu, iii. 70 ; Meyer, Kiiust. Studied iu Italy in 1772-77 ; became, after
Lex., i. 20. his return in the latter year, a member of
ABEL DE PUJOL, ALEXANDRE the Academy, professor iu 178G, and its di-
DENIS, born in Valenciennes, France, rector from 178!) to 1792, and from 1802 to
Jan. 30, 1785, died in Paris, Sept. 28, his death. His principal work, a series of
1861. History painter, pupil of the Acad- Allegories (1791) in the castle of Christ-
Rome, and resided iu that city five years. VUI, delivered his funeral oration. Works
Legion of Honour, 1822 ; Officer, 1835 ; Philoctetes, Danish Ladies sacrificing their
Member of Academy, 1835. Earlier works Jewelry to ransom King Svend, Cupid
are the best, especially the allegorical ones, rates in Ecstacy, Jupiter ; scenes from Hi
He painted a number of pictures, now iu let, Richard HI., Macbeth, Henry \H
the Louvre, for the government, and exe- illustrations to Terence, Apuleius, and 1
cuted works in several churches of Paris gesen.— Meyer, Kirnst Lex., i.
and in the provincial museums. Works : bach, 9.
Renaissance des Arts, a fresco (1819, de-i ABOUKIR, BATTLE OF, Baron (
stroyed in 185G), copy in the Louvre ; Ly- Versailles Museum,
curgus presenting the Heir Apparent to the 1799. Scene : the final cavalry ch,
Lacedaemonians (1810), Ecole des Beaux Murat, when the Turks were dn
Arts ; Isaac Blessing the Children of Jacob the sea. Fort of Aboukir, enem
(1810) ; Death of Britaimicua (1814), Dijon and ships in back;
180G.
ABRAHAM
En-raved bv A. Lefebre.-Lan- ' Sonlt, who sold it (1835), with the Prodigal
. Plates 1-3; Galerie de Son by Murillo and St .Francis Borgia by
Versailles No 660 ; Bertliier, Kelation Velasquez, to Duke of Sutherland for 500,-
de 1'Expedition d'Egypte, 185. 000 fr. Engraved in outline, Reveil iv.
ABRAHAM AND ANGELS (Genesis 271.— Palomino, 111. 422 ; Cean 1 ermudez ;
xviii 2) Murillo, Duke of Norfolk, London ; Stirling, ii. 852 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 147 ; Cur-
canvas H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 1 in. Three tis, 115 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 68.
angels, habited as pilgrims and bearing ABRAHAM AND HAGAR. See llagar.
ABRAHAM, HIS-
TORY OF. See Raph-
ael's Bible.
ABRAHAM, SACRI-
FICE OF (Genesis xxii.),
Cris. Allori, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
7 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. Abra-
ham, about to sacrifice
Isaac in a rocky place,
has his arm arrested by
an angel who points to
the ram in the thicket ;
in back-ground, two ser-
vants and a pack-horse.
Engraved by Rossi. — Gal.
du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 2.
By Murillo, Wm. C.
Cartwright, A y n h o e ,
Northamptonshire, Eng. ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 3
ft. 7 in. Abraham, in a
•white turban, blue coat,
and red mantle, has a
brazier of coals in his right hand while his
left rests on his sword ; Isaac, in red and
blue, walks before, carrying wood. Brought
from Spain in 17GO by John Blackwood,
from whom obtained by inheritance. — Cur-
tis, 117.
By Raphael, Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ;
fresco on ceiling. Abraham holding Isaac on
the altar and about to complete the sacrifice
when an angel arrests his arm ; another an-
gel descending from heaven with the ram.
Painted in 1513-14. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv.
346 ; Passavant, i. 159 ; Muntz, 370 ; Gruyer,
Fresques, 241.
By Rembrandt, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 3 in Abraham,
Abraham and Angels, Murillo, Stafford House.
staves, two seated at a table and one stand-
ing ; Abraham approaching, bearing a
dish of smoking meat ; behind him, Sarah
at the door of the house ; in background,
Hagar and Ishmael. Engraved by G. E.
Price ; mezzotint by G. S. and J. G. Facius.
—Curtis, 117.
By Murillo, Stafford House, London ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 9 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. On left,
three angels, habited as pilgrims and bear-
ing staves ; Abraham, kneeling, pointing
with both hands to his house behind, invites
them to enter. Companion to St. Peter in
Prison, Hermitage ; one of eight large pic-
tures painted in 1670-1674 for Hospital of
La Caridad, Seville ; carried off by Marshal
ABSOLOX
with one hand on Isaac's face, who lies
bound on a pile of wood, is alxwt to execute
the command with the other, when an angel
carried from Holland by French nnd pre-
sented by Napoleon in 1811. Smaller copy
in Madrid Museum. Engraved by Surupue
pi-re.— GaL Roy. de Dresde, i. PL 8 ; Vas-
ari, ed. Mil, v. 51 ; C. & C., Italy, iiL 577.
By fuxlvma, Duomo, Pisa ; wood, figures
life size. Painted in 1042. Curried to Paris
in 1811 ; returned in 1814. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vi. 397.
By D. Tenierx, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft 3 in.; signed, dated
1653. Abraham and Isaac kneeling in prayer
before an altar, on which is a fire and a ram
ready for sacrifice ; in distance, a landscape,
with two sen-ants and an ass. Engraved
by Berkowez. — Gal. de Vieune, iiL PL 157.
ABSOLON, JOHN, born at Lambeth,
England, May 6, 1815. Genre painter,
chiefly in water colours * pupil of Ferrigi ;
supported himself when young by painting
^. portraits in oil ; in 1838 became a member
Sacrifice of Abraham, Rembrandt, Hermitage.
seizes his arm and the knife falls from his
grasp. Houghton Gallery, whence passed in
1779, for £300, to Hermitage. Engraved
by Murphy; Haide.— Ch. Blanc, Rembrandt,
401.
By Andrea del Sarto, Dresden Gallery ;
wood, H. 7 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 8 in.; signed.
Abraham, about to slay Isaac on an altar, is
arrested by a boy angel from above ; at one
side, the ram caught in the thicket ; at the
other, in background, a naked man watching
an ass. Painted in 1529, for Francis I, but
in Andrea's possession at his death in 1531 ;
presented by Filippo Strozzi to Alfonso
d'Avalos ; after many wanderings, returned
to Florence and placed in Tribune of the
Uffizi ; exchanged for a Correggio with the
Duke of Modeua, and finally sold to Augus-
tus EL of Saxony. Copy in Lyons Museum,
fi -. '
if
Sacnfio of Abraham, Andt«a del Sarto, Drt*i«n Gall«Tr.
of the New Water Colour Society, from
which he withdrew in 1858, and exhibited
in Academy an oil picture, Boulogne, 1857 ;
ACCORDEE
returned to Water Colour Society in 1861.
In 1859, he visited Switzerland and Italy.
Works : Savoyard Boy, First Sup (1839) ;
Singing for a Wife (1840) ; Vicar of Wake-
field in Prison (1842) ; Paul and Virginia
(1843) ; Judgment of Midas, Captain Mac-
heatli Betrayed (1844) ; Threading the
Needle (184C) ; Plenty (1849) ; First Night
in a Convent (1853) ; The Baptism (1856) ;
(1589), Bonn Cathedral ; Pieta, Martyrdom
of St. Sebastian, do. of Magdalen, Jesuit
church, Munich ; Altai-piece with Christ
crucified, Kreuzkapelle, ib. ; nine biblical,
mythological, and genre scenes, Vienna
Museum ; liaising of Lazarus, Nativity, St.
Mary and Carthusian Monk, Portrait of
Burgomaster Broelman (1588), all in Co-
lone Museum ; Ave Maria, Christ raising
Boulogne (1858) ; Tt-te-a-Tete (1860) ;Mdlle. the Widow's Son, Truth victorious under
de Sombreuil (1861) ; Courtship of Gains-
borough (1863); The Beacon (1876);
Returning from Church, Bringing in the
Maypole (1883).— Art Journal (1862), 201 ;
Ottley; Meyer, Klinst. Lex., i. 34.
ACCORDEE DE VILLAGE.
Bride.
See Village strauieri,
ACHAED, JEAN ALEXIS, born at Vo-
reppe, Isere, France, June 8, 1807, died in
Grenoble, Oct., 1884. Landscape painter,
self-taught ; went to Paris in 1835, and
exhibited first at the Salon in 1839 ; has
travelled in Egypt. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ;
2d class, 1845, 1848 ; 3d class, 1855.
Works : Valley of the Isere (1844) ; Grande
Chartreuse (1845) ; Mill of Cremieux (1848) ;
Autumn Landscape (1853) ; Sea Coast near
Honfleur (1861) ; Waterfall (1863) ; Cas-
cade of Cernay-la-Ville (1866), Luxembourg ;
View near Cernay (1870). Others in Muse-
ums at Grenoble and Avignon. — Meyer,
Kunst. Lex., i. 38.
ACHELOUS. See Hercules and Achelous.
ACHEN, JOHANN or HANS VON, born
in Cologne in 1562, died in Prague, Jan. 6,
1615. History and portrait painter, Ger-
man school ; pupil of C. Jerrigh in Cologne
and of Kaspar Reins in Venice ; studied
Protection of Justice, twelve
portraits of Bavarian princes
and princesses, all at Schleiss-
Leim Gallery. — Allgem. d.
29 ; Campori, Artisti italiani e
245 Kugler (Crowe), i. 271 ;
Meyer, Kiinst, Lex., i. 39 ; Organ f. christL
K, xv. 155.
ACHENBACH, ANDREAS, bom in Cas-
sel, Sept. 29,
1815. Land-
scape and mar-
ine painter, pu-
pil of Diisseldorf
Academy (1827
-1835) under
Schirmer, and
one of the most
distinguished
painters of the
school. His
early views of the Rhine country are fresh
and individual. Later, he widened his
range by visiting Holland (1832-33), Nor-
way (1835), the Bavarian Tyrol (1836), and
Italy (1843). After his return to Diissel-
dorf in 1846, he painted a great number of
German and Norwegian landscapes, treating
Michelangelo and Tintoretto in Italy, and mountain, forest, and sea with like ability
and power. Achenbach is a member of the
Berlin, Amsterdam, and Antwerp Academies,
returned home iu 1588. In 1590 he was
called to Munich by Duke William V., be-
came painter to the Emperor Rudolph II.,
resided at Prague after 1601, and in 1612
was appointed court painter to Matthias I.
He was a mannerist like Goltzius and
and has received many orders and medals.
Paris Salon : medal 3d class, 1839 ; 1st class,
1855 ; 3d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1864.
Works in galleries of Berlin, Munich, Frank-
Spranger, and very much overrated by his fort, Darmstadt, Carlsruhe, Diisseldorf, and
contemporaries. Works : Crucifixion (1588), ' in many private collections in Europe ; in
Protestant church, Cologne ; Entombment the United States, ill collections of Miss C.
AC11ENHACI1
M,M.
L. Wolfe, T. A. Havemeyer, Aug. Belmont,
R. Hoe, J. W. Drexel, E. D. Morgan, and
R. L. Cutting, New York ; H. C. Gibson,
John D. Lankennu, and Mrs. W. P. Wil-
stach, Philadelphia ; J~ m \
H. P. Kidder, Boston ; / I \
W. T. Walters, J. W. •*• -*• *
Garrett, Baltimore ; J.
Longworth, Cincinna-
ti.—Brockhaus, i. 103 ;
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 43 ; Mailer, 2 ; Nord
u. Slid, xv. 381 ; Pecht, iii. 328.
ACHENBACH, OSWALD, born in Diis-
seldorf, Feb. 2, 1827. Landscape paiuter,
brother and pupil of Andreas, but his
conception of nature is more ideal. Vis-
ited the Bavarian Alps at an early period,
and went to Switzerland and Italy in 1845,
1850, and 1851. His representations of
southern scenery and of peculiar atmos-
pheric effects are of rare excellence. Medals :
Paris, 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861, 1863 ;
L. of Honour, 1803. Works : Park Laud-
scape, Villa Chigi, Entry of a Cardinal into
Ariccia (1851) ; Castel Gandolfo (1853) ;
Nocturnal Funeral in Palestrina, Pilgrims
from the Abruzzi (1861) ; Reapers in the
Campagna (1863) ; Torre del Greco (1868) ;
Street in Torre dell' Aunuuziata, Olive Har-
vest at Sorrento, Campo Santo at Naples ;
Festival in Araceli, Strand of Naples at a
Church Festival, Naples and Vesuvius, Even-
ing between Ceprano and Sora (1874) ; Pal-
ace of Queen Joanna, Breslau Museum ;
Villa Torlonia at Frascati, Market of Amain,
National Gallery, Berlin ; Vesuvius after
Storm, Bay of Naples, Inauguration at Cas-
tellainare, Castle of Ischia. The following
are in the United States : Home of Garibaldi
in Caprera, D. W. Powers, Rochester ;
Naples at Midnight, F. C. Sales, Pawtucket,
R. L; Fish Market, Naples, H. Probasco,
Cincinnati ; Night at Capri, Judge G.
Hoadley, Cincinnati ; Storm in Roman
Campagna, View near Rome, C. H. Wolff,
Philadelphia ; Staircase Street, Mrs. W. P.
Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Ball-Players ut
Villa Torlonia, Mrs. J. G. Fell, Philadel-
| phia ; Street in Naples, Joseph W. Drexel,
N. Y.; Coliseum at Rome, Sta. Lucia, Tem-
ple of Vesta and St. Peter's, Convent of
Vico, John D. Lankenau, Philadel-
phia ; Bay of Naples, Summer
Night's Festival at Naples, Win.
Astor, N. Y. — Meyer, Kimst. Lex., L
Brockhaus, i. 104 ; Muller, 3.
ACHILLES, ancient picture. See Alhen-
4G;
ACHILLES, EDUCATION OF, Jean Hey-
nanlt, Louvre ; canvas, H 8 ft 6 in. x 6
ft. 11 in. The young Achilles, nude, about
to shoot an arrow, turns his head toward
the Centaur Chiron, who, behind him, left,
Education of Achillet. Regniult. Louvtt.
appears to give instruction ; in background,
a dead lion, and, on the rocks above, a ser-
pent. Salon, 1783. Engraved by Bervic.-
Rcveil, v. 305 ; Landon, Musce, L 23.
ACHTSCHELLINCK (Achtacheflinckx),
LUCAS, born in Brussels, baptised Jan. 16,
1626, died there, buried May 12, 169!).
Landscape painter, Flemish school, pupil
of Pieter Van der Borelit ; master of Brus-
sels guild in 1657. Was of considerable
ACKEK
merit ; worked for churches and monaster-
ies. Works : Landscapes (2 with figures by
Pieter Bout), Dresden Gallery ; three, for-
merly in Pommersfelden Gallery ; three,
Museum, Bruges ; two, City Hall, ib. ; oth-
ers in churches at Brussels. — Meyer, Kiiust. j
Lex., i. 50 ; Weale, Bruges et ses environs
(1846), 21.
ACKER, JACOB, flourished in Ulm, sec-
ond half 15th century. German school. He
is the only one of a family of painters of
whom a well-authenticated work exists, viz.,
the pictures on the side wings and the pre-
della of an altarpiece painted in 1483, which
is preserved in the chapel of St. Leonard at
the Cemetery of Eisstipen, Ehingen. They
represent Christ and the Disciples, and
male and female saints. — Meyer, Kuust.
Lex., i. 51.
ACKERMANN, JOHANN ADAM, born
in Mentz in 1780, died in Frankfort in 1853.
Landscape painter ; studied in Mentz and
in Paris under David, then in Aschaffenburg,
and from 1804 in Frankfort. Most success-
ful in his winter landscapes taken in the
Tauuus, Spessart, and Odenwald. Works :
View of Auerbach, View near Borghetto,
Darmstadt Gallery. His brother, Georg
Friedrich (1787-1843), was also a landscape
painter. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 51.
ACQUA, CESARE DELL', born in Pira-
no, Istria, July 22, 1821. History, genre, and
portrait painter ; pupil from 1842 of the
Venice, and from 1847 of the Paris Acad-
emy, then in Brussels of Gallait, whose
influence is, next to that of the Venetian
school, most observable in his pictures.
From 1857 to 18G8, after a previous journey
to Italy, he won his greatest success with
historical paintings, among which are a se-
ries executed in 1858-G6 in the Villa of Mir-
amar for the Arch-duke Maximilian. Works :
Last Moments of Niccolo Macchiavelli ;
Provenzano Silvani begging for Ransom of
a Friend ; Cromwell on the Battlefield ;
John preaching in the Desert (1851) ; Jesus
calling Little Children (1854) ; The Brothers
Degli Uberti in the Battle of Monte Aperto
(1851) ; Mary Stuart derided by the People
of Edinburgh (1854) ; Ferruccio at the De-
fence of Volterra (1854) ; Trieste proclaimed
a free Port ; Ugon da Duino entrusted with
the Government of Trieste (1855) ; Recep-
tion of the Milanese in Brescia in 1162
(1857) ; Confession of Louis XI. (1858) ;
Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi ; Tintoretto
and his Daughter ; Last Moments of Marino
Faliero ; Anna Erizzo rejecting Mohammed's
Love ; Erasmus and Bolognese Students ;
Youth of Spinoza ; Dante received in Ver-
ona by Cane della Scala ; Sally of the Mi-
lanese against Barbarossa (1863) ; The Kelts
as first Inhabitants of the Rocks at Mira-
mar ; Roman Festival ; Emperor Leopold I.
visiting Grignano Monastery ; Archduke
Maximilian receiving the Delegation from
Mexico ; Departure of the Imperial Couple
from Miramar ; Arrival of Empress Eliza-
beth at Miramar ; Allegory representing
Maximilian planning the building of Mira-
mar.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 54.
ACT/EON. See Diana and Actseon.
ADAM, ALBRECHT, born at Nordlingen,
April 16, 1786, died in Munich, Aug. 28,
1862. Painter of military genre and of
horses ; at Nuremberg in 1803 painted por-
traits and small hunting scenes, but after-
wards, under the influence of Rugendas in
Augsburg, took up military subjects, for
which he found ample material during the
Austrian campaign of 1809. Went with
Eugene Beauharnais as court painter to
Italy, and in 1812 to Russia ; returned in
1815 to Munich, and found employment at
court. In 1829 he worked in Stuttgart for
the king of Wiirtemberg, and in 1850 painted
in Vienna the battles of the Austrian army
under Radetzky. Works : Battle of Leoben
(1811) ; Battles of Moschaisk and Malojar-
oslawetz, besides 85 other scenes from cam-
paign of 1812 ; sixteen battle pieces from
Life of Eugene Beauharnais (1841, St. Peters-
burg) ; Battle of Abendsberg (182G); Paint-
er's studio (1835), Berlin Museum ; Battle
on the Moskwa (1835) ; Battles of Custozza,
Novara, and Sta. Lucia (1850) ; Battle of
ADAM
Temesvar (1853) ; Battle of Zonulorf (18C1);
numerous horse-pieces and small genre
scenes and portraits.—
Allgem. d. Biogr., i. 44 ;
Brockhaus, i. 128 ; Meyer, *f\ l r
Kiinst. Lex., i. C5 ; Reguet, i. 1.
ADAM, BENNO, born in Munich, July
15, 1812. Son and pupil of Albrecht, and
one of the best animal painters of the
Munich school. Has been called the Ger-
man Laudseer on account of his skill in
treating domestic animals, combined with
human figures. Works ; Fox Chase, Prince
Karl of Fiirstenberg, Donaueschiugen ;
Wounded Stag, Prince Max of Fiirstenberg,
Prague — Meyer, Kiiust Lex., i. G9.
ADAM, EMIL, born in Munich, May 20,
1843. Painter of horses, equestrian por-
traits, and hunting scenes ; pupil of his
father Benno, and his uncle Franz, and in
figure painting of Portaels at Brussels (18G5).
Works : Meet at Pardubitz (00 hunters on j
horseback, 18G8, Princess Maria Kiusky) ; J
Hunt at Lippspriug (40 persons, 1871, Duke
of Nassau) ; Hungarian Stud Horses during
an Inundation ; Stud of Horses (li G. Dun,
N. Y.) — Meyer, Kiiust Lex., i. 72 ; M filler, 5.
ADAM, EUGEN, born in Munich, Jan. j
22, 1817, died there, June 4, 1880. Genre
painter, third son and pupil of Albrecht,
whom he accompanied (1848) to the seat
of war in Italy, where he remained until
1856. Able painter of soldier life in peace
and war, as also of picturesque customs and
manners in Hungary, Croatia, and D.ilmatia,
which he -visited in 1844-47. Manoeuvre
under command of the Emperor of Austria
(1851) ; two scenes from Conquest of Mnl-
ghuera (1852), Collection of Emperor of
Austria ; Wounded Soldier (1859), Munich
Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish (1868).— Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., i. 71 ; Kunst Chronik, xv. 646 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 513.
ADAM, FRANZ, born in Milan, May 4,
1815. Painter of military subjects and Hun-
garian scenes, like his father and master
Albrecht, and his brother Eugen, with whom
he followed the Italian and Hungarian cam-
paigns in 1849 and 1850. Settled at Munich
in 1850. Member of Munich and Vienna
Academies ; Order of St Michael ; great
gold medal at Berlin, 1875. Works : Eques-
trian Portrait
of Francis Jo-
seph (1857) ;
do. of Field
Marshal Rad-
etzky; Episode
from battle of
Solferiuo
(1867); Skir-
mish between
Austrian Uh-
lans and Pied-
moutese Dragoons (1868); Retreat from
Russia (1869), National Gallery, Berlin;
Battle of Sedan (1874), Duke of Saxe-Mein-
ingeu, replica ( 1879), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Bavarian Corps before Orleans (1879),
Munich Gallery ; Transportation of Prison-
ers after Sedan (1880) ; Hungarian Homes
on the Danube (1881).— Brockhaus, i. 129 ;
Meyer, Kiinst Lex., i. 70 ; Miiller, 4.
ADAM, HEINRICH, bora at Xiirdliugen
in 1787, died in Munich, Feb. 15, 1862.
Landscape painter, brother of Albrecht,
studied at Augsburg and Munich in 1K08.
Visited Italy in 1811, 1813, and 1819, after
which time he gave up etching and devoted
himself to landscape painting. His views
of the Bavarian Alps, Switzerland, and Upper
Italy are true to nature, though somewhat
sober and dry in execution. Works : View
S* A of Como (1822) ; Max-
tT\. «3 J"sel)U Square, and 11
*^ *** •* ' O j2 views of monumental
buildings ; Marienplatz with 14 frame pic-
tures, Munich Gallery. —Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 68.
ADAM, JEAN VICTOR, born in Paris,
Jan. 28, 1801, died in Viroflay, Jan. 1, 1867.
Military and genre painter, pupil of Moynicr
and Regnault. After 1840 chiefly occupied
himself with designs for lithographic albums.
Works: Entry of the French into Meutz,
Buttles of Castiglioue, Neuwied, Moutebello,
ADAM
| ) -j
L/. , /I I
0 ccb>r csbJam
Surrender of Nordlingen, do. of Meiningen,
allatVer-
sallies;
ThePos-
tillion
E e tur n
from the Chase. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 73.
ADAM, CEEATION OP (Genesis i. 27),
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Eome ; fresco
on ceiling. Adam, fully formed, lies on the
verge of the earth in the act of rising, as if
he felt for the first time the spark of life ;
above, at right, the Eternal, represented as
an aged man with white hair and beard,
By A. Diircr, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
diptych ; each panel, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 8
in. Figures full length, life size, nude. I.
Adam standing under a tree, his hair flowing
over his shoulders, holding in left hand the
branch with the apple offered by Eve, while
the right hangs down, the fingers making a
deprecatory gesture ; by his side a wild boar
and a stag's head ; in foreground, a cock-
pheasant. II. Eve, standing under a tree,
receives in her left hand the forbidden fruit
from the serpent, twined around a limb, and
with the other offers the branch to Adam ;
behind her a lioness asleep ; two parrots are
Creation of Adam, Michelangelo, Sistine Chape!.
upborne by genii, and enveloped in violet-
grey drapery which is swelled out by the
wind, stretches out his hand as if to bid
Adam arise. Engraved by D. Cunego. —
Grimm (Bunnett), i. 333 ; "Wey, Eome, 326 ;
Kugler, 301 ; Klas. der Malerei, PI. xxii.,
Text, 98.
ADAM AND EVE, Carlo Cignani, Hague
Museum; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in.
Nude, seated, Eve presenting the apple ; at
left, the tree of life, around which is wound
the serpent, holding an apple in its mouth ;
at right, below, a lioness and her cub. Painted
in 1703. Engraved by Pierron ; Devillier.—
Beveil, xiii. 902 ; Filhol, ii. 98.
perched upon the tree, and in foreground
are two partridges. Painted in 1507. In
IGth century in Eathhaus, Nuremberg,
whence passed into collection of Emperor
Eudolph II. Old copies in Madrid and
Mentz Museums. The latter, probably by
Juvenel, replaced original at Nuremberg ;
was carried off by the French in 1796, and
returned to Mentz. Original engraved by
Calzi and Ferretti in Bardi. — Thausing, ii.
2. 277 ; Ephrussi, 141 ; Passavant, Christ-
liche Kunst in Spanien, 142.
By Filippino Lippi, Brancacci Chapel,
Carmine, Florence ; fresco on right wall.
Adam and Eve, the latter with the apple in
10
ADAM
her hand, standing under the Tree of Life, Painted in 1511; a fine composition, ex-
around which is coiled the serpent with a i tremely pure in style and feeling. Engraved
woman's head. The Eve is
one of the first really beauti-
ful nude figures in modern
art. — Kugler (Eastlake), L
222.
By Michelangelo, Sistine
Chapel, Koine ; fresco on
ceiling, H. 10 ft. 7 in. x 31
ft. 10 in. In centre, the Tree
of Life, coiled around which
the serpent, having the body
of a woman, is handing the
fruit to Eve, who reclines on
rocks at left ; beside her,
Adam, standing, is reaching
up for the fruit ; at right,
Adam and Eve, bound with
vine leaves, are fleeing be-
fore the Angel, who pursues
from above with a drawn
sword. Painted in 1512-13.
— Pistolesi, viii. PI. 107 ; Re-
veil, xiv. PI. 497.
By Raphael, Camera della
Adam and Eve, Filippino Lippi,
Carmme, Florence.
by V. Solis ; Fr. Muller ; R.
Wibert, and others. — PanHa-
vant, i. 117; Miintz, 34fi; Ch.
Blanc, Kri ili- oinbrienne ;
Gruyer, Fresques, 73 ; Per-
kins, Essay, 119.
By Rnltens, Hague Munc-
um ; wood, H. 2 ft 6 in. x 3
ft. Figures by Rubens, land-
scape by Brueghel. Sold in
collection of Madam Backer,
Leyden, 17GK, for 7350 flor-
ins.— Smith, ii. 113.
Subject treated also by
Lucas Crauach, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Fraus Floris, L'ffizi,
Florence; Domenichino, Ros-
pigliosi Palace, Rome ;
Franceneo Albani, Brussels
Museum ; Hendrik Goltzius,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Puluia Vecchio, Brunswick
Gallery ; and many others.
See also Kilen, Expulsion
Segnatura, Vatican ; fresco, on ceiling. Eve, from, and Raphael'*
nude, standing, with one hand on a branch 1 ADAM OF FRANKFORT. See Eluheimer.
Adam and Eve, Michelangelo, Sistine Chupel
of the tree, around which is twined the ser- ; ADAMO, MAX, born in Mumch in 1837.
pent with a woman's head, offers the forbid- History and genre painter, pupil
den fruit to Adam, seated under a fig-tree. Munich Academy under PhiL
AD AN
of Piloty. Works : Alva condemning Peers
of the Netherlands (1868) ; Full of Robes-
pierre ; Last Meeting between Egmont and
Orange ; Meeting between Charles I. and
Cromwell ; Adept in Laboratory ; Cromwell
dissolving Parliament. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 77; Miiller.
ADAN, LOUIS EMILE, born in Paris,
March 26, 1839. Genre painter, pupil of
Picot and of Cabanel. Medals: 3d class,
1875 ; 2d class, 1882. Works : Last Day of
Sale (1875) ; Arrival at Chateau (1876) ; SL
Martin's Summer ; Room at Fontainebleau,
H. B. Hurlbut, Cleveland ; Marguerite at
the Shrine, D. W. Powers, Rochester, N. Y.;
Dancing Lesson (1877), O. D. Munu, N. Y.;
Little Prodigy, Summer at St. Martin (1879);
Gulliver at Brob-
dignag (1880);
Singing Lesson
(1881) ; Autumn
Evening (1882) ; The Ferryman's Daughter
(1883); L'abandonnee ; Old Chateau (1884);
Anniversary, End of the Journey (1885).
ADEMOLLO, CARLO, born in Florence,
Italy, in 1825. Landscape and military
genre painter, nephew of Luigi A., pupil of
Bezzuoli ; became first known through land-
scapes and animal pieces ; painted in 1856,
by order of government, the Battle of S. Mar-
tino (Gallery of modern paintings, Florence),
and since then chiefly military episodes in
recent Italian history : Death of Cairoli at
Varese ; Condemnation of Frate Ugo Bassi ;
Stanislas Bechi going to Execution (1865).
—Meyer, Kiiust. Lex,, i. 84.
ADEMOLLO, LUIGI, born in Milan,
Italy, April 30, 1764, died in Florence, Feb.
11, 1849. History painter, pupil of the Flor-
ence Academy; studied afterwards in Rome ;
was much employed in decorating interiors
in fresco, especially in Milan, Florence, and
Lucca, His works show superficial skill and
weak drawing of the nude and of drapery.
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 81.
ADLOFF, KARL, born in Dusseldorf in
1819. Landscape and architecture painter ;
pupil of Dusseldorf Academy in 1833-41.
In his earlier time he treated genuine
landscape, but later gave the preference to
Dutch harbour, shore, canal, and street views.
His subjects are well selected, though dry and
somewhat feeble in colour. Works : Dutch
Canal (1841); Harbour at Amsterdam (1846);
Dutch Winter Landscapes ; Landing-place
at Dordrecht (1851) ; View of Ehrenbreit-
stein and Coblentz (1854) ; Sea Harbour in
Sunlight (1857).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 84.
ADOLFI, GIRO, born at Bergamo, Italy,
in 1683, died in 1758. History painter, son
and pupil of Benedetto Adolfi (1640-1720),
a painter of little reputation. Executed
frescos in public buildings in Bergamo.
Works : Four Evangelists, S. Alessandro
della Croce, Bergamo ; Deposition from
Cross, S. Maria delle Grazie, ib. ; Decolla-
tion of St. John, Church at Colognola.
ADOLFI, GIACOMO, born at Bergamo
in 1682, died in 1741. History painter,
son and pupil of Benedetto Adolfi and
brother of the preceding. Among his best
works are : the Coronation of the Virgin in
the church of the Monastero del Paradiso,
and the Adoration of the Magi in S. Ales-
sandro della Croce, Bergamo. Other pictures
in other churches in Bergamo and elsewhere.
ADONE. See Doni.
ADONIS. See Venus and Adonis.
ADONIS, DEATH OF, Moretto, Uffizi,
Florence ; canvas, figures life size. Venus,
nude, wearing a diadem, is seated in a glade,
attended by three nymphs and Pan playing
his pipes ; beside her a Cupid, pointing to
right, where Adonis lies dead, with the boar
in background. A capital picture, possibly
by Sebastian del Piombo instead of Moretto.
— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 416 ; Rosini, v. 241 ;
Molini, Galleria di Fireuze, i. 145 ; Lavice,
34 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 40.
By Paolo Veronese (?), Bridge water House,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9£ in. x 5 ft. 7 in.
Venus bewailing the death of Adonis, whose
head is supported by a Cupid ; in back-
ground, a Cupid and two dogs worry the
boar. Perhaps by Carlo Caliari. From
collection of Queen Christina of Sweden
ADORATION
to Orleans Gallery ; bought by Duke of anil dead bird on a table, in Antwerp Mu-
Bridgewater for 150 guineas.— Waagen, seuiu.— Meyer, Kunsi Lex., j. 80 ; Itoo«*
Treasures, ii. 498; Stafford Gallery, ii. PI. 29. (Reber), 422.
ADORATION OF JESUS. See Madonna ADULTERESS. See Woman taken in
in Adoration. I Adultery.
ADORATION OF KINGS. See Magi. AEKEN, HIERONYMUS VAN See
ADORATION OF THE LAMB. See Bosch.
Eyck, Hubert van. AELST, EVERT VAN, born at Delft
ADORATION OF MAGL See Magi. in 1602, died there in 1658. Dutch school ;
Death of Adonis, Moreno, Uffiii.
ADORATION OF SHEPHERDS. See
Shepherds.
ADORATION OF TRINITY. See Trin-
ity.
ADRIAENSSEN, ALEXANDER, born in
Antwerp, Jan. 17, 1587, died there, Oct.
30, 1661. Fish and still life painter, Flem-
ish school ; pupil of Artus Van Laeek ;
travelled and came under influence of Ru-
bens, and was intimate with Van Dyck, who
painted his portrait, engraved by Van der
Does. Works : Three pictures in Berlin
Museum, one dated 1647. Among his best
are four pictures in the Madrid Museum,
and one representing fish, lobsters, a cat,
painted dead game and weapons of the
chase. Works : Two in Berlin Museum ;
Game, Dresden Gallery ; others in Augs-
burg, Schwerin, and Potsdam Galleries. —
Kuglcr (Crowe), ii. 520; Meyer, Kiinst Lex.,
i. 100.
AELST, WILLEM VAN, born at Delft
in 1620, died in Amsterdam in 1679. Dutch
school ; like his uncle and master, Evert
van Aelst, whom he far excelled, he painted
dead birds and weapons of the chase, but
his favourite subjects were fruit and other
eatables with drinking glasses, etc. In 1643
he became a member of the Guild of St
Luke at Delft He visited France and Italy,
JfiNEAS
\ /
V.
worked at Florence for the Grand Duke,
who presented him with a golden chain and
medal, and on his return home in 1G56 set-
tled at Amsterdam. Sometimes signed his
name in Italian "Guglielmo." Works:
Dead partridges, etc., Munich Gallery ; mar-
ble table with dead birds (1653), do. with
costly vessels and fruit (1659), Berlin Mu-
seum ; three similar subjects, Dresden Gal-
lery ; four in the
PaL Pitti> Flor-
ence ; Flowers
^^ (1663), and Still
/ x^ r^? Life <1671' for~
merly at Com-
piegne), Hague Museum. — Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 520; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 100; De
Stuers, 3 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise.
AENEAS AND ANCHISES, LioneUo Spa-
da, Louvre; canvas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 3 in.
2Eneas, accompanied by young Ascanius,
bears on his shoulders his father Anchises,
who received from Creusa, .ZEneas's wife,
the penates saved from Troy. Taken to
France in 1634 by the Marechal de Cre-
qui ; bought after his death (1638) by Car-
dinal Eichelieu, who bequeathed it to Louis
XHL, as a work of Lodovico Carracci.
Afterward ascribed to Domeuichino. En-
graved by Outkitie; G. Audran. — Villot,
Catalogue Louvre ; MusOe franQais ; Filhol,
ii. PI. 85.
AENEAS AND DIDO, Pieri-e Gutrin,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 8 in. x 12 ft. 9 in. ;
signed, dated 1813. Dido, reclining upon a
coach, listens with interest to 2Eneas, who,
seated at the left, recounts the story of the
war of Troy ; Cupid, under the form of As-
cauius, holding one of the arms of the
Queen, draws off her wedding ring; at right,
Anna, sister of Dido, standing, looks at
the false Ascanius. Salon, 1817 ; acquired
in 1818 for 24,000 fr. Engraved by For-
ster. — Eeveil, vii. 461.
JENEAS, LANDING OF, Claude Lorrain,
formerly at Leigh Court ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
4 in. x 7 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1675.
jEueas and his companions landing in La-
tium. Companion piece to Temple of Apol-
lo ; formed with it at time of French Revo-
lution, chief ornament of the Palazzo Al-
tieri, whence bought by Fagan for 9,000
scudi ; sold to Mr. Beckford, with four
Italian cabinet pictures for £10,000 ; the
two Claudes passed to E. H. Davies and
thence to Sir Philip Miles, Leigh Court, for
£12,000 ; Leigh Court sale (1884), to Ag-
new for 5,800 and 3,800 guineas respectively.
— Waageu, Treasures, iii. 181 ; Pattison,
Claude Loraaiu.
AEETSZEN, PIETEE, called Lange-Pier,
bom in Amsterdam in 1507, died there,
buried Sept. 21, 1573. History and genre
painter, Dutch school, pupil of Alaert Claes-
sen ; joined the Antwerp Guild in 1535.
Most of his large altarpieces were destroyed
by the Iconoclasts in 1566. Works : Crucifix-
ion, Antwerp Museum ; do. (1546), Ant-
werp Hospital ; Egg Dance (1557), Amster-
dam Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross,
Berlin Museum ; Market Scene, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Cook with Vegetables and Fruits,
Cassel Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 248 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 104.
AEETTINGEE, KAEL AUGUST, born
in Munich, April 17, 1803. Military genre,
portrait, and landscape painter. First
studied in Augsburg under Clemens Zim-
mermann, then from his 20th to his 25th year
in the Munich Academy, and in Paris in
1830-31. At Vienna (1846-48), he painted
equestrian portraits of the Imperial family,
and of Archduke Charles with the Austrian
generals of 1809. In 1849 he joined the
Eussian army in Hungary, and after the
campaign worked five years in Poland for
Prince Paskievich. Since his return to
Germany in 1854 he has painted chiefly
genre and landscape. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 107.
AESCULAPIUS, ancient picture. See Aris-
tarete ; Nicophanes.
AESCULAPIUS
AESCULAPIUS, OFFERING TO, Pierre
Guerin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 8
ft 8 in. An old man, convalescent, sup-
ported by bis two sons, offers thanks before
the altar of JEsculapius for his restoration to
health; his daughter, on her knees, shows joy
at seeing the serpent eat of the fruit placed
upon the altar. Salon, 1795. — Ruveil, iii.
155.
ACTION (Ection), painter and sculptor,
time of Alexander the Great (?), classed by
Pliny among greatest Greek artists. Most
famous works, Marriage of Ninus and Sem-
iramis and Marriage of Alexander and Rox-
ana. The latter excited such admiration,
when exhibited at the
Olympic games, that Prox-
enidas, one of the judges,
gave him his daughter in
marriage. Raphael repro-
duced it iii a drawing
(Louvre) from Lucian's
minute description (Herod.
4 ; Imag. 7), which Razzi (II
Sodoma) also followed in his
fresco in the Farnesina.
Miiller places Action in the
age of Hadrian and the An-
tonines. — Miiller (Welcker),
211, N. 1 ; Pliny, xxxv. 32.
3G ; Cicero, Brut., 18.
AFRA, ST., MARTYR-
DOM OF, Paolo Veronese,
S. Afra, Brescia ; canvas,
signed. The saiut about to suffer martyr-
dom, with angels flying down with palms
and garlands ; at foot of scaffold lie the
severed heads of SS. Faustinus and Jovitus,
that in front being a portrait of Veronese.
Damaged by restoring.— Ridolfi,Marav.,ii.39.
AGACHE, ALFRED PIERRE, born at
Lille, contemporary. Figure and portrait
painter, pupil of Pluchart and Colas. Med-
al : 3d class, 1885. Works : Fillette (1881);
The Fates (1882); Study (1883); Decorative
Figure (1884) ; Fortuna (1885).
AGAR, JACQUES D', born in Paris in
1642, died in Copenhagen, Nov. 1C, 1715.
French school ; a famous portrait painter
of his day, pupil of Vouet. After the revo-
cation of the Edict of Nantes (1682), being
a Protestant he was forced to leave France ;
went to Denmark and became court pointer
to Christian V., whose portrait he painted,
as well as that of the queen, and of himself
(1093), now in the Uftizi, Florence. After
1699, he went to England and painted
many portraits. — Meyer, Kiinst Lex., i.
114.
AGASSE, JACQUES LAURENT, born in
Geneva, Switzerland, died in London in
1846. Animal and landscape painter ; stud-
ied for some time in Paris, went to London
Martyrdom of Si. Agatha, S d«l Piombo, Pal. Pitti.
about 1800 and exhibited pictures for sev-
eral years at the Royal Academy. Some of
them, including six landscapes, were en-
graved. Works: Portrait of a Horse (1H01) ;
Rustic Repast ; Rice Ground ; Market Day ;
Fishmonger's Shop (1842).
AGATHA, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Se-
bastian del ftombo, Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft, 6 in.; signed, dated
1520. The saint, stripped to the waist, with
two executioners about to apply their pin-
cere to her breasts, at the order of Quinzi-
ano, Prefect of Sicily, who tortured her be-
cause she would not give up her foitL ; be-
16
AGATllARCIIUS
hind him are several soldiers ; to right,
smoke of a fire seen through an arch and
men carrying wood. Painted for Cardinal
Kangoni. Belonged afterwards to Duke of
Urbino and came to the Medici through
marriage of Ferdinand H with Vittoria
della Rovere. Carried to Paris in 1799 ;
returned in 1814. A masterpiece. Shows
marks of Michelangelo's cooperation. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., v. 581; C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 332 ; Rosini, v. 9 ; Lavice, 66 ; Landon,
Musee, vi. PL 57.
AGATHARCHUS, painter, born in Sa-
mos. Won renown in Athens, 5th cent. B. c.,
as a scenic and decorative painter ; aimed at
optical illusion by means of perspective and,
like Apollodorus, is classed among the ske-
nographers or skiographers, i.e., shadow
painters, showing (Mahaffy, Hist. Clas. Gr.
Lit., i. 244) that the painting of shadows was
first attempted to produce effects of perspec-
tive in scene painting. Agatharchus wrote a
treatise on perspective and prepared the
way for the development of painting in a
modern sense. He decorated the house of
Alcibiades at Athens (Plut. Alcib. 16), and
painted a scene for .ZEschylus. — Vitruv.
Prsef., vii.; R. R., Schorn, 168 ; Brunn, ii. 51.
AGE OF INNOCENCE, Sir Joshua Rey- \
nolds, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. A little girl,
seated on the grass under trees, with her
hands crossed. Vernon Collection, 1847 ;
bought at Harman sale (1844) for 1520
guineas. Engraved by J. Grozer (1788),
Ch. Turner, F. Joubert, S. Cousins ; etched
by A. Mongin.— Catalogue National Gal-
lery ; Pulling, 84 ; Portfolio (1877), 149 ;
Art Journal (1850), 44 ; Stephens, English
Children, by Sir J. R.
AGES, THREE. See Three Ages.
AGGAS, ROBERT, born about 1619, died
in London in 1679. Landscape and scene
painter, much employed by Charles II. A
landscape by him is preserved in the Painter-
Stainers' Hall, London.
AGLAOPHON, Greek painter, of Thasos,
Ionic school, about 490 B. c. Chiefly noted
' as father and master of Polyynolus and
Aristophon, though Quintilian (xii. 10, 3)
says his pictures were worthy of admiration
on other grounds than antiquity. Said to
have been first to represent Victory (Nike)
[ with wings, and to have painted a horse of
remarkable excellence. The two pictures
commemorative of victories of Alcibiades in
the Olympic games (about 416 B. c.), at-
tributed both to Aglaophon and to a sup-
posed grandson of same name, were prob-
ably the work of his sou Aristophon. — Pliny,
xxxv. 35, 36 [60]; Brunn, ii. 13.
AGNENI, EUGENIC, born at Sutri,
near Rome, Italy, in 1819. Pupil of F. Co-
ghetti in Rome, where he went in 1832.
When 18, he executed large paintings for
churches, and in 1847 was employed by
Pius IX. to decorate the throne-room in the
Quirinal. He took part in the defence of
Rome in 1848, and fled to Savona, where he
aided Coghetti in frescoing the cathedral in
1849. He then decorated the palaces of
Rocca, Solari, and Piuma, in Genoa, and in-
vited by the architect of the Louvre to con-
tribute to its decoration, went to Paris in
1852, but only a few months later proceeded
to London, where he was employed to dee-
orate the Queen's room in Covent Gar-
den, and to paint a large picture of the
royal family. After the liberation of Italy
he settled in Florence ; in 1866 again served
as a volunteer under Garibaldi, and has,
since then, been occupied with decorative
paintings in Florence. Besides his great
wall paintings, he has painted many genre
pictures, and biblical and allegorical scenes.
Work : Departed Spirits of Great Floren-
tines protesting against the Foreign Inva-
sion, Museo Civico, Turin. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 124.
AGNES, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Dome-
nichino, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 15 ft.
10 in. x 10 ft. 4 in. St. Agnes, on a pile of
wood in an open court, is stabbed by an
executioner with a poniard ; at right, three
women and a child look on with horror ; at
left, the Prefect Sempronius, surrounded by
16
A(JNES
his guards ; above, the Trinity, with a choir lery ; Thunder Storm, Rainbow, Sunset,
of angels, to one of whom Christ gives the Pommersfelden Gallery ; Landsca]>es with
palrn of martyrdom and a wreath for St. Ag- large Rock, Millstone on Sled, Dresden Gal-
nes. Painted for S. Agnese, Bologna ; car- ! lery ; Ruins of Monument, Vienna Museum ;
ried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
in 1815. Engraved by G. Aud-
ran ; F. Rosaspina. — Laudon,
Mus6e, vi. PL 25 ; Pinac. di Bo-
logna, PL 52 ; Lavice, 17.
AGNES, ST., MARTYRDOM
OF, Tintoretto, S. M. dell' Orto,
Venice ; canvas. Much injured
by restoration. — Ridolfi, Ma-
rav., ii. 186 ; Zauotto, Guida,
328.
AGNOLO, ANDREA D'.
See Sarlo.
AGOBBIO, ODERIGI DA.
See Oderigi.
AGRASOT, JOAQUIN, born
at Orihuela, Spain, contempor-
ary. History painter ; pupil of
Academy S. Carlos of Valencia
and of Fr. Martinez. Works : A
Prestidigitator ; La Feria de
Orihuela; Before the Bull Fight
(1880) ; Starting of the Proces-
sion (1882) ; After Luncheon
(1883) ; Fortuny's Studio, J. H.
Stebbins, N. Y. ; Monk and
Children, M. Graham, N. Y.—
La Ilustracion (1880), i. 291;
(1882), ii. 3 ; (1883), i. 259.
AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH
LUDWIG, born in Ratisbou,
Nov. 5, 1667, died there, in
1719. Landscape and portrait
painter ; German school. He
was a constant traveller in Ger-
many, England, Holland, and
France, but preferred to live in
Naples or Augsburg. He treat-
ed landscape in the classical style under Morning Dawn, Night, Rainbow, Land-
Poussiu's influence, and in his glowing at- ' scapes in Rain, Uffizi, Florence ; others in
inospheric effects resembles Claude. Works: Naples, Bologna, Turin, Gotha, Frankfort,
two Oriental Landscapes, Mountain View, Sphwerin, and Brcslau Galleries.
Portrait of Himself, Brunswick Museum ; (Crowe), ii. 567 ; Meyer, Kiinst
two Landscapes with Figures, Cassel Gal- i 137.
17
of S( Agnj$ Oomenichino Boloir. G.M.f,
AGEICOLA
AGEICOLA, EDUARD, born in Stuttgart,
in 1800. Landscape painter, pupil of Berlin
Academy ; studied afterwards in Italy,
where, at different times lie spent eighteen
years. Finally settled in Carlsruhe. Works :
Waterfalls of Tivoli, Sicilian Landscapes,
Amalfi, Castel di Portici. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 141.
AGBICOLA, FILIPPO, born at Urbiuo
in 1776, died in Rome in 1857. Subject
painter, pupil of Academy S. Luca, Rome,
of which he was director in 1843. His
Marius contemplating Ruins of Carthage,
for which he was awarded the first prize in
1812, is in the Academy S. Luca, where is
also his last work, Assumption, a commission
from Gregory XVI. Other works : Holy
Family (1819), Dante and Beatrice, Petrarch
and Laura, Tasso and Eleonora, Herodias,
Pygmalion, Madonna, Venus and Cupid,
portraits of Crown Princess of Denmark
(1822), of Countess Perticari, of the Poet
Monti and his Daughter. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 139 ; Kunstblatt (1823)* 87 ; (1843)
140.
AGRICOLA, KARL (Joseph Aloys), born
at Seckingen, Baden, Oct. 18, 1779, died
in Vienna in 1852. Miniature painter, made
his first studies in Carlsruhe, then from
about 1798 at the Vienna Academy under
Fiiger, iu whose mannered style he painted
to the last. His water colour miniatures,
which are more generally known than his oil
paintings, found great favour in Vienna.
Works : Madonna, Vienna Museum ; Cupid
and Psyche, The Hours, Vienna Academy ;
St. Catharine, Cupid Hunting Butterflies,
Cupid Asleep. — Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., i. 139 ;
Andresen, iv. 1.
AGRIPPINA, LANDING OF, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. Agrippina,
mother of Caligula and widow of Germani-
cus, brought home in an urn the ashes of
her husband, who had died of poison at
Antioch. She lauded at Brundusium (Tac.
An. iii. 1), but the picture represents Rome,
with the Triumphal Bridge and Palace of the
Csesars in the background. Royal Academy,
1839 ; Turner Collection. Engraved by A.
Willmore. Etched by A. Brunet-Debaines
in Portfolio, 1878.— Hamerton, Life ; Cata-
logue National Gallery.
AGUADOR DE SEVILLA. See Water
Carrier.
AHLBORN, AUGUST WILHELM JU-
LIUS, bora in Hanover, Oct. 11, 1796, died
in Rome, Aug. 24, 1857. Landscape painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy, and of Wach ; after
1827 resided in Italy and painted Italian
views in the classic style, though he occa-
sionally treated scenery in the Tyrol and
Northern Germany, as well as religious
subjects and portraits. Works : View of
Tiber, St. Peter's seen from the Vatican,
Grotta Ferrata on the Alban Hill, portraits
of Prince Leopold of Dessau and of Bliicher,
Castle at Potsdam ; Villa Mondragone,
Bellevue Castle, near Berlin ; others in the
Castle of Charlottenburg ; View of Amalfi,
Royal Palace, Berlin. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 148 ; Rosenberg, Berlin Malersch.,
50.
AIGEN, KARL, born in Olmiitz, Moravia,
in 1G84, died in Vienna, Oct. 22, 1762.
Painter of altarpieces, genre, and landscapes ;
studied probably in Vienna under P. von
Strudl ; member of Academy in 1754, and
superintended school of painting in 1750-
59. Works : Fair outside a City Gate,
Kirmess, Vienna Museum ; two winter land-
scapes, Harrach Gallery, Vienna. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., i. 150.
AIGNER, JOSEF MATTHAUS, born in
Vienna, Jan. 18, 1818. Portrait painter,
pupil of Ameiiing, and early acquired re-
putation. Being concerned in the revolu-
tionary movement of 1848, and sentenced
to death, he was pardoned at the intercession
of influential persons. His portraits of
Lenau, Grillparzer, F. Halm, Feuchtersleben,
Betty Paoli, Rubinstein, Emperor Francis
Joseph, and Empress Elizabeth, are charac-
teristic, broadly treated and good in colour.
— Brockhaus, i. 274 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 151 ; Miiller, 7.
18
AIGNIEB
AIGNIER, LOUIS AUGUSTE LAUR- AIVASOVSKI, IVAN CONSTANTINO-
ENT, born in Toulon, Feb. 21, 1815), died VICH, bom at Feodotoa, Crimea, July 7,
there, June 8, 1865. Landscape and marine 1817. Marine painter, pupil of the St
painter, pupil of E. Hubert ; sketched in Petersburg Academy, from 1833, and of
France and Spain. Works in museums of Philippe Tanneur after the latter's arrival
Toulon and Marseilles. — Meyer, Kiinst. there in 1835. From 1837 he studied inde-
Lex., i. 152. pendently from nature, and in the same
AIRMAN, WILLIAM, born at Cairuey, ] year exhibited six pictures which attracted
Forfarshire, Scotland, Oct. 24, 1C82, died the attention of the Emperor, who enabled
in London, June 7, 1731. Pupil of Sir John him to travel in the Crimea and Mingrelia.
Medina; studied in Rome in 1707-10, He went in 1840 to Italy, where ho jMiinted,
travelled in the East, returned to Edinburgh especially in Naples, his first successful pict-
in 1712, and practised portrait painting ures, and after having visited Holland,
with success. In 1723 settled in London, England, and Spain, returned to Russia in
where lie imitated manner of Kncller. His 1844, was made member of the SL Peters-
large, unfinished picture of the royal family burg Academy, and executed for the Em-
is in collection of Duke of Devonshire ; por- peror several views on the Gulf of Finland.
trait of himself in National Gallery, Edin- In 1845 he made a tour through Southern
burgh ; portrait of poet Thomson, Lytteltou Russia and Turkey, and then settled in his
Gallery, Worcester ; portrait of Duncan native town. In 1847-56 he exhibited a
Forbes (?), National Portrait Gallery, Lon- great number of pictures in Russia ; went
don. Many of his works are engraved. — to Paris in 185(5 and painted there 25 pict-
Redgrave ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 152. ures during the following winter. Medals :
AINEMOLO. See Anu'molo. Paris, 3d class, 1843 ; L. of Honour, 1857.
AINMILLER, MAX EMANUEL, born Works : View of Kertech (1846\ Sunrise
in Munich, Feb. 14, 1807, died there, Dec. on the Black Sea (1850), Creation, Deluge
9, 1870. Painter of architecture and re- (18G5), and others, Hermitage, SL Peters-
viver of glass painting ; pupil of the burg ; Sea Fights at Revel, Wiborg, and
Munich Academy, afterwards concerned Tchesme, Wreck of the Frigate Ingerman-
in, and since 1844, director of the royal land, Peter the Great at Krassnaja Gorko,
manufactory of stained glass, which under Winter Palace, ib.; View of Constantinople,
his supervision has produced important Colin Sea, Naples by Moonlight, Academy,
works for the cathedrals of Ratisbon, Co- ib.; Solar Eclipse, Geographical Society, ib. ;
logne, and Speier, St. Paul's in London, Venice, Storm, two Moonlight Views, Ex-
and the university church at Cambridge, change, ib.; Lighted Castle on the Sea,
His Gothic church interiors, which show a Peterhof ; Calm Sea by Moonlight, three
thorough knowledge of architecture, are Storms at Sea, Monastery of St. George,
somewhat hard and cold in colour, though Moscow Museum.— Meyer, Kiinst Lex., L
well managed as to light and shade. Works : 15C ; Miiller, 8.
two interior views of Westminster Abbey, AJAX, ancient picture. Sec ApoUoda
Munich Gallery ; do., and others, National
Parrhaxitix, Timanthe*, Timomach-
Gallery, Berlin ; interiors of Church of our «••>•.
Lady in Munich, St. Lawrence Church in AKIMOFF, IVAN AKBIOVICF
Nuremberg, St Stephen's in Vien- , . in St Petersburg, May 22, I«o4, d
na, and Ratisbon and Ulm cathe- TT j 15, 1814. History painter, pupil
drala— Allgem. cl. Biogr., i. 168 ; JiH, St. Petersburg Academy ; studie
Meyer, Kiinst Lex., i. 154 ; Kunst-Chronik, wards in Bologna and Rome,
vi. 41 ; Brockhaus, i. 277. copied chiefly Domenichiuo and
ALAMANNO
cL In Rome he was under the influence of
P. Batoni, but later took Guercino for his
model. After his return to Russia he was
made member of the Academy, where the
entire instruction in painting was soon en-
trusted to his guidance. His talent has
been greatly overrated by his contempo-
raries. Works : Prometheus making a
Statue, Hercules on the Pyre, St. Petersburg
Academy ; Resurrection, Assumption, The
Archangel, Alexander-Nevski Monastery. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 163.
ALAMANNO or ALEMANNO, GIOVAN-
NI or ZUANE. See Antonio da Murano.
ALAMANNO, PIETRO, 2d half of 15th
century. Venetian school ; a mannered imi-
tator of his master, Carlo Crivelli, alike de-
void of power as a draughtsman and ao a
colourist. His style is a mixture of that of
Crivelli and of Girolamo da Camerino, or in
other words of the Lombardo- Venetian and
the Umbro-Paduan schools. Examples in
churches at Ascoli : Madonna and Saints
(1489), S. M. della Caritk ; do., Library of
the Seminary ; do., S. Giacomo Apostolo. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 98 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 264 ; Burckhardt, 592.
ALAUX, JEAN, called le Romaiii, born
in Bordeaux, Jan. 15, 1786, died in Paris,
March 2, 1864. History painter, pupil of
Vincent and Guerin ; won in 1815 the
grand prix de Rome, and resided in that
city five years. After the restoration of the
Bourbons, executed many pictures for
churches, and decorated the new rooms in
the Louvre ; and under Louis Philippe
painted much for the new Museum at Ver-
sailles. He was director of the French
Academy in Rome in 1846-53 ; became
member of the Institute in 1851 ; Legion of
Honour in 1841. Works : Pandora brought
from Heaven by Mercury (1824), ceiling of
palace of St. Cloud (destroyed in 1870) ;
Burial of our Lord, Notre Dame de Loretto,
Paris ; Poussin and allegorical figures, ceil-
ing, Louvre ; Battle of Villaviciasa (1836),
do. of Denain, Conquest of Valenciennes
(1837), Assembly of Notables in Rouen
under Henry IV., Meeting of the States Gen-
eral in 1328, do. in 1614, Reading of the Will
of Louis XIV. (1850), Presentation of Poussin
to Louis XIII., etc., altogether 29, Versailles
' Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 166 ; Art
Journal (1864), 215; Kunstblatt (1833),
224 ; (1837), 187 ; (1838), 115 ; (1841), 203.
ALBA. See Macrino d'Alba.
ALBANI (Albauo), FRANCESCO, born
in Bologna,
March 17,
1578, died
there, Oct. 4,
1660. Bolog-
nese school.
Son of Agos-
tino Albani, a
silkmerchant;
pupil of Denis
Calvaert at
same time
with Guido
Reni, whom he followed to the school of the
Carracci. After painting in Bologna he ac-
companied Guido to Rome (1607-8), where
he was engaged to finish the frescos in S.
Giacomo degli Spagnuoli, begun \>y Anni-
bale Carracci. This made his reputation, and
brought him many commissions. He loved
to paint mythological subjects, in which he
could introduce goddesses, nymphs, and
loves in smiling landscapes ; and as he rep-
resented them generally on small canvases
he was called the Anacreon of painting. He
had a villa delightfully situated, and a beau-
tiful wife and twelve children, who are said
to have served as his models. At Rome and
in Bologna, as teacher and painter, he be-
; came the rival of Guido, whose disciples
affected to despise his style as effeminate.
Albani's large works from sacred history
show that he was capable of a nobler style
than he generally attained. Four of these
are in the Bologna Gallery. Albani executed
frescos in the Palazzo Verospi (Torlonia), and
in the church of S. M. della Pace, Rome ; and
in the Giustiniani Villa, Bassano. Other
works are : Expulsion from Paradise, Lord
ALBKKTI
fAa,
Wensleydale, London ; Repose in Egypt,
Dresden Gallery ; do., Uffizi, Florence ; Holy
Family, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; The Four
Elements, Turin Gallery ; do., Palazzo Bor-
gbese, Rome; Annunciation (2), Venus and
Adonis, Venus and Vulcan, Toilette of Venux,
Cupid* Disarmed, Mars and Nymphs, Salma-
cis and Hermaphroditus, Lot and his Daugh
ters, Hersi-
lia separat-
ing Romu-
lus and U<
mus, Holy'
Family, Louvre, Paris. — Malvasia, ii. 140 ;
Lnuzi, iii. 89 ; Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., i. 171 ;
Amoriui, Vita, etc. (1837) ; Burckhardt, 764,
770, 785, 791, 801 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole bolo-
naise ; Dohme, 2iii.
ALBERTI, ALESSANDRO, bom at Borgo
S. Sepolcro, Italy, March 9, 1551, died in
Rome, July 10, 159C. Sou of the architect '
and sculptor Alberto A. ; pupil of one Gas-
pero di Silvestro of Perugia ; went to Rome
in 1556. He was employed by several
Italian princes, and painted for churches
and palaces in Naples and in Rome. Highly
esteemed as a fresco-painter. — Meyer, Kunst.
Lex., i. 204.
ALBERTI, ANTONIO. See Antonw da
Ferrara.
ALBERTI, GIUSEPPE, born at Cavalese, \
Tyrol, in 1(564, died there in 1730. Studied
medicine at Padua, but gave it up for archi-
tecture and painting, which latter he studied
in Venice under Liberi, and then in Rome.
On his return in 1682, he settled in Trent,
built there the Crucifix Chapel in the Cathe-
dral, and became a priest. Afterwards he
painted a number of religious pictures, vis-
ited Rome a second time, and is said to have
stayed there nearly twenty years. — Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., i. 217.
ALBERTI, MICHELE, flourished at Flor-
ence 2d half of 16th century. Florentine
school, pupil of Daniele da Volterm. Did
not belong to the Alberti family of Borgo
S. Sepolcro. He painted in Rome frescos
after drawings by his master, with whom
he seems to have been closely allied. —
Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., i. 216 ; Vaaari, ed. Mil,
vii. (51.
ALBERTINELLI ( Bertinelli ), MARI-
OTTO, born in
Florence, Oct.
13, 1474, died
there, Nov. 5,
1515. Floren-
tine school, son
of Biagiodi Bin-
do and scholar
of Cosimo Ro-
selli, in whose
studio ho con-
tracted an inti-
mate friendship with Fra Bartolommeo, of
whom he became the associate and most suc-
cessful imitator. They worked together from
before 1490 (when both left Roselli's studio),
until 1499. Albertinelli's Clirial apj>earing
to the Magdalen, Louvre, shows his first
manner, under influence of Cosimo Rowlli.
After 1500 he completed the fresco of the
Last Judgment in S. M. Nuova, Florence,
left unfinished (Oct., 1499) by Fra Bnrtoloiu-
rneo, whose continued influence after their
separation is manifest in the famous I'ixiVa-
tion, in the Uffizi. Other works by Albert i-
nelli of high merit are a Holy Family (1503-
6), Palazzo Pitti. Florence ; a fresco of the
Crucifixion (150(5). Florentine Certosa ; and a
Mailonna with Saints (150(5), Louvre. These
pictures belong to the best period of the
painter, who afterwards wasted much time
in experimenting on vehicles for oil paint-
ing, and took many pupils, among whom
were Bagiardini, Francia Bigio, Innocenzo
da Imola, and Pontonno. In 15(19, after a
separation of nine years, Albertinelli agnin
became the associate of Fra Bartolommeo,
and traces of his hand are perceptible in
the Frate's altarpiece in S. Romano, Luccn,
the lower part of his Assumption, Berlin,
and in his Nativity, Saltocchio, near Lucca.
Among his works of this jx-riod are : Ma-
donna (1509), Fitxwilliam Museum, Cam-
brid«e; Annunciation (1510), Trinity (Wl
•n
ALBRECIIT
and Madonna with Saints (1510?), Florence
Academy. In 1512, the two painters again
separated and divided the profits of their
common workshop. The Adam and Eve arid
the Sacrifice of Abraham at Castle How-
ard were painted by Albertinelli, after this
year, during which he for a short time gave
up painting and kept a tavern near the Porta
San Gallo, Florence. Other works of his late
period are the Annunciation (1513 ?), Munich
Gallery, and a triptych, Poldi Collection,
Milan, which has been attributed both to
Raphael and to Fra Bartolommeo. Alberti-
nelli's last work was the Marriage of St. Cath-
arine at Viterbo, begun by the Frate for
the church of S. Silvestro. — C. & C., Italy,
iii. 484 ; Meyer, Kuust. Lex., 218 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 217 ; Lermolieff, 87, 227; Mar-
chesi, ii. 12 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii.
171.
ALBEECHT, BALTHASAE AUGUSTIN,
born in Berg on Lake Starnberg, Bavaria, in
1687, died in Munich, Aug. 1, 1765. History
and allegory painter, German school ; pupil
of N. G. Sfcuber, studied in Venice and Rome,
returned to Munich in 1719, and became
court painter. His groups of children in
the Schleissheim Gallery are very attractive.
Many of his religious pictures are to be found
in Bavarian churches. Works : Children
playing, Vintage, Allegory of Painting, do.
of Sculpture, portrait of Sculptor Straub,
portrait of himself painting the Muses on
Parnassus, Schleissheim Gallery. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., i. 234.
ALBRIER, JOSEPH, born in Paris, Oct.
4, 1791, died there hi March, 1863. His-
tory painter, pupil and follower of Reg-
nault. Imitated Greuze's pictures so closely
as to deceive many amateurs. Works : Nar-
cissus, Cyparissus changed into a Cypress,
Amyntas delivering Sylvia (1822), Daphnis
and Chloe, Louis XIV. and De la Vallifere
(1828), Two Scenes from Life of Frederic
the Great, Meeting of the Chapter of the
Golden Fleece, Versailles Gallery. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., i. 236 ; Lejeune, i. 286,
ALCIMACHUS, Greek painter, probably
about time of Alexander the Great. Painted
portrait of Dioxyppus the athlete, after he had
received a prize at Olympia. — Pliny, xxxv. 40
[139].
ALCOTT, MAY (Mme. Ernest Nierker),
1 born in Concord, Mass., in 1840, died in
1879. Genre painter, studied in School of
Design, Boston, in Krug's studio, Paris, and
under Miiller. Professional life spent in
Boston, London, and Paris. Her copies in
oil and water-colour of Turner's pictures are
given to the pupils of the South Kensington
school, to work from. She also painted still-
life subjects, and flower panels.
ALDEGREVER, HEINRICH, born at
Soest or Pa-
derborn in
1502, died
probably in
1558. Ger-
man school ;
chiefly known
as an engrav-
er, and one
of the most
accomplished
of the so-
called " Little
Masters." His
rare oil paintings are hard and dry, the flesh
of a leathery brown hue. Works : Christ
crowned with Thorns (1529), Prague Gallery;
Philip von Waldeck (1535), Breslau Gallery;
Magdalen Wittig (1541), Brunswick Museum;
Male portrait (1551), Berlin Museum ; do.
(1544), Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna ; Anabaptist
David Joris, Basle Muse-
um.— Scott, Little Masters,
I 88 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 239 ; Brockhaus,
i. 363 ; Keane, Early Masters, 181; Allgem.
d. Biog., i. 325.
ALDENRATH, HEINRICH JACOB, born
in Lubeck, Feb. 17, 1775, died in Ham-
burg, Feb. 25, 1844. Portrait and miniature
painter, German school ; pupil of Joh. Jak.
Tischbeiu, and at Lubeck of Friedrich Karl
ALEM
Groger, his friend and associate, with whom
he frequented the Berlin Academy ; studied
iu Dresden and PariH, and lived in Liibeck,
Kiel, Copenhagen, and Hamburg, where the
two settled in 1814, after the conclusion of
peace. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 254.
ALENI, TOMMASO, flourished in 1500-
1515. Lombardo-Cremonese school. Some-
times called n Fadino. Several of his pict-
ures exist : Madonna, Bignami Collection, ,
Casal Maggiore ; Nativity (1515), Municipio,
Cremona, a manifest though weak imitation
of Perugino ; and St. Peter and St. Anthony,
Calvalcabo Collection, Cremona. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 449 ; Meyer, Kvinst Lex., i. 2GG.
ALESIO (Allecio), MATTED PEREZ
DE, born in Rome about 1547, died about
1GOO (?). Italo-Spanish school, called also
Matteo da Leccio. Said to have fonned him-
self in the school of Michelangelo and after
Salviati. Went to Malta, returned to Rome
before 1582, and settled in Seville, Spain, in
1583. He at once gained reputation, and
was extensively employed in painting for
churches frescos of colossal size, the fond-
ness for which was a peculiar feature of this
artist. According to Baglione he afterwards
went to the West Indies and, after having
accumulated wealth, died there in poverty.
The report of his return to Rome lucks foun-
dation.—Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., i. 271; Ponz,
Viage, ix. 25 ; Cean Bermudez, iv. 75.
ALESSANDRO VERONESE. See Turchi,
Alessandro.
ALEXANDER OF ATHENS. Name in-
scribed on one of four marble slabs, in Royal
Museum at Naples, found at Resina on slope
of Vesuvius. All decorated with outline
drawings in red ; the one bearing name of
Alexander represents a group of five women
whose names also are given. — Corp. Inscr.
Gr., 5863.
ALEXANDER ENTERING BABYLON,
Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 14
ft. 9 in. x 23 ft. Alexander, a sceptre in one
hand, and a sword iu the other, is stand-
ing in a chariot drawn by two richly ca-
parisoned elephants, forming part of a tri-
umphal procession ; in front, an officer given
orders to slaves bearing a golden vane on a
litter ; in background, the walls and build-
ings of Babylon, crowded with j>eoplc. Series
of History of Alej-andtr. Engraved by G.
Audran (1G75). — Laudou, Musce, x. PL 69 ;
Filhol, ii. PL 91; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES, Sir
E. Landsaer, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft 7 in. x 4 ft 8 in. Eight dogs
grouped to illustrate the interview at Corinth
between Alexander and the Greek cynic,
when the latter requested the conqueror to
stand out of his sunshine. Royal Academy,
1848 ; bequeathed by Jacob Bell in 1869.
Engraved by Thos. Landseer. — Catalogue
National Gallery ; Stephens, 91.
ALEXANDER AND FAMILY OF DA-
RIUS. See Darin*, Family of.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ancient
picture. See Antiphilus, Ajtfllcn, Xv-ia*,
1'h iloxcn KK, Protogenes.
ALEXANDER, HENRY, born in San
Francisco, California, in 1800. Genre
painter ; studied seven years in Munich un-
der Loeffts and Lmdenachmidt Exhibited
first in Munich in 1879. Studio in New
York. Works: Sunday Morning (T. B.
Clarke, N. Y.).
ALEXANDER, HISTORY OF, Charles.
Li-brim, Louvre, Paris; five pictures, viz.: Pas-
sage of the firanicux, Buttle of ArMa, Tent of
Dariux, Ab-jrandrr and Poms, Alexander en-
tering Babylon. Ordered by Louis XIV. in
1GGO for reproduction in Gobelin taj>estry;
painted in 1GG1-G8. They were engraved by
G. Audran, who also engraved, after Lo
Brun's design, a sixth subject, Poms in Bat-
tle, wliich was never painted. — Villot, Cata-
logue Louvre.
ALEXANDER AND PORUS, Charles
Lebmti, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 15 ft. 5
in. x 41 ft 4 in. King Porus having been de-
feated on the banks of the HydasjH's, India,
was earned a prisoner before Alexander,
who asked him how he wished to l>e treated.
"Like a king," replied Porus (Plutarch,
Alex., Ix.). Alexander on horseback, attended
ALEXANDER
by his principal officers, extends his hand
to Porus, who, wounded, is sustained by
three soldiers; in background, the battle-
field. Series of History of Alexander. En-
graved by G. Audran (1678), D. Bertaux.—
Landon, Musee, ix. PI. 21-23; Filhol, iv. PI.
265 ; Villot, Catalogue Louvre.
ALEXANDER AND EOXANA, MAR-
EIAGE OF. See Action.
ALEXANDER IN TENT OF DARIUS.
See Darius, Tent of.
ALEXANDER AT TOMB OF ACHIL-
LES, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vati-
can ; picture in grisaille, under the Parnas-
sus, at left. Alexander the Great, at right,
orders a bearded man to place the poems of
Homer in the sarcophagus, the lid of which is
raised by a youth ; at each side, six soldiers.
Painted in 1511. Engraved by Marc An-
tonio, and others. — Passavaut, i. 119.
ALEXEJEFF, FEODOR JAKOVLE-
VICH, born in St. Petersburg in 1753, died
there in 1824. Architecture and perspective
painter ; pupil of St. Petersburg Academy,
by which he was sent to Italy. At first
painted flowers and fruits, but in Venice,
where he arrived in 1774, devoted himself
to perspective painting under Gaspari and
Giuseppe Moretti. After his return he was
official painter of decorations in 1779-87.
In 1795 he went to Southern Russia to
paint scenes visited by Catharine H. on her
tour in 1787. Under Paul I. he was em-
ployed on decorative works. In 1803 he
became professor at the Academy. Works
in Moscow Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 287.
ALEXEJEFF, NIKOLAI MICHAILO-
VICH, born in 1815. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Stupin. In 1836-
40 he was at the head of the school at
Arsames, Government of Nizhni-Novgorod,
founded there by his relative Stupin in the
beginning of the century. Works: Egyp-
tians in Red Sea, Healing the Blind, Healing
the Leper, Marriage at Cana, Christ rescu-
ing Peter, Isaac Cathedral, St. Petersburg. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 288.
ALFANI, DOMENICO, born in Perugia
in 1483 (?), died after 1553. Umbrian school,
son of Paris Pandari Alfani, goldsmith and
architect ; pupil of Perugino at same time
with Raphael, who became his intimate
friend. Raphael invited him to Rome, but
Domenico preferred to remain in Perugia,
where he acted as Raphael's agent, and was
repaid by an occasional sketch. He became
a registered master in Perugia in 1510. In
1520 he legitimized his natural son Orazio
and took him into partnership, after which
they worked together. Domenico's earliest
production is a Holy Family (1510), Peru-
gia Gallery, painted after a drawing by
Raphael. His Madonna and Saints, dated
1518, in the Collegio Gregoriano, Perugia,
is thoroughly Raphaelesque. The Madonna
with two Angels (1521), in the Cathedral of
Citta della Pieve, is painted in the same
style, but the Madonna and Saints of 1524,
in the Perugia Gallery, shows a change
from the Umbrian manner of his earlier
works to the bold treatment of the later
Florentines. This change is more marked
in a Madonna and Saints of 1532 in S. Giuli-
ano, Perugia.
In 1553 he
painted- with
Orazio, a Cruci-
fixion, in S. Francesco, Perugia. — C. & C.
Italy, iii. 364 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 622 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 291 ; Burckhardt,
575 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne.
ALFANI, ORAZIO, born in Perugia about
1510, died in Rome in 1583. Umbrian
school, son and pupil of Domenico Alfani,
whom he frequently assisted. He was the
first president of the Academy of Perugia,
and many pictures there are attributed to
him, such as a Nativity and a Holy Family.
The one certain work by this artist is the
Crucifixion with SS. Jerome and Apollonia
which he assisted his father in painting
(1553), or finished after his death.— C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 365 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 624 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienue ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 293 ; Burckhardt, 575, 652.
A
/|T _
/ ,r AT\I
•* I*"1 A/ U.MJ.
84
ALFARO
ALFARO Y GAMEZ, Don JUAN, born
in 1G40 in Cordova, died in Madrid in 1680.
Spanish school ; pupil of Antonio del Cas-
tillo and of Velasquez, whose portraits he
learned to imitate. Also an engraver and ',
writer, both of poetry and prose. Works : !
Assumption (16G8), Museo Nacional ; An- !
tonio da Solis, portrait, D. Valentin Car-
derera, Madrid.— Curtis, 328 ; Stirling, 809 ; j
Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., i. 295.
ALGERIAN FALCONER, Eugene Fro-
raentin, Albert Spencer, New York. In the
foreground, an Arab horseman, riding at full
gallop, holds a falcon perched upon his
wrist, as high above his head as his arm will
stretch. His whole action is full of intense
energy, and the speed of his horse is shown
by the sand whirling around him. In the
background are indications of other mounted
figures. Salon, 1863. Etched by Flameng ;
Lionel. Several replicas.
ALIBERTI, GLVNCARLO, born at Asti, ;
Piedmont, in 1680, died about 1740. One
of the many skilful masters of the 18th
century, who excelled in the execution
of those extensive, quickly-painted . fres-'
coes, termed macchinose by the Italians.
His style was a mixture of Roman and
Bolognese art, showing the influences of
Maratta and the school of the Carrac-
ci, with a leaning towards Correggio.
He frescoed churches in Asti, Pavia, and
other Italian cities. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i.
312.
ALIBRANDI, GIROLAMO, of Messina,
born about 1470, died in 1524 ; but De
Marzo thinks him the painter of an Epiph-
any in the church of Venetico, Sicily, dated
1532. Neapolitan school ; studied several
years in Venice and afterward in Milan with
Leonardo da Vinci. Returned to Sicily in j
1514, and painted in Messina ; called some-
times the Raphael of Messina. Most im-
portant of his works is u Presentation in
the Temple, dated 1519, in San Niccol5,
Messina. Style a mixture of the Leonard-
esque and Ferrarese. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 312 ; C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 116.
AUENSE, Iwrn in Greek inland of Milo
in 1556 (?), died in Venice in 1629. Real
name Antonio
Vansilacchi.
Venetian
school ; pupil
of Paolo Ver-
onese, who
dismissed
him, Ridolfi
says, on ac-
count of jeal-
ousy at his
wonderful progress. Aliense then applied
himself to the study of the works of Tin-
toretto, and soon acquired a style which,
for strength and boldness of design, and
vigor of colouring approached the best pro-
ductions of that master. He won a great
reputation, was patronized by the doge
and nobility of Venice, and was invited
to their respective courts by Philip tt of
Spain, and by Sigistnund IH of Poland.
But he preferred to remain in Venice, where
he lived in great state, and executed many
works for public buildings and churches.
In the Palazzo Ducale are his Adoration of
the Magi, Coronation of Baldwin Eni|>eror
of Constantinople, the Doge Ordelasso Fali-
ero at the Capture of /ara, and other large
pictures ; and in S. Apostoli are his Sacri-
fices of Abraham and Cain and Abel. Ex-
amples of his work are also in S. Giovanni
del Rialto, S. Giovanni del Tempio, S. Leon-
ardo, S. Giovanni Evangelista, S. Zaccheria,
S. Domenico a Castello, S. Paterniano, S.
. f Chiara S. Procolo, S. Vi-
L^Itensis J. t(lle> ftn(l tho Frari) vcn
ice, and in S. Pietro de' Casinensi, Perugia.
— Ch. Blanc, Ecole vt'nitienne ; Burckbardt,
745, 750, 753, 754 ; Sansovino, Venetia illus-
trata, 271.
AUGNY, CLAUDE FRANCOIS THEO-
DORE CARUELLE D', bora at Chaumea,
Nievre, Feb. 6, 1798, died in Lyons, Feb. 25,
1871. Landscape painter, pupil of Regnault
and Watelet ; treated landscapes in the his-
torical style, and attained great distinction
ALIMPI
as a follower of the so-called classical school
under the influence of Ingres. He made
his studies chiefly after Italian scenery, vis-
ited Greece and painted several views of the
Acropolis and around Athens. His color
wants truth and life, and his handling is
hard and unsympathetic. Works : Daphnis
and Chloe (1822) ; Murder of the Druids
(1831) ; Prometheus (1837), Luxembourg
Museum; Hay Harvest (1839) ; Landscape
with praying Monk (1839), Renues Museum ;
View near Naples, and two other Landscapes,
Nantes Museum ; Defeat of Du Guesclin
(1840), Versailles Museum ; Hercules fight-
ing the Hydra (1842), Carcassone Museum ;
Bacchus with Nymphs (1852), Bordeaux Mu-
seum ; Christ at Emmaus (1837), Besanqon
Museum ; Good Samaritan, Amiens Museum.
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 313 ; Kunstblatt .
(1835), 172 ; (1837), 190 ; (1839), 218 ; Cle- j
ment, Etudes, 383; Athenasum (1871), i.
342.
ALIMPI (Olimpi), llth century, born
probably in Kiev, said to have died in 1114.
The earliest Russian painter of altarpieces
whose name has been handed down to us.
He learned his art from the Byzantine
painters, who about 1084 decorated the
great church in the cave-monastery at Kiev.
In 1087 he entered that monastery as a
monk, and is revered as a saint in Russia ;
supernatural power is attributed to his pic-
tures, with whose origin is connected many
pious legends. Madonna, Uspenski Church,
Moscow. — Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., i. 314.
ALLADIO. See Macrino d'Alba.
ALLAN, DAVID, born at Alloa, near
Edinburgh, Feb. 13, 1744, died near Edin-
burgh, Aug. (J, 179G. After studying at
Glasgow in Foulis' Academy, and in Rome
(1764-79), where he gained a gold medal
from the Academy of St. Luke for his Origin
of Painting (1773), he returned to London
with four humorous sketches of the Roman
Carnival, which won for him the surname of
the Scottish Hogarth. His fame depends,
however, rather upon the genre pieces of
Scottish life which he painted after he had
settled at Edinburgh in 1792. His illustra-
tions to some of Burns' poems, and to Al-
lan Ramsay's Gentle Shepherd, which he
engraved in aquatint, and his pictures of
the Highland Dance, the Scotch Wedding,
and the Repentance Stool, met with deserved
success, and show him to be the worthy
forerunner of Wilkie. His portraits, one of
which, that of Sir William Hamilton (1775),
now in the National Portrait Gallery, are
chiefly remarkable for a strong, homely re-
semblance. He was Master of the Academy
of Arts, Edinburgh, during the last ten
years of his life. — Cunningham ; Redgrave ;
Seguier.
ALLAN, Sir WILLIAM, born in Edin-
burgh in 1782,
died there, Feb.
23, 1850. Ap-
prenticed to a
coach painter;
student at Trus-
tee's Academy,
Edinburgh, and
at Royal Acad-
emy, London,
where he exhib-
ited his Gipsy
Boy in 1803. Failing to meet with success
in London, he went, in 1805, to Russia, and
spent ten yeai'S, much of the time in travel,
visiting Circassia, Tartary, and Turkey. In
1814 he returned home with many costume
and landscape studies which he utilized in
his pictures of Circassian Slaves, Prisoners
on the Road to Siberia, and Tartar Robbers,
the last now in the National Gallery, works
in a measure attractive through local colour;
but in historical subjects, which he next
attempted, he was totally wanting. The
Murder of Archbishop Sharp, the Death of
the Regent Murray, and the Abdication of
Mary Queen of Scots, all prove that he was
a poor draughtsman and a weak colourist.
Nevertheless, the last named of these pic-
tures brought him 800 guineas (1825), and
he received many honours. He became
A. E. A. in 1825, R. A. in 1835, President
7
ALLEGRAIN
of the Royal Scottish Academy in 1838-50, ; ALLEGRI, POMPONIO, Iwrn in Cor-
limner to the Queen iu Scotland in 1841, and reggio, Sept. 3, 1521, died in Parma about
in 1842 he was knighted. In the following 1593. Lombard school ; son of Antonio
year Sir William exhibited the Battle of Allegri, called (Jorreyyw, who died when
Waterloo, now at Apsley House. In 1844 Pomponio was twelve years old ; education
he again went to St. Petersburg, to paint completed by his grandfather ; but some
Peter the Great at Saardam, now in the think he was taught later by Houdani. Es-
Winter Palace. He was engaged at the tablished himself in Parma and won a fair
time of his death upon a picture of the bat- reputation. Decorated the Cappella del
tie of Bannockburn. His best i>ortrait is Pojxrto in the Duoino, Parma, in 15(iO-C2,
that of Sir Walter Scott (1832), now in the ' with frescos, some of which still exist!
National Portrait Gallery.— Saudby, ii. 152 ; Several pictures by him in the Parma Arad-
Catalogue National Gallery ; Art Journal emy.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 122 ; Lonzi, ii.
(1849), 109 ; (1850), 100. 390 ; Meyer, Kllnst. Lex., i. 481 ; Burc-k-
ALLEGRAIN, ETIENNE, born in Paris hardt, 701.
in March, 1644, died there, April 1, 173G. '• ALLEMAND, LOUIS HECTOK FRAN-
French school ; was a good landscape paint- </OIS, born in Lyons, Aug. 5, 1809. Land-
er in the style of Poussin and Francisque scape painter ; brought up a merchant,
Millet ; became court painter to Louis XTV., he first turned his attention to art when
and associate of the Academy in 1077. Also thirty years old ; studied nature around
an engraver. Works : two landscapes in Lyons and in Dauphtne, and afterwards
the Louvre ; seven landscapes at Versailles ; Ruisdael, Hobbema, and Claude Lorrain in
Moses in the Bulrushes, Hermitage ; pict- the galleries of France, England, and Hol-
ures in the museums of Dijon, Alenyon, land. Belongs to the new realistic school
Tours, and Versailles. — Villot, Catalogue j of landscape painting in France. Works :
Louvre ; Lejeune, i. 354 ; iii. 291 ; Meyer, Wood-Border, Road near Pond, Sunset,
Kunst. Lex., i. 332. ' Morning on the Rhone, Waterfall of the
ALLEGRETTO NUCCI, or DI NUZIO, Gier, two landscapes, Lyons Museum ; do.,
born in Fabriano in 130G, died in 1385. Nimes Museum. — Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i.
Umbro-Florentiue school ; appears on regis- 484.
ter of guild of St. Luke, Florence, in 1340. ALLEMAND, FRITZ and SIGMUND L'.
Earliest picture bearing his name is the See L'Allemand.
Madonna with Saints, dated 1305, in the ALLEN, THOMAS, born in St. Louis,
Museo Cristiano of the Vatican. In 1308 Missouri, in 1849. Pupil of Prof. Duckcr
he finished the Madonna with Saints in the in Dilsseldorf, later studied three years in
Sacristy of Macerata Cathedral, and in 1372 j France. Exhibited first at National Acad-
the Madonna enthroned, collection of Signer ! emy in 1870 ; also exhibits in Paris. Elected
Fornari, Fabriano. Other works : Madonna, A. N. A. in 1884. Studio in Boston. Works :
and Crucifixion, Berlin Museum. His draw- Maplehurst at Noon (T. B. Clarke, N. Y.).
ing is precise, his colouring clear and rosy, ALLINGHAM, HELEN PATEHSON,
his figures slender, with pretty faces ; in- born near Burton-ou-Trent, England, in
deed, his style lacks the simplicity and dig- 1848. Genre painter, water colours; pupil
nity characteristic of Giotto and his follow- of School of Design, Birmingham, and of
ers._C. & C., Italy, ii. 193 ; Meyer, Kdusi Royal Academy, London, in 18G7. In 1868
Lex., i. 334 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 161 ; sketched in Italy two months, and on return
ed. Mil., iii. 16, 22 ; Burckhardt, 555 ; Cibo, to England drew on wood for illustrated
Scuola Umbra (Rome, 1872), 50. i periodicals. Exhibited at Royal Academy
ALLEGRI, ANTONIO. See Corrcyyio. [ in 1874, under name of Helen Paterson,
S7
ALLONGE
The Milkmaid and Wait for Me. In August,
1874, married Wm. Alliugliam, the poet.
Associate of Society of Painters in Water
Colours in 1875. Works : Young Custom-
ers (1875) ; Spring Days (1876) ; The Old
Men's Gardens, Chelsea Hospital. She
painted many water colour portraits of Car-
lyle in his last years.— Portfolio (1878), 33 ;
Art Journal (1882), 7.
ALLONGE, AUGUSTE, born in Paris,
March 19, 1833. Landscape painter, pupil
of Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1852, and of
L. Cogniet. First distinguished himself
in 1855 by charcoal drawings of French
scenes. His oils are rare, and less remark-
able than his charcoals. Works : Solitude,
Fountain of Sta. Barbara, Path to the Foun-
tain, Brook near Creux, Marsh near Moulin
Frou (1876) ; View in the Park of Plombieres
(1875) ; Autumn Morning (1873) ; The Sea
(1874), Havre Museum ; Valley of Hyeres.
His treatise on charcoal drawing, Le paysage
au fusain, 54 plates, Goupil & Co., trans-
lated by S. D. W. (N. Y., 1876), is justly
celebrated. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 494.
ALLORI, AGNOLO, or ANGIOLO. See
Bronzino.
ALLORI, ALESSANDRO di Cristofano
di Lorenzo,
born in Flor-
ence, May 3,
1535, died
there, Sept.
22, ICO 7.
Florentine
school ; ne-
phew, pupil,
and medi-
ocre imita-
tor of Ange-
lo Bronzino,
with whose
surname he sometimes signed his pictures.
Among his works are : Baptism of Christ
(15GO), Marriage at Cana, Joseph and Poti-
phar's Wife, Martyrdom of St. Lawrence,
St. Peter Walking on the Waters, St. Fran-
cis, TJffizi ; Bathsheba in the Bath, Portrait
of a young man, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Bouaventura Family, Bianca Capello, Berlin
Ada /(ion
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 503 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., viii. 34, ix. 100, xii. 302.
ALLORI, CRISTOFANO, born in Flor-
ence, Oct. 17,
1577, died
there in 1621.
Flo r en tine
school ; son
and pupil of
Alessandro
Allori, and af-
terward pupil
of Santo di Ti-
to, both schol-
ars of Angelo
Bronzino,
whose style
Cristofano at
first followed, but abandoned for the new
Florentine eclectic manner based on that of
Correggio. He became one of the best ar-
tists in Florence of his time, but his habits
were irregular and he left but few pictures.
He excelled in portrait painting. By far
his best work is Judith, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence. Other examples : Hospitality of St.
Julian, St. John in the Desert, Pitti ; Ador-
ation of the Magi, Infant Christ, Magdalen,
TJffizi, Florence ; Isabella of Aragon implor-
ing Charles VHI. for her Father.— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole florentine; Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., i. 508;
Baldinucci, x. 259.
ALLOU, GILLES, born in Paris in 1670,
died there, Feb. 2, 1751. French school ;
portrait painter ; became member of Acad-
emy in 1711. His portraits, which rival
those of Rigaud andLargilliere, found much
and well-deserved favour. He was em-
ployed in the Royal Carpet Factory at
Beauvais. Works : portraits of Coypel and
ALL SAINTS
Coysevox, Versailles Museum ; portrait of
Boullogue, Kcole des Beaux Arts. — Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., i. 513 ; Jal, 29.
ALL SAINTS. See Trinity, Adoration ot
ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, bom at1
Waccamaw, South
Carolina, Nov. 5,
1779, died at Cam-
bridgeport, Mas-
sachusetts, July 9,
1843. History and
portrait paiuter,
pupil in miniature
painting of Ed-
ward Malbone
was graduated at
Harvard College in
1800, and in 1801 entered the schools of
the Royal Academy, London, of which
his countryman Benjamin West was then
president. In 1804 he went, with Van-
derlyn and C. B. Leslie, to Paris, to study
in the Louvre, and thence to Rome, where
he spent four years. After a visit to Amer-
ica, during which he married a sister of
Dr. Channiug, he settled in London in
1811, and in the following year won a prize
of 200 guineas from the British Institution
for his Dead Man revived by Touch of Eli-
sha's Bones, now in the Pennsylvania Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia. This was
followed by the Liberation of St. Peter by
the Angel, which was taken to America in
1859 and presented by Dr. Hooper in 1877
to the Worcester (Mass.) Lunatic Asylum ;
Jacob's Dream, Petwortli Gallery ; and Uriel
in the Sun, Stafford House, for which the
British Institution awarded him a prize of
150 guineas. The first sketch of Belshazzar's
Feast was painted about the same time.
He visited Paris again in 1817, was elected
an A R A in 1818, and in the same year
returned to America, and taking a studio in
Boston began to work on his Elijah and
Belshazzar's Feast. But, afflicted by the
death of his wife and by ill-health from
overwork, and removed from the art atmos-
phere to which be had been accustomed, he
painted irregularly and produced but few
other pictures comparable to bin early per-
formances. In 1830 bo married again and
removed to Cauibridgeport, where he re-
sided the remainder of his life. Among his
other works are : Jeremiah (Yale College) ;
Witch of Endor (W. H. Gardiner), Mirinm
(F. Sears), Beatrice (Pres. Charles Eliot),
Rosalie (N. Appleton), Amy Robsart (L A
Lowell), The Valentine (Mrs. Geo. Ticknor),
Boston ; fyialalro, Bride, Spanish Girl, Tus-
can Girl, Evening Hymn, Lorenzo and Jes-
sica, Flight of Florimel, Roman Lady, The
Sisters. Allston also glinted landscapes and
portraits, among the latter being Benj. West
(Boston Athemcum), and Coleridge (Na-
tional Portrait Gallery, London), and pub-
lished volumes of poems and prose. — Menio-
rial Hist. Boston, iv. 392 ; Sandby, i. 399 ;
Tuckemian, 13(J ; Knickerlx>cker Mag., xiv.
163, xxiv. 205 ; N. Ainer. Rev., L 358 ; Dem.
Rev., xiii. 431; Atlantic Mag., xv. 129;
Meyer, Kdnst. Lex., i. 513 ; Ware, Lectures
on (Boston, 1852).
ALMA PARENS, William Adolphe Hou-
(jnereau, Geo. R. Blanchard, New York ;
canvas, H 8 f t 8 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. A female
figure seated, draped, with nine children,
nude, grouped around her ; the one at left
is the infant Si John. Paris Salon, 1883 ;
sold for $20,000.— Art Journal (1883), 331.
ALMA-TADEMA, LAURENZ, born at
Dronryp, Fries-
land, Jan. 8, 183C.
Educated at the
gy m nasiuni of
Lee u warden,
where he con-
ceived a passion
for Egyptian and
Greco-Roman ar-
chaeology, which
has had a great in-
fluence on his art
life ; student of
art in Antwerp Academy in 1852 ; subse-
quently pupil of Baron Henry Leys. Exhib-
ited in Antwerp, 1801,
Education of the
ALMA-TADEMA
Children of Clotilda ; and in Amsterdam,
1862, Venantius Fortunatus at Badagonde,
which was awarded a gold medal. In 1865 j
he sent to London his Egyptian Games,
which was followed by several others, among
them Roman Dance (1866), and Phidias and
the Elgin Marbles (1868). In 1869 he
exhibited at the Royal Academy, A Ro-
man Amateur (1868), and Pyrrhic Dance
(1869), and in 1870 The Convalescent, Un
Jongleur, and a second Roman Amateur.
In this latter year he married Miss Laura
Epps, an English lady, and removed from
Brussels to London, which he has since
made his home. He has won many honours,
is a knight of many orders, and is a member
of the Royal Academies of Amsterdam
(1862), Munich (1871), Berlin (1874), Lon-
don (A. R. A, 1876 ; R. A, 1879), Stockholm
(1878), Vienna (1878), and Madrid (1879).
Medals: Paris, 1864; 2d class, 1867; 1st
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1873 ; officer,
1878. Other works : How they Amused
Themselves in Egypt 3000 Yearsago (1863) ;
Fredegonda and Pretextatus (1864) ; Egyp-
tian Game, Catullus at Lesbia's, Soldier of
Marathon (1865) ; Entrance to a Roman
Theatre, Agrippiua visiting the Ashes of
Germanicus, Roman Dance (1866) ; The
Mummy, Tarquinius Superbus (1867) ; The
Siesta, Flowers, Flower Market (1868) ; A
Negro, Wine Shop (1869) ; Vintage Festival
(1870) ; A Roman Emperor, Une Fete In time,
Greek Pottery (1871) ; Reproaches, Mummy !
in Roman Period, Improvisatore, A Halt,
Death of the First Born, Greek Wine (1872) ;
The Dinner, The Siesta, The Cherries, Fish-
ing (1873) ; Joseph Overseer of Pharaoh's
Granaries, Sculpture Gallery, Picture Gal-
lery, Autumn, Good Friends, On the Steps
of the Capitol, Water Pets (1874) ; After
the Dance, Hide and Seek, Audience at
Agrippa's, Cleopatra (1876) ; Four Seasons,
Between Hope and Fear, The Sculptor
(1877); Sculptor's Model, Love Missile,
Bacchante, Architecture, Sculpture, Paint-
ing (1877) ; Cherries (1878) ; Hearty Wel-
come, Down to the liiwr, Pomona Festival,
On the Way to the Temple (1879) ; Frede-
gonda, Spring Festival, Question, Garden
God, Pastoral (1880) ; Sappho, In the Tep-
idarium, Ave Caesar, lo Saturnalia (1881) ;
Torch Dance, An Audience, Early Affections,
Barnay as Marc Antony (1882) ; Venus and
Mars, An Oleander, Antony and Cleopatra,
Xanthe and Phaon, 'Twixt Venus and Bac-
chus (1883).— Portfolio (1874), 109 ; (1878),
145 ; Art Journal (1875), 9 ; (1883), 33, 65 ;
Univ. Mag. (1879), 706 ; Blackwood (March,
1883), 401 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 113.
ALMA-TADEMA, Mrs. LAURA, wife of
Laurenz Alma-Tadema. Figure painter ;
exhibits at Royal Academy, and at Grosvenor
Gallery, London. Works : Blue Stocking
(1877) ; Daffodowndilly (1878) ; Hunt the
Slipper, A Good Book (1880) ; Winter, Sis-
ters (1881) ; Asleep, Granny's Needle (1882) ;
May I come In (1881).— Art Journal (1883),
345.
ALMEH, DANCE OF THE, Jean Leon
Gcrume, John Hoey, New York. The dancer,
her garments slipping off from her body, is
posturing before a group of soldiers, seated
at left in a Cairo tavern ; at right, three
musicians. Photogravure in Art Treasures
of America, ii. 80.
ALOISI, BALDASSARE, called II Gal-
anino, born at Bologna in 1578, died at
Rome in 1638. Bolognese school ; history
and portrait painter ; pupil of the Carracci.
Went to Rome in time of Urban VTTT. and
painted many portraits of illustrious persons.
Works : Visitation, La Cariti, Bologna ;
Madonna with SS. John Baptist and Fran-
cis, S. Paolo in Monte, ib. ; Coronation of
Virgin, GesH e Maria, Rome.
ALOPHE, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris,
June 6, 1812, died there in August, 1883.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Roque-
plan and of Delaroche. Medals : 3d class,
1844; 2d class, 1847. Works: A Page,
Evening Lull (1869) ; In the Woods
(1870) ; In the Open Fields (1877) ; Read-
ing of Faublas, Discouragement (1879). —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 521.
ALOVIG1, ANDREA See Lujegno.
30
ALSLOOT
ALSLOOT, DENIS VAN, born before
1628. Excellent landscape painter, Flem-
ish school ; pictures very rare. Court painter
to Archduke Albert, Governor of the Neth-
erlands, about 1599. Works: Landscape (with
figures by H. de Clerck), Vienna Museum ;
Masquerade on the Ice, two pictures of Pro-
cessions of Guilds in Brussels, Madrid Mu-
seum; Castle and Park of Mariemont (1020),
Brussels Museum ; Abbey of La Cambre
(1009), NantesMuseum.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 527 ; Viardot, 107 ; Michiels, Rubens, 347.
ALT, JAKOB, born in Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Sept. 17, 1789, died in Vienna, Sept.
30, 1872. Landscape painter, studied at
Frankfort and, after 1811, in Vienna.
Painted scenes in the Austrian Alps, on
the Danube, in Upper Italy, which he vis-
ited in 1828 and 1833, and Rome. Works :
Isle of S. Giorgio Maggiore (1834), Vienna
Museum ; Grave Yard at Hallstadt ; Garg-
nano on Lake Garda. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 532; Kuust-Chronik, viii. 20, xi.
345 ; Allgem. d. Biogr., i. 355.
ALT, RUDOLF, born in Vienna, Aug. 28,
1812. Landscape and architecture painter,
chiefly in water colours ; son and pupil of
Jakob Alt and student at Vienna Academy.
Has travelled extensively in Austria, Ger-
many, Italy, Switzerland, and the Crimea.
Is a member of the Vienna Academy. His
few oil paintings are inferior to his water
colours, which command high prices in
Vienna. Works in oil : St. Stephen's
Church (1832), Giardiui pubblici in Venice
( 1834), Vienna Museum ; Gate of Pi-ague,
Venice, Well in Nuremberg. Water col-
ours : Cloister Yard of Monreale, Harbour
of Palermo, Arch of Titus in Rome, Castle
Hollenegg, Well in Nuremberg, Bird's-Eye
View of Danube, Old and New Vienna,
Orvieto Cathedral, Milan Cathedral, Campo
Vaccino, S. Marco in Venice, Coast near |
Naples, DUrrenstein, Temple of Vesta, j
His brother Franz (born 1821) went through
same course of study and paints similar sub-
jects.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 533 ; M filler,
11 ; Wurzbach, L 15.
ALT, THEODOR, Iwrn nt DOlilau, Bava-
ria, Juno 23, 1840. Genre painter, pupil of
Kreliug in Nuremberg, and of the Munich
Academy. His pictures of subjects from
modern life show great talent for composi-
tion, feeling for nature, and harmonious
colour. — Meyer, Kim -I. Lex., i. 535.
ALTAMURA, SAVEIUO, born at Foggia,
Italy, in 1824. History painter, pupil of
the Naples Academy, and one of the most
distinguished Italian masters of modern
times ; has painted since 1850 mostly in
Florence ; in 1802 visited France and Eng-
land. Favourite subjects, historical genre.
Studio in Naples. Works: Origin of the
Guelphs and Gliibellines in Florence ; Ma-
rius Conqueror of the Cimbri (1801), Senate
Chamber, Florence ; Old Hatred and New
Love ; Madonna Enthroned ; Tasso in Sor-
rento ; Salvator Rosa among the Robbers ;
Doubt and Faith. — Meyer, KUnst. Lex.,
i. 535.
ALTARPIECE OF BRESCIA. See Br<-*-
cia.
ALTDORFER, ALBRECHT, born be-
fore 1480, died at Ratisbou, Feb. 12 or
14, 1538. History and landscape painter,
strongly influenced by Dilrer, possibly his
pupil ; came from Amlx>rg to Ratisbon, was
admitted to burgher rights in 1505, and
afterwards elected alderman and city archi-
tect. One of the most remarkable mastcrH
of the Old German school. Works : Birth
of Mary, Altai-piece with Christ on the Cross
(1517), Augsburg Gallery ; Pietik, Madonna
in Glory, Susanna at the Bath (1520), Land-
scape with St George (1510), Battle of Ar-
bela (1529), Pinakothek, Munich ; Altnq>ieco
with SS. Narcissus and Matthew, Univer-
sity, ib.; Christen the Cross (150C), Burg,
Nuremberg ; St. Stephen before the Judge,
Martyrdom of St. Stephen, St Quirimis
lifted out of the Water, St. Jerome in
Prayer, Maurice Chapel, ib.; SS. Francis
and Jerome (1507), Landscape with Satyr
Family (1507), Repose in Egypt (1510),
Landscape with Illustration of Proverb
(1531), Berlin Museum ; Madonna (1515),
31
ALTICHIERO
Vienna Museum ; do. (1511), Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.; Christ with Mary and St. John,
Abbey of
Biog.,i.356;
Keane, Early Masters, 164 ; Meyer, Kttnst.
Lex., i. 536 ; Scott, Little Masters, 24.
ALTICHIERO DA ZEVIO, born at Zevio,
near Verona, about middle of 14th cen-
tury. Worked alternately in Verona and
Padua. Vasari says he painted the siege of
Jerusalem by Titus, after Josephus, in the
hall of the palace at Verona, and other great
works. He also executed a series of frescos
in the Cappella S. Felice, S. Antonio, Padua,
which shows a strong Giottesque influence,
and after Giotto's frescos in the Arena Chapel
are the most important works of their kind
painted in N. Italy during the 14th century
(C. & C.). In this work he is said to have
had an assistant, one Jacopo Avanzi, with
whom his name is always coupled by Vasari.
This painter was a Paduan, a Veronese, or a
Bolognese ; but if the latter, he is not to be
confounded with Jacobus Paoli of Bologna,
whose crucifixions, Crowe and Cavalcaselle
say, are evidently not by the painter of the
S. Giorgio frescos. Other frescos in the
Capella di S. Giorgio are ascribed by
Forster to the same Jacopo Avanzi, but
C. & C. say they are identical in execution
with those of S. Felice.— C. & C., Italy, ii.
232 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 555 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., vi. 86; Burckhardt, 519;
Forster, Die Wandgemalde der St. Georgen-
kapelle zu Padua (Berlin, 1841) ; W. & W.,
i. 480 ; L'Anouimo Morelli (Bassano, 1800), 5.
ALTISSIMO, CEISTOFANO DELL',
flourished at Florence about and after 1550.
Family name Papi ; pupil of Pontormo and
of Angiolo Bronzino. Is known principally
through the collection of portraits (more
than 280) which he painted for Cosimo I.
of Tuscany ; was of ordinary ability. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 608 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 557.
ALTMANN, ANTON, the younger, bom
in Vienna, June 4, 1808. Landscape painter ;
son of Anton, landscape painter (1777-
1818) ; pupil of the Vienna Academy,
under Mossner. His pictures are good
in choice of subject, carefully executed,
and show a fine feeling for nature. Works :
Cloister in Bohemia (1838), View in Styria,
(1840), Wood Landscape (1840), Landscape
with large ferns (1846), Swamp (1846), Eve-
ning Landscape (1847), Well near Wood-
land, Mountain Mill (1851), Wood Land-
scape (1851), After the Rain (1852), Vienna
Museum. — Andresen, iii. 187; Meyer, KiinsL
Lex., i. 558 ; Wurzbach, i. 19.
ALTOBELLO MELONS. See Melone.
ALTOMANTE, MARTIN, born in Na-
ples, May 8, 1657, died at Stift Heiligen-
kreuz, Lower Austria, Sept. 14, 1745. Real
name Hohenberg, of German parentage.
History painter, pupil in Rome of Bacciccio,
then of Carlo Maratta and of Academy ;
went in 1684 to Warsaw and became court-
painter to King John Sobieski, after whose
death in 1698 he left Poland for Germany,
and in 1703 went to Vienna, was made mem-
ber of the Academy in 1707, and settled at
| Linz, Upper Austria, in 1720 ; his last years
he spent as a lay brother at Stift Heiligen-
kreuz. Works : Raising of Siege of Vienna,
Principal Assault of the Turks on the Lowel
Bastion, The Polish Diet (these three prob-
ably in Warsaw Museum) ; St. Martin, and
others, Chodkjewicz Gallery, Lemberg ; Su-
sanna at the Bath (1709), Vienna Museum;
St. John's Altar and Ceiling in Sacristy,
St. Stephen's, ib. ; Holy Family, St. Michael,
St. Peter's, ib. ; Raising of Youth at Nain, St.
Charles Borromeo's, ib. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 562 ; Wurzbach, i. 19.
ALTOVITI, BINDO, portrait, Raphael,
Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 1 ft. 10 in. x 1
ft. 4 in. Half length of a youth about
twenty years old, with long fair hair and a
black cap, looking over his shoulder at the
spectator ; his hand on his breast. Erro-
neously considered by Rumohr, Bottari,
and others, a portrait of Raphael himself.
ALUXNO
Painted about 1512-13 ; formerly in Caua
Altoviti, Florence, and later in Palazzo Al-
toviti, Rome, whence obtained in 1808 for
Crown Prince Louis of Bavaria for 3 500 se-
quins. Engraved by R. MorgLen as Ra-
phael.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 351; Rumohr,
ItaL Forsch., iii. 109 ; Passavant, ii. 117 ;
Mttntz, 290, 387 ; Gruyer, Raphael, Peintre
de Portraits, i. 5, 17.
ALUNNO, NICCOLO, born at Foligno
in 1430 ? died Aug. 1502 ; Umbriau school ;
son of a painter at Foligno, and pupil of
Bartolommeo di Tommaso, through whose
assistant, Benozzo Gozzoli, the scholar of Fra
Angelico, his early style was affected by that
Florentine influence which they brought to
bear upon Umbria. Later his pictures give
evidence of a North Italian influence, shown
in the increased action of his figures, and
their somewhat exaggerated facial expres-
sion. In the Madonna de' Consoli (1458),
S. Francesco, Deruta, his drawing is stiff
and defective, the colour si prevailing reddish
brown ; but the sentiment is deep, and the
naive Umbriau feeling marked. Other works
in Alunno's first manner arc : Banner in S.
Antonio Abate, Deruta, in which the St. An-
thony on one side recalls Gozzoli, and the
crucifixion on the other Bai-tolornmeo di
Tommaso ; Madonna and Angels, Duomo,
Assisi, painted before 14G5, to which year
belong parts of an altarpiece, Brera, Milan ;
Annunciation (140(i), Perugia Gallery, show-
ing traces of Gozzoli's influence which con-
tinued up to about 14G8. After 1471 that
of Crivelli predominates, as in the altarpiece,
Duomo, Gualdo ; Annunciation, Bologna
Gallery ; Birth and Coronation of the Vir-
gin (1483), Duomo, Nocera. The altarpiece
in S. Niccolo, Foligno (1492), of which the
Predella is in the Louvre, Paris, may be con-
sidered as Alunno's masterpiece in his sec-
ond, eclectic style. unplN NICfH Al
One of his latest gfjf jSJ^K L
works is the Ma- FULG1NATJS 1499.
donna with Angels and Saints (1499) in a
Church at La Bastia, between Assisi and
Perugia. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 508 ; Rossi,
Pittori di Foligno (Perugia, 1872) ; Meyer,
Kunst Lex., i. 565 ; Rowini, ii. 34, 162 ; C.
| & C., Italy, iii. 125 ; Burckhardt, 55C, 557 ;
Miiller, 19 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole oiubrienne ;
Ldbke, Gesch. Hal. Mai., L 242.
ALVAREZ, Don LUIS, born in HIHUII,
contemporary. Genre painter ; pupil of
Madrazo, the elder. Studio in Rome.
Works : Spanish Birthday Festival, Mrs. E,
D. Morgan, New York ; Flirtation in a Gon-
dola, Dressing for Ball, Selling Ticket* for
Charity Bull-Fight, J. P. Morgan, ib.; An-
cient Coquette, Modern Coquette, R. C.
Hawkins, ib. ; Cardinal's Reception, Toilette
of Duchess de Berri, H. Hilton, ib.; Jeal-
ousy, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, ib.; Hide and
Seek, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Flower-Shop,
Samuel Hawk Collection, ib.; Hallwrdier,
Obliging Suitor, R. L. Stuart Collection,
ib. ; Inopportune Visitor, R. G. Dun, ib. ;
Our Forefathers' Diversions, M. Graham, ib. ;
Distribution of Prizes in Palazzo Borghese
(1885), M. Munn, ib. ; Spinners, A. J. An-
telo, Philadelphia ; Concert, J. D. Laukenau,
Philadelphia ; Amateurs, C. H. Wolff, Phila-
delphia ; Preparing for Masquerade, W. B.
Bemeut, Philadelphia ; Rousseau and Ladies
picking Cherries, S. A. Coale, Jr., St. Louis ;
Marriage of Pauline Bonaparte and Prince
Burghese, H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Intro-
duction of the Betrothed, Ch. Parsons, St.
Louis ; Flirtation, D. Catlin, St. Louis ; New
Baby, J. A. Scudder, St. Louis ; Carnival in
the Prado in 18th Century (1884) ;— La B-
lustraeion (1884), i. 131 ; (1885), i. 6.
AMADEI, STEFANO, bora in Perugia,
Italy, Jan. 20, 1589, died there, Jan. 20,
1644. First devoted to science, he conceived
a passion for painting while studying per-
spective with Giulio C. Augeli. He found-
ed an art school in Perugia, and painted
many altarpieces ; acquired a certain reputa-
tion as a portrait painter, which procured
him numerous orders in Rome. — Meyer,
Kunst. Lex., i. 575 ; Pasaavant, Raphael,
ii. 61.
AMALTEO, POMPONIO, born in SanVito,
Friuli, in 1505, died there in 1584. Venetian
AMATO
school ; pupil and son-in-law of Pordenone,
whose style he imitated and to whom some
of his productions have been ascribed. Most
successful in fresco; painted few easel pieces.
Among the most important of his works is
a series of frescos representing the history
of the Virgin, in the choir of the church of
the hospital at San Vito, for which he re-
ceived a patent of nobility in 1535. On the
same large scale are the frescos in S. M. delle
Grazie at Prodolone (1542), the Duomo of
Valvasone (1544), the church of Baseglia
. (1544-50), the church of Lestans
Pompom (154g^ and otbera _c & c N_
Fnulensis ^ H 3Q4 . Meyei.; Kfljujt
fecit 1578. Lex L 587. vasari, ed. Mil., v.
119; Joppi, Doc. iued. sulla Tita. . . Pomp.
Amalteo (Udine, 1869).
AMATO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO D', the
elder, born in Naples in 1475, died there in
1555. Neapolitan school ; pupil of Silvestro
de' Buoni ; studied later works of Perugino,
and painted both in oil and in fresco. Works:
St. Michael and other Archangels, SS. Sever-
ino e Sosia, Naples ; Madonna with Angels,
Naples Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i.
595.
AMATO, GIOVANNI ANTONIO D', the
younger, born in Naples in 1535, died there
in 1598. Neapolitan school ; nephew and
pupil of the preceding, and husband of Ma-
riagnola Criscuolo, who painted some Ma-
donnas in the Neapolitan churches. After
his uncle's death he studied under Giov. B.
Lama, and besides him, took Francesco
Curia and Ippolito Borghese for models.
Works : S. Maria Visitapoveri (1571), Ma-
donna Enthroned, Naples Museum ; Coro-
nation of the Virgin, Church of Monte de' Po-
veri ; others in S. Patricio, S. Pietro ad Aram,
S. Giuseppe, S. Domenico Maggiore, Sta.
Margarita, S. Niccolo alia Dogana, and
Chiesa nuova, Naples.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 596.
AMAURY-DUVAL, EUGENE EMMAN-
UEL, born in Montrouge (Seine), April 16,
1808. History and portrait painter ; son of
the diplomat archaeologist Amaury ; pupil
of Ingres. Studied the antique, the Flor-
entine quattrocentists, and Raphael. After
a visit to the Morea in 1829, he exhibited,
from 1833, a series of portraits, which es-
tablished his reputation, and in 1839-40
and 1848-53 executed several large wall
paintings at St. Merry, St. Germain 1'Auxer-
; rois, and St. Germain en Laye (1848-1853),
' in the traditional style of the older Italian
masters. Medals : 2d class, 1838 ; 1st class,
1839 ; L. of Honour, 1845 ; officer, 1865.
Works: Portraits of Alex. Duval (1848),
the actor Geoffrey, Rachel (1855) ; Infant
Christ asleep (1857), Head of Young Girl
(1859), Birth of Venus (1863), Lille Museum;
Young Girl with Doll (1864) ; Daphnis and
Chloe (1865) ; Psyche (1867) ; Study of a
Child (1864), Luxembourg Museum, Paris.
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 597; Kunstblatt
(1841), 146; (1846), 138; Meyer, GescL,
353, 380 ; Miiller, 11.
AMAZONS, BATTLE OF (Amazoneu-
schlacht), Rubens, Munich Gallery; wood, H.
3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. Victory of Theseus
over Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons, on
the bridge over the Thermodon. Theseus,
mounted upon a rearing horse, closely at-
tended by his followers, is about to cast his
javelin at the Amazons, who are turning in
flight at the other end of the bridge ; many
of them are falling from the bridge, or
struggling in the stream below. Subject
supposed to have been borrowed from Titi-
an's Battle of Cadore. Painted about 1619
for M. van der Gheest. — Kugler (Crowe), ii.
285 (PI.) ; Cat. Munich Gallery.
AMBERG, WILHELM, born in Berlin,
Feb. 25, 1822. Genre painter, pupil of
Herbig, the Berlin Academy, and of Karl
Begas. In 1844-45 he studied under Leon
Cogniet in Paris, after which he visited Italy.
After his return in 1847 he at first painted
mythological subjects and portraits, then
genre, both serious and humorous, and, more
recently, landscapes with figures. Subjects
attractive, treatment ingenious, and colour
always effective. Since 1869, member of the
Berlin Academy. Works : Consolation in
34
AMBERGER
Music (I860) ; Servant Maid Smoking, Ser-
vant Maid Drinking (18C3) ; Ophelia, The
Widow's Comfort (1878) ; Heading Werther
(1870), National Gallery, Berlin ; replica,
Raczynski Gallery, ib. — Meyer, Kiiust. Lex.,
L 599 ; Miiller, 12 ; Rosenberg, Berlin Ma-
lersch., 71.
AMBERGER, CH1USTOPH, born in
Amberg, Ulm or Nuremberg, about 14'JO or
1500, died in Augsburg in 1561 or 1562.
German school ; portrait painter, perhaps
Madonna Enthroned, StRoch in a Landscape,
Pinakothck, Munich ; Hieronyuius Sulczer
(1542), Gotha Gallery ; Portrait of Old Man,
Wurlitz Gallery; Portrait of Charles V.
(1532), Sebastian Mfluster, Georg von
Freundsberg, St Augustine, Berlin Museum;
Duko Louis of Bavaria (1540), Martin Weiss
(1544), Male and Female portrait (errone-
ously called Thomas Morus and Wife), Male
Bu8t-jM>rtrait, Vienna Museum ; do. (attrib-
uted to Holbein), Uffizi, Florence ; Portrait
Battle of the Amuoni, Rub«nf, Munich Gallery.
pupil of Hans Burgkmair, and one of the best
masters of the sixteenth century. Received
into Augsburg guild in 1530, and appears
there until 15CO ; was in Italy about 1535.
Works : Portraits of Win. Morz and Afra
Rehm (1533), of Kounul Peutinger and Wife
(1543), Maximilians Museum, Augsburg ;
Altar with Madonna (1554), Cathedral, ib. ;
Christ with the Wise and Foolish Virgins
(1560), Transfiguration of Christ, St Ann's,
ib.; Afra Rehm and Male Portrait (1533),
Archeological Museum, Stuttgart; Trinity,
of Charles V. (1532, attributed to Holbein),
Siena Academy ; Matthaus Schwartz and
Wife (1542), formerly in Baron von Frieacn'a
Collection, Dresden. — Allgem. d. Biog., L
390 ; Kunst-Chronik, ix. 190 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 600 ; W. & W., il 452.
AMBROGIO DA FOSSANO. See lior-
ijofjnone.
AMBROGIO DI LORENZO. See Lo-
renzetli.
AMBROGIO DA SIENNA See Loren-
AMBROSE
AMBROSE, ST., APOTHEOSIS OF,
Luigi Vioarini, S. M. de' Frari, Venice ; wood.
Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius, Rubens, Vienna Museum,
St. Ambrose on a throne between SS. George, '
Vitale, Gregory, Augustine and a monk on
one side ; SS. John Baptist, Gervase, and
Protase on the other ; SS. Sebastian and
Jerome in foreground ; in lunette, Corona-
tion of the Virgin. Begun in 1503 ; finished
by Basaiti after Luigi's death and placed on j
altar in the Cappella Milanesi. Has been
wrongly assigned to Bart. Vivarini. — C. &
C., N. Italy, i. 68, 259.
AMBROSE AND EMPEROR THEO-
DOSIUS, llubens, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 9 in. x 11 ft. 5 in. The Emperor
Theodosius, whose hands were stained by
the blood of the inhabitants of Thessalonica,
is refused admission into the Cathedral by
Archbishop Ambrose of Milan (A. D. 390).
Ambrose, in canonicals, with mitre and cro-
zier, with six attendants, meets the Emperor,
who is followed by three offi-
cers, at the entrance, and
presses him back with his
hand. Eleven figures, nearly
all full length. — Kett, 49 ;
Gal de Vienne.
AMERIGHI, MICHEL-
ANGELO. See Caravaggio.
AMERLING, FRIED-
RICH, born in Vienna, April
14, 1803. Portrait and fig-
ure painter, son of a poor ar-
tisan, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy under Redl. By illumin-
ating maps and engravings
gained enough to enable him
to study in London under Sir
Thomas Lawrence for nine
months, and in Paris under
Horace Vemet. A first prize
given him at Vienna for two
historical paintings enabled
him, in 1831, to go to Venice
and Rome. After his re-
turn he entered on a success-
ful career as a portrait paint-
er, under the patronage of
the Imperial family. In
1841—14 he resided at Rome
and Florence. Works : Archduke Rudolph,
Emperor Francis (1832), Laxenburg Palace ;
Prince Schwar-
zenberg, Count
Zichy, Count
Nugent, Princess
Khevenh tiller,
Thorwaldsen,
Gr illparzer,
Prince "Windisch-
gratz on horse-
back; Lute Hay-
er, Artist'sBroth-
er as Fisher-boy,
St. Paul (1833),
Artist's portrait, Museum, Vienna ; Moses
and Brazen Serpent, Baron Pereira, ib. ;
AMES
Italian Girl, Oriental Woman, Felnor Col-
lection, ib. ; Sleeping Children, Count Ber-
oldiugen, ib. ; Greek Woman, Muse of
Tragedy (1863) ; Girl with Doves (1868).
— Brockhaus, i. 551 ; Meyer, Kiinsi Lex.,
i. 627 ; Miiller, 12 ; Kunstblatt (1834), 294,
308 ; (1842), 122 ; Wurzbacb, L 29.
AMES, JOSEPH, born in New Hamp-
shire in 1816, died in New York in 1872.
Portrait painter ; studied in Rome. Passed
his professional life in Boston and New
York. Elected an A. N. A. in 1869, and N.
A. in 1870. Ideal works : Miranda ; Night ;
Morning ; Death of Webster (1871) ; Ideal
heads and a few landscapes. Portraits : Pius
IX., Portrait of himself (1872, N. Academy);
Ristori ; Prescott ; Daughter of Benjamin
F. Butler ; Clarence H. Seward ; R. W. Emer-
son ; Rachel ; Webster ; Choate.
AMIDANO, GIULIO CESARE, nourished
at Parina, 1560-1628. Pupil of Pamiigia-
nino, or at least a close imitator of that mas-
ter ; painted afterwards also in the style of
other masters, and shows on the whole little
individuality or independence. — Meyer,
Kunst. Lex., i. 629.
AMIGONI (Amiconi), JACOPO, born in
Venice in 1675, died in Madrid in 1752.
Venetian school. After having attained a cer-
tain reputation in Italy, he went to Munich,
and in the service of the Elector frescoed
several ceilings in the castle at Schleissheim ;
also painted oil paintings for churches and
the court. In 1729 he went to London,
where he found many patrons, and, besides
painting frescos, was soon in great demand
as a portrait painter ; through the Russian
ambassador he also received orders for the
court of St. Petersburg. In 1736 he was, for
a short time, in Paris, and in 1739 returned
to Venice a wealthy man. In 1747 he re-
paired to Madrid as court painter to Ferdi-
nand VI. In his time this master stood in
high repute, but later was severely criticised ;
he is in fact a weak follower of Sebastiano
Ricci and Solimena, though a certain ease
and mastery of treatment cannot be denied
to him, which, wherever his art is confined
to a decorative character, produces graceful
effects. Works : Children playing with a
Goat, Boys playing with a Lamb, Hampton
Court ; Joseph in Pharaoh's Palace, Benja-
min, St. Ferdinand receiving the Surrender
of Seville, Portrait of an Infanta, Madrid
Museum. — Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 631; Ccan
Bennudez.
AMSTERDAM MUSKETEERS. See
Sortie.
AMULIUS. See Fabullux.
ANASTASI, AUGUSTE PAUL
CHARLES, bora in Paris, Nov. 15, 1820.
Landscape painter, pupil of Delaroche and
Corot, entered the Kcole des Beaux Arts in
1849. Style classical, inclining to the real-
istic. Though his pictures are attractive,
their treatment is decorative and often
superficial, and their colouring mannered.
Medal, 2d class, 1848 ; medal, 1865 ; L. of
Honour, 1868. In 1869 he became blind.
Works: The Last Rays (1850); Harvest-
Time (1852); Huts in Normandy; The
Seine near Chatou ; View near Bougival ;
Banks of the Spree (1855) ; Banks of the
Maas (1857) ; Lake in Tyrol, Return of the
Herd (1861) ; Villa Pamfili (1864), Luxem-
bourg Museum, Paris ; Sunset near Dord-
recht ; Forum Romanum, Banks of the Tiber
(1865). Others in museums of Marseilles,
Lille, and Reunes. — Meyer, Kunst Lex., i
1 671; Miiller, 13; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864),
xvii. 13, 14.
ANATOMIST, Gabriel Max, Private Gal-
lery, Munich ; canvas. The anatomist, an
elderly man with a thoughtful face, is
seated in an arm-chair, gravely contem-
plating the features of a fair young girl,
whose dead body, lying upon the dissecting
table beside him, is draped with a sheet, ex-
cepting the face and neck which he has un-
covered ; in the background a table, with
books, papers, and several skulls upon it.
Munich Exhibition, 1869. — Art Journal
(1881), 177.
ANATOMY, LESSON IN, Rembrandt,
National Gallery, Amsterdam ; canvas, H. 5
ft 4 in. x 7 ft 1 in.; signed, dated 1632.
37
ANAXANDER
Lecture by Nieolaas Tulp, of the Anatomical
Institute, Amsterdam, to pupils gathered
round a table, on which lies the dead body
of a man which he has partly dissected.
Eight figures, those iu foreground seen half-
length, all portraits. Rembrandt's fame
dates from this picture, which is remarkable
in composition, expression, execution, and
beauty of colouring. Painted for Guild of
able mistake, in the inscription on his por-
trait of a singer. — Eustath. ad Od., p. 1622-
38.
ANCHER, ANNA (nee Brondum), born
at Skagen, Denmark, Aug. 18, 1859. Figure
painter, pupil iu Copenhagen of Kyhn,
married in 1880 to genre painter Michael
A. Works: Old Man cutting Pegs, Old
Woman from Skagen (before 1880) ; Mother
and Child, Coffee is ready
(1881).— Sigurd Muller, 8.
ANCHER, MICHAEL
PETER, born at Ruthsker
Sogn, near Bornholm, Den-
mark, June 9, 1849. Genre
painter, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy. Works :
A Lying-in-Room in Jut-
land (1874) ; Tavern Scene
(1875) ; Fishermen launch-
ing Lifeboat (1876) ; Lay
Preacher conducting Di-
vine Service on Skagen
Beach (1877) ; Fisherboy
returning from Seagull
Hunt, Sunday Evening on
the Beach (1878); Two
Lesson in Anatomy, Rembrandt, National Gallery, Amsterdam. Youn^ Girls Bovs ftt Mpfll
Surgeons, Amsterdam ; in their hall until (1879) ; Mother's Reading Lesson, Will He
1828, when sold to king for 36,000 florins, clear the Point ? (1880) ; Figures in a Land-
Etched by L. Flameng. Engraved by J. de scape, Old Man laughing, Infant Class at
Frey. Similar subject previously painted Skagen (1881).- — Sigurd Muller, 12 ; Illustr.
by Aert Pietersen (1603), Thomas de Keyser Zeitg. (1882), ii. 163.
(1619) ; Nieolaas Elias (1625), and Pieter j ANDERSON, A. A., born in New York,
van Mirevelt (1617). — Kugler (Crowe), ii. Aug. 11, 1847. Portrait and figure painter ;
368 ; Ch. Blanc, Rembrandt, 379 ; Mollett,
23 ; Smith, vii. 61 ; Fromentin, Les Maitres
d'autrefois, 291; Vosniaer, 23, 425.
ANAXANDER, painter, date unknown.
Mentioned as by no means without reputa-
tion.— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146] ; Brunn,
300.
ANAXANDRA, painter, daughter of Ned-
studied in 1873 under Bonnat in Paris.
Studio in New York. Ideal Works : Street
Scene in Cairo (1875) ; Young Oriental
(1876) ; Palm Sunday (1878) ; De la Richesse
ii la Pauvrete, Cafe Lion d'Or, Paris (1883).
ces, lived about 200 B. c. Worked iu Cicyon
and in Egypt. — Clem. Alexandr. Strom., iv.
124 ; Brunn, ii. 291.
. Portraits : Mrs. A. A. A. (Salon, 1877) ; E. D.
Morgan ; Nathaniel Hawk ; H. B. Claflin.
ANDERSSON, NILS, born in East Goth-
land in 1817, died in Vaxholm, near Stock-
holm, June 19, 1865. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of the Stockholm Academy ;
ANAXENOR, painter, of Magnesia, date made an art tour through Europe in 1851,
unknown. Name recorded, through a laugh- and studied in Paris in 1854-56. After his
ANDES
return he became a member of the Academy
in 1857, and a professor in 1858. Works :
Landscapes with animals, Stockholm Mu-
seum ; Fowler Art Union, Ckristiania. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 681.
ANDES, HEART OF THE, Frederic R
Church, David Dows, New York ; canvas, H.
G ft. 8 in. X 10 ft. Composition from studies
made in the central mountainous regions of
Ecuador. Painted in 1858 for Win. T. Blod-
gett, N. Y., at the sale of whose collection it
was sold for $10,000. — On its first exhibition
nu enthusiastic description of it was written
by Theodore Winthrop : see his volume en- '.
titled "Life in the Open Air." Art Journal,
Oct., 1859 ; Harper's Weekly, May 7, 1859.
ANDRADAE, Don ANDRES "DE, por- !
trait, Murillo, Earl of Northbrook, London ; '
canvas, H. 6 ft. C in. x 3 ft 10 in. Full
length, standing ; about fifty years old, with
dark doublet with slashed sleeves, knee
breeches, white stockings, right hand on
head of a dog seated by his side, left holding
hat Bought from D. Antonio Bravo by Sir
J. H. Brackenbury, British Consul at Cadiz ;
sold to Louis Philippe for .£1000 ; at his sale
(1853), to Thos. Baring for £1020. Copy by
Gutierrez in Acadernia S. Fernando, Madrid.
—Curtis, 292 ; Athenseum(1853), 623.
ANDRfi (Andray), JEAN, bom in Paris,
in 1662, died there in 1753. Studied at Rome
under Carlo Maratti, in whose house he lived.
Became a Dominican monk, and devoted him-
self to painting religious subjects. Works :
Jesus in Simon's House, Lyons ; Marriage at
Cana and Multiplication of Loaves, Bor-
deaux ; two pictures from life of St. Vincent
de Paul, St Lazare, Paris. — Larousse ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 684.
ANDRE, JULES, born in Paris, April 19,
1807, died there, Aug. 17, 1869. Landscape
painter, pupil of Jolivard and Watelet. He
worked for ten years (1845-1856) in the
manufactory at Sovres, but painted pictures
for the Salon at the same time. Medal, 2d
class, 1835 ; L. of Honour, 1853. In 1848
was conservateur of the drawings at the
Louvre. Works: Bridge of Tauron (1855),
bought by the State ; View in the Valley of
the Streture (1863) ; Panels with Laud-
scapes, Pavilion Mollieu, Louvre.
ANDRE, MICHEL FRANCOIS, born in
Aix, Provence, baptized May 22, 1700, died
in Paris, April 13, 1783. Family name Bar-
don. History painter, pupil of J. F. de Troy.
In 1725 carried off second Academy prize for
painting, then spent six years in Italy, where
he painted a colossal picture for the City
Hall (1729), now in the Aix Museum, and
allegorical figures of the Virtues. In 1737
made Associate of the Academy. Returned
to Paris in 1752 and elected professor in
the Royal Academy of Painting. Founded
the Academy of Art at Marseilles alx>ut 1750,
and was its director. Was also a poet and
musician. Works: Christ Crucified, St Je-
rome, Aix ; Tullia, Montpellier Museum.—
Meyer, Kilnst. Lex., i. 685.
ANDREA DEL CASTAGNO. See C'aa-
tagno.
ANDREA DI CIONE. See Orcayna.
ANDREA DA FIRENZE or DA FLO-
RENTIA of Florence, 14th century. He
began in 1377 the series of frescos in the
Campo Santo, Pisa, illustrating scenes from
the life of S. Ranieri, assigned by Vasari to
Simone of Siena, which was finished in 1386
by Antonio Veneziano — C. & C., Italy, i.
395, ii. 84 ; Meyer, Kiinst Lex., ii. 2 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 93.
ANDREA DEL GOBBO. See Mario.
ANDREA DEGLI IMPICCATL See
Caslagno.
ANDREA MICHIELI, called Vicentino
(from Vicenza), born about 1539, died in
1614. Venetian school ; supposed pupil of
Jacopo Palma the younger ; nothing known
of his life. Executed important works in
the Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them are
the Doge Ziani presenting the Son of Barba-
rossa to the Pope, the Assault of Kara in
1202, Otho presented to the Pope, Baldwin
elected Emperor of the East by the Cru-
saders, the Siege of Venice by Pepin, the
Defeat of Pepin, the Victory of the Vene-
tians over the Turks, the taking of CatUro,
39
ANDREA
and the Entry of Henry III. into Venice.
In the Venice Academy are his Deposition
from the Cross and his Madonna iu Glory
with Saints ; and others of his works are at
Vicenza, Padua, Treviso, Eovigo, etc., and
iu the Venetian churches of S. Zauipolo,
S. Fantino, S. M. della Celestia, and the
Frari. His compositions, though rapidly
conceived and hastily executed, are well
worthy of attention. In the latter part of
his life Andrea went to Munich and deco-
rated the Imperial Hall of the Palace with
fourteen large paintings of sacred and class-
ical subjects. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 709.
ANDREA MILANESE. See Solario, An-
drea.
ANDREA DA MURANO, end of 15th
and beginning of 16th century. Venetian
school ; pupil of Bartolommeo Vivarini, and
thoroughly impressed with his style, though
far inferior to him in the treatment of
colour. Earliest authenticated work an
altarpiece painted for S. Pietro Martire in
Murano, parts of which are in the Brera,
Milan, and the Academy at Venice. He
painted in 1501 an altarpiece for the church
of Trebaseleghe near Treviso, and in 1502 a
Madonna with Saints in the church of Mus-
solone near Asolo. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 77 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 707.
ANDREA DA SALERNO, born at Sa-
lerno about 1480, died iu Naples (?) about
1545. Neapolitan school ; real name Andrea
Sabbatiui. Started for Perugia to study the
works of Perugino, but attracted by the
fame of Raphael became his assistant ; and
finally settled in Naples, where he painted
many pictures. His best picture is the
Adoration of the Magi in the Museum at
Naples. Other works in various churches
at Naples and Salerno. May be classed
with Jacopo Siculo and Pacchia of Siena. —
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 106 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., vi. 40, ix. 115 ; Burckhardt, 683 ;
Seguier, 184 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 373.
ANDREA DEL SARTO. See Sarto.
ANDREA DI VANNI or ANDREA VAN-
NI, born in Siena in 1332, died in 1414.
Sienese school ; in 1353 he was painting in
partnership with Bartolommeo di Man-
fredi. In 1368 he took part with those who
expelled the nobles from Siena, and as a
reward for his services was elected in 1370
one of the great council. He was a gonfa-
loniere in 1371, envoy to the Pope at Avig-
non in 1372, went on a mission to Florence
in 1373, and was envoy to the Pope at Na-
' pies in 1384. Although Lanzi calls him
" the Rubens of his time," painting appears
to have been with him a business rather
than a passion. Damaged remains of some
of his frescos are iu the Miuutoli Chapel,
Duomo, Naples, and in a chapel of S. Do-
menico, Naples, and a portrait of St. Cather-
ine of Siena in S. Domenico, Siena. There
is also a Virgin Enthroned by him in the
sacristy of S. Stefano, Siena, a picture of a
common class, combining most of the de-
fects of Bartolommeo di Manfredi. — C. &
C., Italy, ii. 152 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i.
692 ; Milanesi, Siena e il suo Territorio,
168 ; Kugler (Eastlake), i. 173.
ANDREA VICENTINO. See Andrea
Michieli.
ANDREAE, KARL, born at Miihlheim,
near Cologne, Feb. 3, 1823. History painter,
pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy in 1839-44,
under Karl Sohu and Schadow. From 1845
to 1849 he studied in Rome ; was especially
drawn towards Cornelius, whom he followed
to Berlin, where he remained until 1865 and
then settled in Dresden. In 1859 he founded
in Dresden the Saxon Christian Art Union,
of which he has been president since 1864.
— Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., i. 713 ; Miiller, 13 ;
Christl. Kunstblatt (1869), 164.
ANDREW AND JEROME, SAINTS,
Tintoretto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. x 8 ft. St. Andrew standing, hold-
ing a cross ; St. Jerome reclining at his feet.
Companion picture to St. George and the
Dragon. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 296.
ANDREW, ST., MARTYRDOM OF,
Carlo Dolci, Palazzo Pitti, Floi-ence ; canvas,
ANDKOKIUS
H. 4 ft x 3 ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 164G. St
Andrew kneeling, while an executioner re-
moves his clothes ; at left, three others pre-
pare the cross ; behind the saint, a centuri-
on and soldiers ; in background, down the
hill, the rabble. Painted for Marquis Carlo
Gerini ; bought of his heirs by Grand Duke
Ferdinand HL Engraved by G. Guadag-
nini.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL 41.
By MurUlo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
4 ft. x 5 ft 3 in. The Saint, nearly nude,
his white hair and beard streaming in the
air, is fastened with cords to a saltier cross
formed of the trunks of trees ; above, cher-
ubs with the crown and palm of martyrdom ; !
beneath, executioners, two of whom tighten
the cords on his feet ; at left, in front, a
group of spectators ; at right, two soldiers
on horseback, and others on foot Latest
manner. Repetition : Sir Philip Miles, Bart,
Leigh Court, Somerset (not mentioned by
Waagen).— Curtis, 209 ; Madrazo, 482.
ANDROBIUS, painter, place and date un-
known. Painted picture of Scyllis, the diver,
cutting away the anchors of the Persian
fleet— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [138] ;Brunn, ii. 299.
ANDROCYDES, Greek painter of Cyzi-
cus, contemporary and rival of Zeuxis, about
400-377 n. c. Plutarch mentions (Pelop. 25),
a picture by him representing a cavalry skir-
mish near Plattta shortly before the battle of
Lcuctra, and another of Scylla surrounded
by fishes. — Athen. viii.; Plut. Sympoa, iv. 2,
3, 8 ; Brunn, ii. 124 ; Pliny, xxxv. 36 [64].
ANDROMACHE AND PYRRHUS, P. N.
Guerin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 10 ft, 7 in. x
14 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated 1810. Subject
from Racine's Andromaque. At right,
Orestes, standing, demands Astyanax in the
name of the Greeks ; in centre, Pyrrhus,
seated, stretches his sceptre over the child
which Andromache, kneeling and in tears,
puts under his protection ; at left, Hermi-
one, jealous of her rival, goes out in anger.
Acquired in 1822 for 10,000 fr. Engraved
by Richomme. — Reveil, ii. 95.
ANDROMEDA, ancient picture. See
Evanthus, Nicias.
By J. J. //m wr, Mmr. Raffalovich, Paris ;
canvas. Nude, standing, her head Iwnt
down, hair dishevelled, chained to two iron
rings fixed in the rock on the borders of
the sea. L' Artiste (1882), i. 58.
By Ritbfns, Blenheim Palace ; wood, H. 0
ft. G in. x 3 ft. 1 iu. Chained to the rock,
' in terror at the approach of tho monster ;
over her head Cupid with his torch ; in dis-
tance, Perseus, mounted on Pegasus, de-
' scending from skies. Probably painted iu
Italy. — Waagen, Art Treasures, iiL 129.
ANDROMEDA, RESCUE OF. See Per-
seus and Andromeda.
ANESI, PAOLO, flourished at Rome first
half of the 18th century, born about 1700.
Landscape painter ; frescoed in 1761, with
Ant Bicchierai and Nic. LapiccoLo, three
rooms in the Villa Albani, Rome, in the
style of Locatelli. His pictures, which are
rare, are often mistaken for those of Giov.
Paunini. Four Landscapes, Hohenzolleru
Gallery, Lemberg ; three others (1760), at
Schloss, Sagau. — Meyer, Kuust Lex., ii. 30;
Nagler, Mon., i 497.
ANGE, FRANCOIS DE L', Ixmi in Savoy
in 1675, died April 17, 1756. History
painter, pupil of Crespi, at Bologna, 170<i.
Ho painted small, well-drawn, and bril-
liantly-coloured pictures. Worked long for
the Marchese LucatellL Entered Order of
S. Filippo Neri in 1735. — Meyer, Kiiust.
'Lex., ii. 31 ; Fclsina Pittrice, iii. 271.
ANGELI, BATTISTA. Sec M,,ro.
ANGELI, FILIPPO D', called Filipixi
Napoletano, born iu Rome near end of
16th century, died in Naples alwut 1640.
Neapolitan school ; pupil of his father,
who painted in Rome for Pope Sixtus V.,
and afterwards was employed in Naples
by Cardinal Pallotta. After his father's
death Filippo returned to Rome to con-
tinue his studies, devoting himself chiefly
to landscape painting, but also painted
architectural views with well-executed fig-
ures. His pictures are commended for good
aerial perspective and well-grouped acces-
sories. Works : Satyr and Peasant, Louvre ;
ANGELI
Cavalry Skirmish, Schleissheim Gallery ;
Portrait of himself, Uffizi, Florence. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 43 ; Miindler, Essai, 26.
ANGELI, GIULIO CESAKE, boru in
Perugia about 1570, died there iu 1630.
Bolognese school ; pupil of Lodovico Car-
racci, whose influence is not very apparent
in his paintings ; his drawing, especially of
the nude, is negligent, while composition
and colouring show talent. Works : Ma-
donna with Saints, Perugia Cathedral. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 44.
ANGELI, GIUSEPPE, born in Venice
about 1710, died in 1798. Venetian school ;
pupil of Gio. Batt. Piazetta, from whom he
derived his blackish shadows and disagree-
able yellowish tint. His drawing is skilful,
composition vivid, and in his later period
the colouring becomes more light and pleas-
ing, but is lacking in strength. He painted
a great deal in oil and fresco for the churches
in Venice and neighbouring cities. Works :
Little Drummer, Louvre ; Lot and Daugh-
ters, Mentz Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii. 44 ; Zanotto, Storia, 102 ; Zanetti, Pit-
tura Ven., 614.
ANGELI, HEINEICH VON, born in
Oedenburg, Hungary, Feb. 8, 1840. His-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil in
1854 of the Vienna Academy, then of Gus-
tav Mailer, and with Loutze went to Diissel-
dorf in 1856. In 1859-62 he was in Mu-
nich, and in 1862 settled in Vienna, where he
soon became the favourite portrait painter
of the aristocracy. His portraits are dis-
tinguished for truth, an air of high breeding,
and elegance of arrangement, and his genre
pictures are full of dramatic life. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1878. Professor in Vienna
Academy since 1876. Works : Mary Stuart
Sentenced (1857); Louis XI. and Francis
de Paula (1859); Antony and Cleopatra
(1860) ; Csesar and Antony ; Jane Gray be-
fore Execution ; Avenger of his Honour
(1869) ; Youthful Love (1871), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Italian Lovers (1872) ; Denied Abso-
lution (1873) ; Portraits of Grillparzer,
Alex. Dumas, Lady in Black (1872), Cos-
tenoble (1873), Queen Victoria (1875), Em-
peror of Austria, Emperor William, Crown
Prince and Princess of Germany, Prince
Frederic Charles, Baron Manteuffel, Prin-
cess of Montenegro. — Brockhaus, i. 641 ;
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 45 ; Miiller, 14 ;
niustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 251 ; (1875), ii. 255 ;
Kunst-Chronik, v. 143; Zeitsch. f. b. K,
vi. iii. 147.
ANGELICA AND ROGER, Jean Ingres,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 6 ft.
3 in. ; signed, dated Rome, 1819. Roger,
mounted upon a hippogriffe, plunges his lance
into the monster, about to devour Angelica
chained to a rock. Subject from Ariosto.
Painted in 1819, sketches in Montauban
Museum ; first sketch for figure of Angelica,
retouched in 1867, Ph. Burty. — Cat. Louvre.
ANGELICO, Fra GIOVANNI, born in
Vicchio in 1387, died in Rome in 1455,
Florentine school ; real name Guido or Gui-
doliuo di Pietro ; called also Fra Gio. da Fie-
sole and II Beato (the Blessed); may have
studied under Stamina, but was probably
bred with his younger brother, Benedetto,
in the monkish school of miniature. To-
gether they took the vows iu 1407-8, either
at Cortona or at the Dominican Convent,
Fiesole, where they remained until 1409,
when with the brethren who adhered to
Gregory XH. they retired to the Dominican
lonvent at Foligno, and lived there and at
iortona until 1418. The next eighteen
years were passed by Fra Angelico in Fie-
sole, after which he spent nine years (1436-
1445) in the Convent of S. Marco, Florence.
Prom 1445 until his death, with the excep-
tion of three months' (1447) employment in
Orvieto, he resided in Rome, where he
painted frescos in two chapels of the Vati-
an for Eugenius IV., and his successor,
Nicholas V. The residence of Fra Angelico
at Foligno during an early period of his
ife favoured his peculiar development. At
Assisi, which lies at no great distance from
Foligno, he saw and studied the works of
Giotto, of whose school he may be called a
follower, inasmuch as he exclusively devel-
ANGELINI
oped one of its chief elements ; while at Magi, St. Peter Martyr, S. Marco, Florence ;
Foligno he perfected himself in the art of ; Frescos, Lives of SS. Laurence and Stephen,
illuminating choir books and missals. Kvi- Chapel of St Nicholas, Vatican, Home (1450-
dence of Angelico's training as a miniaturist ', 55) ; God the Father and Prophets (1447),
is to be found in the dryness, precision, ceiling, Duomo, Orvieto ; Coronation of tho
and extreme simplicity of his style, and in I'iryin, Miracles of St Dominic, Louvre,
the thinness and meagreness of his execu- Paris ; Last Judgment, Berlin Museum ;
tion. Mosolino may have taught him how Adoration of the Magi, Christ with Angels
to make his draperies more transparent by and the Blessed, National Gallery, Lon-
new methods of glazing, and how to use don. — Vasari, ed. MIL, ii. 505, 527 ; C.
other freshly discovered technical processes, & C., Italy, L 659; Marchesi, L 185;
but nevertheless he remained a mystic in an Burckhardt, 530; Rio, ii. cap. xL; Life of
age of growing naturalism ; a medievalist F. A, Arundel Soo. Pub. (London, 1850) ;
in the first period of the Renaissance, work- Cartier, Vie de F. A. (Eng. trans., London,
ing in the fifteenth century in the spirit of 18G5) ; Forster, Leben und Werke (Ratis-
the fourteenth. Angelico with all his tech- 1 bon, 1859) ; Dohme, 2 L
nical incompleteness has never been ex- ANGELINI, ANNIBALE, Cavaliere, born
celled in depicting the seraphic. His angels at Perugia, Italy, in 1812. Landscape painter,
are birds of Paradise, whose faces glow with pupil of Perugia and Florence Academies.
beatitude, whose forms are just enough Professor at Academy of S. Luca, Rome ;
like those of human beings to make them member of most of the Italian Academies,
comprehensible, but not so much so as to Several orders. Works : Six Landscapes
veil their divine nature. Another point in j with Architecture, Vatican, Rome ; Land-
which Angelico stands alone is in his power scapes, Quirinal, ib. ; Ceiling Fresco, Palazzo
of depicting in the faces of his saints and Doria, ib. — Muller, 14.
devotees the deep emotions which stir na- j ANGELO, MICHAEL. See Hwhelan-
tures like his when absorbed in the contem- gelo.
plation of divine mysteries. > The counte- ANGELS, FALL OF, Luca Giordano, Vi-
nances of some of the great teachers and enna Museum ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft.
founders of religious orders in his fresco of 10 in. ; signed, dated 1666. The Archangel
the Crucifixion (after 1436), in the Chapter Michael, sword in hand, in a glory of angels,
House, S. Marco, Florence, are instances in overcomes the rebellious angels and casts
point. Some of the most remarkable of An- them down. Engraved by Eissner. — GaL de
gelico's works are : Altarpiece, Lunette over Vienne, ii. PL 89.
portal, S. Domenico, Cortona (before 1418);! ANGELUS, J. F. Millet, M. Secretain,
Predella of same, Annunciation, Gestl, Cor- 1 Paris ; canvas. Evening ; two peasants, a
tona ; parts of an altarpiece, Perugia Gal- man and a woman, at work in a field, hear
lery ; Predella of same, Vatican, Rome ; j the bells of the Angelus from a chapel seen
altarpiece (after 1418, repainted by Lorenzo in the distance. They rise, stop work, and
di Credi), S. Domenico, Fiesole ; Corona- standing bareheaded, recite with downcast
tion of the Virgin (1433), Coronation of the eyes the words of the prayer, " Angelus do-
Virgin, and many small panels (1436), Uflfizi, ; mini nuntiavit Mariw." Painted in 1859;
Florence; Last Judgment, Paradise, and j sold to J.W.Wilson, Paris; at his sale (18*
Deposition from the Crow, 35 subjects from 160,000 fr. Original design, W. T. Walters,
Life of Christ, two altarpieces, Florence : Baltimore. Etched by C. Waltner ; by A.
Academy ; Angels kneeling on Clouds, Turin ' P. Martial in Art Journal (1884), 3
Gallery ; Crucifixion, Madonna della Stella, j ANGIOLETTO DA GUBBIO, of Gubbi.
Coronation of the Virgin, Adoration of the j fourteeth century. Worked as a mosaist at
ANGIOLILLO
Orvieto (1321-1329), and afterward at Assisi.
A series of small panels iu tempera, origin-
ally parts of one picture, in the Ranghiasci
Brancaleone collection, Gubbio, have been
assigned to him. These have all the char-
acter of the Urbinese school at the close of
the fourteenth century. The figures are
long and slender, but the heads are oblojig
and the features small. The colour of the
flesh is rosy, and the general tone gay and
pleasing.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 192; Meyer,
Kttust. Lex., ii. 59 ; Cibo, 41.
ANGIOLILLO DA ROCCADIRAME,
flourished about 1450, died about 1460 (?).
Neapolitan school ; pupil of Antonio Solario,
and his assistant in many of his works.
Painted altarpieces for churches in Naples.
— Lanzi, ii. 12 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole napolitaine.
ANGUISCIOLA, SOFONISBA, born in
Cremona
about 1535,
died in Gen-
oa in 1G22 (?).
Lombard
school ; schol-
ar of Bernard-
ino Campi and
of Bernardino
Gatti ; attract-
ed attention at
Rome about
1554 by her
portraits, one of the earliest of which is
perhaps her own likeness of that year in the
Vienna Museum. She frequently represented
herself in different situations, — with brush
and palette, Uffizi, Florence ; seated at the
clavichord, Althorp, England ; at her easel,
Keir, Scotland ; playing chess with two of
her sisters, Eaczyuski Gallery, Berlin. In
Spain, where she resided for several years
and was raised to the rank of first lady in
waiting to the Infanta Clara Eugenia, she
painted portraits no longer extant of mem-
bers of the royal family, and stood high in
favor with Philip II., who made her splen-
did presents and assigned her a considerable
pension on the occasion of her marriage and
return to Italy. Until the death of her hus-
band she lived at Palermo, where she painted
some religious pictures of merit inferior to
her portraits, and later, having remarried,
she settled at Genoa, where she was admired
and followed for her talents and accomplish-
ments. Her five sisters, Elena, Lucia, Mi-
Sofonisba Genlisdona Cretnonese.
nerva, Europa, and Anna Maria were all
painters. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. C4; Vasari,
ed. Mil., vi. 498 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde;
Wessely.
ANIEMOLO (Ainemolo), VINCENZO,
bora in Palermo, towards end of fifteenth
century, died there in 1540. Neapolitan
school ; the most noted artist in Sicily in the
sixteenth century, holding some rank as An-
drea da Salerno on the mainland. Probably
visited Naples and studied Perugino and
later went to Rome, where he studied Rapha-
el's masterpieces and learned to imitate them
in arrangement and expression. His works
are chiefly in Palermo ; the best, a Madonna
between four saints, in S. Pietro Martire. —
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 117; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii.71; De Marzo, Belle Arti in Sicilia, iii. 207.
ANKER, ALBERT, bom at Anet, near
Neufchatel, Switzerland, April 1, 1831.
Genre painter ; pupil in Paris of Charles
Gleyre and of the licole des Beaux Arts.
His historic and domestic geni'e pictures are
spirited and excellent in drawing, but some-
what dull in colouring. Medal, Paris, 1866 ;
L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Evening Prayer
(1861), Neufchatel, City Museum ; Village
School in the Black Forest, (1859) ; Luther
at Erfurt (1861) ; Burial of a Child (1864) ;
Children Bathing (1865) ; Writing Lesson
(1866) ; Marionettes (1869) ; Soldiers nursed
by Peasants (1872) ; The Snow-Bear (1873);
Little Musician ; Engineer, Good Little Girl
(1885). Other pictures at Berne, Bayonne,
Auran, and Lille. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
72 ; Miiller, 14.
ANNA, BALDASSARE D', end of six-'
teenth and beginning of seventeenth cen-
tury ; of Flemish descent, but probably
44
ANNE
born in Venice about 1560, died after 1G39.
Venetian school ; pupil of Leonardo Corona,
several of whose pictures he finished after
his master's death in 1G05. His original
works surpass those of Corona in softness of
execution, but are inferior in design. His
Annunciation of the Virgin over the high
altar of S. M. Maddalena in the island of
Zucca, and a large picture in S. M. Formosa
at Venice are two of his best works. — Meyer,
Kdnst. Lex., ii. 75 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., is.
36, xiii. 20, 43.
ANNE PAGE AND SLENDER, Sir A. W.
Calli-oll, S. Kensington Museum ; canvas, H. 1
ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 4 in. Anno inviting Slender
to enter the house ; in background, Simple.
(Merry Wives of Windsor, Act i., Scene i.)
— Painters of Georgian Era, 74.
ANNUNCIACA.O, THOMAZ JOSE D',
bom at Ajuda, near Lisbon, in 1821, died
in Lisbon, April 3, 1879. Animal painter of
great repute in Portugal and Spain ; di-
rector of Lisbon Academy, in whose gallery
as well as in those of the palaces D'Ajuda
and Das Necessidades, his principal works
are to be seen. Others are in England,
Brazil, and the United States. Works :
Oxen Treading out Corn, View on the Tagus,
View of the Penha de Franca, View of
Amora, Shepherd's Rest (1852), Galena Na-
cioual, Lisbon. — Chronique des Arts (1879)f
120.
ANNUNCIATION (Fr. Aunonciation, Ital.
Anminziazionc, Sp. Anunciacion, Ger. Ver-
kiludigung), the announcement by the
Angel Gabriel to the Virgin of the Concep-
tion of Christ (Luke i. 26-31). Sometimes
called the Salutation (Fr. Salutation ange-
lique).
By Mariotto Albertindli, Florence Academy;
canvas, signed, dated 1510. Below, Gabriel
making the announcement to the Virgin ;
above, God the Father in a glory of angels.
Painted for the Compagnia di S. Zanobi,
Florence, whence passed to Academy. Much
repainted. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 223 ; C. &
C., Italy, iii. 487.
By Mariotto Alberlinnlli, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 5 ft 4 in. x 6 ft, 3 in. The Virgin,
standing in an arched hall, receives the mes-
sage from the angel who kneels ; above, tho
Holy Ghost descending ; in niches at sides,
SS. Sebastian and Ottilia. Painted in
1513 (?). Bought in Florence in 1832 by
King Ludwig I. A fine picture, but much
repainted.— Meyer, Kdnst Lex., i. 222 ; C.
& C., Italy, iii. 490.
By Fra Anyelico, Mus. di S. Marco,
! Florence ; fresco ; others in Gesti, Cortoua ;
S. Alessiuulro, Brescia ; Madrid Museum.
By Fra Bartotammeo, Louvre ; wood, H.
:» ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. ; signed, dated 1515.
The Virgin, with a book in her hand, en-
throned in a niche, looking at Angel Ga-
. briel who appears in the air bearing a lily in
his hand ; at sides, stand SS. John Baptist,
Paul, Jerome, and Francis, while SS. Mar-
garet and Mary Magdalen kneel Painted
j for the Dominicans of Florence ; belonged
j to collection of Francis L — Landou, Mus<k>,
[xiL PI. 37; Marietta, Abecedario, ii. 76;
Villot, Cat Louvre.
By Lodovico Carracci, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 1 ft 8 in. X 1 ft 1 in. The Virgin,
kneeling, receives tho announcement from
Gabriel, who, kneeling upon clouds, points
; upward where the opening heavens disclose
I a choir of angels and cherubim. Collection
of Louis XTV.— Villot, Cat Louvre ; London,
Musce, xiv. PL 63.
By Carlo Crieelli, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, tempera, H. 6 ft 10 in. X 4 ft 10
in.; signed, dated 1486. An elegant house
and interior court ; the Virgin below in her
chamber, kneeling, the Dove hovering over
her head, which is illumined by a golden
ray from a glory above ; opposite, in the
open court, tho angel kneeling, with St
Emidius, patron of Ascoli, at his side, pre-
senting a model of the city. Presented, 1864,
by Mr. Labouchere ; acquired by him from
Lolly Collection; previously in Convent of
SS. Aununziata, Ascoli. — Richter, ItaL Art
in Nat GaL, 83 ; Cat Nat GoL
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 10
ft. 6 in. x 7 ft 3 in. The Virgin kneeling
ANNUNCIATION
with hands clasped ; at left, Archangel Ga-
briel, borne on a cloud ; above, the Holy
Spirit descending, surrounded by a choir of
angels. — Landon, Musee, v. PI. 53 ; Filhol,
xi. PI. 32.
By Murillo, Hospital of La Caridad, Se-
ville ; canvas, H 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 2 in.
The Virgin, on left, kneeliug beside a desk,
in front of which is a basket containing linen
Annunciation, by Fra Bartolommeo, Louvre.
and scissors ; on right, the angel, in red
robes, holding lilies in left hand, kneels on
right knee, pointing to Dove ; above, cherubs
and heads. Painted for Hospital about 1674.
Repetition in Amsterdam Museum, formerly
attributed to Rubens. — Curtis, 144
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4
ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. The Virgin kneeling at
right, her left arm resting on desk, on which
is a book and vase of lilies, and in front of
which is a basket of linen ; at left, the angel,
kneeling on right knee, pointing with left
hand to the Dove ; above, cherubs and heads.
Bought by Philip V. in Seville in 1729 ; Isabel
Farnese Collection. Lithographed by M.
Lavigne ; F. Decraene. Repetition of smaller
dimensions in Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
lithographed by Huot. — Curtis, 145 ; Mad-
razo, 474.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6
ft. x 7 ft. 4 in. The Virgin
kneeling at right beside a
desk ; angel at left kneel-
ing on left knee, pointing
to Dove with right hand
and holding lilies in left ;
between them a basket of
linen and a chair ; on each
side, a column ; above,
cherubs and heads. Col-
lection of Charles ffl. ; for-
merly in Academy of S. Fer-
nando. Lithographed by
A. Guglielmi. — Curtis, 145;
Madrazo, 4C8.
By Murillo, Seville Mu-
seum ; canvas, arched, H.
10 ft, 6 in. x 7 ft. 2 in.
The Virgin, on left, kneel-
ing before a desk, looking
up at angel who kneels on
clouds, holding lilies in left
hand and pointing with
right to the Dove ; above,
cherubs and heads ; centre
foreground, a basket of lin-
en. Painted about 1C76
for the Capuchin Church,
Seville ; placed in Museum in 1840. Repe-
tition : Philip W. S. Miles, King's AVeston,
Gloucestershire, England. — Curtis, 144.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 3
in. The Virgin kneeling on left, her left
arm on a desk ; on right, the angel, kneel-
ing on clouds, holding lilies in left hand
and pointing with right to Dove ; above, five
cherubs. Sale of M. Rayneval, formerly
French Ambassador to Madrid, in 1838 for
ANNUNCIATION-
IS, 000 fr. ; Aguado sale (1843), to Marquis brother, supposed to bo Filippo Benizi,
of Hertford, 27,000 fr. Engraved by A, founder of the order ; in background, a
Lefevre, J. Rogers, W. Hulland (varied) ; building. Painted about 1512 for the ab-
lithographed by Andre, Lafosse, Blummer. bey of San Godenzo ; bought by Carlo do"
—Curtis, 145 ; Waagen, ii. 153. , Medici, who put in its place a copy, now in
By Andrea Previtali, S. M. del Mesco, ' the Casa Visani at San Oodenzo. Much re-
Ceneda ; wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft 6 in.; ' painted. Engraved by Rosini.— Vasari, ed.
signed. The Virgin, at a
desk in a room, bends hum-
bly towards the angel kneel-
ing with a lily in his hand ;
through window is seen a
cock attacked by a wolf. Ri-
dolfi says that Titian ad-
mired this picture, and fre-
quently stopped on his way
to Cadore to see it. — C. &
C., N. Italy, L; Ridolfi, Mara-
viglie, i. 184.
By Andrea del Sarto, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 11 in. x5 ft. 6 in.
The Virgin, standing before
a reading desk, receives the
announcement from Gabriel
holding a lily and kneeling
on a cloud ; in back-ground
a building with an open por-
tico, under which are three
figures ; at the base, steps,
on one of which sits a nude
youth ; in the distance ruins
and mountains, and in the
air the Holy Ghost in form
of a dove. Painted in 1512
for Convent of the Osser-
vanti outside the Porta San
Gallo ; transferred on its de-
molition in 1529 to S. Jacopo
tra' Fossi ; placed in Pitti in
162G. Engraved by Rossi.
— C. & C., Italy, iii. 553 ; Vasari, ed. Mil,
v. 17 ; Gal. du'Pal. Pitti, i. PL 113.
Annunciation, Lodovico Carried, Louvit.
Mil., v. 17 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 578; Gal du
Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 113.
By Andrea del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Flor- By Tintoretto, S. Rocco, Venice. " A dis-
ence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. G in. The agreeable and dead picture, having all the
Virgin receives the announcement from faults of the age, and none of the merits of
Gabriel in presence of the Archangel Mi- ! the painter." — Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii.
chael, with sword and scales, and a Servite 322.
AXSALDO
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. "The most remarkable feature is
the troop of cherubim flying through the
roof." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 326.
By Titian, S. Niccolo, Treviso ; wood,
figures of life size. The Virgin, half-stoop-
ing, half-kneeling, listens tremulously to the
announcement of Gabriel, who, with out-
Carlo Crivelli, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort;
Antonio and Pietro Pollajuolo, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Eogier van der Weyden, Antwerp
Museum ; Garofalo, Uffizi ; Pinturicchio, S.
M. Maggiore, Spello ; Correggio, Annun-
ziata, Parma (fresco, lately removed) ; Gior-
gio Vasari, Louvre ; Le Sueur, Louvre ;
Charles Jalabert (1852).
stretched wings and carrying the lily ofj ANSALDO, ANDREA or GIOVANNI
purity, points upwards with his forefinger ; , ANDREA, born at Voltri in 1584, died in
scene, the portico of a palace, with a moun- Genoa, Aug. 20, 1638. Genoese school ;
tainous landscape beyond ; in the back- pupil of Orazio di Luca Cambiaso and stu-
ground the donor, Canon Malchiostro, dent of Paolo Veronese, among whose fol-
kneeling. Painted in 1519 for S. Niccolo. lowers he is generally classed ; painted nu-
Injured by splits, cleaning, and repainting. , merous frescos in churches in Genoa, Voltri,
— C. & C., Titian, i. 222 ; Burckhardt, 719. Tortona, and Sarzano, and in palaces in
By Titian, S.
figures life size ;
Salvatore, Venice ; canvas, Genoa. Chief work, the cupola of 1'Annuu-
signed. The Virgin, kneel-
ing, looks around at winged angel ; above,
four angels and many cherubs flutter above
the Dove, rays from which are darting to-
wards Mary's head. Painted about 1565.
Engraved by C. Cort. — Vasari, ed. Mil, vii.
449 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 353 ; Burckhardt,
722.
By Titian, Scuola di San Rocco, Venice ;
canvas, figures life size. The Virgin kneels
at her desk near a pillar ; angel to the left,
with the lily in one hand, points with the
other to the Dove descending. Painted
about 1525 ; bequeathed in 1555 by Amelio
Cortona to brotherhood of S. Rocco. — C. &
C., Italy, i. 304 ; Burckhardt, 717.
Subject treated also by Niccolo Alunno,
Perugia Gallery, Bologna Gallery; Fran-
cesco Albani (2), Louvre ; Annibale Car-
racci, Bologna Gallery ; Francesco Francia,
ziata del Guastato. His best picture in oil
is a Deposition from the Cross, Academy,
Genoa. — Lanzi, iii. 269 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole
genoise ; Soprani, 141 ; Baldinucci, xi. 479 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 80.
ANSANO or SANO DI PIETRO DI
MENCIO or DOMENICO, born in Siena,
Nov. (?), 1405, died in 1481. Sienese school ;
pupil of Stefano di Giovanni (II Sassetta),
who, dying in 1460, while painting a fresco
of the Coronation of the Virgin over the
Roman Gate of the city, left it to be finished
by Sano. Sano has been called the Sienese
Angelico from the sweetness and depth of
his religious feeling, but his types are alto-
gether different, his forms rounder, and his
feeling less spiritual. The faces of his Ma-
donnas'and Saints are lit up by round-
shaped, placid eyes of a gentle and almost
pathetic expression. Tender in colour, and
Bologna Gallery, Galleria Estense, Modena, most careful in execution, Sano had little
Brera, Milan ; Dosso Dossi, Ferrara Gallery ;
Lorenzo di Credi, Louvre, Uffizi ; Simone
di Martino, Uffizi ; Timoteo Viti, Brera,
Milan ; Federigo Barocci, Vatican ; Am-
brogio Lorenzetti, Siena Academy ; Filippo
Lippi, Palazzo Doria, Rome, Naples Mu-
seum ; Munich Gallery, National Gallery,
London ; Petrus Cristus, Madrid Museum,
Berlin Museum ; Agnolo Gaddi, Louvre,
Uffizi ; Taddeo Bartoli, Siena Academy ;
feeling for light and shade. He is most
agreeable in his miniatures where the figures
are small and their defects in drawing less
observable than in his panels, of which the
Siena Academy contains many examples.
Among these are a Virgin and "Saints (1444),
and an Ascension of the Virgin (1479). His
fresco of the Coronation of the Virgin (1445),
in the Municipal Palace, Siena, and Madonna
and Saints in a chapel of the Osservanza,
ANSCHtTZ
are the most important of his larger works
in his native city. Many other pictures in
European galleries. His skill as a miniatur-
ist is shown in an Antiphonary, a Breviary,
and a Psaltery in the so-called Library of
the Cathedral at Siena. — Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., vi. 183 ; Rio, i. 114 ; Milanesi, Siena,
170.
ANSCHUTZ, HERMANN, born in Cob-
leutz, Oct. 12, 1802, died in Munich, Aug.
30, 1880. History painter; pupil of the
Dresden Academy, in 1820, under Hart-
maim and Muthiii, and from 1822 in Ddssel-
dorf of Cornelius, who called him to Munich
in 18*26, with Eberle and Kaulbach, to paint
the ceiling- frescos in the Odeon. In 1830-
31 he studied antique wall-painting in Pom-
peii, executed decorative works in Munich,
and then devoted himself to painting relig-
ious subjects in oil. In 1874 lie was ap-
pointed professor at the Munich Academy.
Works : Fresco paintings in the Odeon, Mu-
nich (1827) ; Large altarpiece (1857), Cob-
lentz ; Resurrection, Assumption (1861). —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 82 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xvi. 8.
ANSCHUTZ, THOMAS P., born in Ken-
tucky, in 1851. Subject painter ; pupil of
Thomas Eakins and of Pennsylvania Acad-
emy. At present assistant professor of
painting and drawing at the Pennsylvania
Academy in Philadelphia. Works : Iron-
worker's Noon-time (T. B. Clarke, New
York) ; The Way they Live, Farmer's Wife
(1880).
ANSDELL, RICHARD, born in Liver-
pool in 1815, died in April, 1885. Genre
and animal painter ; self-taught, exhibited
first at Royal Academy in 1840 ; removed
to London in 1847 ; visited Spain in 1856
and 1857 ; elected an A. R A. in 1861 and
R A. in 1870. Pictures of animals painted
between 1843 and 1850 show Landseer's in-
fluence ; in 1850-60 painted chiefly domestic
animals in association with Creswick, who
added the landscape backgrounds. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1855. Works : Death of Sir
W. Lambton at Marstoii Moor (1842) ; The
Death (1843) ; Mary Queen of Scots return-
ing from the Chase (1844) ; Fight for the
Standard (1848) ; Mules Drinking— Seville,
Ploughing — Seville, The Water Carrier
(1857) ; Spanish Shepherd (1858) ; Sheep-
Washing in Glen Lyon (1859) ; Lost Shep-
herd, Buy a Dog Ma'am (1860); Hunted Slave
(1861); Going to the Festa at Granada
(1863); Highland Spate (1864); Poacher at
Bay, Treading out the Corn (1865); Feeding
the Goats in the Alhambra (1871) ; West
Highlands (1872); Gathering the Herd, The
Tethered Yowe (1873) ; Anxious Mother
(1875) ; Wandering Minstrel (1876) ; Home
of the Red Deer (1877) ; Stray Lamb, On
Guard (1879); Farm of the Allminbra, Lucky
Dogs, Morning Rehearsal (1881) ; Return-
ing from Fair at Seville, Vega of Granada
(1882) ; Water Carriers of the Alhambra,
Hunting the Boar (1883).— Meynell, 218;
Art Journal (1860), 233 ; Sandby, ii. 346 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 82.
ANSELMI, MICHELANGELO, born in
Lucca in 1491, died in Parma after 1554.
Lombard school ; called sometimes Michel-
angelo "da Lucca," and oftener "da Siena."
Pupil in Lucca of II Sodoma, and afterwards
at Parma a disciple and imitator of Cor-
reggio. In 1522, when Correggio was en-
gaged to paint the cupola and the tribune
of the Cathedral of Parma, Anselmi was se-
lected, with Rondani and Parmigianino, to
decorate the chapels, but the work was not
begun until 1548. He painted at Parma fres-
cos still extant, in the church and cloister of
S. Gio. Evangelista, before 1522. Also two
altarpieces in the Duomo, Parma, one dated
1526 ; March to Calvary and Holy Family
in Academy,
Parma ; Ma-
donna and
S:iints, Lou-
| vre; Corona-
tion of the Virgin (fresco), in Madonna della
Steccata, Parma.— Lanzi, ii. 399 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole lombarde ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 86.
ANSIAUX, JEAN JOSEPH ELfiONORE
ANTOINE, born in Liege, in 1764, died
ANSUINO
in Paris Oct. 20, 1840. History painter ; landscape painter (died 1859) ; studied in
studied at Antwerp and in Paris with F. A. i Paris from 1834 to 1840, when his first
Vincent ; he attained distinction through his picture was exhibited at the British Insti-
pleasing talent and a certain skill of treat- 1 tute. Influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite
ment received several medals and the L. of school. Works : Lake of Killarney (1845),
Honour Works : Kleber in the Battle of i bought by Prince Albert ; Sunday Morn-
Heliopolis (1799); Sappho and Leda (1801);; ing (1846), Harvest Home (1847), Elm at
Angelica and Medor (1810) ; Assumption j Eve (1850), Village Bridal (1851), Monarch
(1812) ; Resurrection (1812) ; Conversion of | Oak (1852), Stratford on Avon (1853), Stone-
St. Paul (1814), Liege Cathedral ; Richelieu henge (1859), Hesperus (1860), Relic of Feu-
introducing Poussin to Louis XIII. (1817), , dal Time (1863), Rest for the Weary (1865),
Bordeaux "Museum ; Rinaldo and Armida j Lerida— Spain (1869), Night and Storm
(1817); Education of Cupid, Judgment of (1871), Hazlewick Mill— Sussex (1872), Even-
Paris, Diana's Nymph (1819), Return of the song (1873), Incident by the Wayside (1878),
Prodigal Son (1819), Town Hall, Liege ; St. Trawlers— Morning (1883).— Meyer, Kunst.
Paul at Athens, St. JCtienne, Paris ; Scourg- Lex., ii. 101.
ing of Christ, Metz Cathedral; Resurrection, ANTHONY, ST., TEMPTATION OF,
. Arras Cathedral ; Pieter Brueghel, the younger, Dresden
Adoration of the ! Gallery ; copper, H. 11 in. X 1 ft. 3 in. ;
Magi, Mans Ca- signed, dated 1604. The Saint praying in
thedral ; Erection his cell at left, is tempted by a beautiful
of the Cross, Angers Cathedral ; St. John young woman, richly habited, who is ac-
censuring Herodes, Finding of Moses, Lille companied by numerous demons ; at right,
Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 90. a rocky country, with buildings in back-
ANSUINO or ANSOVINO DA FORLI, ground.— Reveil, xii. 837.
Paduan school (1443-1460). Pupil of Squar- By Lucas van Lei/den, Dresden Gallery ;
cione, co-labourer with Mantegna in the dec- wood, round, diam. 9 in. St. Anthony retired
oration of the Eremitani, and with Pizzolo | apart to pray, is tempted by the Demon in
and Fra Filippo in the chapel of the Podesta ' the form of a young and pretty woman,
in the Santo. The Adoration of St. Christo- f richly dressed, holding in her hands a scep-
pher in the Eremitani is his work. In it I tre and a casket, indicative of power and
wealth.— Reveil, xii. 844.
By David Teniers, younger, Berlin Muse-
Paduan art begins to present the character
afterwards known as Mantegnesque, without
showing much progress in the blending of um; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. ; signed,
light and shade, or feeling in the production '• dated 1647. The Saint kneels in anxiety be-
of tone.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 312 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 91.
ANTENORIDES or ANTORIDES, paint-
er, mentioned as pupil of Aristides. — Pliny,
xxxv. [111].
ANTHONISSEN, H. (Hendrik?) VAN,
flourished middle of 17th century. Dutch
school ; marine painter in style of J. van
Goyen and Jan Parcellis. Works in Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg and Prague Gallery.
ANTHONY, MARK, born at Manches-
ter, England, in 1817. Landscape painter ;
pupil of his uncle, George W. Anthony,
fore a stone altar, the corners of which are
shooting out into heads of monstrous beasts ;
beside him stands an old hag who is placing
before him a Brabant beauty, offering a
goblet of wine ; around him are imps in
many forms, twitching at his garments and
performing all manner of mad tricks, sing-
ing, shouting, and screaming; and the air
is filled with flying demons and reptiles.—
Kugler (Crowe), 326 ; Smith, ix. 408.
By David Teniers, younger, Louvre, Paris ;
wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 8 in. The Saint kneel-
ing in a grotto before a book placed against
50
ANTHONY
a skull on a rock, beside a crucifix and on
hour-glass ; around him, demons in many
forms. Collection of Louis XV1IL — Villiot,
Cat. Louvre.
By David Tenierx, younger. Examples in
Amsterdam, Dresden, Vienna, and Madrid
Galleries, and in private collections.
By Tintoretto, S. Trovaso (SS. Gcrvasio e
Protasio), Venice ; canvas. The Saint sur-
rounded by a demon, trying to pull off his
mantle, and three female figures ; the one
ft. 2 in. St. Anthony enthroned on
with alabaster panels ; at sides. SS. Corne-
lius and Cyprian ; in front, a page kneeling
holding a large volume. From S. Antonio.
island of Torcello, near Venice. — Eastlake,
Brera, 82 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 52.
ANTHONY THE ABBOT AND PAUL
THE HERMIT, Velagqun, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 8 ft 4 in. x G ft St. Anthony in
white and St. Paul in brown robe, seated
before a grotto, thanking Heaven for food
T«mpt«tion o« St. Anthony. Pi«ter Bru.fh.l, th« young.r. Ot««d«n G«M»ry.
on the left, representing avarice, a bright-
eyed Venetian beauty, has one hand in a'
vase of coins, while she shakes golden ;
chains with the other ; the one on the other
side, a type of the lusts of the flesh, ap-
pears to have been baffled for the time ; the
recumbent one may possibly mean indo-
lence. A picture of careful finish and noble
workmanship. Engraved by Agos. Carracci
(1582).— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 360 ;
Bartsch, xviii. 69.
ANTHONY THE ABBOT, ST., Paolo
Veronese, Brera, Milan ; canvas, H. 9 ft x 6
brought them by a raven ; at left, two lions
making a grave, while St. Anthony is pray-
ing over dead body of St. Paul Painted in
1659 for Hermitage of S. Antonio at Buen
Retiro. Original sketch sold for £25 at
King Louis Philippe sale.— Madrazo, 595 ;
Curtis, 8.
ANTHONY OF PADUA, ST., GLORY
OF, Morel to, S. M. delle Grazie, Brescia; can-
vas, life size. St Anthony of Padua with
the palm, seated high up in a large niche,
beneath which stand SS. Nicholas of Tolen-
tiuo and Anthony the Abbot, the latter with
81
ANTHONY
the staff and bell.— Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 345;
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 405 ; Burckhardt, 736.
ANTHONY OF PADUA, ST., AND IN-
FANT JESUS, Murillo, Baptistery of the
Cathedral, Seville ; canvas, H. 18 ft. x 10
ft. 11 in. The Saviour, attended by cher-
ubs and angels, descends in a glory to visit
the Saint, who, kneeling in his cell, wel-
comes him with outstretched arms; on a
table, an open book and vase of lilies ; at
left, cloisters seen through an open door.
Murillo's largest painting and the first no-
ticed in any printed book. Painted in 1656 ;
in November, 1873, the picture was muti-
lated by thieves, who cut out the figure of
St. Anthony; the stolen part, much damaged,
was offered in New York, Jan. 2, 1875, to
William Schaus, the picture-dealer, who
bought it for $250 and returned it to
the Spanish consul, and it was reinstated in
its old place with much ceremony, October
30, 1875, after skilful restoration by Seiior
Cubells. Lithographed by Aug. Lemoine.
— Curtis, 210 ; C. Boutelont, Estudio de
S. Antonio de Murillo (Seville, 1875) ; A. de
Latour, Comment un tableau de Murillo fut
vole (Sceaux, 1878); Gaz. des B. Arts, Feb.,
1875; Graphic (London), June 30, 1875;
Harper's Weekly, Feb. 20, 1875.
By Murillo, Berlin Museum ; canvas, H.
5 ft, 5 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. The Saint, kneel-
St. Anthony of Padua, and Infant Jesus, Murillo, Berlin Museum.
ing, presses his cheek to that of Infant
Jesus, whom he holds in his arms ; five
cherubs in a glory, and two others on
ground at left ; background, hilly landscape.
Probably picture taken by Soult in 1810,
with aid of a troop of infantry, from Convent
of S. Pedro de Alcantara, Seville ; bought in
Paris in 1835. Engraved by A. H. Payne ;
lithographed by Locillot de Mars ; centre
only engraved by Caspar, Schultz, and L.
de Mars. Study in bistre, J. C. Robinson,
London. Eepetitions, with changes : Dud-
ley House, London ; Henry Hucks Gibbs,
London ; Muuro sale (1878), £2,362 (Earl
of Rosebery?). — Curtis, 212 ; Cean Berniu-
dez, ii. 58 ; G. de Leon, ii. 198.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 8 ft 2 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. The
Saint, full length, kneeling, encloses in his
arms, without touching, the Infant Jesus,
who stands on the open book of the Gos-
pels placed on a rock, his right hand in
benediction, his left in St. Anthony's right ;
above, five cherubs. Belonged to M. Laneu-
ville ; purchased in 1852 for 30,000 fr.—
Curtis, 214 ; Cat. Hermitage, 130.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. The Saint, three-cjuar-
ters length, with lilies in right hand, kneel-
ing and embracing the Infant Saviour,
who stands on an open book, with his
right hand on the Saint's head. Painted
about 1676 for Capuchin Convent, Seville ;
placed in Museum in 1840. Repetition :
Condesa de la Mejorada, Seville.— Curtis,
212.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 5 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The Saint,
full length, kneeling, with lilies in right
hand, embraces with left the Infant Sav-
iour, who, seated on an open book, places
his right hand on the Saint's head ; above,
four cherubs. Painted about 1676 for Ca-
puchin Convent, Seville ; placed in Museum
in 1840. Probably finest of Murillo's pic-
tures of the subject. — Curtis, 211 ; Robin-
son, Great Painters (London, 1877) wrongly
called St. Francis.
By Elisabetta Sirani, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. The In-
ANTIDOTUS
fant Jesus standing, nude , upon a richly
draped altar, ou which are burning candles,
lilies, and an open book, is embraced by St.
Anthony, who kneels on a stool before it ;
above, cherubs' heads in clouds, and, at
right, an angel, with wings extended and
hands raised. Formerly in S. Leonardo,
St. Anthony of Padua, and Infant Jesui, Eliubetta Sirani, Bologna
Galltry.
Bologna. Engraved by G. Mitelli ; G. Ros-
aspiua.— Pinac. di Bologna, PL 37.
ANTIDOTUS, pupil of Euphranor and
master of Niciax, about 350-330 B.C. Be-
longed to the Theban-Attic school, so called
because it originated in Thebes and was
transferred, after the decadence of that city,
first to Corinth and then to Athens, always
preserving its original traditions. His works,
among which were a Warrior, a \Vrcstler,and
a Trumpeter, were severe in style and elabo-
rate in treatment. Pliny is the only an-
cient writer who mentions him.— Pliny,
xxxv. 40 [130J ; Brunn, ii. 193.
ANTIGNA, JEAN PIERRE ALEXAN-
DRE, born in Orlt'ans, France, March 7,
1818, died March 8, 1878. Religious and
genre painter ; pupil of Paul Delaroche.
Medals in 1847-48-51-55 ; Legion of Hon-
our, 1861. Works : Birth of Christ (1841) ;
Vision of Jacob (1842) ; Temptation of St.
Anthony (1843) ; Women Bathing (1845) ;
Storm (184C), Avignon Museum ; Conflagra-
tion (1850) ; Inundation of the Loire (1852),
Luxembourg Museum ; Children Dancing
(1853) ; The Emperor visiting the Slate
Workers of Angers during the Inundation
of 1856 (1857), Angers Museum ; Scene of
the Civil War, Steep Decline, Noon-day
Sleep (1859) ; The Mirror in the Woods,
Episode of War in La Vendee (1864), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Rising Sea, After the Tem-
pest (1874) ; Yvonne and Marc, Two Voices
(1875); Women and the Secret (1876);
Game of Strength, Fire of the Fete of St.
John (1877) ; L'Enfer (1878).— Larousse ;
Meyer, Kflnst Lex., ii. 103.
ANTIOCHUS, GABINIUS, pupil of Sopo-
lis, who is referred to by Cicero (Ad. Att, iv.
16) in connection with a lawsuit of 53 B.C.
—Brunn, ii. 305.
ANTIOPE, Gorreggio, Louvre ; wood,
transferred to canvas, H. 6 ft 1 in. x 4 ft
I A nymph, nude, asleep on blue drapery
spread on the ground in a thicket, with
Cupid sleeping on a lion's skin at her feet;
near her head a satyr (Jupiter?) holding up
the garment he has lifted from her form.
Formerly called " Venus, a sleeping Cupid,
and a Satyr." A masterpiece. Painted
about 1521 (?) ; in Gonzaga Collection,
Mantua, in 1627 ; Collection of Charles L
of England in 1630, when valued at £1,000 ;
sold to Jabach, and passed to Cardinal
Mazarin and Louis XIV. Engraved by
: Godefroy, Basan, Queverdo, Chataigner,
| Massard, Blanchard. — Meyer, Correggio,
337, 491 ; Kiinst. Lex., L 437 ; Musee fran-
9ais, i.; Landon, (Euvres, viii. PL 61 ;
Musi'e, iv. PI. 1 ; Filhol, vi. PI. 415.
ANTIPHILUS, pupil of C'teaidemus, latter
half of fourth century B.C. Born in Egypt
53
ANTOLINEZ
but went early to the court of Philip of
Macedon. The latter part of his life was
spent at the court of Ptolemy Soter, who
is said to have had him sold into slavery
for falsely accusing Apelles. Among his
works were a portrait of the young Alexan-
der ; a group of Athena, Philip, and Alexan-
der ; a Dionysus ; an Hippolytus alarmed at
Antiope, Correggio, Louvre.
the bull ; a Cadmus and Europa, preserved
in the Curia of Pompey, Rome ; a Satyr with
a panther's skin, shielding his eyes from
beams of light coming from a fixed point ;
and a boy blowing the fire with his breath.
Though he had great fertility of invention
and skill in managing the effect of light,
Pliny places him in the second rank of ar-
tists ; but Quiutiliau mentions him among
the most eminent painters of his age. —
Pliny, xxxv. 37 [114], 40 [138J ; Brunn, ii
247.
ANTOLINEZ, Don JOSE, born in Seville
in 1639, died in Madrid in 1676. Spanish
school ; pupil of Francisco Rizi ; became a
good colourist, his best works being land-
scapes with small figures. Works : Magda-
len, Madrid Museum ; St. An-
thony of Padua, Academia S.
Fernando, Madrid ; Concep-
tion, Madonna in Glory, Mu-
seo Fomento, ib.; St. Jerome
in a Cavern, Munich Gallery.
—Stirling, iii. 1106 ; Viardot,
211 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii.
115 ; Madrazo, 345.
ANTOLINEZ Y SARABIA,
Don FRANCISCO, born in
Seville in 1644, died in Ma-
drid in 1700. Spanish school ;
nephew of Joso Antolinez ;
studied law at first, but en-
tered school of Murillo and
became an amateur of consid-
erable skill, painting especial-
ly small religious subjects,
sometimes on copper. Went
in 1672 to Madrid, obtained a
provincial judgeship, but did
not hold it long, and returned
to Seville and painted secretly
while practising as an advo-
cate. Works : Nativity, Seville
Cathedral ; St. Joseph and In-
fant Jesus, St. Joseph Dream-
ing, Due de Montpensier, San
Telmo ; Purification of Virgin,
Adoration, Flight into Egypt,
Annunciation, Marriage of Virgin, Museo
Nacional, Madrid. — Stirling, iii. 1108 ; Viar-
dot, 212 ; Ch. Blanc, licole espagnole ; Mey-
er, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 115 ; Curtis, 342.
ANTON VON WORMS. See Woensam.
ANTONELLO DA MESSINA, born in
Messina about 1444, died in Venice about
1493. Neapolitan school ; said to have been
a pupil of Colantonio del Fiore, but this
54
ANTONELLO
is doubtful. Probably first instructed in
Sicily, where he worked for several years ;
went to Naples and saw an oil picture
painted by Jan Van Eyck in the possession of j
King Alphonso of Aragon. Struck with the
superiority of the new method he went to
Bruges to study it, and in 14G5 returned to
introduce it into Italy. After remaining at
Messina for about seven years, he went to .
Venice (1473) where he remained the rest
of his life. That he there met Donienico '
Veneziano and taught him how to paint
with an oil medium is doubtful, if not im-
possible, as that artist died in 1461 at Flor- j
ence, and as neither he nor any other Ve- (
netian artist until long after 1465 painted
otherwise than in tempera. It is also well
to say that while we have no positive evi-
dence that Autonello went to Flanders, it j
was not necessary for him to do so in order
to learn the Van Eyck method, for not only
were Flemish pictures brought into Italy,
but several distinguished scholars and fol-
lowers of Van Eyck, such as Roger van der
Weyden, Memling, Hugo van der Goes, and
Justus of Ghent worked in Italy about the
middle of the fourteenth century. That
Antonello was acquainted with the oil
method, and influenced by the Flemish
school, is evident in his earliest extant work
(1465), The Saviour, National Gallery, Lon-'
don, as in a bust picture of the same sub-
ject (1470), in the Gaetano Zir Collection,
Naples. A progress in technic is visible
over these pictures in an altarpiece (1472)
at S. Gregorio, Messina, which shows the
same Flemish influence in drapery and use
of gold. After 1473, when Antonello went
to Venice, he painted three small portraits,
one of which is lost, one was lately disposed
of at the Hamilton sale, and one (1475) is
in the Louvre, Piiris, where it shines as a
masterpiece of truth to life, intensity of ex-
pression, and exquisite finish. The small
Crucifixion, Antwerp Museum, belongs to
the same year. The portrait of a young
man in the Berlin Museum (1478) is one of
the finest of Autonello's pictures, and the
first in which the flesh tints are clear
like those of Gio. Bellini, instead of be-
ing of the reddish hue common to the
Flemish school. The much restored St.
Sebastian, Stiidel Institute, Frankfort, be-
longs to the same late Venetian period
of Antonello's career, as do the Madonna
(?) and the St Sebastian, Berlin Gal-
lery. There seems to be no doubt that
this remarkable painter adopted and taught
the Flemish system of painting, which grad-
ually spread over Italy and raised oil to a
level with fresco painting, and that through
his manner and mode of representation he
had great influence upon the technical
development of Italian Art. As a portrait-
painter he was tacitly admitted by his con-
temporaries to be the originator of the
models improved in subsequent years by the
higher genius of Bellini, Giorgione, and Ti-
* ANTONEILVS«MESSANE?IS*P*
tian. — Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 118 ; Eastlake,
Materials, 192 ; Lermolieff, 416 ; C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 77 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 563, 575 ;
Gaz. des Beaux Arts (1862), 12 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole napolitaine ; Liibke, Gesch. itnl. Mai.,
i. 558.
ANTONELLO DA PALERMO, of Paler-
mo, beginning of sixteenth century. Nea-
politan school ; son of the painter Antonio
Crescenzio. In 1527 he was assistant to the
sculptor Gazino, and in 1537 and 1538 he
made copies of Raphael's Spasimo, now pre-
served in the Monastery of Fazello near Sci-
acca and in the Church of the Carmelites in
Palermo. The only composition by which
we can judge him is a Madonna dated 1528
in La Gangia of Palermo. It is of an at-
tractive design and carefully finished, but
faulty in execution.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
116 ; Di Marzo, Belle Arti in Sicilia, iii.
157 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 128.
ANTONELLO DE SALIBA, of Messina,
end of fifteenth and beginning of sixteenth
century ; either born in Messina or early
settled there. Neapolitan school ; formerly
held to be identical with Autouello da Mes
ANTONINUS
sina, but now recognized as an independent
artist. The earliest work bearing his signa-
ture is a Madonna in S. M. del Gesu, near
Catania, dated 1497. His drawing is care-
ful and accurate but hard, his style is
marked by timidity of chiaroscuro and mo-
notony of flesh-tint, and his use of gold
superabundant. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. Ill ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 127.
ANTONINUS, ST., GLOEY OF, Lorenzo
Lotto, S. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice ; canvas,
arched, figures life size ; signed. The beat-
ified bishop of the Florentines enthroned,
ministered to by angels ; in the sky behind, !
a glory of cherubs ; beneath the throne, the
agents of his charity stoop from a gallery to j
give the maidens in waiting their marriage
portions. Painted about 1530. — Vasari, ed.
Mil , v. 250 ; C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 521 ; Kio,
iii. 291.
ANTONIO DI CATALANO, the elder,
born at Messina, lived 1560-1630. Roman
school ; pupil of Guinaccia ; studied and
copied, in his native town, works of Poli-
doro da Caravaggio ; afterwards taken by a
Jesuit artist to Rome, where he studied
chiefly Raphael and Baroccio ; later became
acquainted with the works of Correggio in
Parma. Went thence to Bologna, where he
kept close alliance with Francesco Albani '
and Girolamo Boniui, and, owing to his re-
lation to the Roman school, was called H
Romano. He laboured in Bologna for a
number of years, and is said to have been
called to Malta, whence he returned to Mes-
sina. His pictures please through their
graceful figures and harmony of colour, but
are open to criticism for the great sameness
in the angels' faces. Works in the Museum
and churches of Messina. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. 157 ; Malvasia, ii. 189, 196.
ANTONIO DI CATALANO, the younger,
born at Messina, lived 1585-1666. Neapoli-
tan school ; son and pupil of the above, but
influenced by Giovanni Simone de' Co-
mande. He painted a great deal and rapid-
ly, which was then considered as indicative
of genius. Few of his works are noteworthy.
—Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., ii. 158 ; Kunstblatt
(Stuttgart, 1825), 230.
ANTONIO DALLA CORNA, of Cremona,
latter half of fifteenth century. Lombard
school. The only picture which bears his
name is dated 1478, and is in the Bignami
collection at Casal Maggiore. In this he
claims to be a pupil of Mantegna, though
he really caricatures the disagreeable feat-
ures of that master. Crowe and Cavalca-
selle think him identical with Antonio da
Pavia.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 73, 440 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 144.
ANTONIO DA CREVALCORE, flour-
ished about 1480. Bolognese school ; fruit
and flower painter. A half-length Madonna,
Berlin Museum, is signed by him and dated
14 [9] 3 (?). His style in it is not unlike that
of Bernardino of Perugia. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 556 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 143.
ANTONIO DA FERRARA, born about
1370-80, died after 1439. Lombard school ;
real name Antonio Albert! ; pupil of Agnolo
Gaddi ; married in Bologna Calliope, sister
of Timoteo Viti. Only one signed picture
by him exists, a Madonna Enthroned (1439),
in the sacristy of S. Bernardino, outside
Urbino. It is a rudely executed tempera,
by an artist of second or third rate talent.
— C. & C., Italy, ii. 225 ; Meyer, Kiinst Lex.,
ii. 136.
ANTONIO EL INGLES, portrait, Velas-
quez, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in.
x 3 ft. 4 in. A dwarf with long hair, in
brown dress and wide lace collar, standing
beside a black and white mastiff ; in right
hand, his plumed hat. Latest manner.
Etched by B. Maura ; Laguillermie. — Cur-
tis, 33 ; Gal. Esp.; Madrazo, 631.
ANTONIO DA MURANO, flourished
1444-1451. Venetian school. Sansovino
says he lived till 1470, in which year he
decorated parts of S. Apollinare, Venice,
but this is doubtful. He worked at first in
partnership with one Giovanni Alamanno
(the German), otherwise called Giovanni da
Murano. Ridolfi calls him a brother of An-
tonio, thus making him a member of the
66
ANTOXIO
family known later as the Vivarini ; but
Brandolesi has proved that no Giovanni
Vivarini existed ; and Antonio, though a
brother of Bartolommeo Vivarini, is not
known to have used the name Vivarini,
which is first given to him by Sansovino.
An Adoration of the Magi at Berlin, painted
by Antonio between 1435 and 1440, shows
that he was an accomplished painter before
he entered into partnership with Giovanni
Alamanno. In 1440 they founded a work-
shop at Murano, where during the next
seven years they executed many altarpieces,
chiefly for churches in Venice. They clev-
erly absorbed the principles taught by Gen-
tile da Fabriano and Vittor Pisano (Pisanel-
lo), and though they did not add much to
previous experience as regards contrast by
light and shade, they imbued their works
with a more tender spirit and gave greater
softness to their figures. The earliest work
attributed to them is a Coronation of the
Virgin, dated 1440, in the Academy of Ven-
ice, a repetition of which, dated 1444, is in
S. Pantaleone, Venice. In S. Zaccaria,
Venice, is a large picture in three compart-
ments, signed and dated 1445. Two other
altarpieces in the same church are similarly
signed and dated. A Madonna with Saints
in the Academy, Venice, is dated 1446. An-
tonio afterward worked with his brother
Bartolommeo, who took the name of Vivarini
in his later years. In 1450 they painted the
Madonna of the Carthusians, Bologna Gal-
lery. Other examples by them are the
Glorification of St. Peter in the Public Gal-
lery of Padua (1451 ?), and two pictures of
Saints in the Sacristy of S. M. della Salute,
Venice. Antonio's later works, executed
alone after 14G4, are comparatively feeble.
— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 19 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. 140 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ;
Sansovino, Ven. Desc., 185, 269 ; Lermoheff,
395, 396.
ANTONIO DA NEGROPONTE, first half
of fifteenth century. Venetian school ; imi-
tated the eccentric style of Jacobello del
Fiore. His colossal Virgin in Adoration, in
San Francesco della Vigna, Venice, almost
his only example, is lavishly decorated with
low embossments and plastic ornaments. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 11; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex.,
I ii. 143.
ANTONIO DA PAVIA, of Pavia, begin-
ning of sixteenth century. A superficial
! follower and imitator of Mantegna, who is
registered among the workmen in the Pa-
lazzo del T6 in 1528. A signed Madonna,
tempera on canvas, is in the Museo Virgili-
ano, Mantua. Crowe and Cavalcaselle think
him identical with Antonio dalla Corna. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 419, ii. 73, 440 ; Meyer,
Kfinst. Lex., ii. 155.
ANTONIO VENEZIANO, born in Venice,
latter half of fourteenth century. Floren-
! tine school. Vasari says he died in 1384,
aged seventy-four, but documents prove that
he was Ii ving two years later. Family name
probably Longhi, baptismal name Antonio
Francisci de Venetiis. According to Vasari,
he was a pupil of Agnolo Gaddi, but his style
is rather that of Taddeo Gaddi. Earliest
record of him is in the archives of Sieua,
where he worked in 1370 with Andrea Vanni
' on the ceilings of the cathedral. In 1386-7
he painted frescos in the Campo Santo, Pisa,
representing scenes in the legend of S. Rai-
' neri. Vasari calls it the finest and best work
in the building. The parts not obliterated
appear to justify the assertion and to prove
that Antonio was no common artist. The
frescos of the ceiling in the Cappellone dei
Spaguuoli, Sta. Croce, may possibly be his
work. Naturalism was the moving principle
of his art, and as he pursued the imitation
' of nature in many moods, he forms an im-
1 portant link in the chain which unites Or-
cagna to Masolino, Angelico, and Masaccio.
— C. & C., Italy, i. 480 ; Vasari, ed. Le MOD.,
ii. 171; Siret, 956 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
132.
ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA, MEET-
ING OF, ^ma-Tadema, Samuel Hawk Col-
lection, New York. Cleopatra rowed in her
barge across the harbour at Alexandria to
meet Marc Antony, whose barge swings
B7
ANTROPOFF
alongside, his rowers tossing their oars in
salutation as the Queen approaches. She is
reclining on an ivory throne under an awn-
ing of cloth of gold wreathed with roses ;
on her left crouches a negress— a sistrum
player, on her right a white flute player ; on
a lower stage three priests of Isis burn in-
cense. Antony rises from his seat with an
expression of mingled surprise and anger as
Cleopatra affects not to see him. Grosvenor
Gallery, 1883.— Portfolio (1883), 42 ; Athe-
nseum" Jan. 13, 1883, 60.
ANTROPOFF, ALEXEI PETEOVICH,
born in 1716, died in 1795. Eussian his-
tory and portrait painter. Decorated a
church in Kiev in 1752, painted the ceilings
in the Palace Golowin, Moscow, in 1756. As
a portrait painter imitated Rotari, and was
popular in St. Petersburg. He founded
there the first school for the painting of
altar pictures, and was among the painters
sent to Moscow to represent the festivities
at the coronation of Catherine II., whose
portrait he painted. Also painted portraits
of Peter HI. (17C1) and of Peter the Great
(1769). Among his religious pictures are
The Trinity (1784), and Paul and Mary Mag-
dalen (1788).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 161 ;
Brunn, ii. 286.
ANTUM, AART VAN, flourished about
1604-8. Dutch school ; marine painter in the
manner of Hendrik Vroom. Works : Naval
Battle (1604), Berlin Museum ; Marine
(1608), National Gallery, Amsterdam ; do.,
Madrid Museum.- — Meyer, Konigl. Mus., 15.
APATURIUS, from Alabauda, Caria,
fourth century B. c. Scene painter, said to
have shown great skill in decorating the
small theatre at Tralles. — Vitruv., vii. 5, 4.
APELLES, most famous of Greek paint-
ers, pupil of Ephorus, of Pamphilus, and of
Melanthius ; born probably in Colophon,
Ionia, though Pliny and Ovid call him of
Cos, and Strabo and Lucian of Ephesus ;
flourished 352-308 B. c. The best part of
his life was spent at the court of Philip and
Alexander the Great, of both of whom he
painted many portraits. Alexander forbade
any one else to paint his likeness. Apelles
probably accompanied Alexander into Asia,
for he painted at Ephesus several pictures
of him, one of which, for the rebuilt Temple
of Diana, represented him with thunderbolts
in his outstretched hand. This, which Plu-
tarch saj's was the best portrait of the king,
gave rise to the remark that Philip's Alexan-
der was invincible and Apelles's inimitable
! (Alex. 4 ; Fort. Alex. 2). In another picture
Alexander was represented in a triumphal
chariot followed by a chained figure of War ;
and in a third, walking with Castor and Pol-
lux and the Goddess of Victory. Pliny says
(xxxv. 36) the last two pictures were placed
by the Emperor Augustus in the Forum,
and that Claudius had the head of Augustus
substituted iu each for that of Alexander.
I Apelles painted portraits also of Clitus, An-
tigonus, Neoptolemus, and other followers
of Alexander, and a nude picture of Cam-
paspe or Pancaste, Alexander's favourite con-
cubine. Pliny says that the artist fell in
love with her and that the king gave her to
him ; also that she was his model in his
painting of Venus Anadyomene; but Athen-
seus (xiii.) avers that the courtesan Phryne,
whom the artist had seen at Eleusis going
naked into the sea at the Festival of Posei-
don, served him in this capacity. This, the
masterpiece of Apelles, represented the god-
dess rising from the sea. In it the painter
reached the acme of that grace and sensuous
charm for which his art was especially dis-
tinguished. The picture was painted for
1 the temple of .ZEsculapius at Cos. Augustus
paid 100 talents for it and took it to Rome,
where he dedicated it in the Temple of Ju-
lius Caesar, who claimed descent from the
goddess. There it decayed in time, as no
one dared to repair it, though Dorotheas
made a copy of it. Pliny says that Apelles
was painting another Venus for the people
of Cos, at the time of his death, which would
have excelled the first. Among his other
works were a King Archelaus on horseback,
a Diana and her Nymphs sacrificing, an An-
cscus, and a Hercules. After the death of
68
APOLLO
Alexander Apelles went to Egypt, where lie
was favourably received by King Ptolemv,
notwithstanding the jealousy of the court
painter Antiphilus, who accused him of tak-
ing part in a conspiracy. The charge being
disproved, Antiphilus was sold into slavery
and Apelles took a painter's revenge in au
allegorical picture of Calumny, from Lu-
cian's minute description of which Jlotticelli
painted a well-known picture now in the
Uffi/.i. It was perhaps when on his way to
Alexandria that Apelles visited Rhodes to
see Protogenes. Finding him absent from
his studio the visitor, says Pliny (xxxv. 30)
and tho next day the cobbler proceeded to
1 criticise the leg, whereupon tho artist bade
him stick to his last. From this arose tho
saying "Ne sutor ultra crepidom " (Let not
the shoemaker go beyond his last). Once,
too, when Alexander the Great attempted to
j criticise one of his pictures, Apt-lies advised
him to be silcut,as the colour-boys were laugh-
ing at him. Apelles was uusuqwssed in dili-
gence, and never allowed a day to pass with-
out its accomplished task. Ho carried his art
to tho highest degree of excellence, surpass-
ing all who hail preceded him. Ionic elegance
and charm were blended in his stylo wifh
Apollo and Daphn«, ft. Albtni, Louvrt.
drew with a brush upon a panel a line so
fine that Protogenes, when he saw it, knew
that only Apelles could have done it Draw-
ing a still finer line, ho went away again, and
Apelles on his return divided the two with
one even more subtile. Seeing this, Proto-
genes owned himself conquered and went
to seek his guest Apelles shamed the
Khodians into recognizing the merits of his
great rival by offering an immense sum for
his pictures, and said that he himself ex-
celled him in one thing, viz., that he knew
•when to stay his hand. Among other anec-
dotes of him told by Pliny (L c.) is that of
the cobbler who detected a fault in a shoe
of one of his figures. Apellcs corrected it,
Doric severity and correctness, and it is tho
| universal testimony of ancient writers that
his best work exhibited an indefinable grace
| of conception and refinement of tn»te and feel-
ing such as that of no other painter ever hail.
APOLLO AND DAPHNE, Fr. Albani,
Louvre ; copper, H. OJ in. x 1 ft. 2 in.
Daphne closely pursued by Apollo, flies
toward her father, tho river Peneus ; above,
Cupid, in a cloud. Daphne was changed
into a laurel as Apollo was about to seize
her.— Villot, Louvre; Filhol, v. PL 338;
Lamlon, Must-e, x. PL f>C.
By Ant I'ollajttolo, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, H. 11 in. x 7J in. Daphne in
the embrace of the god, who has just caught
APOLLO
her as she flies toward the Peueus ; her arms
have already sprouted into laurels. — Cat.
Nat. Gal.
APOLLO AND MARSYAS, Claude Lor-
rain, Earl of Leconfield ; canvas, H. 3 ft 9
in. x 5 ft. Liber Veritatis, No. 95. Engraved
by Muller. Collections Passart, Haye,
Sir T. Coke. Another Apollo and Marsyas
(Liber Veritatis, No. 45), formerly in Crozat
Gallery, now in Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.— Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 231, 246.
Apollo and Marsyas, Guercino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
By Guercino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 11 in. X 0 ft, 7 in. Apollo
nude, is flaying Marsyas, who lies upon his
back with his hands bound to a tree upon
which are suspended a violin and bow ; be-
hind Apollo, two figures, partially concealed,
are looking on. Engraved by Massard ; L.
Martelli.— Wicar, ii. Part 17 ; Gal. du Pal.
Pitti, i. PI. G.
By Guido Eeni, Munich Gallery ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. Apollo flaying
Marsyas ; the lyre of the god hangs upon
a tree. Figures life size.
By Raphael, Camera della Segnatura,
Vatican ; fresco, on ceiling, Apollo seated,
with his lyre in his hand, is ordering a
shepherd to flay Marsyas, who is bound to
a tree ; another shepherd holds a laurel
crown over Apollo's head. Painted in 1511.
The victory of Apollo is that of true over
false art which merits punishment. En-
graved by R Wibert. — Passavant, ii. 89 ;
Miintz, 347.
By Jtaphael, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 15^
iu. x 11^ in. Apollo standing with a staff,
listens disdainfully to the
strains of a pipe played by
Marsyas, who is sitting on a
bank ; background a land-
scape with river, hills, and a
town. Painted in Perugia
in 1504-5 (?). Collection of
John Barnard ; sold in
1787 to M. Duroveray, at
whose death, bought in
1850, by Mr. Morris Moore,
of Rome, who sold it to
the Louvre in 1883 for
£8000. Authenticity de-
nied by Waagen, Passavant,
and Mundler, but their
opinion not generally ac-
cepted. Has been attribu-
ted to Mantegna, and with
more reason to Timoteo
Viti.— C. & C., Raphael, i.
209 ; Passavaut, ii. 354 ;
Muntz, 224 ; Grayer, Raph-
et 1'Antiquitt'1, ii. 421 ; Eitelberger,
ael
Rafael's Apollo und Marsyas, Vienna (1860) ;
Battc, Le Raphael de M. Morris Moore, Paris
(1859) ; Graphic, London, May 26, 1883.
APOLLO AND THE MUSES. See Mu-
ses, Dance of.
APOLLODORUS, of Athens ; old Attic
school ; about 408 B.C. Dr. H. Bruun re-
gards him as the first real painter, inas-
much as he no longer marked contours by
actual lines, but represented objects as they
appear to the eye. He changed the rigid
architectural character of painting, distin-
guished before him by a formal and rhyth-
Al'OU.ONIO
mical arrangement of figures, by treating
his backgrounds in perspective, by connect-
ing instead of juxtaposing tones, and by re-
lieving the flat appearance of painted sur-
faces by a skilful use of light and shade.
He is classed with Ayatharchus as a skio-
grapher or shadow painter. Pliny (xxxv.
30) says that he opened the doors of art
through which Xe.urix entered, meaning
that he discarded the lint tints and shadow-
less outlines in use by 1'vlyijnntu.a for
Apollo and Marsyas, Raphael, Louvre, Paris.
blended and harmonious tints, chiaroscuro
effects, and other modem pictorial artifices.
Among his works were an Ajax of Locris on
a ship struck by lightning, and a Priest
Praying. — Bruun, ii. 51.
APOLLONIO, GIACOMO, born at Bas-
sano in 1582-4, died there, Dec. 1, 1G54.
Venetian school ; history and landscape
painter, pupil of Girolamo and Giambattista
Bassano, and a very happy imitator of their
style. Works in Italian churches. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 178.
APOLLO, TEMPLE OF, Claude Lorrain,
formerly at Leigh Court ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9
I iu. x 8 ft 3 in. ; signed, dated 16(53. A moun-
tainous, richly-wooded landscape, with sea
in distance ; in foreground, the Temple of
Apollo, in which an ox is being sacrificed.
One of the master's finest pictures. Liber
Veritatis, No. 157. Formerly in Palazzo Al-
tieri, Koine, with its companion, Landing of
*Knean, which see, for history. Engraved in
Miles Gallery, and by W. Woollet (1700).
Sketches in British Museum and at Wind-
sor.— Pattison, Claude Lorraiu, 220, 232 ;
Waogeu, Treasures, iii. 180.
APPEUT, EUGfiXE, born in Angers,
France, Dec. 28, 1814, died at Cannes, March
8, 18G7. History and genre painter, pupil
of Ingres. Medal of the third class, 1844 ;
honourable mention, 1855 ; Legion of Hon-
our, 1859. Works : Sarah and the Poachers
(1841) ; Nero gazing at the Corpse of Agrip-
pina (1842) ; Vision of SL Ovens (1844),
bought by State ; Assumption (1845) ; De-
scent from Cross (1N46) ; Death of St Jo-
seph (1847) ; An Amour (1850) ; An Informer
(1852); Adoration of Magi (1853), belongs
to State ; Sisters of Charity in the Crimea
(1855) ; Woman Spinning (1857) ; Sedairo
cutting Stones, The False Scent (1861);
Venice (1863) ; Pope Alexander HI, Peo-
nies (1864). — Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii.
187.
APPIAX, ADOLPHE, born in Lyons,
France, in 1819. Landscape painter, pupil
of Corot and Daubigny ; belongs to the
most recent school of French realists, who
care more for play of light and shade and
general effect than for the working out of
details. Celebrated for his charcoal draw-
ings. Works: Cattle Market (1865); Bois
des Roches (1870) ; Environs of Monaco
(1873), Luxembourg Museum ; Luxembourg
Souvenir (1873) ; Panton atBeaulieu (1874) ;
Environs of Corqiu'ranne (1883). — Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., ii. 187 ; Muller, 16.
APPIAN WAY IN THE TIME OF
AUGUSTUS, G. R. C. Boulanyrr, Mrs. A.
T. Stewart, New York ; canvas. The Appian
Way, with tombs and trees iu background,
ami passing in front horsemen, chariots,
GI
and ladies in Sedan-chairs borne by slaves
and preceded by naked Africans in silver
collars and badges, who beat off the
beggar boys ; in foreground, light, flower
girls seated. Photogravure in Art Treasures
of America.
APPIANI, ANDREA, born in Milan,
March 23, 1754, died there, Nov. 8, 1817.
Pupil of De Giorgi, and of Giudici ; then
studied in Bologna, Parma, Modena, and
Florence. Afterward went repeatedly to
Rome, studied Raphael's frescos, and be-
came the first fresco painter of his time.
After a brilliant career, during which he
produced many meritorious decorative works
for churches and palaces in Milan, he
painted remarkable portraits of prominent
men, repeatedly that of Napoleon, who
greatly favoured him. He was struck by
paralysis in 1813, and losing his pension
afterword, through the Emperor's deposi-
tion, fell into penury, and died of a second
paralytic stroke. The paintings he executed
in 1808-12 in the Royal Palace, Milan, the
best specimens of his art, show good compo-
sition, correct forms and grace of motion,
bright colouring and a masterly freedom of
treatment. Works ; Napoleon on the Dan-
ube, Versailles Gallery ; Napoleon sur-
rounded by allegorical figures,
Leuchteuberg Gallery, St.
Petersburg ; Parnassus, in f res-
co> Royai paiace) Milan.— Mey- [
er, Kilnst. Lex., ii. 100 ; G. Beretta, Opere
di A Appiani (Milan, 1848).
APPIANI, ANDREA, born in Milan
about 1812, died there, Dec. 18, 1867. His-
torical genre painter ; pupil of Frangois
Hayez, obtained several medals from the
Accad. S. Luca in Rome, and in 1838 the
great prize of the Milan Academy. Works :
Petrarch at Avignon, Italian Emigrant Girl
Caressing the National Colours (1855). —
Vapereau (1865), 53.
APPIANI, FRANCESCO, born at Aucona
in 1704, died at Perugia, March 2, 1792.
Pupil of Domenico Magatta, then influenced
by Francesco Trevisani, and later by Fran-
[ cesco Mancini. Grief over his wife's death
induced him to leave his native town for
Perugia, of which city he received the free-
j dom, Dec. 2, 1773, and where his principal
works may be seen in different churches.
He was one of the most remarkable fresco
painters of that time. — Meyer, Kttnst. Lex.,
H. 188.
APSHOVEN, THOMAS VAN, born in
Antwerp, baptized Nov. 30, 1622, died in
1664 or 1665. Flemish school ; genre and
still-life painter, pupil of Teuiers, the
younger, whom he imitated, and many of
whose works he copied successfully ; master
, of the guild in 1645-46. Works : Rustic
Scene (1656), Darmstadt Museum ; Still-
! life, Dresden Gallery ; Guard-room, Prague
Gallery. His brother, Ferdinand, the
younger (baptized March 1, 1630, buried
April 3, 1694), was also a pupil and even
more successful imitator of Teniers, to
whom several of his pictures are probably
attributed. Works : Rustic Interior, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Interior with two Figures,
Dunkirk Museum. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
197.
ARAGO, ALFRED, born in Paris, died
in 1883. Historical genre painter, pupil
of Delaroche. Medals : 3d class, 1846 ; L.
of Honour, 1854 ; Officer, 1869. Works :
Charles V. at San Yuste (1841) ; Recreation
of Louis XL (1846); Petrarch at Virgil's
Tomb (1847) ; Abraham viewing Sodom
and Gomorrah (1852).— Vapereau (1880),
64.
ARALDI, ALESSANDRO, born in Parma
about 1465, died there in 1528-30. Lom-
bard school ; pupil of Cristoforo Caselli ;
first public work an altar-piece painted
in 1500 for S. Quirino, Parma. Among
his existing works are a Madonna (fresco),
Duomo, Parma, dated 1509 ; Annunciation
(1514), Pnrma Gallery, and frescos in S.
Paolo and S. Sepolcro, Parma. He had no
originality, and shows a decided leaning
to the Umbrian models of Francia. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 589 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
209.
G'i
A1U5ASIA
ARBASIA, CESARE, born at Saluzzo
about middle of IGth century, died in 1614.
Italo-Spauish school; employed in Spain,
where he executed frescos for churches and
palaces, in 1579-81-8(3 ; must have re-
turned to Italy about 1595, as he was one
of the originators and first members of the
Accad. S. Luca in Home, founded in that
year. Later painted frescos in Saluzzo and
neighbourhood, which, according to Mdn-
dler, suggest the manner of Federigo Zuc-
caro, and of B. Lauiui. — Meyer, Kilust. Lex.,
ii. 213 ; F. Quilliet, Arti Italiaue in Ispagna 1
(Rome, 1825), 33.
ARBELA, BATTLE OF, Albrecht Alt-
(Jorfcr, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 4 ft. 11 :
in. x 3 ft. 8 in. ; signed, dated 1529. A '
spirited battle scene, with thousands of
small figures on foot and mounted ; in centre
Alexander and Darius ; background, a land-
scape with mountains and sea. Painted by
order of Duke Wilhelm of Bavaria. Carried
to France in 1800 ; nt St. Cloud a favourite
picture of Napoleon I. ; returned in 1815.
By Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 15 ft. 5 in. x 41 ft. 4 in. Accord-
ing to Q. Curtius (IV.), the soldiers of
Alexander saw, in the height of the battle,
an eagle hovering over the head of Alex-
ander, which Aristander, the chief sooth-
sayer of the king, pointed out as an infallible
omen of victory. The Macedonians pressed
on with renewed vigor, and Darius, who was
mounted upon a lofty chariot, seeing all
hope lost, sought safety in flight. Series of i
History of Alexander. Engraved by G.
Audran (1G74), D. Bertaux.— Filhol, iii. PL
151 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
ARBO, PETER NIKOLAI, born in Dram-
men, Norway, in 1831. History painter ;
pupil, in Copenhagen, of Helsted, then from
1852 at the Dtisseldorf Academy under Kail
Sohn ; studied in Paris in 1861-70. He is \
a knight of the order of Vasa and director !
of the drawing school at Christiania. Works :
The Walkyries, The Wild Chase, Asgard's
Reigen, Christiauia Gallery; Ingeborg,
Bjarke's and Hjalte's Death, The Day,
Scenes from the Thirty Years' War, do. from
Time of Louis XIV., Battle of Waterloo.—
' Mailer, 16.
ARBORELIUS, OLOF PER, born in
Orsa, Dalecaiiia, Nov. 4, 1842. Landscape
painter, pupil of the Stockholm Academy,
where he won in 18(59 a prize and went in
1870 to Diisseldorf and later to Rome.
Paints chiefly Swedish and Italian scenes.
Works : Cliffs on Swedish Coast in a Storm
| (1874), Stockholm Museum ; Scene from a
Bear-Hunt.— Mailer, 16.
ARCADIA, SHEPHERDS OF (Bergers
d'Arcadie), Nicolas Powvin, Louvre, Paris ;
canvas, H. 2 ft 9 in. x 4 ft Allegory illus-
trative of the brevity of life. In the middle
of a desert plain, with mountains in back-
ground, three shepherds and a young girl,
in antique costume, have paused before a
tomb shaded by trees ; at left, the oldest,
kneeling, points with his finger to the words
cut in the stone : ET IN ARCADIA EGO.
Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved by
Picart le Romain ; M. and A. ReindeL Rep-
etition in Devonshire House, London, has
tomb at one side. This engraved by Ravenet.
—Filhol, ii. PL 109 ; Landon, Musce, vL PL
37 ; Mus6e royal ; Villot, Cat Louvre.
ARCANGELO, ANDREA DI CIONE.
See Orcayna.
ARCESILAUS, Greek painter, son of the
sculptor Tisicrates, of Sicyon, about 286 ac.
Painted a picture of the Athenian gen-
eral Leostheues, which Pausanias (i. 1, 3)
saw in the Pineus. — Pliny, xxxv. 40, 42
[146].
ARCESILAUS, Greek painter, of Paros,
probably fifth century B.C. Said by Pliny
(xxxv. 39 [122]), to have been, with Pol>j<j-
notus, one of the earliest painters in encaus-
tic. Perhaps identical with the sculptor,
son of Aristodicus, on whom Simouides
wrote an epigram (Diog. Laer. Arces. xxi.).
A painter of the same name is mentioned by
Athenanis (x. p. 420), as a tutor of Apelles.
— Brunn, ii. 55.
ARCHER, JAMES, born in Edinburgh
in 1824. Genre uiid portrait painter ;
ARCHERS
pupil of Thomas Duncan in the Trustees'
Academy. Edinburgh ; exhibited in 1849
first picture, Last Supper, at Royal Scottish
Academy ; elected an A.RS.A. in 1850,
and RS.A. in 1858. Removed in 1862 to
London, where he still resides. Visited the
United States in 1884. Works: Time of
War (1857) ; Hidden Sorrow (1858) ; Fair
Rosamond and Queen Eleanor (1859) ;
Playing at Queen (18G1) ; Puritan Suitor
(1865); Times of Charles I. (1867); Against
Cromwell (1869) ; Sir Patrick Spens (1870) ;
of the company of cross-bow men, on some
public occasion ; capital picture, many fig-
ures. Formerly in Hesse-Cassel Collection ;
then at Malmaison, whence passed to Her-
mitage.— Smith, iii. 265.
ARCHERY PRIZES, AWARD OF. See
Syndics of the Arquebusiers.
ARCHIGALLUS, picture. See Parrha-
sius.
ARCO, ALONSO DEL, born in Madrid
in 1624, died there in 1700. Spanish school ;
born deaf and dumb ; pupil of Pereda,
Shepherds of Arcadia, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris.
Henry Irving as Mathias in "The Bells"
(1872) ; Irving as Charles I. (1873) ; Spring-
tide (1875) ; Little Bo-Peep (1876) ; Rose
(1877) ; Trysting Tree (1878) ; Sacrifice to
Dionysus (1879) ; Betrothal of Burns and
Highland Mary (1881) ; Peter the Hermit
preaching the First Crusade (1883) ; St.
Agnes, in the Second Century (1884) ; por-
traits of James G. Elaine, Andrew Carnegie
(1884).— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 248.
ARCHERS OF ANTWERP, David Ten-
iers, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 5 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Represents a meeting
whence commonly called el Sordillo (the
dumb) de Pereda. Was a good portrait
painter. Works in churches of S. Juan do
Dios, S. Andres, S. Felipe, S. Bernardo,
and S. Sebastiano, Madrid ; Child Jesus
sleeping under the Cross, Academia S. Fer-
nando ; several pictures in Museo Nacional,
Madrid.— Stirling, iii. 1006 ; Meyer, Kunst.
Lex., ii. 221.
ARDICES, painter, Corinth, early period.
Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5 [15]), in con-
nection with Telephan.es of Sicyon, as first
to use shading lines within outline drawings.
64
AREGIO
AREGIO, PABLO DE, beginning of is lost, but a canvas in Palazzo Giustiniani,
10th century. Spanish school ; painted in Padua, attributed to Tintoretto, may pos-
1506, with Francisco Neapoli, scenes from sibly J>o the original study. Aretiuo is the
the life of the Virgin on twelve panels of Pilate in the Knv Homo of Titian, Vicuna
the wings of the high altar of Cathedral at Museum. — C. fi. C.. Titian, ii. 10H, i. 319 ;
Valencia, for which the two were paid 3000 Gal. du PaL Pitti, i. PL 111 ; Burckhardt,
ducats. Their manner resembled so much 720 ; Lavice, 77.
that of Leonardo da Vinci that they were ARETUSI. See /'ellegrino da Modena.
called his pupils. They also painted part ARETUSI, CESARE, born in Modena,
of the walls in fresco. St. Catherine, col- second half of 10th century, died there in
lection of Don Pedro Pelegner, Madrid. — 1012. Bolognese school ; muter unknown,
Stirling, i. 97 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 232 ; but style formed after that of Bagnacavallo.
Tilbinger Kunstblatt (1823), 33. Highly successful jK)rtrait painter in the
AREGON, Greek painter, of Corinth, manner of Correggio, whose pictures be
early period. Strain > says (viii. 3, 12) that copied Ix'tter than any other painter of the
his picture of Diana riding upon a griffin time. Worked much in collaboration witli
was preserved in the Temple of Artemis Giambattista Fiorini, pupil of B.ignacavallo
Alphieoiiia, near Olympin. — Bruun, ii. 5!)7. and assistant of Zucchero, who was a better
ARELLANO, JUAN DE, born at Sautor- designer than Aretusi, but inferior as a col-
ca/. in 1014, died in Madrid, Oct. 12, 1G70. ourist. They painted together a chapel in
Spanish school ; scholar of Juan de Solis, S. Petrouio, Bologna ; Deposition from the
but unsuccessful until thirty-six years old, Cross, Saints Benedict and Francis de Paul,
when he began to copy the flower pieces of in S. Benedetto ; Nativity of the Virgin, in
Mario del Fiori (Nuzzi), and finally won S. Giovanni in Monte. — Malvasia, i. 24!t ;
wealth and fame as a painter of flowers, Lanzi, ii. 410, iiL 50 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bo-
fruits, and birds. Six flower pieces in Mad- lognese ; Meyer, Kdnst. Lex., ii. 239 ; do.,
rid Museum. Decorated the sacristy of the Correggio, 107, 301, 310.
church of St. Jerome at Madrid with genii, ARGONAUTS, EXPEDITION OF, pict-
flowers, etc. Works in Academia S. Fer- ures. See Cydiax, Miron.
ARGUNOFF, IVAN, flourished about
middle of 18th century. Russian portrait
l)ainter- instructed by foreign masters,
enjoyed considerable reputation in St.
uando and Museo Nacional, Madrid. — Petersburg. His Cleopatra is in the Mos-
Stirling, ii. 718; Ch. Blanc, Kcole espag- cow Museum. — Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., ii. 247.
nole ; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., ii. 232 ; Madrazo, ARIADNE, Luca Giordano, Dresden Gal-
348. , lery ; canvas, H. 6 fi x 8 ft 0 in., signed.
AEELUUS, Roman painter, first century Ariadne, abandoned by Theseus, whose ship
B.C. Profaned his art, Pliny says (xxxv. 37 is seen in the distance, sleeping (nude) on
[119]), by painting goddesses in the like- the shore of Naxos ; at left, a crowd of Bar-
ness of his mistresses. — Brunn, ii. 305. chantes and satyrs announce the coming of
AEETINO, or D'AREZZO, SPINELLO. Bacchus. Engraved by F. Busan. — Gal.
See Spindli, Spinello. Roy. de Dresdo, i. PI. 39.
ARETINO, PIETRO, portrait, Titian, Pa- } ARIADNE AND BACCHUS. See Itac-
lozzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 ! chits.
in. x 2 ft. 0 in. Painted in 1545. En-! ARLVS FERNANDEZ, ANTONIO, born
graved, reversed, by F. Petrucci and T. Ver in Madrid early part of 17th century.
Cruya An earlier portrait by Titian (1527) died there in 1084. Spanish school : pupil
66
ARIEKTI
of Pedro de las Cuevas ; painted when
fourteen years old pictures for high altar of
the Carmelites in Toledo, and at twenty-five
reckoned one of the best painters in Madrid.
Employed with Camilo, Alonzo Cano, and
other distinguished artists to paint the por-
traits of the kings of Spain, when the an-
cient hall of the kings in the Royal Palace
was renovated. Executed many pictures
for churches and convents. Works : Trib-
ute Money, Charles V. and Philip II., Mad-
rid Museum. Died in want at the general
ward director of the Bologna Academy.
, Works : Beatrice di Tenda, Jeremiah, Ores-
tes, Phaedra and Hippolytus, Francesca da
Rimini, Origin of the Lombard League
(Quirinal, Rome) ; Portrait of Bellini (Naples
Conservatory of Music) ; Barbarossa (Royal
Palace, Turin). — Kunst-Chronik, viii. 466.
ARIOSTO, portrait, Titian, Cobham Hall,
England ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. ;
signed. The poet is walking, the upper
part of his body seen in profile behind a
parapet, the face turned toward the specta-
Ariadne, Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery.
hospital of Madrid. — Stirling, ii. 715 ; Viar-
dot, 284 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 248 ; Ma-
drazo, 350.
ARIENTI, CARLO, born in Milan in
1800, died in Bologna, April 3, 1873.
History painter, pupil of the schools of the
Brera, Milan ; was professor at the Milan
Academy when called to Turin by King
Charles Albert, who ordered him to paint
for the staircase of the palace a victory of
the Italians over the Austrians. This exiled
him from Milan, but lie was made president
of the Academia Albertini, Turin, and after-
tor. History unknown ; not certainly a
portrait of Ariosto, but may be the picture
of the Lopez collection, sold in London in
time of Charles I.; and this in turn may
have been the portrait which Bartiffalcli says
was sent to Padua in 1554 by Ariosto's son
Virginio. The copy formerly in the Palazzo
Manfrini passed to Barker collection in 1857,
and was afterward sold. Other copies in
the Viceuza Gallery, in the Tosi collection
at Brescia, and in the Butler-Johnstone col-
| lection, London.— C. & C., Titian, i. 197 ;
Baruflaldi's Ariosto, 251.
ARIO8TO
ARIOSTO, portrait, Titian (?), National j ARISTOCLEIDES, Orock peinter, date
Gallery, London ; wood, transferred to can- unknown. Decorated Temple of AI* .11, i at
vas, H. 2 ft. 8J in. x 2 ft Half length, in Delphi. — Pliiiy, xxxv. 40 [138] ; 11 R,
a crimson and purple dress ; an open but Schoru, 225 ; Brunn, ii. 208.
sensual face, the hair falling in masses on AHISTODEMUS, painter, of Curia, about
the neck, one hand playing with a rose, the 200 a c, Philostratus refers to him more
other holding a pair of gloves. Answers especially as a writer on painting (Prooein.
the description given by Ridolfi in 1G4G of Icon. p. 3, Didot), but says ho painted
a picture in the Renier collection, Venice, after the manner of Eumelus. — Brunn, ii.
Might have been painted by Pellegrino da 309.
San Daniele or Dosso Dossi (C. & C.). Ac- ARLSTOLACS, Greek painter, son and
quired by National Gallery in I860.— C. & pupil of i'uttxiax, about 308 a c, Pliny says
C., Titian, i. 197 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglic, i. 210 ; (xxxv. 40 [137]) his style was severe, and
Campori, Raccolta di Cataloghi, 442. mentions among his works an Epamiuondati,
AllLSTARETE, painter, daughter and a Pericles, a Medea, a Theseus, an emblem-
pupil of Xcun-ltHx. Pliny (xxxv. 40, 43 [147J) atical picture of the Athenian People, and
says she was noted for her picture of J3scu- a Sacrifice of Oxen. — Brunn, ii. 154.
lapius.— Brunn, ii. 300. ARISTOMACHUS or ARISTOMENES,
ARISTLEUS, painter, Thebes, Theban painter, of Thasos. Vitruvius (iii. Prooem.
Attic school, father and master of Nicoma- 2) says through adverse circumstances ho
chit*, lived probably in the first part of the did not obtain renown equal to his merit,
fourth century a c. — Pliny xxxv. 3C [108J ; Among his works was n votive picture of
Brunn, ii. 159. three women, dedicated by them in the
ARISTIDES, Greek painter, of Thebes, Temple of Aphrodite as a thank-offering
Theban Attic school, brother and pupil of for wedded happiness. He is called also
Nichorttachwi ; pupil also of Euxcuidas and Aritnues and Arimenes. — Varro do Lang,
master of Euphranor ; probably about 37G- Lat., ix. 6, 12 ; Brunn, ii. 301.
336 B. c. Though hard as a colourist, he ARISTOMENES. See Ariflomachwt.
was an admirable draughtsman and master ARISTON, Greek painter, of Thebes, son
of the most subtile shades of expression, and pupil of Arixtiili-s. Only recorded work
He rendered these with surpassing power is a Satyr crowned with vino leaves, holding
in his Captured City, in which a mother was a goblet in his hand. — Pliny, xxxv. 3G [122|;
represented lying mortally wounded in a Brunn, ii. 181.
street, with her infant vainly striving to ARISTONIDAS. See Mnanlimu*.
draw nourishment from her breast. Alex- AUISTOPHON, Greek painter, son of
ander the Great carried off this picture from Aylaojjhoii of Thasos and brother of J'olyy-
Thebes toPella. King Attalus of Pergamus ( nofux, about 45G a c. He was of tho old
offered 400 talents for his Dionysius, which Attic school, which knew nothing of j>er-
Mummius carried from Corinth to Rome, spective, foreshortening, or oppositions of
and dedicated in the Temple of Ceres, where light and shade, and painted in broad, flat
it was finally burned (31 a t\). Mnason, tones, with only four colours, white, red,
tyrant of Elatea, paid Aristides 1000 mime yellow, and black. His works were distin-
for his picture of a Persian battle, which ' guished for their expressive qualities. Ho
contained a hundred figures. Other pict- painted Philoctetes (Plut De And. Poet 3),
ures by him are mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. ] and Ancrcus wounded by tho boar, subjects
36). — Brunn, ii. 171. [ which gave opportunity for the display of
ARISTOBULUS, second-rate painter, of his capacity for rendering what tho Greeks
Syria. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146J ; Bruuu, ii. 286. call pathos, an all-pervading emotion of i»ain,
A KM AND
whether physical or mental. — Pliny, xxxv. 40
[138J; Brunn, ii. 53.
ARMAND - DUMARESQ, CHARLES
EDOUARD, born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1826.
Genre painter, especially of military scenes ;
pupil of T. Couture. In 1854 he accom-
panied the French troops to Algiers and
Italy, to paint battle scenes and camp life.
Medal : 3d class, 1861, 1863 ; Order of St.
Maurice, 1859 ; L. of Honour, 1867 ; Offi-
cer, 1881. Works: Christ (1850), Church
of Dole ; St. Bernard preaching a Crusade
(1852) ; Martyrdom of St. Peter (1853),
Cathedral of Caen ; Attributes of the Arts
and Sciences, Death of General Kirgener,
Second Zouaves in Ambush (1855) ; Capture
of the Great Redoubt in the Battle of Mos-
kowa (1857) ; Death of General Bizot (1859),
Versailles Museum ; Battle of Solferino (1859) ;
Charge of Devaux's Division (1862); Prince
Imperial taking a Walk, Vive 1'Empereur
(1864) ; Colour Guard, Chaplain of the Regi-
ment, Battle of Solferino, Passage of the
Adda (1865); Charge of Cuirassiers at Eylau,
Chasseurs on Foot, Carrying off the Wounded
(1866); Charge of Cuirassiers (1867); Return
from Elba (1868) ; Day before Austerlitz,
Day before Solferino (1869); Defence of St.
Quentin (1872) ; Signing the Declaration of
American Independence (1873) ; Council of
War, The Spy (1874) ; Surrender of York-
town, a Prussian Uhlan (1875) ; Battle of
Saratoga (1879) ; Prince of Wales reviewing
the Grenadiers in 1777 (1880) ; Battle of
Bapaume, Each in his Turn (1883); Lecture
de TAunuaire de la Cavalerie (1884). — La-
rousse ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 260 ; Bel-
lier.
ARMENINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born at Faenza in 1540, died there, May 13,
1609. Roman school ; went when fifteen
years old to Rome, where he was allied with
Taddeo Zuccaro, and copied Michelangelo's
Last Judgment. From 1557 he wandered
for nine years through Italian cities, mostly
working for, or cooperating with other ar-
tists, and finally became a priest. He wrote
a book on the theory of painting, which, as
! late as the last century, was valued in Italy
and Germany. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 261;
Gualandi, Mem., ii. 78, 192.
ARMIDA. See Einaldo.
ARMITAGE, EDWARD, born in Lon-
don, May 20, 1817. History painter ; pupil
in Paris (1836) of Paul Delaroche, whom
he assisted in painting the Hemicycle in
the Paris Ecole des Beaux Arts. In 1840
he sent Prometheus Bound to the Paris
Salon, and in 1843 he was awarded a prize
of £300 at the Westminster Hall Exhibition,
for his cartoon of the Landing of Caesar in
Britain. His cartoon, The Spirit of Religion,
gained a prize of £200 in 1845, and his Battle
of Meanee (Sindh), a prize of £500 in 1847.
The latter was purchased by the Queen. In
1852 he painted the fresco of the Thames,
and in 1854 that of the Death of Marmion
in the Parliament House. Having studied
two years, 1849-51, in Rome, he visited the
Crimea during the Russian war, and made
important studies from which he painted
Balaklava and the Guards at Inkerman.
Elected A. R A. in 1867, R. A. in 1872 ; ap-
pointed professor and lecturer on painting
at Royal Academy at 1875. His lectures
were published in the United States in
1883. Works: Death of Nelson, Henry
VIIL and Catherine Parr (1848) ; Vision of
Ezekiel (1850) ; Samson (1851) ; City of
Refuge (1853) ; Lotus Eater (1854) ; Ravine
at Inkerman (1856) ; Souvenir of Scutari
(1857) ; Retribution (1858) ; St. Francis be-
fore Innocent HI. (1859), Christ and the
Twelve Apostles (1860), Catholic Church
at Islington ; Pharaoh's Daughter (1861) ;
Burial of a Martyr in Time of Nero (1863) ;
Ahab and Jezebel (1864) ; Esther's Banquet
(1865) ; Remorse of Judas (1866) ; Feast of
Herod (1868) ; Gethsemaue (1870), National
Gallery ; Simplex Munditiis (1873) ; Julian
the Apostate (1875) ; Phryne, the Hymn of
the Last Supper (1876) ; Serf Emancipation
(1877); Pygmalion and Galatea (1878);
Charity, Samson and the Lion (1881) ; St.
Francis and St. Dominic at Rome, One of
Raphael's Models, Sea Urchins (1882). — Art
ARMSTRONG
Journal (1803), 177; Portfolio (1870), 49; ARNZ, ALBERT, Ixirn in Dusseldorf,
Meyer, Kiinst, Lex., ii. 263. Jan. '24, 1N32. Lnndscai>e painter, pupil
ARMSTRONG, THOMAS, born in Man- of the Dusseldorf Academy, under his
Chester, England, in 1835. Figure painter ; brother-in-law, Oswald Acheubach, with
pupil in Paris of Ary Scheffer. In later years whom he visited Italy and Switzerland,
he has sought to combine modern French Most of his subjects are taken from Rome;
style with Pre - Raphaelite simplicity and and Naples, though he has also painted
agreeable colour. Works : Josephine, Morn- views in Westphalia and the Nether Rhine
ing, Peach Gathering, The Lesson, exhibited countries. Works : The Regeusteiu in the
at Royal Academy since 1865. — Portfolio Hartz Mountains, Swiss Landscii]>e, Wood
(1871), 65. Landscape with Sheep, Summer LaudHca]M>,
ARNDT, FRANZ, born at Lobsenz, near On the Ruins of Rome (I860) ; The Coloa-
Posen, Aug. 20, 1842. Landscape and genre seum, Coast near Naples (1H71). — Meyer,
painter ; pupil at Weimar Art School under Kiinst. Lex., ii. 21)7 ; Miiller, 19.
Alex. Michaelis, and Tueod. Hagcii ; visited ARPINO, CAVALIERE D'. See Cemri,
Italy in 1872 and 1877, was appointed pro- Giuseppe.
fessor at the Art School in 1876, and secre- AR1UVABENE, GIULIO CESARE, bom
tary in 1879. His landscapes show close in Mantua in 1800. History and figure
study of tree forms ; his genre pieces are painter ; . pupil of the Milan Academy,
generally humorous in design. Works : from which he received a prize in 1833.
Elegy, Scherzo (1872), Children's Jokes Afterwards spent several years in Rome,
(1873), Summer Morning, North German where he painted historical pictures, somo
Church. — Meyer, Ktiust. Lex., ii. 270 ; allegories in fresco for a palace, and in
Miiller, 18. Mantua and its neighbourhood madonnas
ARNOLD, HERMANN, born in Munich, and saint* for churches. Since 1853 he
May 7, 1846. History and genre painter ; has been settled in Florence, and has painted
pupil at Munich Academy under Hilten- mostly scenes from sacred history. Works :
sperger, Anschiitz, Alex. Wagner, Schrau- Ruth, Duke of Sutherland's Collection ;
dolph, and Piloty. Works : Altarpiece, In- Macbeth, Mr. Waring's Collection, London.
uudation Scene, Schiitzenkiinig, Neighbour's — Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., ii. 303.
Children, Christ; Dream of Roses (1883).— ARSENICS, JOHANN GEORG, born
Miiller, 18. at Klemmestorp, Westergothland, Feb. 4,
ARNOLD, KARL JOHANN, born in 1818. Painter of horses ; pupil of Wahl-
Beiiin, Aug. 30, 182'.). Portrait, animal, bom in 1849-50, and of the portrait painter
and genre painter ; pupil of the Cassel Staaf in 1843. In 1852 he went to Das-
Academy, of the Antwerp Academy, and seldorf and thence to Paris, where he
after his return to Berlin of Adolf Menzel, studied under Horace Vernet ; in 18C5 be-
who led him through a thorough study of came a member of the Stockholm Academy,
nature in all her aspects. Works: Siesta, He is a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Swed-
Fanuy and her Admirers, Where is Fanny ? ish cavalry. Works: Race (1864); Halt.
Welcome in the Green, Hessian Peasant Fire in a Stable (1866) ; Horses Frightened
Girl, Wicliff Persecuted, the North German by Locomotive, Quarry near Lugnaas, Nor-
Parliament, the Great Headquarters at wegian' Sledge-Trotter, Grey Span, Dis-
Paris, Boar Hunt, Altarpieoe ; portraits of carded Cavalry Horse, Rigolboche, Jane,
Louis Spohr, Bettina von Arnim, two of Lisa Bleuda, Stallion Aurico.— Meyer, Kdust.
King William, German Imperial Family ; Lex., ii. 305.
Dinner in honour of the Congress.— Meyer, ARSESNE, LOUIS CHARLES, born in
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 277 ; Miiller, 18. Paris, Dec, 23, 1780, died there, Aug. 3,
ART
1855. Religious painter, pupil of David.
He illustrated the works of Chateaubriand
and Lamartine, and wrote a valuable book
on the fine arts, entitled Painter's and
Sculptor's Manual (Paris, 1833). Works :
St. Louis Disembarking at Hyeres (1841) ;
The Pious Women at the Tomb of Christ,
Jesus in the Garden of Olives.
AET AND LITERATURE, Adolphe Wil-
liam Bouyuereau, E. Walter, New York.
Two female figures, full length. Painted
for the late J. S. Jenkins, Baltimore ; sold
(1881) to Mr. Walter. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America, iii. 7G.
ARTARIA, MATTHIAS, born in Mann-
heim, June 19, 1814. Genre painter, pupil
of the Dusseldorf Academy, where he prof-
ited by intercourse with Andreas Achen-
bach. He has painted peasant life in Tyrol
and Spain, as well as mediaeval subjects.
Works : Heroic Struggle of the Tyrolese in
1809 ; Defence of the Iselberg ; Wedding
in the Ziller Valley, Going to Church Christ-
mas Night, Munich Gallery ; Postillion, Cas-
tle Elche, Improviser at a Well, Market Scene
in Valencia, Guerillas Fleeing, Captive Hu-
guenots, Arrest of Ravaillac, Guard Room
in Thirty Years' War, Maid of Saragossa. —
Meyer, Kiinst, Lex., ii. 307 ; Mttller, 19.
ARTEMIDORUS, painter, 1st century
A. D. Among his works was a Venus on
which Martial wrote an epigram (V. 40). He
was perhaps an historian and amateur
painter of a bad picture of Minerva. —
Brunn, ii. 310.
ARTEMON, painter, place and date un-
known. His pictures, Apotheosis of Her-
cules and Laomedon, King of Troy, were
preserved in the Portico of Octavia, Rome.
Other works were Danae with Robbers in
Admiration ; Queen Stratonice ; and Her-
cules and Dejanira. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [139] ;
Brunn, ii. 284.
ARTHOIS, JACQUES D', born in Brus-
sels, baptized, Oct. 12, 1613, died after
1C84. Flemish school ; eminent landscape
painter ; pupil of one Jan Mertens. His
compositions, often grandly poetic, with
Scriptural subjects in foreground, were fre-
quently placed in Belgian churches. The
figures in his pictures are chiefly by Gas-
pard de Craeyer, Gerard Zegers, David Te-
niers the younger, and Van Herp. Jacques
had a brother Nicholas (born 1617) and a
son Jean Baptiste (born 1638), both of
whom were painters. Best works in Brus-
sels, Vienna, Dresden, Madrid, and English
private galleries. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, i.
437 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 310.
ARTISTS, MEETING OF, Velasquez,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.
Thirteen persons, in three groups, standing,
in conversation ; among them, at left, Velas-
quez and Murillo. Sometimes called Con-
versation of Velasquez. Presented to Duch-
ess of Alba by Don Gabriel, son of Charles
in. ; sold, at her death, and finally bought
from M. Laneuville in 1851, for 6,500 fr.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Art Journal
(1852), 364 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1879), xx.
237 ; Curtis, 16.
ARTVELT, ANDRIES VAN, born in
Antwerp, baptized March 25, 1590, died
there in 1652. Flemish school ; marine
painter ; master of the guild in 1609-10,
went to Italy probably after Sept., 1627, but
had returned to Antwerp in 1630. His por-
trait of Van Dyck, painted in 1632, is in
the Augsburg Gallery. Works : Shipwreck
of Turkish Vessel (1623), Ghent Museum ;
Naval Battle, Th. van Lerius, Antwerp ;
Marine, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chap-
elle ; do. with Men-of-War, Vienna Museum.
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 316.
ASAM, COSMAS, born at Benedict-
beuern, Bavaria, Sept. 18, 1686, died in
1742. Italian school ; history painter, pupil
of Ghezzi in Rome, where he won the first
prize at the Academy. One of the most
skilful and characteristic imitators of the
Italian Rococo style, painted chiefly in
7U
ASCENSION
fresco, and decorated innumerable churches little valley ; and in foreground a reclining
and monasteries in nnd out of Bavaria, figure (St. Peter?).— Ruskin, Stones of Yen-
working conjointly with his brother Aegi- ice, iii. 340.
dius, sculptor, notably the Cathedral of Subject treated also by Sebastiano Ricd,
Freising, 1723-24. He was court painter SS.Apostoli, Home,, Dresden Gallery ; Giotto,
to the Elector of Bavaria. Works : Vulcan ; S. M. dell' Arena, Padua ; Correggio, H.
forging Anns for .Eneas, Ceiling in the Giovanni Evangelist!, Parma ; Andrea Or-
Chapel, Schleissheim Castle ; Decorations cagna, National Gallery. London ; Tintoretto,
in Chapel and Staircase,
Grand-ducal Pnlace, Mann-
heim ; do. in St. John's,
Munich. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. 321.
ASCENSION (Fr. As-
cension, Ital. Ascensione,
Sp. Ascension, Ger. Him-
melfahrt, Aussteiguug), the
ascension to Heaven of
Christ after the Entomb-
ment (Acts i. 9-11).
By P. 1'erugino, Lyons
Museum, France ; wood,
transferred to canvas ; fig-
ures nearly life size. Christ,
draped below the waist, and
attended by angels, two on
each side, is supported by
two other angels in a glory
of cherubs' heads. He
points upward with both
hands, where two seraphs
attend the Eternal, in a cir-
cular glory of same kind,
in benediction ; below, the
Virgin, SS. Peter and Paul,
and Apostles looking up-
ward. Formerly central
part of great altarpiece of
S. Pietro, Perugia ; taken
to Paris and cleaned in 1815, and given to II Redentore, Venice ; Rubens, Jesuits'
Lyons by Pius VH— C. & C., Italy, ii. Church, Antwerp (burned, 1718).
205. ASCLEPIODORUS, painter, sculptor, and
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; writer on art, Athens, second half of 4th
canvas. Christ ascending, sustained by j century ac. Praised by Apelles for skill in
angela Beneath, a sort of epitome of ' rendering the relative proportions of objects,
events preceding the ascension ; in ilia- and regarded by him as his superior in com-
tance, two apostles going to Emmaus ; position. His picture of the twelve great
nearer, a group round a table set in a gods was purchased by Muasou, tyrant of
Ascension, by P«rugino, Lyons MuMum.
71
ASIIER
Elatea, for 360 talents.— Pliny, xxxv. 36, 69
[107] ; Brunn, ii. 256.
ASHEK, LOUIS, born in Hamburg, June
28, 1804, died there, March 7, 1878. His-
tory and genre painter ; pupil in Hamburg
of Gerdt Hardorf and of Leo Lehmann,
then from 1821 at the Dresden Academy,
and in Diisseldorf under Cornelius, whom,
in 1825, he followed to Munich. In 1827
he returned to Hamburg ; settled in Ber-
lin in 1830 ; visited Italy in 1832 and
1839. Works : Roman Woman at the Well,
Maria 1'Ortolana, King Lear and Cordelia
- (1854), Hamburg Gallery ; St. Ce-
J5T ci^a' Resurrection (1851); Albanian
ty-V Shepherd Family (1835) ; Roman
• *•• Shepherd Boy, Ave Maria, Portrait
of Jenny Liud. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 306.
ASKEVOLD, ANDERS MONSSEN, born
in Parish of Askevold, Bergen, Norway, Dec.
25, 1834. Landscape and animal painter,
pupil of Reusch in Bergen, and in 1855, of
Gude in Diisseldorf. Spent four years in
Paris after 1860. Studio at Bergen. His
favourite subjects are the Norwegian moun-
tain pastures ; the figures in them are less
successful than the cattle, which he repre-
sents with rare truthfulness. — Meyer, Kiiust.
Lex., ii. 329.
ASPER, HANS, born in Zurich in 1499,
died March 21, 1571. German school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, held in much re-
pute by his fellow citizens, and elected
member of the great council, in 1545. Of
his numerous facade decorations but one, a
lion with shield 011 the Kyborg Castle door,
has been preserved. His portraits are ear-
nest and careful, though dry and uninterest-
ing. Works : Portraits of Zwingli and
Daughter, City Library, Zurich ; «r -r.
three portraits (1538), Artists' Asso- }/T\
ciation, Zilrich ; three do. in a pri-
vate collection at Solothurn. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., i. 331 ; W. & W., ii. 484.
ASPERTINI, AMICO, born in Bologna
about 1475, died in 1552. Bolognese school ;
probably pupil of Ercole Roberti Grandi and
Lorenzo Costa. Was a very rapid painter, who
filled the porticoes and covered the facades
of many churches in his native city ; travel-
led in Italy and left many works, the earli-
est in St. Cecilia, Bologna. Between 1506
and 1510 he painted frescos in S. Frediano,
Lucca, and in 1514 the front of the library
of S. Michele in Bosco. His composi-
tions are poor in arrangement, his figures
strained in action, and his flesh tones red
and fiery. As a sculptor his only known
work, produced in 1526, is the Dead Christ
in the Arms of Nicode-
i /\ mus in the lunette of
, 0 the great portal of S.
I . Petronius, Bologna. He
, U ) /• showed signs of insan-
•rfl ' »l1 I
£• ' {
»
\Q *
.
*^ toward the close of
his life. Among his
works are : Adoration
of Shepherds, Berlin
V Museum ; Rape of Sa-
bines, Madrid Museum;
Madonna and Saints,
fy\ 0 Lucca Gallery. His
brother, Guido Asper-
\ tini, painted an Adora-
tion of the Magi, Bo-
logna Gallery.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 575 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 4, 84 ; ed. Mil., v.
179; Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., ii. 337; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Gualandi, Mem.,
1st Series, 33 ; 2d do., 9, 11 ; 3d do., 178.
ASSCHE, HENRI VAN, born in Brus-
sels, Aug. 30, 1774, died there, April 10,
1841. Landscape painter, first instructed
by his father, an amateur artist, then pupil
of J. B. de Roy ; visited Italy, Holland,
Germany, and Switzerland ; painted espe-
cially waterfalls with great skill. Mem-
ber of Ghent, Brussels, Antwerp, and Am-
sterdam Academies. Several medals. Or-
der of Leopold, 1836. Works : Storm
(1805), Antwerp Museum ; Falls at Toccai,
Switzerland, View of a Mill, Brussels Mu-
seum ; View near Brussels during Storm,
Bruges Museum ; Rhine View, Falls near
Rochefort, Haarlem Museum. His niece and
pupil, Isabella v. A. (bom in Brussels, Nov.
ASSEI.T
23, 1794) was also a good landscape painter,
won first prize by Ghent Academy in 182'J.
Work : View of Boitsfort near Brussels,
National Gallery, Amsterdam. — Biog. nat
de Belgique, i. 500 ; Messager des Sciences,
etc. (1841), 293 ; Meyer, KOnsL Lex., ii. 344.
ASSELT, JOHANNES VAN DER, flour-
ished 13G4-1386, at Ghent. Flemish school ;
the earliest Flemish painter whose name is
known to us. Employed by Louis de Male,
Count of Flanders ; afterward by Philip the
Hardy, of Burgundy. Probably painted the
frescos in the chapel of Notre Dame, Cour-
trai, full lengths of the Counts of Flanders
since Philip d 'Alsace, now greatly injured. —
Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., ii. 347 ; C. & C., Flem-
ish Painters, 12.
ASSELYX (Asseliu), JAN, called Kralv
betje, born at
D i e p e n in
1010, died in
Amsterdam in
16GO. Dutch
school ; laud-
scape painter,
pupil of Esaias
van de Velde ;
resided in
Rome from
1G30 to 1645,
where he was
influenced by
Jan Miel and Pieter van Laar. Works :
View of the Tiber, Landscape with Travel-
lers, and two other pictures, Louvre ; Swan
Defending her Nest, Landscape, National
Gallery, Amsterdam ; Italian Landscape,
^~7\ Brussels Museum ; Ruined Cas-
/ I tie, Munich Gallery ; Woman and
J-4 ' Cattle, Sir Th. Baring, England.
J I - Kugler (Crowe), ii. 445 ;
^ A Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 348 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole hollandaise.
ASSERETO (Axareto), GIOVACCHINO,
born in Genoa, about 1600, died there, July
28, 1649. Pupil of Luziano Borzone and of
Ansaldo. From his sixteenth year he painted
ultarpieces for churches and monasteries in ]
| Genoa, and in 1639 went to Rome ; after Ins
return painted chiefly frescos ; was in his
time the best {winter in Genoa. — Meyer,
; Kiinst. Lex., ii. 351 ; Lavice, Musvcs dltalic,
! 114.
ASSISI, ANDREA D . See Inyegno.
ASSMUS, ROBERT, bom at Stuhm,
West Prussia, Dec. 25, 1K42. Landscape
! painter ; studied from nature and after
Calamc ; went to Berlin in 1H59, and was
much impressed by the works of Trogon
and Lessing. Supported himself by work-
ing for illustrated papers, until after the
war of 1870-71, when lie took up landscape-
painting, settled in Munich, visited Upper
Italy, Hungary, the B:iltic Sea, Switzerland,
etc., and published an illustrated work.
Alsace-Lorraine, which was most favourably
received. Works : The Gemmi Pass, Wood
Lake, View near Stuttgart, Village in the
Carpathian Mountains, Aussee, Landscape
in Lorraine, On the Banks of the AVcichsel,
Evening, Windmills in a Storm. — Meyer,
Kflnst. Lex., ii. 354 ; Midler, 19.
ASSUMPTION (Fr. Assomption, ItiiL
Assunzione, Sp. Asuncion, Ger. Maria Him-
melfahrt), the ascension to Heaven of the
Virgin after death, according to the legend
of the Latin and (Jreek churches.
Bv Fra Bartoiommeo, Besam/on Cathedral,
France. The Virgin and Child on a throne
carried by Angels in clouds ; below, left,
SS. John Baptist, Sebastian, and Stephen ;
right, the patron Jean Carondelet, knee-ling,
and behind him St. Bernard and another
aiint. Of the master's best time. Placed
first by Jean Carondelet, archbishop of Pa-
lermo, in his family chapel in S. Ktienne,
Besam;on ; after his death (1544) cnme into
cathedral. — C. <k C., Italy, iii. 477.
By Fra liart<ilvmm<-<>, Naples Museum ;
wood, arched, figures life size. The Virgin,
rising to heaven, rests one foot on the head
of a little angel whose hands ore crossed
under his chin ; below, SS. John and Cath-
erine of Alexandria, the latter holding a
palm, kneel at her tomb, which is filled with
flowers. Painted in 151G for S. M. in Cas-
73
ASSUMPTION
tello, Prato ; on suppression of church sold
for six scudi to Giulio Porini, chancellor of
Florence ; sold by him to an Englishman in
Florence, who transferred it to Mr. Milton
for 150 zecchini ; the latter disposed of it
to Pius VI. for 3000 Roman crowns ; disap-
peared from Rome at time of invasion, and
long supposed to be lost. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 193 ; Marchese, ii. 117 ; C. & C., Italy,
iii. 470 ; Lavice, 200.
By Sandro Botticelli, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 5
in. Below, the Apostles round the tomb of
the Virgin, with the donor and his wife,
and views of Florence and Pistoja in back-
ground ; above, the Coronation of the Vir-
gin, and below that three circles in the sky,
each formed of ^three rows of figures — the
Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, Evangelists,
Martyrs, Confessors, Doctors, Virgins, and
Hierarchs. Painted for S. Pietro Maggi- '
ore, Florence, on commission of Matteo
Palmieri, who gave the whole scheme for
the work. Vasari says the painter and his
patron were charged with heresy, and the
work was interdicted and covered from view.
Hamilton Palace sale (1882), £-4777 10s.—
Waagen, Art Treasures, iii. 296 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., 314.
By Agostiuo Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 10 ft. 2 in. x G ft. 1 in. The
Virgin in glory, upheld by angels ; below,
the Apostles around the tomb. Formerly
in S. Salvatore, Bologna ; carried to Paris
in 1796 ; returned to Bologna in 1815.
Engraved by Mitelli ; G. Wagner ; G. Asioli.
— Pinac. di Bologna, PL 64 ; Landon, Mu-
see, ii. PI. 40.
By Auuibale Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. The Virgin
in the clouds, borne up and surrounded by
angels ; below, the disciples around the
empty tomb gazing upward in wonder and j
awe. From the suppressed church of S.
Francesco, Bologna. Engraved by Mitelli ;
Rosaspina. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 9.
By Aunibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. 8 in. The
Virgin in glory above, with an angel choir ;
, below, the Apostles around the tomb — a
Roman sarcophagus near a ruined temple.
Painted for the chapel of S. Rocco, Reggio ;
removed to Este Gallery, and thence to
Dresden. Engraved by J. Camerata. — Gal.
Roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 19.
By Correggio, Cathedral of Parma ; fresco
on ceiling of cupola. The Virgin, borne
aloft on luminous clouds by numberless an-
gels, is received in the heavens by the Arch-
angel Gabriel and by joyous groups of an-
gels and saints ; below, within a parapet,
which appears to form an encircling socle to
the dome, are the Apostles, standing be-
tween the windows, mostly in groups of
two ; behind them are genii holding cande-
labra, swinging censers, and pouring per-
fumes ; in the four divisions of the dome,
borne on clouds by genii, stand the four
patron saints of Parma, John Baptist,
Thomas, Hilary, and Bernard. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iv. Ill ; Heaton, Correggio, 166.
By Guercino, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
The Madonna surrounded by angels rises on
a cloud to heaven, with her eyes raised.
Below her the Apostles stand round an
empty tomb adorned with a bas relief.
Painted in 1623 at Bologna for Alessandro
Tanari. Considered one of the painter's
masterpieces. — Amorinici, Vita di Franc.
Barbieri, 44.
By Guido Reni, Munich Gallery ; silk
cloth, H. 9 ft. x 6 ft. 4 in. The Virgin,
with outstretched arms, standing upon
clouds, upborne and surrounded by angels,
is rising heavenward in a glory of light.
The best example of Guide's manner of
treating the theme. — Jameson.
By Andrea Mantegna, Trivulzi Gallery, Mi-
lan ; canvas, figures life size ; signed, dated
1497. The Virgin and Child in an ellip-
tical glory in the sky, above a landscape ;
at the sides, SS. John Baptist, Romualdo,
and a bishop ; three boy angels in front.
Dimmed by repeated varuishings. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, i/409.
By Murillo, Alfred Fletcher, Allerton
74
ASSI'MI'TION
Hall, Liverpool, Eng ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 5 works.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. Mt\ • C. Si C.,
ft. 4 in. The Virgin soars upward, with her N. Italy, iii. 207.
left hand raised ; sis cherubs at her feet By Pietro 1'eruginn, Florence Academy ;
and many heads above ; seven Apostles wood, arched, H. 13 ft, 4 in. x 7 ft 9 in. ;
around sarcophagus, which contains a white signed, dated 1500. The Virgin seated in
rose. Formerly in Capuchin Convent, clouds, surrounded by seraphs and a choir
Genoa ; bought at Walsh
Porter sale (1810), £730.
—Curtis, 140.
By Muri/ln, Earl of
Northbrook, London ; can-
vns, octagonal, 1 ft. 1 in.
x 1 ft. 1 in. The Virgin
upborne ou clouds ; be-
low, the twelve Apostles
and two Marys around
the open tomb. — Stirling,
iii. 1419 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 181 ; Curtis, 139.
By Murillo, Sir Kichard
Wallace, Bart., London ;
canvas, about 2 ft. (5 in. x 2
ft. The Virgin seated ou
clouds, surrounded by
cherubs ; below, the sar-
cophagus, with the three
Marys kneeling behind it;
five Apostles on left, and
seven on right. From
Stowe collection. — Curtis,
140 ; Waageu, Treasures,
ii. 153.
By Murillo, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; canvas,
H. G ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in.
The Virgin, standing on
clouds, with right hand
outstretched ; below, thir-
teen cherubs ; above, ten
heads. From Houghton
/-i n i i .— , Assumption, Rubtni, Antwerp Cathedral.
Gallery; appraised at £700
when Lord Orford's pictures were sold to | of angels playing instruments ; above, the
Empress of Russia. Engraved by Val. Eternal, with seraphs and angels ; below,
Greene in 1766.— Curtis, 140 ; Cat. Hermi- Cardinal S. Bernardo degli Uberti, S. Gio.
tage, 130. (iualberto, St. Benedict, and Archangel
By Pietro Peruyino, Cappella Rabatta, Michael. Painted for church at Vallom-
SS. Annunziata de' Servi, Florence, painted brosa ; removed to Academy in 1810 on
about 1502. Not one of the master's best suppression of monastery by the French
ASSUMPTION
government. One of Perugiuo's best -works.
Engraved by F. Livy. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
577 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 215 ; Gall, dell'
Acead. di Firenze, PI. 51.
By Nicholas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H.
1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. The Virgin stand-
ing, her eyes upraised and arms extended,
is sustained on clouds by four angels ; be-
low, a vast plain with a city's towers in dis-
tance. Pciinted in 1650 for M. de Mauroy,
Ambassador of France at Rome ; passed
thence to crown. Engraved by J. Pesne ;
G. Duquey ; Laugier (1815) ; P. Bettelini
in Musee Franc;ais ; Annedouche. — Kcveil, i.
15 ; Filhol, viii. 5C1 ; Landon, iii. 60.
By Girolamo Ilomanino, S. Alessandro,
Bergamo ; canvas, arched, life size. The
Virgin ascending amidst angels ; above, the
Eternal ; below, the Apostles around the
tomb. Painted about 1525-30.— C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 389.
By Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral ; wood,
arched, H. 13 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. The Virgin,
ascending seated on clouds, surrounded by
a host of angels, some of whom bear the
skirt of her robe and mantle, while others
have wreaths and palms in their hands, and
two are soaring to place a chaplet on her
head ; below, the Apostles and three wo-
men, assembled at the deserted tomb, which
stands in front of the open sepulchre. Car-
ried off by the French and placed in the
Louvre, whence returned in 1815. En-
graved by Bolswert. — Smith, ii. 6.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas, H.
17 ft. 2 in. x 10 ft. 11 in. The Virgin as-
cending, with twelve angels floating among
the clouds beneath her and many cherubim
above ; below, the Apostles and holy women
visiting the deserted tomb. Painted for
Cathedral of Notre Dame, Brussels, but, be-
ing found too small, bought by Jesuits for
their church. Carried to France ; returned
in 1815 and placed in Museum. Engraved
by Bolswert, Loemans. — Smith, ii. 20.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
13 ft. 1 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. The Virgin as-
cending, attended by numerous angels ;
above, the Saviour welcoming her with open
arms ; below, the Apostles and holy women
arcmnd the tomb. Formerly in Notre Dame
de la Chapelle, Brussels. Engraved by P.
Pontius, Masson. — Smith, ii. 61.
By Rubens, Vienna Museum ; wood, H.
14 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 8 in. The Virgin ascending,
accompanied by a vast company of angels ;
below, the Apostles surrounding the tomb,
Assumption, Andrea del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
at the side of which are three women, two
of whom are showing flowers taken off the
winding sheet, while Mary Magdalen leans
on the shoulder of one of them. Bought at
Antwerp in 1774, with another picture, for
18,000 florins.— Smith, ii. 88.
By Andrea del Sarto, Madrid Museum ;
wood, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Bought for
£230 from collection of Charles I. of England,
and sent by Philip IV. to Escorial, whence
brought to Museum. — Cat. Museo del Prado.
ASSUMPTION
By Andrea del Sarto, Pal. Pitti, Florence; from tlie tomb, half leaning on an angel ;
wood, arched, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x fi ft. 11 in. ' above, a circle of cherubs and angeln.
The Virgin seated in clouds surrounded by ; Once a noble picture, but now ruined by
angels ; below, the Apos-
tles grouped around the
sepulchre ; in front, kneel-
ing, a female saint and.
Saint Nicholas of Ban.
Painted about 1526 for H.
Antonio del Poggio, Cor-
tona, whence taken to Flor-
ence in 1G39 by Ferdinand
H— Vasari, ed" Mil., v. 34 ;
C. & C., Italy, iii. 578.
By Andrea del Sarto,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
wood, arched, H. 11 ft. 10
in. x G ft. 7 in. The Virgin
seated in clouds surround-
ed by angels ; below, the
Apostles urouud the open
tomb. The Apostle in
front, looking at the spec-
tator, is Andrea himself.
Ordered by Bartolommeo
Panciatichi, but left unfin-
ished by Andrea at his
death (1531). Acquired
for the Pitti by Grand
Duke Pietro Leopoldo. " A
masterpiece for lightness,
aerial perspective, and fin-
ish "(C. «feC.). Engraved
by Paradisi. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., v. 33 ; C. & C., Italy,
iii. 577; Gal. du Pal. Pitti,
iii. PI. 115.
By Saxsoferralo, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 2
ft. 10 in. The Virgin, in
a glory, standing upon
clouds, her hands joined,
and eyes raised ; below,
three cherubs' heads, and, A»umption, TO».
on each side, three others placed symmetri- restoration. — Raskin, Stones of Venice, iii.
cally.— Villot, Cat. Louvre. I 332.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ven- By Titian, Cathedral of Verona : canva
ice; canvas. The Madonna ascending arched on top, figures in foreground life size.
77
ASSUNZIONE
The Virgin sitting in light on the clouds
above the tomb, around which the Apostles
are grouped gazing upward ; St. Thomas
catches her girdle as it falls. Painted in ,
1543 ; carried to France close of last cen- {
tury and returned in 1815. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 69 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 229 ; Vasori, ed.
Mil., vii. 445 ; Burckhardt, 720 ; Landon,
Musee, viii. PI. 11.
By Titian, Venice Academy ; wood, arched
at top, 22 ft. 8 in. X 11 ft. 9 in. ; signed. The
Virgin, with hands upraised and eyes turned
towards heaven, from which the Eternal wel-
comes her with outstretched arms, is ascend-
Burial of Atala, Girodet de Roussy, Louvre.
ing attended by a swarm of cherubs and
angels arranged in a circle of clouds around
her ; below, the Apostles, in shadow, are
grouped around the tomb, gazing upward
with awe-stricken faces. Painted in 1516-18
for the high altar of S. M. dei Frari, Venice,
where it was first exposed to public view,
March 20, 1518. So dimmed even in the
16th century by candle-smoke and other
causes that Vasari says it could scarcely be
seen. The French did not think it worth
carrying to Pai'is. Since removal to Acad-
emy, somewhat injured by cleaning and ex-
tensive repainting in lower part ; upper part
fairly preserved. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 436;
C. & C., Titian, i. 211; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 534 ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PI. 58 ; Burck-
hardt, 716 ; Lavice, 464 ; Viardot, 331.
Subject treated also by Moretto, Brera,
Milan ; Pinturicchio, Naples Museum ; Ru-
bens, Palazzo Coionna, Koine, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna; Palma Vecchio, Venice Acad-
emy ; Taddeo Bartoli, Berlin Museum ; Fra
Bartolommeo (attributed), Berlin Museum,
Earl of Warwick ; Francisco de Ribalta,
Valencia Museum ; Ambrogio Borgognone,
Brera, Milan ; Paolo Veronese, Venice Acad-
emy; Giovanni Moroni, Brera, Milan ; Tin-
toretto, Gesuiti, Venice ; Giorgio Vasari, Ba-
dia, Florence ; Domenico
Ghirlaudajo, S. M. Novella,
Florence ; Bernardo Po-
cetti, S. FelicitA, ib.
ASSUNZIONE. See As-
sumption.
AST, BALTHAZAR VAN
DER, first half of 17th cen-
tury, died at Delft after
1650. Dutch school ; still-
life painter, master of St.
Luke's guild at Utrecht in
1619 and still living there
in 1629. Works: Apple
Blossoms with Insects,
Fruit-pieces (2), Berlin
Museum ; Fruit-piece,
Dresden Gallery ; Others
in Amalienstift, Dessau
and Gotha Gallery. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii. 3.55.
ASTRONOMERS, Giorgione. See Chal-
dean Sages.
ASTRONOMY, Eapliael, Camera della
Segnatura, Vatican ; fresco, on ceiling. Fe-
male figure, leaning over a celestial globe,
gazing at the planets ; on each side a little
genius holding a tablet. Painted in 1511.
— Passavant, ii. 90 ; Muntz, 349.
ATALA, BURIAL OF, Girodet de Roussy,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 8 f t. 9 in.
Scene from Chateaubriand's Atala (Genie du
christianisme). At the entrance to a grotto,
Chactas and Father Aubry are about to Jay
78
ATA LA NT A
in a grave, which they have dug, the body
of Atalo, whose hands, joined upon her
breast, hold a cross. Salon, 1808 ; acquired
in 1818, with Endymion and the Deluge, for
50,000 fr. Engraved by Roger ; R U. Mas-
sard. — Re' veil, i. 5.
ATALANTA AND MELEAGER, Itubens,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 1 in. x 8
ft. 6 in. Atalauta and Meleager participat-
ing in the chase of the Calydonian boar ;
background a woody landscape. Collection
of Philip IV. — Mndrazo, Cat. Madrid Mus.
ATALANTA'S RACE, Edward J. Poyn-
Said by Pliny (xxrv. 40 [134]) to Iwvo been
compared to Nicias and even preferred to
him by some. He was more sombre in his
colouring than Nicias, yet more pleasing.
Among his works were, at Eleusis a Phyl-
archus, and at Athens a Synzenicon (family
group) ; Ulysses Detecting Achilles in Fe-
male Costume ; and Groom Leading a Horse,
which contributed more to his fame than
any other of his pictures. Pliny adds that
if Atheuion had not died young, no one
would have been comparable to him. —
Brunn, ii. 294.
March of Attiia, Raphael, Stanza d'EliodOto, Vatican.
ter. Atalanta, when her father desired her
to marry, made it a condition that each of
her suitors should contend with her in a
footrace, to be put to death in case she con-
quered him. Milauion, who had received
three golden apples from Venus, dropped I
them one after the other , and as Atalanta
stopped to pick them up, won the race.
Academy, 1876. Engraved by F. JouberL
ATHENA (Minerva), pictures. See An-
tiphilus, Cleanthes, Fabullus.
ATHENION, Greek painter, of Maronea
in Thrace, pupil of Glauciou of Corinth.
ATHENS, SCHOOL OF. See School of
Athens.
ATTILA, MARCH OF, Kapharl, Stanza
d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco. Attiia, King of
the Huns, marching with his savage hordes
towards Rome, is met by SS. Peter and Paul,
patrons of the holy .city, who appear in the
clouds, sword in hand ; this so terrifies At-
tiia (on the black horse in the middle) that
he submits to the terms of Leo L (portrait
of Leo X. ), who is on a white horse at the
left, surrounded by his retinue. Runted in
1540 ; in allusion to the expulsion of the
TO
AUBERT
French from Italy. Studies in Louvre and
at Oxford. Engraved by Volpato ; S. Bern-
ard ; P. Anderloiii ; F. Coliguon. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv., 347; Miintz, 366 ; Passavant, i.
146 ; Springer, 204 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii.
435 ; Gruyer, Fresques, 215 ; Perkins. 135.
AUBERT, AUGUSTIN RAYMOND, born
in Marseilles, Jan. 23, 1781, died there, Nov.
5, 1857. History, portrait, and landscape
painter ; pupil of Guenin at Marseilles, and
of Peyron in Paris. In 1804 returned to
Marseilles, and in 1810, was made director
of the school of drawing and of the Museum ;
in 1845 he retired to his country seat near
Marseilles, where he died. Exercised much
influence upon art in his native city and
educated a number of able pupils. "\Vorks :
Noah's Sacrifice (1817), Marseilles Museum ;
Visit of the Virgin to S. Elizabeth (1822),
Glorification of Christ (1838), Annunciation
(1827), Martyrdom of St. Paul (1836),
Church of St. Paul, Beauvais. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 371.
AUBERT, ERNEST JEAN, born in Paris,
in 1824. Genre painter, pupil of Paul De-
laroche and in engraving of Martinet. Won
the prix de Rome for engraving in 1844,
and lived five years in Italy. Devoted him-
self chiefly to engraving until 1853, when he
turned his attention to lithography and
afterward to painting. Medals for painting :
3d class, 1861; 2d class, 1878. Works:
Confidence (1861) ; Martyrs under Diocle-
tian (1863) ; Youth (1865) ; Early Breakfast
(1867) ; Broken Thread (1872) ; At the
Fountain (1875) ; Coming Love (1877) ; Le
JEAN
barde Hyvarnion et Ravanone (1883) ; Menu
de 1'Amour (1884) ; Aurora Cools the Wings
of Love (1885).
AUBLET, ALBERT, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History and portrait painter ;
pupil of Jacquaud and of Gerome. Medals :
3d class, 1880; 2d class, Munich, 1883.
' Works : The Siesta, Interior of a Stable,
Interior of a Courtyard, Farm at Treport
(1874) ; Men of the Reserve in a Barrack
at Cherbourg (1879) ; Selene (1879) ; Meet-
ing of Henri III. and the Due de Guise
(1880) ; Inhaling Room at Mont-Dore
(1881) ; Dancing Dervishes at Scutari (1882) ;
j On the Beach, Treport (1883); Nero Poison-
! ing Slaves (1876), St. FJienne Museum ;
Esqui Djamlidja — Broussa (1884) ; Bathing
Time at Treport (1885).
AUBRY, fiTIENNE, bom in Versailles,
Jan. 10, 1745, died in Paris, July 21, 1781.
Portrait and genre painter, pupil of J. G.
Silvestre and Joseph Vien. Member of the
Academy in 1775. His genre paintings of
*-* .. I 1779 show an incli-
CL J\ lArV^y nati°n to imitate
« J Greuze. Bore the
^•••^ title of painter to the
king. Portrait of the Artist, Louvre. — Mey-
er, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 378; Wurzbach, Fr.
Maler d. xviii. J., 40.
AUDEN-AERD (Audenaerde, Oude-
naerde), ROBERT VAN, born in Ghent,
Sept. 20, 1663, died there, June 3, 1743.
Flemish school ; history and portrait painter,
pupil of Frans van Mierop and of Jan van
Cleef, then of Carlo Maratti in Rome, where
for many years he was employed by his
patron, Cardinal Barbarigo ; returned to
Ghent in 1723, after an absence of thirty-
eight years. Works : Abbot and his Canons
in Chapter, Assumption (1725), Museum,
Ghent ; Assumption, St. Nicholas', ib.;
Martyrdom of St. Catherine, St. James', ib. ;
Christ among the Doctors, Petit-Beguinage,
ib. — Biog. nat. Belgique, i. 535; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 383.
AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, born in
Louisiana, May 4, 1780, died in New York,
Jan. 27, 1851. Animal painter ; studied
under David in Paris in 1795 or '96. Made
many expeditions down the Ohio and in
Florida to sketch birds ; visited Europe
again in 1826 and 1832; published, in
1828-44 his " Birds of America " and his
"Ornithological Biography," the former il-
80
AUERBACH
lustrated and coloured from his own draw-
ings. He projected also a work on the
"Quadrupeds of America," which was
finished by his sons after his death. The
New York Historical Society owns many of
Audubon's original drawings ; his Covey of
Blackcock and Canada Otter were in Phila-
delphia Exhibition, in 187G. — Mrs. Audubon,
Memoir (New York, 1869).
AUERBACH, JOHANN GOTTFRIED,
bornatMulhausen, Thuringia, Oct. 28, 1697,
died in Vienna, Aug. 3, 1753. German
school ; portrait painter, from about 1716 in
Vienna, where he became court painter in
1735 and member of the Academy in 1750.
Works : Portrait of Charles VI. ; Portrait of
Prince Eugene, Vienna Museum ; do. Salz-
dalum Gallery. — Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., ii. 43(5.
AUGUIN, LOUIS AUGUSTIN, born in
Rochefort, in 1824. Landscape painter,
pupil of Jules Coignet and Corot ; settled
in Bordeaux and has exhibited, since
1846, many landscapes of poetic character.
Medals at Vienna (1873) ; Paris, 3d class
(1880); 2d class (1884). Works: Fields
around Saintonge, June Day (1872) ; Evening
in the Valley (1873) ; Height of Aleucoh,
Banks of the Bramerie (1876) ; Dunes of
Montalivet (1883) ; Summer Day at Grande
Cote (1884).— Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., ii. 438.
AUGUSTIN, JEANBAPTISTE JACQUES,
born in SainlxDie, Lorraine, Aug. 15, 1759,
died in Paris, April 13, 1832. As a painter
of portraits, in miniature, of the most emi-
nent persons of his time, he attained a
European reputation, and educated a great
number of meritorious artists. In 1819
was appointed first painter to the king.
Exhibited at Paris from 1791 to 1831.
Works : Two portraits of Napoleon, Portrait
of Louis XVIEL, two female portraits (1815
and 1824), Sir Richard Wallace, London. —
Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., ii. 440.
AUGUSTINE, ST., Murillo, Joseph T.
Mills, Rugby, Warwickshire ; canvas, H. 5
ft. 10 in. x 4 ft 5 in. The Saint, in bishop's
robes, with mitre and crook, stands on sea-
shore conversing with a child who is trying
to fill a hole in sand with water taken from
sea in a shell According to the legend, the
child said he was going to empty the sea
into the hole. "Impossible," said the Bish-
op. "No more impossible," replied the
child, " than for you to explain the Trinity,
on which you are meditating." Louis
Philippe sale, £680. Same subject by San-
chez Coello in Escorial, Guercino in Madrid
Museum, and Garofalo in National Gallery
of London ; fresco attributed to Raphael in
Vatican.— Curtis, 219 ; Cat. Nat Gal. ; Stir-
ling.
By Murillo, George Tomline, Orwell Park,
Suffolk, England ; full-length, life size. The
Saint, in a robe lined with red, kneels in
ecstasy before a flaming heart which ap-
pears in clouds, with an inscription ; on
the floor, three books, a mitre, and a cro-
zier. Painted about 1678 for Convent of
S. Augustine, Seville ; taken to Paris by
Marshal Soult, who sold it about 1846 to
Mr. Tomliue. Dr. Waagen calls it the finest
single figure he knew by the master. Copy
in Cadiz Museum. — Waagen, Treasures, iii.
441 ; Curtis, 218.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; wood, H.
8 ft 3 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Saint, seated
behind a table, holding a pen over an open
book, beholds a vision of the Trinity, above
on his right, in a glory of cherubs and
heads. Painted about 1678 for Convent of
S. Augustine, Seville ; companion to above.
—Curtis, 217.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; wood, H.
8 ft 3 in. x 4 ft 4 in. The Saint, in
the habit of the Order of St Benedict,
kneeling, presents to Infant Jesus, seated
on lap of Virgin, a flaming heart which
the Child transfixes with a dart ; above,
cherubs and heads. Painted about 1678
for Convent of S. Augustine, near the Car-
mona Gate, Seville, which was suppressed
at the beginning of this century.— C. Ber-
mudez, ii. 60 ; Carta, 96 ; Ponz, Viage, is.
135 ; Curtis, 217.
AUGUSTUS AND THE FRIENDS OF
VIRGIL, liaphael, Camera della Segnatura,
ATTROEA
Vatican ; picture in grisaille, under the Par-
nassus, at right. Emperor Augustus pre-
venting the friends of Virgil, Tucca and
Varius, from burning the MS. of the .ZEneid,
and effect. Engraved by P. Pozzi (1880). —
Burckhardt, 773.
AURORA, Guido Reni, Palazzo Rospigli-
osi, Rome ; fresco, on the ceiling of the gar-
Aurora, Guercino, Palazzo Ludovisi, Rom
as the poet had directed ; on right, eight
other figures. Painted in 1511. — Passavant,
ii. 91.
AURORA, Guercino, Palazzo Ludovisi,
Rome. Painted on the ceiling of a casino
in the gardens of the villa. Apollo seated
in a car dragged above the clouds by heavy
mottled horses, is surrounded by the Hours.
den pavilion. Aurora precedes Phoebus,
who, sitting in a chariot drawn by horses,
is attended by the Hours, graceful figures
varied in action. Best work of the master
for composition and color. Engraved by
J. Frey ; Pasqualiui ; R. Morghen ; C.
Preisel. — Ch. Blanc, licole bolonaise ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 489 ; Lavice, 383.
Aurora, Guido Reni, Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome.
The fresco resembles that of the same sub- 1 AUSTERLITZ, BATTLE OF, Gerard,
ject by Guido at the Palazzo Rospigliosi, ! Versailles Museum ; fought, Dec. 2, 1805.
but is inferior to it in composition, color, ; Scene : Gen. Rapp, wounded, gallops to an-
AUTEIIOCIIE
nounce to the Emperor, who is seated on 1824, to Florence in 1826, but returned to
his horse surrounded by his staff and by offi- Rome, and thence to Paris. Was associate
cers of the enemy made prisoners, the de- of the Institute, officer of the Legion of
feat of the Russian Imperial Guard. Painted Honour, and knight of the Order of St
in 1808: Salon, 1810. Engraved by Blanch- Michael Works: Jealousy of (Enone, 8t
ard. — Landon, Musee, Salon de 1810, PI. ; Louis Captive, Banquet of Damoclea, SL
37-40 ; Gal. de Versailles, iv. No. 797. j Paul in Athens (1827) ; Sacrifice of Guutier
AUTEROCHE, ALFRED, born in Paris \ de ChatUlon (1827), Cambrai Museum ;
in 1831. Landscape and animal painter ; Spartan Fugitive, Raising of Pepin the Short
pupil of Brascassat and of L. Cogniet. to the Throne, Mcleager's Death, Valen-
Works : Cattle (Wm. Astor, N. Y.), Large j ciennes Museum. — Meyer, Kflnst Lex.,
Oak, Pasture on Coast of Nonnandy (1868) ; ii. 452 ; Lejeune, iii. 14.
Pasture near Trouville, Little Shepherdess ! AUZOU, PAULINE, born in Paris, March
(1874) ; Ravine of MandaUles, The Prairie 24, 1775, died there, May 15, 1835. History
(1879) ; Brood Mares (1880) ; Dogs and and portrait painter ; pupil of Regnault, ex-
Sheep in South Jersey (1882). j celled especially in female portraits ; first
AUTISSIER, LOUIS MARIE, bom in exhibited at Salon in 1793. Early subjects
Vannes, Brittany, Feb. 8, 1772, died in taken from Greek history. Works : Arrival
Brussels, Sept. 4, 1830. Studied with j of Marie Louise in Cotnptegne (1810), Mario
Vautrin, and at fourteen by himself from Louise Taking Leave of her Family, Versailles
nature. Served two years in the army, ! Gallery ; Agnes de Mlranie (1808) ; Diana
then went to Paris and afterwards to Brus- of France and Montmorency (1814); Por-
sels, where he painted miniatures, and to traits of Volney (1795), Regnault (1800),
Holland. In 1817 he painted William L, Picard the Elder (1806).— Meyer, KOimL
King of the Netherlands ; exhibited at Lex., ii. 454.
Paris in 1820-22.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii..
449.
AUTOBOLUS, painter. See Olympian.
AUTOMEDON, Henri Itegnault, S. A.
Coale, Jr., St. Louis, Mo.; canvas, H. 10 ft
4 in. x 10 ft. 9 in. Automedou, charioteer
of Achilles, nude, struggling with the horses
of Achilles, Xanthus (chestnut) and Balius
(piebald), when about to yoke them to the
chariot for the use of Patroclus (II. xvi.).
Painted in Rome, 18G7 ; bought by L. P.
Morton, N. Y.; sold in 1882 to Mr. Coale
for $5,900. Placed in 1884 on exhibition in
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and will prob-
ably remain there. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America, iii. 121.
AUTUMN, N. Poussin. See Spies, Re-
turn of the.
AUVRAY, JOSEPH FF.UX HENRI,
born at Cambrai, March 31, 1800, died
there, Sept. 11, 1833. History painter;
AVALOS, ALFONSO D', ALLEGORY
Alltgory of Alfonso D'Av«lo», Titian, Lou««.
ULKU.UJ kjcuu J-x, j.»jw. *"*j j — __ 1/4, o / i
pupil of Valenciennes Academy and, in OF, TOwn, Louvre ; canvas,
Paris, of Gros (1820); went to Rome in 1 6 in. The Marquia del Vasto,
AVALOS
armour, about to go against the Turks,
parting from his wife, Mary of Aragon, but
consoled by Victory, Love, and Hymen.
Painted about 1533 ; from collection of
Louis XIV. Engraved by Natalis and Oort-
man. Variations of the subject in Vienna
Museum. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 442 ; C. &
C., Titian, i. 373 ; Filhol., x. PL 711 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Miindler, 210 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole venitienne.
AVALOS, ALFONSO D', ALLOCUTION
OF, Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft.
4 in. x 5 ft 5 in. The Marquis del Vasto,
in armour and a red mantle, with a baton
in one hand, gesticulates with the other to
a company of halberdiers on right ; his son
Francesco holds his helmet. Painted in
1541 ; was in 1G21 in the Alcazar of Madrid,
where it was injured by fii'e and repainted,
so that little remains of Titian's handling.
A similar picture in the Mantuan collection
passed to Charles I. of England. — C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 51 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 448.
AVALOS, ALFONSO D', Marquis del
Vasto, portrait, Titian, Cassel Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. 5 in.; signed. Full
length, in red doublet and hose and plumed
cap of a duke, with a spear in right hand ; |
at his feet on the right is a white dog, and
on the left Cupid raising aloft a plumed hel-
met ; background, a landscape. The title
d'Avalos, Marquis del Vasto, needs confir-
mation. Painted about 1550?— C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 427 ; Cassel Cat.
AVALOS, D', AND HIS PAGE? Titian,
Hampton Court ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 3
ft. 1 in. Seen to the knees, in armour, his
right hand on a table on which is his hel-
met ; a page to the right ties the laces of
his breast-plate. Called Marquis del Guasto
and Page in catalogue, but on slight
grounds. Features are not unlike those of
Duke of Alva in picture by Antonio Moro
in Windsor Castle.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 428 ;
Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 39 ; Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 414.
AVANZI (Davanzi) JACOPO, born in
Verona, second half of the 14th century.
Not to be confounded with his contemporary
Jacopo degli Avanzii of Bologna. Worked
at Verona and Padua, where he assisted
Altichiero da Zevio in painting the frescos
of the Chapel of S. Giorgio, and himself
painted the frescos of S. Michele, Padua,
which correspond in technic, though in-
ferior in composition. To the same paint-
er, who, with Altichiero, propagated the Gi-
ottesque style in the north of Italy, may be
attributed the fresco fragments of the Tri-
umph of Marius in the Hall of the Em-
peror, now Library, Padua. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., ii. 454; Schuaase (2d ed. 1876),
vii. 494 ; Ltibke, Gesch. d. ital. Mai., i.
20.
AVANZH, JACOPO DEGLI, latter half
of the 14th century. Bolognese school ;
imitated the second-hand followers of Giot-
to, and combined ugly types, exaggeration
of movement, and feeble execution. There
are a Crucifixion by him in the Palazzo Co-
lonua, Rome, and a Crucifixion and three
damaged panel pieces in the Bologna Gal-
lery ; also frescos at Mezzarata. He is not
to be confounded with the above nor with
Jacopo di Paolo Avanzi Bolognese, begin-
ning of the 15th century, Padua. — C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 212, 233 ; Bemasconi, Studj, v. 29 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii. 40, iv. 90 ; Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., ii. 455.
AVED, JACQUES ANDRF, JOSEPH,
born in Douai, Jan. 12, 1702, died in Paris,
March 4, 17G6. Portrait painter, pupil in
Paris (1721) of Alexis Simon La Belle, and
in Amsterdam of Picard, member of the
Academy in 1734. He was intimate with
Boucher, Chardiu, C. Van Loo, and the fore-
most artists of his time, and painted many
prominent men and women. Exhibited in
Salons in 1737-1759. Works : Portrait of
William IV., Amsterdam Museum ; of Mira-
beau, Louvre ; of the painters Cazes and de
Troy, £cole des B. Arts, Paris ; Madame de
Tencin, Valenciennes Museum ; Said Pasha,
Versailles Gallery ; Louis XV., J. B. Rous-
seau.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 458 ; Dus-
sieux, 254.
84
AVELLIXO
AVELLINO, GIULTO, or GIACINTO,
called II Messinese, born in Messina, about
the middle of 17th century, died in Ferrura,
Aug. 3, 1700. Neapolitan school ; pupil
of Salvator Rosa iii Naples ; returned to
Messina and married the daughter of Maffei,
his first teacher in perspective and architect-
ure. Having wounded a priest in a quarrel,
he fled to Naples, but pursued by the love
and jealousy of a woman, who attempted to
poison his wife, went to Rome, and after-
wards to Venice. After visiting other cities
he settled in Ferrara and there successfully
revived the art of landscape painting, which
had been extinct since the death of Dossi.
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 407.
AVERCAMP, HENDRIK, surnamed de
Stomme (Mute) van Kampen, born prob-
ably at Kampen on the Yssel about 1585 (?),
died about 1635 (?). Dutch school ; land-
scape painter, closely approaching the style
of W. Buytenvrecb. and E. van de Velde ;
painted chiefly winter landscapes. His
highly esteemed water-colour sketches and
drawings are in the Taylor Museum, Haar-
lem (8), Hamburg Gallery (4), Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort (10), Berlin Museum (3), j
Albertiua, Vienna (4). Works : Landscape,
Antwerp Museum ; River Landscape, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Landscape (1G20), Amali-
eustift, Dessau ; Dutch Kirmess on the Ice
(2), Dresden Gallery ; Frozen River with
Skaters (2), Berlin Museum ; Winter Land-
scape, Schwerin Gallery. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., ii. 469.
AVERNUS, LAKE, the Fates, and the \
Golden Bough, J. M. W. Turner, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 5 '
ft. 4 in. Lake Avernus, near Cuniie, Italy,
with Baiae and Vesuvius in distance. Sup-
posed to be fed by the Acheron, the river of
the infernal regions — hence the entrance to
Hades. The golden bough was a branch of
the tree of Proserpine which, when plucked
by the favour of the Fates, enabled mortals
to visit and return from Hades (jEneid, VL),
Royal Academy, 1834 ; Vernon Collection,
1847. Engraved by T. A. Prior, J. T. Will-
more. — Cat Nat. Gal.; Hamerton,' Life.
AVONT, PEETER VAN DEN, born at
Mechlin, baptized Jan. 14, 1600, died at
Deurne, near Antwerp, Nov. 1, 1652. Flem-
ish school ; history and landscape painter,
master of Antwerp guild in 1622-23, be-
came a citizen of Antwerp in 1G31. Often
supplied the landscapes of Vinck-Boons,
Jan Brueghel the elder and the younger,
Lucas van Uden, Jan Wildeus, J. d'Arthois,
Luc. Achtschellinck, and Lod. de Vadder with
delicately painted small figures. Works :
Holy Family, St. James', Antwerp ; Madon-
na, St. Nicholas' Chapel, ib.; do. and Angels
in a Landscape, Ghent Museum ; Wooded
Landscape with Holy Family, do. with Ma-
donna and St. John, Flora with Genii, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Landscape with Diana Aim-
ing at Mother with two Children, Madonna
and Angels, Silenus and Bacchus, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib. ; Holy Family and Angels,
Munich Gallery. — Kramm, i. 36 ; Meyer,
Ktlnst, Lex., ii. 479.
AXARETO. See Assereto.
AZE, ADOLPHE, born in Paris, March
6, 1822, died there, March 25, 1884. His-
tory painter, pupil of Robert-Fleury ; vis-
ited Italy and the East and first exhibited in
the Salon in 1845. Medals : 3d class, 1851,
1863. Works: Diana Surprised by Endy-
miou ; Council of Cardinals (1851), Rodez
Museum ; Jean Goujon Decorated by Duke
of Anjou(1855), Bagui'res-<le-Bigorre Muse-
um ; Cosimo de Medicis Assassinating his
Son in the Streets of Venice ; Interview be-
tween Philip II. and Don Carlos. — Chrou-
ique des Arts (1884), 105.
AZEGLIO (Massimo TapareUi), MAR-
CHESE D', born in Turin, Oct 24, 1798,
died there, Jan. 15, 1866. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of M. Verstappeu in
Rome ; excelled especially in landscapes,
which he enlivened with figures. In 1833
he exhibited in Milan seventeen pictures
which were most favourably received. Prime
S3
BAADE
minister of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel
and distinguished also as a scholar. Works :
Fight of Italian and French Knights at
Barletta, Origin of the Sforza Family, Ulys-
ses Received by Nausicaa, My Wood, Battle
of Legnauo. — Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., ii. 494.
BAADE, KNUD, born near Stavenger,
Norway, March 28, 1808, died in
Munich, Nov. 24, 1879. Landscape
and marine painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy in 1827-30. After painting por-
traits in Christiania, went to Dresden, where
he studied under Dahl in 183G-39 ; went
again to Dresden in 1843 and settled in Mu-
nich in 1846. He was Swedish court painter
and member of the Stockholm Academy.
Works : Moonlight Night on Nor-
U? wegian Coast, Christiania Gallery;
do., Munich Gallery ; Steamboat on
the Cliffs.— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 179; Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 194 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii.
499 ; Regnet, i. 11.
BAADER, LOUIS MARIE, born at Lan-
nion, June 20, 1828. History and genre
painter ; pupil of Yvou and of the Ecole
des Beaux Arts. After treating antique
subjects, exhibited in Salons in 1866-68,
his humorous picture of a man shaving a
poodle dog (The Toilette) had great success
in the Salon of 1873. Medal 1866 ; 3d class,
1874. Works : Destruction of Camulodu-
num ; Hero and Leander ; Ulysses and Nau-
sicaa ; Salmacis and Hermaphrodites ; Post-
humous Fame (1874) ; Savoyard's Lyre, Re-
morse, Tinker, Episode in Sparta (1877);
Mistake, Faience Mender (1878). — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 500 ; Miiller, 20 ; Kunst-
Chronik, viii. 86.
BAAGE, CARL EMIL, bom in Copen-
hagen, Aug. 22, 1829. Marine painter, pupil
of Copenhagen Academy ; visited Iceland
and Norway and made several cruises on
royal men-of-war. Works : Vessels in the
Sund (1855) ; Frigate Facing Storm in the
Atlantic (1872).— Sigurd Mttller, 17; Weil-
bach, 38.
BABUREN, THEODOR VAN, born prob-
ably at Utrecht in 1570 (?), died there in
1G24 (?). Dutch school ; history and genre
painter, closely resembling G. Honthorst in
choice of subjects and realistic treatment.
Works: Entombment (1617), S. Pietro in
Montorio, Rome ; Portrait of Young Singer
(1623), Castle Langenstein near Halberstadt;
Clarinet Player, Conversation, Prometheus
Bound (1623); Adam and Eve; Bacchanal.
—Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 503.
BABYLONIAN MARRIAGE MARKET,
Edwin Long, Holloway Institute, Egham,
near London. The sale of a tall, fair damsel,
standing on a platform before a crowd of
Babylonians, whom her uncommon charms
have evidently stirred to the heart. At the
salesman's bidding she raises her white veil,
while a negress shifts the long light robe
from her torso, of which we see only the
back ; in front, a row of dusky beauties.
Royal Academy, 1875 ; C. Hermon sale
(1882), £6,615.— Art Journal (1875), 250 ;
Atheu., May, 1875, 490.
BACCHANAL, Giovanni Bdlini and Titian,
Alnwick Castle, England; canvas, 6 ft. square;
signed, dated 1514. The gods, feasting and
drinking in a woody glade ; background, a
rocky hill, with a castle — view of Cadore,
seen from the point of Previs. Begun in
1514 for Duke Alfonso of Ferrara by Bellini,
who sketched and dated it, but was pre-
vented from finishing on account of his
great age, says Vasari ; finished by Titian.
Was in the Ludovisi and Aldobrandini col-
lections, Rome, before going to England.
Much retouched.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 191;
Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 433 ; Campori, Tiziano
e gii Estense, Nuova Antologia, Nov. 1874 ;
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 412, 418.
By Dosso Dossi, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, 4 ft. 9 in. square. A motley group of
ladies and gentlemen, some of them half
nude, pressing round a table on which lie
masks, musical instruments, etc. — Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 488.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. ; signed. Bacchantes
86
BACCHANTE
anil their companions celebrating an orgy ; bears a large vase. Engraved by E. Beis-
Ariatlne in foreground at right, insensible son ; V. della Bruna. — Wicar, ii. Part 13 ;
from wine ; in the distance the galley of Gal. du PaL Pitti, i. PI. G7; Lavice, 68.
Theseus sailing away. Painted in 1519-20
for Duke Alfonso of Ferrara ; same subse- j
By Velasquez. See Jiorrachos.
By Leonardo da Finci(?), Louvre ; canvas,
quent history as the Ven us Worship. Copy by H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. Seated on a stone,
Rubens in Royal Palace, Stockholm. — C. &
C., Titian, i. 231, 265 ;Sainsbury Papers, 823.
crowned with vine leaves and leaning on a
thyrsus. From collection of Louis XTV.
BACCHANTE, Annibale Carracci, Uffizi, i Ascribed, in inventory of the Restoration,
Florence ; canvas, life size. A bacchante, to a scholar of Leonardo. Passavant thinks
seen from behind, nearly nude, half reclining i it was originally a John Baptist in the Des-
under a tree, with a fly-
ing Cupid crowning her
with a wreath ; at left,
the god Pan offers her
a dish of grapes, while
a little satyr embraces
one of her legs. Paint-
ed for the Bologuetti
family, who sold it to
the Medici. Copy, for-
merly in Faruese collec-
tion, now in Naples Mu-
seum.— Malvasia, i. 378 ;
Molini, i. 53; Soc. Ed.
& Paris, Gall, de Firenze,
PI. 97; Museo Borbon-
ico, viii. PL 47 ; Lasinio,
i. PI. 16.
By George Romney,
National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 7
in. x 1 ft. 3 in. Bust por-
trait of Emma Lyon, af-
terwards Lady Hamilton, wife of Sir Wm.
Hamilton and mistress of Lord Nelson.
Painted about 1786 ; Vernon Collection.
Engraved by C. Hall.— Art Journal (1854),
88.
Bacchanal, Giovanni Bellini and Titian, Alnwick Castle, England.
BA.CCHIACCHA. See Ulx-rtini.
BACCHUS or Dionysus, ancient pictures.
See Ariatidett, Ctesilochus ; Liber, see Echion,
Nicias.
By Guido Reni, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
ert, as there is a picture like it, save the
crown of leaves, representing the Saint, in
S. Eustorgo, Milan ; the vine leaves and the
thyrsus are evidently additions. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iv. 60; Villot," Louvre; Rigollot, Hist,
des Arts, &c., j. 288 ; Heaton, 255 ; Gaz. des
Beaux Arts (1866), xx. 47.
BACCHUS AND ARIADNE, Claude Lor-
rain. See Ulysses and Nausicaa.
By Tintoretto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. Bacchus, ' canvas. Figures nude. Bacchus, crowned
half length, crowned with grapes and leaves,
bearing a salver and cup ; a wicker flask
hangs from his finger ; in front, a nude boy
with vine leaves, and with leaves and grapes
about his loins, stands in the water at the
edge of tho sea, offering a ring to Ariadne,
87
BACCHUS
who sits on the shore ; above, Venus, float-
ing in the air, crowns Ariadne with stars.
Once one of the noblest pictures in the
world, but now miserably faded by the sun,
which falls on it all day long. — Euskin,
Stones of Venice, iii, 297 ; Klas. der Malerei,
PI. 64 ; Burckhardt, 752 ;Ridolfi, Marav., ii.
217.
By Titian, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.; signed. Sub-
ject from Catullus (Peleus and Thetis, Ixiv.
252). Ariadne, on the shore of Naxos, turns
as if to flee from Bacchus, who is eagerly
leaping from his leopard-drawn car ; a bois-
terous procession of Satyrs and Menads issue
from a wood on right. Painted in Ferrara
Bacchus and
National Gallery, London.
BACCHUS, YOUTH OF, Adolphe Bou-
guereau, Paris ; canvas. The boy-god, mount-
ed upon the shoulders of a shepherd and
surrounded by dancing nymphs and satyrs,
is the centre of a procession passing through
a glade ; centaurs lead the throng on the
right, and Silenus on his ass brings up the
rear. Salon, 1884.— Art Journal (1884), 180.
BACCICCIO, IL, born in Genoa May 8,
1639, died in Rome
April 2, 1709. Gen-
oese school ; real
name Gio. Battista
Gaulli ; pupil of Lu-
ciano Borzone, went
early to Rome and
by studying works of great
masters formed a style
which brought him into
repute. He distinguished
himself especially as a ma-
chinist ; his most conspic-
uous work is the dome of
the Gesu, Rome, where he
represented St. Francis
Xavier taken up into
heaven. Also celebrated
for his portraits; painted
seven popes and many
other persons of rank.
— Lanzi, i. 515, iii. 275 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole geno-
ise.
in 1523 ; removed in 1598 to Rome, where it
was in the Barberini and Aldobrandini col-
lections ; purchased from latter in 1806 for
Mr. Buchanan ; sold in 1826 to National
Gallery. Copies by Varotari in Bergamo
Gallery ; copies by Poussin at Alnwick Cas-
tle and in Accademia di S. Luca, Rome.
Engraved by G. A. Podesta (1636), and J.
Juster (1691).— C. & C., Titian, i. 259 ; Ri-
dolfi, Maraviglie, i. 257 ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 434 ; Richter, 86.
BACH, ALOIS, born at Eschelkamm, Ba-
varia, Dec. 12, 1809. Painter of horses,
genre subjects, and landscapes. In 1828
entered the Munich Academy
j under Heinrich Hess, then
I /^J studied works of Albrecht
/V^"""\ Adam and Peter Hess, and
/ l\ I later was strongly influenced
by his friend Ed. Schleich.
Works : Mail Coach in the Snow, Storm
Approaching, Bavarian Village in Harvest
68
ess, then
BACHE
Time.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 509 ; Muller,
20.
BACHE, OTTO, born at Roeskilde, Den-
mark, Aug. 21, 1839. Genre painter, pupil
of Copenhagen Academy, under Marstrand,
where he obtained prizes in 1856-57-6C ;
completed his studies in Paris. Excels also
in portraits and animals, and is noted for
brilliant colouring. Medal, Copenhagen,
1872. Works : Drive to a Kirmess (1863) ;
Wagons by Brickyard (1864), Copenhagen
Gallery ; Badger with her Young (186(5) ;
Centaur Playing with his Son (1869) ; Do-
mestic Animals at Peasant's, Cart-Horses,
Feeding the Dogs (1870); Father and Sou
(1871); Daniel in the Lion's Den, Visit to
Young Mother (1874); After the Boar-Hunt
(1875) ; Admiral Tordenskjold at Carlsten
(1876); Team of Horses by Tavern (1878);
In the Mill (1879); Staghunt (1881); Winter
Morning at the Exchange (1882). — Sigurd
Mttller, 18 ; Weilbach, 39.
BACHELIEE, JEAN JACQUES, born in
Paris, 1724,
died there,
April 13, 1800.
Flower, ani-
mal, and his-
tory painter,
pupil of Pierre.
Received into
the Academy in
1751 as flower
painter, and in
1763 as history painter. In 1766 he estab-
lished a free school of design for artisans,
which, in 1767, passed into the hands of the
Government. As instructor in the factory
at Sevres he exercised a marked influence
upon French porcelain p.. luting. He made
/
the first researches in the use of wax for en-
caustic painting, and thus became intimate
with Count Caylus and other French ar-
chaeologists. His Cimon in Prison is in the
Louvre. — Ch. Blanc, £cole fran<;aise, ii.;
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 512.
BACHELIN, AUGUSTE, born in Neuf-
chatel, Switzerland, Sept, 27, 1830. His-
tory, genre, and landscape painter, pupil in
Neufchatel of Moritz and in Paris (1852)
of Gleyre and Couture. Confined himself
at first to genre and landscape, but after
1859, when he accompanied Garibaldi's vol-
unteers, painted chiefly military scenes.
Afterwards travelled through France ; spent
the winter of 1864-65 in Italy, where he
painted popular life. Works : March of
a Swiss Battalion (1860) ; Bourbaki's Army
Entering Swiss Territory ; Scene from De-
fence of Switzerland (1866) ; Death of En-
sign Montmollin (1866), Neufchatel Mu-
seum ; Haymakers of the Alps (1863) ;
Poachers of Uri (1863) ; Wrestlers of Hasli
(1867) ; Two Fancy Scenes from Prehistoric
Times.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 513 ; Mul-
ler, 21 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 189 ; vii. 108.
BACKER, ADRIAEN, born in Amster-
dam in 1636, died there in 1686. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, nephew
of Jacob B. ; followed at first the traditions
of the school of Utrecht, afterwards formed
himself entirely after Italian models. Works:
Allegory, Antwerp Museum ; Semiramis
(1669), Last Judgment, National Museum,
Amsterdam ; Anatomical Lecture (1670),
Athenteum, ib.; Managers of Medical Col-
lege, ib.; male portrait, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; do. and female portrait, Endymiou
and Diana, Sleeping Girl and Shepherd,
Rape of Sabine Women (1671), Bruns-
wick Gallery. — Meyer, Kunst. Lex., ii. 519 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 300.
BACKER (Bakker), JACOB, born at
Haerlingen in 1608 or 1609, died at Amster-
dam, Aug. 27, 1651. Dutch school ; portrait
painter, pupil at Leeuwarden of Lambert
Jacobsz, then at Amsterdam (1635-38) of
Rembrandt, but later yielded to the influ-
ence of Van der Heist and others. Works :
Syndics, Two Archery Pieces (one of 1642),
National Museum, Amsterdam ; Venus,
89
BACKEKEEL
Adonis, and Cupid. Cassel Gallery ; Por-
trait of F. de Vroucle (1643), Berlin
Museum ; male and female portrait, Old
Man in Prayer, Dresden Gallery. — Meyer,
Kilnst. Lex., ii. 517 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii.
300.
BACKEREEL, GILLES, born in Antwerp,
master of the guild in 1C29, died after 1652.
Flemish school ; history painter, studied in
Rome and then lived mostly at Antwerp.
Works : Vision of St. Felix, Adoration of
the Shepherds, Brussels Museum ; Hero
bewailing Leander, Vienna Museum. —
Rooses (Reber), 156.
BACKHUYSEN (Bakhuizen), LUDOLF,
born at Em-
den, Dec. 18,
1G31, died at
Amsterdam,
Nov. 17, 1708.
Dutch school ;
marine painter,
pupil of Aldert
van Everdin-
genand ofHen-
drick Dubbels,
but chiefly stud-
ied from na-
ture, often ex-
posing himself to great danger to observe
the sea in its various aspects. Also painted
portraits on a small scale. Peter the Great
visited his studio in Amsterdam. Works :
Dutch Shipping (1683), four others, National
Gallery, London ; Boats in a Storm (1696),
Dulwich Gallery ; Dutch Squadron (1675),
four others, Louvre ; Man-of-War, Antwerp
Museum ; Port of Amsterdam (1673), Em-
barkation of Jan de Witt (1690), Agitated
Sea (1692), The Zuider Zee (1694), two
Marines, Disembarkation of William III.
(1692), Entrance of Dutch Port (1693),
Building Yard of East India Company at
Amsterdam (1696), National Museum, Am-
sterdam ; Ice Landscape, Marine (1689), two
others, Copenhagen Gallery ; Sea Harbour,
Stockholm Museum ; Storm at Sea, Portrait
of Himself, several others, Ludwigslust Gal-
lery ; Shipwreck, Portrait of Old Man,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Stormy Sea,
Slightly Agitated Sea (1664), Berlin Mu-
seum ; Coast View, Bamberg Gallery ; View
on the Y (1700), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
/f — i Approaching Storm
it i/But*"' at Sea> Kiver Land"
•J*^ scape, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Agitated Sea (1669), Palazzo Pitti,
158
Florence.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 502 ; Meyer, Kilnst.
Lex., ii. 521.
BACLER D'ALBE, LOUIS ALBERT
GUILLAIN, Baron de, born at St. Pol (Pas
de Calais), Oct. 21, 1762, died in Sevres,
Sept. 12, 1824. Landscape painter, studied
from nature in the Alps of Savoy ; entered
the army at the outbreak of the revolution
and took part in the sieges of Lyons and
Toulon ; was afterwards director of the topo-
graphic corps and brigadier-general under
Napoleon. Left the service in 1813. Works :
Battle of Lodi ; Crossing the Po ; Battle of
Rivoli ; Battle of Arcola ; After the Battle
of Austerlitz, Versailles Gallery. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 525.
BACON, HENRY, born at Haverhill,
Massachusetts, in 1839. Subject painter ;
in 1864 visited Paris, where he became a
pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts and of
Cabanel; and in 1866-67 studied under
Edouard Frere at Ecouen. Studio in Paris.
Works : Paying the Scot (1870), W. B. Be-
ment, Philadelphia ; Boston Boys and Gen-
eral Gage (1875,) C. R. Rogers, Philadel-
phia; Franklin at Home (1876), J. B.
90
I3ADALOCCHIO
Thomas, Cimrlestown, Mass. ; Land ! Land !
Lea Adieus (1878) ; Luck of Roaring Camp
(1881) ; Lovers' Quarrel (1882) ; Le Plei-
nairiste, In Normandy (Paris Salon, 1883.)
BADALOCCHIO, SISTO, born in Parma
in 1581, died in Bologna in 1C47. Bo-
lognese school. By Malvasia called Sisto
Rosa ; pupil of Atmibale Carracci, who took
him to Rome and employed him in the
Palazzo Farnese. With Lanfranco, who had
been his co-disciple in Bologna, he made
drawings from Raphael's frescos in the Log-
gie of the Vatican. After C.irracci's death,
in 1C09, he returned to Bologna, and was
later employed in Parma by the fatuity of
Este. A good draughtsman, but execution
rather sketchy. Work : St. Francis Receiv-
ing the Stigmata, Parma Academy. — Meyer,
Kilnst. Lex., ii. 527 ; Malvasia, iii. 517 ;
Burckhardt, 871.
BADIN, JULES JEAN, born iu Paris,
contemporary. Figure and portrait painter,
pupil of Cabanel and Baudry. Employed at
national manufactory at Beauvais. Medal,
3d class, 1877. His Queen of Sheba is
owned by T. A. Haverneyer, New York.
BADIN, PIERRE ADOLPHE, born at
Auxerre, France, in 1805. Genre painter :
exhibited nothing after 1848. Medal, 3d
class, 1839 ; Legion of Honour 1849, officer
1855 ; 1848 to 1850 director of the Gobe-
lins ; 1850 to I860 director of the Beauvais
manufactory ; 18GO to 1870 again director
of the Gobelins. Works : Beggar Seeking
Shelter from a Storm (1833) ; Country Doc-
tor (1839) ; St. Germain of Auxerre, Eoarix
King of the Alans (1844), ordered by State ;
Defence of St. Jean de Losue against the
Spaniards in 1636 (1847) ; St. Dominic
Preaching (1848). — Larousse.
BAEHR, JOHANN KARL, born at Riga,
Aug. 18, 1801, died in Dresden, Sept. 29,
1869. Portrait and history painter, pupil of
Friedrich Matthiii in Dresden ; visited Italy
in 1827-29, and returned to Riga, but finding
no artistic or intellectual incentive there,
settled in Dresden in 1832, and became pro-
fessor at the Academy in 1840. His Death
of Ivan the Cruel is in the Dresden Gallery.
— Allgein. d. Biogr., i. 769 ; Meyer, Kilust
Lex., ii. 536 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 53.
BAEN, JACOBUS DE, born at The
Hague, March, 1672, died in Vienna in
1700. Dutch school ; son and pupil of Jan
de Baen. In 1688 went to England in suite
of WTilliam IIL and there painted a much
admired portrait of the Duke of Colchester.
Afterwards went to Florence and painted
for the Grand Duke, and later to Rome,
where he executed historical and genre pict-
urea On account of his gigantic propor-
tions he was called the Gladiator by his
colleagues in Rome. He afterwards worked
in Vienna. — Siret, 58 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii. 537.
BAEN, JAN DE, born in Haarlem, Feb.
20, 1633, died at The Hague, buried March
8, 1702. Dutch school ; portrait painter,
pupil of his uncle Piemaus at Emden, and
of Jacob Backer at Amsterdam ; greatly es-
teemed in his time and employed by the
courts of England (where he painted Charles
IX and the queen), France, Brandenburg,
and Tuscany. Established at The Hague
about 1660. Returned from England in
1676, when he is mentioned in the registers
of the guild of painters at The Hague.
Works : Portraits in most of the public gal-
leries of Holland ; one of the best is that of
Prince John Maurice of Nassau, National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Portrait of Himself,
Dresden Gallery ; portraits in the Schloss,
Berlin. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 536 ; De
Stuers, 5.
BAER, MAXIMILIAN, born at St. Jo-
hannis near Nuremberg, Aug. 24, 1853.
Still life, history, and genre painter, pupil
of Nuremberg Art School under Raupp,
with whom he travelled in the Bavarian
Alps, and of Munich Academy, under Alex.
Wagner and Lindenschmit, where he won
several prizes. — Mttller, 25.
EAGER, JOHANN DANIEL, born at
Wiesbaden, in 1734, died Aug. 17, 1815.
Portrait, genre, landscape, and fruit painter,
pupil of Fiedler in Darmstadt and of Justus
BAGGE
Junker in Frankfort. Best works in Stiitlel
Gallery, Frankfort, and Darmstadt Gallery.
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 545.
BAGGE, MAGNUS THULSTRUP VON,
born at Christiansund, Norway, Aug. 9, 1825.
Landscape painter ; studied first in Copen-
hagen under Thorwaldsen, then in Chris-
tiania, and in Diisseldorf under Andreas
Achenbach, Gude, and Leu ; travelled then
in Norway, Sweden, Bavaria, and Switzer-
land, and settled in Berlin. Works : Nor-
wegian Landscapes ; Sunset on Bygdin
Lake, Norway ; Moonrise. — M filler, 22.
BAGLIONE, CESABE, born in Bologna
in middle of IGth century, died at Parma in
1612. Bolognese school ; decorative paint-
er, rival of Cremonini ; excelled in landscape,
but painted also history, animals, fruits,
and flowers. Frescos in many palaces in
Bologna and Parma. — Malvasia, i. 253 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii. 546.
BAGLIONE, GIOVANNI, Cavaliere, born
in Borne about 1572, died about 1645.
Roman school ; pupil of Francesco Morelli ;
employed in many considerable works in
Rome under Sextus V., Clement VIII, and
Paul V., especially in the Vatican, in S. Gio-
vanni Laterano, and in St. Peter's. But he is
best known as the author of Lives of the
Painters, Sculptors, and Architects in Rome
from 1572 to 1042.— Lanzi, i.470 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole ombrienne.
BAGNACAVALLO, BARTOLOMMEO
DA, born at Bag-
nacavallo (Ro-
magna) in 1484,
died in Bologna
in August, 1542.
Real name Bar-
tolommeo Ra-
x menghi. Bologn-
\ ese school ; his-
tory painter,
pupil of Frances-
co Francia, but
also studied in Rome with Raphael, after
whose death he returned to Bologna. He
had a considerable reputation, and was em-
ployed in decorating many public buildings.
Several churches in Bologna possess pictures
by him. Among his works are : Circum-
cision, Louvre ; Holy Family and Saints,
Bologna Gallery ; Madonna in Glory and
; Saints, Dresden Museum, quite in the style
of Dosso Dossi, as are his three Saints in
; the Berlin Gallery. Baguacavallo's son,
Giovanni Battista, worked at Rome with
Vasari and assisted Primaticcio at Fontaine-
bleau. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Vas-
ari, ed. Mil., v. 175 ; Burckhardt, 684 ; Liib-
ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 375.
BA11E, BAY OF, J. M. W. Turner, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9
in. X 7 ft. 9 in. A beautiful expanse of
land and water, almost purely imaginative,
with Apollo and the Cumsean Sibyl seated
under tall pine trees. Castle of Baiae seen
on right, and Pozzuoli (anc. Puteoli), oppo-
site. Royal Academy, 1823 ; Turner Col-
lection. Engraved by R. Brandard. — Ham-
: erton, Life ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
BAILLET, ERNEST, born at Brest,
contemporary. French school ; landscape
painter, pupil of Saunier and of Pelouse.
Medal : 3d class, 1883. Works : Pont^Scorff,
Brittany (1883) ; Market of Lanuion, Le
Yaudet, Brittany (1884) ; Old Wash-houses
at Vitre (1885).
BAILLU (Bailly), ERNEST JOSEPH,
: born at Lille, Oct. 17, 1753, died in Ghent,
Jan. 21, 1823. Flemish school ; history and
landscape painter, pupil of Ghent and Ant-
werp Academies, and in 1775-77 of the
• £cole des Beaux Arts in Paris. Gold medal,
Ghent, 1811. Works: Contempt (1792),
Ghent Museum ; CEdipus at Colonus (1796),
Allegory on Birth of King of Rome (1811),
Societe royale des Beaux Arts, ib. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, i. 651.
BAILLY, DAVID, born at Leyden in
1584, died after 1661. Dutch school ; por-
trait painter, first instructed by his father,
Pieter B., then pupil of Adriaan Verburg,
and in Amsterdam, 1602-8, of Cornelis van
der Voort ; went to Italy, spent some time in
BAISC11
Germany, and returned to Leyden in 1G13.
Works: "Female Portrait (1624), Amsterdam
Museum ; Male Portrait, Gcittingen "Uni-
versity ; Young Man at Table (1561), A Du-
mont, Cambrai. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollan-
daise ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860), viii. 306 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 563.
BAISCH, HERMANN, born in Dresden,
July 12, 1846. Landscape painter ; after
studying in the Stuttgart art school, went
to Paris in 18C8, and was much influenced
by the landscapes of Rousseau and Dupre.
In 1869 he entered the studio of Lier at
Munich, and soon attracted attention by his
simply-treated though effective views of the
neighbouring country. Professor of Carls-
ruhe Art School since 1880. Medals : Vi-
enna, 1873 ; Munich, 1883. Works : Brook
with Willows, Spring Morning, Pasture
with Cattle, Morning Landscape, Herd by a
Canal in the Rain, Mill by Moonlight (1878),
Stuttgart Gallery ; Wood Interior in Au-
tumn (1879) ; At the Watering Trough
(1883), Hanover Museum. — Meyer, Ki'mst.
Lex., ii. 565 ; Miiller, 23.
BAKALOWICZ, LADISLAUS, born in
Cracow, Poland. Genre and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Academy of Warsaw. Works :
Portrait of the Empress (1865) ; Falcon
Chase, Secret Reading (1867) ; Amusement
at Court (1870) ; Lady with Parrot (1870) ;
They Follow Us (1872); Girls Drinking Wine
(1873) ; Louis XIII. Inviting Richelieu to a
Game of Chess (1876) ; Henry V. ; The
Visit ; Richelieu's Cats ; Necklace ; Secret ;
Response (J. Hoey, New York) ; Casket (F.
Rogers, Philadelphia) ; Morning Call (W.
B. Bement, Philadelphia); Mirror, Love-
Bird (T. Dolan, Philadelphia); In the Li-
brary (A Adams, Watertown, Mass.); Peti-
tion to the King, Lady and Bouquet, Ladies
and Mandolin (Mrs. Paran Stevens, New
York).— Kunst-Chronik, v. 129, 149; viii.
86 ; 370.
BAKER, GEORGE A., born in New
York in 1821, died there, April 2, 1880.
Portrait painter, pupil of National Acad-
emy, and studied two years (1844-46) in
Europe. Noted for his portraits of women
! and children. Elected N. A in 1851.
Among his ideal works are : Love at First
Sight, Children of the Wood and Wild
Flowers (Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York) ;
Faith ; School Girls (W. T. Walters, Balti-
more).
BAKER, WILLIAM BLISS, born in New
York, in 1859. Landscape painter, pupil of
! Bierstadt, M. F. H. de Haas, and of Na-
tional Academy. Studio in New York.
Works: Green Pasture — Sultry July Day,
April Sunshine and the First Green (T. B.
Clarke); Hiding in the Hay-Cocks (1881) ;
Brook at Evening (1882); Pleasant Day at
Lake George (1883).
BAKER, WILLIAM H., born in 1825,
died in 1875. Portrait and genre painter ;
j studied and painted in New Orleans several
years, came to New York in 1865, and in
1871 took charge of the Brooklyn Art As-
sociation schools. Works : May Flowers
(1870) ; Red Riding-Hood (1871) ; Morning-
Glories, Cherry -Time, Home Regatta (1872);
Lilies of the "Field (1873) ; Truants from
School (1875).
BAKHUYZEN, HENDRIK VAN DE
SANDE, born at The Hague, Jan. 2, 1795,
died there, Dec. 12, 1860. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, pupil of J. Heymans,
but formed himself chiefly through diligent
study of nature ; member of Amsterdam
Academy, and Director of School of Design
at The Hague in 1822. Medals : Brussels,
1821 ; Antwerp, 1822 ; The Hague, 1839 ;
Order of Lion, 1847. Works: Land-
scapes (3) with Animals and Ruins, National
Museum, Amsterdam. His daughter and
pupil, Gerardina Jacobus, (born at The
Hague, July 27, 1826), is a flower and fruit
painter ; medals : Amsterdam, 1860 ; The
Hague, 1863 ; pictures in Haarlem and
Rotterdam Museum. His son and pupil,
Julius Jacobus (born at The Hague, June
18, 1835), is also a landscape painter ;
several prizes, great medal, Amsterdam,
1871. — Immerzeel, i. 24 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii., 524
BAKKEE.
BARKER. See Backer.
BAKKER-KORFF, ALEXANDER HU-
GO, born at The Hague, Aug. 31, 1824, died
in Leyden, Jan. 28, 1882. Genre painter, pu-
pil at The Hague Academy of Kruseman
and J. E. J. van den Berg ; painted humor-
ous, often satirical, genre and family scenes.
Was one of the best modern Dutch artists.
Works : Calumny ; Sick Woman ; The
Toast (18G4) ; Reading the Newspaper ;
Lady at Toilet (1867); Daughter of the
Hero ; Scrubbing Maid ; Bric-ii-brac Shop ;
Seamstress ; Clothes Basket (J. Hoey, New
York) ; Old Lady Knitting.— Gaz. des B.
Arts (1867), xxiii. 19 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
ii. 567.
BALAKLAVA, Mrs. E. Butler, Fine Art
Society, London. After the return from the
" Valley of Death." Central figure, a blood- '
besmeared dismounted trooper, who ad- !
vances with clutched sabre and resolute face, I
as if still in battle ; behind him a sergeant [
of the 17th on a chestnut charger, bearing
on his saddle-bow a dead young trumpeter ;
nt left, riderless horses and various touching
episodes, with the smoke of the Russian
guns behind. Engraved by F. Stacpoole.
BALDASSARE DA REGGIO. See Es-
tense.
BALDOVINETTI, ALESSO, born in
Florence, Oct. 14, 1427, died there, Aug. 29,
1499. Florentine school. Baldiuucci con-
siders him a pupil of Paolo Dccelli. Regis-
tered in the Florentine Guild of St. Luke in
1448, and appears to have had some reputa-
tion. He was an experimentalist in oil me-
dium, and the ablest mosaist of his age.
Vasari says he was the master of Ghirlanda-
jo. The works which may safely be assigned
to him are a fresco, with fine landscape back-
ground, Adoration of the Shepherds (1460),
Portico of the Auuunziata, Florence ; a Ma-
donna and Saints, and an Annunciation, Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Trinity with Saints, Florence
Academy, and Frescos of Evangelists, Proph-
ets, and Angels, Chapel of S. Miniato, Flor-
ence.—C. & C., Italy, ii. 372 ; Meyer, Kunst.
Lex., ii. 613 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 591, ed. Le
Mon., iv. 74, 101: Eastlake, Materials, etc.,
i. 223 ; Pierotti, Ricordi di A. Baldovinetti
(Lucca, 1868) ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentiue ;
Burckhardt, 541 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
i. 312.
BALDUNG, HANS, surnamed Grien
(Griin), born at Gmtind, Suabia, about 1476,
died at Strassburg, in 1545. German school ;
history and portrait painter, formed under
influence of Martin Schongauer, judging
from the altar wings in the monastery of
Lichtenthal, near Baden-Baden, painted in
1496, and afterwards under that of Durer,
whose pupil he may possibly have been in
1507-09 ; settled at Strassburg in 1509, is
classed as the most remarkable painter of
his time there, and was elected senator in
1545. Temporarily (1511-18) employed at
Freiburg, Brisgau. He obtained his sur-
name from the peculiar green used in his dra-
peries, perhaps also from his predilection for
dressing in green stuffs. Works : Two altar
wings (1496), Kloster Lichtenthal, Baden ;
Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (1507) ; Christ
on the Cross, Nativity (1512), Aschaffenburg
Gallery ; Deluge (1516), Bamberg Gallery ;
Death Kissing a Woman, Death Showing to
Woman an Open Grave (1517), Christ on the
Cross (1512), Basle Museum ; Christ on the
Cross, Crucifixion (1512), Adoration of the
Magi, Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1522),
Head of Old Man, Berlin Museum ; Death
of Lucretia (1530), Raczynski Gallery, ib.;
Noli me Tangere (1539), Darmstadt Museum;
Triptych with Baptism of Christ, Frankfort
Museum ; Great Altar in 11 Panels (1511-
16), Baptism of Christ, Annunciation, Frei-
burg Cathedral ; Margrave Christoph of Ba-
den, Margrave's Family Adoring Madonna,
four panels with Martyrdom of the Ten
Thousand, Constantino and Helen Testing
the Cross, Four Saints, Kunsthalle, Carls-
ruhe; Palatine Philipp (1517), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Margrave Christoph of Baden
(1515), Allegorical Figure, Schleissheim Gal-
lery; Wisdom at the Abyss (1525 ?), formerly
in Laudauer Briiderhaus, Nuremberg ; Mar-
tyrdom of St. Dorothea, Prague Gallery ;
•J4
JJALKX
Bust Portrait of Young Man (1515), Vienna
Museum ; Holy Family, Academy, ib. ; The
Ages of Man in Six Female Figures, Madon-
na (1530), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Adam
and Eve (attributed to Cranach), Schonboru
Gallery, ib.; Adam and Eve (1507, copies
after Diirer's in Madrid Museum), Palazzo
Pitti, Florence; Male Portrait (1539?),
Hampton Court Gallery ; Age
and Youth (?, attributed to An-
tonello da Messina), Royal In-
stitution, Liverpool. — Allgem. d.
Biog., ii. 17 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemande ;
Keane, Early Masters, 102 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. G17; Woltmanu, D. Kunst im Elsass,
278 ; W. & W., ii. 440 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., i.
257, 283 ; viii. 321.
BALEN, HENDIUK VAN, born in Ant-
werp in 1575,
died there, July
17, 1G32. Flem-
ish school ; his-
tory painter, pu-
pil of Adam van
Noort ; studied
for some years in
Italy ; afterwards
influenced by Ru-
bens, and even by
Van Dyck, his pu-
pil, who painted
his portrait. Member of St. Luke's Guild
in 1593, and dean of it in 1G09-10. His ec-
clesiastical subjects are less satisfactory than
his mythological, to which Jan Brueghel
supplied landscape backgrounds. Cold in
feeling, mannered in attitudes, glassy in col-
ouring ; in nude figures pleasing, and in
melting style of execution very finished.
Works : Banquet of the Gods, Louvre; Con-
cert of Angels, St. John Preaching, Holy
Trinity, Antwerp Museum ; Holy Family,
Cathedral, ib. ; Trinity, Christ on the Cross,
Adoration of the Shepherds, Flight into
Egypt, Resurrection, portraits of himself and
wife, St. James's, ib.; Fecundity, Brussels
Museum ; The Seasons' Offering to Cybele,
Naiads filling Horn of Plenty, Gods of
Olympus, National Museum, Amsterdam ;
Diana and Aetux>n (landscajMj by Brueghel),
Cassel Gallery ; Gathering of Manna, Moses
Striking the Rock, Brunswick Gallery ;
Smithy of Vulcan (landscape by Brueghel),
Berlin Museum ; St. Jerome, Banquet of
the Gods, Bacchanal, Diana Resting after
the Chase, Four Seasons (landscapes in
last seven by Brueghel), Nymplis loading
Mules with Game (animals by Snyder),
Pinakothek, Munich ; Diana and Nymphs
(landscape by Brueghel), Wedding Feast of
Bacchus and Ariadne, do. of Peleus and
Thetis, Diana and Actrcon, Dresden Gallery;
Assumption, Rape of Europa, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Holy Family, Madonna, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Marriage of the Virgin, Uf-
fizi, Florence. His son and pupil, Jan
(1G11-54), painted history and landscapes;
went early to Italy, where he studied the
works of Albaui, returned to Antwerp in 1G42,
and was influenced by Rubens. Works:
Trinity, St. James's, Antwerp ; Garden of
Love (copy after Rubens's in Madrid Mu-
scum), Holy Family, Vienna Museum.—
Biog. nat. de Belgique, i. CG5, G68 ; Ch.
Blanc, £cole flamande ; Branden, 478 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 642 ; Michiels, vii.
253; Revue d'hist. et d'arclu'ol., i. 108 ; Rie-
gel, Beitriige, ii. 55 ; Rooses (Reber), 152.
BALESTRA, ANTONIO, born at Verona,
in 1GGG, died there, April 21, 1740. Venetian
school; pupil of Giovanni Zeffio, then of An-
tonio Bellucei, and afterward, at Rome, of
Carlo Maratti. Lived long at Venice and at
Verona, where he executed many works. He
was a clever engraver and a reputable painter,
and his pictures are held in considerable
estimation. Examples of his work are found
in Verona in the Duomo, S. Zeno Moggiore,
S. Bernardino, S. Niccolo, S. Sebastiano, S.
M. in Organo, S. M. del Paradise, and S.
Tonirnaso Cautuariense ; and in Venice in
95
BALFOURIER
S. Zaccaria, S. Geminiano, S. Cassiano, S.
Eustachio, S. Pantaleone, S. Marziale, and
S. M. Mater
Domini. —Cb.
B!anc:. ficole
v 6 ni tie n ne ;
Seguier, 9 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 644.
BALFOURIER, ADOLPHE PAUL
JiMILE, born at Montmorency, Aug. 11,
1816. Landscape painter, pupil of Rcmond.
Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846. Has
often engraved for 1' Artiste. Works : Lake
Lugano, near Tivoli, Valley of the Cevara
(1846) ; Mazeppa, Study of Majorca ; Lake
Nemi ; St. Peter's Wells at Hyores (1863) ;
Pine Woods near Sea (1864) ; Pond of Co-
taria (1865) ; Ruins of a Convent (1866) ;
Mouth of the Gapeau (1867) ; Fountain in
Majorca (1869) ; Environs of Valencia
(1874) ; Oil Press (1875).
BALLAVOINE, JULES FREDERIC,
born in Paris, contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of Pils. Medal : 3d
class, 1880. Works : Interrupted Seance
(1880) ; Surprise, Water-colour Painters
(1882); Flower Market, Little Bohemi-
enne (1883) ; Paris Bargeman, Before the
Rehearsal (1884) ; Among the Rocks
(1885).
BALLENBERGER, KARL, born at Ans-
pach, Germany, July 24, 1801, died in
Frankfort, Sept. 21, 1860. History painter,
pupil of the Munich Academy under Friedr.
Hoffstadt, with whom he went to Frankfort
in 1833, and of the Stitdel Institute under
Philipp Veit. A medievalist in spirit, he
painted according to the traditions of the
early German masters. Works : Portraits
of Conrad L, Louis of Bavaria, Giinther of
Schwarzburg, and Ruprecht of the Palatin-
ate, Kaiser Saal, Frankfort ; Scenes from
Niebelungen, Scenes from Life of St. Eliza-
beth, Scenes from Life of the Virgin, Nu-
remberg Merchants before Emperor Maxi-
milian in Augsburg, Henry the Lion at
Erfurt in 1181 ; Gotz von Berlichingen
among Gipsies, Scenes from Goethe's Faust,
Spiudler's Jew, Fouque's Magic Ring, Fu-
neral of Frauenlob. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ii.
21 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 651.
BALLING, OLE PETER HANSEN, bom
at Christiania, Norway, April 23, 1823.
History and portrait painter, pupil of one
Jacob Wuuderlich, and of the Berlin Acad-
emy ; visited Copenhagen in 1846, Paris iu
1 1854, and New York in 1856. At the out-
J break' of the Civil War, he joined the 1st N.
Y. Volunteer Regiment as captain of a Scan-
dinavian company, and afterwards com-
manded the 145th Regiment as lieutenant-
colonel. In 1863 he resigned and devoted
himself again to art. In America he painted
mostly portraits. Works : Portrait of Gen.
John Sedgwick, West Point Academy ; do.
of Admiral Farragut, Annapolis Academy ;
do. of Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, and Gen. Rey-
nolds, Union League, Philadelphia ; Group
of 27 Generals on horseback, Agricultural
Building, Washington. — Meyer, Kiinst.
[Lex., ii. 653.
BALMER, JOSEF A., born at Abtwyl,
Switzerland, Nov. 27, 1828. History painter,
pupil in Lucerne of Anton Butler, then, from
1852, of the Diisseldorf Academy, under
Mticke and Schadow, and later iu Carlsruhe
under Des Coudres and Canon. Has painted
many cheap altarpieces for Catholic churches
in Baden and Switzerland. Works: Death of
St. Joseph, Cycle for Tell's chapel, Fluellen ;
wall paintings and altarpieces, at Kusuacht,
Miihlau, Oos, Baldegg, Nottwill, Appenzell,
I and Meierskappel. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
' 654 ; Miiller, 24.
BALSGAARD, CARL VILHELM, born
in Copenhagen, Denmark, Dec. 29, 1812.
Flower painter, pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy, where he at first studied history and
portrait painting ; visited Berlin, Dresden,
Diisseldorf, and Paris in 1855, and Italy in
1872-73. Member of Copenhagen Academy
in 1858 ; title of professor in 1867. Works :
Two pictures (1858), Copenhagen Gallery,
two in Moltke Collection, ib. ; Fruitpiece
(1856), Kunsthalle, Hamburg.— Weilbach, 42.
BALTASAR, CARLOS, Don, eldest son
of Philip IV., Velasquez, Grosvenor House,
96
BALTHAZAR
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 9 in. x 6 ft. 11
About twelve years old, costume en
n.
riched with silver and gold, crimson scarf
and plumed black hat, mounted on a pranc-
ing pony, in court of the palace, attended
by several officers, among whom is Olivures ;
King and Queen Isabel seen at a balcony.
Probably painted about 1641 ; from Wel-
bore Ellis Agar Collection. — Palomino, iii.
332 ; Stirling, ii. 630 ; Curtis, 56.
By Velasquez, Henry G. Marquand, New
York ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.
Bust, about ten years old, black velvet dress
embroidered ; repetition of same picture in
Vienna Museum. H. Baillie sale (1868),
£194 5s., to Bale ; Charles Sackville Bale
sale (1881), £871 ; sold to Mr. Marquand
for £2000.— Curtis, 59, 384.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft 7 in. Six years old,
full length, in hunting dress, standing be-
side a tree, holding in right hand a gun ;
on each side, a clog ; background, landscape
and mountains. Painted in 1635. Etched
by E. Lemus ; C. Alabern ; lithographed by
A. Blanco ; E. C. Cos.— Curtis, 57 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1881) ; Madrazo, 616.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 8 hi. About six years
old, galloping oil a chestnut horse ; he
wears a plumed hat, armour, and a crimson
scarf which floats behind, and holds a baton
in his right hand ; landscape background.
Painted about 1635, second manner. Old
copy in Dulwich Gallery ; another in Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg. Etched by F.
Goya ; Milius ; J. Burnet. — Ch. Blanc,
JCcole espagnole ; Art Journal (1852), 563 ;
Curtis, 55 ; Madrazo, 610.
By Velasquez, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. x 3 ft 2 in. Full length, standing,
about ten years old, in black velvet dress
and scarf across breast, with left hand on
sword, right on a chair. Painted about
1639. Engraved by B. Moncornet ; P. de
Jode. Henry G. Marquand's picture is a
repetition (bust only) of this.— Curtis, 58.
By Velasquez, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, H. 3 f t. x 2 f t 3 in. Full
length, standing ; dress, black velvet slashed,
adorned with lace ; behind, a chest covered
with crimson velvet adorned with gold.
From sale of Wm. Wells, of Redleaf (1848),
to Marquis of Hertford for £672 10s.— Stir-
ling, ii. 633 ; Curtis, 57.
By Velasquez, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 1 in.
About three years old, in a grey silk frock,
standing, his left hand on his sword, at-
tached to a violet scarf, and in his right a
general's baton, which he uses as a walking-
stick ; plumed hat on a cushion ; dark
curtain in background. From Staudish
sale (1853), at £1680 ; one of the most im-
portant pictures in Staudish Collection. —
Athenaeum (1853), 710 ; Art Journal (1852);
Curtis, 5(5.
By Velasquez, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 3 in. x 3 ft. 4 in.
About four years old, black and white dress
with crimson scarf, on a black horse, at-
tended by a cavalier and other persons,
among whom is a dwarf. Purchased in
Spain about 1827 for Samuel Rogers ; sold
1 at his sale (1856) for £1270 10s.— Stirling,
' ii. 630 ; Cunningham, Life of Wilkie, ii.
469 ; Curtis, 56.
BALTHAZAR, CASEVHR VICTOR ALEX-
ANDRE DE, born at Hayange (Moselle) in
1809, died in Paris, April 4, 1875. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Paul Dela-
roche. Medals : 3d class, 1837 ; 2d class,
1838 ; 1st class, 1840. Works : Lara and
! Kaled (1837) ; Gotz von Berlichingen
(1837) ; Philip VI. after Battle of Crecy
(1838); Joan of Arc's Vision, Joan of Arc
in Prison (1840); Death of Lara (1842);
Clevis's Baptism (1845); Trumpeter Es-
coffier's Devotion (184(i) ; Christ and tho
Samaritan Woman (1855); Beside the Foun-
tain (1859). Many portraits.— Larousse.
BALZE, (JEAN ANTOINE) RAYMOND,
born in Rome, May 4, 1818. History paint-
er, pupil of Ingres; brother of J. E. P.
! Baize, and co-worker, in copying pictures of
I the Italian masters. Since 1849 has exhib-
97
BALZE
ited pictures of his own in the Salon. Legion
of Honour, 1873. Works : Saint Cecilia,
Christ Calming the Tempest (1849), .bought
by State ; Apotheosis of St. Louis (1855),
bought by State. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii.
661.
BALZE, (JEAN ETEENNE) PAUL, bom
in Kome, Aug. 25, 1815, died in Paris,
March 2G, 1884. History painter, pupil of
Ingres, for whom he and his brother Ray-
mond copied in Italy the most important
works of Raphael. In 18G1 he invented a
new process of painting on glazed tiles.
Medal, 1863 ; Legion of Honour, 1873. A
copyist, with little originality. Among his
own works are : Stoning of St. Stephen
(1861); Coronation of the Virgin, St. Sym-
phorien, Versailles ; Vision of Ezekiel (1864);
fresco paintings in court of Ecole des Beaux
Arts, Paris ; Combat between Fitz-James
and Roderick Dim ; paintings in the churches
of St. Roch and La Trinite. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. 660.
BAMBERGER, FRITZ, born in Wiirz-
burg, Oct. 17, 1814, died in Neuenhain,
near Frankfort, Aug. 13, 1873. Landscape
painter, pupil in 1828 of Berlin Academy,
then of the marine painter Krause, and in
Cassel under Primavesi. "Went to Munich
in 1831 ; visited Normandy in 1845, Eng-
land, France, and Spain in 1851, and Spain
in 1858 and 1868. Works: Battlefield of
Hastings, Views of Gibraltar, Algesiras, and
Granada. A series of his paintings in
Schack Gallery, Munich. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ii. 38 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 665 ; Kunst-
Chronik, ix. 41.
BAMBINI, NICOLO, Cavaliere, born in
Venice in 1651, died there in 1736. Vene-
tian school; pupil of Mazzoni, and in Rome of
Maratti. After his return to Venice princi-
pally imitated Liberi, who was then the
fashion. Works : Fulvia's Revenge, Cassel
Gallery ; Achilles, Royal Palace, Potsdam. —
Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., ii. 666 ; Zanetti, Pitt.
Venez., 431.
BAMBOCCIATE. See Cerquozzi.
BAMBOCCIO. See Laar.
BANNISTER, E. M., born at St. An-
drews, New Brunswick, in 1833. Laud-
scape painter ; studied at the Lowell Insti-
tute and under Dr. Rimmer in Boston,
painting many years in that city. His
Under the Oaks received a medal at Phil-
adelphia, 1876. Studio in Providence.
Works : Storm (1879).
BANQUET OF THE CIVIC GUARD,
B. van der Heist, National Museum, Amster-
dam; represents a company of trained bands,
twenty-five figures, life-size, full-length.
The Spanish Ambassador is shaking hands
with one of the principal figures. Sir J.
Reynolds says : "This is, perhaps, the first
picture of portraits in the world." — Beechey,
Reynolds' Works, ii. 197.
BARABAS, NICOLAUS, born at Markos-
falva, Transylvania, Feb. 22, 1810. Portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, and of
Marko ; travelled then in Moldau and Wal-
lachia and visited Rome. In 1837 he be-
came member of the Pesth Academy, and
since 1842 has travelled all over Europe. Is
noted for his ideal female figures ; has
painted more recently several historical and
genre scenes. Works : Portraits of Pala-
tines Joseph and Stephen, Baron Vesselenyi,
Bishop Pyrker, Gen. Gorgei, Gen. Klapka.
— Brockhaus, ii. 464 ; Wurzbach, i. 147.
BARABINO, NICCOLO, born at Pier
dArena, near Genoa, Italy, in 1833. His-
tory painter ; studied in Florence, where he
won reputation with his first picture, Con-
solatrix Afflictorum, painted, 1859, for the
hospital at Savona. His principal work is
the Death of Pope Boniface VUL — Mailer,
25.
BARBALONGA, JUAN DE. See Ver-
meyen.
BARBARA, ST., Palma Vecchio, S. M. For-
mosa, Venice ; altarpiece in six panels. St.
Barbara standing with her palm and crown
on a pedestal flanked by two pieces of can-
non, on central panel ; SS. Anthony, Sebas-
tian, Dominic, and John Baptist on sides ;
the Virgin bending over the dead body of
Christ, on the pinnacle. Painted for altar
98
BARBARELLI
of the Bombardieri, St. Barbara being the
patroness of the Venetian artillerists.—
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 405 ; Rio, iv. 109.
BARBARELLI, GIORGIO. See Gioryi- \
one.
BARBARI (Barbaris), JACOPO DE', bora
in Venice between 1440 and 1450, died be-
fore 151G. Venetian school. Probably iden-
tical with Jacoino Barberiuo Veneziano, who
is said to have gone to Germany and to
Burgundy and there adopted the art of
those countries. Ephrussi thinks that Ja-
is on a panel of 1504 in the Augsburg Gal-
lery, and on a head of Christ in the Weimar
Museum. Other works : Christ Blessing,
St. Catherine, St Barbara, Galatea (attrib-
uted to Botticelli), Dresden Gallery ; Ma-
donna and Saints, Berlin Museum ; Portrait
of Young Man, Vienna Museum ; do., Berga-
mo Gallery.— C. & C., N. Italy, i.229; Meyer,
KUnst Lex., ii. 70C ; Thausing, Ddrer, 216 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (18C1), xi. 311, 445 ; (1873),
viiL 223 ; (1876), viii. 363 ; Notizia d'opero
di Disegno, pub. de D. I. Morelli (Bassano,
Banquet of the Civic Guird, B. van del Heist. National Muleum, Amittrdim.
1800), 77, 221 ; Lermolieff, 57, 168 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xii. 339.
copo went to Nuremberg before 1494, and
learned the technics of engraving there from
Wohlgemuth. He was formerly known only
as an engraver, and called the Master of the
Caduceus from the mark which he used upon
his plates. He was the colleague of Mabuse
in the service of John of Burgundy, Bishop
of Utrecht, and excelled as a painter and
engraver. Supposed also by some to have
been identical with Jacometto of Venice and
with Jacob Walch, alluded to in Diirer's cor-
respondence as an artist who had given him
valuable hints in his youth. His signature
BARBARI (Barbaris), NICCOI/) DE1,
beginning of 16th century. Venetian school ;
of northern education, and probably a co-
BAEBAEOJA
labourer in Venice with Marziale. His name
appears on a picture of the Woman taken
in Adultery, in the Palazzo Alvise Mocenigo,
Venice, which for hardness of colour, repul-
siveness of faces, and stiffness of drapery,
has hardly its equal. It shows a painter of
the school of Gio. Bellini under strong
northern influence.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 228;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., ii. 716 ; Gaz. des B. Arts,
1st Series, xi. 312, 445 ; Burckhardt, 602.
BARBAROJA. See Pernia.
BARBAEOSSA. See Frederick Barbarossa.
BAEBATELLI, BERNARDINO. See
Poccetti.
BARBERIGO, MARCO, portrait of Doge,
Titian, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. Painted about 1508;
sold in 1581 by Pomponio Vecelli to Cristo-
foro Barberigo.— C. & C., Titian, i. 114 ; Sel-
vatico, Di Alcuni Abbozzi di Tiziano (Padua,
1875) ; Burckhardt, 715.
BARBIER, NICOLAS ALEXANDRE,
born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1789, died at Sceaux,
Feb. 4, 1864. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of Xavier Leprince. Medals : 3d class,
1839 ; 2d class, 1842 ; L. of Honour, 1842.
Works : Castle of Muette (1824); Environs of
Meulan, Village Sacristy (1832) ; Refectory
of Convent (1833) ; Rural Household in a
Ruin of the llth Century (1839) ; Banks of '
Seine, View in Bourbonnais (1842) ; Chateau
de Chantilly (1846) ; Te Deum in St. Etienne
du Mont in 1721 (1848) ; Valley of Fonte-
nay, Environs of Bagneux (1850) ; Hamlet
of Brozolles (1851) ; Meeting of Dominican
Monks, Fontenay-aux-Roses (1857) ; Bur-
gundy Canal (1859); Road to Sceaux (1861).
BARBIERI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO.
See Ouercino.
BARCLAY, EDGAR, contemporary.
British landscape and figure painter ; pict-
ures relate to Moorish, Italian, and English
popular life. Exhibits at Royal Academy
and Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Annuncia-
tion to the Shepherds (1877); Moorish Villa,
Olive Harvest in Algeria, Bay of Algiers,
Vesuvius from above Pompeii (1878) ; Olive
Gathering, By the Severn, Mosque at Al-
giers (1879) ; Almond Blossoms, Grounds
of Moorish Villa, Kabyle Woodcutter, For-
tune-Telling at Algiers (1880) ; Thililit—
Algeria, Sunset in the Jurjura — Algeria,
Evening Prayers — Algeria (1881); Going to
the Fountain, Passing Glances, Squirrels'
Playground, Autumn Berries (1882) ; Somer-
setshire Flood, On Sedgmoor, Needless
Alarm, Among the Bluebells, Bird Nesting
(1883) ; Sporting with Leaves (1884) ; Hush !
(1885).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 12.
BARDON, M F. See Dandre-Bardon.
BAREND VAN BRUSSEL. See Orley,
Bernard.
BARENTSZ (Barent, Barendsen, Ber-
nart), DIRK, born in Amsterdam in 1534,
died there in 1592. Dutch school ; history
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Dooven
Barentsz, (flourished first half of 16th cen-
tury), then studied several years in Venice
under Titian, who evinced especial fondness
for him; visited France and returned to Am-
sterdam about 1562. Of his mythological
and biblical paintings, much commended by
K.van Mander, none have been handed down
to us. Works : Two Archery Pieces (one
dated 1562), Doelenstuk with numerous por-
traits, Portrait of Duke of Alva, National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Male Bust-portrait,
Vienna Museum ; do., Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 15.
BARGUE, CHARLES, born in Paris, died
there in 1883. Genre painter, pupil of Ge-
rome; did not send any pictures to the Salon.
Began as a lithographer, and was awarded
medals for lithography in 1867 and 1868.
His few pictures are noted for excellence of
colour and technical execution. Works: Play-
ing on the Flute (Fillet sale, 1881, 30,000
fr.) ; Bashi-Bazouk (Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York); Algerian Guard, Artist and his Model,
The Almee, Playing Chess on the Terrace,
his last work (W. II. Vanderbilt, New
York).
BARILLOT, LEON,born at Montigny-lez-
Metz, Lorraine ; contemporary. Landscape
and animal painter ; pupil of Cathelineaux
and of Bonnat. Medals : 3d class, 1880 ; 2d
100
BARKER
class, 1884 Works : Lakes of St. Paul-de-
Varax (1880) ; Gust of Wind on Borders of
La Mancbe, Noirand and his Mother (1883);
La barri6re, The Favourite (1884); Autumn,
At the Top of the Heath of St. Sauveur-le-
Vicomte (1885).
BARKER, THOMAS (called Barker of
Bath), born near Pontepool, Monmouthshire,
England, in 17G9, died at Bath, Dec. 11, 1847.
Son and pupil of Benjamin Barker (died
1793), animal painter ; studied, 1790-93, in
Rome, and exhibited three Italian landscapes
in 1796. Painted chiefly rustic subjects, but
his best work is a large fresco in his house
at Bath, Inroad of the Turks upon Scio in
1822. His Woodman, Old Tom, The Gypsy,
and other rustic groups, were very popular.
Woodman and Dog in a Storm, National
Gallery, London. His brother Benjamin
(177G-1838) was an animal painter of some
merit— Redgrave ; Art Union, 1848 ; Cai
Nat. Gal.
BARKER, THOMAS JONES, bom at
Bath, England, in 1815, died March 28,
1882. Battle and portrait painter, sou and
pupil of Thomas Barker, landscape painter,
and student in 1834 in Paris of Horace
Vernet ; was a frequent exhibitor at the Sa-
lon from 1835 to 1845, and painted several
pictures for Louis Philippe, notably The
Death of Louis XIV., destroyed at Palais
Royal in 1848. Returned about 1845 to
England, where he exhibited many pictures
at the Royal Academy. Works : The Trouba-
dour (1849); News of Flodden (1850); Inci-
dent in Life of William Rufus, Meeting of
Wellington and Blucher (1851); Allied Gen-
erals before Sebastopol, Relief of Lucknow,
Napoleon after the Battle of Bassano,
Wellington Crossing the Pyrenees, Dawn of
Victory— Lord Clyde (1862); Horse Race at
Rome (1865) ; Studio of Salvator Rosa (1865) ;
A Moss-Trooper, Dean Swift and Stella
(1869); The Melee— Charge of Cuirassiers
and Chasseurs (1872); Riderless War Horses
after Sedan (1873); Balaklava (1874) ; Re-
turn through the Valley of Death (1876).—
Meyer, Kiinst Lex., iii. 22 ; Art Journal
(1858), 126; (1860), 183; (1861), 253;
(1867), 158.
BARLOW, FRANCIS, born in Lincoln-
shire, England, in 1626, died in London
in 1702. Animal painter, pupil of Win.
Sheppard, portrait painter. Began by
painting portraits, but afterwards won rep-
utation as an animal painter, engraver, end
etcher. — Redgrave ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
23.
BARNA (Berna), of Siena, latter half of
14th century, died in 1381 (?). No traces
remain of the frescos which, according to
Vasari, he painted in S. Margarita of Cor-
tona and S. Agostino of Siena. In 1369 he
went to Arezzo and executed many fres-
cos, one of which still exists in the Ves-
covado, though much injured. The cathe-
dral at S. Girnignano contains the injured
relics, remains of a long series of fres-
cos representing scenes from the New
Testament, begun by Barna and finished
after his death by Giovanni d'Asciano. In
composition Barna appears to be a continu-
ator of Duccio, while in type he follows the
lead of Ugolino and Simone di Martino.
His colour is an exaggeration of that of
Simone, his drawing is minute, ornamenta-
tion copious, and treatment flat Vasari
says he was killed by a fall from a scaffold-
ing at S. Gimignano. — C. & C., Italy, ii.
107 ; Meyer, Kiinst Lex., iii. 24 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., i. 647 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859),
ii. 170 ; Milanesi, Siena, 168.
BARNABA DA MODENA (Barnabas de
Mutina), latter half of 14th century. Bo-
lognese school. Contemporary of Tommaso
da Modena, but superior to him ; he also sur-
passed the Bolognese and Pisans of his
time, and approached the better Sienese
painters. His Madonnas, a favourite sub-
ject, have an affectation of grace, regular
forms and proportions, pouting lips, and
long-fingered and coarse-jointed hands. The
earliest extant work by him, a Madonna in
the Stikdel Gallery, Frankfort, dated 1367,
well illustrates his style. Another Madonna,
dated 1369, is in the Berlin Museum, and a
101
BAKOCCI
f
Coronation of the Virgin, dated 1374, is in
the possession of Lord Wensleydale, Eng-
land. Other examples are in S. Francesco,
Pisa, and in the Modena Gallery. — C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 220 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 25 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 93.
BAEOCCI (Baroccio), FEDERIGO, called
also Fiori da Ur-
bino, born at Ur-
bino in 1528,
died there, Sept,
31, 1612. Ro-
man school ; son
and pupil of Arn-
brogio Barocci ;
afterward stud-
ied under Fran-
cesco Menzocchi
and Battista
Franco at Urbi-
no. Ill 1548 went to Rome and both stud-
ied and copied works of Raphael four years.
On return to Urbino painted a St. Margaret
and other works which gave him a great rep-
utation. Iii 15GO he was invited to Rome by
Pius IV., and painted in the Vatican with
Federigo Zucchero. While thus engaged he
was poisoned by his rivals, and so injured
that he was never after able to work more
than two hours a day. The remainder of
his life was chiefly spent at Urbino. Ba-
rocci's style resembles that of Correggio,
whose works he studied. He was a de-
cided mannerist, able in design, but in-
ferior as a colourist. Among his easel pict-
ures are : Crucifixion, Duomo, Genoa ; De-
scent from Cross (15G9), Duomo, Perugia ;
Madonna del Popolo, Christ and Magdalen,
Portrait of Duke of Urbino, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Madonna di S. Girolamo (copy of
Correggio), Pitti, Florence ; Martyrdom of
S. Vitale (1583), Brera, Milan ; Annuncia-
tion, Ecstacy of St. Michelina, Vatican ;
Noli me tangere, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ;
Circumcision (1580), Madonna in Glory,
Louvre ; Madonna and Saints, Dresden
Gallery ; Madonna della Gatta, National Gal-
lery, London ; two Holy Families and Por-
i trait of a Man, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 27 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., vii. 91 ; Burckhardt, 759 ; Ch. Blanc,
Kcole ombrienne.
BARON, HENRI (CHARLES ANTOINE),
born at Besan9on, in June, 1816. Genre
painter, pupil of Gigoux, made his debut in
the Salon in 1840, then visited Italy. Medals :
3d class, 1847, 1855, 1867 ; 2d class, 1848 ;
L. of Honour, 1859. Works: Sculptor's
Studio (1840) ; Giorgione Painting Gas-
ton de Foix (1844); Andrea del Sarto Paint-
ing Madonna del Sacco", Summer Evening
(1847) ; Child Sold by Pirates, Spring in
Tuscany (1848) ; Touch and Hearing, Vin-
tage in the Romagna (1855), Luxembourg
Museum ; Harlequinade (1857) ; Painters'
Festival at Italian Tavern (1859) ; Archery
in Tuscany (1864); St. Luke's Festival
in Venice (1867); The Skaters (1870);
His Eminence at his Nephews', Bowlers
(1874) ; Street Comer at Catania (1876) ;
Bt'be (1878) ; Fair Naturalist (Mrs. Paran
Stevens, New York) ; Archer's Rest (C. H.
Wolff, Philadelphia) ; Wine and Mirth (C. P.
Huntington, New York) ; Wild Flowers (J.
Hoey, New York). — Larousse, ii. 249 ; Meyer,
Kflnst. Lex., iii. 32 ; M filler, 26.
BARRET, GEORGE, born in Dublin, Ire-
land, in 1732 (1728 ?), died at Westbourne
Green, near London, May 29, 1784. Land-
scape painter, son of a draper and appreu-
; ticed to a stay-maker, but learned to colour
prints and became drawing master at the
West drawing school in Dublin. Went in
1761 to London, where he became a suc-
cessful landscape painter, earning, it is said,
£2000 yearly. Became master painter to
Chelsea Hospital, but died bankrupt and
left his family dependent on the Royal
Academy, of which he was one of the foun-
dation members. H;s best works are in the
Portland and Buccleugh Collections. His
son George (1774-1842) was a water-colour
painter, and one of the foundation members
of the Water-Colour Society. — F. de Con-
ches, 183 ; Redgrave ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex ,
\ iii. 40 ; Sandby, i. 100.
BARIUAS
BARRIAS, FKLIX JOSEPH, born in
Paris, Sept. 13, 1822. History painter,
pupil of Leon Co-
gniet in 1836, ob-
tained the grand
prix de Rome in
1844, for his pict-
ure of Cincinnatus
receiving the Dep-
uties of the Senate.
First exhibited at
the Salon in 1847.
Painted frescos in
S. Eustache, La Trinite, in the Grand Hotel
du Louvre, and other public buildings.
Medals : 3d class, 1847 ; 1st class, 1851 ;
2d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1859.
Works : Roman Spinning Girl, Sappho
(1847) ; The Exiles of Tiberius (1858), Lux-
embpurg Museum ; Dante AHghieri (1853),
Tarbes Museum ; Michelangelo in the Sis-
tine Chapel, Pilgrims to the Jubilee in 1300,
Laval Museum ; Landing of French Troops
in the Crimea, Versailles Museum ; Gauls
Insulted by Romans, Autun Museum ; ;
Death of Socrates, Electra at her Father's
Tomb (1873) ; Conspiracy in Venice in
1530 ; Titian Painting a Venus ; La Picardie
(allegorical composition), Amiens Muse- '
um ; Olympian Gods, Allegory of Music,
New Opera, Paris ; Sea Bath en famille at '
Dinard (1883) ; Charity at Venice, She was
an Andalusian and a Countess (1884) ; !
Death of Chopin (1885). — Meyer, Kiiust.
Lex., iii. 41 ; M filler, 27.
BARROSO, MIGUEL, born at Consu-
egra in 1538, died at the Escorial, Sept. 29,
1590. Spanish school ; pupil of Becerra,
became painter to the king in 1589, and
executed frescos in the chief cloister of the
Escorial.— Stirling, i. 250 ; Meyer, Kunst. !
Lex., iii. 45.
BARRY, FRANVOIS BERNARD, born'
in Marseilles, May 3, 1813. Landscape and
marine painter, pupil of Aubert and Th.
Gudin. His marine paintings are partic- '
ularly good. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d \
class, 1843. Works : A Fog, Fishing Boats ,
(1840) ; Leaving the Harbour of Marseilles,
Tunny-Fishing (1843) ; Arrival of the Queen
at Treport (1845); After the Storm, Ships
Becalmed (1849) ; New Parliament House
in London, Entrance to Marseilles (1855) ;
Reception of Cardinal Latrizzi in Marseilles
(1857) ; Napoleon HI. receiving Queen Vic-
toria at Cherbourg (1859), Marseilles Muse-
um ; Arrival of the Waters of the Mediter-
ranean at Lake Timsah (1863), Suez Com-
pany ; View at Birket-el-Sab (1863), Prince
Halim ; Ruins of Karnak, First Cataract of
the Nile (1864) ; Tombs of the Caliphs at
Cairo (1867) ; Moon-Rise at Sea, View at
Birket-el-Essabe (1868) ; Constantinople,
Entrance to Marseilles (1869) ; Ajaccio,
Tarmouch (1870) ; Alexandria (1874) ; Pi-
rate fleeing from a Cruiser, Entrance to the
Bosphorus, Inside the Harbour of Constan-
tinople (1875) ; Ironclads at Toulon (1876) ;
Bark in Distress, St. Petersburg in Evening
(1880) ; Review of Fleet at Cherbourg
(1881) ; Capture of Sfax (1882).— Larousse,
: ii. 272.
BARRY, JAMES, born in Cork, Ireland,
;Oct. 11, 1741,
died in London,
Feb. 22, 1806.
' Studied in Dub-
lin under Rob-
ert West ; went
in 1765, by the
aid of Edmund
Burke, to Rome,
where he re-
mained five
years. Though
the pictures ex-
hibited on his return met with but moder-
ate success, he became an A. R. A. in 1772
and R. A. in 1773, and received in 1782 the
appointment of professor of painting ; but
his lectures gave offence and he was removed
and expelled. After this he lived in quasi re-
tirement until his death. The defects of his
education, his violent temper, lack of judg-
ment, and the blind devotion to high art
which led him to handle a class of subjects
103
BAETH
whose adequate treatment demanded higher
powers and much greater technical skill
than he possessed, prevented Barry from
attaining that measure of success to which
his talents fairly entitled him. His picture
of Venus (Society of Arts), Jupiter and Juno,
and the Wounded Philoctetes, illustrate his
ambitious weakness ; his Death of General
Wolfe, who, together with all the dramatis
personse, is represented nude, proves the
absurd extent of his faith in the academic
style ; while his six pictures of the Civiliza-
tion and Regeneration of Man, two of which
are 42 feet in length, painted for the Society
of Arts between 1777 and 1783, though re-
markable for the inventive qualities dis-
played, attest his feebleness as a draughts-
man and colourist. Among his other works
are his own portrait in the National Portrait
Gallery, and his Adam and Eve at S. Ken-
sington.— Fryer, Works of J. Barry (Lon-
don, 1809) ; F. de Conches, 283 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole anglaise ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 45 ;
Sandby, ii. 182 ; Portfolio (1873), 150.
EARTH, FERDINAND, born at Parten-
kirchen, Bavaria,
Nov. 11, 1842.
History and
genre painter,
pupil in Nurem-
berg of Kreling,
then of the Mu-
nich Academy
under Piloty and
Caspar Braun.
He took part in
the campaigns of
18G6 and 1870,
travelled through Germany, France, Italy,
and Switzerland, and became professor at the
Academy and at the Art School of Industry
in Munich. Medals in Vienna and Munich.
Works : Quarrelling Landsknechts, Dance
of Death, Merchant of Venice, Torquato
Tasso, Paganini in Prison (1883), Parsifal,
Cupid at the Door. — Miiller, 27.
BARTHEL, GUSTAV ADOLF, born in
Brunswick, in 1819. Portrait painter, son
and pupil of the engraver Friedrich Barthel
(1785-1846), and pupil of Stieler and Kaul-
bach at Munich, and of Lessing at Diissel-
dorf. In 1852 he was appointed painter to
the Duke, and in 1857 inspector of the Gal-
lery in Brunswick. Works : Portraits of
Dukes Ferdinand, Frederic William, Charles
William, and William of Brunswick, Por-
trait of Princess Alexandrine of Hohenlohe.
—Miiller, 28.
BARTLETT, WILLIAM HENRY, born
London ; contemporary. Landscape
painter, pupil in Paris of Bouguereau and
of Tony Robert-Fleury. Exhibits at Royal
Academy, Grosvenor Gallery, and Paris
! Salon. Works : Return from Seal-Hunt —
Ireland (1881) ; On the Alert, Loading Corn
—West Ireland, Ellestrin Bay— West Ire-
land (1882) ; Summer-Time — Lagoon of
Chioggia near Venice, Netting Granchios —
Chioggia (1883) ; Bad Wind for Fish (1884).
BARTOLI (di Bartolo), TADDEO, Sien-
ese school, born in Siena in 1363, died there
in 1422. Son of Bartolo di Mino, a barber ;
early began a successful practice ; in 1389
was a member of the council on the works
in the cathedral of Siena. In 1390 he
painted for S. Paolo of Pisa the Virgin and
Saints now in the Louvre, and in 1393 for
Cattaneo Spinola and for S. Luca, Genoa,
two altarpieces. An altarpiece of the Ma-
donna and Saints was executed in 1395 for
S. Francesco, Pisa, and this was followed by
a series of frescos in the same church,
among the best of which is the Apostle's
Visit to the Virgin, a work of great spirit.
The breadth and motion of drapery, the
firm decision in the drawing, and the bold
freedom of action in difficult positions are
worthy of the 16th century. After com-
pleting his labours at Pisa, Taddeo re-
turned to Siena, and painted several years
in the cathedral. A few panels by him yet
remain, but most of his frescos there are
obliterated. He next painted some pictures
for the Duomo of S. Gimignano, two of
which are preserved in the Palazzo Commu-
nale. In 1403 he was at work in Perugia,
104
BARTOLO
where he painted for S. Agostino a Descent
of the Holy Spirit ; for S. Francesco a Vir-
gin and Child, now in the Perugia Acad-
emy ; and for S. Domenico frescos of the
life of S. Catherine, now obliterated. The
next year he was again in Siena, where he
laboured for several years in the Duomo
and the Palazzo Pubblico. Taddeo stood
at the head of the Sienese school, yet he did
not cause it to progress nor exercise any
improving influence upon his successors.
Siena really gained less from him than from
the Lorenzetti.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 156;
Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 178 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 58 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 33 ;
W. & W., i. 472.
BARTOLO DI FREDI, born about 1330,
buried Jan. 26, 1409. Sienese school ; some-
times called Bartolomnieo di Maufredi.
He was associated with Andrea Vanni in
1353, was registered in 1355 in the guild of
Siena, and employed in 1361 in the Sala del
Consiglio, Siena. From 1362 to 1366 he
was at S. Gimignano, where he had pre-
viously (1356) decorated part of the parish
church with scenes from the Old Testament.
On his return to Siena he was employed
with Jacomo di Mino in decorating the
cathedral, and in 1372 he became a member
of the government. Of his extant pictures
a Descent from the Cross (dated 1382), in
the Sacristy of S. Francesco of Montalcino,
and an altarpiece, part in the sacristy and
part in the Sienese Academy, show a mixt-
ure of the styles of Simone and Lorenzetti.
Adoration of the Magi by him in the Acad-
emy ; St. Peter, in the Louvre, Paris. Both
drawing and colour are hard, and the latter
is flat and red in the shadows. Gold is lav-
ished on the accessories and ornaments. —
C. & C., Italy, ii. 148 ; Meyer, Kunst. Lex.,
iii. 61 ; Vasari, el. Le Hon., ii. 218, N. 1 ;
219, N. 4 ; Baldinucci, i. 297 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1870), ii. 29.
BARTOLOMMEO BOLGHARINI, or
BOLOGHINI. See Bulgarini.
BARTOLOMMEO, Fra, born probably at
Suffiguano, near Florence, in 1475, died in
Florence, Oct. 31, 1517. Real name Bar-
tolommeo di Paolo di Jacopo del Fattorino ;
commonly called
della Porta from
the vicinity of
his house to the
\ gate of S. Pier
Gattolino. Ap-
prenticed when
nine years old to
Cosimo Roselli,
with whom he
remained until 1490, meanwhile studying
the frescos of Masaccio and Filippino at
the Carmine and the works of Perugino
and Leonardo da Vinci. On leaving the
studio of Rosselli, where Bartolommeo had
formed what proved to be a life-long friend-
ship with Mariotto Albertinelli, the two en-
tered into a partnership which ceased in
October, 1499, when Bartolommeo, under
the influence of Savonarola, gave up paint-
ing. In obedience to Savonarola's com-
mand he had iii 1497 burned his draw-
ings from the nude, and iu the following
year, when the Convent of S. Marco was
besieged, had vowed that if he survived
he would join the Dominicans. This he
did July 26, 1500, leaving his commenced
fresco of the Last Judgment in the ceme-
tery of S. M Nuova to be finished by Al-
bertiuelli. Retiring into the convent of S.
Marco, Fra Bartolommeo, as he was thence-
forward called, renounced painting alto-
gether until 1506, after which, with the
assistance of Fra Paolino and Albertinelli
(1508-1512), he painted a noble series of
altarpieces and devotional pictures. In 1508
he went to Venice, in 1510 to Rome, and in
1512 and 1517 to Pian di Mugnone. With
these exceptions he lived in Florence until
his death. After Leonardo, to whom he
was greatly indebted, Fra Bartolommeo may
be considered the greatest painter of the
Florentine school. None excelled him in
dignity of style, none equalled him in the
management of drapery, the harmonious
use of colour, or iu stateUness of composi-
108
BARTOLOMMEO
tion. His altarpieces have that nobility of
character which springs from the symme-
try of their arrangement and the perfect
balance of their parts. Their beauty is the
beauty of repose, of self-contained though
earnest expression, of harmony between at-
titude and action. Works before 1501 :
Portrait of Savonarola (1496), Sig. Rubieri,
Florence ; Last Judgment (1498-9), fresco
in the little Museum of S. M. Nuova ; Trip-
tych (1500), Poldi Collection, Milan. Works
after 1505 : Assumption of the Virgin, Be-
sangon Cathedral, France ; Ecce Homo, De-
scent from Cross, St. Mark, Christ and Evan-
gelists (151G), Madonna with Saints (1512),
Holy Family, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Isaiah,
Job, Madonna and Patron Saints of Flor-
ence, Uffizi, Florence ; Meeting of Christ
and Apostles at Emmaus, Lunette (1507-8),
S. Marco ; altarpiece, Madonna with Saints
(1509), S. Martino, Lucca ; God the Father
with Saints (1509), Madonna della Miseri-
cordia (1515), Lucca Gallery ; Madonna,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Marriage of St.
Catherine (1511), Annunciation (1515), Lou-
vre ; The Virgin Mary Appearing to St. Ber-
nard, Portrait of Savonarola as St. Peter
Martyr, Christ Bearing his Cross, St. Vin-
cent, Florence Academy ; Paul and Peter,
Quirinal, Rome ; Holy Family, Palazzo Cor-
sini ; Assumption (151G), Museum, Naples ;
do., Museum, Berlin ; Holy Family, Pan- ,
shanger, England ; Madonna del Cappuc-
cino, Gallerie Abel, Paris ; Presentation in
Temple (1516), Vienna Museum.— C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 427; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 175,
212 ; Meyer, Kiinst, Lex., iii. 63 ; Rio, 479 ;
Dohme, 2iii. ; Burckhardt, 630 ; Marchesi,
ii. 1.
BARTOLOMMEO DELLA GATTA. See
Gatta.
BARTOLOMMEO DI MANFREDI. See
Bartolo di Fredi.
BARTOLOMMEO DA MURANO. See
Vivarini, Bartolommeo.
BARZAGHI - CATTANEO, ANTONIO,
born at Lugano, Ticino, in 1835. History,
genre, and portrait painter ; pupil of the
Milan Academy, but took chiefly the Venetian
masters for his models ; painted at first por-
traits and genre scenes with small figures,
and was gradually led to monumental and
fresco painting, in which he has achieved his
greatest success. Works : Beatrice Cenci
(1861) ; Tasso, Basle Museum ; Republicans
in Florence Overthrowing Statues of the Med-
ici, Diana of Poitiers (1870) ; Page (1873) ;
Musing Girl (1873) ; Old and New Corre-
spondence (1873); in fresco: Moses as Law-
giver, Sermon on the Mount (1874, Church
at Horgen, Lake of Zurich). — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., iii. 87; Miiller, 29.
BASAITI, MARCO, born about 1450, died
after 1520. Venetian school. Born in Venice
of Greek parents, according to Vasari, but
according to others a native of Friuli. He
laboured in Venice between 1490 and 1520,
and was probably a scholar and assistant of
Luigi Vivarini, though he differed much from
him. After the death of Luigi (1503), he
finished his Apotheosis of St. Ambrose in the
Frari, Venice, without improving it essen-
tially. Later he was an assistant of Giovanni
Bellini, whose peculiarities he adopted after
1510. Still later he imitated Palma, but
without his richness of colour, and in 1520
Carpaccio. Charles Blanc calls him a worthy
rival of Giovanni Bellini and of Carpaccio ;
but Crowe and Cavalcaselle think his work
only a superficial imitation, without "the
pure ring of the choicest metal." His pict-
ures are in many galleries. Among his best
are the Calling of the Apostles James and
John (1510), Christ in the Garden (1510),
Venice Academy ; St. George and the Dragon
(1520), in San Pietro di CasteUo, Venice ;
Assumption, S. Pietro Martire, Murano ; Ma-
donna Adoring the Child, Museo Civico, Pa-
dua ; Christ Crowned with Thorns, Rovigo
Gallery; Calling of Apostles James and John
1U6
BASILETTI
(1515), Vienna Museum; Picta, Altar in Four
Panels, St. Sebastian, Berlin Museum ; St.
Jerome Heading, National Gallery, London.
— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 259 ; Meyer, Kttnst
Lex., iii. 88 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole vonitienne ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. G46 ; Lermolieff, 14, 399;
Ltlbke, Gescb. ital. Mai., i. 550.
BASILETTI, LUIGI,born at Brescia, Italy,
in 1780, died in 1860. History and landscape
painter, pupil of Santo Cattaneo, then
studied in Bologna and in Rome, where he
painted Canova's portrait. Works : Guard-
ian Angel with Boy, Duomo nuovo, Brescia ;
Death of the Niobeds, Temple of Sibyl at
Tivoli, Isle of Ischia, and others, Tosi Gal-
lery, ib.; Falls of Tivoli, Brera, Milan.—
Fenaroli, Artisti Breseiani ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 98.
BASSANO, FRANCESCO, born at Bas-
sano in 1550,
died in Venice,
July 4, 1591. Ve-
netian school;
real name Fran-
cesco da Ponte ;
eldest son and
pupil of Jacopo
Bassano. Estab-
lished himself at
Venice; em-
ployed in decor-
ating the Palazzo
Ducale, where he painted the Siege of Padua
and five other pictures. He also executed for
churches large works which were deserved-
ly admired. Became melancholy and killed
himself by jumping from a window. Works :
Ascension, S. Luigi de' Francesi, Rome ;
Fish Market, Louvre ; Flight into Egypt
and Adoration of Magi, Duomo, Padua ;
Martyrdom of St. Catherine, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Rape of Sabines, Turin Gallery ;
Adoration of Shepherds and Christ Clearing
Temple, Dresden Museum ; Christ at Beth-
any, Cassel Gallery ; Adoration of Magi, Last
Supper, Madrid Museum. — Ch. Blanc, tfcole
vdnitienue ; Burckhardt, 750 ; Wornuin,
Epochs, 259.
BASSANO, JACOPO, called the elder,
lx>ru at Bassauo, 1510, died there, Feb. 13,
1592. Venetian
school ; real name
Jncopo da Ponte;
son and pupil of
Francesco da
Poute the elder ;
afterward pupil /-,
of Bonifazio Ve- •
neziauo, and lat-
er, it is said, of JA.'
Titian. Bassano
was perhaps the earliest of Italian genre
painters. He excelled in painting landscape
and animals, and chose his subjects from
Scripture scenes in which they could suit-
ably be introduced. He also painted mar-
ket scenes, farmyards, and other agricul-
tural subjects, as well as historical pict-
ures, altarpieces, and portraits. He had
four sons and many scholars who worked
with him in his studio, and enabled him
to multiply his pictures. Among his best
works are : Entombment of Christ (1574),
S. Maria in Vanzo, Padua ; Adoration of the
Shepherds, Louvre ; Nativity, S. Giuseppe,
and Baptism of St. Lucillo, S. Valentino,
Bassano ; Return of Jacob to Canaan, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, Venice ; St. Roch Interceding
for the Plague-Stricken, S. Rocco, Piacenza ;
Raising of Lazarus, Naples Museum ; Moses
and the Burning Bush, and Bassano's Fam-
ily, Uffizi, Florence ; Christ Clearing the
Temple (replica in National Gallery, Lon-
don), Animals Entering Ark, Noah Leaving
Ark, Madrid Museum ; Good Samaritan,
National Gallery, London. — Ch. Blanc, £cole
vonitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., xiii. 42 ;
Seguier, 153, 713 ; Burckhardt, 750.
BASSANO, LEANDRO, Cavaliere, born
at Bassano in 1558, died in Venice in lf>23.
Venetian school ; real name Leaudro da
Ponte, third son and pupil of Jacopo Bas-
sano. Painted for some time in his father's
style, but some of his portraits having brought
him fame at Venice, he confined himself
afterward almost entirely to portraiture.
107
BASSEN
Of his historical works the Resurrection of
Lazarus, Adoration of the Shepherds, Prayer
of Jesus in the Gar-
den, and the Incre-
dulity of St. Thom-
as, are in the Venice
Academy, and the
Birth of the Virgin,
in S. Sophia, Venice.
In the Madrid Mu-
seum are the Prodi-
gal Son, Assump-
tion of the Virgin,
and the Forge of
Vulcan. He was knighted by the Doge
Grimani, whose portrait he painted. — Ch.
Blanc, ficole venitienne.
BASSEN, BARTHOLOMEUS VAN, died
at The Hague, buried Nov. 28, 1652. Dutch
school ; architecture painter. Entered Guild
of St. Luke at Delft, Oct. 21, 1613, and
that at The Hague in 1622. The figures in
his pictures were often painted by Frans
Franken, the younger, whence it is probable
that he temporarily lived and perhaps also
studied at Antwerp. Visited England, then
returned to Hague, and from 1639 to 1650
held post of city architect. Works : Church
Interior (1624), Berlin Museum ; do. (1626),
Hague Museum ; St. Peter's Square in
Rome (1623), Copenhagen Gallery ; others
in Hanover (1624), Gottingen (1625), Stutt-
gart, Prague, and Pesth Galleries. — Meyer,
Kiinsi Lex., iii. 105 ; De Stuers, 9.
BASSETTI, MARCANTONIO, born in
Verona in 1588, died there in 1630. Vene-
tian school ; pupil of Felice Brusasorci ; then
studied in Venice, chiefly copying Tinto-
retto, and later in Rome. After his return
to Verona, he was counted among the best
artists of his time and much employed in
painting altarpieces for churches. "Works :
Martyrdom of St. Vitus, Munich Gallery.—
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 107 ; Ridolfi, Marav.,
ii. 477.
BASSIN, PETER VASSILIEVICH, born
in St. Petersburg, June 25 (July 7), 1793,
died there, July 4 (16), 1877. History and
portrait painter, pupil of St. Petersburg
Academy ; went in 1819 to Rome, where he
lived five years, and remained abroad six
years longer. After his return he became
member of the Academy, and shortly after-
wards professor. Works: Christ Driving
the Money Changers from the Temple,
Marsyas Teaching Olympus to play the
Flute, Academy, St. Petersburg ; Elopement,
La Lavandara di Frascati, Bacchanal, Su-
sanna at the Bath, Earthquake on Monte
Cavo, Socrates Saving Alcibiades in Battle of
Potidaja, Scene from Life of a Robber, Her-
mitage, ib. ; Coming of the Holy Ghost, four
scenes from Life of Mary and Jesus, Resur-
rection, Winter Palace, ib.; Virgin and
Saints, Twelve Apostles, Four Evangelists,
Betrayal of Judas, Christ before Pilate,
Flagellation, Bearing the Cross, Ascension
of Mary, Four Saints, Martyrdom of St.
Catherine, Martyrdom of St. Demetrius, St.
George before Diocletian, Christ Appearing
to Barbara, Isaac Church, ib. ; God of Saba-
oth and Angels, Fight of Alexander Nevski
against the Swedes, Prayer of Alexander
Nevski, Death of Alexander Nevski, Trans-
portation of his Relics, Sermon on the
Mount, Chapel of Alexander Nevski, ib.;
Mary Entering the Temple, Annunciation,
Peter and Paul, Archangel Michael, Simeon,
Rest in Egypt, Moscow Museum. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 10.
BASTARUOLO, IL. See Mazzuoli, Giu-
seppe.
BASTIANI (Sebastiani), LAZZARO, born
about 1450, died after 1508. Venetian
school ; commonly called a pupil of Carpac-
cio, but dates contradict it. He was bred,
probably, in the Paduan school, where he
acquired the disagreeable features without
the redeeming qualities of Mantegna ; but
in Venice he learned to imitate Luigi Viva-
rini, without wholly losing the impress of
IDS
BASTIANINO
his early education. He failed to rise to
the level of Carpaccio, and never attained
superior distinction, yet he held an honour-
able position in his guild in Venice. Among
his works are : Madonna with Saints and
Donor in the lunette of a side door of the
S. M e Donate, Murauo, signed and dated
1484 ; Coronation of the Virgin, Lochis
Carrara Gallery, Bergamo ; Entombment,
S. Antonio, Venice ; the Gift of the Relic
and the Miracle of the Holy Cross, Venice
Academy ; Annunciation, Correr Museum,
Venice ; Glorification of St. Veneranda,
Vienna Academy.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 215 ;
Ch. Blanc, Eeole venitieune ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., vi. 86, 97, 98 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
113.
BASTIANINO, IL. See Filippl, Sebasti-
ano.
BASTIEN-LEPAGE, JULES, born at
Damvillers, Meuse,
Nov. 1, 1848, died in
Paris, Dec. 10, 1884.
History and portrait
painter, pupil of Caba-
nel. Medals : 3d class,
1874 ; 2d class, 1875 ;
3d class, 1878; L.
of Honour, 1879.
Works : Song of
Spring, Portrait of
my Grandfather
(1874); Communicant
(1875); Adoration of Shepherds, Portrait of
M. Wallon (1876) ; Portrait of my Parents,
do. of Andr6 Theuriet (1877) ; Hay Harvest
(1878) ; Portrait of Sarah Bernhardt (1879) ;
Potato Harvest (1879) ; Joan of Arc, Erwin
Davis, New York; Village Love, Ripe Grain,
October (1883) ; The Forge (1884), Albert
Wolff. — Moutrosier, Artistes modernes, iii. ;
Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., iii. 116 ; Mttller, 29 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xx. 235.
BATES, DEWEY, born in Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1851. Genre and portrait painter ;
studied at Royal Academy, Antwerp, and at
licole des Beaux Arts, Paris, under Ger6me.
Studio in Philadelphia ; was in London in
[ 1883. Works : Little Jannetje, Dutch Com-
fort (1875).
BATH, AFTER THE, Jean Loon Gerdme,
j Wm. Astor, New York ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2
ft. A female figure, nude, sitting, back to the
spectator, at the edge of the bath, in the
water of which her form is reflected, with a
narghileh beside her ; another figure, partly
draped, sitting at left, and two others in
i background. Photogravure in Art Treas-
ures of America, ii. 71.
BATH, YOUNG ROMAN'S, Charles
Gleyre, Charles S. Smith, New York ; canvas,
H 3 f t. x 2 ft. A beautiful female slave,
partly draped, lifts a babe into an alabaster
font, in a Roman impluvium, on the opposite
side of which, nearly in profile, stands a nude
maiden, resting her hands on the rim of the
basin, and contemplating the young Roman
with admiration. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America, ii. 88.
BATHSHEBA AT THE BATH, Francia
Bigio, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 2 ft. 8 in.
x 5 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated 1523. David sees
Bathsheba in the bath, while Uriah sleeps
on the balcony of his house ; on the other
side, the sending of Uriah with the letter. —
Cat. Dresden Gal.
Subject treated also by Rembrandt,
Steeugracht Collection, Hague ; Cornells
van Haarlem, Berlin Museum ; Jan Frans
van Douven, Cassel Gallery ; Bernardo
Strozzi, Dresden Gallery ; Carlo Maratti,
Leichtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
BATTAGLIA, DIONISIO, flourished in
Verona about 1547. Probably pupil of
Francesco Torbido, to whose style his pict-
ures bear so close a resemblance that they
have often been mistaken for them. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 123 ; Bernasconi, Studj.,
301.
BATTEM, GERARD VAN, second half
of 17th century. Dutch school ; landscape
painter ; apparently took Ph. Wouwerman
for his model ; said to have lived at Rotter-
dam. Works : Hilly Landscape with Fig-
ures, Meiningen Gallery ; do., Schleissheim
Gallery. — Meyer, KUnst Lex., iii. 125.
109
BATTISTA
BATTISTA DA SAN DANIELE. See
Pelleyrino.
BATTLE, Salvator Rosa, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 6 in.; signed. A hand-
to-hand conflict of horse and foot, near a
ruined temple on right ; on left, massive
rocks and burning vessels. Painted in 1652,
in forty days, by order of Monsignor Cor-
sini, Papal Nuncio, who presented it to
Louis XT7.— Villot, Cat. Louvre.
BATTONI (Batoni), POMPEO GIRO-
LAMO, Cavali-
ere, born at Luc-
ca, Feb. 5, 1708,
died in Rome,
Feb. 4, 1787.
Roman school ;
pupil at Lucca
of Domenico
Brugieri and of
Gio. Domenico
Lombard!; went
early to Rome, where he studied under
Conca, Masucci, and Imperial! ; soon won
reputation and divided with Raphael Nunzo
the honour of being called the first painter
of his time ; but his conceptions were supe-
rior to his power of realization, and his
works are mannered and shallow. Painted
historical pieces and miniatures ; but most
noted for his portraits, numbering among
his sitters Popes Benedict IV. , Clement XITL ,
and Pius VI., the Emperors Joseph II and
Leopold II., and many other celebrated per-
sonages. Among his works are : Marriage
of St. Catherine, Quirinal, Rome ; Birth of
Christ, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; Achilles,
Uffizi, Florence; Madonna Enthroned, Brera,
Milan ; Choice of Hercules, .ZEneas with
Anchises, Return of Prodigal Son, Turin
Gallery ; Madonna, Louvre, Paris ; St. John
the Baptist, Magdalen. The Fine Arts, Dres-
EOTJPCO
den Gallery ; Portrait of Elector Karl Theo-
dor (1775), Pinakothek, Munich ; Marriage
of Cupid and Psyche (175G), Berlin Museum ;
Return of Prodigal Son (1773), Vienna
Museum. — Lanzi, i. 529 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
romaine ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 119.
BAUCK, JEANNA, born in Stockholm,
Sweden, Aug. 18, 1840. Landscape painter,
pupil in Dresden (1863) in figure painting
of Professor Ehrhardt ; then in Diisseldorf
in landscape painting of Albert Flamm. In
1866 she settled in Munich, where she stud-
ied under Karl Ludwig, Langko, and Jos.
Brandt. Visited Tyrol, Switzerland, and Ven-
ice almost yearly ; lived in Paris in 1879-80,
and then in Munich, where she has a school
of painting for young ladies. Paints chiefly
gloomy forests with dark waters, ruins,
and trees, with great breadth and boldness.
Medal, 1878. Works : Village Street with
Gipsy Band (1878); St. John's Eve (1880).—
Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., iii. 128 ; Mttller, 29.
BAUDIT, AMEDI3E, born in Geneva,
Switzerland, in 1829. Landscape painter,
pupil of Franyois Diday; studio in Bordeaux.
Medals : Paris, 1859, 18G1 ; Geneva, 1861 ;
Toulouse, 1866; Rochelle, 1866. Works:
Shores of Lake of Geneva, Dent du Midi
(1861); Coast near Terre-Negre (1866); View
near Cannes (1867) ; Souvenir of Dieppe,
Les Landes (1867) ; Storm (1868) ; Heath of
Begaar, Rainy Day at Biscarosse, Pasture in
the Landes (1875) ; Before the Storm (1883).
—Meyer, Ktiust. Lex., iii, 132.
BAUDOIN, PAUL ALBERT, born at
Rouen ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Gleyre, Delaunay, and Puvis de Cha-
vanues. Medal, 3d class, 1882. Works:
History of Wheat (1882), frieze for Ecole
Dombasle, Paris ; View of St. Pons — He-
rault, Mulberries of Port Junenal — Herault
(1883) ; April Morning in Normandy (1884) ;
Betrothal (1885).
BAUDOIN, PIERRE ANTOINE, born in
Paris, Oct. 17, 1723, died Dec. 15, 1769.
Genre painter, pupil of Boucher, whose
daughter he married ; Member of Academy
in 1763. Fond of painting erotic subjects.
Works : Confessional, Fille econduite, Cueil-
leur de Cerises, Petite Idylle galante, Le
Lever, Fille querelloe, Force du Sang (1765,
no
BAUD It Y
\
Salon of 17G7) ; Le Coucher de la Mariee,
Sentiment de L'Ainour, Chaumiure, Eight
Miniatures with Life of the Virgin (1767) ;
Modele honnete, Diana and Actseon ; Kpouse
indiscrete, Sentinelle en defaut, Enlevemeut,
Jardiniere gallant, Chemin de la Fortune,
Rose and Colas (1769).— Ch. Blanc, Ecole
francaise ; Goncourt, ii. 520 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 132 ; Wurzbach, Mai. d. xviii. J.,
34.
BAUDRY, PAUL (JACQUES AIMEE),
born at La Roche-
sur-Yon, Vendee,
Nov. 7, 1828. His-
tory and portrait
painter, pupil at
La Roche of Sar-
toris and in Paris
of Drolling. Won
the grand prix
de Rome in 1850
by his Zenobia
Discovered on the
Banks of the Ar-
axes. Exhibited first in Salon in 1857. Med-
als: 1st class, 1857, 1861, 1881; L. of Honour,
1861 ; Officer, 1869 ; Commander, 1875 ;
Member of Institute, 1870. He has executed
important decorative works, the most cele-
brated being those in the foyer of the New
Opera House in Paris (1866-74). Has also
painted many portraits. Works : St. John,
Fortune and the Child (1857), Luxembourg
Museum ; Execution of a Vestal (1857), Lille '
Museum ; Leda (1857) ; Penitent Magdalen,
Toilet of Venus, Guillemette (1859) ; Char- !
lotte Corday (1861), Nantes Museum ; Am-
phitrite (1861) ; Pearl and Wrave (1863) ;
Diana (1865) ; Glorification of Law (1881) ;
Truth (1882). Among his portraits are:
Guizot (1861) ; Charles Gamier (1869) ; Ed-
mond About (1872) ; Gen. de Montaubau
(1877). — Larousse; Meyer, Gesch., 595; do.,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 137.
BAUERLE, KARL (WTLHELM FRIED-
RICH), born at Endersbach, Wurtemberg,
June 5, 1831. Genre and portrait painter ;
came to America in 1836, returned to Ger-
many in 1859, and became pupil of the art
school in Stuttgart under Rustige. In 1863
he studied in Munich under Piloty, and in
1864 went to Italy. After his return he ac-
quired great reputation at Stuttgart by his
portraits ; went in 1869 to England, where he
painted several members of the royal family
and of the aristocracy. Works : Portraits of
Prince and Princess of Hoheulohe-Langen-
burg, Group of their Children, Prince
Arthur, Children of Prince of Wales ; The
Orphans (1867), Stuttgart Gallery ; Female
Letter Carrier, Little Barefoot, Spring, The
Nursery, Attempts at Art. — Meyer, Kdnst.
Lex., iii. 143 ; Miiller, 30.
BAUGIN, LUBIN, born at Pithiviers,
Loiret, France, about 1610, died in Paris,
July 11, 1663. History painter, imitator of
Guido Reni, whence called Little Guido.
Works : Holy Family, Louvre ; Madonna,
Nancy Museum ; Holy Family, Dijon Muse-
um ; Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, Rouen
Museum ; Magdalen Consoled by Angels,
Gregory the Great, Orleans Museum ; St.
Sebastian, S. Sepulchre; Adoration of Angels,
St. Lazare; six pictures in Notre Dame, Paris.
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 145.
BAUGNIET, CHARLES, born in Brussels
in 1814. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of J. Paelinck and M. F. Willems. Lives at
Sevres. First became known by a collection
of three hundred lithographed portraits of
distinguished persons. After spending sev-
eral years in England, settled in Paris and
devoted himself to painting. Member of
Ghent Academy in 1836. Appointed de-
signer to the King of Belgium, 1841 ; Order
of Leopold, 1843, Officer 1872 ; Order of
Isabel Catholic of Spain ; of Branche-Ern-
stein of Saxony ; of Christ of Portugal.
Works : Sister of Charity, Repentance, First-
Born, Sailor's Return, Beau Telling a Story,
The Eldest Daughter (1863) ; Elder Sister's
Return (1864) ; Visiting the Widow, Trou-
bled Conscience (1865), Godmother's Visit
(1866) ; Departure of the Bride (1869) ; Em-
barrassing Answer, Godmother, Good Ad-
venture (1870); Burning of Chicago (1871) ;
111
BAUMAXN
Old Arm-Chair, My Little Nephew (187G) ;
Blind Man's Buff, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New
York ; First Heart Trouble (1878) ; Fourth
of July, 1876 ; Autumn (1879); Washington's
Birthday (1881); Cottage Hospitality (1882).
Other works owned in United States : Curi-
osity, James H. Stebbins, New York ; Ein-
barrassing Answer, Dead Canary, Dressing
the Bride, T. E. Butler, New York ; Lady's
Night Toilet, Mrs. Paran Stevens, New York;
His Picture, W. Mason, Taunton, Mass. ; After
the Ball, Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland;
Autumn, S. A Coale, St. Louis ; Art Studies,
C. Crocker, San Francisco ; Interesting the
Convalescent, W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ;
Toilet of the Bride, Departure of the Bride,
E. D. Morgan Collection, New York ; Letter
of Becommendation, Lost Illusions, B. L.
Stuart Collection, New York ; Autumn, C. P.
Huntington, New York ; Feeding the Snow
Birds, C. S. Smith, New York ; Toilet of the
Bride, J. Hoey, New York ; Good Fortune, "W.
H. Vanderbilt, New York; Spring Time, Win.
Astor, New York.— Vapereau (1880), 150.
BAUMANN, (ADOLF) CHRISTIAN, born
in Munich in 1829, died there in 18G5.
History painter, pupil of Munich Academy |
in 1844-48, under Schraudolph, whom he j
also assisted in his works at the Speyer
cathedral. After three years spent in Italy
he returned home and executed a series of !
works in fresco, in the style of H. Hess and
Schraudolph. Two Madonnas, New Pina-
kothek, Munich ; four fresco paintings, Na-
tional Museum, Munich ; two in Arcades of
S. Cemetery, ib. ; Crucifixion, I. Sarthor, ib.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 152 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 148.
BAUMANN, JOHANN HEINEICH, born
at Mitau, Feb. 10, 1753, died at Neu-Juug-
fernhof, near Riga, July 7, 1832. Animal
painter, pupil at Erfurt of J. S. Beck ; after
his return home lived mostly in Curlandj
and Livland, and in 1790 became member
of St. Petersburg Academy ; painted 1,713
pictures, chiefly hunting scenes, highly es-
teemed by sportsmen. — Meyer, Kiiust. Lex.,
iii. 147.
BAUMEISTER, FRANZ KARL, born at
Zwiefalten, Wurtemberg, Jan. 24, 1840.
History painter, pupil of the Munich Acad-
emy from 1855 under Hiltensperger and
Anschutz, and in 1859-65 under Philipp
Foltz. Works : Christ with Virgin and
j Saints (1863) ; Holy Women at the Grave
(1866) ; Eleven Cartoons of Life of St. Wal-
bert (1869-70) ; Baptism of Christ (1872) ;
St. Andrew, Immaculata (1872) ; St. Ann
(1873) ; St. Theobald, St. Maurice, Assump-
tion, St. Bartholomew ; Foundation of Soci-
ety of Jesus, St. Catherine. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., iii. 149 ; Muller, 31.
BAUMGARTNER, PETER, born in Mu-
nich, May 24, 1834. Genre painter, pupil
from 1850 of the Munich Academy, then in
1857-61 of Piloty. His pictures of Bava-
rian life are humorous and characteristic.
J Works : Seven Suabians, Don Quixote's
Declaration of Love, Interrupted Dinner
(1861) ; Invalid Asylum, Auction at a Paint-
er's, On the Way to School (1864) ; The
Answered Prayer for Rain (1866) ; At the
Stand, Scene in Photographer's Studio, Ex-
amination at the Parson's, Forenoon in the
Parson's Kitchen, The Arrival. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 151 ; Muller, 31.
BAUR, ALBERT, born at Aachen, July
13, 1835. History painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy under Karl Sohn, then of Jos.
Kehreu, and later of Schwind in Munich.
Settled in Diisseldorf in 1861. After visit-
ing Paris, Holland, and Italy, was professor
at the Weimar Art School in 1871-76 ;
then returned to Diisseldorf. Works : The
Body of Otto HI. Conveyed over the Alps
(1866) ; Christian Martyrs (1870), Diissel-
dorf Gallery ; Otto I. and the Body of his
Brother Thankmar [1874] ; Paul Preaching
in Rome (1876) ; Amazons Bear-Hunting
(1876) ; Young Poet and Girl (1876) ; Seal-
ing Christ's Sepulchre after Entombment
(1879), J. D. Lankenau, Philadelphia.—
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 156 ; Muller, 31 ;
Ulustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 231 ; Ktinst-Chronik,
i. 133, ii. 37, iv. 190, vii. 438, xii. 83;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 144.
BAUR
BAUR, NICOLAAS, born at Harlingen, I BAYARD, EMELE ANTOESTE, born at
Sept. 23, 1767, died there, March 28, 1820. La Ferte-sous-Jouarre (Seine-et-Marne,)
Dutch school ; marine painter, son and
pupil of J. A. Baur, a portrait painter ; at
first painted landscapes and city views.—
Meyer, Kiinst Lex., iii. 156.
BAVON, ST., CONVERSION OF, Rubens,
National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 3 ft. 5
in. X 5 ft. 5 in. The Saint, about to enter
Nov. 2, 1837. Genre painter, pupil of L.
Cogniet. At first exhibited only charcoal
drawings, for which he is distinguished, but
since 1870 has painted some very characteris-
tic military scenea L. of Honour, 1870.
Works: Narrow Pass, During the Siege
(1874) ; Day after Waterloo (1875) ; Couu-
the monastic life, is met 011 the steps of the try Concert-House, Market in the 18th Cen-
church of his convent by St. Arnaud, Bishop tury, Women Bathing, Skating (1877) ;
of Maastricht. Formerly in Palazzo Carezza, Morning of a Debut (1879) ; two decorative
Genoa ; bequeathed in 1831 to National panels (1882) ; Affair of Honour, Qui trop
Gallery by Rev. W. H. Carr.— Cat Nat Gal.; embrasse (1884) ; Bande joyeuse (1885).—
Smith, ii. 256. j Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), i. 328 ; Meyer,
BAVON, ST., DISTRIBUTING ALMS, Ktlust. Lex., iii. 168.
Rubens, Ghent Cathedral ; canvas, H. 16 ft. BAYER, AUGUST VON, born at Ror-
x 9 ft. The Saint, standing beside a flight schach, on Lake Constance, May 3, 1803,
of steps, is attended by two servants with \ died in Carlsruhe, Feb. 2, 1875. Architect-
bowls of money ; before him are two women, ure painter ; studied architecture in Carls-
one with two infants, kneeling, and behind ruhe under Weinbreuner, and in Paris be-
them a mendicant ; on opposite side, three fore 1828, when he took up painting, first
ladies looking on ; in second distance, the in Munich, then in Carlsruhe. His subjects
Saint, followed by a page and another per-
were the great monumental buildings of
son, is ascending a flight of steps to a the Middle Ages, interiors of churches,
church, at the door of which two bishops halls, etc. Baden court painter. Works :
and several monks await his arrival. One Interior of Franciscan Church at Salzburg,
of Rubens's best works, but greatly injured Cloister of Stiftskirche at Berchtesgadeu,
by restoration. Engraved by F. Pilsen. — Convent-hall with Monk, New Pinakothek,
Smith, ii. 36 ; Beechey, Reynolds's Works,
ii. 142.
BAXTER, CHARLES, born in London,
March, 1809. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of G. Clint in painting portraits and
Munich ; Interior of Church of our Lady in
Munich, Cathedral in Chur, Maulbronn
Monastery, Death of St. Bruno, Organ Play-
er, Strasburg Cathedral. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ii. 186 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 169 ; Brock-
miniatures, in which he was quite success- haus, ii. 616.
ful ; later, devoted himself to rustic and BAYEU Y SUB1AS, Don FRANCISCO,
ideal subjects ; first exhibited at Royal Acad- born at Saragossa, March 9, 1734, died in
emy in 1834. Elected in 1842 member of Madrid, Aug. 4, 1795. History painter,
Society of British Artists. Works : Olivia pupil at Saragossa of Joso Luzan Martinez,
and Sophia (1852) ; Lucy Locket, Bacchante ' then in Madrid of S. Fernando Academy
(1853) ; La Pensoe (1854) ; The Lily (1856) ; ! under Antonio Gonzalez Velasquez ; returned
Heartsease, Dream of Love (1857) ; Little S to Saragossa, but on the suggestion of
Red Riding Hood (1859) ; Little Galway Mengs, court painter to Charles HI, was
Girl (1861) ; Colleen Bawn, Olivia (1862) ; called to Madrid to assist in the decoration
The Ballad (1863) ; Love me, Love my I of the new Palacio Real, and so decidedly
Dog ; Peasants at Chioggia (1869). — Art adhered to the style of Mengs that he may
Journal (1864), 145 ; Meyer, Kiinst Lex., be reckoned as of his school. By contempo-
iii. 168. | raries considered the foremost Spanish paiut-
113
BAYKOFF
er during the second half of the 18th cen-
tury. Court painter ; honorary member of
S. Fernando Academy in 1765, director in
1788. Works : Twenty-five religious, myth-
ological, and allegoiical paintings in Mu-
seo del Prado, Madrid. Frescos : Fall of
the Giants, Apotheosis of Hercules, Con-
quest of Granada, etc., Palacio Real, ib.;
Religious Subjects, Chapel-Royal, Aranjuez ;
Life of St. Eugenius, Toledo Cathedral ;
many in the cathedral and other churches
at Saragossa. His brother and pupil, Don
Ramon, born at Saragossa in 1746, died at
Aranjuez, March 1, 1793, assisted him in
many of his works, especially the frescos at
Saragossa Cathedral. — Bermudez ; Madrazo,
353 ; Stirling, iii. 1257.
BAYKOFF, FEODOR, died at Tiflis,
Russian Transcaucasia, in 1877. Landscape
and genre painter, pupil of St. Petersburg
Academy ; travelled in the Caucasus in 1846
and afterwards in southern Russia. Works :
Circassian Caravan (1873) ; paintings in
cathedral and theatre at Tiflis. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 171.
BAZIN, CHARLES LOUIS, born in
Paris, April 3, 1802, died there, Jan., 1859.
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil
of Girodet-Trioson, and of Gerard. Med-
als : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846. Works :
Peter the Great in France (1842); Christ
on Cross (1843) ; Louis XIV. and Mine,
de Maintenon (1844); Tribute Money (1845);
Girl with a Lizard (1846) ; Ecce Homo
(1849); Dissolution of Parliament by Louis
XIV. (1853).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iv.
308.
BAZZACCO (Bozzacco, Bozzato), born
about 1500, died about 1570. Venetian
school. Proper name Giovan Battista Pon-
chino. A native of Castelfranco, whence
sometimes called Bazacco da Castelfranco.
Vasari, who calls him Brazacco, says he had
charge of the decorations of the grand hall
of the Council of Ten in the Palazzo Ducale,
Venice (after 1552), and that his associates
were Battista Zelotti and Paolo Veronese.
The Neptune on his Chariot, the Mercury,
and the Venice, with broken chains in her
hands, looking to Heaven, are among the
frescos there attributed to him. Blanc says
that his work does not pale beside that of his
brilliant coadjutors. His picture of Christ
in Limbo (1552), S. Liberale, Castelfranco, is
superior to any other work of art in that city,
save the pictures of Giorgione. Bazacco,
after the death of his wife, became an eccle-
siastic with the title of Monsignore. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vi. 594, 595 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 176.
BAZZANI, GIUSEPPE, born in Mantua,
about 1690, died there, Aug. 17, 1769.
Pupil of Giovanni Canti, of Parma, but
formed himself by studies after Mantegna,
Paolo Veronese, and especially Rubens,
whom he took for his model, and soon sur-
passed his early master. Painted many
altarpieces and frescos for churches in Man-
tua ; one of the best is the Dream of St.
Romualdo, in S. Barnaba. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 177.
BAZZI, GIOVANNANTONIO. See 6Yo-
doma.
BEALE, MARY, born in Suffolk in 1632,
died in London, Dec. 28, 1697. Daughter
of Rev. Mr. Cradock, of Walton-on-Thames ;
married Mr. Beale, a painter and colour
; maker. Pupil of Sir Peter Lely, who ob-
tained for her permission to copy many of
Van Dyck's finest works. Painted por-
traits in oil, water-colour, and crayon ; was
j also reputed as a poet. Her portraits of
Cowley, Tillotson, Duke of Norfolk and
Charles II. are in the National Portrait Gal-
lery, and of Archbishop Tillotson in Lam-
beth Palace. — Redgrave ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 231.
BEARD, JAMES H., bom in Buffalo,
N. Y., in 1814. Animal painter. He painted
portraits for many years in the West, Henry
Clay and President John Quincy Adams
being among his sitters. Exhibited Caro-
lina Emigrants at the National Academy in
1846. Elected N. A. in 1871. Studio in
New York. Works: A Peep at Growing
Danger (1871); The Widow (1872); Mutual
114
BEARD
Friend (1875) ; Attorney and his Clients,
Out all Night, Morning Gossip, There's
many a Slip (187(i) ; Consultation, Blood
will Tell (1877); Don Quixote and Saucho
Panza (1878); Don't You Know Me ? (1879);
Heirs at Law (1880) ; Which has Preemp-
tion? (1881); You Can't have this Pup
(1882); My Easter's all Spoilt, I don't Be-
lieve One Word of It (1883); Detected
Poacher (1884). Harry Beard, son of James
H. Beard, also paints animals. He exhib-
ited in 1877, Group of Portraits ; in 1878,
Young Knight, Who Boke Dat, now ? and ;
Charles, drive me to Stewart's ! and in 1881,
Newsboy.
BEARD, WILLIAM H., born in Paines- ,
ville, Ohio, April
13, 1825. Animal
painter ; visited
Europe in 1857,
studied one sum-
mer in Diissel-
dorf.and sketched
in Italy, Switzer-
land, and France.
Elected N. A. in
1862. Studio in
New York. Works:
Dancing Bear (18G7); Naughty Cub (1869) ;
Pets on a Spree (1871); The Wreckers
(1874); Horse Market in Brittany (1875) ;|
Worn Out, Lo the Poor Indian, March of
Sileuus (1870); Runaway Match (1878);
Justice must bo Done (1879) ; Voices of the
Night (1880) ; Spreading the Alarm (1881) ;
In the Glen (1882); Cattle upon a Thousand
Hills; Eavesdropper (1884); Bulls and
Bears (1885).— Sheldon, 56.
BEATO, IL. See Anr/eiico, Fra.
BEAUBRUN, CHARLES, born at Ain-
boise, France, baptized Feb. 11, 1604, died
in Paris, Jan. 16, 1C92. Portrait painter,
pupil of his uncle Louis, cousin of Henri,
whose associate lie was until the latter's
death. He became member of the Acad-
emy in 1651. Works : Portrait of Anne
Marie of Burgundy (1655) ; Portrait of
Marie de Medicia (1655) ; Portrait of Dau-
phin Louis (1663), Madrid Museum. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 239 ; Ch. Blnuc, Ecole fran-
yaise.
BEAUBRUN, HENRI, born at Amboise,
Feb., 1003, died in Paris, May 17, 1677. Por-
trait painter; he entered the service of Louis
XIII, who took an interest in his education,
caused him to study architecture and per-
spective, and ultimately became his pupil.
He was one of the first twelve members of
the Academy, founded in 1648. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole frau<;aise ; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., iii,
239.
BEAUC15, JEAN ADOLPHE, born in
Paris, Aug. 2, 1818, died at Boulogue-sur-
Seiue, July 13, 1875. Military, genre, and
battle painter, pupil of C. Baziu. He accom-
panied the army on several campaigns, and
so painted correctly, but with little imagina-
tion or life. Medal : 3d class, 1861 ; L. of
Honour, 1864. Works : Capture of Abd-el-
Kader's Smala (1844) ; Charge of Colonel
Morris at Isly (1845) ; Death of Col. Ber-
thier in the Battle of Cerisoles(1846) ; After
Waterloo (1847) ; Capture of the Bridge of
Si Prix (1848) ; Bravery of the Priest of
Pers (1852) ; Storming of Laghouat (1853) ;
The Sharpshooters, Assault of Zaatscha
(1857) ; Battle of Solferino (1861) ; Entry
of the French into Mexico (1868) ; Defeat
of the 16th Uhlans (1874) ; Battle of Pa-li-
Kiao (1875).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 240 ;
Kunst-Chronik, ix. 645, 672 ; x. 561.
BEAULJEU, ANATOLE HENRI DE,
born in Paris in 1819, died there, June 6,
1884. Genre painter, one of the most bril-
liant pupils of Delacroix. Medal, 1868.
Works : Scene from Spanish Inquisition
(1844); La Romance cles Abeuci-rages ; Sere-
nade in Venice ; Bohemian Tavern in Venice,
1560 ; Turkish Buttery after Bombardment
of Sinope, 1853 ; The Ostrich-egg (1868) ;
The Duel (1870) ; Volunteers of the Loire
Army, Woman in the Pillory in Ancient
Stamboul, Well in Pillaged House (1874) ;
The Adder (1875) ; The Douma (ancient
Slavic ballad, 1877); Jessica (1880); Queen
of Clubs, Pig Festival at Fest-eu-Hoch (1882);
115
BEAUME
Alcohol (1883) ; La Femme & ITbis, La Fille
aux Rats (1884).— Ckronique des Arts (1884),
191; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 40 ; ix. 671; x. G46.
BEAUME, JOSEPH, born in Marseilles,
Sept. 24, 1796, died, Sept., 1885. History
and genre painter, pupil in Paris of Gros,
whose classical style he at first followed ;
later painted military and historical pictures,
and since 1870 genre subjects. Also painted
portraits and marine views. Medals : 2d
class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of Honour,
1836. In 1836-43 he executed for the Ver-
sailles Museum his principal historical works:
Passage of Rhine at Diisseldorf ; Battles of
Diernstein, of Albreto, of Ltitzen, of Bautzen,
of Oporto, and of Toulouse ; Taking of
Halle; Napoleon Leaving Elba. Otherworks:
Eliezer and Naphtali (1819, Fontainebleau) ;
Death of Henri IE. (1822) ; The King Drinks
(1828); Death of Grand-Dauphiness in 1690
(1834) ; Death of Anne of Austria at Val-de-
Grace (1835) ; Death of Charles V. (1838) ;
Childhood of Sixtus V. (1839) ; Hagar in the
Desert (1844) ; Going out of Church (1846);
Van Dyck (1850) ; Marguerite (1852) ; Gali-
leo in Prison (1853) ; Flight into Egypt ;
Mother of the Family (1872); Hunter's
Breakfast (1877) ; Sancho Panza (1878).—
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 243 ; Miiller, 32 ;
Ottley.
BEAUMETZ, fiTIENNE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Cabanel and L. Roux. Medal : 3d
class, 1880. Works : There they are ! (1880);
Battalion Leaving for the Frontier (1881);
Brigade Lapasset Burning its Flags (1882);
The Liberators ! —1794 (1883) ; At Cham-
pigny— Nov. 30, 1870, The Garrison Leaves
Belfort— 1871 (1884) ; The Bayonet— Cham-
pigny, Dec. 2, 1870, Last Duty (1885).
BEAUMONT, CHARLES EDOUARD
DE, born at Lanuion, France, in 1821. Genre
painter, pupil of Boisselier ; first pictures,
landscapes from neighbourhood of Cernay
and Senlis, in Salons of 1838, 1839, and
1840. Has illustrated several books. Medals:
1870, 2d class, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1877.
Works ; Bohemians (1853) ; Dangers of Life
(1855) ; Andromeda (18CC) ; Circe (1867) ;
Leda (1868) ; Perils of Life (1855); Women
Chasing Truth (1868) ; The Captain's Share
(1868), Luxembourg ; Seeking Whom He
Shall Devour, Women are Dear (1870) ; End
of a Song ; Where is Cupid Hiding? (1873);
As Stupid as a Goose, Mad Caps (1874); Nest
of Sirens (1877) ; Torturers of Cupid, H.
Probasco, Cincinnati. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
iii. 246 ; Miiller, 33 ; Larousse.
BEAUMONT, CLAUDIO FRANCESCO,
Cavaliere, born in Turin, June 4, 1694, died
there, July 21,1766. History painter, studied
in Turin, then in Rome, after the works of
Raphael, the Caracci and Guido, and under
Trevisani ; became honorary member of
Academy of S. Luca in 1727, returned to
Turin in 1731, and was made court painter
and (1736) knighted. Works in fresco :
Princely Virtues, Four Ages of Man, Judg-
ment of Paris, Rape of Helen, Royal Palace,
Turin ; Altarpieces in different churches,
ib., and in Rome. — Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., iii.
243.
BEAUMONT, Sir GEORGE ROWLAND,
Bart., born at Dunmow, Essex, Nov. 6, 1753,
died at his seat at Coleorton, Leicestershire,
England, Feb. 7, 1827. Pupil of Rich-
ard Wilson ; became a respectable amateur
landscape painter. His two landscapes in
the National Gallery are pleasing examples
of the classic school, but cannot lay claim
to striking originality. He was a supreme
authority in matters of taste and of para-
mount influence in founding the National
Gallery, to which he bequeathed many valu-
able pictures collected in Italy and England.
— Cunningham, vi. 147; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Mey-
er, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 245 ; Redgrave.
BEAURY-SAUREL, Mile. AMfiLIE, born
at Barcelona, Spain, of French parents ; con-
temporary. Portrait painter, pupil of Tony
Robert- Fleury, Bouguereau, and Giacomotti.
Medal : 3d class, 1885. Works : Portrait of
Leon Say (1880) ; do. of My Mother (1883).
BEAUVAIS, ARMAND, born at Bar-sur-
Aube, Nov. 30, 1840. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of Desjobert and of Gerome.
116
BEAUVEUIE
Medal : 3d class, 1882. Works : Gleaners
Surprised by Rain, Banks of the Aven (1876);
April, La Saint-Fiacre (1877) ; On the Cliffs
at Carteret, End of October (1878); Novem-
ber, Return from the Fields (1879) ; Sowing
Season (1881); On the Heights of Omonville
(1882) ; Walnut Trees of Augis in November,
Goslings in April (1883) ; Return of the
Flock, Windy Day (1884) ; In the Fields in
October, Untilled Land — Winter Evening
(1885).
BEAUVERIE, CHARLES JOSEPH, born
at Lyons, France ; contemporary. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Lyons school of
art, and of Gleyre. Paints well coloured,
carefully finished pictures. Medals: 3d class,
1877 ; 2d class, 1881. Works : Morning on
the Oise, Avignon Museum ; Butcher's Shop
in Suburbs of Paris, Afternoon in Spring
(1874) ; June, October Morning, Beggar
Woman from Brittany, View near Cernay,
Coming out of School (1879) ; The Forey
Canal, St. Just-sur-Loire (1880) ; Girl Picking
Peas, Autumn Evening (1881); Gathering
Potatoes, Foggy Morning in Autumn (1882);
Resting in the Fields, Ruins at Auvers
(1883) ; Before the Rain, Morning at Auvers
(1884) ; Valley of Amby, The Harrow (1885).
—Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 253.
BEAVIS, RICHARD, born at Exmouth,
England, in 1824. Landscape painter ; in
1846 entered School of Design, Somerset
House, London, and in 1850-63 was designer
in a London carpet factory. ' Exhibited at
Royal Academy in 1862, Mountain Rill, and
Fishermen Picking up Wreck, and in 1863,
In North Wales. Has visited France,Holland,
Italy, Egypt, and the Holy Laud. Member
of the Institute of Painters iu Water Colours.
Works : Escape (1864); Military Train— Jer-
sey, Drawing Timber in Picardy (1865) ;
Loading Sand— Pas de Calais (1867); High
Tide— Mouth of the Maas (1868) ; Hauling
up a Fishing-Boat — Holland (1870) ; Autumn
Ploughing (1871) ; Collecting Wreck -Am-
bleteuse (1872) ; Shore at Scheveningen
(1873) ; Ferry-Boat in Old Holland (1874) ;
Bedouin Caravau.Ploughing in Egypt (1876) ;
j Threshing Floor at Gilgal, In the Forest at
, Fontainebleau (1877) ; Halt of Prince Ed-
ward (1878) ; Pilgrims to Mecca (1879) ;
' Bedouin Encampment in Syria (1880) ; Re-
treat to Coruuna (1883) ; Buckhurst Park,
Hatfield Park (1885).— Art Journal (1877),
65 ; Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., iii. 253.
BECCADELLI, Legate, portrait, Titian,
Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, life size. The
prelate, seated in an arm-chair, holds in his
hands an unfolded paper. Painted in 1552.
Engraved by J. C. Ulmer.— C. & C., Titian,
ii. 216.
BECCAFUMI, DOMENICO, born near Si-
ena in 1486, died
in Siena, May 18,
i 1551. Sienese
school; son of Gi-
acomo di Pace,
a labourer in the
service of Loren-
zo Beccafunii, by
whom he was ap-
prenticed to the
painter G. B.
Tozzo, called Ca-
panna, and
whose surname
he adopted ; also called Mecuccio or Me-
cherino, on account of his insignificant
appearance. Domenico may have met Pe-
rugiuo in Siena in 1508, and have felt
his influence. In Rome, where he spent
about two years (1510-1512), he became
enamoured of the works of Michelangelo,
whom he afterwards weakly imitated. On
his return to Siena (1512) he competed
with Sodoma with credit to himself,
though he cannot be justly compared with
that great artist. His style became more
and more mannered as he advanced in life.
The earliest and perhaps the best of his
works is the St. Catherine Receiving the
Stigmata (1512) and Saints, Siena Gallery ;
other works are the Marriage and Death of
the Virgin, frescos (1518), S. Bernardino,
Siena ; Visitation, Hospital, Siena ; Nativity
(1523), S. Martiuo, Siena ; Marriage of St
117
BECCAEUZZI
Catherine, Palazzo Doria, Eome ; Holy Fam-
ily, Pitti, Florence. Beccafumi designed
the best compositions which decorate the
pavement of the Duomo, Siena. Seven of
his cartoons for this work are preserved in
the Academy. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 254 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil. v. 633 ; Gaye, Carteggio,
ii. 244, 355 ; Jansen, Leben und Werke des
Malers Gio. Ant. Bazzi, Stuttgart (1870),
117 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole floreutine ; Meyer,
Kttnst. Lex., iii. 254 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., ii. 408.
BECCARUZZI, FRANCESCO, born at
Conegliano, flourished in 1527-1544. Vene-
tian school ; probably pupil of Pordenone,
but in his pictures a successful imitator of
Titian, though he shows in some respects, es-
pecially in his sketchy treatment, the decline
of the Venetian school. Painted mostly
altarpieces for churches in Conegliano and
Treviso. Works : St. Francis with six other
Saints, Venice Academy. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 259 ; Eidolfi, Marav., i. 207 ; C.
& C., Italy, ii. 1G6.
BECERRA, GASPAR, born at Baeza about
1520, died in Madrid in 1570. Spanish
school. Passed many years at Rome, study-
ing painting, sculpture, and architecture ;
aided Daniele da Volterra in the embellish-
ment of the Rovere Chapel in Trinita de'
Monti, where he painted a Nativity of the
Virgin, and Giorgio Vasari, who calls him
Bizzera, in the frescos of the Cancellaria in
the palace of Cardinal Farnese. Returned
to Spain in 1556, became sculptor to Philip
II. in 1562 and one of his painters in ordi-
nary in 1563. He executed frescos in the
Alcazar of Madrid and many altarpieces,
few of which have survived, but devoted
most of his time to sculpture. A Sybil at-
tributed to him is in the Hermitage, St.
Petersburg, and a Magdalen in the Museo
de Fomento, Madrid. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi.
229, vii. 60, 681 ; Stirling, i. 241 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Cean Bermudez ; Meyer,
Kiiust. Lex., iii. 260.
BECKENKAMP, KASPAR BENEDIKT,
born at Ehrenbreitstein, near Coblentz,
Feb. 5, 1747, died at Cologne, April 1,
1828. German school ; history, landscape,
and portrait painter, pupil of his father
and of Januarius Zick, at Coblentz, where
he found a patron in Clemens Wences-
i laus, Elector of Treves, and painted many
princely personages ; settled at Cologne in
1 1795 and devoted himself chiefly to the
reproduction of paintings by the Old Ger-
man masters. — Merlo, Nachrichten, 28.
BECKER, ADOLF VON, born in Fin-
land, Aug. 14, 1831. Genre painter ; pu-
pil of Copenhagen Academy in 1856-58 ;
studied then in Dilsseldorf, and from 1860
at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, and
under Couture, Cogniet, Hebert, Barrias,
and Courbet. Went to Spain, in 1863,
and to Italy, in 1866. In 1869 he was
appointed professor of drawing at Helsing-
fors University. Works : Boy with Kite,
French Judge (1863) ; Painter and Model
(1867) ; Motherly Pride (1868) ; Gamblers
(1869) ; After Dinner, A Game of Piquet,
Sick Woman (1878).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
iii. 270.
BECKER, ALBERT, born in Berlin,*
Oct. 22, 1830. Genre and animal painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy from 1848 under
Klober, and long his assistant in fresco
! painting. After a year in Paris (1860), he
devoted himself to the representation of do-
mestic animals, from his skill as a cattle
I painter was surnamed Cow-Becker. WTorks :
Blind Man's Buff, Village Scene, By the
! Roadside in Spring, At the Brook, Uu-
1 bidden Guests, Before the Parsonage, Halt
at Forester's House, Before and After the
Christening. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 270 ;
Miiller, 35.
BECKER, AUGUST, bom in Darmstadt
in 1822. Landscape painter, pupil in
Darmstadt of Schilbach, then at Dtissel-
dorf Academy. In 1844 he visited Norway,
Switzerland, and Tyrol, afterwards the
Scotch Highlands, and was repeatedly
called to Balmoral to instruct the English
princesses in drawing and landscape paint-
ing. Works: Alpengliihen (1846); the Hu-
BECK Kit
rongen in the Midnight Sun (1840); Nonvo- Surprised by ft Storm, New Pinakothek, Mu-
giaii Table-land (1861); Evening in Berner I nich ; Returning Harvesters.— Meyer, K (I list
Lex., iii. 267
dorf K, 236.
BECKER, KARL
RICH), born in Ber-
lin, Dec. 18, 1820.
History and genre
painter, pupil of
Aug. von Klober in
Wolfgang Mflller, Diisael-
(LUDWIG FRIED-
Oberlaud (1860 and 1867) ; Evening in Ba-
varian Highland (1862); The Eiger in Switz-
erland, Kaisergebirge in Tyrol (1864); Ko-
nigssee (1874) ; Wallensee in Switzerland,
Inundation on the Nether Rhine, The Dach-
stein (1876).— Brockhaus, ii. 669; Mailer,
34.
BECKER, FERDINAND, bora in Mentz ;
contemporary. Painter of fairy tales, pupil the Berlin Academy;
in Frankfort of Steiule. First exhibited at j studied fresco under
Frankfort in 1874. Works: Story of the i A. Hess at Munich
Little Brother and Sister (1874) ; The Poor ' (1843), and after a
Servant (1875) ; Story of the Three Esquires i year in Paris and two
of Roland (1877), Royal Cabinet of Engrav- ' years in Rome (1845-
iugs, Dresden. — Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., iii. i 47) returned to Berlin to paint historical and
271 ; Kunst-Chrouik, ix. 398, x. 601, xii. , mythological pictures. Visited Venice sev-
548. | eral times and collected materials for paiut-
BECKER, GEORGES, born in Paris ing Venetian Renaissance subjects, in repre-
about 1845. Genro painter, pupil of Gi'- ' sentiug -which his improved colour showed
rume. Medals : Paris, 1870 ; 2d class, 1872 ; the influence of the masters of that school.
Philadelphia, 1876. Works : In the Cata- Professor and senator of Berlin Academy.
Furies
lUzpah
combs (1868) ; Orestes and the
(1870); Martyr's Widow (1872)
protecting the Bodies of her
(1873) ; Christian Martyr (1879)
Seller of
Pompeii,
H. P. Kid-
der, Boston. — Kunst-Chronik, viii. 71, x.
532 ; Am. Art Rev. (1880), 489 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 271 ; Muller, 34.
GEOHGE$.BECI^
Works : Belisarius as a Beggar (1850) ;
Cecrops as Founder of Athens, Hyllus,
Children j Mercury and Argus, Hypsipyle and Arehe-
Irnage- morus, Cadmus as Dragon Slayer (frescos),
National Museum, Berlin ; Christ on Lake
Genesareth, Fiddler in the Courtyard, Ca-
puchin Sermon, Jeweller at Venetian Sena-
tor's (1855) ; Visit at Venetian Nobleman's
(1857) ; Visit of Sebastian del Piombo to
Titian (1861) ; Doge in Council (1864) ;
BECKER, JAKOB, born at Dittelsheim, The Bravo, Carnival in Venice, Return from
near Worms, in 1810, died in Frankfort, Carnival, Venetian Balcony Scene, Charles
Dec. 22, 1872. Genre and landscape painter, V. at Titian's, Scene from Giitz von Berlich-
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Schir- j ingen (1869), Charle* I', and Fugger (1870),
mer ; after painting landscapes and roman- National Gallery, Berlin ; Dtlrer in Venice
tic scenes, he took up genre, choosing his (1873) ; Bianca Capello (1874) ; Coronation
subjects chiefly from peasant life. In 1840 ! of Ulrich von Hutten as Poet Laureate
he became professor at the Stiidel Institute (1870), Cologne Museum ; In the Picture
in Frankfort. Works : Knight and his Gallery, Scene from Marriage of Figaro
Sweetheart, Praying Peasant Family, Even-
ing at the Well, Departure of the Recruit,
Returning Soldier ; Wounded Poacher,
Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Shepherd struck
by Lightning, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort :
Peasant Family on Pilgrimage, Husbandmen i .
(1874) ; Emperor Maximilian receiving
Venetian Embassy (1877) ; Othello (1880) ;
Carnival Festival in Doge's Palace (1881).
; Works in the United States : Italian
• Mother's Prayer, D. W. Powers, Rochester,
N. ¥.; Cup of Tea, W. Richmond, Provi-
BECKER
dence ; Farewell, W. H. Fosdick, Louis-
viUe ; Petition to the Doge (1860), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Good Morning, Vene-
tian Lady, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia ; Grand-
father's Birthday, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach,
Philadelphia ; Welcome Guests, J. T. Mar-
tin, Brooklyn : Petitioning the Doge, C. P.
Huntington, New York.- — Brockhaus, ii. 670;
Meyer, Kiiust. Lex., iii. 268 ; Mttller, 34 ;
Rosenberg, Berliner Malerschule, 91, 125 ;
Land und Meer (1883), ii. 909.
BECKER, LUDWIG HUGO, born at
Wesel, July 19, 1833, died in Dusseldorf,
Dec. 25, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil
at Dusseldorf Academy of Schirmer and
Gude, travelled afterwards in Westphalia,
Switzerland, Normandy, and to the Baltic.
Works : Sacrifice of the Ancient Germans
(1856) ; Shepherd in the Pasture, Sunday
Morning, Passing Storm, Washerwomen at
the Brook, Village in the Snow, Christmas
Eve, Boys Bathing, Shepherd Boy, On the
Heights (1867) ; Vintage on the Moselle.—
Blauckaris, 32 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 270 ;
Zeitsch. f. b. K., viii. 275.
BECKER, PETER, born in Frankfort,
Nov. 10, 1828. Landscape and architecture
painter ; pupil at Stadel Institute, under
Jakob Becker and Hessemer. The banks of
the Rhine have furnished him with subjects
for many landscapes. Member of Societu
beige des Aquarellistes. Thirty large views
of old Frankfort (cartoons), Rhine landscapes
in oil and water colours. — Meyer, Kfiust.
Lex., iii. 269.
BECKERATH, MORITZ VON, born at
Crefeld in 1838. History painter, pupil at
Dilsseldorf Academy of Kehren, then from
1859, in Munich, of Schwind. Works :
Death of Duke Ulrich of Wiirtemberg
(1869), Burial of Alaric, Schack Gallery,
Munich ; The Dream, Tragedy by Heine,
Lear and the Fool, Napoleon's Retreat from
Moscow (1866); Gotz of Berlichingen with
the Gipsies, Scenes from Crusades, Offering
of the German Crown by Louis II. of Ba-
varia (1874).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 272 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1871), ii. 348.
BECKMANN, KARL, bom in Berlin,
March 23, 1799, died there, Oct. 2, 1859.
Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of
Wach, visited Paris in 1824 and was in Italy
in 1828-33. Was professor at the Berlin
Academy. Works: Monastery of S. Bene-
detto near Subiaco, National Gallery, Ber-
lin.— Jordan, 43.
BECKMANN, KONRAD, born in Han-
over, in 1846. Genre painter, pupil, in
1866-68, of Munich Academy, then of
Piloty ; paints humorous subjects. Works :
Tailor reading Newspaper (1868); Best Shot
(1870); Sacrifice of a Village Poet— Kunst-
Chrouik, v. 108, xiv. 142.
BECKMANN, LUDWIG, born in Han-
over, Feb. 21, 1822. Animal painter; stu-
dio in Dusseldorf. His spirited and truth-
ful boar and bear hunts have been bought
mostly in England. — Brockhaus, ii. 675.
BECKMANN, WTLHELM (HERMANN
ROBERT AUGUST), born in Dasseldorf,
Oct. 3, 1852. History painter, pupil of Dus-
seldorf Academy (1869-72), then until 1874
of RBeudeman, after whose compositions he
executed some decorations in the Cornelius
room of the National Gallery in Berlin.
Works : Communion of the Hussites before
Battle (1874); Gudrun (1877); Surrender of
Fortress Rosenberg in 1427 (1880).— Kunst-
Chronik, ix. 682, xii. 665.
BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL, born
in Hannibal, Mo., Sept, 23, 1852. Figure
and portrait painter, pupil, in 1873, of
Carolus Duran and of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts in Paris. Sketched in Spain and Nor-
mandy in 1880-81. Member of Society of
American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works: Christian Martyr, Head of a Child
(1881); Azalea, Model's Breakfast (1882);
Cordelia, Summer (1883) ; Vivian .(1884).
Portraits : Wm. M. Chase, Ethel (1882) ;
Miss Jordan (1883).
BECQUET, HENRI JEAN, born at
Bruges in 1812, died there, Oct. 19, 1855.
History painter, pupil at Bruges Academy
of Dumery, then at Antwerp Academy of
N. de Keyzer ; after his return became pro-
BEDAFF
fessor at Bruges Academy. Works: Last
Moments of Mozart ; Holy Family, Acad-
emy, Bruges ; Martyrdom of St. Philemon,
St. John's Hospital, ib.— Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, ii. 76.
BEDAFF, ANTONIS VAN, born at Ant-
werp, Dec. 25, 1787, died at Brussels in 1829.
History and portrait painter, pupil of the
Central School at Antwerp, but formed him-
self principally by study of the Dutch mas-
ters of the 17th century ; for a long time
professor and director of the school of de-
sign at Bois-le-Duc ; settled afterwards at
Brussels. Works: First Meeting of the
Estates General at Dordrecht in 1572, Last
Interview of William of Orange with Eg-
mont, Confederation of the Nobles, National
Museum, Amsterdam. — Biog. uat. de Bel-
gique, ii. 76.
BEDOLO, GIROLAMO. See Mazzola,'
Girolamo.
BEECHEY, Sir WILLIAM, born at
Burford, Oxfordshire, Dec. 12, 1753, died at
Hampstead, Jan. 28, 1839. Admitted a
student of the Eoyal Academy, London, in
1772, and after painting portraits and pict-
ures in Hogarth's manner several years in
Norwich returned to London, where he long
enjoyed uninterrupted favour with the fash-
ionable world. In 1793 he painted a por-
trait of Queen Charlotte and was appointed
by her royal portrait painter, and became
an A.R.A. In 1798 he painted the large
equestrian picture, now at Hampton Court,
of George III. at a Review in Hyde Park,
and in the same year became R.A. and was
knighted. He is said to have exhibited 362
portraits at the Academy. As examples of
his style may be cited his own portrait, and
those of Sir F. Bourgeris, George Rose, and
Mrs. Siddous, in the National Portrait Gal-
lery, the portrait of Joseph Nollekens in the
National Academy, that of George TTT. in
the Waterloo Chapel, Windsor, and that of
Mr. Coffin in the possession of his descend-
ant, Miss Robbius, in Boston, Mass. He
was successful in likenesses, but his women
are wanting in grace and his men in char- j
acter.— Cat. Nat. Port. Gal; Redgrave; F.
de Conches, 327 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ;
Art Union Journal (1839); Meyer, iii. 277 ;
Sandby, i. 311.
BEELT, CORXELIS, second half of
17th century. Dutch school ; landscape
and genre painter in the manner of Claes
Molenaer, and Helmont, the elder. Works :
Interior of Weaver's Room, Ferdinandeum,
. Innsbruck ; do., and Coast View, Mannheim
Gallery ; Strand of Schevoningen, P. von
Semenoff, St. Petersburg. — Meyer, Kdnst.
Lex., iiL 281.
BEER, WILHELM (AMANDUS), Ixmi
in Frankfort, Aug. 9, 1837. Genre painter,
pupil of his great-uncle, the landscape
painter Radl, then studied history painting
in Stadel Institute under Steinle. Having
visited the Bavarian Alps, he took up genre
painting, especially peasant life. After re-
peated sojourns in Russia he returned to
Frankfort in 1870. Works : Thomas of Bo-
logna visiting Albrecht Dllrer ; St. Cecilia ;
The Meistersiugei-8 ; Banquet at a Nurem-
berg Patrician's ; Arrival of Church Bell in
Bavarian Village ; Return of the Best Shot ;
Turkish Prisoners in Russian Town ; Peas-
ants' Festival on St. Nicholas Day ; Russian
Gipsy Camp ; On the River-B.inks of a Rus-
sian Town ; First Turkish Prisoners in Do-
rogobush. Exhibited at Munich (1883):
Fair in Slednova, Horse Market in Russian
Village, Gipsies in a Ravine. — Mailer, 36.
BEERNAERT, EUPHROSINE, born at
Osteiul, Belgium, April 11, 1831. Land-
scape painter ; pupil, in Brussels, of P. L.
Kuhnen ; travelled in Germany, France,
and Italy. Medals in Vienna (1873), Brus-
sels (1875), Philadelphia (1H7C), Sidney
(1879), Melbourne (1880); Order of Leopold
(1881). Paints chiefly Dutch views. Works:
The Brook (1867); Old Oaks, lasiere de
bois dans les dunes (1878); Village of Dom-
burg (1878); Wood at Oost-Kapel (1878).—
Meyer, Kiiusi Lex., iii. 28G.
BEERS, JAN VAN, born in Belgium;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter ;
studio in Antwerp. Works : Long Live the
181
BEEESTEAATEN
Gueux ! (1874) ; Jacob van Maerlandt (1875);
Trial for Witchcraft (1876); Faust and
Mephistopheles, Black in Black, Evening
Fancy, Page of 17tli century (1877); Peo-
ple's Gratitude (1877); L'Enfant au Tarin
(1878); Triptych with Death of Jacob Van
Maerlandt (1879); Summer Evening (1880);
Entombment (1883), Church of Krolingen.
— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 287 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xiii. 274, 707 ; xiv. 721.
BEEESTBAATEN, A., second half of 17th
century. Dutch school ; landscape painter ;
flourished probably at Amsterdam ; identi-
fied, by Havard, with Jan B., but wrongly
so, as the following works are all signed
and well authenticated as his : Great Win-
ter Landscape, Amsterdam Museum ; Fro-
zen Biver with Skaters, Berlin Museum ;
Winter Landscape (1664), Copenhagen
Gallery. Several in private galleries. —
Havard, A. & A., iii. 1 ; Meyer, Gemiilde
kongl. Mus., 30 ; Eepertorium, iii. 442 ; iv.
300.
BEEBSTEAATEN, JAN, born in Am-
sterdam, baptized May 31, 1622, died there
in 1G87. Dutch school ; landscape and ma-
rine painter. His favourite subjects were
winter scenes, with groups of small figures,
painted with great harmony of colour, and
fine contrasts of light and shade. Lingel-
bach usually supplied the figures in his ma-
rine pieces. Works : Ancient Port of Genoa,
Louvre ; Euins of old Town Hall (1652),
City Interior in AVinter, Sea Battle (1666),
Two Winter Views of Amsterdam, Winter
Landscape, Museum, Amsterdam ; St. Olof 's
Chapel, Six Collection, ib.; Winter View
of old Town Hall at Amsterdam, An Italian
Seaport, Eotterdam Museum ; View of
Dutch Church, Haarlem Gate at Amster-
dam, Copenhagen Museum ; Winter View
of Dutch Town, Berlin Museum ; Eocky
Coast with Vessels, Storm near Coast,
Dresden Gallery. — Havard, A. & A., holl.,
iii. 1 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 287.
BEEST, ALBEET VAN, born at Eotter-
dam, June 11, 1820, died in New York, Oct.
8, 1860. Marine painter, self-taught ; ac-
companied, when quite young, Prince Henry
of the Netherlands on a three years' journey
to the East, went in 1845 to America, where
he lived mostly in Boston and New York and
acquired considerable reputation. William
Bradford and B. Swain Gifford were his
pupils. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 289.
BEEST, SYBEAND VAN, flourished at
The Hague in 1635-71. Dutch school ; land-
scape and genre painter, apparently influ-
enced by Jan van Goyen. Works : Parade
on Coast of Scheveningen (1643), Municipal
Museum, Hague ; Market Scene, Eotterdam
Museum ; Vegetable Market (attributed to
S.Bles), Stuttgart Gallery; do., (1635), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Pig Market (1668),
Peasant's Boom (attributed to I. van Ostade),
Stockholm Museum. — Archief v. Nederl. K.,
iv. 117, 129 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 289.
BEGA, COENELIS PIETEESZ, born in
Haarlem, bap-
tized Nov. 15,
1620,diedthere,
Aug. 27, 1664.
Dutch school ;
genre painter,
one of the best
pupils of Adrian
van Ostade,
though by no
meanshis equal.
Works : Peas-
ants' Concert,
Scholar in his
Study, Amster-
dam Museum ; Saying Grace, Van der Hoop
Museum, ib. ; Company of Smokers, Lille
Museum ; Eustic Interior (1662), Louvre,
Paris ; Two Ballad Singers, Alchymist in
his Laboratory, Cassel Gallery ; Three (two
dated 1663), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort; Den-
tist, Moltke Gallery, Copenhagen; Musical
Couple, Stockholm Museum; Tippling Scene,
last
liEGAS
Scbwerin Gallery; Peasants in Tavern (1G03),
Peasant Family, Weaver's Room, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Weaver's Room, Peterhof ;
Lute Player (1662), Peasant Family, Peas-
ants in a Tavern, Berlin Museum ; Peasants
Dancing, Dresden Gallery ; do., Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Room with Peasants, Room
with two Women (attributed to S.vau Hoog-
straeten), Vienna Museum ; Satyr Blowing
Warm and Cold, Pesth Museum ; Lute Play-
ers, Card
Uffiz?*-
Florence; One (16fi2), Dublin Gallerj-.— Ch.
Blanc, Kcole hollundaise ; Meyer, Kflust. ,
Lex., iii. 290 ; Van der Willigen, 75.
BEGAS, ADALBERT FRAN/ KUGEN,
boni in Berlin, March 5, 1836. History,
genre, and portrait painter, third son of
Karl Begas. Studied engraving for five
years under Lflduitz, in 18(50 went to Paris
and copied in the Louvre, and in 18G2 to
Weimar, where lie became the pupil of Bock-
lin. Visited Italy in 1863-69, and made
copies of Titian and Raphael. Painted
originally idyllic and mythological pictures
and a great many very good portraits.
Works : Portrait of himself (1800), Mother
and Child (1803), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Portrait of a Lady (18G6), Cupid and Psyche
(18G7) ; Resurrection (1868) ; SL Cecilia
(1869) ; Cupid finding Psyche (1870) ; Das
Volkslied, Othello and Desdemona, Genii
of Spring (1881) ; In Midsummer (1881) ;
The Last Friend, Little Beginnings, Por-
traits.— Brockhaus, ii. G90 ; Meyer, Kflnst.
Lex., iii. 305 ; Miiller, 38 ; lUustr. Zeitg.
(1871), ii. 211 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
76.
BEGAS, KARL, born at Heiusberg, Sept.
30, 1794 ; died in Berlin, Nov. 24, 1854.
History and portrait painter. Studied at
Bonn in 1801, under Philippart, and at Paris
in 1812, under Gros. Passed successively
under the influence of the old German and
early Italian masters. Went to Italy in 1822,
and in 1834 returned to Berlin, where he
at first painted in the style of the so-called
Naznrenes (German Pre-Raphaclites) ; but
afterwards treated history and genre in the
romantic style of the Dilsseldorf school. Hu
painted portraits
of man}* celebrat-
ed persons, such
as Humboldt,
Schelliug, Corne-
lius, Mendels-
sohn, etc., and
was long court
painter and pro-
fessor at the Ber-
1 i n Academy.
Works : Christ on
Mount of Olives (1818), Garnisonskirche,
Berlin ; Coming of the Holy Ghost (1821),
Cathedral, ib.; Resurrection (1827), Werder
Church, ib. ; Tobias and the Angel (1835),
Portrait of Thorwaldsen, National Gallery,
ib. ; Baptism of Christ, Garnisonskirche,
Potsdam; Portrait of his Parents (1821),
Cologne Museum ; Sermon on the Mount
(1831); Exposing of Moses (1832) ; Lurley
(1834); Henry IV. at Canossa (1836) ; Maid-
en from Afar, Mediicval King listening to
Page playing the Harp (1838); Glorifica-
tion of Christ (1839) ; Christ prophesying
the Fall of Jerusalem (1840) ; Three Girls
resting in the Sliade of an Oak (1842) ;
Mohrenwilsche (1842) ; replica, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; do., Raveuc Gallery, ib. ; Christ
on Mount of Olives (1842); Christ Calling
the Heavy Laden (1844); Christ Crucified
(1846) . Adam and
Eve beside the Body
of Abel (1848); Be-
trayal of Our Lord (1852).— Allgem. d.
Biogr., ii. 269 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemaudc;
Merlo, 33 ; Meyer, Kflnst Lex., iii. 300 ;
Raczynski, iii. 27 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Maler-
sch., 61.
BEGAS, OSKAR, born in Berlin, July 31,
1828, died there, Nov. 10, 1883. History
and portrait painter, son and pupil at Berlin
Academy of Karl Begas ; went in 1852 to
Rome, and after his return, in 1854, devoted
himself chiefly to portrait painting. Works :
1*1
EEGAS
Fall of Pompeii (1852); Conversation (1853),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Descent from
Cross (1853), St. Michael's Church, Berlin ;
Portraits of Sculptor Sussmann (1856), of
Johannes von Muller (1858), of Count
Schwerin Putzar (1858), of Cornelius (1861),
Antwerp Museum ; of Paulina Lucca, Crown
Prince of Prussia, Princess Victoria (1866),
Count von Moltke (1868), King William
(1869), Reception of the Salzburg Protestants
in Potsdam (1864), Frederic the Great in the
Chapel at Charlottenburg (1868), Diana and
Actu-on, Six Scenes from Cupid and Psyche,
Thirteen Allegories, Berlin City Hall ; Snipe
Hunting on Riigen (1872) ; Chase iu the
Woods (1876) ; Venus Resting, Judgment of
Paris, Mother's Joy, Gretchen, Eva, Editha
(1881).— Brockhaus, ii. 689 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 302 ; Muller, 37; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 75.
BEGAS, PARMENTIER LUISE, born
in Vienna ; contemporary. Architecture
and landscape painter ; pupil in Vienna of
Schindler ; visited Constantinople, then sev-
eral times Italy, especially Venice, Rome,
and Taormina in Sicily ; studio in Berlin
since 1877, when she was married to Adal-
bert Begas. Works: Venetian Vistas, Kitchen
Interior in Sicily, Burial-Ground in Scutari.
—Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 306 ; Miiller, 38 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiii. 378 ; Kunst-Clrrouik,
xv. 549.
BEGEIJN (Bega), ABRAHAM CORNE-
LISZ, born at Leyden(?) in 1621 or 1622,
died in Berlin, June 11, 1697. Dutch school ;
landscape, animal, marine, and still-life
painter ; settled at The Hague since 1653,
went to Berlin as court painter to the Elector
of Brandenburg in 1688. In his earlier
works he approaches the manner of Asselyn,
in his later ones that of Berchem. Works :
Coast near Naples, Brussels Museum ; Still
Life in Italian Landscape (1653), Bordeaux
Museum ; Wood Landscape, Landscape with
Thistles, Butterflies, and Birds, Brunswick
Gallery ; Landscapes with Cattle, in the
Louvre, Paris, the Amsterdam (1660) and
Berlin Museums, Copenhagen (3), Oldenburg,
Gb'ttingen, Schwerin Galleries, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg (2), Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 307; Riegel,
Beitnige, ii. 389.
BEGGROFF, ALEXANDER CARLO-
VICH, born in St. Petersburg, Dec. 17, 1841.
Marine painter, son of the water colour
painter and lithographer Carl Petrovich B. ;
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, then in
Paris (1871-74) of Bogoljuboff. Works:
Views of Canea, Plymouth, Havre, Rouen,
Etretat, Fecamp, Dordrecht ; Views in Liv-
land ; Mouth of the Neva, Baird's Factory,
and Exchange at St. Petersburg ; Harbor
at Peterhof ; The Steamships Dershava,
Grand Duke Constantine, Svietlana (1872-
81) ; Winter View of St. Petersburg (1878).
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 309.
BEHAM (Behaim, Behem), BARTHEL,
born in Nuremberg in 1502, died in Venice
in 1540. German school ; history and por-
trait painter, pupil of DOrer. In 1524 he
was accused of heresy, and exiled, together
with his brother, Hans Sebald, and George
Pencz. In 1527 was at Munich, in service of
Duke William of Bavaria, who sent him
afterwards to Italy. Was also an engraver,
and one of the so-called Little Masters.
Works : Palatine Otto Heinrich (1535), Augs-
burg Gallery ; five panels with Saints, Christ
on Mount of Olives, Berlin Museum ; three
pictures with Saints and Donors, altarpiece
with Coronation of the Virgin (1536), do.,
with SS. Ann, Andrew, Erasmus, etc., Christ
on the Cross, four panels with Saints, Fiir-
stenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; three
panels with portraits of King Ferdinand's
Children (?), Amsterdam Museum ; altar-
piece with Flagellation and Saints, Kunst-
halle, Carlsruhe ; Miracle of the Cross
(1530), Death of Curtius (1540), King Louis
of Hungary, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ
bearing the Cross, Maurice Chapel, Nurem-
124
1JKIIAM
berg ; two portraits of Bavarian Princes, '
Nostitz Gallery, Prague; fifteen do., Schleiss- j
heim Gallery ; Two altar wings with Saints,
Sigmaringen Museum ; St. Bruno in the !
Desert, Stuttgart Gallery. — Allgem. d.Biogr.,
ii. 277; Keaue, Early Masters, 151; Meyer,
Kdnst. Lex., iii. 311; Scott, Little Masters,
49 ; W. & W., ii. 410 ; Rosenberg, S. & B.
Beham, Leipsic, 1875.
BEHAM (Behaim, Behem), HANS SE-
BALD, born at Nuremberg iu 1500, died in j
Frankfort, Nov. 2'2, 1550. German school ;
banished, with his brother Burthel, in 1524,
but seems to have returned to Nuremberg,
and afterwards led a wandering life, apj>ear-
ing iu Munich, 1530, and settled in Frank-
fort in 1534. Was most prominent as one
of the Little Masters, excelling as a paint-
er only iu miniatures. Works : Table-Top,
with Scenes from Life of David, Louvre ;
do. with Bathers, etc., Wiesbaden Museum;
Scenes of
Ba thing,
Shippingaud
Hunting,
Berlin Mu-
seum.— Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 279; Keane,
Early Masters, 144 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 179 ;
Meyer, Kiuist. Lex., iii. 318 ; Scott, Little
Masters, 49 ; W. & W., ii. 407 ; Rosenberg,
S. & B. Beham.
BEHMER, HERMANN, born at Merzien,
Anhalt, in 1831. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil from 1853 in Berlin of Steffeck, and
at the Academy, then (1856) in Paris, at the
£cole des Beaux Arts, and of Flandriu and
Couture. After a two years' journey through
Italy, Egypt, and Palestine in 1866-68, he
settled in Berlin, whence in 1873 he re-
moved to Weimar. Medal, in Philadelphia,
1876. Works : Girl with Wild Roses, In-
terior of House at Bethlehem (1868).—
Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., iii. 335.
BEHR, CAREL JACOBUS, born at The
Hague, July 9, 1812. Architecture painter,
pupil of B. J. van Hove ; member of Amster-
dam Academy, 1837. Works : View of City
Hall at The Hague (1836); Biuueuhof, ib.
(1839); Winter Landscape (1840); Hetlango
Voorhout, Hague (1842); Ruins of old Cu»-
tle, Pavilion, Haarlem. — Immerzeel, L 39.
BEHRENDSEN, AUGUST, born in Mag-
deburg, in 1810. Landscape pointer, pupil
at Berlin Academy of Schirmer, to whose
style he adhered in most of his landscapes ;
settled in Konigsberg, where, in 1855, Lo
became professor at the Academy : obtained
the gold medal in 1862, and was made
member of the Berlin Academy iu 1869.
Studio at Merou, Tyrol. Works : View near
Conegliauo, Landscape in the style of Claudo
Lorrain, Mill on Mountain Brook, Morning
in the Alps (Konigsberg Museum); Evening
iu the Salzburg Mountains, View on the
Traun Hills, On Lake Como, On the Coast
of Genoa, Coast near Nice, Evening on the
Haff, Clearing in Pinewood, Lake in the
High Alps, From Northern Tyrol. — Diosku-
rt-n (1860), 384 ; (1861), 245 ; (1864), 431 ;
(1866), 58, 369; (1867), 156; Kugler, KL
Sehriften, iii. 574, 677; Kunstblatt (1855),
395; (1866), 432; (1857), 122; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 336.
BEICH, JOACHIM FRANZ, born at
Ravensburg, Oct. 15, 1665, died in Munich
in 1748. Landscape and battle painter,
pupil and of son Daniel Beich (flourished at
Ravensburg and Munich second half of 17th
century); completed his studies iu Italy after
Poussin, and became court painter to the
Elector of Bavaria. His pictures ore arti-
ficial, but often grand in composition.
Works : Prophet Elijah, John Baptist, and
others, Old Pinakothek, Munich; eleven great
Episodes from the Turkish War (1683-88),
Schleissheim Gallery ; others in Vienna
Museum ; Brunswick, Manheim, and Stutt-
gart Galleries. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 567 ;
Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., iii. 337.
BEIDEMANN, ALEXANDER JEGORO-
VICH, born in St Petersburg, Aug. 17,
1826, died there, Feb. 27, 1869. History
and portrait painter, pupil of the St Peters-
burg Academy ; visited Germany, Italy,
and France in 1857-60 ; after his return
Ixjcanie member of the Academy, and in
135
BEINKE
1861 professor. In 1863 and 1865 he trav-
elled in the Crimea, and in 1868 went to
Paris to paint altarpieces for the Russian
churches there. Works : St. John Baptist
in the Desert (1852); Flight into Egypt
(1853); Come unto Me (1854); Christ in
House of Mary and Martha (1855); Views
and Costumes from Italy and Bavaria,
Procession of the Host in Italy, Savoyard
Girl at her Mother's Grave, Ruth and
Boaz, Girl Drinking from a Spring, Lovers
on a Terrace, Inn in Bavaria (1860), Appari-
Belisarius, Jacques Louis David, Louvre, Paris.
tion of the Virgin (1860); Assumption
(1863).— Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., iii. 338.
BEINKE, FRITZ, born in Diisseldorf,
April 23, 1842. Genre painter, pupil of the
Diisseldorf Academy under Millie r, Sohn,
and Bendemann, then studied, travelling on
repeated journeys through Germany, and
northern Italy. Works: Visit of Condo-
lence (1866); Rag-Picker in Black Forest
(1868); Prayer (1871); Return from Excur-
sion (1873); Forester at Breakfast (1873);
The Juggler (1874); Meeting in the Field
(1875); Long Live the Emperor! (1876);
Flower Girl (1877).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
iii. 342.
BELGIOJOSO, CARLO BARBIANODI,
Count, born in Milan, Aug. 17, 1815, died
there, June 22, 1881. Pupil of Milan Acad-
emy, under Hayez ; in 1840 went to Rome,
and studied works of Raphael for two years.
On his return to Milan devoted himself to
painting until 1854, when he abandoned
art for a literary career. In 1860-1880 he
was President of the Academy. His paint-
ings show little talent, but are carefully ex-
ecuted.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 347.
BELIN, JEAN, born at Caen, baptized
Nov. 9, 1653, died in
Paris, Feb. 12, 1715.
Commonly called Jean
Baptiste Blin, or Blain
de Fontenay. Painter
of still life, pupil of
Monnoyer, whose daugh-
ter he married. Mem-
ber of the Academy in
1G87. Employed by
Monnoyer in all his
works in the royal cas-
tles and public build-
ings, he soon won the
favor of Louis XTV., and
received numerous or-
ders for works at Ver-
sailles, Marly, Compi-
egne, and Fontainebleau.
Works : Collection of his
paintings in Grand Tri-
anon ; two in the Louvre, others in the
Museum of Caen, Bayeux, Rennes, Orleans,
Avignon, Tours, and Marseilles. — Meyer,
Ktlnst. Lex., iii. 348 ; D'Argenville, Abrege,
iv. 280; C16mont de Ris, Les Musees de
Province, 115 ; Larousse.
BELISARIUS, Jacques Louis David, Lou-
vre, Paris; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 3ft. 8 in.;
signed, dated Paris, 1784. The blind Roman
general, reduced to beggary, seated at en-
trance of a temple at right, is recognized by
one of his old soldiers as a woman drops an
obolus into the helmet, held by his young
companion. Salon, 1785. Engraved by
Morel ; Sisco. This picture is a reduction of
186
BELLA
the original, by Fabre and Girodet, retouched
and signed by David. The original (about
10 feet square), painted in 1780, was bought
by the Elector of Treves, and passed to Lu-
cien Bonaparte. — Landon, Musi-e, i. PL 13;
Filhol, xi. PL 20 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By F. Gerard, private gallery, Munich ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft, 7 in. Belisarius,
full length, standing, bearing in his arms a
youth who appears to be dying from the
bite of a serpent, which still clings to his
leg ; the blind general, seeking the road
with his staff, is walking along the edge of
a precipice. Painted in 1800. Engraved
by Desnoyers. — Landon, Musee, ii. PL 5C.
BELLA DI TIZIANO, Titian, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2 ft. o} in.
A slender girl, half-length, in a brownish
Bella di Tiziano, Titian, Palazzo Pitli, Florence.
red hat decorated with ostrich feathers and
pearls ; bracelet of precious stones on arm,
pearl ear-rings, and necklace. Belonged to
Crozat Collection. Engraved by Sanders.—
C. & C., Titian, i. 393 ; Cat Hermitage, 44.
By Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft 3 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. A young
woman, half-length, in a low dress, with
braided ornaments and slashed sleeves, her
auburn hair plaited and twisted around her
head, and a gold chain on her neck; one
hand holds a chain of gold. Pointed about
1534. Called by some a portrait of the Duch-
ess of Urbino, by others of Violante, daughter
of Palma Vecchio. Engraved by Guadag-
nini— C. & C., Titian, L 391 ; GaL du PaL
Pitti, i. PL 112 ; Burckhardt, 719.
Attributed to Titian, Palazzo Sciarra,
Rome. " A fine portrait by Palma Vecchio."
— C. & C., Titian, L 66 ; ii. 442.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H.
3 ft 2 in. x 2 ft. Same portrait as Bella
of the Hermitage, loosely dressed in a black
satin pelisse lined with ermine, with hair
twisted and adorned with pearls. Bought
in Spain by Charles V. Engraved by Bartsch.
— C. & C., Titian, i. 393.
BELLANGfi, EUGfcXE, born in Rouen,
Feb. 16, 1837. Military genre painter, son
and pupil of J. L. H. Bellango ; pupil also
of Picot In 1861 he painted scenes from
the Italian campaign of 1859 ; has recently
devoted himself to illustrating French sol-
dier types in water colours (Salon, 1877-78).
Works: A Morning in Dieppe (1880); The
Cobbler's House (1883).— Meyer, Kiinst
Lex., iii. 362.
BELLAXGI5, (JOSEPH LOUIS) HIP-
POLYTE, born in Paris, Feb. 16, 1800,
died there, April 10, 1866. History and
genre painter, pupil of Gros and of the
ficole des Beaux Arts. First attracted at-
tention by his lithographs. Exhibited in
nearly every salon from 1822 to 1866. Med-
als : 2d class, 1824, 1855 ; L. of Honour,
1834 ; Officer, 1861 ; Director of the Rouen
Museum, 1837-54. Many of his works have
been engraved. Works: Battle of Mos-
cowa (1822), Plaster-Cast Peddler (1833),
Return from Elba (1834), Battle of Fleurus,
Blow with the Stirrup (1836), Battle of
Wagrain (1837), Battle of Loano (1838),
Battle of Alteukirchen, Soldier's Family,
Custom House in Lower Normandy (1839),
Battle of Hondschoote (1840), Assault of
Teniah de Mouzui'a, Soldier in the Hospital
U7
BELLANGEK
(1841), Conscript Departing, Soldier Re-
turning (1842), Battle of Corogne (1843),
Battle of Ocaiia (1845), Versailles Museum ;
Trumpeter's Farewell, Kellermann's Charge
at Marengo (1847), Rouen Museum ; The
Gallant Hussar (1849); Good Priest, Mayor's
Harangue (1850) ; Passage of the Guad-
arrama, Eetreat from Russia, Review after
the Battle (1852), Emperor of Russia ;
Charge of Cuirassiers (1853) ; Battle of
Alma, Night- Watch (1855) ; Capturing a
Russian Ambush (1857), Farewell Salute,
Battle in Streets of Magenta, Assault on
Malakoff (1859), Marseilles Museum ; Two
Friends (1861); Incident of Battle of
Magenta (1863) ; Cuirassiers at Waterloo,
Marching Past after Victory (1865) ; Beaten
Squadron of Cavalry, The Guard Dies, his
last work (18G6). — Larousse ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 361 ; Meyer, Gesch., 473 ; Revue
des d. Mondes, 1866, June 1 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, i. 62.
BELLANGER, CAMELLE FELIX, born
in Paris ; contemporary. History painter,
pupil of A Cabanel, and of Bouguereau.
Medal, 2d class, 1875. Works: Death of
Abel (1875), Luxembourg Museum ; Cleom-
brotusll., King of Sparta (1876); Bacchante
(1877) ; Angel at the Tomb (1877) ; Scene
from Hell, after Dante (1878); Scene from
Dante (1879) ; Idyl, Young Faun (1880);
Twilight and Morning (1881) ; Coucou !
(1882); Cupid Asleep, A Florist (1883) ; Au
Luxembourg (1885). — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
iii. 363; Kunst-Chronik, xii. 618.
BELLAY, PAUL ALPHONSE, bom in
Paris, March 22, 1826. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Picot and of Heuriquel
Dupont ; entered in 1851 the Ecole des
Beaux Arts, and received in 1852 the Roman
prize for engraving. Since 1861 exhibited
first Italian genre subjects ; then mostly
water colour copies after Raphael. Medals
in 1866, 1867, 1869 ; L. of Honour, 1873.—
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 368.
BELLE, ALEXIS SIMON, born in Paris,
Jan. 12, 1674, died there, Nov. 21, 1734.
Portrait painter, pupil of Franyois de Troy ;
member of Academy in 1703 ; held in great
honour by the French and Polish courts
and the Pretender James HI. Works : Por-
traits of Maria Leczinska and Son, of Dau-
phin Louis, of the Sculptor Lerambert, of
himself, Versailles Museum ; Portraits of
Louis XIV., his Queen, his Sisters, Duch-
ess of Orleans, Stanislaus Leczinska, Car-
dinal Polignac. — Dussieux, Memoirs inedits,
ii. 233 ; Jal, 187 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., 369.
BELLE, AUGUSTIN LOUIS, born in
Paris in 1757, died there, Jan. 12, 1841.
History painter, son and pupil of Clement
Louis B. Succeeded his father in 1806 as
I inspector of the Gobelins manufactory.
Works : Tobias Blessed by his Father
(1788); Ruth and Boaz(1791); Mars crown-
ed by Venus (1801); Allegory of Peace
(1817), Rouen Museum; Hagar in the Desert
(1819), Tours Museum. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., iii. 369 ; Bellier.
BELLE, CLEMENT LOUIS MARIE
ANNE, bom in Paris, Nov. 16, 1722, died
I there, Sept. 29, 1806. History painter, son
of Alexis Simon, pupil of his mother Marie
Nicole Horthemels and of Fran<;ois Lemoine ;
member of Academy in 1761 ; professor in
1765 and rector in 1790. After 1755 In-
spector of the Gobelins manufactory, Paris.
Works: Purification of the Churches after
the Desecration of 1722 (1759), St. Merry,
Paris ; Archangel Michael as Victor (1767),
Soissons Cathedral ; Christ, Parliament-
Building, Dijon ; Return of the Prodigal
Son, Lille Museum. — Larousse ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 369.
BELLE FERONNIERE, Leonardo da
Vinci, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 5£
in. Bust, head three quarters, turned to
left, dressed in a red robe, ornamented with
embroidery and gold bauds ; hair confined
with a feronniere or frontlet. Long sup-
posed to be a portrait of the noted mistress
of Francis I., La Feronniere, so called either
because she was the wife of a rich feronnier
(iron-monger) or of a bourgeois named Jean
Foron, whose jealousy is said to have been
128
BELLE
the primal cause of the king's death. Be-
lieved by some to be the portrait of Lucrezia
Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke
of Milan, painted by Leonardo about 1497 ;
and by M. Delucluze a likeness of Ginevra
Benci. But the picture is called by Pere
Dan in his Tresor des Merveilles de Fon-
tainebleau (1642), portrait of a Duchess of
Belle Feronniere, Leonardo dt Vinci, Louvre.
Mantua, and it has lately been shown that
Leonardo really painted (1500) a portrait of
Isabella d'Este Gonzaga, Marchioness of
Mantua. As the features are wholly unlike
those of Isabella in Titian's picture in the
Vienna Museum, La Belle Feronniere may
be considered still unidentified. — Vosari,
ed. Mil., iv. 61 ; Clement, 214 ; Rigollot,
Hist, des Arts, i. 297 ; Heaton, Leonardo,
15, 268 ; Acad. (1870), i. 123 ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Mdndler, Essai, 123 ; Ch. Blanc,
Scole florentine.
BELLE JARDINlfcRE. See Madonna
Belle Jardiniere.
BELLEE, LEON (LeGoaesbe) DE, born
at Ploennel (Morbihan) ; contemporary.
Landscape painter, pupil of Montfort
Paints sometimes marine-views. Works :
Washing at Low Tide, Clearing in the
Woods, Charcoal-Burners' Hut (1874);
Fleet of Sardine Fishermen (1875); Cutting
in the Woods, In the Woods with Hoar-
Frost (1879); Fish-Pond in Forest of Aigne
(1880); Before a Storm, Autumn (1881);
Fishing in Arctic Regions at Hammerfest,
Town of Karasjok in Lapland (1882);
Pierced Rock in Calvados, Pond in May
(1883); Life in the Forest, Swamp in Isle of
France (1884); Hoar Frost (1885).— L'Art
(1875), i. 281.
BELLEGAMBE, JEAN (Jehan), born at
Douai, about 1475 (?), died there after 1533.
Flemish school ; history painter, and one
of the best masters in Flanders of that
period ; enjoyed great fame, especially in his
native city, and was styled lo maltre des
couleurs. Works : Polyptych with Trinity
and eight other pictures (about 1511), Notre
Dame, Douai ; two altarwings with Glori-
fication of the Virgin (1526), Museum, ib.;
Adoration of Infant Christ (1528), Prepar-
ing for Crucifixion, Cathedral, Arras ; Altar
with Last Judgment, Berlin Museum ;
Adoration of the Magi (?), Madrid Museum.
— Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 126 ; Forster,
Denkmole, x. iii. 7 ; Meyer, Kdnst Lex., iii.
371 ; Michiels, iv. 150 ; W. & W., ii. 525.
BELLEL, JEAN JOSEPH, born in
Paris, Jan. 26, 1810. Landscape painter ;
pupil of Onvrie ; sent his first picture to the
Salon of 1836. In 1856 he visited Alge-
ria, and has drawn many of his subjects
from there. He is noted for his charcoal
drawings. Medal, 1st class, 1848 ; L. of
Honour, 1860. Works : View of the Close
of St. Mark in Roueu (1836); Christ and the
Samaritan Woman, Environs of Clermont,
Gorge of Atrans, View of Massa (1846),
Duchess of Orleans ; Daplmis and Chloo
(1853); Flight into Egypt (1855); Street in
Constantino (1857); Landscape with Ruins,
The Halt, Oasis in the Sahara (1859);
Oasis of Tolga, Road from El-Kantara
to Bathna (1861), Ch. Evrard, Paris;
Solitude or Road from Medeah to Bogliar
(1863), Luxembourg Museum ; Environs of
EELLEK
Naples, Chartres Museum ; Joseph led into
Captivity, Daphnis and Chloe, Crow Lake
(1864); Gypsies Travelling (1865); Road
from Chateldon to Montpeyroux, Banks of
the Therain (1866) ; Arabs running from a
Fire, Saw-rnill on the River Sillet (1868);
The Last Fine Days, Environs of Medeah
(1869) ; Mountains of Lachant (1870); Road
from Boghar to Boussaada, Environs of
Cassis (1873) ; Environs of Allevard (1874) ;
From Constantino to Batna (1875); Arabs
Looking for Camping Ground (1876) ; Viva-
rais, Road from Medeah to Boghar (1879) ;
Environs of Toulon, Across Algeria (1880) ;
Ravine of Constantine, Arabian Improviser,
Lachaux Road (1881); View in Trani, Saw-
mill in Valley of Therain (1882); Kabylia,
Environs of Puy-Guillaume (1883); Castle of
Chateldon, Approach to Biskra (1885). — La-
rousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 768, 777 ; Miiller,
39 ; Vapereau, 175.
BELLER, ALEXANDER IVANOVICH,
born in St. Petersburg, Aug. 5, 1804, died
there, Feb. 25, 1870. Pupil of Venezianoff |
and of the St. Petersburg Academy. Was
O J
a deaf mute, and devoted his whole life to
the art education of deaf mutes. Works :
Room in a Palace, Peasant's Room (1833), I
Twelve Pictures of Saints for Deaf-Mute
Asylum, and Obuchow Hospital, St. Peters-
burg.— Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., iii. 375.
BELLERMANN, FERDINAND, born at
Erfurt, March 14, 1814. Landscape painter ;
pupil, under Blechen, of the Berlin Acad-
emy and of Schirmer, visited with Friedrich
Preller in 1839 Rugen, in 1840 the Nether- j
lands and Norway, and in 1842, on Hum-
boldt's suggestion, was sent to South
America by King Frederick William IV.
He returned in 1845, with three hundred
sketches in oil and drawings, now in the
National Gallery, Berlin, devoted himself to
teaching in 1849, visited Italy in 1853-54,
and became professor at the Berlin Acad-
emy in 1866. Since his second journey to
Italy in 1877, he has alternately treated
Italian and Tropical subjects. Works : Stu-
benkammer on Rugen, Norwegian Land-
scape, Bellevue Castle, Berlin ; Guachero
Cave in Venezuela, Replica, with Humboldt
and Missionaries, National Gallery, Berlin ;
Plateau of Merida, Coast of Laguayra, Lake
Umo, three Tropical Wood Landscapes,
Sierra Nevada, Abrida in the Andes, Valley
of Caracas, Falls of Terni, Castel Gandolfo,
Palace of Queen Joanna, Giant's Grave and
Sacrificial Stone, New Museum, Berlin. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 376 ; Rosenberg,
Berl. Malersch., 328 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv.
118.
BELLET DU POISAT, PIERRE AL-
FRED, born at Bourgoin, Ist-re, Oct. 5,
1823, died in Paris in Sept., 1883. History,
landscape, and marine painter, pupil of
Drolling and of Flandrin ; entered F,cole
des Beaux Arts in 1845, followed at first the
style of Delacroix, later that of the Vene-
tians, and has more recently, in landscape
and marine painting, imitated the Dutch.
Works : Marguerite in Church (1857); En-
try of the Hussites into the Council of Basle
(1859) ; Jews in Captivity (1868) ; Christ
served by Angels, Christ walking on the
Waters (1875); La Nuit dans le Port (1879);
Mill of Dordrecht, Canal near Scheveningen,
Rural Wedding, Fight of the Centaurs with
the Lapiths (1880); Canal in the Dunes
(1881); Banks of the Meuse, Marine (1882);
Entrance to the Harbour of Marseilles
(1883).— Meyer, Gesch., 288 ; Larousse.
BELLEVOIS, J., second half of 17th cen-
tury, died in Hamburg in 1684 (?). Dutch
school ; marine painter ; mentioned as set-
tled in Hamburg about 1673-80. Works :
Calm Sea with Vessels, Madrid Museum ;
Slightly Agitated Sea (1659), Dr. A. Bre-
dius, Amsterdam ; Storm on Rocky Coast
(1664), Brunswick Gallery ; Similar subject,
Consul Weber, Hamburg. — Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., iii. 378 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 410.
BELLINI, GENTILE, born probably at
Padua in 1426-7, died in Venice, Feb. 23,
1507. Venetian school ; eldest son and pupil
of Jacopo Bellini, in whose studio he and
his brother Giovanni laboured until Jaco-
po's death. Gentile probably settled in
130
BELLINI
Venice about 14GO, but no picture of Iris is
known earlier than 1464, when lie painted
the doors of the great organ of San Marco.
In 1465 be finished
the apotheosis of
Lorenzo Giustiui-
ani, now in the lum-
ber room of the
Venice Academy.
From this time his
career is obscure
until 1474, when he
was appointed to re-
store the pictures
in the Sala del Gran Consiglio, Venice. His
works were highly praised by his contem-
poraries, and accepted as masterpieces by
the government. In 147!) he was sent with
two assistants, at the expense of the state,
to Constantinople, where he painted the por-
trait of Mehemet II., now owned by Sir H.
A. Layard. He also brought back a picture,
now in the Louvre, representing the recep-
tion of a Venetian Embassy by the Grand
Vizier. On his return to Venice he resumed
Iris labours in the Council Hall, in conjunc-
tion with his brother Giovanni, and painted
four great canvases in oil illustrative of the
legend of Barbarossa, and other pictures of
events connected with Venetian history,
which were for the most part destroyed in
the fire of 1577. But it was not until the
close of the century that Gentile rose to a
lofty position. His Miracle of the Cure was
painted about 1494. He appears at his
best in the Procession and Miracle of the
Crosx (1496 and 1500), Venice Academy,
and in the Sermon of St. Mark, at Alexan-
dria, Brera, Milan. The last picture, which
was finished by Giovanni Bellini after his
brother's death, is fine in composition and
full of power, showing that he had consider-
ably advanced beyond his father. Other
works : Glorification of first Patriarch of
Venice (1465), Academy, Venice ; Portrait
of a Doge, Museo Civico, ib. ; do. of Caterina
Comaro, Pesth Museum ; Madonna, Berlin
Museum.— C. & C., N. Italy, L 117 ; Ch.
Blanc, rx»lo vonitienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
149, 175; Meyer, KOnat Lex., ill 391;
OPV5« GENT1LIS' BELLINVJ.
Labke, Gesch. itaL Mai., i. 534 ; ZeiUchr.
f. b. K., xiii. 341.
BELLINI, GIOVANNI, born in Padua,
or Venice, about
1428, died there,
Nov. 29, 1516.
Venetian school ;
younger brother
of Gentile Belli-
ni, mid with him
pupil and assist-
ant of his father,
Jacopo, in Pad-
ua. While there
he was brought
into contact
with Mantegna, his future brother-in-law,
then a pupil of Squarcione, and adopted
many of his peculiarities, combining them
with those of his father. This is shown in
the Paduau character of his Christ's Agony
in the Garden, National Gallery, London, a
picture long ascribed to Muntegna. The
same mingling of the Venetian and Paduau
styles appears in Iris PieU in the Lochis-
Carrara Gallery, Bergamo, which is full of
Mantegnesque grimness. His 1'iettl in the
Brera, Milan, is less rigid. A third Pieti
(1472) is in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice.
About this time he produced his vast tem-
pera of the Madonna with Saints, burned in
S. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, a noble work
which proved that he was capable of grand
composition and loftiness of style. In 1473
Antouello da Messina introduced at Venice
the use of oil, and Giovanni, recognizing its
advantages, laboured earnestly to enlarge
the practice of the new medium. Constant
improvement rewarded his efforts, until he
at last painted his grand altarpiece, the '/ •
donna with Stunts, Venice Academy, which
established his fame. After this he was
chiefly employed until his death in painting
in the Sala del Gran Cousiglio in the Pa-
131
BELLINI
lazzo Ducale, reserving, however, a right to
accept private commissions. When at the
height of his fame he had among his pupils
Giorgione and Titian, who were to perfect
the rich system of colouring of which he must
be regarded as the true founder. Kuskin
says of Bellini that he is the only artist who
united, in equal and magnificent measure,
justness of drawing, nobleness of colouring,
and perfect manliness of treatment, with
the purest religious feeling. Among Gio-
vanni's best works are : Transfiguration,
Naples Museum ; Circumcision, Castle How-
ard, England ; Madonna (1487), Madonna
between SS. Paul and George, and the Ma-
donna of the Admiralty Court, Venice Acad-
emy ; Madonna with Saints and Angels
(1488), Sacristy of the Frari, Venice ; Ma-
donna and Doge Barberigo (1488), S. Pietro
Martire, Murano ; Baptism of Christ (1501),
S. Corona, Vicenza ; Madonna with Saints
(1505), S. Zaccaria, Venice ; Madonna with
Saints, Louvre. Early in the century Albert
Diirer visited Venice, and a question after-
ward arose whether he was influenced by
Bellini or Bellini by him ; but it is doubtful
if even Diirer could teach the Venetians any
secrets of colour. Both he and Diirer had
great respect for each other's talents, and
were firm friends. Giovanni's pictures in
the Sala del Gran Consiglio were burned in
the fire of 1577. While engaged upon
them he painted but few other pictures ;
but there are a Madonna (1510) by him in
the Brera, and a SS. Christopher, Augustin,
and Jerome (1513), in S. Giovanni Crisos-
tomo, Venice, the latter of which bears the
impress of his assistant, Basaiti. In 1514 he
began the Bacchanal, Ahiwick Castle, Eng-
land ; and in 1515 he painted the Venus,
Vienna Museum. His Portrait of the Doge
Loredano, St. Peter Martyr, Christ's Ag-
10ANNES BELLINVS
ony in the Garden, Landscape with Martyr-
dom of St. Peter, Madonna and Adoration
of the Magi, are in the National Gallery,
London.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 139 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole venitienne ; Seguier, 15 ; Dohme, 2iii.;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 149, 175 ; Ruskiii, Stones
of Venice ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 400 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 523.
BELLINI, JACOPO, born in Venice
about 1400, died about 1464. Venetian
school ; pupil of Gentile da Fabriano, whom
he accompanied in 1422 to Florence, where
he was known as Jacopo di Venetia. On
account of a personal encounter with a
young Florentine he took service on the gal-
leys of the state. Criminal charges were pre-
ferred against him in his absence, and on his
return from sea he was imprisoned for con-
tempt of court shown in non-appearance at
the trial He was released in 1425 after
doing penance and paying a fine, and five
years after was in Venice, as is proved by
an autograph note in his sketch-book, now
in the British Museum. He is afterward
found in Verona, and later at Padua, where
he established a studio, in which his sons
Gentile and Giovanni worked, and where
his daughter Nicolosia married Andrea
Mantegna. Jacopo was a draughtsman of
quick hand and clear perception, and though
his knowledge of anatomy was not profound,
he gave fair proportions to his heads. He
held a middle course between the conven-
tionalism of his predecessors and the natu-
ralism or classicism of the rising schools ;
indeed, he worthily began what his sou Gio-
| vanni and Titian perfected. He can scarcely
be judged as a colourist, for only two
greatly injured panel pictures of his early
time remain : a half length of the Virgin
and Child in the collection of the Counts
Tadini at Lovere, and another of the same
subject in the Venice Academy. A Crucified
Saviour on canvas in the Museo Civico,
Verona, is a good illustration of his style.
His Crucifixion on the wall in the Cathedral
of Verona, painted in 1436, was destroyed
in 1759, but is preserved in a copy in the
Casa Albrizzi, Venice. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
100 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 149, 175 ; Meyer,
!Kiiust. Lex., iii. 336.
132
BELLOC
BELLOC, JEAN HILAIRE, l*>rn at Florence ; Old Woman, Madrid Museum ;
Nantes, Nov. 27, 1786, died in Paris, Dec. do., Stuttgart Museum. — Meyer, Kuusi
9,1866. Genre and portrait painter ; pupil Lex., iii. 430 ; Zauetti, Pitt Venez.,
of Reguault and of Gros. Medal of 1st 513.
class in 1810, after which exhibited pictures BELLOTTO, BERNARDO, bora in Ven-
in nearly every salon till 1850. Was di- ice, Jan. 30, 1720, died in Warsaw, Oct 17,
rector of the free school of design in Paris 1780. Venetian school ; landscape and
more than forty years. L. of Honour, architecture painter ; nephew and pupil of
1846, Officer, 1864. Works : Death of Gaul Canaletto, by whose name he is sometimes
(1810); Traveller in Egypt who has lost his known ; went to Rome, probably about
Way (1812); Rest of Holy Family (1831) ; 1740, afterwards to Germany ; worked in
Death of St. Louis, (1838, ordered by State); Munich, and afterwards iu Dresden, where
Portraits of the Duchess de Berri (1824), he was employed by Count Bruhl and be-
Count Boissy d'Anglas (1830), of Michelet came court painter to Augustus HL In
(1845), and many others. — Meyer, Kunst. 1758 he went to Vienna, and painted views
Lex., iii. 427 ; Larousse. of the city and the imi>erial palaces until
BELLOSIO, CARLO, born in Milan in 1762, when he executed paintings for Au-
1805, died at Bellaggia, Sept., 1859. History gustus HI. in Warsaw, before returning to
painter ; pupil of Pelagio Palagi. Ho ad- Dresden, where he became a member of the
hered to the classical style, but showed Academy in 1764 About 17G6 he is said
early a certain power of invention, and after to have visited St Petersburg, and iu 1767
1829, without deserting his school, strong Warsaw, where he was court painter to
individual talent. He excelled in fresco, King Stanislaus H. in 1770. At first an im-
but executed also many drawings and oil itator of Caualetto, he developed later an
paintings. He was overtaken by death independent style, marked by cool light
when about to execute a colossal painting effects and great clearness in architectural
for King Charles Albert, the Crossing of detaila Works : Two Views of Turin, Tu-
the Beresina, to prepare studies for which rin Gallery ; Views of Varese, Brera, Milan ;
he had made a journey to Russia in 1845. Views in Vienna and of Schonbrunn and
Works: Scene from the Flood (1839-41), Schlosshof, Ruins of Thebes, Hungary, Vi-
Institution of the Order of Aunuuciata enua Museum ; Views of Kiinigstein and
(1842), Royal Palace, Turin ; Beheading of Pirua, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna; View
St. John, fresco (1830), S. Protaso, Milan ; of Munich (probably also four Views in
Allegory, Casino della nobile Societ.'i, Milan. Venice, ascribed to Antonio Canaletto),
—Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 429. Munich Gallery ; Views in Dresden and
BELLOTTI, PIETRO, born at Volzano Pirna, Venice, Verona, etc. (38), Dresden
in 1627, died at Ganguano in 1700. Vene- Gallery ; two landscapes, Berlin Museum ;
tiaii school ; pupil of Michele Ferrabosco, Views in Venice (3), Cassel Gallery ; Views
in Venice, where he went at twenty. He of Ducal Palace and Piazzeta in Venice,
faithfully imitated nature with great minute- Darmstadt Gallery ; Ducal Palace iu Venice
ness of detail, then very unusual. This, (ascribed to
which madehiina favourite portrait painter, Canaletto),
is observable in his characteristic figures Stiidel Gal-
from low life, but in historical scenes he is lery, Frank-
not free from the mannerism of his time. ; fort ; View of the Brenta, Brussels Museum;
He was much employed by foreign courts, two Views of Rome, Amsterdam Museum ;
Works : Half figure of Old Woman, Museo Rialto, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.— Meyer,
Civico, Venice ; Portrait of himself, Uffizi, Kuust. Lex., UL 437.
in
BELLOWS
BELLOWS, ALBERT F., born at Mil- Augsburg Gallery; Lot and Daughters,
ford, Mass. ; contemporary. Genre painter ; Solomon sacrificing to the Gods, Schleiss-
studied in Paris and at the Royal Academy heim Gallery ; Rebecca at the Well, Isaac,
of Antwerp, and painted in England and Finding of Moses, Pommersfelden Gallery ;
Wales. Elected an A. N. A. in 1859, and Mary and Elizabeth, St. John, Nuremberg
N. A. in 1861. In 1865 he visited England, Museum ; Cupid and Psyche, Cupid and
where he turned his attention entirely to Venus, Munich Gallery ; Venus feeding a
water colours. In 1868 was elected honorary Dove, Madonna, Dresden Gallery ; Rape of
member of the Royal Belgian Society of Helen, Rape of the Sabine Women, Cassel
Water-Colourists. Studio in New York.1 Gallery;
Works in oil: Sorrows of Boyhood, First *^i P • tsLzjQ Joc^t Groups of
Pair of Boots, City Cousins, Lost Child, Ap- Children,
preaching Footsteps, Sunday in Devonshire ' Venus and Cupid, Liechtenstein Gallery,
(1876); New England Village School (1878); J Vienna.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 433 ; Nag-
Parsonage (1879); Building Air Castles : ler, Mon., i. 1785.
(1880); Bird Song (1881); Near the Head BELLUCCI, GIUSEPPE, Cavaliere, born
of Tide Water, Country Byway (1882); I in Florence in 1827, died there, Feb. 8,
Godalming — Surrey, England, Hillside 1882. History painter ; pupil of Bezzuoli
(1883). Works in water colour : Notch at i and of Pollastrini ; professor in Florence
Lancaster (1867); Afternoon in Surrey Academy ; Knight of Order of SS. Maurice
(1868); Borders of the New Forest, Surrey and Lazarus. Works : Hagar, Paul before
Byway, Dark Entry — Canterbury, Reaper's Poppa>a, Death of Alessandro de' Medici
Child, Study of a Head, New England (1865), Genoa Museum ; Emanuel Philibert
Homestead, Devonshire Cottage, Autumn arranging an Alliance between Savoy and
Woods, Village School (1878). — Tuckerman, France against Austria (1870), Royal Collec-
486 ; Art Journal (1877), 47. I tion ; Finding of Manfred's Body (1880).—
BELLUCCI, ANTONIO, born at Pieve di Kunst-Chrouik, v. 145.
Soligo in 1654, died there in 1726. Vene- j BELLUNELLO, ANDREA, bom at S.
tian school ; pupil of the amateur Domenico Vito, Friuli, flourished 1460-1490 in Udine
Defiuico, a nobleman of Sebeuico, and and Friuli. Venetian school. A provincial
formed himself afterwards after Sebastiano master, with whom art in Friuli may be
Bombelli and Antonio Zauchi. He worked said to have begun. His altarpieces show
in Treviso, Venice, Vicenza, and Verona, and hard outlines, bony figures, and heavy col-
in 1709 was called to Vienna by Joseph I., curing. Works : Crucifixion (1476), Town
who made him court painter. He painted Hall, Udine ; Madonna (1488 and 1490). —
the Emperor's portrait, and was employed Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 435 ; C. & C., North
also under Charles VI., but especially by Italy, ii. 176.
Prince Liechtenstein, whose palace he deco- | BELLY, LEON ADOLPHE AUGUSTE,
rated. From Vienna he was summoned to born at Saiut-Omer, March 10, 1827, died
Diisseldorf, by the elector John William, in Paris, March 25, 1877. Landscape and
after whose death, in 1716, he went to Eng- portrait painter ; pupil of Troyou and of
land, and painted for the court and several T. Rousseau. Travelled in the East, and
nobles. He seems to have returned to Italy was one of the best French painters of Ori-
soon after 1722, and in 1724 was also active ! ental life and scenery. Medals : 3d class,
again in Venice. He was one of the most 1857, 1867 ; 2d class, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861 ;
prominent masters of the Venetian school ! L. of Honour, 1862. Works : Forest of
before Tiepolo. Works : Marriage Cere- i Fontainebleau, Shell Fishers of Normandy
mouy of the Elector John William, Danae, (1855); Village of Ghiseh, Desert of Nas-
134
BELMONTE
soub, Inundation of the Nile (1857); Plain part of which was advanced. Allston hoped
of Ghiseh, Dyke on the Nile (1857); Even- to finish it in nix months, but, on account
ing in the Desert of Tyh, The Nile, Pilgrims of criticisms of Gilbert Stuart, determined to
to Mecca (1861), Luxembourg Museum ; make a radical change in the perspective.
View of a Harbour (1861), StrossburgMu.se- It remained in his studio until his death,
urn ; Sackies of Lower Egypt, Street in when it was left unfinished, his last week's
Cniro (18G3); Fellahs drawing a Dahabieh work having been spent on it — Memorial
(1804); Dead Sea (I860;; Sirens (1867); Hist Boston, iv. 395 ; Knickerbocker Mag.,
Evening, Mahinoudieh Canal (1868); Relig- xxiv. 205 ; Tuckermon.
ious Festival in Cairo, Dorad Fishing (1869); BELTRAFFIO (Boltraffio), GIOVANNI
Fairies' Pond, The River Sauldre, Ruins of ANTONIO, born in Milan in 1467, died
Baalbec (1874); A Pond, A Meadow, The there, June 16, 1516. Lombard school
Sauldre (1875); Montboulan Ford, Daha- Taught in the old Milanese school of Foppa
bieh Aground (1877). — Bellier ; Larousse ; and Civerchio, he came under the influence
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 430. of the new founded by Leonardo da Vinci.
BELMONTE Y VACOS, MARIANO, His colouring is, however, brighter, and his
born at Cordova, Spain, died at Valencia contrasts of light and shade more vigorous.
in 1864. Landscape painter ; was professor His best works are: Mailonna of the Casio
in the art-schools of Cadiz and Valencia. Family (1500), Louvre ; Madonna, Cosa
Medals, 1858, 1860, 1862. Works : C.isa Poldi, Milan ; Madonna, Bergamo Gallery ;
de Campo at Madrid (1859), Grotto of Pa- male portrait, Ambrosian Library, Milan,
lornas near Valencia (1865), Museo Nacional, and two portraits at the Isola Bella. The
Madrid. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 437. portrait of the Marechal de Chaumont,
BELOVED, THE, Dante Gabriel liossetti, Charles d'Amboise, in the Louvre, by Bel-
George Rae, Birkenhead, England ; canvas, traffic, or Andrea Solario, has l>een attrib-
Illustration of Song of Solomon. Five life uted to Leonardo da Vinci. — Vasari, ed.
size, three-quarters length female figures and Mil., iv. 51; Burckhardt, 703 ; Miiller, Es-
a negro girl, the last in front of the group, sai, 122 ; Rio, iii. 205 ; Ch. Blanc, £colo
bearing roses in a golden vase. The marriage milanai.se; Liibke, Gesch. ital. MaL, ii. 446.
procession has halted, and the bride, clad in BELTRANO, AGOSTDs'O, born at Na-
apple-green silk, has removed the veil from pies, died there in 1665. Neapolitan school ;
her face and throat, while her companions history painter ; pupil of Massimo Stanzi-
pi-ess closely around her, forming a mass of oni, married his fellow-scholar Amelia di
glowing colour. — Atlieureum, Oct., 1875, Rosa, whom he stabbed in a fit of jealousy in
444 ; Jan., 1883, 93. 1649, fled to France and returned to Naples
BELSHAZZAR'S FEAST, Washington in 1659. Was a good fresco painter, and
Allston, Museum Fine Arts, Boston, Mnss.; a colourist in oil of considerable merit,
canvas, H. 12 ft. 6 in. x 18 ft. 6 in. Daniel Works : Legend of St. Biagio, S. Maria
interpreting the handwriting on the wall to della Sanita, Naples ; Cupola, S. Maria della
Belshazzar at his feast (Dan., v.). In fore- Donna Regina, ib.; Ceiling in a Chapel,
ground, the king, queen, Daniel, and four S. Maria la Nuovo, ib. ; three panels in oil,
magicians ; behind them a group of Jewish , ib. — Meyer, Kiinst, Lex., iii. 447.
men and women, and beyond the banquet BEMBO. BONIFAZIO or FAZIO, of Cre
tables with many guests ; in distance on an [ mona, died about 1500. Lombard school
elevated platform a golden statue of a god, In 1455 was in the service of Duke Fran-
with worshippers. Begun in England and cesco Sforza, and in 1461-7 was among
brought, in 1818, to Boston, where it was j decorators of the palaces at Milan and Pa via,
purchased by several citizens for $10,000, | In 1467-8, painted in fresco portraits of
UB
BEMBO
Duke Francesco, then deceased, and his
widow in S. Agostino, Cremona. His style
was formed after that of Vittore Pisano,
and Gentile da Fabriano. — C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 438 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, vi. 492 ; Calvi, Pro-
fessori in Milano, 84, 95 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
lombarde.
BEMBO, GIAN FRANCESCO, called II
Vetrajo (the Glazier), died about 152G.
Lombard school ; younger brother and pupil
of Bonifazio Bembo ; probably studied later
in Venice and in Rome. His Epiphany and
Presentation in the Temple, painted about
1516, in the Cremona Cathedral, were long
ascribed to Bonifazio. Lanzi praises his
Madonna and Saints, dated 1524, in S. Pie-
tro, Cremona. — Lanzi, ii. 427 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., v. 147 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde ;
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 454.
BEMBO, PIETRO, portrait, Titian, Palaz-
zo Barberini, Rome ; canvas, life-size, seen
to elbows. In the red hat and dress of a
cardinal. Painted in 1540. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., vii. 455 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 28 ; Burck-
hardt, 718.
BEMBO, PIETRO, portrait, Titian, Nardi
Collection, Venice ; canvas, half length.
Profile, bearded. Painted about 1537 ; rep-
lica of an earlier one, now missing ? — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 455 ; C. & C., Titian, i.
418.
BEMMEL, PETER VON, born in Nu-
remberg, Aug. 18, 1685, died there in 1754.
Landscape painter ; German school ; son and
pupil, though not an imitator, of Wilhelm
von Bemmel (1630-1708). He travelled
much, and was held in repute, especially at
Wiirzburg and Bamberg. Works : Sunrise,
Sunset (Bamberg); three battle pieces, sev-
enteen landscapes (Nuremberg) ; twenty
landscapes (Wih'zburg). His brother
Johanu Georg (1669-1723), also his sons,
grandsons, and nephews, were all artists of
more or less distinction. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 493 ; Fiorillo, iii. 369.
BENARD, AUGUSTE SEBASTIEN,
born in Paris in 1810. Horse painter ; pu-
pil of Granger and of Lafond. Works : In-
terior of Stable, Road in Normandy (1859);
Stable Interior (1863); Military Funeral,
Team Laden with Square Stones (1864);
The Carrabas, Wagon of Fishmongers
(1865); Military Funeral under Louis XII.
(1867).
BENARD, HUBERT EUGENE, born at
Bologne-sur-Mer, April 29, 1834. Genre
and marine painter ; pupil of Claudius
Jacquand. Bronze medal, Rouen 1860.
Works : Return from Fishing, Around Bou-
logne-sur-Mer (1857), Close of Oyster Fish-
ing, Environs of Ambleteuse, Morning
(Boulogne Museum); After Shipwreck, Ebb-
Tide, Unloading of Fishermen's Boats
(1859); View of Houses of Parliament, Lon-
don (1863); Return from Fishing on Coast
of Normandy (1864); Burial of Shipwrecked
(1865); Saving on the Sea, Mouth of Thames
(1866); Steamship arriving at Boulogne
During a Storm (1868); Before the Depart-
ure, In the Harbour of Boulogne (1867). —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 497.
BENASCHI (Beinaschi), GIOVANNI
BATTISTA, Cavaliere, born in Turin in
1636, died there, Sept. 28, 1688. Pupil of
the portrait painter Spirito, in Turin, and of
Pietro del P6, in Rome, where he made draw-
ings after the frescos of the Carracci. He
is said to have visited Modena to study the
works of Correggio. His best pictures
show graceful action, but the colouring is
dull and heavy. The fresco style of Lan-
franco had the most lasting influence upon
his manner. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 497.
BENASSAI, GIUSEPPE, born at Reg-
gio, Calabria, July 29, 1835, died in Flor-
ence, Dec. 5, 1878. Landscape painter ;
pupil, in Reggio, of Cavaliere Lavagna, then
in Naples of Fergola, but soon returned to
Reggio, and in 1857 went to Rome, where
he continued his studies independently.
After his return home he executed many
works, and in 1863 settled in Florence.
Visited Egypt in 1869. Works: Torrente
di Melito, Souvenir of Lago Maggiore,
Feudal Boundaries, Arrogance and Virtue,
, The Friendless (1859-63) ; Among Flowers,
136
BKXCI
Among Thorns (1863-64); Hay Harvest
(1865); Marshes of Ostia (1867); Repose
(1868); Aspromonte (1868); Suez Canal,1
Lion of the Desert, Arrival of Arab Mer->
chants at Ghizeh, Bedouin Tents at Lsmailia,
View of the Pyramids, The Nile near Ele-
phantine, Sunset in the Desert (1869);
Camel Buyers at Cairo, Rest in a Palm j
Grove, Rest in the Plain of Sivert, Caravan
iii the Desert, Sycamores of Upper Egypt j
—Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 498.
BENCI, GINEVRA. See Monat-a, La.
BENCZUR, GYULA (Julius), bom at
Nyiregyhaza, Hun- __
gary, Jan. 28, 1844.
History painter ; pu-
pil, from 1861, of Mu-
nich Academy under
Hiltensperger a n d
Anschutz, then in 1869
of Piloty ; travelled in
Ana tria-Hungary,
Southern Germany,
France, and Upper It-
aly ; though invited to
Weimar and Prague, preferred to settle at
Munich, where he became instructor in 1875
and professor in 1880 in the Academy ; now
director of Pesth Academy. Works : Fare-
well of Ladislaus Hunyady (1867), Pesth
Museum ; Arrest of R:\koczy in 1701 (Johns-
ton sale, New York, 1876, $3,750) ; Scene
from Hamlet (1869) ; Louis XV. in the
Boudoir of Dubarry ; Family of Louis XVI.
during the Assault on Versailles (1872), D.
O. Mills, New York; Baptism of St. Stephen
(1875), Pesth Museum; Ladies resting in the
Woods, The Almsgiver (1877) ; Bacchante
(1881); Deserted, Hungarian Insurance Con-
vention in 1857(1883).— Meyer, Kiinst Lex.,
iii. 502 ; Miiller, 40 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 86, ,
vi. 113, is. 437, 492, si. 370, 531, 563, xiL
709 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1878), 211 ; (1881), i. 8.
BENDEL, HANS SIGMUND, born at
Schaffhausen, Oct. 18, 1814, died there,
Nov. 28, 1853. History and genre painter ;
pupil in Munich of Kaulbach and Schlott-
liauer ; visited the Tyrol in 1837 and Italy
in 1838, and took part in the Swiss cam-
paign of 1847. Best known by his de-
signs for illustrated works. Works : Four
Scenes from Swiss History (1852-53); Illus-
trations to Goethe and Schiller Gallery, to
Hebel's Poems and to Pestalozzi's Lienhanl
and Oertrud. — Mever, Kiiirnt. Lex., iii. 503.
BENDEMANN, EDUARD (JULIUS
FRIEDRICH), born
in Berlin, Dec. 3,1811.
History and portrait
painter ; pupil of
Schadow, whom he
followed to Ddssel-
dorf in 1827 and to
Italy in 1830. After
his return he at once
established his fame
by his Jews in Exile
(1832, Reichartz Gal-
lery, Cologne); obtained the great gold med-
al in Paris, in 1836, and after living for two
years in Berlin was appointed professor at
the Dresden Academy. Between 1840 and
1855, he decorated the throne and ball-
rooms at the royal palace in Dresden with
frescos. In 1859-67 he was director of the
Dflsseldorf Academy, where (1861-66), as
well as at Xaumburg and Berlin, he painted
several monumental works. He is member
of many German Academies, and of the In-
stitut dc France, has had the degree of
Doctor conferred upon him by the philo-
sophical faculty of the Berlin University,
and is decorated with many medals ami
orders. Works: Boaz and Ruth (1830);
Girls at Well ( 1833) ; Servian Princesses
(1834) ; Jeremiah among the Ruins of
Jerusalem (1836), Royal Palace, Hanover;
Harvest (1836); Shepherd and Shepherdess
(1845); Jeremiah at the Fall of Jerusalem
(1872), National Gallery, Berlin ; Penelope
(1877), Antwerp Academy ; Three Caravan
Scenes (1880); Sacrifice of Iphigenia (1882);
Emperor Lothair, Romer, Frankfurt ; Por-
trait of Artist's Wife (1847), Portraits of
Heinrich Brockhaus (1851), W. Schadow
(1861), Antwerp Academy; Prince Anton
187
BENDEMANX
von Hohenzollern (1864), Sigmaringen Cas-
tle ; Jos. Joachim (1868, Berlin, and 1870,
London), Rob. Eeinick (1873), Gen. von
Obernitz and Wife (1877), portrait of him-
self (1879), Antwerp Academy. — Illustr.
Zeitg. (1874), i. 66; (1882), i. 91; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 504 ; Wolfg. Muller, Diis-
seldf. K, 29 ; Kugler, Kl. Schriften ; Kunst-
Chronik, i. 132 ; Pecht, iii. 261.
BENDEMANN, RUDOLF, born in Dres-
den, Nov. 11, 1851, died at Pegli, near
Genoa, in May, 1884. History and genre
painter ; pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy
under his father, Eduard ; was in Munich in
1877-79, then visited Egypt. Works:
Frithiof and Ingeborg (1874); frieze paint-
ings (1876), National Gallery, Berlin ; :
Nymph (1877); Beer-Sale (1878); Burial of |
Frauenlob, Festival in 16th Century, Lute-
player (1879); Tavern Scene in Bavaria
(1880); Procession in Cairo, Well in Egypt!
(1881).— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 511;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 516.
BENDZ, VILHELM FERDINAND, born
at Odense, Denmark, March 20, 1804, died
at Vicenza, Nov. 14, 1832. Genre and por-
trait painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy under C. V. Eckersberg, where he won
several prizes ; studied in Munich 1831-32, |
visited Tyrol, died on his way to Rome, j
Works : Model School at the Academy,
Artist looking at Sketch in Mirror (1826),
Sculptor working from Life Model (1827),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Beggar Woman and '
Child, Portraits of Frederic VII, Christian
IV. in Battle of Feiuern (1828).— Weilbach,
52.
BENEDETTO, IL. See Castiglione, Gio.
Benedetto.
BENEDICT, ST., Paolo Veronese, Pitti,
Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 f t. 6 in. |
St. Benedict, in episcopal robes, standing
between Placidus and Maurus, his disciples ;
in front kneel five nuns, one of whom bears
a tiara ; another, St. Scolastica, has a dove at
her feet ; above, like a glory, the marriage j
of St. Catherine. Engraved by G. Bonatti.
—Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 20.
BENEDICTER, JOSEF, born at Fischin-
gen, Wiirtemberg, June 4, 1843. Architec-
ture painter ; pupil, from 1863, of Munich
Academy, lastly under Alex. Wagner, until
he joined in the campaign against France,
in 1870. After the war he went to Holland,
and in 1876 visited Florence, Rome, and
Naples. His paintings and his cabinet pict-
ures are masterly in technic and effect.
Works : Portal of Town Hall in Rothenburg
(1869); View in Heidelberg Castle (1872) ;
Young Green-Grocer, Roman Portal, Gothic
Cloister (1873); Peasant's Room in Sunlight
(1879) ; Kitchen in Castle Neuenstein,
Tinker (1881); Alone at Home (Wm. Astor,
New York); Cradle (J. T. Martin, Brook-
lyn); Rural Interior (D. O. Mills, New
York).— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 526.
BENEFIAL, MARCO, Cavaliere, born in
Rome in 1684, died there, April 2, 1764.
Roman school ; pupil of B. Lambert ; began
to exhibit in 1703. After his marriage in
1707 met with a series of privations, and
was obliged to associate himself with one
Germisoni, a mediocre but busy painter,
and, for a share of the profits, do the greater
part of the work. In 1718 he received an
order from Pope Clement XL, followed by
others from different churches, which bet-
tered his situation. In competition with
Domenico Muratori he painted, in 1731, his
most important work, the Flagellation of
Christ. For a short time he was professor at
the Accademia di S. Luca. Having become
blind, he depended, during his last years, on
the charity of his patron, Count Soderini. — •
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 531; Lanzi (Ros-
coe), i. 511.
BENFATTO, LUIGI (Alvise), called Dal
Friso, born at Verona in 1559, died at Ven-
ice in 1611. Venetian school; history
painter ; nephew, and for many years in the
studio of Paolo Veronese, whom, in the out-
set, he copied even to servility ; afterwards
gave himself up to an easy and rapid style
of composition. Works : Constantino's
Dream before the Battle with Maxentius,
God the Father with Angels and Evangelists,
las
BENJAMIN
Six Scenes in Life of Christ, S. Niccolo de'
Mendicanti, Venice ; Christ before Pilate,
Last Supper, S. Luca, ib. Several in other
churches, ib. — Meyer, Kuust. Lex., iii. 533.
BENJAMIN-CONSTANT, JEAN JO-
SEPH, bom in Par-
is, June 10, 184.5.
Genre painter ; pu-
pil of C'abanel and
of £cole des Beaux
Arts ; usually paints
Oriental .subjects.
Medals : 3d class,
1875 ; 2d class,
1870 ; 3d class,
1878; L. of Hon-
our, 1878; Officer,
1884. Works: Hamlet and the King (1869);
Too Late (1870) ; Samson and Delilah
(1872); Women of Riff, Moorish Butchers
at Taugiers (1873); Street Corner in Tan-
giers, Square in Tangiers (1874); Morocco
Prisoners (Fletcher Harper, New York ;
sold in 1884 for $1,400); Women of Harem
in Morocco (1875); Entrance of Mohammed
II into Constantinople, May 29, 1453
(1876) ; Thirsty Prisoners in Morocco,
Harem in Morocco (1878) ; Terraces at
Evening, Emir's Favourites (1879) ; Last
Rebels (1880), Luxembourg Museum ; Ca-
liph's Recreations, Herodias (1881); Christ
in the Tomb, Da;/ after Victory at the Al-
hambra (1882) ; Tahamy the Caul (1883) ;
Les Chcrifas (1884) ; Justice of the Cherif
— Moorish Spain in 15th century (1885).
Portraits of Emmanuel Arago and others.
BENJAMIN, SAMUEL GREEN
WHEELER, born at Argos, Greece, in
1837, son of an American missionary to the
Levant. Landscape and marine painter ;
studied drawing and water-colour painting
with Carlo Briudisi of the Spanish and Ital-
ian school ; came to America and became a
pupil of S. L Gerry and W. E. Norton.
Professional life spent in Boston and New
York Mr. Benjamin has illustrated many
works of which he is author, and at one
time contributed to the Illustrated London
News. Is at present (ISSS) United State*
Minister to Persia. Works: Porta da Cruz
—Madeira (1876), Philadelphia ; Gibraltar.
Pico Azores, White Maud, Marino Gallery,
London ; Daybreak off the Corbieu, After
the Storm, On the Breakers, Twilight on
the Grand Banks (1879); Shark's Nose-
Maine (1880); Among the Breakers (1881);
Stormy Sunrise — Manchester by the Sea
(1882).
BEXKERT, EMERICH MARIA, born iii
Vienna, March 27, 1825, died there, Jan. 21,
1855. Genre, landscape, and portrait
painter ; pupil of Academy of Design,
Pesth, then in Vienna of Schrodl and Wald-
miiller. Works : Poachers on the Track
(1850); Temptation, Alpine Herdswoinen
find a Dead Huntsman, Sermon (1851);
Chamois Hunt, Rest, Mother's Love, Love 'a
Sacrifice (1852); Adventure in the Moun-
tains, Mist, View in Styria, Expectation,
Ideal Landscape (1853);" A Puszta (1854);
numerous portraits ; Artist's Portrait, Na-
tional Gallery, Pesth.— Meyer, KQnst Lex.,
iii. 538 ; Wurzbach, L 276.
BEXXER, EMMANUEL, born at Mul-
house, Alsace, in March, 1836. Genre,
portrait, and still-life painter ; pupil of Eck.
Medal, 3d class, 1881. W7orks : Game and
Fruits (1868) ; Guitar Player (1873) ; Rev-
erie, Rubinello (1874); Abandoned (1875);
Madeline, The Captives (1876) ; Venus and
Adonis, Family of the Stone Age (1877);
Lacustral Family (1878); Bathern, Swans
(1880); Repose (1881); Three Graces (1883);
Innocence (1884); Nymphs (1885).
BENNER, JEAX, born at Mulhouse, Al-
sace, in March, 1836. Genre, portrait, and
still-life painter ; twin brother of Emmanuel
B.; pupil of Eck and of Pils. Medal, 2d
class, 1872. Works: Petite Falle de Capri,
Flowers and Fruita (1868) ; Margherita,
Luisella (1870); After a Storm at Capri
(1872); After
Baptism, New
Years Serenade
(1874); Trappistin Prayer (1875); Athe-
nian Women surprised by the Pelasgi of
1SI
BENNET
Lemnos (1876); Briseis and Patroclus (1878);
Street at Capri (1880); Carmela, House at
Capri (1881); Girls going to the Fountain
(1882); Peonies, Alsacian Girl (1883); Belle
of Scio, Poppies (1884); Poppies (1885).
BENNET, KARL STEFAN, born in
Sweden, May 26, 1800, died in Stockholm,
March 27, 1878. Landscape and genre
painter ; studied in Italy, and became mem-
ber of Stockholm Academy in 1840. Works:
Homage to Charles XIV. ; Military Eeview at
Ladugardsgiirdet ; Unveiling of Equestrian
Statue of Charles John (1854) ; several
of his best works in National Museum,
Drottningholm. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
539.
BENNEWITZ VON LOFEN, KARL,
born at Thorn, Nov. 15, 1826. Landscape
painter ; pupil of Schirmer in Berlin and of
Albert Zimmermann in Munich. After
travelling in the Tyrol, Upper Italy, South-
ern France, and Scotland, he settled in
Berlin (1856), and painted many pictures
now in private collections. Works : Fish
Pond before Sunrise, Wood Path, Beech
Wood on Riigen, Village in Brandenburg,
Wood Interior, Spring in Brandenburg,
Autumn Fog, On the Heath, Outlook
on Baltic Sea. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
540.
BENOUVILLE, ACHILLE (JEAN), boru
in Paris, July 15, 1815. Landscape painter ;
pupil of Picot ; won in 1845 the grand prix
de Rome (landscape) for his Ulysses and
Nausicaa. Long resident at Rome, where
he painted many pictures of the Campagna
in oil and water-colour, remarkable for their
local truth and elegance in design. Medals :
3d class, 1844 ; 1st class, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1863. Since 1867 he has resided in Paris.
Works : Etruscan Tombs at Sutri in neigh-
bourhood of Velletri ; St. Peter's ; Tivoli ;
Torre de' Schiavi ; The Via Nomentana, C.
C. Perkins, Boston ; Castel Fusano ; Colise-
um seen from the Palatine (1870); Pic du
Midi (1872), Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York ;
Chateau de Lugagnan (1873) ; After the
Bath (1883); Border of 1'Auinance, Via No-
mentana (1884) ; Ford of Malavaux, Cascade
of I'Ardoisiere (1885). — Gaz. des B. Arts, xvi.
285 ; xvii. 13.
BENOUVILLE, (FRANCOIS) LEON,
| born in Paris, March 30, 1821, died Feb.
19, 1859. History and portrait painter ;
brother of Achille B. ; pupil of Picot ; won
in 1845 the grand prix de Rome (history)
for his Jesus in the Judgment Hall. His
portraits are remarkable for truth and sim-
plicity of action. Medals : 2d class in 1852
and 1855, 1st class in 1853 ; L. of Honour,
1 1855. Works: Mercury and Argus (1839);
Hermit and Slothful Knights (1841); Judith
(1844); Esther (1845); Christian Martyrs
(1852) : Francis of Assisi Dying (1853),
Louvre ; two Pigeons, Raphael meeting the
Foruariua, Poussin on the Tiber (1857) ; St.
Clara receiving the Body of St. Francis,
Joan of Arc (1859) ; Portraits of Queen
Hortense, Napoleon, Artist's Wife and two
Daughters. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran^aise ;
j Meyer, Gesch., 399.
BENOZZO. See Gozzdi.
BENSA, ALEXANDER VON, Ritter,
born in Vienna, July 15, 1820. Genre and
battle painter, self-taught, imitates, to a cer-
tain degree, A. von Pettenkofen ; painted
the figures in Ad. Obermiillner's North Pole
cycle. Many of his works were bought by
the Emperor of Austria; several are in the
Duke of Coburg's collection in Vienna.
j Works : Retreat from Kiiniggratz, Skir-
mish at Schweinschedl, Battle near Tannen-
berg, Hungarian Market, On the Puszta,
Hungarian Election Scene. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 553.
BENSO, GIULIO, born in Pieve del Tecco,
about 1601, died in Genoa in 1668. Geno-
ese school ; pupil of Gio. Battista Paggi ;
excelled in architecture painting and in
perspective. Several works in fresco in
1'Annunziata del Gustato, Genoa, and in
S. Antonio, Pieve del Tecco. Was also an
architect and an engraver. — Lauzi, iii. 262 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
BENSON, EUGENE, born at Hyde Park,
New York, in 1839. Figure and genre
140
BENT
painter ; pupil of National Academy and of J.
H. Wright, later studied in Paris and Venice.
Has lived and painted in New York, Paris,
Venice, and Borne ; and sketched in Egypt
and Syria. Elected an A. N. A. in 1862. Stu-
dio in Florence since 1871 ; in Rome in
1883. Works: Cloud Towers, Strayed
Maskers, (1873); Interior of St. Mark's—
Venice ; Reverential Anatomist (1876), St.
Luke's Hospital, New York ; Bazaar at
Cairo, Hay Boats, Peasants of Cadore at
Religious Worship, Market-Place — Egypt
(1877); Study of Girl in Blue, Suydam Col- !
lection, National Academy ; Hashish Smok-
ers—Jerusalem, Slave's Tower (1878) ;
Thoughts in Exile, Mrs. M. O. Roberts,
New York ; Reverie ; Making the Best of \
It, Artists' Fund Society; Dead Calm on the
Hill ; Fire Worshippers (1879) ; Mountain
Torrent (1881) ; Distinguished Company in
Titian's Garden, State Secret in Venice
(1882); Spring, Art and Love, Afternoon
on the Lagoon, Ariadne (1883).
BENT, JOHANNES VAN DER, born
in Amsterdam about 1650 (?), died in 1690.
Dutch school ; landscape painter ; pupil of
Philips Wbuwerman and of Adriaan van
de Velde, but appears rather as a follower
of Berchem. Works : Italian Landscape
with Shepherds, Rotterdam Museum ; Laud- '
scape with Span of Oxen, Stockholm Mu-
seum ; two Landscapes with Figures and
Cattle, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. By P.
Bent, otherwise unknown, an Annuncia-
tion to the Shepherds, in the Brunswick
Gallery.— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 556 ; Rie-
gel, Beitrage, ii. 283.
BENTELE, FIDELIS, born at Tettnang,
Wurteniberg, April 8, 1830. History paint-
er ; pupil of Munich Academy, and, under
Bernhard Neher, of Stuttgart Art-school, then
studied in Italy, 1856-59. Since 1865 profes-
sor of drawing at the school of architecture
in Stuttgart. Works: The Good Samari-
tan, Allegory on Poetry and Music, Stuttgart
Gallery ; others in churches at Stuttgart,
Cannstatt, Ravensburg, Tettnang, etc. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 557.
BENTELE, MAX, born at Lindenberg,
Bavaria, July 20, 1825. History painter;
pupil of Munich Academy, under Zimmer-
j mann, Schlotthauer and H. von Hess, then
under Schnorr and Schwind ; in 1850-52
painted under Schraudolph seven frescos
in the cathedral at Speyer, and in 1861-63
under Steinle in the staircase of the Co-
logne Museum. Works: Ascension (1864) ;
Twelve Apostles (1865); Coronation of the
Virgin (1868-69) ; Peter tending the Flock,
Delivery of the Keys, and three other pic-
tures (1872-73); Ascension (1874); Altar-
piece (1878) ; two Ceiling-Paintings (1881) ;
Glorification of Christ (1882). — Meyer,
Kilust. Lex., iii. 557.
BENTIVOGLIO, GUIDO, Cardinal, por-
trait, Anton Van Dyck, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 6 ft x 4 ft 3 in.; signed,
dated 1623. Full length, in cardinal's robes,
seated in an arm-chair before a table, holding
a paper with both hands. One of the painter's
masterpieces. Carried to Paris ; restored
in 1816. Engraved by Piccianti ; Meys-
sens ; and in bust by J. Morin ; Masquelier
fils. Etched by Gaujeau (1882).— Smith,
iii. 46 ; Guiffrey, 54 ; Filhol, iv. PI. 245.
BENVENUTI, GIO. BATTISTA. See
Orlola.no.
BENVENUTI, PIETRO, born at Arezzo,
Jan. 8, 1769, died in Florence, Feb. 3, 1844.
History painter ; studied in Florence after
Andrea del Sarto and in Rome after Raphael;
adhered in his early works to manner of
David, but developed an independent style,
and, with Camuccini, was looked upon as one
of the first of modern Italian painters. Lived,
after 1805, in Florence, where he became
director of the Academy. Works : Judith
with Head of Holofernes, Arezzo Cathedral ;
Ugolino (1822); Death of Priam, Oath of
the Saxons after the Battle of Jena, Delphic
Sibyl, Death of St. Chrysogonus, Ravenna
Cathedral. Works in fresco : Myth of Her-
cules, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; Scenes from
Old and New Testament, Chapel of S. Lo-
renzo, Florence. — Meyer, Con. Lex., iii.
182.
BENZ
BENZ, SEVERIN, born at Marbach, to a Young Girl (1836) ; Music Lesson
St. Gall, Switzerland, March 14, 1834. His- (1837); Return to the Country (1838);
tory, portrait, genre and landscape painter ; i Christ Asleep (1839); Consequences of Se-
pupil of Munich Academy, under Anschiitz ! duction (1840) ; Guardian Angel (1846) ;
and Piloty, then made a study trip to Ven- Peasant Family (1849) ; The Rich and Poor
ice and North Italy. His religious paintings Children (1852); Children Surprised by
are elevated in conception and brilliant in ' Rain (1853); Sleep, The Professor (1857);
colour. Works : Christ Appearing to Mag- i Repentant Fisherman, Fruit-Seller (1859).
dalen (1857); Bandits in Ambush, Mother's His daughter Susanne Estelle (Mme. Apoil),
Happiness (1862) ; St. Joseph, Madonna, distinguished herself as a flower and fruit
Resurrection (1863) ; Come, ye that are painter. Medal, 2d class, 1858. — Meyer,
heavy-laden ! Descent from the Cross j Kiinst. Lex., iii. 570 ; Larousse, ii. 563.
(1866); Crucifixion, Christ and the Woman BERANGER, CHARLES, born at Sevres,
of Samaria (1869) ; Landscape at Wallensee ; Nov. 21, 1816, died in Paris, May 15, 1853.
Flight into Egypt (1879) ; Christ on the Still-life, animal, genre, and portrait paint-
Cross (1883). In fresco: Siege of Carmagn- er ; son of preceding; pupil of Ecole des
ola by the Elector Max Emanuel in 1691 > Beaux Arts and of Delaroche. Medals : 3d
(1865), National Museum, Munich.— Meyer, class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1840. Works : Kitch-
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 565. en Interior (1837) ; Scene in Life of Hen-
BENZON, CHRISTIAN ALBRECHT ; riette of France (1839); Peasant Woman at
VON, born in Copenhagen, June 11, 1816, the Well, Maid watering Horse, Laundress
died in Paris, Sept. 30, 1849. Historical and i (1840); Fruit-seller's Booth (1842); View of
genre painter; pupil of Copenhagen Acad-jMarcho des Jacobins, Dog Portraits (1846);
emy ; went to Diisseldorf in 1840 or 1841, Dog and Game (1848) ; Dogs Running,
to Paris in 1845, where he received a gold < Working Horses, Child with Chickens
medal from Louis Philippe. Works : Last I (1851) ; Two Roosters (1853). — Meyer, KUnst.
Confession (1842); Sinner on his Deathbed, Lex., iii. 571.
Death of Don Juan ; Death of St. Canut BERANGER, EMILE (JEAN BAPTISTE
(1844) ; Norman Chief taking Italian City j ANTOINE), born at Sevres, Aug. 30, 1814.
(1846); Louis IV. of France recognizing at
Rouen Richard I. and Descendants as Dukes
Genre painter ; brother of preceding ; first
employed in decorating porcelain at Suvres
of Normandy, Town Hall, Rouen. — Weil- with his father, Antoine B. His favourite
bach, 56. • subjects are young women of the working
BERANGER, ANTOINE, born in Paris, , class in pretty costumes, fresh and clear in
May 19, 1785, died at Sevres, April 21, colour. Medals : 3d class, 1846 ; 2d class,
1867. History, genre, and portrait painter ; 1848. Works : Simon Memmi painting
studied under several masters, and was one | Laura (1840) ; Seamstress, Young Girl
of the best artists of the older school. For boiling Milk (1846); Day after the Ball,
years employed at the porcelain factory at
Sevres, and contributed largely to its ce-
Reading Lesson, Hiding a Letter (1848);
Order and Disorder (1863); First Joys
lebrity. Medals : 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, , (1864) ; The New Maid (1866) ; Hopeful
1840 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works : Wo- Lad (1868) ; Young Mother, Wm. H. Van-
man and Children at Husband's Grave derbilt, New York ; Bouquet, C. Parsons,
(1814); Autumn (1819); Wandering Musi- St. Louis; Voice of the Shell, T. Dolan,
cians ; Rural Wedding (1822) ; Seduction ! Philadelphia ; Fair Oyster-Opener, Glass of
(1824); Susanna (1827) ; Young Shepherd Lemonade, Where has it Gone ? Mrs. R L.
Asleep, Wounded Traveller (1833); Prisoner [ Stuart, New York; Consoling the Widow,
(1835) ; Old Man interpreting a Holy Book C. P. Huntington, New York ; Madam's
BfiRAUD
Eobes, Madam's Chocolate, J. Hoey, New
York.
BfiRAUD, JEAN, born in St. Petersburg,
of French parents ; contemporary. Genre
and portrait painter ; pupil of Bonnat. Med-
als : 3d class, 1882 ; 2d class, 1883. Works :
Leda (1877); Soiree (1878); Condolences
(1879); Public Ball (1880); Montmartre
(1881) ; The Intermediary, The Vertigo
(1882) ; The Brewery, The Prayer (1883);
Les fous(1884); portrait of Coquelin (1885).
BERCHEM (Berghem), CLAAS (Nicolaas)
PIETERSZ, born
in Haarlem, bap-
tized Oct. 16,
1620, died in Am-
sterdam, Feb. 18,
1683. Dutch
school; land-
scape, animal, his-
tory, and portrait
painter ; son and
pupil of Pieter
Claasz ; pupil of J. van Goyen, N. Moyaert,
P. de Grebber, Jan Wils, whose daughter
he married, and J. B. Weenix. In June,
1642, he entered the guild in Haarlem,
where he worked until 1670, having prob-
ably visited Italy in 1648-55, and finally
settled in Amsterdam. His early pictures
resemble the works of Weenix, but his later
ones, representing landscapes enriched with
architectural ruins and charming groups of
figures and cattle, are original and interest-
ing. His historical and mythological pict-
ures are not so successful. He was a good
etcher. Works : Landscape with Ruin, and
three others, National Gallery, London ;
Winter Landscape, and six others, Am-
sterdam Museum ; Pastoral (1648), Wild-
Boar Hunt, Italian Ford, Convoy Attacked,
Hague Museum ; Rocky Landscape, and ten
others, Louvre ; several in Munich Gallery ;
do, Dresden Gallery ; Shepherds and Cattle,
Woman on Donkey, Vienna Museum ;
Winter Landscape with figures, three others,
Berlin Museum ; Halt of Hunters, Rape of
Europa (1656), thirteen others, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 350 ;
Ch. Blanc, ftcole hollandaise ; Brockhaus, ii.
820 ; Dohme, 1. ii. ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 446 ;
Meyer, Kilnst. Lex., iii. 573; Riegel, Bei-
triige, ii. 375 ; Van der Willigen, 76.
BERCHERE, NARCISSE, born at
Etampes (Seine et Oise), in 1822. Land-
scape painter ; pupil of Renoux and of Re-
mond. Paints Oriental scenes with great
truth to nature ; good in composition,
drawing, and colour. Medals: 3d class,
1859, 1861, 1864, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1870. Works : a Caravan caught in a Si-
moom, Colossus of Memnon (1859) ; Cara-
van crossing the Desert, Temple of Her-
montis (1861); Twilight in Lower Nubia
(1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Mouth of the
Nile at Lesbeh (1870); three Views on the
Nile (1875); Mahalet-el-Kebir (1876); The
Nile between Cairo and Isle of Rodah, View
at Thebes (1878).— Larousse ; Meyer, Kttnst.
Lex., iii. 582.
BERCK-HEYDE (Berk Heyde), GER-
' RIT, born at Haarlem, baptized June 6, 1638,
1 died there, June 10, 1698. Dutch school ;
: landscape and architecture painter ; pupil
probably of Frans Hals, and of his elder
brother, Job B., whom he accompanied to
Cologne and Heidelberg, where they were
employed for some time at the court of the
Elector Palatine. Master of Haarlem guild
in 1660. Works : View of Amsterdam
(1668), Antwerp Museum ; Old City Hall
(1677), View of the Spaarne at Haarlem,
three Views of Old City Hall (one dated
1604), Landscape with Castle Egmond, Am-
sterdam Museum ; View of Cologne, Rot-
terdam Museum ; two Views in Amsterdam,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Flock of Sheep
driven through Gate, Cassel Gallery ; View
of the Dam (1689), Kunsthalle, Carlsruhe ;
143
BERCK
View of Heidelberg Castle, Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; View at The Hague, Berlin Museum ;
two Views in Amsterdam (one dated 1665),
do. in Cologne and Bonn, Schwerin Gallery ;
Square before Ancient Buildings, Hunting
Party, Dresden Gallery ; View in Haarlem
(1673, attributed to Job), View in Amster-
dam, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; View of
Haarlem Cathedral, View in Cologne, Uffizi,
Florence. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 586 ; Van
der Willigen, 79.
BEECK-HEYDE (Berk Heyde), JOB,
born at Haarlem, baptized Jan. 27, 1630,
died there, Nov. 23, 1693. Dutch school ; ;
landscape, architecture, and genre painter ; j
pupil of Jacob de Wet, and of Frans Hals ; j
Master of Haarlem guild in 1654. Went
with his brother Gerrit up the Rhine as far
as Heidelberg, where they were patronized
by the Elector Palatine ; after their re-
turn to Haarlem they lived together, both re-
maining unmarried. Works: Interior of Old
Exchange at Amsterdam (1678), Arenberg
Gallery, Brussels ; Studio of Frans Hals,
Joseph's Brethren in Egypt (1669), Interior
of Old Exchange, Church Interior (1664),
Amsterdam Museum ; Courtesan's Room,
Rotterdam Museum ; Interior, Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort ; Family Assembled before
House, Meiningen Gallery ; Church Interior,
Gottingen Gallery ; Soldiers on Guard, Ama-
lienstift, Dessau ; Winter Landscape, Ber-
lin Museum ; Christ and the Children
(1662), Man at Breakfast, Schwerin Gallery ;
Interior of Haarlem Cathedral (1665),
Dresden Gallery ; two Landscapes, two Ani-
mal Pieces (?), Liech- *
tenstein Gallery, Vi- ff &Or£. Mydt
enna ; Artist's Portrait *
(1675), Uffizi, Florence. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 585 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 362 ;
Van der Willigen, 78.
BERCKMAN, HENDRIK, born at Klun-
dert, near Willemstad, in 1629, died at Mid-
delburg (?) in 1690. Dutch school ; portrait
painter ; pupil at Haarlem of Philips Wou-
werman, and in Antwerp of Willeboorts and
Jordaens; entered the guild at Leydeu in
1654, probably only for a short time. Court
painter to Count Henry of Nassau, after
whose death he settled at Middelburg. De
Bie speaks highly of his archery pieces and
the portraits of Admirals de Ruyter and
Evertsen. Works : Portrait of Vice-Admi-
ral Bankert (1648), Amsterdam Museum ;
do. of Joost van Trappen, Rotterdam Mu-
seum.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 587.
BERDELLE, JOHANN BAPTIST, born
in Mentz, May 15, 1813, died in Munich,
July 19, 1876. History and portrait painter ;
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, under Scha-
dow, visited (1841-45) Paris, and North
Italy, especially Venice, then settled in
Munich, where he was greatly influenced
by Genelli and by Rahl. Undeserved oppo-
sition and disparagement on the part of the
reigning clique drove him to suicide ; he
drowned himself in the Isar. Works : Blind
Nimrod(1847); two Religious Pictures with
Saints (1854) ; Female Portrait (1856) ;
Maria Hilf ! The Four Seasons (1861); Myth
of Ariou, Hageu with the Mermaids (1867);
fourteen Groups from Greek Mythology
(1871), Staircase, Polytechnic Institute, Mu-
nich ; Scene from Life of Psyche (1876).
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 589 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xi. 801.
BERG, ALBERT, born in Berlin in 1825,
died at Hallstadt, Austria, Aug. 19, 1884.
Landscape painter, pupil at Geneva of
Guigon ; studied from nature in southern
France, north Italy, and Switzerland ; in 1844
went from Naples with the Grand Duke
of Mecklenburg to Malta, Smyrna, and Con-
stantinople. Studied, 1846-1848, in Paris
and Italy and, on Humboldt's suggestion,
went in 1849 to Central and South America,
and returned to Berlin in 1850, bringing
with him a rich collection of sketches, now,
with others from Rhodes and Lycia, in the
National Gallery. In 1853-54 hs lived in
Rhodes, visited Lycia, and in 1860 joined
the Prussian expedition to Eastern Asia.
After journeys through the Alpine countries,
Scotland and Greece, he spent the winter
of 1873-74 in Athens, and in 1878 became
1-14
BE1MJ
director of the Breslati Museum. Works :
two Views in Primeval Forests of New
Granada (1852) ; Views in the Tropical
Woods ; do. in Rhodes and in Lycia ;
Cairo from Road to Boulak, Kata-men Gate
at Peking (1873).— Meyer, Kdnst. Lex., iii.
595 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii. 806.
BERG, ALBEET (JOSEF ALBERT
SOULT), bom in Stockholm, Sept. 19, 1832.
Marine painter ; pupil of Stockholm Acad-
emy, then of Dtisseldorf Academy, under
Andreas Achenbach; visited Holland and
Belgium, studied in Paris under Ary Schef-
fer, then visited Italy and Sicily, and in 18G5
settled in Stockholm. He is a deaf-mute,
and one of the most ardent promoters of
the education of deaf-mutes in Sweden.
Works: Fight between Swedish Ship and
English Men-of-War in 1704 (1870), and two
others, Stockholm Museum. — Meyer, Kttnst.
Lex., iii. 596.
BERG, JACOBUS EVERARDUS JO-
SEPHUS VAN DEN, born at Rotterdam,
Nov. 8, 1802, died at The Hague, July 20,
1861. History painter ; son and pupil, at
Rotterdam Academy, of Gysbertus Johan-
nes van den Berg (17G9-1817), then pupil
of Antwerp Academy, and of Herreyns.
After eight years in Italy attained great
success in Paris, then became professor,
and in 1844 director, of The Hague
Academy. Works: Self-Sacrifice of Admi-
ral de Ruyter ; Scene from Maid of Perth
(1839) ; Scenes in Lives of Jacoba van
Bergeron, Jan van Schaffelaar, and Clau-
dius Civilis ; Fall of the Angels ; St. Law-
rence ; Supper at Emmaus. — Itumerzeel, i.
44; Krnmm, viii. 11.
BERG, SDION VAN DEN, born at
Overschie, near Rotterdam, Nov. 4, 1812.
Animal and landscape painter ; pupil at
Rotterdam Academy of Gillis de Meyer,
and at The Hague of Pieter G. van Os, then
settled in Amsterdam, in 1841 at Heem-
stede, near Haarlem, and in 1875 became
conservator, and in 1880 director, of the
Royal Gallery at The Hague. Gold medal,
Amsterdam, 1838; member of Amsterdam
1 (1839) and Ghent (1841) Academies. His
pictures represent mostly cows or sheep at
pasture. — Immerzeel, i. 45.
BERGAMASCO. See Lotto, Lorenzo.
BERGAMASCO, IL, born at Bergamo
about 1500, died in Madrid in 1579. Genc-
! ese school. Real name Giambattista Cas-
tello, but called Bergainasco to distinguish
| him from the noted miniature painter of
the same name, who died at an advanced
age in 1637. Came early with the painter
Aurelio Busso to Genoa, where lie won repu-
tation as a painter ; studied painting, archi-
tecture, and sculpture in Rome. In 1567
went to Spain, at invitation of Philip H.,
and executed works in the Escorial, the
Pardo, and other palaces. — Lanzi, iii. 246 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole Genoise.
BERGEN (Berghen), DIRK VAN, flour-
ished in Haarlem in 1661-90. Dutch
school ; landscape and animal painter ; pu-
pil of Adriaan van de Velde, whom he imi-
tated successfully. About 1673 he opened
a studio in London ; afterwards returned
home (about 1680 ?). Sometimes painted
figures in the landscapes of Philips de Ko-
niuck. Works : Two Landscapes (one dated
1 1688), Louvre ; do., Amsterdam, Berlin, and
Vienna Museums ; four, Schwerin Gallery ;
four (one dated 1682), Dresden Gallery. —
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii, 599.
BERGER, JULIUS VICTOR, born at
Neutitschein, Moravia, July 10, 1850.
History, genre, and portrait painter ; pupil
of Vienna Academy and of Ed. Engerth ;
won the grand prize for Rome in 1874, and
spent three years in Italy. Professor at In-
dustrial Art-School in Vienna since 1881.
Works : Baptism of Borivoi ; Emperor Ru-
dolph H. and Keppler (1871); Spring's En-
try (1878); Portrait of Botanist Fenzl (1879),
Vienna Academy; All Soul's Day (1881);
Decorative Paintings (1882), Palazzo Zierer,
Vienna. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 605 ; Neuo
illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 663 ; (1881), i. 85.
BERGERET, DENIS PIERRE, bom
at Villeparisis (Seiue-et-Marne); contempo-
| rary. Still-life painter ; pupil of Karl Dau-
145
BERGERET
bigny. Medals: 3d class, 1875; 2d class, 1877.
Works : Dessert, Lobster (1875) ; Prawns,
Preparations for Dessert (1877) ; Flies' Feast,
War— Art— Eeligion (1880); Lucky Day,
Present from Pomona (1881); The Tide
(1882); For the Fete-Days, Salt and Fresh
Water Crustaceans (1883); Thrushes, Rai-
sins (1884).
BERGERET, PIERRE NOLASQUE,
born in Bordeaux, Feb. 2, 1782, died in
Paris, Feb. 21, 1863. History, genre, and
portrait painter ; pupil of Lticour, the elder
(1745-1814), of Vincent and of David ; ex-
hibited first in the Salon of 1806, when he
won the grand prix. Medal : 1st class,
1808. Works: Raphael's Obsequies (1806);
Francis I. and Henry VHI. on the Field of
the Cloth of Gold (1808); Charles V. pick-
ing up Titian's Brush (1808), Portrait of
Louis Philippe, Museum, Bordeaux ; Christ
Crowned with Thorns, Cathedral, ib.; St.
Louis in Prayer, Notre Dame, ib. ; Czar
Alexander presenting to Napoleon the Cal-
niucks, Cossacks, and Bashkirs of the Rus-
sian Army (1810), Versailles Gallery ; Henry
IV. on his Bier, Meeting at Tilsit of Alex-
ander and Napoleon (1810); Anne Boleyn
listening to her Sentence (1814) ; Francis
I. writing Verses inspired by Agnes Sorel
(1817), Rembrandt in his Studio (183C),
Foutainebleau ; Homer Reciting, Michel-
angelo, grown blind, touching an An-
tique Torso (1817); St. Louis at Dami-
etta, Lippo Lippi delivered from Captivity,
Poussin's Obsequies (1819); Court of Mar-
guerite of Navarre, Charles V. in Prison,
Tintoretto and Aretino (1822); Shipwreck
of Charles V. (1824); Claude Lorrain and
Innocent X. (1831); Death of Titian (1833);
Excavation of the Laocoon, Soliman H. buy-
ing Roxelana, Henry H. and Diana of Poitiers
(1835); Education of Jupiter, Republic Tri-
umphant (1849); Charity, Death of Colum-
bus (1851).— Larousse, ii. 582 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 606.
BERGH, JOHAN EDVARD, born in
Stockholm, March 29, 1828, died there,
Sept. 23, 1880. Landscape painter ; pupil
of the Stockholm Academy ; won first prize
in 1853, and studied then in Diisseldorf
under Gude and in Geneva under Calame.
Travelled in 1856-57 in Italy ; became,
after his return, member of, and in 1861
professor in, the Stockholm Academy. Med-
als in Stockholm (1866) and Paris (1867).
Works : Wood-Interior, Stockholm Mu-
seum ; Beech- Wood, Magnus, Gothenburg ;
Veblungsniis in Romsdal, Astrup, Stock-
' holm ; View of Stockholm, Prince of Wales ;
View in Dalecarlia, Becker, Amsterdam. —
Brockhaus, ii. 819.
BERGHE, AUGUSTINUS VAN DEN,
born at Bruges in 1756, died at Beauvais,
France, in 1836. History, landscape, and
portrait painter ; pupil in Bruges Academy
of J. A. Geremyn, then from 1780 in Paris
Academy of Suvee ; won prize in 1782, re-
turned to Flanders in 1791, won prize in
Ghent Academy in 1796, and became pro-
fessor at the £cole centrale at Beauvais.
Works : Coriolanus with his Family (1786);
CEdipus at Colonus ; Death of Adonis ; St.
Anthony of Padua in Ecstasy, Notre Dame,
Bruges ; CEdipus cursing his Son Polynices
(1796), Ghent Museum. — Immerzeel, i. 46.
BERGHE, CHARLES AUGUSTE VAN
DEN, born at Beauvais (Oise), in 1798,
died in Paris, Dec. 17 (Nov. 19 ?), 1853.
History and portrait painter ; son of preced-
ing, pupil of Girodet and Gros. Medal,
2d class, 1833; L. of Honour, 1839.
Works : Quentin Durward and Louis XL,
Portrait of Bertini (1833); Descent from
the Cross, Temptation of St. Anthony,
Magdalen Penitent (1836); Alice and Cora ;
portraits of Generals Vaubois and Greard, of
j the composer Koutski, and others. — Meyer,
Ktinst. Lex., iii. 612.
BERGHEM. See Berchem.
BERGLER, JOSEF, born in Salzburg,
May 1, 1753, died in Prague, June 25, 1829.
History painter ; pupil of his father, the
sculptor J. B., the elder (1708-88), in Pas-
sau, then from 1776-79 of Martin Knoller
i in Milan, and in 1786 of Maron in Rome.
After winning the great prize of the Acad-
146
BERJON
emy at Parma, he became cabinet painter to
Cardinal Auersperg, prince bishop of Pas-
sau, and in 1800 director of the newly
founded Academy at Prague. He painted
a considerable number of altarpieces for
churches in Bavaria and Austria, and several
episodes from German and Bohemian his-
tory, notably Hermann and Thusnelda, in
the Prague Gallery ; Libussa as Mediator,
Sentence of Duke Spitignev II., Rescue by
Bohemian Knights of Charles IV. at Pisa.
— Allgem. d. Biogr. ii. 390 ; Wurzbach, i.
309.
BERJON, ANTOINE, born in Lyons,
May 17, 1753, died there in Nov., 1843.
Flower and still-life painter, exhibited first
in 1791. Medal, 2d class, 1819. Works :
Wedding Present (1797); Shells and Corals,
A Hare, A Rooster (1810) ; Flowers and
Fruit in Baskets, Grapes, Peonies, Bouquet j
(1813); Fruitpiece, Dessert (1836); Poppies
(1823) ; Artist's Miniature Portrait (1818),
all in Lyons Museum. — Meyer, Kttnst. Lex.,
iii. 622.
BERK HEYDE. See Berck-Heyde.
BERNA. See Barna.
BERNAERTS (Bernaerd), NICASIUS,
born at Antwerp in 1620, died in Paris,
Sept. 16, 1678. Flemish school; animal
and still-life painter ; pupil of Frans Sny-
ders, 1633-34, then went to Italy and set-
tled in Paris, where he was among the most
esteemed Flemish painters ; after a few
years he went to Antwerp, was received
master of Si Luke's Guild in 1654, but
soon returned to Paris, where he became j
member of the Academy in 1663. His
piece of reception was an historical picture —
Chastity of Joseph. In France known al-
most exclusively under the name of Nicasius.
Works : Birds, Birds and Quadrupeds,
Louvre, Paris ; Animals in a Landscape,
Rouen Museum ; Fight between Cat and
Dog, Dijon Museum. — Biog. nat de Bel-
gique, ii. 270 ; Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., iii. 631 ;
Michiels, ix. 76, 288 ; Rooses (Reber), 425.
BERNARD, ST., VISION OF, Murillo,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 3 in. X
8 fi 2 in. The Saint in habit of Cistercian
Order, kneeling iu his cell, beholds the Vir-
gin, on clouds in a glory of cherubs and
heads, bearing Jesus on her arm ; with her
right hand she presses from her breast a
stream of milk, which falls on the Saint's
lips ; at left, before a case of books, is a
table with books, writing materials, and
lilies ; on floor, in foreground, other books
and the pastoral staff. Second manner;
from Palace of S. Udefouso. Engraved by
F. Muntaner, J. Bromley; etched by A.
Jameson, C. Alabern.— Curtis, 220 ; Ma-
drazo, 475.
BERNARDINO DI BETTL See Pintu-
ricchio.
BERNARDINO DA COTIGNOLA. See
Zayanelli, Francesco.
BERNARDO DE FLORENTIA. See
Daddi, Bernardo.
BERNATZ, JOHANN MARTIN, born at
Speyer, March 22, 1802, died in Munich,
Dec. 19, 1878. Landscape and architecture
painter ; pupil at Vienna Academy in 1821,
and again in 1827-29, meanwhile of Keller-
hofen at Speyer ; went to Munich in 1829,
visited Constantinople, Asia Minor, and
Egypt in 1836-37, Calcutta and Abyssinia
in 1840-43, and published, in 1852, an ex-
tensive work under the title : Scenes in
Ethiopia. Works : Kloster Maulbronn,
Speyer Cathedral, Cycle of Water Colours
(1858); Rori River in Highlands of Schoa,
Nubian Salt Lakes (1871); Church in Mon-
astery on Mount Sinai (1871 and 1877);
Court of Suleiman Mosque at Constantino-
ple (1874); View of Suleiman Mosque (1878).
— Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., iii. 650 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xiv. 227.
BERNAZZANO, CESARE, of Milan,
flourished beginning of 16th century.
Lombard school ; probably pupil of Leon-
ardo da Vinci. Painted landscapes, fruits,
flowers, and birds, sometimes in collabora-
tion with Cesare da Sesto, who added the
figures in his landscapes. Bernazzano
painted the fine landscape background to
Cesare's Baptism of Christ, Casa Scotti Gal-
147
BERNE
lerati, Milan. — Vasari, eel. Mil., v. 101 ;
Lanzi, ii. 487 ; Ch. Blanc, licole milanaise.
BERNE - BELLECOUR, E T I E N N E
PROSPER, bora at Boulogne, June 29,
1838. Genre, landscape, and portrait
painter ; pupil of Picot and of F. Barrias.
Medals : 1869 ; 1st class, 1872 ; 3d class,
1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Sou-
venir of Normandy (1861) ; Road on the
Borders of Normandy (1864) ; Great Heat,
View on Norman Coast (18C8); Dismounted,
A Sonnet, Amorous Man, Pea Shooter
(1869) ; After the Procession, Shearing
Sheep in Normandy (1870) ; Cannon-Shot,
Nest of Cupids (1872) ; Rent-Day (1873) ;
Intended Husband, Summer Morning
(1874); Guerillas of the Seine in Battle of
Malmaison (1875) ; The Desert (1876) ; In
the Trenches (1877); On the Ground
(1879) ; Attack on Chateau of Montbeliard
(1881) ; Manoeuvre of Embarking (1882) ;
Prisoner, Strategic Point (1883) ; Disem-
barkation (1885), G. Petit, Works in
United States : Intended Husband, Miss C.
L. Wolfe, New York ; In the Trenches, F.
Harper, New York ; In the Woods, R. L.
Cutting, New York ; Trumpet Practice, B.
Wall, Providence.- — Larousse.
BERNIER, CAMILLE, born at Colmar
in 1823. Land-
scape painter ;
pupil of L. !
Floury. In,
1873 was mem-
ber of the jury
of the Salon.
Medals: 1868,
x 1869 ; 2d class,
1878 ; L. of
Honour, 1872.
Works : Farm
of Kerluce (1857) ; Rocks near Plous-
gastel (1859); The Gapeau (1861); Village
of Plounesur, Bay of Penhir (1863); Beach
of Guisseny, Mouth of the Elorn (1864);
Burning Sea-Weed near Kersaint (1865);
Heath near Bannalec (1867); Pond of Qui-
merch, Path through the Broom (1868);
' Heath of Kerbagadie, Fountain in Brittany
(1869); Road near Bannalec (1870); January
in Brittany (1872), Luxembourg Museum ;
D'Anndour at Bannalec (1873); Summer,
Autumn (1875); Wooden Shoe-Makers in
the Woods of Quimerch (1877); Abandoned
Path (1879); Pool (1882); Mist and Sun-
shine (1884); Little Wood, La Lande (1885).
— Larousse.
BERNINGER, EDMUND, born at Arn-
stadt,Thuringia, in 1843. Landscape painter;
pupil of the Weimar Art School under Theo-
dore Hagen ; visited Holland, Italy, Corsica,
and Northern Africa, and settled in Munich.
Works : London Bridge, Venetian Night
Festival (1873); Street in Tunis (1876); Isle
of Capri ; Ruins of Carthage ; View on the
Thames (1880) ; Street in Cairo ; Several
Views in Egypt. Exhibited at Munich
(1883) : Evening near Sorrento, Bay of Al-
giers.— M filler, 45.
BEROUD, LOUIS, born at Lyons ; con-
temporary. History painter ; pupil of Gour-
det, Bonnat, and Lavastre. Medal, 2d class,
1883. Works : Place Saint-Sulpice (1880) ;
Place de la Republique (1881) ; Salon Carre
j at the Louvre, (1882); At the Louvre (1883) ;
My Studies at Venice (1884) ; Henri IH at
: Venice (1885).
BERRES, JOSEF VON, born at Lem-
berg, Austria, May 30, 1821. Genre painter ;
pupil of Munich Academy under Piloty (1866
-69), having until then served in the Austrian
army where he attained the rank of colonel;
commanded a regiment during the cam-
paign of 1866, and was decorated with the
Order of the Iron Crown. Travelled ex-
tensively in the East, as far as the Cauca-
sus and Astrakan. Many of his pictures
bought for America. Works : Wallenstein
burning Documents ; Galmuck Wedding ;
Recruiting in Lower Hungary ; Dismis-
sal of Huszars ; Romance on the Heath ;
Evening Sermon in St. Stephen's, Vienna ;
Hungarian Horse Fair (1873), Vienna Muse-
um ; Cattle Dealers in the Campagna (1877);
Stalling of a Picket (1882).— Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 679.
148
BERRETTINI
BERRETTINI, PIETRO. See Pietro da
Cortona.
BERRETTONI, NICCOL<\ born at Ma-
cerata, Dec. 14, 1637, died in Rome in Feb.
1682. Bolognese and Roman school ; history
painter ; pupil at Bologna of Cantarini, then
at Rome of Carlo Maratti, who became jeal-
ous of his pupil's brilliant success. He formed
for himself a mixed style, imitating Guido
and Correggio. Works : Marriage of the
Virgin, S. Lorenzo in Borgo, Rome ; Birth
and Baptism of Christ, Dresden Gallery; St.
Magdalen, Augsburg Gallery ; Visitation,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; frescoes in S.
Maiia de Montescanto al Popolo, Rome, S.
Maria del Suffragio, ib., Palazzo Altieri al
Gesh, ib., Palazzo della Ruffina, FrascatL—
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 692.
BERRUGUETE, ALONSO, born at Pare-
des de Nava about 1480, died at Alcala in
1561. Spanish school ; pupil of his father, >
Pedro Berruguete ; went to Florence about
1503 and studied with Michelangelo, whom
he also assisted in the Vatican. He practised
painting, sculpture, and architecture, and
was among the sculptors chosen by Bra-
mante to model the Laocoon, to be cast in
bronze. In Florence he was employed to
finish an altarpiece left incomplete by Filippo
Lippi at his death. In 1520 he returned to
Spain and executed many works, especially
monumental altarpieces and church screens,
at Saragossa, Valladolid, Madrid, Toledo, and
other cities. He was greatly honoured by
Charles V., who made him a cavalier and
appointed him his painter and sculptor. He
became wealthy enough to purchase the
lordship of Ventosa, near Valladolid. Berru-
guete did more for Spanish art than any who
had preceded him, but he was more excellent
e/ru
in sculpture than in painting, two specimens
of which, a Holy Family and Flight into
Egypt, are in the Museum at Valladolid. —
Stirling, i. 140 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole espagnole;
Bermudez, i. 130; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 161;
W. & W., iii. 40.
BERRUGUETE, PEDRO, born at Par-
edes de Nava, died in Madrid after 1504.
Spanish school; painter to Philip I., by whom
he was ennobled. Employed with Rincon in
cathedral of Toledo in 1483, 1495, and 1497;
also painted in cathedral of Avila. Bermudez
ranks him with Pietro Perugino. — Bermu-
dez, i. 144 ; Stirling, i. 93 ; W. & W., ii. 359.
BERTAUD, Mme. CHERADAME, died
about 1824. History and portrait painter ;
pupil of David. Medal, 2d class, 1819.
Works : Hagar in the Desert (1814); Daugh-
ters of Minos (1817); Female Gardener, Por-
traits (1819); Portrait of the Poet Pizere-
caurt (1822), Nancy Museum; The Fairy
Urgel ; Portrait of Gen. Devraux de Sainte
Maurice, Versailles Gallery. — Meyer, Ktlnst.
Lex., iii. 699.
BERTEAUX, HIPPOLYTE DOMIN-
IQUE, born at Saint-Quentin (Aisne) ; con-
temporary. History and portrait painter ;
pupil of Hip. Flaudrin, Galland, and P. Bau-
dry. Medal, 3d class, 1883 ; 2d class, 1885.
Works : Studies for ceiling of the Theatre
Grasliu at Nantes (1881) ; First Lesson in
History (1882) ; Ce fut la ! souvenir of the
great war (1883); Young Shepherdess (1884);
Attempt upon Life of Hoche (1885).
BERTHELEMY, JEAN SIMON, born at
Laon (Aisne), March 5, 1743, died in Paris,
March 1, 1811. History painter ; pupil of
Noel Hallo, won in 1764 the second and in
1767 the first prize for Rome, became mem-
ber of the Academy in 1781, and professor
in 1792. Works : Cleobis and Biton draw-
ing their Mother to Temple of Juno (1764);
Alexander cutting theGordian Knot (1767);
Conquest of Calais (1771) ; Eustache de St.
Pierre at the Conquest of Calais (1779) ;
Martyrdom of St. Peter (1779), Douai Mu-
seum ; Apollo causing the Body of King
Sarpedon to be taken to Lycia (1781), I5cole
des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Eleazar preferring
Death to eating of Forbidden Meat (1789),
Angers Museum ; Bonaparte visiting the
149
BEKTIIELEMY
Wells of Moses (1808), Entry of French
Army into Paris in 1436, Versailles Gallery.
— Meyer, Kunst. Lex., iii. 707.
BERTHELEMY, PIERRE EMILE, bom
at Rouen, April 3, 1818. Marine painter ;
pupil of Rouen Art School, then in Paris of
Cogniet and of Ecole des Beaux Arts. Works:
Naval Battle Between French Fleet under
Duquesne and Dutch-Spanish Fleet under
Ruyter, 1676 (1846) ; Scene from Walter
Scott's Pirate, Harbour of Fecamp (1847);
Ship in Distress (1848); Flight of Jean Bart
(1849) ; Shipwreck of Van Tromp in Bay of
Trepass6s (1851); do. of Corsair Ship (1853) ;
Return of Fishing Boats (1857) ; After the
Storm (1859) ; Burning Vessel (1861) ; Ship
Le Vaubant in a Storm (1864) ; Mouth of
the Seine at Sunset (1865) ; Shipwreck of
Borythenes (1866) ; do. of Evening Star
(1867); Harfleur Harbour (1868); Return of
Fishing Boats (1877) ; Various marines
(1879-85).— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 707.
BERTHON, NICOLAS, born in Paris,
Aug. 4, 1831. Genre painter; pupil of Ecole
des Beaux Arts and of Cogniet. Medal,
1866. Works : Mowers' Luncheon (1857) ;
do. (1863); Mowers, Soldier's Return (1864);
Bowling at Beauce, Peasant from the Moun-
tains (1865); During Mass (1866); Souvenir
of the Auvergne (1866), Arras Museum ; The
Baurree (a dance, 1867) ; Prayer, Spinning
Woman (1868) ; Pastime (1873) ; The Walk
(1875); Procession at St. Bonnet (1877); In-
terior in Auvergne (1878, 1880, 1882); Pro-
cession of Penitents (1883). — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 711.
BERTHON, RENfi THEODORE, born
at Tours in 1776 or 1778, died in Paris,
April 9, 1859. History and portrait painter;
pupil of David ; lived in Venice and Vienna
at the beginning of this century, and re-
turned to Paris in 1806. One of the most
talented artists of the modern school. L. of
Honour. Works: Chloe bathing in a Grotto
(1796) ; Portrait of Bonaparte as Consul
(1801); Surrender of Ulm (1806), Napoleon
receiving at Berlin Delegation of Senate
after Battle of Jena (1808), Albert Rampou
defending Redoubt of Monte Legino (1812),
Order of St. John taking Possession of Malta
(1839), Versailles Gallery ; David obtaining
Saul's Permission to contend with Goliath
(1822), Passage through Caen of Due de
Bern in 1814 (1824), Caen Museum ; Na-
poleon handing to Delegation of Senate the
Captured Prussian Standards, Compiegne. —
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 710.
BERTHOUD, AUGUSTS HENRI, born
in Paris of Swiss parents, April, 1829. Land-
scape and genre painter ; pupil of Prottevin,
and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, then of
Ary Scheffer and influenced by Corot, with
whom he was allied in friendship ; settled at
Interlaken in 1862, and at Neuchatel, the
home of his family, 1874. President of the
Society of Swiss Painters and Sculptors since
1882. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works : Re-
pose sur la Montague (1857) ; Unspunnen
near Interlaken (1868) ; Summit of the
Jungfrau ; The Wetterhorn ; Kandersteg
Valley ; Glacier of Altelo ; Women of Aries
in Prayer ; Procession of Arlesiennes ; Plus
heureux qu'un Roi ; Ruth ; Judith ; Mes
I eleves peignant d'apres nature (1879) ; View
' near Rosenlani Glacier, Evening Breeze
(1882); Death of the Chamois Hunter (1872),
The Jungfi-au and the Vagueren, Neuchatel
Museum. — Meyer, Kiiiist. Lex., iii. 711;
Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 605.
BERTHOUD, LEON, born at Neuchatel,
| Switzerland, in 1827. Landscape painter ;
pupil of Maximilien de Meuron, then in
Paris of Leon Cogniet, spent several years
in Italy, returned to Paris, then settled at
St. Blaise, near NeucMtel. Works: Crossing
an Arm of the Tiber at Borghetto, Fortified
Tower of Chateau d'Estavayer, The Frolm
Alp on Lake of Lucerne, Neuchatel Muse-
um ; Aqueducts in Roman Campagna ; Bay
of Naples ; View of Sorrento ; Temples of
Psestum ; Monte St. Angelo ; Baths of Cara-
calla ; Chateau de Chillon ; Lake of Neu-
chatel.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 711.
BERTIN, EDOUARD FRANC/OIS, born
in Paris, in 1797, died there, Sept. 14, 1871.
Landscape painter ; pupil of Girodet and
150
13EIITIX
Biclault. Turning from the classic and tra-
ditional style to nature, he successfully
endeavoured to unite truth in detail with
breadth of general effect. Works : Meeting
of Cimabue and Giotto (1827), Christ on
Mount of Olives (1837) ; Sources of the Al-
pheus (1853), View of Olevano, Old Tombs
on the Nile, Forest of Fontainebleau. — Ch.
Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 249 ; La-
rousse, ii. 621; Meyer, Gesch., 766.
BERTIN, JEAN VICTOR, born in Paris,
March 20, 1775, died there, June 11, 1842.
Landscape painter ; pupil of Valenciennes.
Medal, 1st class, in 1808 ; L. of Honour,
1817. He was the master of Cogniet, Bosse-
lier, Corot, Enfantin, and Roqueplau. Works:
Festival of Pan, Offering to Venus, Cicero
on his Return from Exile, Flight of Angelica,
Festival of Bacchus, Arrival of Napoleon at
Ettlingen. His Temple of Minerva at Pheneus
is in the Louvre. — Villot, Cat. Louvre; Ottley.
BERTIN, NICOLAS, born in Paris in
1667, died there, April 11, 1736. Pupil of
Vernansalle, of Jouvenet, and of Bon Bou-
logne. When eighteen years old he took
the first prize for painting for his Building
of the Ark, and he was sent as a pensioner
of the king to Rome, where he resided four
years. He became a member of the Acad-
emy in 1705, professor in 1715, and adjunct
rector in 1733. Works : St. Philip baptiz-
ing the Eunuch, Hercules delivering Prome-
theus (1703), Louvre ; Chastity of Joseph,
Susanna at the Bath, Amsterdam Museum ;
Man with the Gourd, Gardener and the
Bear (2 illustrations of La Fontaine's fables),
Dresden Gallery. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
BERTINELLI. See AlbertineW.
BERTLING, KARL, born at Meppen,
Hanover ; contemporary. History and por-
trait painter ; pupil of the Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Schadow and Bendemann ; be-
came first known through his Death of Abel,
and is now chiefly reputed for his masterly
portraits. Works : Death of Abel ; (Edipus
led by Antigone ; Resurrection (1869); Lore-
ley; Night and Morning (1875), Villa Boker,
Bonn.— Elustr. Zeitg. (1876), i. 294.
BERTO DI GIOVANNI, flourished in
1497-1523. Roman school of Perugia ;
called also Bertus Joannis Marci. Pupil of
Perugino at same time with Raphael, who
engaged him in 1516 as his assistant to paint
a picture of the Coronation of the Virgin
for the convent of S. M. di Monteluce, near
Perugia, which was finished after Raphael's
death by Giulio Romano and II Fattore
(1525) and is now in the Gallery of the Vati-
can. Berto painted for the predella three
subjects — the Birth (dated 1525), Marriage,
and Death of the Virgin, and a fourth rep-
resenting the Presentation in the Temple.
The predella of the principal altarpiece in
S. Giuliana, Perugia, is perhaps also by him.
— Lanzi, i. 348; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne;
I C. & C., Italy, iii. 346 ; Mttntz, Raphael, 622.
BERTON, ARMAND, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History and portrait painter ;
pupil of A. Millet and Cabanel. Medal, 3d
j class, 1882. Works : Evening (1880); Por-
traits (1881) ; Eve, Woman with the Rose
; (1882); A Grasshopper (1883); Modern Fable
Seated upon Antique Ruins (1884); Portrait
(1885;.
BERTRAND, GEORGES, born in Paris
in 1849. Genre and portrait painter ; pupil
of Yvon, Barrias, and Bonnat. Medal, 2d
class, 1881. Works : The Miser (1876); Fall-
ing Leaves (1877); The Leap from the Leu-
cadian Rock (1878) ; Slave's Leisure (1879);
Patrie! (1881); Spring Passing (1883).—
Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 101.
BERTRAND, JAMES, born at Lyons in
1825. History painter ; pupil of Perin and
of Orsel, then studied in Rome ; a skilful,
careful painter, with a graceful, harmonious
style and much religious sentiment. Medals:
3d class, 1861, 1863, 1869, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1876. Works : Idyl (1857); St. Benedict
taking Communion (1859), Lyons Society of
Art; Conversion of SL Thais (1861), Lyons
Museum; Brothers of Death taking away a
Murdered Man in the Campagna (1863),
Lyons Museum ; Women of Alvito on a Pil-
grimage, Diogenes at La'is's House (1863) ;
Mary the Egyptian Repentant (1864) ; Eini-
151
BESCHEY
grants of the Roman Campagna (18G5), Or-
leans Museum ; Phryne at the Festival of
Eleusis, Pilgrimage in the Abruzzi Mountains
(1866); Death of Sappho, Idyl (1867) ; Sere-
nade, The Curious (1868) ; Inquisitive Little
One, Death of Virginia (1869), Luxembourg
Museum ; Marguerite, Death of Manon Les-
caut (1870) ; Ophelia's Madness, Ophelia's
Death (1872) ; Cinderella, Caen Museum ;
Idyl (1873) ; Eomeo and Juliet Dying,
Montpellier Society of Art ; Anuccia (1874);
Magdalen, Know Thyself, Lesbia (1875);
Aurora, Marguerite (1876); Echo, Education
of the Virgin (1877); Cloister (1878); Gala-
tea and Acis surprised by Polyphemus,
Coming out of School (1879) ; The Bird
Charmer, Marguerite in Church (1880); Love
drawing Night over the Earth (1881); Cigale
singing to the Moon, Waiting in Ambush
(1882) ; The Sirens, Charlotte Corday's
Last Day (1883); Calvary, Ophelia (1884) ;
Youth, Study of a Head (1885).— Montrosier,
Artistes modernes ; Larousse.
BESCHEY, BALTHASAR, born at Ant-
werp, baptized Nov. 20, 1708, died there,
April 15, 1776. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter ; pupil of Peeter Strick,
an obscure artist ; master of the guild in
1733 ; dean in 1756. With him the school
of Antwerp, abandoning the traditions of
Rubens, entered on the road to decline.
Works : Flemish Family (1721 ?), Louvre,
Paris ; Joseph Sold by his Brethren, Joseph
Viceroy of Egypt (1744), portrait of himself,
do. of Martin Joseph Geeraerts, Antwerp
Museum ; Scene before Peasant's Cottage,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Cat. de Mu-
see d'Anvers (1874), 46 ; Michiels, x. 484 ;
Rooses (Reber), 441.
BESNARD, PAUL ALBERT, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History and portrait
painter ; pupil of A. Cabanel and J. Bre-
mond. Won the prix de Rome in 1874.
Medals : 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1880.
Works: Autumn (1874) ; A Fountain (1877);
After a Defeat in the 5th Century (1880);
Plenty encourages Labour, Remorse (1882);
Souvenir of England (1883); Sickness and
Convalescence (diptych, 1884); Paris (1885).
BESSON, FAUSTIN, born at Dole, Jura,
March 15, 1821, died in Paris, March, 1882.
Genre and portrait painter ; pupil of Brune,
Decamps, and Gigoux, and of the £cole des
Beaux Arts ; had especial success with his
ideal allegorical genre scenes. L. of Hon-
our, 1865. Works : The Prelude (1844); A
Summer Day (1846) ; The AVomen and the
Secret (1848) ; Courtesans and Venetian
Nobles (1849) ; Return of the Barber of
Olmedo and of Gil Bias (1850); Youth of
Lantara (1852), Dole Museum ; The Dauph-
ine's Promenade (1855) ; Childhood of
Gretry (1857), Toulouse Museum ; Cous-
ton's Studio (1861); Callot and the Mounte-
bank, An Adventure of Queutin de la Tour
(1866); A Smile (1867).— Larousse, ii. 638 ;
Chronique des B. Arts (1882), 68.
BETHESDA, POOL OF, Tintoretto, S.
Rocco, Venice. A noble work, but emi-
nently disagreeable. A crowd of figures,
with a background of corrupt Renaissance
architecture. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii.
322.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice.
A disgusting picture, representing people
afflicted with all kinds of diseases. — Ruskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 341.
BETHKE, HERMANN, born at Bruns-
wick, in 1825. Genre painter ; pupil in
Brunswick of Heinrich Brandes, and stud-
ied in Munich after the old masters.
Works : Family Scene ; Broken Pitcher ;
Siesta ; Card Players (1865); Grandmother's
Convalescence, Summer Morning (1866);
Red Riding Hood, Saying Grace, Winter-
Guests, Love-Letter. — M filler, 47.
BETTANIER, ALBERT, born at Metz ;
contemporary. History painter ; pupil of
Pils, Lehrnanu, and Maillart. Medal : 3d
152
BETTO
class, 1885. Works : In Lorraine (1881) ;
Study, In Lorraine (1882); In Lorraine
(1883); At Gravelotte (1884); 1870-1880
(1885).
BETTO, BERNARDINO DI. See Pin-
turicchio.
BEVILACQUA. See Salimbeni, Ventura.
BEWEIl, CLEMENS, born at Aachen,
May 30, 1820, died at Bonn, Sept. 2, 1884.
History and portrait painter ; pupil of the
DClsseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn ;
went in 1841 to Paris, where he studied
with Delaroche and Ary Scheffer. Under
the latter's guidance he painted for French
churches copies after Raphael, Andrea del
Sarto, Titian, Rubens, and Murillo ; re-
turned in 1847 to DUsseldorf thoroughly
imbued with French art ; afterwards became
professor at the Academy. Latterly painted
portraits almost exclusively. Works : Ro-
meo and Juliet (1844); Mary Stuart's Flight
from Lochleven (184G), Cologne Museum ;
The Elves (1847), Tasso reading at the
Court of Ferrara (1850), Contest of Min-
strels at the Wartburg (1851); Education
of Mary by Anna and Joachim (1852), Find-
ing of Moses (1862), Loreley (18C7), Judith
(1872), Cologne Museum ; Portraits of Min-
ister Stein, Gen. Blumenthal, Archbishop
von Droste-Vischering. — Miiller, 47 ; Wolfg.
Miiller, Dusseldorf K, 158.
BEYEREN, ABRAHAM VAN, born at
The Hague iu 1020 or 1621, died after 1674.
Dutch school ; still-life painter ; master of
the guild at The Hague in 1640, at Delft in
1657 ; mentioned again as member of The
Hague guild in 1663, and of that of Alkmaar
in 1674. Works in Amsterdam, Rotter-
dam, Lille, Frankfort, Berlin, Vienna, Pesth
Museums, Vienna Academy (1666), Dres-
den, Hanover, Schwerin Galleries, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex.,
iii. 340.
BEYLE, PIERRE MARIE, born at Ly-
ons in 1838. Genre painter ; was a house-
painter, but with help from the designer
Philippon was able to send his first picture
to the Salon in 1867. Medal of 3d class,
1881. Works: A Bohemian Girl (1867);
Permission Refused (1868); Toilet of a Sav-
age Woman (1869); Tour of the City (1870);
Monkey's Toilet (1872); Dressing in a Stu-
dio, Merchant of Knick-Knacks (1873) ;
; Chevalier Bayard and Maidens of Brescia
! (1875); Gossips of Briquebec (1876); Bazaar
at Casbah of Algiers (1877); From the
• Mayor's Office to the Church, Party of
: Ladies (1879) ; On the Cliff, Fleura de
Ptelu'r (1880) ; Mussel Fishers at Dieppe
(1881); Fishing at Dieppe (1882); Farewell
Kiss (1883); Seaweed Burners (1884); Bad
News (1885).
BEYSCHLAG, JULIUS ROBERT, born
1 at Nordliugen, July 1, 1838. Genre painter ;
pupil, at the Munich Academy, of Philipp
Foltz, studied afterwards in Paris and Italy.
His pictures are attractive in subject, and he
is noted for his graceful treatment of the
female form. Works : Iphigenia, Mowing
Woman (1860); Love Scene from Faust,
Sunday Morning (1862); Birthday (1864) ;
Girl crowning Youth with Flowers (1870);
Psyche (1872); Soap Bubbles (1873); Spring-
Day in the Middle Ages (1874) ; Happy
Mother, Wedding Procession, Orpheus and
Eurydice (1879); Sunday Afternoon in Mid-
dle Ages, Samuel Hawk Collection, New
York ; Before the Wedding, H. B. Hurlbut
Collection, Cleveland ; Good Sister, T. Do-
Ian, Philadelphia.— Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii.
136.
BEZARD, JEAN LOUIS, bom at Tou-
louse, Nov. 15, 17'J9. Pupil of Pierre Gue-
riu, of Picot, and of £cole des Beaux Arts.
Won the prix de Rome in 1829. Medals :
1st class, 1836, 1857, 1859 ; L. of Honour,
1860. Works : Magdalen in Desert, Mag-
dalen Resting, Interior of Church of Arcis,
Incident of Revolution of 1830, In the
Louvre, Martyrdom of St. Satuminus (1836);
Reign of Evil upon Earth (1837); Martyr-
dom of St. Eu trope (ordered by State),
Mephistopheles, Angel and Child, Neapoli-
tan Sleeper, Seven Works of Pity, Assump-
tion, St. Roch praying for the Plague-
Stricken, St. Michael snatching Souls from
158
BEZZUOLI
the Devil, Seven Sacraments (ordered by
State). Frescos in St. Elizabeth (1849),
St. Eustache, and St. Clotilde, Paris.—
Vapereau (1880), 212.
BEZZUOLI, GIUSEPPE, born in Flor-
ence, in 1784, died there, Sept. 1855. His-
tory painter ; pupil at the Florence Acad-
emy under Piattoli, Petroni, and Desmarais ;
obtained the gold medal in 1811, studied
then in Rome after Raphael, Domenichino,
and Guido, became adjunct professor at the
Florence Academy in 1814, and professor in
1816. Works : Ajax defending the Body
of Patroclus (1811) ; Francesca da Rimini
(1812); Paul surprised by Lancelot (1813);
Entry of Charles VIII. into Florence ; Bap-
tism of Clovis ; Manfred found on Battlefield
of Beneventum ; Death of Filippo Strozzi ;
Assassination of Lorenzino di Medici ; Fol-
ly guiding Chariot of Love ; Death of
Abel ; Episode from Deluge ; St. Francis
bringing to Life a Drowned Man (1832),
Cathedral ; Eve the Sinner, Medea planning '
Leghorn the Death of her Children, Young
Girl at Prayer. Frescos : Alexander with j
Apelles, Temperance, Justice, Prudence
and Strength, Exploits of Cscsar in eleven
scenes (Palazzo Pitti) ; Galileo's Experi-
ments on Gravitation, Loves of Angelica
and Medoro, Triumph of Bacchus (Borghese
Palace, Florence) ; Scene from Boccaccio,
Entombment (Pistoja Cathedral) ; Ceres
Searching for Proserpine, Venus's Toilet,
Venus carrying off Ascanius (Palazzo Bor-
ghese, Rome). — Larousse, ii. 668 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., iii. 380.
BIAGI, BERNARDINO. See Pintu-
ricchio.
BIAGIO, VINCENZO DL See Catena,
Vincenzo.
BIANCHI, FRANCESCO, called II Frari, !
born at Ferrara in 1447, died at Modena, '
Feb. 1510. Lombard school. Vidiiani
says he was the first instructor of Correggio,
but if so it can have been but for a short
time, as that painter was only sixteen years
old when Bianchi died. Of his many works
but few remain, such as a fine Madonna
with Saints, in the Louvre, and an Annun-
ciation in the Gallery at Modena. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole lombarde ; Burckhardt, 587 ;
Morelli (Richter), 238.
BIARD, (AUGUSTS) FRANQOIS, born
in Lyons, June 27, 1801, died near Fontaine-
bleau, July 8, 1882. Landscape and genre
painter ; pupil of Revoil in Lyons ; travelled
in Europe, the East, and Africa, settled in
Paris in 1835, and painted scenes from many
countries ; visited Greenland and Spitz-
bergen in 1839, Brazil in 1855. His works
are distinguished for humour, sentiment,
and variety. Many of them have been en-
graved. Medals : 2d class, 1827 and 1848 ;
1st class, 1836 ; L. of Honour, 1838. Works :
French Travellers in a Spanish Tavern
(1831); Arabs Caught in a Simoom, Nimes
Museum ; San ton preaching to Bedouins,
Fellah Concert, Wandering Comedians,
Fools' Paradise (1833); Baptism in the
Tropics (1834); Barber's Apprentice, Sale
of Slaves, Good Gendarme (1835); Divided
Honours, Bathing at Home, Duquesne Res-
cuing Captives from Algerians (1837); Sac-
rifice of Brahmin Woman, Scene in Custom
House (1838); County Militia, Family Con-
cert, Consequences of a Masked Ball (1839);
Marriageable Young Ladies, The Great Sin,
Louis Philippe in a Lapland Hut, Walrus
Fishing, Reindeer Hunting, Pastor Lwsta-
dius teaching Laplanders, (1840) ; Du Couc-
dic's Farewell to his Crew (1841), formerly
in Luxembourg Museum ; Wreck in Polar
Seas, Norwegian Hunters at Spitsbergen,
Jane Shore condemned to Death by Hun-
ger (1842) ; Magdalen Bay, Apartment to
Let (1844) ; Shipwrecked Men attacked
by Shark, Classical Painter, Dessert at the
Parsonage (1846) ; Four Hours in the Sa-
lon, Henry IV. and Fleurette (1847) ; Walk
to Rock of Hertman doe, Council of Re-
vision (1848) ; Tenor's Triumph (1853) ;
Water Drinkers, Bombardment of Bomar-
sund, Seizure of Furniture (1857); Slave
Quarters on a Slave Ship, Selling Slaves,
Hunting Fugitive Slaves, Travelling in
North America, Travelling in South Amer-
154
BIBBIENA
ica, The Virgin Forest, Savages preparing
Curare Poison (1861) ; Festival of the Su-
preme Being (1864); The Mammoth, Quar-
relsome Boatwomen (1867) ; Fishwives
of Seguasson (1868): Death of Dupetit-
Thouars, Travellers Annoyed by Mosquitoes
(1869); Capture of an English Vessel, Death
of Bisson (1870); Beginning of the Hunt
(1873); Tardy Guests, Captain Pleville, A
Spanish Palace (1874); The Avenger, Alsa-
tian Exiles (1875); House to Let in Country
(187C); Wrecked Passengers of the Lucie-
Marguerite, Railway Compartment for
Ladies only (1877); Captain Lacrosse's
Oath, Vigil in Samo'is (1879); Savage Wo-
men Fishing (1881); Caricature Painter in
Court, Classical Painter before his Model
(1882).— Larousse, ii. 673 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
690 ; Chronique des Arts (1882)" 186.
BIBBIENA, BERNARDO DOVIZIO DA,
Cardinal, portrait, liai>had, Madrid Mu-
seum ; wood, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. A middle-
aged person, half-length, nearly full face,
which is beardless ; red cap, red collar,
white sleeve resting on a stone balustrade.
Long called Cardinal Granville, and by some
Giulio de' Medici (Clement VH.). Painted
in Rome about 1513. Cardinal Bibbiena
was the intimate friend of Raphael, whose
engagement to marry his niece Maria was
ended by her premature death. Raphael's
frescos of the history of Venus and Cupid
in an apartment in the Vatican were exe-
cuted for him. Replica in Palazzo Pitti ;
carried to Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815.
Engraved (Pitti) by Bedetti ; Gruner. — Ma-
drazo, Cat. descrip. 6 histor., 189, 341 ; Gal.
du Pal. Pitti, in. PI. 97 ; Mdntz, 283 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 146 ; Springer, 253.
BIBBIENA, FERDINANDO, born in
Bologna in 1657, died in 1743. Bolognese
school ; son of Gio. Maria Galli, called Bib-
biena ; pupil of Carlo Cignani. Devoted
himself to architectural and perspective
painting, and became the most celebrated
decorative painter of his time. Honoured by
all the princes of Europe ; worked in Ger-
many and in Spain, and decorated churches,
palaces, and theatres in many Italian cities.
He was the inventor of improvements in
theatrical scenery and machinery. He
painted also some excellent easel pictures,
chiefly architectural and perspective views.
In these the figures were usually painted
by his brother Francesco (1659-1739), who
was almost as noted and honoured through-
out Europe as Ferdinand. Ferdinand left
three sous, Alessandro (died about 1760),
Antonio (1700-1774), who painted the
chapel frescos in monochrome, in S. Giaco-
mo Maggiore, and built the great theatre at
Bologna (1756), and Giuseppe (1696-1756),
all of whom followed his manner. — Lanzi, i.
177 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Gualandi,
Guida di Bologna, 94.
BIBBIENA, GIOVANNI MARIA, born
at Bibbiena in 1625, died in 1665. Bo-
lognese school. Real name Gio. Maria
Galli, but commonly called Bibbiena, and
same surname used by his descendants.
Pupil of Francesco Albani ; painted his-
torical pictures, some of which are in
churches in Bologna : e. g., St. Andrew
adoring the Cross, S. M. dei Servi ; Ascen-
sion, Campo Santo. — Lauzi, iii. 177 ; Ch.
Blanc, £cole bolonaise; Gualandi, Guida, 88.
BICCI, LORENZO DI, born at Arezzo
in 1350 (?), died in 1427. Florentine school ;
eldest of the three Biccis, being father
of Bicci, and grandfather of Neri. No ex-
isting pictures ; but in 1386 he was paid
for paintings in the Duomo, Florence. The
ceiling of the choir in S. Francesco, Assisi,
assigned to Lorenzo by Vasari, is more prob-
ably by his son Bicci, with whom he is con-
stantly confounded by that master. The
frescos in the Cathedral at Prato represent-
ing scenes from the lives of SS. James and
Margaret, and others from the life of S. Ce-
cilia in the Carmine, Florence, are in an
earlier style, and possibly by Lorenzo. —
C. & C., Italy, ii. 28 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
ii. 225 ; ed. Mil., ii. 49 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., L 166.
BICCI, BICCI DI LORENZO DI, born
in 1373, died at Arezzo, May 6, 1452 (?).
IBS
BICCI
Florentine school ; son of Lorenzo ; painted 1 and Vienna Academies, and a knight of the
many works between 1420 and 1450, some ' Belgian Order of Leopold, the Bavarian of
of which are extant, as for example the SS. St. Michael, and the Prussian of the Eed
Cosmo and Damiau, Uffizi, rather sombre Eagle. Works : Ugolino and his Sons,
in colour, but careful in drawing ; and Masaniello (1830), Execution of Anne Bo-
some saints under the windows of a chapel
in the Duomo, Florence, much repainted.
leyn, Rubens presented to Charles V., Fla-
gellation of Christ, Raphael and the Forna-
Bicci is the author of a group in terra cotta, riua, Eucharis and Telemachus, Paix des
representing the Coronation of the Virgin, i Dames in 1529, Charles I. decorating
over the door of the hospital of S. Egidio, Rubens, Alva witnessing the Decapitation
Florence, which Vasari wrongly attributes
to Dello Delli. — Milanesi, Archivio Storico
Italiano, 183 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 232 ;
ed. Mil., ii. 49, 63 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 30.
BICCI, NERI DI BICCI Dl'LORENZO
DI, born in 1419, died in 1491. Florentine
of Egmont and Horn (1852), Raczynski Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Countess Egmont after her
Husband's Seizure, and in the Prison after
his Execution (I860); Council of War of the
Duke of Parma (1862); Banquet of the
Gueux, The Teutonic Order electing the
school ; son of Bicci di Lorenzo, and Great Elector of Brandenburg their Grand
grandson of Lorenzo. He reduced his art Master. — Jordan, 51 ; Mflller, 51.
to the level of a trade, and filled half BIENNOURRY, VICTOR FRANCOIS
Tuscany with altarpieces and pictures. , ELOI, born at Bar-sur-Aube, Jan. 10, 1823.
His masterpiece, San Giovanni Gualber- History painter ; pupil of Martin Drolling
to enthroned between ten seated Saints, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he
in the Regio Lotto of old S. Pancrazio, j won the grand prix de Rome in 1842.
Florence, is ill drawn, flat, and inharmo- Medal, 1864. Works : Rich Man and Laza-
nious in colour, but not without character. | rus (1849); Death of St. Joseph (1855), St.
There are four Annunciations by this j Roch's, Paris; Man chasing Fortune, Man
painter in the Florence Academy. Many i awaiting Fortune on his Couch (1857);
of his scholars were so dissatisfied with j Baptism of Christ (1859); The Arts (1863);
the traffic carried on by Neri in his studio, ! Christ on Mount of Olives (1864); Parthen-
that they left him before their apprentice- ; ope (1865) ; Socrates exercising Patience
ship was ended, to find other masters of (1868) ; JEsop composing a Fable (1869).
higher tone. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 232 ; In fresco : The Works of Mercy, The Cardi-
ed. Mil., ii. 49, 69, 261 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. nal Virtues, St. Eustache, Paris ; Scenes in
32. Lives of SS. Paul and Peter, St. Severin's,
BICKER. See Miel.
BIEFVE, EDOUARD DE, born in
ib.; Institution des Quinze-Vingts (1880),
St. Louis Lyceum, ib. — Larousse, ii. 720.
Brussels, Dec. 4, 1809, died there, Feb. ; BIERMANN, GOTTLIEB, born in Ber-
7, 1882. History painter ; pupil of Brus- j lin, Oct. 13, 1824. History and portrait
sels Academy, then in 1828-30 of Paelinck ; painter ; pupil of the Berlin Academy and
went in 1831 to Paris, where he remained •, of Wilhelm Wach ; went in 1849 to Paris,
ten years, sending his works to the exhibi- where he studied under ^Cogniet, and
tions in Antwerp, Ghent, and Brussels. His thence to Italy. Studio in Berlin since
masterpiece, Compromise of the Nobles at 1 1853 ; painted at first historical subjects,
Brussels in 1566 (Brussels Museum and ; but now paints chiefly portraits, excelling
National Gallery, Berlin), exhibited in Ghent , in children's groups and female figures,
in 1841, and which won him the gold Member of and professor in the Berlin
medal, was exhibited throughout Germany. Academy. Works : Death of Gustavus
Member of the Berlin, Dresden, Munich, | Adolphus, Episode from Battle of Kunners-
150
BIERMANX
dorf ; genre scenes from Italian Life ; Vales-
ka, the Gipsy-Queen (1877); Esther (1880).
— Mailer, K, 50; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882),
L 252 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 323.
BIERMANN, KARL EDUARD, born in
Berlin, July 26, 1803. Landscape painter,
studied from nature in Tyrol, Switzerland,
and Italy, and became one of the founders
of the Berlin school of landscape painting.
He executed some of the wall paintings
in the new Museum. Is member of and
professor in the Berlin Academy. Works :
Three Views from Switzerland and Tyrol
(1830-32), National Gallery, Berlin ; View
in Florence (1834); Milan Cathedral, Tasso's
Oak (1830); Evening in the High Alps ; Isle
of Phihe, Temple of Edfu, Temple Courtyard
at Karnak, Ruins of Amphitheatre at Syra-
cuse, Berlin Museum ; sixteen views from
Diilmatia in water colours. — Brockhaus, iii.
36 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., iii. 451; Mttller, 50;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 332.
BIERSTADT, ALBERT, born in Dttssel-
dorf, Germany, Jan.
7, 1830. Landscape
painter ; brought by
his parents in 1831
to New Bedford,
Mass., where his
youth was spent ; be-
gan to paint in oils
in 1851, went to Diis-
seldorf in 1853, stud-
ied four years there
and in Rome. On his return to the United
States in 1857 he made a sketching tour in
the Rocky Mountains, and from this and
other visits to the West gathered materials
for his most important pictures. Again vis-
ited Europe in 1867, 1878, and 1883. Elect-
ed N.A. in 1860 ; medals in Austria, Ger-
many, Bavaria, and Belgium ; L. of Honour,
1867 ; Order of St. Stanislaus, 1869, second j
class, 1872. The Emperor of Germany re-
cently sent his photograph with autograph
to Mr. Bierstadt. Studio in New York. His
studio at Irvington, N. Y., was destroyed by
fire in 1882 with many valuable pictures. '
Works: Laramie Peak (1861), Academy of
Fine Arts, Buffalo ; Rocky Mountains —
Lander's Peak (1863), James McHenry ;
North Fork of the Platte (1864), Henry
Hilton, New York ; Looking down the Yo-
seniite (1865), W. H. Crosby ; El Capitau—
Merced River (1866), L. Tuckerman, New
York; Storm in Rocky Mountains — Mt.
Rosalie (1866), T. W. Kennard ; Valley of the
Yosemite (1866), James Lenox Collection,
New York; Burning Ship, August Belmout,
New York ; Settlement of California, Capi-
tol at Washington ; Emerald Pool, Mt.
Whitney (1870), Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New
York; In the Rocky Mountains (1871);
Great Trees of California (1874) ; Valley of
Kern's River— California (1875) ; Hermitage,
St. Petersburg; Mt. Whitney — Sierra Ne-
vada (1#77), Lewis Roberts ; Estes Park —
Colorado, Earl of Duuraven ; Mountain Lake,
Mt Corcoran — Sierra Nevada (1878), Corco-
ran Gallery, Washington ; Geysers (1883) ;
Storm on the Matterhorn, View on Kern
River (J.884); Discovery of Hudson River,
Capitol at Washington. He is now (1885)
engaged on a series of paintings represent-
ing the wild animals of America.
BIGG, WILLIAM RADMORE, born in
Jan., 1755, died in London, Feb. 6, 1828.
Genre painter ; student of Royal Academy
in 1778; elected an A.R.A. in 1787, and
R.A. in 1814. His Shipwrecked Sailor
Boy, Boys relieving a Blind Man, Black
Monday, and others, are engraved, and
were popular. — Sandby, i. 349.
BIGIO, FRANCIA,
born in Florence, in
1482, died there, Jan.
14, 1525. Florentine
school ; real name Fran-
cesco di Cristofano, but
commonly called Fran-
cia Bigio, which Baldi-
nucci erroneously makes
into Marcantonio Fran-
ciabigi. Vasari gener-
ally calls him H Francia. Pupil of Mariotto
Albertinelli, whose style he followed, though
157
BIGORDI
later he modified it by study of Andrea del
Sarto, who became his intimate friend, imi-
tator, and associate. Among his earlier
works are the Annunciation (like Alberti-
nelli), Turin Museum, and a Madonna with
Job and John the Baptist, Uffizi, Florence.
In 1513 he painted the Marriage of the
Virgin in the Court of the Servi, Florence.
The monks having removed the screens
which concealed it before it was quite fin-
ished, Bigio was so angry that he struck out
the head of the Virgin and some other heads j
with a hammer. The fresco, which has
never been repaired, is his masterpiece in
this kind of painting. His portraits are his
best works, some of them so fine that they
have passed under the names of Raphael
and of Francia. Good examples are in the
Louvre, Pitti (his own portrait), and Berlin
Museum. Pictures of his later
period are : Bathsheba in the
Bath (1523), Dresden Gallery;
and the Temple of Hercules,
Uffizi, Florence.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 500 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 96; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
florentine ; Baldinucci, ii. 129 ; Burckhardt,
G37 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 174.
BIGORDI, DOMENICO. See Ghirlan-
dajo.
BHJ3ERS, JOHANNES WARNARDUS,
born at Utrecht, Aug. 8, 1811. Landscape
painter, self-taught ; his conception and
tone are suggestive of Corot. Went to Wies-
baden in 1859, invited by the King of Hol-
land, to paint the panorama of the ruins of
Kloster Klarenthal, now in the Hague Mu-
seum. Other works in Amsterdam and
Haarlem Museums, and Carlsruhe Gallery.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 143.
BILEVELT, JOHAN, born at Maestricht,
in 1576, died at Florence, April 25, 1644.
Florentine school ; history painter, pupil of
Cigoli in Florence, whither he went with his
father, a picture-dealer, very early in life,
and where his name was transformed into
Bilivelti, Biliverti, or Bilivetti. Accompanied
Cigoli to Rome to assist in the decoration of
St. Peter's, and completed several of the
pictures after that master's death. "With the
qualities of Cigoli he endeavoured to unite
the expression of Titi and the ornamentation
of Paolo Veronese ; formed several distin-
guished pupils. Works : Elevation of the
Cross (masterpiece), Santa Croce, Florence ;
Holy Family, Chastity of Joseph, Judith,
Uffizi, ib.; others in S. Gaetano, S. Marco,
and other churches, ib.; Christ and the
Woman of Samaria, Vienna Museum. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, ii. 420 ; Baldinucci, No-
tizie, xiv. 34 ; Lauzi (Roscoe), i. 213.
BILLET, PIERRE, bom at Cantin (Nord),
France ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
pupil of Jules Breton. Medals : 3d class,
1873; 2d class, 1874. Works: Young Peas-
ant Woman (1867); Consequences of a Game
of Cards, Waiting (1868) ; Mayor's Party,
Fisher at Ambleteuse (1869), Bordeaux Mu-
seum ; Fishers in Environs of Boulogne
(1870), Lille Museum; Waiting, High Tide-
Coast of Normandy (1872), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Return from Market, Women cutting
Grass (1873) ; Tobacco Smugglers, Women
gathering Wood (1874); In Winter, Souvenir
of Ambleteuse (1875) ; Fountain at Yport,
Young Kitchen Gardener (1876) ; Shrimp
Fishers (1883); Marsh of Arleux (1884); Re-
turn from Seashore (1885). In the Uni-
^^ ted States:
Brittany
Peasant
Girl, Au-
gust Bel-
mont, New
York ; On the Seashore, C. Parsons, St.
Louis ; Noonday Rest, E. Davis, New York.
— Menard ; Portfolio (1875), 19.
BILLING, LARS TEODOR, born at As-
bo, Sweden, Oct. 6, 1817. Landscape painter;
pupil of Stockholm Academy, but studied
chiefly from nature. Travelled in Sweden,
and in 1856-59 in Denmark, Germany,
Switzerland, Belgium, and France. Works :
Swiss Landscape, Convent on the Rhine,
View in Norrland, Stockholm Museum ; De-
serted Mill ; Summer Evening on Malar
Lake.— Miiller, 25.
158
BIN
BIN, (JEAN BAPTISTE PHILIPPE)
EMTLE, born in Paris, Feb. 10, 1825. His-
tory painter ; pupil of Gosse, L. Cogniet,
and Ecole des Beaux Arts, where be won the
2d prix de Rome in 1850. His principal
work has been the decoration of public and
private buildings. Medals in 1865, 18G9 ;
L. of Honour, 1878. Works : " Peace, do
not Grieve" (1861); Orpheus put to Death
by Bacchantes (1863) ; Atalanta and Hippo-
menes (1864) ; Perseus and Andromeda
(1865), Tours Museum ; Hercules killing
his Wife and Children while Insane (1866),
Nantes Museum ; Prometheus Chained (1869),
Marseilles Museum ; Venus Astatic (1874);
Hail Gesar (1875). He decorated the Poly-
teehnicon in Zurich (18G5-70), many of the
ceilings of the Hotel du Louvre and of the
Grand Hotel, Paris.— Vapereau, (1880), 219.
BINCK, JACOB, bom in Cologne between
1490 and 1504, died in Kiinigsberg, 1568 or
1569. German school; portrait painter; sup-
posed to have been at Nuremberg and taught
by Durer before he visited Italy at an early
age. Included among the Little Masters,
though portrait painting was his chief occu-
pation, and engraving but an episode in his
career. Appointed court painter to Christian
HI. king of Denmark in 1531, he several
times absented himself from Copenhagen in
the service of Albert of Brandenburg, which
he finally entered in July, 1551, and thence-
forward resided at Konigsberg. He em-
ployed himself in planning fortresses and
redoubts, designing monuments, and in
painting the portraits of his friends. Works :
Portraits of Christian HI. and Queen Doro-
thea, Copenhagen Museum. — Fine Arts
Quarterly (1864), 372 ; Scott, 115 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 184 ; W. & W., ii. 491; Allg. d.
Biog., ii. 642 ; Merlo, 35.
BINDER, JOSEF, born in Vienna, Feb.
15, 1805, died there, April 16, 1863. His-
tory painter ; studied in Vienna and in
1827-34 in Munich. Painted at first por-
traits, then historical subjects, in which he
excelled. In 1836 he became professor at the
Stiidel Institute in Frankfort, but returned
to Vienna in 1847; became member of the
Academy in 1848, and professor in 1851.
Works: Elopement of Psyche (1832); Angels'
Watch (1836); Three Magi (1846); Emperor
Albrecht II, Kaisersaal, Frankfort; Madon-
na ; Conversion of Julian ; Door-Keeper of
Heaven ; St. Florian ; St. Catherine of Siena
visiting poor Family; St. Eustachius Hunt-
ing, Romulus and Remus, Vienna Museum.
— Meyer, Con. Lex., iii. 488 ; Wiirzbach, i.
400.
BINET, ADOLPHE GUSTAVE, bora at
La RivitTe-Saint-Sauveur (Calvados); con-
temporary. Genre and portrait painter ; pu-
pil of Gcrome. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works:
The Omnibus (1881); Avenue des Champs-
Elysees, The Villagers (1882); Idleness, Cor-
ner of the Meadow (1883) ; Cab-Stand at Quai
de lHotel de Ville, Sand-Loaders at Quai
d'Austerlitz {1884); Timber Wagon at Mont-
I'ouge, Les Anes de Robinson (1885).
BINET, VICTOR JEAN BAPTISTE
BARTHELEMY, born at Rouen ; contem-
porary. Landscape painter. Medal, 3d
class, 1882. Works : Seine at St. Aubin
(1880) ; Cote-Pelee (1881) ; Passing Wave,
Old Road of Arcueil (1882) ; Corner of
Orchard at St. Aubin-sur-Quillebeuf (1883) ;
On the Heights of Heurteauville, Morning at
St. Aubin (1884); Old Road near Bicetre,
September Morning (1885).
BING, VALENTIN, born at Amsterdam,
April 22, 1812. History and genre painter;
pupil of Kruseman ; since 1838 his pictures
have met with great success at exhibitions
in Holland. Works : Mark the Evangelist ;
Isaac and Rebecca ; John the Evangelist ;
Woman from Isle of Schockland. — Mflller,
52.
BIRCH, THOMAS, born in London,
England, in 1779, died in Philadelphia in
1851. Portrait and marine painter ; came
to America in 1793. Painted portraits in
Philadelphia until 1807, when a visit to the
Capes of Delaware turned his attention to
marine painting. He was also successful in
snow-scenes. Works : Engagement between
United States and Macedonian ; Engage-
169
BlllD
ment between Constitution and Guerriore ;
Engagement between Wasp and Frolic, Har-
rison Collection, Philadelphia ; three Marine
Views, Claghorn Collection, Philadelphia.
BIRD, EDWARD, born at Wolverhamp-
ton, England, April 12, 1772, died at Bristol,
Nov. 2, 1819. History and genre painter ;
after learning to paint landscapes, fruits, and
flowers on Japan ware became a drawing
master, and in 1807 exhibited some pictures
at Bath which brought him into notice. His
first works were genre subjects, such as The
Blacksmith's Shop, The Young Recruit, and
The Country Auction, but he soon began to
paint religious and historical subjects with
such success that he was appointed painter
to the Princess Charlotte, and became in
1812 an A.R.A., and in 1815 R.A. Still,
his earlier works are the best, his more am-
bitious conceptions being beyond his ability
to complete. Works : Raffle for the Watch,
National Gallery ; Day after Chevy Chase,
Death of Eli, Stafford House, London ;
Queen Philippa supplicating for the Lives of
the Burghers of Calais (1814); Crucifixion
(1817); Death of Sapphira (1818).— Nat.
Gal. Cat.; Cunningham ; Art Union, 1843,
92 ; F. de Conches, 329 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise ; Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 352.
BISET, KAREL EMANUEL, born at
Mechlin, baptized Dec. 26, 1033, died at
Breda in 1680. Flemish school ; genre and
portrait painter ; went early to Paris, where
his pictures, representing festal assemblies,
balls, etc., were much in vogue ; returned
to Flanders and entered the service of
Comte de Monterey, Governor of the
Netherlands ; settled soon after at Ant-
werp, where he was received into the guild
in 1661 ; became a citizen in 1663, and dean
of the guild, and director of the Academy in
1675. Works : Tell shooting at the Apple
on his Sou's Head, Brussels Museum ;
Flemish Interior, Rotterdam Museum. —
Biogr. nat. cle Belgique, ii. 440 ; Fetis, Cat.
du Musce Royal, 253.
BISI, LUIGI, Cavaliere, born in Milan,
May 10, 1814. Architecture and landscape
painter ; pupil of Fr. Durelli at Milan
Academy, of which he became professor of
perspective, and later, president. Paints
chiefly interiors. WTorks : Interior of Milan
Cathedral (1840), Vienna Museum ; Orsan-
michele in Florence, National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; S. Marco, Milan Cathedral, in Milan
Academy ; View of Bellagio ; Choir in St.
Ambrosius, Milan ; Interior of S. Michele,
ib. ; Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Amster-
dam Exposition, 1883.— Wurzbach, i. 411.
BISPHAM, HENRY COLLINS, born in
Philadelphia, June 9, 1841, died in Rome,
Dec. 22, 1882. Animal painter ; pupil in Phil-
adelphia of Edmund D. Lewis and William
T. Richards, and studied in Paris under Otto
Weber and E. van Marcke. Professional
life passed in Philadelphia, New York, Paris,
and Rome ; served in army in 1862, in the
Cumberland Valley, in Pennsylvania, and in
Maryland. Was successful in the delineation
of wild animals and cattle. WTorks : Cav-
alry Raid (1863); Dead in the Desert,
Roman Bull (1867) ; Roman Wine-Cart
(1868); On the Campagna, To the Front,
Noonday Rest (1869); Hunting Dogs, Four-
in-Hand, Polo (1870); Hunted Down (1871);
The Stampede (1872); Misty Day (1873);
Ross Castle (1874); Study of Figures (1875);
The Lion "Sultan" (1879); Pennsylvania
Academy ; Valee du Var (1880) ; Roman
Oxen Ploughing (1881) ; Friendly Over-
tures, Roman Horses (1882).
BISSCHOP, CHRISTOPH, born at Leeu-
warden ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
pupil in Paris of Comte and Gleyre. Lives
at The Hague. Works : Rembrandt going
to Lecture on Anatomy (1867); Burgomas-
ter's Daughter, Cradle-Painter (1872); Cu-
riosity-Shop ; The Victim ; Christening Day
in Frieslaud ; Wedding Day ; Winter in
Friesland ; The Prisoner's Song ; The Lord
has given, the Lord has taken away (1880) ;
160
I3ISSOLO
The Critical Moment, Crown-Jewels, Visit to
Grandmamma (1883).— Mailer, 52.
BISSOLO, PIETBO FRANCESCO, born
in Treviso. Venetian school ; painted from
about 1490 to 1530 ; pupil of the Bellini ;
fellow-labourer of Catena and Marco Marzi-
ale in the Sola del Gran Consiglio in 1492.
He ranked among the better followers of
Giovanni Bellini, and probably helped him
in many of his pictures. His earliest known
work, the Annunciation, Manfrini Gallery,
Venice, shows careful and conscientious
work, but a lack of strength. The Resur-
rection in the Berlin Museum is one of his
most agreeable works, and his best exam-
ple out of Italy. One of his largest altar-
pieces is Coronation of St. Catherine of
Siena, Venice Academy. Thought by C. &
C. to be identical with Pietro de' Ingannati,
author of a Madonna in Berlin Museum. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 286 ; Burckhardt, 602 ;
Lermolieff, 179, 412; Lttbke, GescL itaL
Mai., i. 554.
BITTERLICH, EDUARD, bora at Stup-
nicka, Galicia, in 1840, died at Pressbaum,
near Vienna, May 20, 1872. History paint-
er ; pupil in Vienna of Waldmuller ; be-
came afterwards the most prominent assist-
ant of Rahl, after whose death he executed,
with Griepenkerl, that master's composi-
tions for the new Opera House. Works :
Pompeian Scenes, Palazzo Ypsilanti ; Twen-
ty Lunettes, Dining Room, Grand Hotel ;
The Arts, Tietz Mansion ; Paintings in Pal-
ace Epstein, all in Vienna. — Kunst-Chronik,
vii. 37.
BIZZERA. See Becerra.
BLAAS, EUGEN, born at Albano, near
Rome, July 24, 1843. History painter ; son
and pupil of Karl Blaas ; studied at Ven-
ice Academy, and at the Vienna Academy,
whence he went to Rome and Paris as Aus-
trian pensionary. Visited afterwards Bel-
gium and England, and settled in Venice,
whence he draws most of his subjects.
Works : Conversion of the Raetians by St.
' Valentine, Introduction of Decameron Gi-
otto and Cimabue, Faust and Marguerite,
Dogaressa going to Church, Bridal Proces-
sion in S. Marco, Venetian Masquerade,
The Page, Scene from Decameron, Venetian
Balcony Scene, Serious Story, Excursion to
Murano, Vienna Museum. — Kunst-Chronik,
xiii. 376 ; Mttller, 53 ; niustr. Zeitg. (1871),
ii. 238 ; (1883), i. 525 ; ii. 403.
BLAAS, JULIUS, bora at Albano in 1843.
Animal painter, especially of horses ; son
and pupil of Karl B., went to Rome, where
he painted genre scenes from the Cam-
pagna ; afterwards made a trip around the
world. Works: Race of Intoxicated Sla-
• vouic Peasants (1860), Vienna Museum ;
! Fox and Stag Hunts, Horse-herds, etc.
BLAAS, KARL VON, born at Nauders,
Tyrol, May 28, 1815. History painter;
pupil of Venice Academy under Lipparini,
then in Florence and Rome, where, influ-
enced by Overbeck and Koch, he devoted
himself to ecclesiastical art, and genre scenes
of a ritual character. In 1850 he was ap-
pointed professor at the Vienna Academy,
painted several frescos in the Alt-Lerchen-
: feld church, and accepted in 1855 the nomi-
nation as professor at the Venice Academy.
Some years later he began to execute for
the Vienna Arsenal forty-two fresco paint-
i ings, from Austrian history, which occupied
him eleven yeara Recently he has, besides
portraits, painted genre and mythological
| scenes. Works : Tullia driving over her
Father's Body (1832); Miracle of Roses,
Return of Jacob from Labau (1841), Vienna
Museum ; Madonna in Glory, St. Catherine
borne by Angels, Christ at Emmaus, Christ
on Mount of Olives, Mass for Reapers in the
Campagna, thirty-three frescos for church at
Foth, near Pesth, Charlemagne visiting
Boys' School, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of
Cardinal Primate of Hungary (1854); Rape
of Venetian Brides in 6th century (1858),
Innsbruck Museum ; forty-two scenes in
fresco, Vienna Arsenal ; Rape of a Nymph,
! Danae, Nymph and Satyr ; Sunday Morning
at Albano (1879) ; Adam and Eve, C. C. Per-
161
BLAGUE
kins, Boston. Portraits of Francis Joseph I.
and of Queen of Spain. — Miiller, 53 ; Ulustr.
Zeitg. (1880), ii. 258.
BLACHE, CHRISTIAN VIGILIUS, born
at Aarhus, Denmark, Feb. 1, 1838. Marine
painter and illustrator ; pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy; visited Holland, France,
Italy, and Germany in 1872-73, Paris in
1878. Works: Seaport (18G3); View at
Begtrupvigen (1864), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Danish Men-of-War (1865); High Tide near
Kronborg (1869); On the Coast of Scheven-
ingen ; Life-Boat ; Steamboat in Heavy Sea
(1879); Soren Kannel (1877); Squadron
(1880); Schooner passing Skagen (1881);
Calm Sea with Lighthouse on Scotch Coast
(1882).— Sigurd Mtiller, 26 ; Weilbach, 71.
BLACK BEUNSWICKEES, John Ever-
ett Millais, private gallery, England. The
parting between a young officer of the
Brunswick Hussars and his wife or fiancee,
perhaps in 1815, when the Brunswick troops
marched to join the British army. The
black uniform, faced with light blue, was a
mourning habit which the corps bound
themselves to wear until they had avenged
the death of their late Duke. On the wall
is hung the engraving of Napoleon crossing
the Alps. Companion to the Huguenot
Lover. Royal Academy, 1860. — Art Journal
(1860), 162.
BLACKBURN, JONATHAN B., born in
Connecticut about 1700, died after 1760.
Portrait painter ; worked from 1750 to 1765
in Boston, which he left, it is conjectured,
because he felt himself outdone by Copley,
who is said to have been his pupil. Por-
traits : Joseph and Mrs. Allan (Miss An-
drews, Boston) ; Mr. Amory (Ed. Sohier,
Longwood) ; Ch. and Miss Apthorp (Mrs. T.
Swett, Boston) ; Col. and Mrs. Th. Atkinson
(Mrs. M. W. Tredick, Nokesville, Va.) ; Th.
Atkinson, Jr. (F. A. Freeman, Hanover, N.
H.); Mrs. R. Ball (W. H. Edes, Charlestown);
Mrs. Barrell (Miss Barrell, York, Me.) ; Mrs.
Th. Bulfinch (Mrs. T. Swett, Boston) ; Mrs.
Cabot (Geo. G. Lowell) ; Members of Cun-
ningham family (Mr. A. S. Parker, Boston) ;
two half-length portraits (Dr. Dearing,
Utica, N. Y.) ; Mr. and Mrs. J. Ewing (Mrs.
S. Ewing, Boston) ; James and Mary Flag
(Rev. Geo. E. Ellis) ; Ellis Gray (W. F.
Gary, Boston) ; Mr. and Mrs. \V. and Mrs.
J. Greenleaf (R. C. Greenleaf, Boston) ; Mr.
and Mrs. B. Hall (Dr. Hall Curtis, Boston) ;
Rev. J. and Mrs. Hancock (Public Library,
Lexington) ; Mr. and Mrs. D. Henchman
(D. Henchman, Boston) : Mi1, and Mrs. R.
Inman (W. Arnory, Boston) ; Judge Lowell
(A. Lowell, Boston); Win. A and Mrs. Oliver,
Jr. ( Dr. F. E. Oliver) ; James Otis (1755),
Mr. G. Phillips (Mrs. W. E. Fette) ; Mrs.
Phillips (Mrs. M. A. Jones, Boston) ; Mr.
and Mrs. B. Pollard (Miss M. V. Winslow,
ib.) ; Saltonstall family (R. W. Hubbard,
Brooklyn, N. Y.) ; Margaret Temple (Hon.
R. C. Winthrop, Boston) ; P. Tracy (P. T.
Jackson, Boston) ; Edward Winslow, Gen. J.
Winslow (Mass. Hist. Soc.) ; Joshua Wins-
low (Miss M. V. Winslow) ; Winslow family
picture (1757, S. W. Winslow, Boston) ;
Mr. E. S. Winslow (Arthur Pickering, Rox-
bury). — A T. Perkins, Sketches of Black-
bum and Smibert, Proceedings Mass. Hist.
Soc. (1878), viii. 385.
BLACKSTADIUS, JOHAN, born at Fal-
kenberg, Sweden, March 14, 1816. His-
tory painter ; pupil of Stockholm Academy ;
painted portraits and altarpieces in Finland,
in 1845-50, visited Paris and Italy, and re-
turned to Sweden in 1854 via Switzerland
and Germany. Fellow of Stockholm Acad-
emy. His principal work is St. Siegfried
baptising in Gothland. — Miiller, 54.
BLAKE, WIL-
LIAM, born in Lon-
don, Nov. 28, 1757,
died there. Aug. 12,
1827. Designer in
water-colours ; stu-
dent in drawing at
Pars' school ; when
fourteen years old
apprenticed for sev-
en years to James
Basire, engraver ; afterward studied in An-
163
BLAKELOCK
tique School of Royal Academy. Began by I painter ; pupil of Bin and Cabanel. Won
making designs for book illustrations, of the pris de Rome in 18G7. Medals : 1870 ;
which he published a great number, many
of them in colours. He exhibited a few
works at the Royal Academy, among them
Death of Earl Godwin (1780); Breach in a
City the Morning after Battle, War un-
chained by an Angel (1784); History of Jo-
seph (1785); Last Sapper (1799); Jacob's
Dream, Christ
Angels (1808).
in Sepulchre guarded by
In the National Gallery is
his Spiritual Form of Pitt guiding Behe-
moth. He also published many works en-
graved by himself, and poems illustrated by
himself.— Gilchrist, Life (London, 1863);
Swinburne, Life (London, 1868); Cat. Nat.
Gal. ; C. Carr, Essays, 35 ; Rossetti, Memoir
in his edition of Blake's Poems
(1876), 67.
BLAKELOCK, RALPH ALBERT, bom
New York, in 1847. Self-taught. Stu-
1st class, 1872 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1878. Works : Thetis taking to Achil-
les the Arms forged by Vulcan, Murder
of Laius by (Edipus (1867); The First Sin
(1869); Perseus (1870), Luxembourg; Re-
moval of the Palladium (1872); The Inva-
sion (1873); The Rescue, Clovis's Vow in
the Battle of Tolbia and his Baptism (1876),
sketch of paintings for the Pantheon ; Brig-
and's Wife (1878), M. Pasteur ; Judith and
in
dio in New York. Works: Indian
TJinta Tribe, T. B. Clarke, New York
of Buffalo Hunt, Shooting the Arrow (1880);
Cloverdale— California, Moonlight, Indian
Fisherman (1882); "Cool wooded shades,
abode of stately deer," Bannock Wigwam
in Peaceful Vale (1883).
BLANC, LOUIS AMMY, born in Berlin,
Aug. 9, 1810, died in Dusseldorf, April 7,
1885. Genre and portrait painter ; pupil,
from 1829, of the Berlin Academy, and
from 1833, under Hdbner, of the Dussel-
dorf Academy ; painted at first subjects
Holofernes, My Lieutenant (1879); Clovis's
Triumph (1881); The Tiber (1885).
BLANCHARD, EDOUARD THEO-
PHILE, born in Paris, April 18, 1844, died
there, Oct. 24, 1879. Genre, history, and por-
Portfolio trait painter ; pupil of Picot and of Cabanel ;
was third in 1866 for the grand prix de
Rome, second in 1867, and won it in 1868.
Medals : 2d class, 1872 ; 1st class, 1874.
Girl— Works: Panel for a Dining-Room (1867);
Story Death of Astyanax (1868), painted with
from mediueval romance, then portraits in
Hanover in 1840-42, and in Darmstadt in
1846-47 ; visited England and France in
1857. Works: Praying Woman, The
Regnault and Clairin ; The Courtesan
(1872); Hylas entrapped by the Nymphs
(1874); Cortegiana (1875); LeLutriu (1876);
Fraucesca da Rimini (1880). — Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 107.
BLANCHARD, (HENRI PETROS LE-
ON) PHARAMOND, bom at La Guillotiere
(Rhone), Feb. 27, 1805, died in Paris, Dec.
19, 1873. History and landscape painter ; pu-
pil in Paris of Chasselat and Gros ; travelled
in Spain (1833), Africa, Mexico (1838), Ger-
many, France, and Russia (1856), and exhib-
ited at the Salon almost every year after
1833. Medal, 3d class, 1836 ; L. of Honour,
1840. Works : Disarmament of Vera Cruz
Church-Goer (1835) ; Goldsmith's Daughter j (1840), Versailles Museum ; Balboa discover-
(1836) ; Marguerite in Church (1838); Girls • ing South Sea (1855), bought by State ; Val-
fishing (1838), National Gallery, Berlin ; ley of Jehoshaphat ; March of Division of
Susanna at the Bath, Otto the Shot, Mar- French Army on Mexico (1865), bought by
guerite at Martha's, Italian Shepherd-Boy,
Girl fallen Asleep, Expectation, Red Riding-
Hood. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., iii. 539 ; Muller,
54.
BLANC, PAUL JOSEPH, born at Mont-
martre (Paris), Jan. 25, 1846. Genre
-Ottley ; Vapereau
Ministry of Fine Arts.-
(1865), 202.
BLANCHARD, JACQUES, born in Paris,
Oct. 1, 1600, died there in 1638. Pupil of
his uncle J6r6me Bolley ; went to Lyons in
1620, and spent four years in studying with
IK!
BLANCHE!
and assisting Horace Le BLanc ; then spent
two years at Koine, and some time at Venice,
where bystudy
of the old mas-
tershesomuch
improved as a
colourist that
on his return
home he was
called the
French Titian.
He painted !
now destroyed
works in the Hotel Perault and Hotel Bul-
lion, Paris, and in Turin the loves of Venus
and Adonis for the Duke of Savoy. Works :
Holy Family, The Virgin and St. Anne,
Charity, St. Paul, Louvre. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
frai^aise.
BLANCHET, THOMAS, born in Paris, in
1617, died in Lyons, in 1689. French school;
studied in Italy under Albani, Andrea Sacclii,
and Poussin. After his return painted a St.
Paul for Notre Dame (1663), and then settled
in Lyons, where he decorated the Hotel de
Ville, and founded an Academy (1681), from '
which proceeded many able artists. Nearly i
all his works were destroyed in 1793. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole fran^aise ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1874), x. 278.
BLANCKARTS, MORITZ, born in Dus-
seldorf, April 16, 1839, died in Stuttgart,
April 12, 1883. Battle painter ; pupil of
Pliischke and of Vautier, then at Dttsseldorf •
Academy under Christian Kuhler, in 1857 of
Leutze, and in 1858-59 of Hiinten ; and
completed his studies by travels through
Germany and Belgium. Works : Death of
Korner (1859); Death of Major Schill (1860);
York at Mockern (1863) ; King William at
Koniggriitz (1867); Death of Col. Auerswald
(1872); Bazaine at Mars la Tour(1873); Death
of Col. Count Finkenstein (1874) ; Prince
Leopold of Coburg at Kulm (1875) ; Depar-
ture ; Hussars at the Inn ; Crown Prince of
Prussia greeting the Bavarians after the Vic-
tory of Worth.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii.
117; Miiller, 55 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 466.
BLASHFIELD, EDWIN HOWLAND,
born in New York, Dec. 25, 1848. Subject
painter ; pupil of Bonnat in Paris. Visited
Europe in 1867, remaining abroad eleven
years. Member of Society of American Ar-
tists. Elected an A.N.A. in 1882. Studio
in New York. Works : Emperor Commodus
leaving the Amphitheatre at the head of
the Gladiators (1878); Roman Woman (1879);
The Besieged (1880); Souvenir of Mentone;
Toreador (1881) ; Music, Suspense, Autumn
(1882) ; Allegretto, Andante, Minute Men
(1883) ; Decorative Panels, Morning, etc.
(1884), H. McK Twombly, New York.
BLAU, TINA, born in Vienna, Nov. 15,
1847. Landscape painter ; pupil in Vienna
of August Schiiffer, and in Munich of Linden-
schmit. Has travelled in Bohemia, Hun-
gary, Holland, and repeatedly visited Italy.
Works : Regulation of the Danube near Vi-
enna ; Autumn in the Prater ; Canal near
Amsterdam ; Autumn Day in Holland ; Arch
of Titus in Rome ; Street in Venice ; View
near Szolnok ; Bavarian Landscape ; Outside
the City; Rain and Sunshine; Field-Flowers,
April-Day, Spring in the Prater (1883). —
Mtiller, 55.
BLAUVELT, CHARLES F., born in New
York, in 1824. Genre painter ; pupil of the
National Academy, and of Charles L. Elliot.
Professional life passed in New York and
Philadelphia. Elected N.A. in 1859, mem-
ber of Pennsylvania Academy in 1864, made
assistant professor of drawing at the United
States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878.
Works : Warming Up ; Lost Child ; Night
Signal ; Waiting for the Train ; Inquiring
the Way ; Preparing for School ; Snowed In ;
Burned Out ; Entrance to Old Fort Severn
—Annapolis (1880).
BLECHEN, KARL EDUARD, born at
Kottbus, July 29, 1798, died in Berlin, July
23, 1840. Landscape painter ; studied at
the Berlin Academy. In 1827 went to Italy
and thenceforth painted chiefly Italian land-
scapes. From 1830 he taught at the Berlin
Academy, of which he was made member
and professor in 1835. Works : Camp near
1G4
BLEIBTItEU
Miiggel Lake, Villa Estc, View near Narni,
Bathing Nymphs, Villa Borghese, Swiss Win-
ter Landscape, View of Naples, Bay of Spez-
zia ; View at Tivoli, National Gallery, Berlin.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 700; Kosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 329.
BLEIBTREU, GEOKG, born at Xanten,
March 27, 1828. Battle painter ; pupil of
Dilsseldorf Academy in 1843-48, and again,
shortly after, under Theodore Hildebraudt ;
first won success with scenes from the
Danish war. Later painted battles from the
wars of Frederick the Great and the German
war of deliverance. In 1858 he moved to
Berlin, accompanied in 1866 the Prussian
army in the suite of Prince Frederick
Charles, and in 1870 in that of the Crown
Prince. Member of Berlin Academy in
18G9. Works : Battle of Holding, Destruc-
tion of the Kiel Turner-Corps at Flensburg
(1852); Battles of Grossbeeren, on the Katz-
bach (1857); Battle of Aspern, Storming the
Grimma Gate in Leipsic, Duke Ferdinand of
Brunswick in Battle of Crefeld (1858); Epi-
sode from Battle of Waterloo (1858) ; Skir-
mishes on KOnigshiigel at Oeversee ; Cross-
ing to Alsen, Battle of Koniggrittz, National
Gallery, Berlin ; The Bavarians before Paris,
Surrender of Napoleon after Sedan, Meeting
of Moltke and Wimpffen, King William
near a Battery before Paris, King WTilliam
after Battle of Gravelotte, Napoleon's Flight
after Battle of Waterloo (1878) ; Attack
of Saxon Corps at St. Privat (1880); Storm-
ing of Froschweiler by the Wilrtemberg
Troops (1880) ; The Summons in 1813
(1881), Arsenal, Berlin. — Brockhaus, iii.
15G; Mttller, 56; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
157.
BLEKER, DIRCK, born at Haarlem,
nourished about 1650. Dutch school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, strongly suggest-
ing the school of Rembrandt ; became a citi-
zen of Amsterdam in 1652,and, to judge from
the prices paid for his pictures, was among
the most esteemed artists of his time.
Works: Mary Magdalen (1652); Venus;
Danae ; Male portrait (1657), Brunswick
Gallery. — Kramm, vii. 14; Riegel, Beitrage,
ii. 282 ; WiUigen, 82.
BLEKER, GERRIT CLAESZ, nourished
at Haarlem, died there, buried Feb. 8,
1656. Dutch school ; history and landscape
painter; formed probably under the influence
of Cornells van Haarlem and of Lastmann,
later under that of Rembrandt. Works :
Conversion of Saul, Rotterdam Museum ;
Paul and Barnabas at Lystra (1634), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; Tobias and the Angel, Pesth
Museum. — Bode, Studien, 348 ; Riegel, Bei-
trage, ii. 223 ; Willigen, 81.
BLES, DAVID, born at The Hague,
Sept. 19, 1821. Genre painter ; pupil of
Kruseman ; studied in 1841-43 in Paris,
and visited afterwards Belgium and Eng-
land. Paints chiefly humourous subjects.
Order of Iron Crown (1850), Leopold (1855),
L. of Honour (1870). Works : Young
Household, Imagined Sickness of the Pas-
tor (1848); Three Mothers, Flower Girl
(1855); Diana in Painting, Diana in Life,
Amateur Concert (1860) ; German Dining
Room in 1795 (1862); Forbidden Novel
(1863); Children's Duet, Precocious Lover,
Siesta, Clandestine Correspondence (1864);
Empty Place at Hearth (1868); Friends of the
Family (1877); Dutch Booth in 1765 (1879).
— Larousse ; Mailer, 57.
BLES, HERRI DE (Hendrik met de
Blesse, Henricus Blesius), called also Ci-
vetta, born at Bouvignes, near Namur,
about 1480, died probably at Lii)ge, about
1550 (? after 1521). Flemish school ; land-
scape and history painter, in the manner of
Joachim Pateuier, representing one of the
last branches of the Van Eyck school, and in
other respects the transition to the Italian-
ized Flemish style of the following period.
Lived also in Italy, painted at Venice and
Brescia, and was of Mechlin in 1521 (?).
His pictures (marked by the owl, whence
the nickname Civetta), show an earlier and
a later period ; the former characterized by
great carefulness, the latter by exaggeration
of naturalistic tendency. The colouring is
usually grey, in his late examples cold and
ItiS
BLESSING
unpleasant in tone. Works : Christ on
the Cross, The Magdalen, St. Christopher
carrying Infant Christ (attributed to Pate-
nier), National Gallery, London ; Tempta-
tion of St. Anthony, Brussels Museum ;
Kepose in Egypt, Antwerp Museum ; Holy
Family, Basle Museum ; St. Hubert Hunt-
ing, Maurice Chapel, Nuremberg ; Adoration
of the Magi (signed: Henricus Blessius F.),
Angelic Salutation, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Male portrait with landscape, Berlin
Museum ; Pedler robbed by Monkeys, Dres-
den Gallery; Flight into Egypt (?), St.
John Preaching, Good Samaritan, Walk to
Emmaus, Kepose in Egypt (called style of
Patenier), Museum, Vienna ; Christ bearing
the Cross, St. John preaching, Academy, ib. ;
St. Jerome in the Desert (attributed to Pate-
nier), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Dante's In-
ferno, Doge's Palace, Venice ; Tempta-
tion of St. Anthony, Museo Civico, ib.;
Tower of Babel, Academy, ib.; Madonna,
Working a Mine, Uffizi, Florence ; Christ
bearing the Cross, Palazzo Doria, Rome ;
Landscapes (5),
Naples Museum ;
Adoration of the
Magi (?), Milan
Academy ; do.
and Landscape
(attributed to
Patenier), Ma-
drid Museum. — Biogr. nat. de Belgique, ii.
471 ; Michiels, iv. 368, 391 ; ix. 115 ; Rie-
gel, Beitrage, ii. 44 ; Booses (Reber), 114 ;
W. & W., ii. 522 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv.
128.
BLESSING THE HARVEST, (Benedic-
tion des bles), Jules Breton, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 10 ft. 5 in.
Ceremony of blessing the harvest in Artois.
A procession, headed by young girls in
white, followed by the priest under a canopy
attended by choir boys, the village officials,
and peasants in their old-fashioned holiday
clothes, pass through the fields ; in fore-
ground, women and children kneeling.
Salon, 1857.— Meyer, Gesck., 642.
BLIND FIDDLER, Sir David Wilkie,
National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 1 ft.
J 11 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. An itinerant musician,
seated at left, entertaining a cottager and
his family by playing on his fiddle. Twelve
figures ; accessories very elaborate. Painted
in 1807 for Sir George Beaumont, who pre-
sented it in 1826. Engraved by J. Burnet,
T. Nicholson.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Heaton,
Works of Sir D. W. ; Mollett, 26 ; Waagen,
Art Treasures, i. 376.
BLIND-MAN'S-BUFF, Sir David Wilkie,
Buckingham Palace ; canvas. Cottagers
playing blind-man's-buff in a kitchen.
Painted in 1812 for George IV. when Prince
Regent, who paid for it 300 guineas. Loan
Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1883. Original
sketch (1811) in National Gallery. En-
graved by A. Raimbach, W. Greatbach. —
| Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. ; Mollett, 42,
46 ; Waagen, Art Treasures, ii. 25 ; Art
Journal (1860), 108.
BLOCK, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris;
contemporary. Landscape and genre paint-
er ; pupil of Gerome and Bastien-Lepage.
Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works: At the
Antiquary's (1880) ; Banks of Seine at Vaux
(1881), M. Deloru-re; Crab Fisherman, Mill
of Jarcy (1882); Willows of Bonneuil, Che-
min du Chapitre at Cretail (1883); Place de
la Chapelle — Paris, Brook of Moc-Souris —
Morbihan (1884); Defence of Rochefort-en-
Terre— April 29, 1793 (1885).
BLOCK, KARL HEINRICH, born in
Copenhagen, May 23, 1834. Genre and his-
tory painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy ; studied from nature among peas-
antry of Zealand and on coast of Jut-
laud, and soon acquired reputation for hu-
mourous pictures. Studio in Rome from
1859 to 1865. Since then has painted
mostly historical subjects. He is a member
of and professor at the Copenhagen Acad-
emy. Medals in 1852, 1853, 1864 ; Order
of Dauebrog, 1867. Works : Peasant's
Cottage (1854) ; Fisherman's Family on
Shore (1858); Repast (1859); Fisherman
from Sorrento (1861), Copenhagen Gallery;
inc
I3LOCK
Old Bachelor, Two Monks (1862); Samson
at the Mill (1863), Daughter of Jairus
(1864), Copenhagen Gallery ; Roman Street |
Barber (1864); Prometheus (1864) ; Twenty-!
two Scenes from Life of Christ (1866-84), i
Chapel of Castle Fredericksborg ; Christ
and the Children, Christ the Consoler,
Christ at Emmaus, Christ at Gethsem-
ane, Resurrection, St. Jacob's Church,
Copenhagen ; Sainson and Delilah (1874) ;
Fishseller Woman (1876), Copenhagen Gal-
partly serious, partly humourous. Medal,
Paris, 1842 ; L. of Honour, 1846. Works :
Flemish Inn (1833) ; Musical Party, Grand-
father's Visit, Tavern-Interior, Rural Feast
near Antwerp (1836) ; Politicians, Going
Home from School (1855) ; Poacher's Wife,
Hunter's Boy (1859) ; Flower Girl, Indiscreet
Belles (1860) ; Reading the Bible, Sunday,
Cold and Hunger (1862) ; The Smith, He is
coming ! — Art Journal (1866), 73 ; Immer-
zeel, i. 59 ; Kramm, i. 100.
==3 II, ', '. i >•!!$ /•'/////''///
Blind-Man's-Buff, Sir David Wilkie, Buckingham Palace.
lery ; Hans Tavson protecting Bishop Ron- 1
now, James of Scotland visiting Tycho dc >
Brahe, Chancellor Niels Kaas and his
Ward, Prince Christian, King Christian
as Prisoner in Sonderburg, Interior in
Time of Christian TV. (1881). — Sigurd
Miiller, 33 ; Weilbach, 72 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xviii. 37.
BLOCK, EUGENICS FRANS DE, born
at Grammont, East Flanders, May 14, 1812.
Genre painter ; pupil at Ghent of Van Huffel,
and in Antwerp of Braekeleer; since 1833
has exhibited genre scenes from low life,
BLOEMAERT, ABRAHAM, born at Gor-
cum, Dec. 25,
1564, died at Ut-
recht about 1658.
Dutch school ;
history, portrait,
and landscape
painter ; pupil of
Joost de Beer at
Utrecht, and, af- /
ter having stud-
iedin Parisunder
different masters in 1581-84, of Hierony
BLOEMEN
mus Francken at Herenthals ; returned
to Utrecht, where, having for some time
lived at Amsterdam (citizen there in 1591),
he settled again before 1600, and is men-
tioned as member and dean of the guild in
1611-28. Treated all branches of painting
from religious subjects down to still-life.
Works : Ave Maria, Nativity (1612), Male
portrait, Louvre, Paris ; Magdalen Repent-
ant, Nantes Museum ; Hippomenes crowned
in the Arena (1626); Marriage of Peleus
(1638), Hague Museum ; Diogenes and the
Booster, Eaising of Lazarus (1607), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; St. John preaching,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Argus and Mercury
(1645), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Mar-
tyrdom of St. Andrew (copy after Caravag-
gio), Old Man's Head (1635), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Joseph's Second Dream, Berlin Muse-
um; Nativity, St. John preaching in the
Desert, SS. Peter and Paul, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Niobe, Venus and Adonis, Hercules
and Omphale, Copenhagen Gallery. His
son and pupil, Hendrik, master of the guild
at Utrecht about 1630-32, repeatedly its
dean, and last mentioned in 1664, imitated
at first Italian masters, afterwards Rubens.
Works : Paul before Agrippa (1634), Maria
van Pallaes (1657), two others, Utrecht
Museum;
Male por-
trait (1641),
Brunswick
Gallery ; do. (1648 ?), Dresden Gallery.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel, i.
60 ; Kramm, i. 101 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii.
166, 181 ; De Stuers, 14.
BLOEMEN, JAN FRANS VAN, called
Orizonte, baptized in Antwerp, May 12,
1662, died in Rome about 1740 (?). Flem-
ish school ; landscape painter, brother of
Pieter van Bloemen, pupil of Antonius
Goubau. Went early to Rome, where he
painted Italian views, showing influence of
Claude Lorrain and Gaspar Poussin. In-
ferior to this master in grandeur of concep-
tion, he excelled him in the delicate grada-
tion of distance, whence called 1'Orizonte.
Ai
Among his numerous works are : Six land-
scapes, Louvre ; Flight into Egypt, Lille
Museum ; Myth of Latona, Berlin Museum ;
Landscape, Dresden Museum ; Landscape,
Brera, Milan ; three landscapes, Vienna
Museum ; Armida, two others, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; several in Academy of St.
Luke and other galleries, Rome. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, ii. 488 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
flamande ; Michiels, x. 334 ; Rooses (Reber),
415.
BLOEMEN, NORBERT VAN, called
Cephalus, born at Antwerp, in Feb., 1670,
died at Amsterdam, in 1746. Flemish
\ school ; younger brother of Jan ; studied
| in Antwerp and in Rome ; painted scenes in
private life and portraits. — Biog. nat. de
Belgique, ii. 491.
BLOEMEN, PIETER VAN, called Stan-
daart, born in Antwerp, baptized Jan. 17,
1657, died there, buried March 6, 1720.
Flemish school ; genre, battle, and land-
scape painter ; pupil of Simon van Douw,
an imitator of Wouwerman ; master of the
guild in 1674. Spent some years in Rome,
where he was a member of the Academy of
Si Luke ; returned to Antwerp and was
made director of the Academy there in 1699.
Works : Farrier, Copenhagen Gallery ; Land-
scapes, Stockholm Museum ; Ruin with Cat-
tle (1710), Halt before Inn (1718), three
others, Dresden Gallery ; two
Italian Landscapes, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Training School for Hors-
es (1712), Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 492 ; Michiels, x.
331 ; Rooses (Reber), 408.
BLOKLAND. See Montfoort.
BLOMBERG, HUGO VON, Baron, born
in Berlin, Sept. 26, 1820, died in Weimar,
June 17, 1871. History and genre painter ;
pupil of Berlin Academy under Wach until
1845, then of Leon Cogniet in Paris, in 1847.
After performing military duty in 1849, he
resumed his studies in Berlin and moved to
Weimar in 1867. Works: Dornroschen
(1844); Neptune and Amymone (1847);
Mediaeval Town, Merchant of Venice (1866);
168
BLONDEEL
Benvenuto Cellini, King William at Kiinig-
grate (1867).— AUgem. d. Biogr., ii. 719;
Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 56.
BLONDEEL, LANCELOT, born at
Bruges, in 1495, died there, March 4, 1561.
Flemish school ; was a journeyman mason
before becoming a painter, and adopted
the trowel as his mark ; received into guild
of St. Luke in 1530. He was an accom-
plished architect, and his pictures are noted
for their rich architectural backgrounds,
often in Renaissance style, executed on
gold ground. His figures, chiefly in the
Italian style, are often well set in action
and finished, but mannered and of cold
flesh tones. Among his works are : Mar- '
tyrdom of SS. Cosmo and Damian (1523),
S. Jacques, Bruges ;
Madonna with 88.
Luke and Eligius
(1545), Cathedral, ib. ;
St. Luke painting the
Virgin (1545), Academy, ib.; St. Peter, Brus-
sels Museum. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii.
525 ; Michiels, v. 48.
BLOOMER, H. REYNOLDS, born in New
York ; contemporary. Landscape painter ;
pupil in Paris of Pelouse. Works : El Do-
rado (1876) ; After the Shower, Landscape
(1877) ; Old Bridge at Grez, Waterfall near
Cernay-la-Ville (1878).
BLUE BOY, Thomas Gainsborough, Gros-
venor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. '
x 4 ft. Portrait of a youth, full length,
standing in a landscape, clad in a blue satin ;
Van Dyck dress. Painted, it is said, in
1779, as a practical refutation of Reynolds's !
theory that the cold colours, of which blue
is the chief, cannot be used effectively in
portrait painting. Engraved by R. Graves :
(1868) ; etched by C. Waltner (1880), P. J
Rajon (1881). History obscure. Another
Blue Boy, owned in 1873 by J. Sewell, Lon-
don, seems to have some claims to being the
original picture, though some think it a
copy by Gainsborough Dupont. A third,
smaller, is owned by Mrs. Freake. — Fulcher,
113, 202 ; Redgrave, Century, i. 165 ; Waa-
gen, Art Treasures, ii. 173 ; Brock-Arnold,
42, 60 ; Notes and Queries, 4th 8., xi. 485,
505 ; Eng. Painters of Georgian Era, 14.
Blue Boy, Gainsborough, Grosvenor House, London.
BLUM, ROBERT, born in Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1857. First exhibited in New
York in 1879 ; studied and painted in Italy,
and Spain in 1880. Member of Society
of American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works: Toledo Water-Carriers, T. B.
Clarke, New York ; Going and Coming
(1881); Bright Day at Venice (1882).
BOAR HUNT, Velasquez, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft 2 in. '.< 10 ft.
3 in. Philip IV. and his courtiers hunting
wild boars in an arena enclosed by canvas
walls, in the Pardo, a royal hunting seat two
leagues from Madrid ; the King, with Oli-
vares near him on a bay horse ; the Cardinal
Infant, Don Fernando, on a white horse ;
Juan Mateos, royal huntsman, an old man
on a white horse with long mane ; specta-
tors on foot and in carriages. Queen Isabel
among the spectators in second carriage.
168
BOBO
Painted about 1628 ; formerly in Royal
Palace, Madrid ; presented by Ferdinand
Vn. (about 1820) to Sir Henry Wellesley,
who sold it (1846) to National Gallery for
£2,200. Sketches in possession of Sir Rich-
ard Wallace, Bart, and Countess Cowper,
London. — C. Bermudez ; Curtis, 23 ; Athe-
nseum (1855), 407 (1856), 1165 ; Stirling,
1840.
BOBO DE CORIA, Velasquez, Madrid
Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.
A jester, in green dress, seated on the floor
of a chamber ; beside him, two gourds and
an earthen cup. Second manner, probably
painted between 1631 and 1649. Engraved
by L. Croutelle ; etched by Laguillermie in
Portfolio (1873). — Curtis, 30 ; Madrazo,
633.
BOCCACCINO, BOCCACCIO, of Cremo-
na, born 1460, died 1518 (?). Lombard
school ; educated probably by followers of
Mantegna at Ferrara, he was already an in-
dependent master at Cremona in 1497, and
had painted a series of frescos in Sant' Agos-
tino. In 1499 Garofalo, his apprentice, de-
serted him and went to Bx>me, and at a later
period Boccaccino followed him. Vasari
says he painted there a Coronation of the
Virgin in Santa Maria in Trastevere, but the
public, who had expected great things from
one who had criticised Michael Angelo, so
ridiculed his work that he returned to Cre-
mona. Between 1506 and 1518 he executed
numerous frescos in the Cathedral, Cremona,
and also painted important works in Venice,
of which the Madonna with Saints in S. Giu-
liano, and the do. with landscape and Mar-
riage of St. Catherine in the Academy (1511)
are good specimens. His compositions are
scattered and his perspective sometimes bad,
but some of his single figures are good, and
his colouring is often rich. Ch. Blanc, who
puts little faith in the story of Vasari, says
that Boccaccino was one of the best Cremo-
nese painters, and that he played the same
role there that Mantegua did in Padua and
Francia in Bologna. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
441; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 581 ;Ch. Blanc, Ecole
lombarde ; Burckhardt, 611 ; Eio, iii. 370 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 478.
BOCCACCINO, CAMLLLO, of Cremona,
born 1515, died Jan. 2, 1546. Lombard
school ; son of Boccaccio Boccaccino, but
excelled him, as he took pains to avoid the
faults into which his father's vanity had be-
trayed him. Lanzi calls him the greatest
genius of the Cremonese school. The Rais-
ing of Lazarus and the Adulteress before
Christ, in Cremona, and the Four Evangelists
in S. Sigismondo, near Cremona, are exam-
ples of his works. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 583;
vi. 493 ; C. Blanc, £cole lombarde ; Lanzi,
ii. 429.
BOCHMANN, GREGOR VON, born at
Nehat, Esthland, June 1, 1850. Landscape
painter ; pupil, from 1868, of the Diissel-
dorf Academy. Studio since 1871 in Diis-
seldorf, whence he makes annual study trips
to his native country, and to Holland and
Belgium. Medals in Berlin, Brussels, and
Munich ; Order of Leopold. Works : Church
in Esthland (1874); Sluice in Holland (1875);
Potato Harvest in Esthland (1876) ; Wharf
in Holland (1878), National Gallery, Berlin.
— Brockhaus, iii. 220 ; Mttller, 58.
BOCK, HANS, middle of 16th century.
German school ; fresco painter. His colos-
sal frescos, inside and outside the City Hall
of Basle, despite their mannerism, are vigor-
ously treated and have fine landscape back-
grounds.— Kugler (Crowe), 271.
BOCKHORST, JAN VAN, surnamed
Langen Jan, born at Mflnster, Westphalia,
about 1610, died in Antwerp, April 21, 1668.
Flemish school; history and portrait painter;
pupil of Jordaens ; master in 1633 of the
guild in Antwerp, where he had come early
in life. His portraits have been compared
to those of Van Dyck. Works : David's Re-
pentance, St. Michael's, Ghent ; Martyrdom
^ of St. James, St. James's, ib. ; Mar-
T 1" J T tyrdom of Legion of Thebes, Lille
I I \ I Museum ; Coronation of the Vir-
gin, Museum, Antwerp ; Trip-
tych with Resurrection, Beguinage, ib. ;
Finding of the Cross, Augustine ch., ib. ;
170
BOCKLIN
Mercury and Hersa, Ulysses and Achilles, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Nymphs and Satyrs,
Vienna Museum.- — Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii
556; Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), vi. 491; Mi-
chiels, ix. 67, 255.
BOCKLIN, ARNOLD, born in Basle, Oct.
16, 1827. Landscape and history painter ;
pupil in landscape painting of Dtisseldorf
Academy under Schirmer ; then studied
figure painting in Brussels. Visited Paris,
Rome, and in 1853 Basle, whence he went
to Munich. Became professor at the art
school in Weimar in 1858, but resigned two
years later and went again to Rome ; lived
in Munich in 1871-76, and finally settled in
Florence. Works : Venus Reposing, Pan in
the Rushes (1857), Munich Gallery; Amazon-
Hunt ; Sleeping Satyr-Family ; Castle on
the Sea surprised by Corsairs; Chase of
Diana, Basle Museum ; The Gods of Greece;
Anacreontic Shepherd-Boy ; Robbery on
Italian Coast ; Faun Family ; Pieta, Por-
trait of himself (1871); Fight of Centaurs;
Ceres and Bacchus ; Panic Terror, Ancho-
rite, Portrait of his Wife (1863), Villa by
Sea (1869), Old Roman Tavern, Shepherd's
Love Lament, Murderer and Furies, Walk
to Emrnaus, Dragon's Den, Ride of Death,
Wood Landscape with Nymph, Ideal Land-
scape, Shepherdess, Sea-Idyl, Schack Gal-
lery, Munich ; Descent from Cross (1876) ;
Isle of the Blessed (1878), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Triton (1880).— Brockhaus, iii. 224 ;
Muller, 58; Pecht, ii. 180 ; Graph. K, ii. 77 ;
Grenzboten (1879), 397.
BOCKSBERGER (Boxberger), HANS,
born in Salzburg, in 1540. German school ;
son and pupil of Hans Bocksberger ; painted
chiefly battles, hunts, allegories, mytho-
logical and historical subjects, in oil and
water colours, but especially in fresco, dec-
orating exteriors and interiors of houses
in Munich, Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Ratisbon,
Passau, Landshut, and Salzburg. Among
his works are: Wall paintings at Castle
Trausnitz, near Landshut, Bavaria (1579).
— Allgem. d. Biogr., ii. 788 ; Brockhaus, iii.
224 ; Nagler, Mon., iii. 189.
BODE, LEOPOLD, born at Offenbach,
March 11, 1831. History painter ; pupil of
:his father, then of the Stildel Institute
under Jakob Becker, Passavant, Eugen
Schiiffer, and from 1850 of Ed. Steinle, who
i influenced him most. In 1858 he travelled
, in Bavaria and Tyrol, and in 1860-65 as-
; sisted Steinle in his frescos in the Cologne
j Museum. In 1865 and 1875 he visited
Switzerland. Works : Scene from Ruth's
History (1856); Visitation ; Workshop with
the Cross, Chronicle of Travelling Scholar,
Rudolf von Hapsburg (1868) ; Edelweiss
I and Alpine Rose ; The Alpine Bride ; Scenes
j from Legend of Charlemagne's Birth, Schack
Gallery, Munich.— Muller, 60.
BODE, WILHELM, born in Hamburg,
j in 1830. Landscape painter ; pupil of the
Vienna Academy ; lived for eight years in
Munich ; studio in Diisseldorf. Works :
Autumn Evening in the Mountains, Sunday
Morning in Salzburg, Isar-Valley, Morning
on the Konigsee, View on Kochelsee, On the
Haidlinger Heights, From the Eifel, Val-
ley of Lauterbrunn, Morning on the Hinter-
see, The Rampenwand near Rosenheim,
The Hundstod, Perspective in the Bavarian
Mountains, Mill on the Brook. —Muller, 60.
BODENMULLER, ALFONS, born in
Munich, Aug. 5, 1847. Genre painter;
pupil of Munich Academy under Ramberg
and Lindenschmit — Mttller, 60.
BODENMULLER, FRIEDRICH, born
in Munich, Aug. 11, 1845. Battle painter ;
pupil of Munich Academy, but mostly self-
taught. First painted genre and altar pieces,
but, having served in the German war of
1870-71 as an officer in the Bavarian army,
was led to cultivate his present specialty.
Works : Camping in the Rain, Patrol (1871);
Fight in the Streets of Bazeilles ; Camp
near Ingolsheim ; Battle of Sedan (1873),
Munich Gallery; Battle of Worth; After
the Battle of Worth ; Camp of the French
on the Isle of Iges ; Storming of Frosch-
weiler ; Elegy (1883).— Mtiller, 60.
BODENSTEIN, JULIUS, born in Berlin,
Aug. 4, 1847. Landscape painter ; pupil of
171
BODMER
Berlin Academy under Schiitze and Her-
mann Scbnee ; went in 1873 to Munich,
where he studied under Ad. Lier. Works:
View near Trafoi with Glaciers; Approaching
Storm in Jura Mountains ; Twenty-five Views
in the High Alps (1879); Isle of Sylt. Exhibit-
ed at Munich (1883) Oyster-Fishing on North
Sea, Twilight on Isle of Sylt.— Miiller, 60.
BODMEE, KARL, born in Zttrich, Switz-
erland, in 1805. Landscape painter, chiefly
woods and wooded landscapes ; pupil of
Cornu. Has travelled in America and other
countries with the Prince von Neuwied.
Medals : 2d class, 1851 ; 3d class, 1855 and
1863 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works : Indian
Costumes and Chiefs (1836), water colours ;
Forest in Winter (1850), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Dry Leaves (1853); A Pond (1855);
After the Kain, March Sunlight, In the
Woods (1857); AtBas-Breau, Morning, Even-
ing (1859); Chickens under Shelter, Ter-
riers in the Broom Fields, Forest of Fon-
tainebleau, Deer Fighting (1861); Family of
Bears in the Alleghany Mountains ; Wild
Turkeys in the Woods, View on the Mis-
souri— water-colours (1863); Last Days of
Autumn, Under the Trees (1865); Wild
Boars among the Trees (1866); Shelter from
the Snow (1867); Fox Terrier (1870); Bor-
ders of a Swampy Forest (1872); Quarry of
Game (1874); High Woods, Eaux-Fortes
(1875); Preliminaries of the Fight (1877);
Group of Hack Horses, Nest of Wrens
(1878); Boar breaking loose (1879); Volley
of Curses (1881). His son and pupil, Henri
(born at Barbizon), is also a landscape paint-
er.— Larousse.
BOfi, FRANZ (DIETRICH), born at Ber-
gen, Norway, May 28, 1820. Still-life
painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Academy,
and of M. Greenland ; settled in 1849 in
Paris. Works : Grapes (1850), Louvre ;
Camellias (1855) ; Pheasant and Partridge ;
Eagle devouring Fox ; Fishes ; Shells ; Jew-
elry ; Fruits ; Sea-Plants ; View of Moun-
tains in Westenaalen (1878).— Mttller, 61.
BOEL, PIETER, born in Antwerp, Oct.
22, 1622, died there, Sept. 3, 1674. Flem-
ish school ; animal and still-life painter ;
pupil of Snyders, and of his uncle, Cornells
de Wael. Visited Italy and France, settled
in Paris, and became court painter, and very
popular, equalling Snyders in composition,
and in the drawing and truth to nature of his
animals. His pictures are rare : Sporting Dog
guarding Game, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Eagle's Repast, Antwerp Museum ; Game
Piece, Ghent Museum; Dead Game, and
others, Madrid Museum ; Eagle devouring
Roe, Frankfort Museum ; Boar Hunt, land-
scape, Hague Museum. His son, Jan Bap-
tiste Boel (1650-89), was also a painter in
the same line. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii.
581 ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 52 ;
Michiels, vii. 426 ; Rooses (Reber), 425.
BOENISCH, GUSTAV ADOLF, born at
Soppau, Silesia, Aug. 22, 1802. Landscape
painter ; pupil of Wach and of Berlin Acad-
emy ; travelled through the mountains of
Middle Germany and in Scan-
dinavia. Works: Mill on a Pond;
c •» . Thuringian Village ; Bay be-
tween Rocks ; House in the
Mountains ; Rocky Landscape in Norway. —
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 59.
BOESEN, JOHANNES, born in Copen-
hagen, Aug. 5, 1847. Landscape painter ;
pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; visited
Italy, Switzerland, and France in 1879.
Works : Apple-tree in Blossom (1873); Wild
Rose-bush (1875); Sunrise ; Showers in
September (1881).— Sigurd Mtiller, 44.
BOEYERMANS, THEODOR, bom in
Antwerp, baptized Nov. 10, 1620, died there,
in 1677 or 1678. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter ; studied Van Dyck's
pictures. His colouring is warm and har-
monious in tone. Received in guild of St.
- /
Luke, May 17, 1654. Best works : An Am-
bassador, Pool of Bethesda (1675), The
Visit, Antwerp the Nurse of Painters, Fe-
BOGGS
male Head, Museum, Antwerp ; Assump- '
tion, S. Jacques, ib. ; Vow of St. Louis of
Gonzaga, Nantes Museum ; St. Francis
Xavier converting an Indian Prince, Jesuit
Church, Ypres ; Judgment of Paris, Hague
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, £cole flarnande ; Biog. |
nat. de Belgique, ii. 605 ; Michiels, ix. 3 ;
Itooses (Reber), 331.
BOGGS, FRANK MYERS, born in New
York, in 1855. Marine painter ; pupil of
Gurome and of the ficole des Beaux Arts,
Paris. Two of his pictures purchased by
French Government. Studio in Dieppe.
Works : Marine — French Coast ; Return
from Crab-Fishing (1882); Coast Scene—
Honfleur (1883); Old Canal at Dordrecht,!
On the Thames (1884); Port of Honfleur \
(1885).
BOGH, CARL HENRIK, born in Copen-
hagen, Sept 3, 1827. Genre and portrait I
painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Academy, |
then studied in Paris, 1860-G1 ; travelled in
Sweden and Norway. Title of professor in
1873. Works: Country Scene (1854);
Horse Dealer (1857); Reunion (1862); Milk-
ing Place (1870); Reindeer at the Milking
Place (1875), Copenhagen Gallery. — Sigurd
Muller, 55 ; Weilbach, 91.
BOGLE, JAMES, bom in South Carolina
in 1817, died in 1873. Portrait painter ;|
pupil of Professor Morse in New York,
where his professional life was chiefly spent.
He painted portraits of Calhoun, Clay,
Webster, John A. Dix, Henry J. Raymond,
and other distinguished men. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1850, and N.A. in 1861.
BOGOLJUBOFF, ALEXIS, born in Gov-
ernment of Moscow in 1824. Marine painter ;
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy ; won, in
1853, the first prize, and went to Diissel-
dorf, where he studied under Andreas
Achenbach. After hia return exhibited
more than one hundred paintings ; became
in 1858 member of, and in 1861 professor |
in, the Academy. Accompanied the Cesare-
vich on his travels, and in 1866 revisited
Germany, where he painted several large
historical marines, city-views, and sea-bat-
ties. Decorated with Russian, Austrian,
Danish, and Belgian orders. Works : Bat-
tle of Siuope (1853); Battles of Greuhane
and Petropavlovsk ; First Sea-Battle of Peter
the Great ; Morning after the Storm ; Dis-
embarkment ; Battle near Hangut in 1714 ;
Peter the Great with his Galleys ; Crossing
near Rilaco in Finland, Battle near Isle of
Oesel in 1819 ; Views of Naples, Venice, and
Amsterdam ; Christ walking on the Sea ;
Christ on Lake of Gennesareth, Ice afloat on
the Neva (1873); Roadstead of Cronstadt
(1878).— Brockhaus, iii. 241 ; Muller, 61.
BOHN, GERMANN VON, born at Heil-
bronn, Wtirtemberg, Feb. 25, 1812. History
painter ; studied in Stuttgart, then in Paris
under Henri Lehinann and Ary Scheffer,
and for two years in Rome ; then lived in
Paris until 1876, when he was appointed
court-painter at Stuttgart. Medals : Paris,
1844, 1849 ; L. of Honour, 1852 ; Wurtem-
berg Crown Order. Works : Death of Cleo-
patra (1840), Nantes Museum ; Hagar and
Ishmael (1843), St. Martin de Tours (1844),
Tours Cathedral ; Romeo and Juliet, Nancy
Museum ; All Souls' Day, Villa Rosenhain,
near Stuttgart ; Serenade (after Uhland),
Stuttgart Gallery ; Hamlet and Ophelia
(1849); St. Elizabeth (1866); St. Agnes;
The Valkyrie ; The Vow, Gelsomina (1868);
My Mother's Umbrella (1870). —Meyer,
Con. Lex., xviii. 142.
BOILLY, LOUIS LEOPOLD, born at La
Bassee, near Lille, July 5, 1761, died in
Palis, Jan. 5, 1845. Genre and portrait
painter. Began to paint portraits when
thirteen, went to Paris about 1787, and it is
said painted the incredible number of 5000
pictures, many of them being scenes of the
Revolution treated rather from the grotesque
than the tragic side.
Arrival of the Dili- /°^
gence (1803), Lou- ^(«2.
vre, Paris ; Isabey's
Atelier with twenty-
four portraits of artists, Triumph of Marat,
Lille Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecolu frun-
caise.
173
BOIS
BOIS, CORNELLS DU, flourished about
1G50. Dutch school ; landscape painter, in
the style of Jacob Ruisdael, possibly his
pupil. Works : Wood Landscape (1649),
Brunswick Gallery ; do., Cassel Gallery ;
do. (attributed to Guillam du B.), Schwerin
Gallery. — Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 395.
BOISSELIER, FELIX, the elder, bom at
Damphal (Haute-Marne), in 1776, died in
Rome, Jan. 12, 1811. History painter ;
pupil of Sieti, or Cieti, an Italian decorative
painter, and later of Reguault. Won the
grand prize for painting twice successively
(1805-06), the two subjects being the Death
of Demosthenes and the Return of the
Prodigal Son. Went to Rome in 1806, and
sent from there his Death of Adonis, now
in the Louvre, which was exhibited in 1812,
after his death. His younger brother, An-
toine Felix, called the younger, was a
painter of history and historical landscapes.
His Death of Bayard is at Fontainebleau. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre.
BOISSIEU, JEAN JACQUES DE, born
at Lyons, Nov. 30, 1736, died there, March
1, 1810. Landscape and genre painter; pupil
of Lombard, and of Jean Charles Frontier,
and formed himself after the Dutch masters ;
studied also in Paris and Italy. Works :
Landscape with Washerwomen, Louvre,
Paris ; Hilly River Landscape, Valley with
River (1773), Berlin Museum. — Larousse,
ii. 886 ; Notice de Tableaux du Louvre
(1882), iii. 14
BOIT, EDWARD DARLEY, born in Bos-
ton ; contemporary. Marine painter ; studied
first in Boston, later in Paris under Fran-
cais ; has also lived and painted in Rome.
Studio in Paris. Works : La Plage de Vil-
lers— Calvados (1876) ; Beach of Villers—
Normandy (1878) ; Terrace at Grove Farm
at Leatherhead — England (1884); Tun-
bridge Wells— England (1885).
BOKELMANN, LUDWIG (CHRISTIAN
LOUIS), born at St. Jttrgen, near Bremen,
Feb. 4, 1844. Genre painter ; pupil of
Diisseldorf Academy under W. Sohn ; has
attained considerable reputation with serious
as well as humourous scenes, and secured a
place among the foremost genre painters of
Germany. Medals :
London, Vienna
(1873), Ghent, Ber-
lin, and Brussels.
Works : House of
Sorrow (1873);
Shoemaker's Ap-
prentice (1873); Ex-
treme Unction
(1873) ; Dawn of
Day (1874); Moun-
tebank (1875) ; Pawnbroker's Shop (1876),
Stuttgart GaUery ; Failure of a Bank (1878);
Camp in Winter-Time ; Opening of the Will
(1879), National Gallery, Berlin; Last Stage
of Election Contest (1880).— Muller, 63;
Hlustr. Zeitg. (1879), i. 10 ; (1881), ii. 469 ;
Land und Meer (1884), i. 426 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, xv. 48, xvL 149.
BOKER, KARL, born at Barmen, in 1836.
Genre painter; pupil of the Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Karl Sohn and Schadow ; painted
at first biblical pictures, but turned to
genre subjects ; excels especially in humour-
ous scenes. Works : Chastity of Joseph ;
St. John ; Flight into Egypt ; Magdalen ;
Revision of Passport; After School (1866);
Crab-Fishing and Repast (1867); The
Good Testimonial (1868); Little Recruits
(1868) ; Spectacle-Dealer (1869) ; Walk
to Kirmess (1870); Cupid in the Sculpture
Gallery (1871); Canary Bird Seller (1872);
Large Hotel-Bill (1873); Children Swing-
ing, Mother's Joy (1875); At the Fair (1876);
Great Misery ; Christmas-Box ; Bird-Thieves
arraigned ; Your Health ! — Muller, 63 ; E-
lustr. Zeitg. (1873), i. 255.
BOKLUND, JOHAN KRISTOFER, born
at Kulla-Gunnarstorp, Sweden, July 15,
1817, died in Stockholm, Dec. 10, 1880.
History and genre painter; studied from
1832 in Lund under Korner, then at the
Copenhagen Academy, in 1837 in Stock-
holm, 1846 in Munich, and 1854 in Paris
under Couture ; returned to Sweden in 1856,
became member of and professor in the
174
HOKS
Stockholm Academy, and in 1867 inspector
of the Gallery and director of the Academy.
Painted, at first, scenes from the Thirty
Years' War ; then turned to historical
genre. Much credit is due to him for the
organization of the Museums in Stockholm
and Lund. Works : Gustavus Adolphus and
Axel Oxenstierua ; Charles X. and Erik
Dahlberg ; Faust in his Study ; Convent-
Yard in Tyrol ; Meran Riflemen, Stockholm
Museum ; Portrait of Queen Louise. — Mnl-
ler, 63.
BOKS, EVERT JAN, born at Beekber-
gen, Belgium, April 18, 1838. Genre paint-
er; pupil of Antwerp Academy under De
Keyser ; studied then in Paris and settled
in Antwerp. His specialty is servant's life,
which he depicts in the most amusing man-
ner. Corpus Delicti (1878) is one of his
best works. — Mailer, 63.
BOL, FERDINAND, born at Dordrecht,
in 1611, died
in Amster-
dam ; buried,
July 24, 1680.
Dutch school;
pupil of Rem-
brandt, whose
studio he en-
tered about
1G30, and one
of his most
successful imitators. Lived chiefly at Am-
sterdam, where in 1653 he married Elizabeth
Dell. Painted many historical pictures, ex-
celled in portraits, and was an excellent
etcher. Among his numerous works in
European galleries the best are : Female
portrait (1642), Berlin Museum ; Saskia,
wife of Rembrandt, Brussels Gallery ; Da-
vid's Charge to Solomon (1643), Dublin
National Gallery ; Repose in Egypt (1644);
Jacob's Dream, Joseph presenting Jacob to
Pharaoh, and his own portrait, Dresden
Gallery ; Pastor Fido, and half-length fig-
ures of a man and bis wife, Baring Collection,
London ; Portrait of a Boy, Castle Howard,
England ; Allegory of Peace (1644), Town
Hall, Leyden ; The Regents (1649), Lepro-
senhuys, Amsterdam ; do., Huysittenhuys ;
The Astronomer (1652), National Gallery,
London ; Philosopher, Dutch Prince in a
Car drawn by Goats (1654), Male portrait
(1659), Louvre, Paris ; two portraits (1669),
Hague Museum. — C. Vosmaer, Rembrandt
(Hague, 1877), 138; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
376 ; De Stuers, 16 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole hol-
landaise ; Riegel, Beitnige, ii. 257.
BOL, HANS, born at Mechlin, Dec. 16,
1534, died in Amsterdam, Nov. 20, 1593.
Flemish school ; painted landscapes and
miniatures, also genre and biblical subjects.
Worked for two years for the Elector of the
Palatinate in Heidelberg, then until 1572 in
Mechlin, next until 1584 in Antwerp, and,
after short stays in Bergen, Dordrecht, and
Delft, settled in Amsterdam. He excelled
in representing subjects reflected in the
water, and rocks overgrown with moss and
shrubbery ; his figures, animals, fruits, and
flowers are notable for their truth, good
drawing, and finished execution. Works :
Prayer-Book, illuminated MS., National Li-
brary, Paris ; small landscapes, Cabinet of
Miniatures, Munich Gallery ; do., Berlin
Museum. — Biog. nat de Belgique, ii. 626.
BOLANACffl, CONSTANTINOS, born
at Heraclium in Candia, March 17, 1837.
Marine painter ; pupil of Munich Academy,
under Piloty ; paints effective sea-battles
175
BOLDINI
and coast-scenes, most of which are bought
in England and America. Works : Battle
of Lissa (1866) ; Neapolitan Fishermen ;
Company on Shipboard ; Ship on Fire in
Mid-Ocean.— Mttller, 64
BOLDINI, G., born at Ferrara, Italy.
Genre and portrait painter ; studio in Paris.
His style somewhat resembles Fortuny's.
Works : A Summer Stroll ; The Connois-
seur; The Despatch (1879); At the Piano,
Wm. Astor, New York ; Ladies of First
Empire, Les Parisiennes, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; Spring Flowers, After the
Orgie, A. E. Borie Collection, Philadelphia ;
Gossips, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ;
Cafe Pigalle, J. A, Scudder, St. Louis ;
Morning Visit, C. Crocker, San Francisco ;
Song of the Bird, W. B. Bement, Philadel-
phia ; Delivering the Despatch, J. M. Fiske,
New York ; Dolce far niente, J. C. Eunkle,
New York ; Day Dreams, A. J. Drexel, Phil-
adelphia ; Kitchen Garden, D. O. Mills,
New York; Hocking- Chair, F. Harper,
New York ; Expected Visitor, C. S. Smith,
New York ; Parrot, Fishing on the Seine,
E. L. Cutting, New York. — Am. Art Bev.
(1880), 296.
BOLGHARINI. See Bulgarini.
BOLOGHINI. See Bulgarini.
BOLOGNESE, IL. See Grimaldi.
BOLSENA, MIRACLE OF. See Mass of
Bolsena.
BOLTON ABBEY IN OLDEN TIME,
Sir Edwin Landseer, Duke of Devonshire,
Chatsworth. The Abbot of Bolton, standing
at the entrance of the monastery, is intently
reading a letter, which a monk, who stands
behind him with a tray of bottles and
glasses, is also trying to read over his shoul-
der ; in foreground, a man sitting on the
steps with a dead stag and wild fowl and
two dogs beside him, a girl with a tray of
fish, and a boy with herons on his back,
perhaps a tenant's tribute or a present from
some neighbouring lord. Royal Academy,
1834. Engraved by Samuel Cousins ; W.
T. Davey. — Landseer Gallery.
BOLTRAFFIO. See Bellraffio.
BOMMEL, ELIAS VAN, born in Amster-
dam, in 1824. Marine and architecture
painter; pupil of the Amsterdam Academy;
visited Paris, Belgium, Germany, Hungary,
and North Italy, and settled in Vienna.
Works : Harbour of Dordrecht, Street in
Amsterdam (1866) ; View on the Rhine, Har-
bour of Vlissingen (1867); StiU Water at Am-
sterdam (1868) ; Rotterdam (1869) ; Storm
near Coast, Montalbaan's Tower in Amster-
dam (1872).— Mailer, 64.
BONAPARTE. See Napoleon.
BONAVENTURE, ST., Muritto, Francis
Cook, Richmond Hill, Surrey ; canvas, H. 6
ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. The Saint, in grey robe
and doctor's cap, sitting in a red chair beside
a table, on which are writing materials and
a crucifix, holds in his left hand a book in
which he is writing. One of Murillo's ear-
liest works. Formerly in convent of S. Fran-
cisco, Seville ; Louis Philippe sale (1853),
.£135 ; Lord Dalling and Bulwer sale (1873),
£257. Old copy: Due de Montpensier, Se-
ville.—Curtis, 220, 225 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 99 ;
G. de Leon, i. 60.
BONDONE. See Giotto.
BONFIGLI (Buonfiglio), BENEDETTO,
born about 1425 (?), died in or after 1496.
Umbrian school. Lived in Perugia, where
he painted in the Palazzo Communale, in
1454-G1, a series of frescos illustrating the
legends of St. Louis of Toulouse and St. Er-
colano. These, which are a mixture of Um-
brian and Florentine character, show the
influence of Domenico Veneziano and of
Piero della Francesca. It is possible that
he may have been Domenico's assistant, and
have worked in company with Piero. The
frescos were approved by Fra Filippo Lippi,
and Bonfigli was engaged to continue his
work, but the series was still unfinished in
1496. Though much damaged, these frescos
prove him superior to any of the Umbrians
of his time except Piero della Francesca.
According to Vasari, Bonfigli followed his
friend and assistant Pinturicchio to Rome and
helped him in the decorations of the Vatican,
but there is no positive evidence of it Other
176
BONHEUR
examples by him are a Madonna and Saints,
and parts of an altarpiece, in the Perugia
Academy. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 138; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 505 ; ed. Le Mon., iv. 149, v. 275,
vi. 30 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne.
BONHEUR, (FRANCOIS) AUGUSTE,
born in Bordeaux, Nov. 4, 1824, died Feb.
22, 1884. Landscape and animal painter ;
son and pupil of Raymond B. (died 1853),
a meritorious artist. Auguste had little
success as a genre painter, but as a land-
scape and animal painter he attained a con-
siderable reputation. Medals : 3d class, 1852,
1857 ; 2d class, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861, 1863 ; L.
of Honour, 1867. Works : Children in Fields
(1845); Bath, Happy Mother (1846); Interior
of Forest (1852); Gorges of the Gordanne
and of the Puy-Griou (1853) ; Col de Cabre
(1855); Souvenir of Brittany (1857); Herd
of Cattle in the Pyrenees, Crossing the Ford,
Drinking Place (1859); Arrival at Fair, Meet-
ing of Two Herds, Leaving the Pasturage
(1861) ; Return from Fair (1865) ; Sleeping
Place (1866) ; Souvenir of Pyrenees (1867) ;
Environs of Jalleyrac, Shepherd and Sea
(1868), R. L. Cutting, New York ; Souvenir
of Auvergne (1874); Before the Rain (1875).
Other works in the United States: Normandy
Cattle, James H. Stebbins, New York; Sheep
and Shepherdess, R. G. Dun, New York ;
Cattle at Fontainebleau, H. Probasco, Cin-
cinnati ; Le Berger et la Mer, R. L. Cutting,
New York ; Cattle, H. C. Gibson, Philadel-
phia; Environs of Fontainebleau, Mrs. A.
T. Stewart, New York. — Larousse.
BONHEUR, JULIETTE (Mme. Peyrol),
born in Paris, July 19, 1830. Animal
painter ; daughter and pupil of Raymond
B. ; assistant of her sister Rosa in the free
School of Design in Paris. Medal at the
Exhibition of 1855. Works : Flock of Geese;
Sheep Lying Down (1875); The Pool, Moth-
er's Kiss (1878) ; Corner of the Meadow,
Waste Lands of Beauregard (1879) ; Pond
with Willows, Meadow (1880); Stray Cow,
Road at Magny les Hameaux (1881); Cattle
in a Meadow (1882); Two Good Neighbours,
Sheep on a Plain (1883); Inn Stable (1884);
Sheep and Heather, J. H. Warren, Hoosac
Falls, New York; Sheep-Farm, J. Carey Coale,
Baltimore.
BONHEUR, (MARIE) ROSA, born in
Bordeaux, March
22, 1822. Animal
painter ; daughter
and pupil of Ray-
mond B. ; began by
copying in the
| Louvre, afterwards
made studies and
sketches near Par-
is. Her first two
pictures, exhibited
at Bordeaux in
1841, attracted much attention and were
followed by others which established her
world-wide fame. During the Franco-Prus-
sian war her studio and residence were re-
spected by special order of the Crown Prince
i of Prussia. Since 1849 she has been director
of the Paris free School of Design for Young
Girls, which she founded. Elected member
of Antwerp Institute in 1868. Medals : 3d
class, 1845; 1st class, 1848, 1855 ; 2d class,
1867; L. of Honour, 1865 ; Leopold Cross,
1880 ; Commander's Cross of Royal Order of
Isabella the Catholic, 1880. Works : Two
: Rabbits, Goats and Ram (1841); Horse for
! Sale, Grazing Cow, Cattle at Pasture, Twelve
' Cattle pieces (1845) ; Herd (1848) ; Plouyh-
i ing in the Nivernais (1849), Luxembourg
Museum; Horse Fair (1853); Hay Harvest in
: Auvergne (1855) ; Mare, Rain on the Sea-
shore, Shepherd in Beam, Ponies from the
Isle of Skye, Scotch Shepherd (1867); Paint-
er (1868) ; Sheep at Pasture (1871); Forest
of Fontainebleau (1873); Meadow near Fon-
tainebleau, Monarch of the Glen, Pack of
Wild Boars (1879); Foraging Party, On the
Alert (1881); Lion at Home (1882)! Works
in United States : Study of Hound, Wean-
ing the Calves, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Rendezvous de Chasse, Shepherd and
Flock, August Belmont, New York ; Ready
for Market, James H. Stebbins, New York ;
The Old Monarch, Noonday Repose, Ready
m
BOMFAZIO
for the Hunt, Flock of Sheep, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; Sheep — Scotch Landscape,
Pyrenees — Landscape and Sheep, W. Rocke-
feller, New York ; Landscape with Sheep, T.
R. Butler, New York; Scotch Sheep, Mrs.
Paran Stevens, New York; Horse Fair, Mrs. A.
T. Stewart, New York ; Cattle and Dog, H.
Probasco, Cincinnati; Sheep, A. E. Head, San
Francisco; Scotch Cattle, J. T. Martin, Brook-
lyn; Maternal Solicitude (1845), L. Tucker-
man, New York; Deer in Fontainebleau, Mrs.
R. L. Stuart, New York ; Sheep, D. O. Mills,
New York ; Highland Sheep, H. C. Gibson,
Philadelphia ; The Conversation (1858), An-
dalusian Bulls (1867), W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; Cavaliers caught in a Shower, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York. — Meyer,Gesch.,
761; Mttller, 64 ; Larousse ; Portfolio (1875),
98; Hamerton, French Painters; Montrosier,
Artistes modernes. — Century (1884), xxviii.
833.
BONIFAZIO BEMBO. See Bembo.
BONIFAZIO VENEZIANO, born in
Venice, flourished 1555-1579. Venetian
school ; probably son of Bonifazio the elder
or younger. Works : SS. Jerome and Mar-
garet, SS. Bruno and Catherine, SS. Barna-
bas and Sylvester, SS. Anthony and Mark
(1562), Madonna in Glory with Saints, Ven-
ice Academy. — Lermoheff, 215 ; Morelli
(Richter), 178, 184.
BONIFAZIO VERONESE, the elder,
born in Verona about 1490, died in 1540.
Venetian school ; pupil of Palma Vecchio,
but closely imitated Titian. Forms clear
and rounded ; lights and shadows distinct ;
for colour one of the first Venetian masters.
Works : Madonna with Saints (attributed to
Palma), Casa Andreossi, Milan ; St. John,
St. Joseph, etc., Ambrogian Library, Milan
(attributed to Giorgione); Holy Family and
Saints, Palazzo Colonna, Rome ; do. (1533),
Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; do., Palazzo Pitti,
Florence (attributed by C. & C. to a Trevi-
san) ; Finding of Moses, Dresden Gallery. —
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 543 ; Lermolieff, 215 ;
Morelli (Richter), 184 ; Ridolfi, L 369 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital Mai, ii. 565.
BONIFAZIO VERONESE, the younger,
born in Verona about 1490, died in Venice,
Oct. 19, 1533. Venetian school ; near rela-
tive, perhaps brother, of the above. Pupil
of Palma Vecchio, but close imitator of
Bonifazio the elder, with whom he painted
many pictures. Works : Supper at Emmaus,
Brera, Milan ; Christ and the Apostles,
Christ enthroned with David and SS. Mark,
Louis, Dominic and Anna (1530), Venice
Academy ; Christ in the Temple, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Supper at Emmaus, Uffizi
(attributed to Palma); Prodigal Son, Bor-
ghese Gallery, Rome ; Adoration of Shep-
herds (attributed to Palma), Virgin and
Child with Saints, Dresden Gallery. — Ler-
molieff, 215, 221 ; Morelli (Richter), 184 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 543.
BONINGTON, RICHARD PARKES,
born at Arnold,
near Nottingham,
Oct. 25, 1801, died
in London, Sept.
23, 1828. His
father, a poor por-
trait painter, took
him, when only
fifteen years old,
to Paris, where
the boy procured
permission to copy in the Louvre. He be-
came a student in the £cole des Beaux Arts,
and in 1819 entered the studio of Baron
Gros. After obtaining a considerable repu-
tation in Paris and winning the gold medal
(1824) for a marine subject, he went to Ven-
ice and painted there some elaborate pict-
ures both in oil and water colours, which
won him fame and many commissions in
England, but his promising career was cut
short by death, the result of a sunstroke.
Though he painted chiefly landscape and
marine views, he also executed figure sub-
jects with much skill, and his influence on
the French school of genre and dramatic art
was great. Works : Column of St. Mark in
Venice, National Gallery, London ; Henri
IV. and the Spanish Ambassador, Collection
178
BONXAT
of Sir Richard Wallace ; Francis I. and the
Duchesse d'Etaiupes, Park of Versailles,
Louvre. — Ch. Blanc, £cole anglaise ; Cat
Nat Gal.; Cunningham; Art Journal (1858),
137.
BONNAT, LEON (JOSEPH FLOREN-
TIN), born at Ba-
yonne, in 1833.
Genre and portrait
painter ; pupil in
Madrid of F. de
Madrazo and in
Paris of Leon Co-
guiet ; also studied
four years in Italy,
where he painted
many small pictures
of Italian life, for
which he is best known. Has painted sev-
eral religious pictures for the Government.
Second grand prix, 1858 ; medals : 2d class,
1801, 1863, and 1869; of honour, 1869;
L. of Honour, 1867 ; Officer, 1874 ; Com-
mander, 1882 ; Member of Institute. Works :
Good Samaritan (1859); Adam and Eve
finding the Body of Abel (1860), Lille Mu-
seum ; Mariuccia (1861); Pasqua Maria,
Martyrdom of St. Andrew (1863); Pilgrims
at Foot of Statue of St. Peter (1864); Italian
Boy Begging (1864); Antigone leading her
Blind Father (1865); Neapolitan Peasants
at the Farnese Palace (1866); St. Vincent
de Paul taking the Place of a Galley-Slave
(1866); First Steps of Childhood, Tender-
ness, Fellah Woman, Street in Jerusalem
(1870), Assumption (1869); Sheikhs of Aka-
bah, Woman of Ustaritz (1872); Turkish
Barber, Sherzo (1873); Christ on the Cross
(1874); Negro Barber, Wrestling of Jacob
(1876); Job (1880) ; Martyrdom of St. Denis
(1885). Works in United States: Girl of
Albano at Fountain, Misa C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Italian Girl, August Belmont, New
York ; Roman Girl, W. Rockefeller, New
York ; Don't Cry, J. J. Astor, New York ;
Little Contadiua, J. A. Brown, Providence ;
Elder Sister, H. P. Kidder, Boston ; Italian
Mother and Child, H. C. Gibson, Philadel-
phia ; Arab plucking Thorn from his Foot,
W. H. Vanderbilt, New York. Among his
portraits are : M. Thiers (1877), Victor Hugo
(1879), Presi-
dent Gr6vy
(1880), Leon
Cogniet (1881, Luxembourg), Hon. L. P.
Morton (1883).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1881),
xxiv. 32 ; Menard ; Portfolio, 1875.
BONNEFOND, JEAN CLAUDE, born in
Lyons, about 1790, died there, June 27,
1860. Genre painter ; pupil of Revoil ; won
the first prize in Lyons school of art in
1813 ; then went to Paris and afterward to
Italy. Succeeded Revoil in 1831 as direc-
tor of the Lyons school of art Medals :
2d class, 1817 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1834 ; Corresponding Member of Insti-
tute, 1854. Works: Bed-Chamber, Little
Savoyards (1817); Poultry Merchant, Blind
Man*(1819); Blacksmith (1822), B. Deles-
sert ; Return of Little Savoyards, Country
Scene in Spain, Room to Let (1824), Lyons
Museum ; Tired Pilgrim Woman helped by
Monks, Shepherds and Shepherdesses in
Roman Canipagna (1827) ; Ceremony of
Holy Water in a Greek Church (1831),
Lyons Museum ; Wounded Pilgrim Woman,
Greek Officer wounded in Ruins of Misso-
longhi, Christ on the Cross, Court-House,
Lyons; Roman Gleaner, Vow to the Ma-
donna. — Larousse.
BONNEFOY, HENRY, born at Bou-
logne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais) ; contempo-
rary. Landscape painter ; pupil of Leon
Cogniet. Medals : 3d class, 1880 ; 2d class,
1884. Works : June in Denmark, Monsieur,
Madame etBebe (1880); Delinquents, Octo-
ber Evening (1881); Playing Truant, The
Ox and the Frog (1882) ; In the Woods
(1883); September Morning, June in the
Wood (1884); Derriere 1'Oreille, On the
Border of the Pool (1885).
BONNEGRACE, CHARLES ADOLPHE,
born at Toulon, April 2, 1812, died in 1882.
History and portrait painter ; pupil of Baron
Groa Medals: 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1842 ;
L. of Honour, lbG7. Works : St Peter in
1T9
BONONE
Prison (1839) ; Christ in the Tomb (1840);
St. Laurence the Martyr (1853), ordered by
State; Christ among the Doctors (1855),
Toulon Museum; Manna in the Desert
(1861), St. Louis en He ; Daphnis and Chloe
(1857); Cupid and Psyche (1859) ; Modesty
conquered by Love (1861), ordered by Em-
peror; Birth of Venus (1875). Portraits of
Anatole de la Forge, Theophile Gautier,
George Feydeau, Count Flahault, Mme.
Grisi, of himself (1873). — Larousse.
BONONE, CARLO, born in Ferrara, in
1569, died there, Sept. 3, 1632. Lombard
school ; pupil of Giuseppe Mazzuoli, and
at first followed his manner ; but after visit-
ing Bologna and Home adopted the style of
the Caracci so successfully that he was
called the Caracci of Ferrara. In his
larger works he resembles Paolo Veronese,
whose pictures he studied in Venice. He
was a rival, all his life, of Ippolito Scarsella.
Many of his works are in the churches of
Ferrai'a, e.g., Patriarchs and Prophets in
the Choir of S. M. in Vado ; Marriage at
Cana, Ateneo ; Arisen Christ and Saints, S.
Benedetto.— Burckhardt, 786, 797 ; Lanzi,
iii. 214 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ferraraise.
BONSIGNOEI, FRANCESCO DI AL-
BERTO, born in Verona, in 1455, died
at Caldiera, near Verona, July 2, 1519.
Lombard school ; brought up in the Ver-
onese school, he came under the influ-
ence of Mantegna at Mantua after he had
formed a manner of his own, and acquired
such proficiency that the Marquis Francesco
Gonzaga gave him in 1487 a house and a
salary, and retained him in his service until
his death. He painted history, portraits,
architecture, and animals ; was called the
modern Zeuxis. His earlier style is more
like that of Montagna, or of Buonconsi-
glio, than that of Mantegna, but at the close
of the 15th century he had become an imi-
tator of Mantegna. Still later he shows the
influence of Lorenzo Costa. His second
manner is well illustrated in St. Louis and
St. Bernardino, Brera, Milan ; St. Sebastian,
S. M. delle Grazie, Mantua; March to Calvary,
Academy, Mantua ; Portrait of a Venetian
Senator, National Gallery (1487), London ;
Madonna and Saints, Sir A. H. Layard, Lon-
don ; and Christ carrying his Cross, Doria
Gallery, Rome. In his last style are : Vision
of Christ to the Nun Ozanna, Mantua Mu-
seum ; and Madonna between Saints, chapel
of S. Biagio, church of SS. Nazaroe Celso,
Verona, painted in 1514-19.— C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 474 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ;
Bernasconi, 250 ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
i. 480.
BONVICINO, ALESSANDRO. See Mo-
retto.
BONVIN, FRANgOIS SAINT, born at
Vaugirard, near Paris, Sept. 22, 1817.
Genre painter ; self taught ; studied Dutch
painters in the Louvre, then painted sub-
jects from the life of the working classes of
Paris. Medals : 3d class, 1849 ; 2d class,
1851 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Ave
Maria, The Cook, The Piano, Men Drinking
(1849); Orphans' School (1850), Laugres
Museum; Woman Knitting (1851); Charity
(1852), Niort Museum ; Class of Little Ones
(1852); Regimental School (1853), ordered
by State ; Woman Reading (1853) ; Nuns
Knitting, Low Mass, belongs to State ; A
Cook (1855); The Blacksmith (1857), bought
by State ; Letter of Recommendation, or-
dered by State ; The Gossip, The Reader
(1859) ; Interior of Wine-Shop (1861),
bought by State ; Nuns returning from
Church, bought by State ; Copper Fountain,
Apprentice's Breakfast (1863); Attributes of
Painting and Music, Poor Bench (1865);
Grandmother's Coffee (1866); Clergy dis-
tributing Food, Old Woman Reading (1867);
Letter of Introduction, Frying Herring
(1868) ; Nun Knitting, Young Designer
(1869); Ave Maria, Morning in the Pasture
(1870) ; The Refectory, The Laboratory
(1873); The Alembic, The Pig, School-Boy
kept in (1875) ; Gravesend, Abandoned Boat
(1876); A Thatcher who has fallen (1877) ;
Shoemaker's Apprentice, Autumn Evening
at Port Marlyt (1878) ; During Vacation
(1879); Corner in a Church (1880).
180
BOONEN
-
- A l^\
: /\Jf J J
BOONEN, ARNOLD VAN, born at Dor-
drecht, in 1669, died in 1729. Dutch school;
portrait and genre painter ; pupil of Gott-
fried Schalken, imitating the latter in his
subjects taken by candle-light. He painted
life-size portraits at some of the German
courts. His younger brother, Jasper Boon-
en (1677-1729), and his son Kasper Boon-
en, were por-
trait paint-
ers. Works:
Young Wom-
an with Lantern (1695), six others, Dres-
den Gallery ; Anchorite Reading (1695),
Brunswick Gallery. — Gool, i. 294.
BOOTHBY, PENELOPE, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Earl of Dudley ; canvas. A little
girl in a large mob cap, seated out-of-doors.
Sometimes called tho Mob Cap. Painted in
1788 ; sold in 1851 to B. G. Windus for
290 guineas ; bought at his sale (1859)
by Lord Ward for 1100 guineas. Engraved
by Thomas Park (1789); T. Kirk ; S. Cous-
ins ; lithographed in Portfolio. — Portfolio
(1873), 136 ; (1876), 145 ; Athenamm, Aug.,
1874, 185 ; Dec., 1874, 758.
BOOTT, ELIZABETH, born in Cam-
bridge, Mass. ; contemporary. Figure paint-
er ; pupil of W. M. Hunt, of Duveneck, and
in Paris of Couture. Studio in Boston.
Works: Head of a Tuscan Ox (1876); Old
Man Reading (1878); Old Roman Peasant,
Girl with Cat (1879); Almond Blossoms,
Still-Life (1882); Pyrus Japonica (1883).
BORDES, ERNEST DOMINIQUE, born
at Pau, France ; contemporary. History
and genre painter ; pupil of Bonnat and
Cormon. Medal : 3d class, 1884. Works :
The Concierge is a Tailor (1881); Malaguu-
na de Seville (1882) ; Jour des Cuivres, Breton
Woman Spinning (1883); Legend of St. Ju-
lian the Hospitaller (1884); Tide at Cayeux
(1885).
BORDONE, PARIS, born in Treviso, in
1500, died in Venice, Jan. 19, 1570. Vene-
tian school ; of a noble family ; pupil of Ti-
tian, under whom he gave promise early
of great ability. Afterward studied the
\ works of Giorgione, whom he imitated
rather than Titian. He excelled especially
in portraits, his
heads being
inferior only to
those of Titian.
His flesh tints
are wonderful-
ly brilliant, but
\ in taste and
quality of touch
he was inferior
to either Titian
or Paolo Vero-
j nese. His landscape backgrounds are gen-
erally classical and elegant. In 1538 he
; went to Paris, at the invitation of Francis I.,
or, as some say, in 1559, at that of Francis
IL, and painted the principal personages of
the court. The most important of his works
are: The Fisherman presenting the Ring
of St. Mark to the Doge, and the Tiburtine
Sibyl, Venice Academy ; Baptism of Christ,
Brera, Milan ; Altarpiece and Madonna and
Saints, Berlin Museum ; Diana, Apollo, and
Marsyas, Dresden Gallery ; Madonna and
Saints, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Daphnia
and Chloe, National Gallery, London. There
O .PARIS -B-
are portraits by Bordone
in the Uffizi and Pitti,
Florence ; and in the Lou-
vre, Munich, Vienna, and
othergalleries. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole venitienne; Seguier, 23; Siret, 119;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 82, ix. 143, xiii.
47; Burckhardt, 741; Morelli (Richter),
195 ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 568.
BORESUM (Borssem, Borssum), ABRA-
HAM VAN, flourished about 1600. Dutch
school ; landscape and animal painter, in
the manner of A, Cuyp and A. van der
Neer. Clever painter and able colourist,
with a firm touch. Works : Village by
Moonlight, Rotterdam Museum ; Pictures
in Van Loon Collection, Amsterdam, and
BORGOGNONE
Arenberg Gallery, Brussels. — De Stuers,
115 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 215.
BORGOGNONE, AMBROGIO, born in
Milan, about 1440-50, flourished from 1485
to 1523, some say until 1535 ; but probably
died at Milan, in 1523. Lombardo-Milanese
school ; real name Ambrogio Stefani da Fos-
sano ; perhaps pupil of Vincenzo Foppa and
of Bernardino Zenale. First manner timid
and stiff, and never gained much freedom ;
painted in tempera and then in oil in the
method of tempera ; flat surface in flesh and
drapery, and petty detail in landscape dis-
tances. His best work is in the Certosa, Pavia.
Used much gilding in his early pictures, as in
Madonna and Saints, Ambrosian Library,
Milan ; do., collection of Count Borromeo,
Milan ; and a triptych in the National Gal-
lery, London, where are also his Marriage
of St. Catherine and two family portrait
pieces. The second style of Borgognone
shows the influence of Leonardo da Vinci.
Examples of it are the remains of frescos at
S. Satire, Milan (1494-95); a series of small
panels at Lodi ; Coronation of the Virgin, in
choir, and scenes from the legend of S. Si-
sinius, in portico, of S. Simpliciano, Milan
(1524) ; Christ after his Resurrection and
Christ disputing with a Doctor, S. Ambro-
gio ; a ceiling in the sacristy of S. M. della
Passione ; Madonna with Saints (1485), S.
Eustorgio, Milan. In the Certosa, Pavia,
are the frescos of the apses, and a Crucifix-
ion (1490) ; St. Ambrose and Martyrs ; St.
Sirus in Majesty with Saints ; St. Augustin,
and many other works completed before
1494. Other works are : An altarpiece
(1508), S. Spirito, Bergamo ; Assumption
(1522), Brera, Milan ; Madonna in Adora-
tion, Munich Gallery ; do., Dresden Gal-
lery.—Calvi, Dei Professori, etc., 245 ; Rio,
Art Chretien, iii. 184 ; C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
41 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Morelli
(Richter), 419 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i.
495.
BORGONA, JUAN DE, died in Toledo,
about 1533. Spanish school ; enjoyed the
patronage of Archbishop Ximenes ; painted
i in 1495-99 in the cloisters of the Cathe-
dral of Toledo works now destroyed, and
'in 1508-11 frescos in the winter chap-
ter room at Toledo, among which were a
Nativity of the Virgin and a Last Judgment.
In 1514 he painted the Conquest of Oran
on the walls of the Muzarabic Chapel, and
in 1519 adorned with frescos the Cathedral
Library. He also painted portraits of all the
Spanish Primates down to Cardinal de Fon-
seca. — Stirling, i. 93.
BORJESSON, AGNES, born in Sweden,
May 1, 1827. Genre painter ; pupil of Bok-
lund ; studied then in Paris, and from 1860
in Dtlsseldorf under W. Sohn ; travelled
afterwards in Italy. Since 1872 member of
the Stockholm Academy. Works : Old
Reminiscences, Stockholm Museum ; De-
parture of the Bridal Pair.
BORRACHOS, LOS (The Topers), or
Bacchus, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 5 f i 5 in. x 7 ft. 3 in. Bacchus, half
nude, crowned with vine leaves, sits on a
cask and smiles as he places a crown of
leaves on head of a soldier kneeling before
him ; on left, a peasant seated, and another
reclining on bank with a cup in hand ; on
right, five jovial peasants looking on ; back-
ground, landscape. Painted about 1629 for
Philip TV. Old copy in Naples Museum.
Sketches : Lord Hey tesbury, Wilts ; Robert
S. Holford, London. Several etchings and
lithographs.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ;
Art Journal (1852); Gaz. des B. Arts (1879),
421 : Klass. der Malerei ; Curtis, 17 ; Ma-
drazo, 596.
BORRAS, Fray NICHOLAS, born at Co-
centayna, in 1530, died at Gaudia, in 1610.
Spanish school ; pupil of Vicente Joanes ;
became, in 1575, a monk in the Jeronymite
convent at Gandia, where he gave most of
182
BORRAS
bis life to its embellishment, covering the invitation of Louis XTV. and painted fres-
walls of its chapels, chapter-house, cloisters, cos in the Louvre and at Vincennes. Re-
and refectories with picturea Many of his turned to Genoa the year of his death. —
works in the Museum at Valencia, among Lanzi, iii. 271 ; Ch. Blanc, ]5cole genoise ;
them a Last Supper, Christ bearing his Soprani, 179.
Cross, Dead Sa- _^^ BOSBOOM, JAN, born at The Hague,
viour in Arms of /} Feb. 18, 1817. Architecture painter; pupil
the Father, and l\f} T^TjOiA of Van Bree > Knight of the Order of the
Archangel Mi- V«xt-/ •s*s^\J Lion, of the Crown of Oak, and of Leopold ;
chael driving Souls to Purgatory. Bermu- medals in Paris (1855) and Philadelphia
dez gives a list of his works. — Stirling, i. (1876). Works : Franciscan Monks singing
379 ; Cean Bermudez. Te Deum (1855) ; Holy Communion in
BOREAS Y MOMPO, Don VICENTE, Protestant Church ; Hall of the Consistory
born in Spain ; contemporary. Historical at Nymwegen ; Interior of Church at Alk-
genre painter. Medal,
2d class, Madrid, 1878.
Works : Seizure of Riego
(1878); Dona Maria Pa-
checo de Padilla (1881) ;
Antonio Perez after Tor-
ture receiving his Family
(1884). — La Hustracion
(1881), ii. 299 ; (1884), iL
41.
BORSOS, JOSEF, born
at Veszprim, Hungary,
Dec. 20, 1821. Genre and
still-life painter ; pupil of
Vienna Academy. Works:
Still-life (1850), Vienna
Museum ; Morning after
Masked Ball (1850), Por-
trait of Prince Eszterhazy,
National Museum, Pesth ; Surprise (1850), maar ; Interior of Rotterdam Cathedral ;
Wounded Soldier (1853), After the Battle Protestant Church at Amsterdam, Munich
(1853), Austrian Art Union.— Wtlrzbach, ii. Gallery"; Tomb of Engelbert H., Le Buffet
78. d'Orgues (1873).
BORZONE, LUCIANO, born in Genoa in ; BOSCH, ERNST, born at Crefeld, Ger-
1590, died there in 1045. Genoese school ; many, in 1834. Genre painter ; pupil in
pupil of his uncle Filippo Bertolotto and of Wesel, of Schex, then in 1851-50 at the
Cesare Corte. Painted some historical pict- Dilsseldorf Academy, under Sohn, Hilde-
ures, but excelled in portraits. Killed by a brandt, and Schadow. Works : The Smug-
fall from a scaffolding in 1'Annunziata, Igler (1854), Ferry in the Ice, Flying Dutch-
Genoa, where he was occupied in painting man, Defence of Log-House against Indians,
a Nativity. His three sons, Gio. Battista Soldier's Serenade, Gipsy Gang, Faithful
(died 1657), Carlo (died 1657), and Fran- Watchman, Grandfather and Grandson,
cesco Maria (born 1626, died 1679), were all The Sick Cow, Rogues' School, Autumn
painters. Francesco M. went to France at Evening (1867), Far-Sighted and Near-
Los Borrachos (The Topers), Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
188
BOSCH
Sighted, Sleeping Savoyard Boy, Tinker,
Old Shepherd (1873), The Poachers, Red
Riding-Hood, Cinderella, the Favourites,
Old Shepherd and Granddaughter, Idyl. —
Miiller, 67.
BOSCH (Bos), HTERONYMUS (Hieron-
ymus van Aeken), born at Bois-le-Duc, be-
tween 1460 and 1464, died there in 1516.
Flemish school ; history and genre painter;
treated scriptural subjects in a fantastic
and grotesque spirit ; great brilliancy of
colour and delicacy of execution. His fame \
spread rapidly over the Netherlands, Italy,
and Spain. Works : Adoration of Magi, t
Temptation of St. Anthony (3), Fall of An-
gels, Creation (?), Moral Fantasy, Madrid
Museum ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Va-
lencia Museum ; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Antwerp Museum ; Fall of Angels, Brussels
Museum ; Temptation of St. Anthony (2, ?),
Museum, Vienna ; Last Judgment, Acad-
emy, ib. ; Holy Family, Naples Museum. —
Allgem. d. Biog. iii. 184 ; Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, i. 149 ; Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., i. 90 ;
Michiels, iv. 204 ; Rooses (Eeber), 75 ; W.
& W., ii. 528.
BOSEE, FRIEDRICH, born at Halbau,
Silesia, in 1811, died in Dilsseldorf, Jan.
28, 1881. Genre and portrait painter ;
pupil in 1831-34 of Dresden, then, till 1836,
of the Berlin Academy, and, till 1841, of
the Diisseldorf Academy. Works : Egmont
and Clara, Faust and Gretchen, Present to
the Bride, Brother Sleeps, Wendish Girls at
Church, Little Flower-Girl, Girl Knitting,
The Widow, Poor's Box, The Redeemer
(1870) ; Shooting at the Shawfowl, Looking
at the Pictures, Mr. Booker, New York. —
Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 343 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.
(1874), iii. 550 ; Wolfgang Miiller, Diissel-
dorf K., 291.
BOSSCHAERT (Bossaert), THOMAS
WILLEBRORD, called Willeborts, born at
Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1613, died in Antwerp,
Jan. 23, 1654. Flemish school ; history and
portrait painter ; pupil in Antwerp of Ge-
rard Zegers, but became afterwards a suc-
cessful imitator of Van Dyck, to whom some
of his works are attributed ; master of Ant-
werp guild in 1636, dean in 1650-51 ; di-
rector of Academy at Antwerp, 1649. Works :
The Angels announcing to Abraham the
Birth of Isaac, Brussels Museum ; St. Sebas-
tian and the Angel, Munich Gallery ; Mar-
riage of St. Catherine, Berh'n Museum (?) ;
Mary and St. Francis, Nuremberg Museum ;
Elijah in the Desert, Vienna Museum.—
Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 750 ; Kramm, i.
134, vi. 1865; Michiels, ix. 71; Rooses
(Reber), 328.
BOSSCHE, BALTHASAR VAN DEN,
born at Antwerp, baptised Jan. 6, 1681,
died there, Sept. 8, 1715. Flemish school ;
genre and portrait painter; pupil of Gerard
Thomas. Work: Reception of Burgomas-
ter in the Guild of Cross-Bowmen (1711),
Antwerp Museum. — Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874), 426.
BOSSHARDT, KASPAR, born at Pfaffi-
kon, Switzerland, in 1823. History painter ;
pupil of Dtisseldorf Academy under Scha-
dow and Schirmer ; paints chiefly subjects
from local history. Studio in Munich.
Works : Halwyl of Bern before Battle of
Murten (1868), Basle Museum ; Death of
Sickingen,Wengi of Solothurn placing him-
self before a Cannon, Confederate Woman
in Suabian War, The Favourite, Politicians
in the Monastery (1879). — Kunst-Chronik,
iii. 66 ; Miiller, 68.
BOSSUET, FRANCOIS, born at Ypres,
East Flanders, Aug. 20, 1800. Architecture
painter ; pupil of Brussels Academy ; trav-
elled in the Netherlands, Germany, France,
184
BOTH
Spain, and North Africa. Professor at
Brussels Academy. Member of Rotterdam
and Philadelphia Academies. Officer of Order
of Leopold; Portuguese Order of Isabella the
Catholic. Works : Seville Cathedral (1855),
St. Amand Abbey at Rouen, Brussels Muse-
um ; Ruins of Moorish Bridge, Li6ge Muse-
um ; Gate of Justice at the Alhambra, MODS
Museum ; Market Halls at Ypres, Ypres
Museum ; Lions' Court of the Alhambra,
Court of Honour of the Alcazar at Seville,
Stuttgart Gallery ; Andalusian Landscape
(1847), Giralda Procession at Seville (1853),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Roman Aqueduct
at Seville, Philadelphia Museum. — La-
rousse, ii. 1027.
BOTH, JAN, called the Italian, born at
Utrecht, in
1610, died
there after
1650. Dutch
school. Jan
and his broth-
er Andries
having learned
the elements
of painting
from their fa-
ther, Dirck, glass painter, were apprenticed
by him to Abraham Bloemart. The broth-
ers travelled in France and Italy. At Rome,
Jan imitated the style of Claude Lorraiu and
painted some excellent landscapes, in which
Andries, who followed the manner of Van
Laar, introduced figures and animals. It is
said that Jan, after his brother was drowned
at Venice, returned to Utrecht and died
of grief soon after. But doubt is thrown
upon this story by the signature of Jan,
when dean of the guild in 1649 ; he had re-
turned to Utrecht in 1644. Works : Eight
landscapes, Madrid Museum; two, Louvre ;
do., Hague Museum ; four, National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam; two, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; one, Antwerp Museum ; do., Brussels
Museum ; do., Brunswick Museum ; five,
Dresden Museum; one (1650), Berlin Mu-
seum ; do., Munich Gallery ; two, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Baptism of the Eunuch,
Buckingham Palace, London ; Landscape
with Muleteers ; do. with figures (by Poe-
lenburg) rep-
resenting
Judgment of
Paris, and
others, National Gallery, London; Land-
scape, New York
17 [\ f Museum.— Ch.
TAJ / QJ*() Blanc, Ecole hol-
*^ ^"^ landaise ; Cat du
Musee d'Anvers (1874), 62 ; Havard, A. &
A., iv.171 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 366.
BOTTALLA, GIOVANNI MARIA, called
Raffaellino, born at Savona, in 1613, died in
Milan, in 1644. Genoese school ; patro-
nized by Cardinal Giulio Sacchetti, who
placed him at Rome in the studio of Pietro
da Cortona. Sacchetti called him Raffael-
lino from his happy imitation of Raphael ;
but his style is rather that of Pietro, who is
said to have dismissed him and Francesco
Rornanelli, for endeavouring to supplant
him. Afterwards painted in Naples and in
Genoa. His Meeting of Jacob and Esau is
in the Capitol Gallery, Rome. — Lanzi, iii.
276; Ch. Blanc, ficole genoise; Soprani, 161.
BOTTCHER, CHRISTIAN (EDUARD),
born at Imgenbroich, Rhine province, Dec.
9, 1818. Genre and landscape painter ;
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Hilde-
brandt and Schadow. Since 1872 professor
in Academy. Works : Release of Prisoner
(1848); Schoolmaster and Village Youths
(1852); Rhenish Village Youths (1856);
Evening on the Rhine (1860); Rhenish
Harvest (1861); Summer-Night on the
Rhine (1872), Cologne Museum ; Evening
in Black Forest (1863), Leipsic Museum ;
Starting for the Vintage (1867); Hay-Har-
vest on the Lahn, Villa on the Rhine, Mar-
ket-Well in Rhenish City (1870); Return
from the Fields (1872); Sunday on the
Rhine (1875). — Wolfg. Mttller, 69; Dus-
seldorf K., 257 ; Wiegmann, 326.
BOTTICELLI, ALESSANDRO (Sandro),
born in Florence, in 1446, died there,
185
BOUCHER
May 17, 1510. Florentine school; real
name Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi, but
took nameofBot-
ticelli from his
master, a gold-
smith, to whom
he was appren-
ticed. Studied
painting with Fra
Filippo Lippi, at
whose death
(1469) he was,
says Vasari, the best master in Florence. He
is the only contemporary whom Leonardo
da Vinci mentions by name in his treatise
on painting. The grace, sympathetic feel-
ing, and imaginative quality of Sandro's
work give it a greater hold upon the mind j
than that of many painters who surpassed
him in technical knowledge and in feeling
for beauty. Student and illustrator of
Dante, a reader of Boccaccio, with a taste
for classical mythology, and of a serious turn
of mind which brought him under the influ-
ence of Savonarola, in the latter part of his
life, this painter poet worked with genuine
freshness of feeling. His art is always re-
fined and elevated, though not altogether
free from a na'ive mannerism whose quaint-
ness gives it a peculiar charm. As an ex-
ample of his Lippesque manner see the
Madonna with Angels, Uffizi, painted about
1480, to which year belongs the fresco of
St. Jerome, Ognissanti, Florence. The
Adoration of the Magi, and the Fortitude,
Uffizi, show the influence of Pollajuolo, who
painted the series of Virtues to which the
latter belongs, an influence which is also
perceptible in the Calumny of Apelles, and
the Birth of Venus, Uffizi. The Allegory of
Spring, Florence Academy, illustrates the
poetic side of Botticelli's art. Before 1484
he was called to Rome by Sixtus IV., and
painted the frescos of the destruction of
Korah, Dathan, and Abiram ; Moses smit-
ing the Egyptian at the Well; and the
Temptation of Christ, Sistine Chapel.
Other works are four small pictures attrib- ]
uted to Mantegna, Palazzo Adorno, Genoa ;
Triumph of Chastity, Turin Gallery ; Judith,
Holofernes found by his Sdldiers, Adoration
of Magi, Uffizi, Florence ; Coronation of
the Virgin, S. Jacopo di Ripoli, Florence ;
Coronation of the Virgin, Florence Academy
(1481-84); Madonnas, Pitti and Corsini Gal-
leries, Florence, National Gallery, London,
and Louvre, Paris ; Portraits, the Bella
Simonetta, Pitti, portrait of a man, attrib-
uted to Masaccio, Palazzo Corsini, Florence,
and of Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Berlin ; Pieta,
Munich; Nude Venus, Berlin; Nativity, Mars
and Venus, Venus Reclining, Assumption, Na-
tional Gallery, London; Adoration of the
Magi, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Whether
Botticelli engraved any of the so-called play-
ing cards which he designed is uncertain,
but probably they, as well as his illustrations
to the edition of
Dante with Lan-
dini's Commen-
tary (1481), were
engraved by Baldini. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
309 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 413 ; Pater, Studies
in the History of the Renaissance, 38; Burck-
hardt, 544 ; Dohme, 2i ; Ldbke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., i. 350.
BOUCHER, FRANCOIS, born in Paris,
Sept. 29, 1703,
died there, May
30, 1770. French
school ; history
and genre paint-
er, mostly self-
taught ; attended
three months the
school of Le
Moine, then em-
ployed in draw-
ing for engravers from his own compo-
sitions or Wattelet's. In 1723 he obtained
the first prize at the Academy and later went
to Rome with Carle van Loo. Returning to
Paris in 1731, was received into the Acade-
my in 1734, became professor in 1737, di-
rector in 1765, and after the death of Carle
van Loo was appointed first painter to the
1S6
BOUCIIOT
king. He painted many mythological and
religious subjects, landscapes, animals, theat-
rical decorations, wall and ceiling decora-
tions, besides making about 10,000 drawings.
Works : Venus demanding Arms of Vulcan
(1732), Rinaldo and Armida (1734), Diana
leaving the Bath (1742), Vulcan giving Arms
to Venus (1757), Vertumnus and Pomona
(1763), Cephalus and Aurora (1768), Jupiter
and Callisto, Rape of Europa, Venus asking
Vulcan for Arms, Neptune and Amymone,
Amynthus freeing Sylvia, The Goal and four
landscapes, Louvre ; Reunion of the Arts,
Angers Museum ; Aurora and Cephalus,
Nancy Museum; Painting, Sileuus Drunk,
Lille Museum ; Mercury entrusting the In-
fant Bacchus to the Nymphs of Mt. Nisa,
Caen Museum ; Amorous Gardener, Educa-
tion of a Dog, Nimes Museum ; Cupids and
Flowers, Nude Women Reclining, Toulon
Museum ; Shepherd and Shepherdess, Bor-
deaux Museum ; Pan and Syrinx, National
Gallery, London ; Venus and Adonis, Barker
Collection ; Young Mother Resting, Due
d'Aumale ; Leda, Douglas Collection ; Por-
trait of Mme. de Pompadour, M. Henri Di-
dier ; do., National Gallery, Edinburgh ;
Madonna, M. Hollond ; three mythological
subjects, Stevens Collection ; Woman Re-
clining, several mythological subjects, Nar-
vaez Collection ; Woman with Straw Hat,
Chevalier Collection, Paris ; Sunrise, Sunset,
Lord Hertford ; The Kiss, Egmont-Masse
Collection ; Toilet of Venus (1746), The Toi-
let (1746), Are they thinking of Grapes?
(1747), Leda and Swan, Venus and Graces
Bathing, Triumph of Galatea or Birth of
Venus (1740), Stockholm Museum ; Venus
and Cupid, Berlin Museum ; Peace and
War, Boston Museum of Fine Arts ; Res-
cue of Arion, New York Museum ; Voluptu-
ary, Winter Scene, Historical Society, New
York.— Villot, Cat Louvre ; Dohme, 3; Gou-
court, i. 177, ii. 510 ; Mantz, Fr. Boucher
(Paris, 1880) ; Ch. Blanc, ficole francaise ;
Houssaye Gal., iii. 129 ; Portfolio (1872), 34 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), x. 496.
BOUCHOT, FRAN(;OIS, born in Paris,
'Nov. 29, 1800, died there, Feb. 7, 1842.
French school ; history painter, pupil of
Regnault and Lethiere ; won the grand prix
de Rome in 1824 ; and then studied for
seven years in Rome and Naples, during
which period he sent several noteworthy
| compositions to Paris. Works : Battle of
Zurich in 1799, Versailles Museum ; Funeral
' of Gen. Marceau, Mairie, Chartres ; Intoxi-
cation of Silenus, Lille Museum ; Magdalen
under the Cross, Madeleine Church, Paris ;
Portraits of Gen. Jaubert, of Lablache, of
Grisi, etc. — Ch. Blanc, £cole franyaise.
BOUDEWYNS (Bauduins), ADRIAEN
FRANS, baptised in Brussels, Oct. 3, 1644,
I died there about 1700. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, pupil of Ignatius van der
Stock ; admitted to guild, Brussels, in 1665.
About 1670 he went to France ; in 1677,
, had returned to Brussels. Painted many
small landscapes with figures and animals
by Pieter Bout. Works : Landscapes (9),
Madrid Museum ; Fish Market at Antwerp,
i Louvre, Paris ; Village Market (1686), Ant-
werp Museum ; Landscape with Figures and
Cattle, Rotterdam Museum ; Fish Market,
Fruit Market, Stockholm Museum; Southern
Strand View, Brunswick Museum ; Convent
Gate with Beggars, nine others, Dresden
Gallery ; Landscapes (2), Museum, Vienna ;
do. (8), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; do. (3),
Uffizi, Florence ; others iu Stuttgart, Des-
sau, and Wdrlitz Galleries. — Biog. nat. de
Belgique, ii. 788 ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874), 63 ; Jal, 127 ; Journal des B. Arts
(1869), 35; Meyer, Ktlnst. Lex., iii. 139;
Michiels, ix. 335.
BOUDIN, EUGfcNE, born at Honfleur
j (Calvados); contemporary. Marine painter.
' Medals: 3d class, 1881 ;2d class, 1883. Works:
Fishing (1880) ; The Meuse at Rotterdam
(1881); On the Meuse (1882) ; L'Entrce, La
Sortie (1883); Low Tide, High Tide (1884);
187
BOUGH
Getting under Sail, The Meuse before Dor-
drecht (1885).
BOUGH, SAMUEL, born at Carlisle,
Scotland, in 1822, died in Edinburgh, Nov.
1878. Landscape painter, self-taught; re-
moved to Edinburgh in 1855 ; A.R.S.A. in
1857, R.S.A. in 1875. Works : Shipbuilding
on the Clyde ; Kirkwall ; London from
Shooter's Hill ; St. Monaw's ; Winton Castle;
Ben Nevis.
BOUGHTON, GEORGE HENRY, born
near Norwich,
England, in 1834.
Genre painter ;
taken when three
years old to Am-
erica by his par-
ents, who settled
in Albany, N. Y.
Self-taught ; i n
1853 made a
\ f x#^ sketching tour
through the Eng-
lish Lake country, Scotland, and Ireland. In
1858 he removed from Albany to New York,
two years later went to Paris, and in 186 1 fixed
his residence in London, where he has since
remained. His Passing into the Shade, ex-
hibited at British Institution, and his Through
the Fields and Hop-Pickers Returning, Roy-
al Academy, 1863, attracted considerable at-
tention. Elected N.A. in 1871 and A.R.A.
in 1879. His works are popular, and many
of them have been engraved. Works : Last
of the Mayflower, Breton Pastoral (1868) ;
Age of Gallantry (1870); Colder than Snow,
Chapter from Pamela (1871); Heir Presump-
tive (1873) ; Canterbury Pilgrims (1874) ;
Grey Days, Bearers of the Burden (1875) ;
Homeward, Snow in Spring (1877); Priscilla,
Widow's Acre, Restiug-Place (1879) ; Evan-
geline, Omnia Vincit Amor (1880) ; Rose
Standish, Dutch Seaside Resort, Island of
Murken — Zuyder Zee (1881); Burgomaster's
Daughter, Weeders of the Pavement,
Autumnal Ramble by the Spey (1882);
Peace-maker, Sacred Mistletoe (1883) ; Mil-
ton visited by Andrew Marvell, On the Spey,
Salmon-Fishing (1885). Works in United
States : Dismal Swamp, August Belmont,
New York ; Idyl, Samuel Hawk Collection,
New York ; Pride and Humility, Break,
Break, Break, Peasant Interior— Brittany, J.
H. Warren, Hoosac Falls, N. Y.; Widow's
Garden, Th. B. Clark, New York ; Gipsy
Children, R G. Dun, New York ; Indian
Summer, R C. Taft, Providence; Girl's
Head, J. A. Brown, Providence ; Duel from
" Twelfth Night," J. Carey Coale, Baltimore ;
Winter, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia ; March
of Miles Standish (1869), Going to Seek his
Fortune, G. Whitney, ib. ; Puritan Soldier,
J. G. Fell, ib.; Skipper's Watch, W. B. Be-
ment, ib.; Fisher Girl, H. G. Marquand,
New York ; Flower Girl, J. P. Morgan, New
York ; Spring — Return of the Swallows,
Autumn — Departure of the Swallows, Win-
ter— Dead Swallows, M. K. Jessup, New
York ; Puritans going to Church (1867),
Winter Scene near Albany, Normandy Girl,
Mrs. R. L. Stuart, New York ; Queen Mary,
Wife of the Conqueror, Going to Church,
C. P. Huntington, New York ; Rosamond's
Poisoner, F. Harper, New York ; Enoch
Arden and Annie Lee, End of Maying,
Leaving Home, Down by the River, The
Waif, Puritan Maiden going to Church,
j Edict of William the Testy (original study),
C. S. Smith, New York ; Return of the May-
flower, F. Rogers, Philadelphia ; Waning
Honeymoon, Venus and Adonis, W.T.Walters,
, Baltimore ; Comin' through the Rye, L.
Tuckerman, New York ; Edict of William the
I Testy (1877), Corcoran Gallery, Washing-
| ton.— Art Journal (1873), 41; Meynell, 21;
Portfolio (1871), 67.
BOUGUEREAU, (WILLIAM) ADOLPHE,
I born at La Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1825. French
school ; history and genre painter ; pupil of
Picot, and from 1843 of Ecole des Beaux
Arts. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1850,
and while a pensioner in that city sent sev-
eral pictures to Paris which were much ad-
mired. On his return to Paris he was en-
trusted with important decorative works in
public buildings, and in 1866 painted Apollo
1S8
BOUILLON
and the Muses in the foyer of the theatre at | Family, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ; Tambou-
Bordeaux. Medals
1857; 3d class,
1867; of honour,
1878, 1885 ; L. of
Honour, 1859;
Officer, 1876;
Member of Insti-
tute, 1876.
Works : Martyr's
Triumph (1854),
Philomela and
Procne (1861),
Madonna of Con-
2d class, 1855; 1st class, riue Girl, H. P. Kidder, Boston ; La llosit-re,
J. Carey Coale, Baltimore : Oranges, D. T.
Buzby, Baltimore ; Italian Mother and Chil-
dren, Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland ; Little
Reader, H. V. Newcombe, New York ; Guar-
dian Angel, Young Bohemians, H. L. Dous-
man, Si Louis ; Elder Sister, J. J. OTallon,
St. Louis ; Purloining the Grapes, L. Stan-
ford, San Francisco ; Pensive, L M. Scott,
San Francisco ; Two Portraits, A. R Head,
San Francisco ; Persuasion of Marguerite,
Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; Little
Marauders, E. B. Warren, Philadelphia ;
solation (1874), Birth of Venus (1879), Lux- Pastorale, Mrs. T. A. Scott, Philadelphia ;
embourg Museum ; Venus caressing Love Nymphs Bathing, Alsatian Peasant, C. H.
(1859) ; Faun and Bacchante, First Quarrel Clark, Philadelphia ; Picking Cherries, W.
and Peace (1861) ; Poor Family, Shepherd- B. Bement, Philadelphia ; Tambourine Girl
ess, Spanish Beauty, Bacchante (1863), Bor- (1873), Frank Work, New York ; Charity
deaux Museum ; Mower, Harvest Time (1874), F. W. Drexel, New York ; Violet, A.
(1872) ; Bather, Flora and Zephyrus (1875); ' J. Drexel, Philadelphia ; Happy Wife, Bo-
Madonna and St. John (1875), Mr. Bouci- j hemian Girl, Elder Sister, E. D. Morgan
cault ; Pieta (1876), Prince Demidoff ; Tri- Collection, New York ; Agnus Dei, M. K.
inn jili of Martyrdom, Triumph of Venus, i Jessup, New York ; Harvest, Alex. Brown,
First Caresses, Covetousness, Child with Philadelphia; Twins, John T. Martin, Brook-
Bird, Spinning Maiden, Neighbour's Love, lyn ; Secret, Mother's Prayer, Mrs. K. L.
Mowing Woman, Betrothal of St. Ann, Stuart, New York ; Listening to Sea-Shell,
Nymphs (1879) ; Aurora, Madonna with j D. O. Mills, New York ; Shepherdess, Boy
Angels (1881); Night (1883); Youth of Bac- \ and Flageolet, C. P. Huntington, New York;
chus (1884) ; Adoration of Magi, Adoration Spring, Fletcher Harper, New York ; Young
of Shepherds, diptych for St. Vincent de Scholar, Charles Stewart Smith, New York ;
Paul, Paris (1885). Among his works owned j Italian Boy, Going to the Bath, W. H. Vander-
in United States are : Mother's Treasure, bilt, New York ; The Departure, A. E. Borie
Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Mother and ( Collection, Philadelphia ; Bunch of Grapes,
Child, Twins, A. Belmont, New York ; Hesi- j R L. Cutting, New York ; Charity, Young
tating between Love and Riches, James H. Reader, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York;
Stebbins, New York ; Virgin and Angels, G. Alma Parens (1883), G. R. Blanchard, New
L Seney, Brooklyn ; Far from Home, Robert \ York
Hoe, New York ; Little Rogue, M. Graham, more
New York ; Prayer, W. Rockefeller, New
York ; La Tricoteuse, J. J. Astor, New York ;
Maternal Solicitude, T. R Butler, New York;
Little Marauders (1873), D. W. Powers, Roch-
ester ; Nymphs and Satyr (1873), Hoffman
House, New York ; Beggar-Girl, J. A. Brown,
Providence ; Meditation, Bad Scholar, W.
Mason, Taunton, Masa ; Homer and his Guide
(1874), Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York ; Holy
Flagellation, W. T. Walters, Balti-
Early Morning, L. Tuckerman, New
W-BOVGVEREAV-18/5
York.— Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1874), 49; La-
rousse ; Hamerton, French Painters ; Meyer,
Gesch., 400 ; Mflller, 70 ; Perrier, Etudes,
134 ; Portfolio (1875), 42.
BOUILLON CLAUDE. See She!*.
BOULANGER
BOULANGER, GUSTAVE (RODOLPHE I
CLARENCE), bom in Paris, April 25, 1824. (
History painter,
pupil of Jollivet
and of Delaroche ;
won the prix de
Rome in 1849 ; re-
turned from Italy
in 1856 ; has trav-
elled in Africa.
Medals : 2d class,
1857, 1859, 1863,
and 1878; L. of
Honour, 1865;
Member of Institute, 1882. Works: Ulysses
recognized by Eurycleia (1849) ; C;i'sar at
the Rubicon; The Choassa, House of the
Tragic Poet in Pompeii, Maestro Palestrina
(1857) ; Arabian Herdsmen, Lucretia, Les-
bia (1859) ; Hercules at Feet of Omphale,
Copy of the Flute Player and the Wife of
Diomed (Prince Napoleon) ; An Arab (1861);
Csesar at the Head of the Tenth Legion, Ka-
byles, The Defeat (1863) ; Horsemen of the
Sahara (1864); Djeid and Rahia, Portrait of
Hamdy-Bey (1865) ; Catharine I. with Me-
hemet Baltadji, Woman selling Crowns in
Pompeii (1866); The Mamillare (1867); El
Hiasseub, Arabian Story-Teller, Street of
the Tombs in Pompeii (1869); Tisan Emir,
The Chaouches of the Hakem, Souvenir of
Old Blidah (1870) ; Waiting for their Lord
and Master (1872); The Search of the Aid
Srir at Biskra (1873) ; A-ppian Way in Time
of Augustus (1874) ; The Gyneceum (1875) ;
Summer Bath at Pompeii, Roman Comedi-
ans rehearsing their parts (1876); St. Se-
bastian and the Emperor (1877); Repast in
House of Lucullus (1878); Slave with a Fan
(1882); Source of the Tiber (1883); Captive,
Woman of the Ouleid-Nahir (1884); Jewish
Water Carrier in Algiers, Mother of the
Gracchi (1885); Turkish Justice, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York. — Larousse ;
Miiller, 70.
BOULANGER, LOUIS, born at Vercelli,
Piedmont, March 11, 1806, died at Dijon,
March 5, 1867. Genre painter, pupil of
Lethiere and of Achille Deveria; one of
the leading artists of the romantic school.
Medals: 2d class, 1827 ; 1st class, 1835;
L. of Honour, 1840 ; director of the School
of Art in Dijon after 1860. He exhibited
in most of the Salons from 1827 to 1866 ;
has illustrated works of Victor Hugo and
others. Works : Mazeppa (1827), Rouen
Museum ; Assassination of Louis of Orleans
by the Duke of Burgundy (1833), Ministry
of Public Works ; Hymn of Judith (1833),
Ministry of the Interior ; Renard the Fox in
the Gardens of Armida, Death and the
Woodcutter, Spanish Mule-Drivers (1833); a
series of brilliant water-colours representing
scenes from Notre Dame de Paris, Beatrice
Cenci, Lucretia Borgia, Othello, and King
Lear (Salons of 1833 and 1834) ; Camacho's
Wedding (1835) ; Triumph of Petrarch
(1837); Three Women beloved by Poets
(1840, Dante's Beatrice, Petrarch's Laura,
Ariosto's Orsolina) ; Virgil's Shepherds,
Women Bathing (1845) ; Hecuba's Grief
(1858), Ministry of the Interior ; Ugolino
and his Sons (1858) ; King Lear and his
Fool (1853); St. Jerome and the Roman Fu-
gitives (1855); Gentlemen of the Sierra, Gui-
tar-Player, Festival in the Castle of Lirias,
Romeo buying the Poison (1857); Don Quix-
ote and the Goatherd, Othello, Macbeth,
The Message (1859); The Revery of VellSda,
The Sunday Patrol (1861); Virgil's Georgics
(1863); Holy Family (1865), bought by
State ; Fear Nothing, thou bearest Csesar
(1865) ; Concert in Picardy (1866).— La-
rousse; Kunst-Chronik, ii.113; L'Art, i. 224 ;
Portfolio (1875), 178.
BOULANGER, Mme. MARIE ELIZA-
BETH (nc-e Blavot), born in Paris in 1810.
Genre painter ; pupil in water-colour of C.
Roqueplau, and in oil of Louis Boulanger,
whom she married ; after his death she mar-
ried F. Cave, director of the Beaux Arts.
Medals: 3d class, 1836; 2d class, 1839.
Works : Child crying over its Goat, Jean
190
BQULLONGNE
Jacques and the Little Savoyards, The Poor
Woman, Bernard de St. Pierre at the Village
(all water-colours), Paul Veronese's Child-
hood, Battle of Ivry, The First Ennuis, Louis
XIII., Convalescence, Kings, Triumph of
Bacchus (1835-1849); Virgin in Tears,
Kouen Museum ; Children's Tournament
(water-colour), triptych (belongs to State).
BOULLONGNE, BON, born in Paris
in 1649, died
there, May 16,
1717. French
school ; history
painter ; eldest
son and pupil
of Louis B.;
studied in
Rome five years
under the pen-
sion of the king,
became a mem-
ber of the Academy in 1C77, adjunct profes-
sor in 1G84, and professor in 1692. He re-
ceived the favour of Louis XIV., who em-
ployed him to paint the staircase at Ver-
sailles, under the direction of Le Brun. He
also executed frescos in the Church of the
Invalides, in St. Ambroise, and hi the Tri-
anon and the chapel at Versailles. Works :
Annunciation, St. Benedict restoring a
Child, Marriage of St. Catherine, Hercules
fighting the Centaurs (1677), Juno and
Flora, Venus and Loves, Louvre ; Calling of
Sons of Zebedee, Dublin Gallery. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
BOULLONGNE, LOUIS, the elder, born
in Paris in 1609, died there, June 13, 1674.
French school ; history painter, pupil of
Blanchard; studied afterwards in Rome. On
his return to Paris he executed several vo-
tive pictures for Notre Dame and decorative
paintings for public buildings. In 1656
he was nominated professor at the Academy.
His daughters, Genevieve (1645-1708) and
Madeleine (1646-1710), were also painters
and members of the Academy.
BOULLONGNE, LOUIS DE, the
younger, born in Paris in 1654, died there,
Nov. 20, 1733. French school ; history
painter; brother of Bon de B. Obtained the
academical prize
when eighteen,
and went in
1675 to Rome,
where he made
copies, full-size,
of Raphael's Vat- ^ML** £PiA'
ican frescos for >nKBfc^^'%fcc£jf ,^
the Gobelin tap-
estry manufac-
tory. In 1680,
after visiting
Lonibardy and Venice, he returned to
France, and executed many votive and dec-
orative paintings for Notre Dame and other
public buildings in Paris. In 1681 he be-
came Academician, 1693 professor, 1717 rec-
tor, and 1722 director of the Academy ; the
same year he was decorated with the order
of St. Michael, ennobled in 1724, and ap-
pointed painter to the king in 1725. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole fran<;aise.
BOUQUET, MICHEL, born at Lorient,
(Morbihan), Oct. 17, 1807. Landscape and
marine painter ; pupil of Gudin. Famous
as a painter on porcelain. Medals : 3d class,
1839 ; 2d class, 1847, 1848 ; L. of Honour,
1881. Works : Sunset ; View on the Blavct
(1839) ; Shoemaker's House in Valley of
Chevreuse ; Halt of Hunters at Fontaine-
bleau ; View near Palermo ; Danube in Hun-
gary (water-colour, 1847) ; Evening hi Wal-
achia ; Landscape near the Chevreuse ; Last
Leaves of Autumn, Souvenir of Normandy
(water-colour, 1848); Cow-Pond in Brittany
(on porcelain, 1863) ; Spring and Autumn
(porcelain, 1866) ; Old Mill by Moonlight
(porcelain, 1877); View on the Seine (1879);
Isle of Capri (1882). — Larousse.
BOURCE, HENRI (JACQUES), bom in
Antwerp in 1826. Genre painter ; pupil
of the Antwerp Academy, under Wappers ;
travelled in Holland, France, Italy, Ger-
many, Norway, England, and Scotland.
Medals : Hague (1857), Brussels and Rotter-
dam (1863), Amsterdam (1868 and 1876),
191
BOURDON
London (1872 and 1873), Vienna (1873).
Order of Leopold (1869), Officer (1881);
Studio in Antwerp. Works : Return from
Vintage (1853); Marie Antoinette taken from
the Temple, Summer Evening by the Sea
(1863), Hague Museum ; Empty Cradle
(1867), Liege Museum ; Sorrowful Tidings
(1868), Brussels Museum ; Ripe Cherries
(1874), Ghent Museum ; Day after Storm
(1875) ; Return from Baptism.— Mtlller, 71.
BOURDON, SEBASTIEN, born at Mout-
pellier, Feb. 2,
1616, died in
Paris, May 8,
1671. French
school ; history
painter ; pupil
of Barthelemy
.;_^ at Paris until
\ his fifteenth
v V year, when he
went to Bor-
deaux, where
he painted in fresco ; and to Toulouse where,
finding no employment, he enlisted. In 1634,
having obtained his dismissal, he proceeded
to Rome, made copies from the old masters
for a dealer for three years, and then re-
turned to Paris to escape the Inquisition.
There during the next sixteen years he
painted battle pieces, hunts, landscapes, and
portraits, and the Crucifixion of St. Peter
for Notre Dame, now in the Louvre. In
1648 he assisted in founding the Academy,
and in 1652 went to Sweden, where he be-
came court painter. Ten years later he re-
turned to __ ^
Paris, and in
1665 was ap-
pointed di-
rector of the Academy. Works : Sacrifice
f of Noah, Solo-
T^ ~ mon sacrificing
J / r\ t* **r )ni ^0 Idols, Adora-
isuv(/ruui\ tion of Shep.
herds, Repose of Holy Family, Madonna
with St. John, Christ and the Children, De-
scent from Cross, Decollation of St. Protais,
Martyrdom of St. Peter, Julius Ccesar be-
fore Tomb of Alexander, Halt of Bohemians
(2), Laban seeking his Idols, Presentation
in the Temple, Portrait of Descartes, his own
portrait, and others, Louvre ; Group of Mer-
chants, Hague Museum ; Bacchanal, Liver-
pool Institute ; Death of Dido, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Return of the Ark from
Captivity, National Gallery, London. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole fran9aise.
BOURGEOIS, EUGENE (VICTOR), born
in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter.
Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works : Corner of
the Forest, Orchard of Flowers (1880); Les
Graves at Villerville (1881); Little Bridge of
Gravoteaux (1882) ; Pointe du Grand-Bee,
Tuilerie de Maurevert (1883) ; Meadow in
Environs of Villerville (1884); Le Val at Vil-
lerville, La Fontaine- Virginie at Pennedepie
(1885).
BOURGEOIS, (L^ON PIERRE) UR-
BAIN, born at Nevers, France ; contempo-
rary. History and portrait painter ; pupil
of Sebastin Cornu, H. Flandrin, and Caba-
nel. Medals : 3d class, 1877; 2d class, 1880.
Works : St. Sebastian (1877) ; Justinian Em-
peror of the East (1878), Court of Cassation,
Paris ; Body of St. Vincent guarded from
Birds of Prey by Angels (1879); Portrait
of My Little Daughter (1881) ; Innocence
(1883); Diana after the Chase (1884), M. J.
Darcel.
BOURGEOIS, Sir PETER FRANCIS,
born in London in 1756, died there, Jan. 8,
1811. Of Swiss descent; pupil of Lou-
therbourg ; travelled in France, Holland, and
Italy in 1776, and on his return attained rep-
utation for his landscapes with cattle and
figures. In 1791 he was appointed painter to
the King of Poland and knighted; became an
A.R.A. in 1787, R.A. in 1793, and landscape
painter to George HI. in 1793. He left his
fine collection of 350 paintings, bequeathed
193
BOUKGET
to him by his friend Noel Desenfans, to Dul-
wich College, and £12,000 to build a gallery
for them. Works: Landscapes, etc. (22),
Dulwich Gallery. — Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole anglaise ; Richter, Dulwich Gal. Cat. ;
Sandby, I 300.
BOURGET, LE, DEFENCE OF, Al-
phonse de Neuville, W. H. Vanderbilt, New '
York ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 8 ft. Episode of the
Franco-German war of 1870-71. A handful
of French — eight officers and twenty men —
barricaded themselves in the village church,
swearing to die together rather than sur-
render. " It was necessary," wrote Gen.
Duroc, "to shoot them through the win-
dows and to bring up cannon to force a ca-
pitulation." The dying Lieut. Grisou is be-
ing earned out of the church by two of his
men. Painted in 1878. — Art Treasures of
Amer., iii. 103 ; Kdnst-Chronik, xv. 387.
BOURGUIGNON, LE. See Courtois.
BOUT, PEETER, baptized in Brussels,
Deo. 6, 1658, died about 1700. Flemish
school ; executed with Boudewyns a num-
ber of pictures, which, like those of Velvet
Brueghel, occupy a place midway between
landscape and genre, and in which he painted
the figures. Works : Palace (by Dupont)
with figures, Ghent Museum ; Figures in
Winter Landscape by d'Arthois, Brussels
Museum ; Figures in Landscape by Boude- j
wyns in Madrid, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Bruns-
wick, Dresden, and Vienna Museums, Uffizi,
Florence, and Louvre, Paris. — Biog. nat. de
Belgique, ii. 873 ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874), 68 ; Michiels, ix. 342.
BOUTERWEK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST,
born at Tamowitz, Silesia, Feb. 9, 1806, died
in Paris, Nov. 11, 1867. History painter ;
pupil of Berlin Academy under Kolbe, and
in 1831 of Delaroche in Paris, where he set-
tled after visiting Italy in 1834. He received
23 medals and many orders. His works are
pleasing in arrangement, clear in colouring,
and finished in execution. Works : Orestes
(1833) ; Arabian Sentry, Romeo and Juliet
(1836); Patriarchal Repast (1839); Isaac and j
Rebecca (1840); Neapolitan Scene, Episode
from Wedding of Camacho ; Jacob and Ra-
chael (1844); Baptism of the Chamberlain
(1848) ; Charlemagne in Argenteuil. — All-
gem, d. Biogr., iii. 216 ; Revue artistique
(1870); Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 186.
BOUTIBONNE, CHARLES EDOUARD,
born at Buda-Pesth, Hungary, of French
parents ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
pupil of Winterhalter. Medal, 3d class,
1847. Works: Phryne (1868); Susannah
(1881); Sirens (1883). Works in United
States : Inquisitive Maid, T. R. Butler, New
York ; Skating, D. W. Powers, Rochester,
N. Y. ; Broken Heart, W. Mason, Taun-
ton, Mass. ; Readers, " Be quiet, Sir ! " A.
Adams, Watertown, Mass.; Skating, J. T.
Martin, Brooklyn ; What shall I say to
Him ? E. B. Warren, Philadelphia ; Travel-
ling in Switzerland, Mrs. R L. Stuart, New
York ; On the Ice, F. Harper, New York.
BOUTIGNY, (PAUL) EMTLE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History painter,
pupil of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works : A Cantonment (1880); Episode of
the Affair of Quiberon — June 26, 1795
(1881); Episode of Combat of Bapaume in
1870 (1882); Pousse-cafe (1883); Boule-de-
Suif (1884); Attack on the Mill (1885).
BOUTS, DIERICK, born in Haarlem
about 1410-20, died at Louvain, May 6,
1475. Flemish school. Called sometimes
Dirk van Haarlem and Dierick de Louvain.
Settled in Louvain after 1450. History
painter of great merit, of the Van Eyck
school, in which he is almost unequalled in
glowing depth and transparent clearness of
colouring ; his delicacy of personification
and tenderness of execution are only marred
by the exaggerated stiffness and slimness of
his figures. Best works : Martyrdom of St.
Erasmus and Last Supper, St. Peter, Louvain.
Two wings of this altarpiece, Shower of
Manna and Abraham before Melchisedec, are
in the Old Pinakothek at Munich, two others,
Feast of the Passover and Feeding of Elijah,
in Berlin Museum. Judas taking our Lord,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Martyrdom of St.
Hippolitus, Bruges Cathedral ; Funeral of a
198
BOWLES
Bishop, Eastlake Collection, London ; Le-
gend of Emperor Otto III, Last Supper,
Brussels Museum ; Coronation of the Vir-
BEACHT, FELIX PROSPER EUGEN,
born at Merges on Lake Geneva. June 3,
1842. Landscape painter; pupil of the
gin, Vienna Museum. — C. & C., Flemish Carlsruhe Art School, and from 1861 in Dtis-
Painters, 321 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; seldorf, under Gude ; gave up painting in
Dohme, li.; Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 877; 1864 and was for ten years a cotton broker ;
Michiels, iii. 234 ; iv. 455 ; \V. & W., ii. 40. returned in 1875 to Carlsruhe, and has
BOWLES, MISS, Sir Joshua Reynolds, since then exhibited some excellent pictures.
Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., Hertford House, : Medal, Carlsruhe, 1877. Works : Idyl from
London ; canvas. A young girl seated on ! Heath of Liineburg ; Giant's Grave on Ltine-
the ground, caressing a spaniel; background, burg Heath ; Stormy Evening on Riigen ;
landscape, with lowering sky. Called also
Miss Bowles and her Dog, Girl with Dog,
Painted in 1775
by Marquis of
and Juvenile Amusement,
for 50 guineas ; bought
Hertford for 1,000 guineas. Engraved by
W. Ward (1798), W. Fry, C. Turner, J. Gro-
zer, S. Cousins.— Athen., March, 1875, 365.
Shepherd on the Heath ; Sandy Road in the
Heath; Landscape on Rugen(1879). Exhibi-
ted at Munich (1883), Moonlight Night in
the Desert, On the Dead Sea. — Midler, 72.
BRACKETT, WALTER M., born at
Unity, Me., in 1823. Self-taught; first
painted portraits and ideal heads, later very
BOXALL, Sir WILLIAM, born at Ox- successful in painting fish. President of the
ford, June 26, 1800, died in London, Dec. J Boston Art Club many years. Studio in
6, 1879. Student of the Royal Academy in Boston. Works : After the Battle, Earl of
1819 ; visited Italy in 1827 and 1833, and Dufferiu ; A Series of pictures : Rise, Leap,
repeatedly after he became director of Last Struggle, Landed, Sir Richard Potter,
the National Gallery. When young he exe- j London ; Trout Picture, Grisle (1881).
cuted a few subject pictures, among them BRADAMANTE AND FIORDASPINA,
Jupiter and Latona (1823), Contention of Guido Reni, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas. Brada-
Michael and Satan for the Body of Moses mante, near a fountain, listens to Fiordas-
(1824), Milton's Reconciliation with his j pina, who relates the sad adventure of
Wife (1829), and Lear and Cordelia (1831), Roger (Orlando Furioso, Canto L). Procured
but finally devoted himself to portraiture, | in 1667 from the Casino Mediceo, near S.
among his sitters being Wordsworth, Lan- Marco, Florence. — Soc. Ed. et Paris, PI. 117.
dor, Lord Coleridge, Gibson, Copley Field- BRADFORD, WILLIAM, born at New
ing (National Portrait Gallery), Allan Cun- ; Bedford, Mass., about 1830. Marine paint-
ningham, the Prince Consort, and other
eminentmen. Became an A.R.A. in 1851 and
er ; self-taught, but influenced by Van
Beest, whose studio at Fairhaven he shared
R.A. in 1863 ; succeeded Sir Charles East- for two years. Began by painting ships in
lake as director of the National Gallery in the harbour at Lynn, Mass., and on the
1865, retired on account of ill-health in 1874, ! coasts of Labrador and Nova Scotia ; after-
and in 1871 was knighted. — Cat. Nat. Gal.; wards made several Arctic expeditions with
Athenaeum, Dec. 13, 1879; Sandby, ii. Dr. Hayes, the explorer, and others, to
study icebergs and ice-floes, and from the
sketches painted pictures which were ex-
326.
BOYLE, FERDINAND T. L., born in
the United States, contemporary. Genre hibited in London and bought by the
painter. Is an associate of the National j Queen, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, and the
Academy. Studio in New York.
Gran'ther's Pet (1884).
Work :
BOZACCO or BOZZATO. See Bazacco.
Marchioness of Lome. Elected A.N.A. in
1874. Studio in New York. Works:
Steamer Panther among Icebergs in Mel-
BRACCHETONE, IL. See Volterra. \ ville Bay under Light of Midnight Sun,
194
BRAEKELEER
(Royal Academy, 1875), the Queen ; Fishing-
Boats in the Bay of Fundy ; Shipwreck off
Nantucket ; Light-house in St. John Har-
bour ; Fishing-Boats getting under Way ;
July Afternoon off Round Hill Light, Fish-
ing Craft among the Bergs (1882); Fishing
Craft at Sunset — Coast of Labrador (1883);
Quiet Afternoon in Straits of Belle Isle,
Return of Labrador Fishing Boats (1884).
—Art Journal (1873), 225.
BRAEKELEER, FERDINANDUS DE,
born in Antwerp, Feb. 19, 1792, died there,
May 16, 1883. History and genre painter ;
pupil of the Antwerp Academy, and of M.
I. van Bree ; obtained the great prize in
1819, and studied three years in Rome,
where he painted historical subjects in
the style of David ; after his return de-
voted himself to genre subjects, especially
family scenes. He has educated many pu-
pils who have attained fame. Order of
Leopold ; Member of Antwerp Academy,
and director of Antwerp Museum. Works :
Healing of Tobias, Esau and Isaac, Citadel
of Antwerp, Day after Surrender, Countess
of Lalaing at Defence of Domick, Happy
Domestics, Golden Wedding (Brussels Mu-
seum), Domestic Quarrel, Matrimonial
Peace, Jan Steen on the Ice, Love Declara-
tion, St. Thomas' Day, Village School ; De-
fence of Antwerp in 1576 (1837), Death of
Count Frederic de Merode, Antwerp Muse-
um ; Defence of Antwerp against Due
d'Alenyon in 1583 ; Quarrel after Dinner,
The Husband's Toilet (1852), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Happy Family, Unhappy Fam-
ily (1852), Corcoran Gallery, Washington. —
Larousse, ii. 1186 ; Muller, 73.
BRAEKELEER, HENRI DE, born in
Antwerp, contemporary. Genre painter ;
son and pupil of Ferdinandus de B. Medals
at Brussels (1872), Vienna (1873); honour-
able mention, Paris (1880) ; Order of Leo-
pold. Studio in Antwerp. Works : Interior
j of Chapel in St. James' Church, Antwerp ;
Interior of St. Hubert's Chapel in same
church ; The Tailor ; Manufacturer of
, Matches. — Larousse.
BRAEMAR, Sir Edwin iandseer, C. F. H.
Bolckow, Marton Hall, Middlesborough,
England. Scene in Braeinar, Highlands,
Aberdeenshire, Scotland. A magnificent
stag, with a group of does around him,
stands in the mist on the brow of a hill,
bellowing defiance to the hunter, or to other
I males of his own kind ; a rabbit appears in
the grass. Royal Academy, 1857. Bought
for £5000.
BRAITH, ANTON, born at Biberach,
Wflrtemberg, in 1836. Animal painter ;
pupil of Art School, Stuttgart, and from
1860 of Munich Academy. Gold medal,
Munich, 1869. Works : Cows in the Woods
(1865); Cows in Cabbage-Field (1868); Yoke
of Oxen (1870), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Cat-
tle returning Home (1871) ; Sheep Resting
(1871); Flock of Sheep in the Woods (1872);
Herd at the Brook (1873); Herd overtaken
by Storm (1874); Flock of Sheep by a Dead
Hare (1875); Goatherd on Mountain Lake
(1879); Cattle, W. Mason, Taunton, Mass.;
Cattle, E. D. Morgan, N. ¥.— Muller, 73 ;
niustr. Zeitg. (1870), ii. 50 ; (1877), i. 201.
BRAKENBURGH, RICHARD, born in
Haarlem, baptized May 22, 1650, died
there, Dec. 28, 1702. Dutch school ; genre
painter ; pupil of Heudrik Mommers ; joined
the guild of Haarlem in 1687. Influence
of Adrian van Ostade apparent in his pict-
ures. Works: Tavern Interior (1692), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Children's Festival (1698),
Brussels Museum ; Interior with Peasants
drinking and smoking, Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Sick-room, Rotterdam Museum ; Com-
pany in Peasant's Room (1689), Brunswick
Museum ; two pictures (1698), Hanover
Gallei-y ; Young Peasant with Bottle, Dres-
den Gallery ; Party of Jovial Peasants, Fes-
tival of the Beano (1690), Vienna Museum ;
Two Artist's Studios, Windsor Castle, Eng-
BEAM ANTING
land. — Ch. Blanc, ]5cole hollandaise ;
Kramm, i. 148 ; Van der Willigen, 89.
BRAMANTINO (Bramantino da Milano),
born in Milan(?), died there about 1535.
Lombard school ; real name Bartolommeo
Suardi ; probably taught iu local schools of
Milan, afterward journeyman to Bramaute.
Among the earliest pictures assigned to
him are Crucifixion, Municipio, Milan ; Cir-
cumcision (dated 1491), Louvre ; and Dead
Christ, S. Sepolcro, Milan. He followed
Bramante to Rome in the beginning of the
16th century, and was employed by Julius
n. in the Camera dell' Eliodoro, but re-
turned to Milan after the expulsion of the
French from Lombardy, and painted there
probably until near 153C, in which year his
heirs are mentioned. All his later works
show the influence of Leonardo da Vinci.
Among his best are : Madonna and Angels,
Brera, Milan ; Head of St. John the Bap-
tist, St. Jerome, Madonna and Saints, Am-
brosiana, Milan ; Flight into Egypt, Church
of the Madonna del Sasso, Locarno ; Pieta
over portal of S. Sepolcro ; St. Sebastian,
S. Sebastiano, Milan. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
14 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 17, viii. 14 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Burckhardt, 609 ;
Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 494.
BRAMER, LEONARD, born at Delft in
1596, died after
1667. Dutch
school ; history
and allegory
painter. Went
to France and
Italy in 1614,
returnedto Delft
in 1625, and en-
tered the guild
of St. Luke in
1629. Fond of
candlelight ef-
fects, in the manner of Honthorst, and of
Oriental or Jewish costumes, like Lastman
and Rembrandt, of whom he became an
imitator in his later years. Works : Descent
from the Cross, Rotterdam Museum ; Christ
among the Doctors, Simon in the Temple,
Brunswick Gallery ; Christ and the Scoffers,
Solomon in the Temple, Queen of Sheba
before Solomon, Dresden Gallery ; Two
Allegories, Vienna Museum ; Resurrection
of Lazarus, Turin Gallery ; Hecuba's Grief,
Abraham
visited by
Angels,
Madrid Mu-
seum.— Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise; Bode,
Studien, 351 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 217.
BRAMTOT, ALFRED HENRI, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of Bouguereau. Won the grand prix de
Rome in 1879. Medals : 3d class, 1879 ; 2d
class, 1885. Works: Bashful Love (1879);
Punishment of Ixion (1882); Compassion
(1883); Departure of Tobias (1885).
BRAND, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, born
in Vienna, Nov. 15, 1723, died there,
June 12, 1795. German school ; landscape
painter ; son and pupil of Christian Hilfgott
(born in Frankfort on the Oder, in 1695,
died in Vienna, about 1750). He was court
painter and, from 1771, professor at the
Vienna Academy, and was considered one
of the best artists in his line. Works :
Landscape with Ruin (1741), do. with Peas-
ants and Herd (1746), Battle of Hochkirch
(1766), four landscapes (1768, 1771), Vi-
enna Museum ; ten in Prague Gallery ;
others in galleries of Germany, France,
England, and Russia. By his father are
three Wood Landscapes in the Vienna Mu-
seum, ten others in the Prague Gallery.—
Allgem. d. Biog. iii. 236 ; Wurzbach, ii. 110.
BRANDEL, PETER JOHANN, born in
Prague in 1660, died at Kuttenberg, Bohe-
mia, in 1739. German school ; history
painter, pupil of the court painter Schroter,
whom he soon surpassed ; studied then
after great masters in the galleries of
Prague. Works : Baptism of Christ, Prague
BRANDELIUS
Cathedral ; Christ and the Woman taken in
Adultery, Museum, Vienna ; Joseph receiv-
ing his Brothers in Egypt, Czeruiu Gallery,
ib. ; St. Jerome, Schonborn Gallery, ib. ;
Mary Magdalen, Mentz Cathedral. — Wurz-
bach, ii. 113.
BRANDEUUS, (BENGT JOHAN) GUS-
TAF, Swedish ; bom at Fredsberg, West-
Gothland, Oct. 22, 1833. Animal painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy ; studied then
in 1852 at Upsala ; painted in 1856, when
lieutenant in the army, at Gothenberg,
many excellent portraits, and studied from
1857 at the Diisseldorf Academy under
d'Unker ; then in Paris, where he copied in
the Luxembourg and after Troyon. Since
1874, member of the Stockholm Academy.
Works : Norman Horses ; Soldier's Child at
the Gate ; Spring in the Woods (1868);
First Riding Lesson ; Besieged Favourite ;
The Future Hussar ; Return from the
Woods ; Adventure on the Promenade
(1875).— Mailer, 74.
BRANDES, HKTNRICH, born at Bort-
feld, Brunswick, in 1803, died at Brunswick,
Oct. 6, 1868. Landscape painter ; pupil in
Brunswick of Barthel, then in 1823-25 at
the Munich Academy, under Cornelius ; re-
mained in Munich five years longer, making
sketching trips into the Tyrolese Alps. In
1830-31 he visited Italy, especially Rome,
and after his return settled in Brunswick,
where, in 1835, he became professor at the
Carolinum College and inspector of the
Ducal Gallery. In 1845 he restored, with
Neumann, the old paintings in the Bruns-
wick Cathedral. Works : View near Marino ;
View near Rome; Subiaco; Inundation ; View
in Oker Valley ; Landscape in the Hartz ;
several Mountain and Winter Landscapes ;
Views in Tyrol and in the Hartz Mountains ;
View near Salzburg, New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich.— Kunst-Chronik, iv. 21.
BRANDON, JACOB EMTLE EDOU-
ARD, born in Paris, July 3, 1831. Flemish
school ; genre and history painter, pupil of
Picot, Montfort, and Corot. Medals, 1865,
1867. Works: Kissof Moses' Mother (1867);
Parisian Studio (1868); Exhibition of the
Pentateuch, Talmud Lesson (1869); The
Sabbath, Examination (1870); Improvisatore
in the Campagua, Lille Museum.
BRANDT, ELIZABETH, portrait, Ru-
bena, T. M. Whitehead, England ; canvas, H.
4 ft x 3 ft.; dated 1622. The artist's first
wife, in black dress, with ruff and white
j cuffs, and gold brocade corset, seated in an
artu-chair, with altar in background. Ham-
ilton Palace sale (1882), £1837 10s.— Acad-
emy, xxi. 246, 456.
BRANDT, JOZEF, born at Szczebrzeszyn,
Poland, Feb. 11,
1841. History and
genre painter ; pu-
pil in Paris of the
Ecole Ceutrale, and
hi Munich of Franz
Adam and Piloty.
Studio in Munich.
Medals : Munich,
1869; Vienna,
1873; Berlin, 1876.
Member of Berlin and Munich Academies ;
Order of Franz Josef ; mention honour-
able, Paris. Works : Attack of Polish Cav-
alry (about 1865); Polish Peasants before
an Inn (1870) ; Episode from Relief of
| Vienna (1870); Episode from Campaign in
I Jutland in 1658 (1870); Cossack Camp in
17th century (1872); Polish Fair (1872);
! Battle of Vienna in 1683 (1872); Polish
Cavalry on Patrol, Rollicking Quartering
(1873); Cossacks from Ukraine (1874),
Konigsberg Museum ; Uhlans in a Village,
Crossing the Carpathian Mountains, Camp
Scene at the Fire, Cossacks on Outpost
(1876), Tartar Battle (1878), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; WTallachians fording a Stream,
J. D. Lankenau, Philadelphia ; Tartars in
Flight, D. H. McAlpin, New York ; Critical
Moment (1884); Czabans caught in the
Snow in the Ukraine (1885).— Milller, 74 ;
N. illustr. Zeitg. (1879), ii. 539 ; (1880), ii.
714.
BRASCASSAT, JACQUES RAYMOND,
born at Bordeaux, Aug. 30, 1805, died in
197
BRASEN
Paris, Feb. 27, 18G7. French school ; laud-
scape and animal painter, pupil of Richard
and of Hersent. Won the second grand
prize for historic landscape in 1825, and
went to Rome, where he resided six years.
He was the first to revive the painting of
animals, which had fallen into discredit.
Medals : 2d class in 1827 ; 1st class in
1831 and 1837 ; L. of Honour, 1837. Mem-
ber of Institute, 1846. "Works : Meleager
Hunting (1825); Mercury and Argus, Ital-
ian Views (1827); View of Cassano, Temple
of Venus at Baise, Castel Rouge, Landscape
with Animals, Study of a Dog (1831);
Cow attacked by Wolves and defended by
Bulls, Bulls Fighting, Nantes Museum ;
Animals Resting (1837) ; The Bull (1842);
Landscape with Animals (1845), Louvre ;
Death of the Boar of Calydon, two land-
scapes with animals, Bordeaux Museum ; A
Pasture, Montpellier Museum ; A Sorceress,
Toulouse Museum ; Study of Horse, B.
Wall, Providence. — Larousse ; Kunst-Chro-
uik, ii. 202.
BRASEN, HANS OLE, born at Hillerd,
Denmark, Jan. 16, 1849. Genre painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; visited
North Italy in 1874, Tyrol and Paris in
1879. Works : Geese driven Home (1875);
Washing Place at Snip (1875); On Way to
Market, Scenes near Lago di Garda (1877) ;
Hussars watering Horses, Mare with Colt
(1879); Domestic Happiness (1880) ; Court-
ing (1881).— Sigurd Mailer, 47.
BRAUN, ADAM, born in Vienna in 1750,
died there in 1827. German school ; genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy at the age of twelve ; member in 1789.
Highly esteemed as a restorer of old
paintings. Works : Gentleman threading
Needle for Lady (1785), Museum, Vienna ;
Lady resting on Sofa, Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, ib. — Wurzbach, ii. 118.
BRAUN, AUGUSTIN, bom in Cologne,
about 1570, died there after 1627. German
school ; history and portrait painter. Works :
Martyrdom of St. Febronia, Wallraf Mu-
seum ; Seven Scenes from the Passion, St.
George's Church, Seven Scenes from Life of
St. Martin, St. Mary's Church, Cologne. —
Allgem. d. Biog. iii. 264 ; Merlo, Nachrich-
ten, 58.
BRAUN, LUDWIG, born at Schwabisch
Hall, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 23, 1836. Battle
painter ; brother of Reinhold B., pupil of
Stuttgart Art School ; studied then in Mu-
nich and Paris. Painted in Nuremberg a
cycle from the family history of the Counts
of Huuoldsteiu; visited in 1866 and 1870-71
the battle-fields of those years, and executed
for the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg sev-
eral pictures. Studio in Munich. Works:
Series of water-colour scenes from war in
Schleswig-Holstein, Tournament at Nurem-
berg in 1496, Scenes from Campaign of
1866, Suabian Kirmess (1869), Episode
from Battle of Worth, Capitulation of Se-
dan, Entry of the Mecklenburgers into Or-
leans, The Germans at Versailles, Entry into
Paris, Panorama of Battle of Sedan (1880).
— Mttller, 74 ; Elustr. Zeitg. (1870), i. 343.
BRAUN, REINHOLD, born at HaU, Wiir-
temberg, April 25, 1821, died in Munich,
Jan. 22, 1884. Military genre painter ;
pupil of Stuttgart Art School from 1836,
then of Munich Academy in 1843-50 ; took
part in the campaign of 1849 in Baden, at
the headquarters of the Prince of Prussia.
Works : Pasture and Market Scenes, Rural
Festivals, Horses, Manoeuvre Scenes, Sua-
biau Costumes, etc. — Mailer, 75.
BRAUSEWETTER, OTTO, born at Saal-
feld, Prussia, in 1835. History and genre
painter ; pupil of Konigsberg Academy ;
travelled in Germany, North Italy, and Rus-
sia. Works: Richard HI. (1860), Dantzic
Museum ; Charon's Bark (1867) ; Ladies at
a Sculptor's (1868), Konigsberg Museum ;
Marauders, Bluebeard (1871); After a Long
Separation (1872); Autumn Morning (1874);
Gustavus Adolphus before Battle of Ltttzen
(1876) ; Lansquenets Travelling (1877) ;
Home Again (1878).— Miiller, 75.
BRAUWER. See Brouwer.
BRAY, JAN DE, born at Haarlem, died
there, buried Dec. 4, 1697. Dutch school ;
198
BllAZACCO
history and portrait painter ; showed influ-
ence of Frans Hals, and later of Rembrandt.
Works: Four portraits in a Group of Syndics
of St. Luke's Guild (1675), National Gallery,
Amsterdam ; Initiation of Orphans (1663),
Regents of Orphanage (1663, 1664), Regents
of Leper-house (2, 1667), Christ blessing i
the Children, Seleucus (1676), Glorification '
of Frederic Henry (1681), Vulcan (1683), !
Dutch Family, Haarlem Museum ; David
with the Harp (1674), Brunswick Museum ;
David with Head of Goliath, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Portrait of Himself and Family, :
Hampton Court Palace. — Bode, Studien, ;
109 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 305 ; Van der Wil-
ligen, 96.
BRAZACCO. See Bazacco.
BRAZEN SERPENT, Michelangelo, Sis-
tine Chapel, Rome ; fresco in corner soffit of
ceiling. Illustration of Numbers xsi. 6-8.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. Moses and
Aaron standing to right, the latter pointing
to an elevated serpent, towards which many
of the Israelites, suffering from the stings
of venomous reptiles, are turning for relief.
Engraved by Bolswert and Galle. Formerly
in Palazzo Marano, Italy ; Collection of A.
Wilson (1807), £1200 ; Collection of Wm.
Champion (1810), £1000 ; belonged to T.
B. Owen, who sold it to National Gallery
(1837) for £3000. Duplicates, partly by pu-
pils, in Madrid Museum and Potsdam Gal-
lery. Sketch in black and white, Louvre. —
Smith, ii. 216 ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
BREA, LODOVICO, born at Nice about
1450 (?), died after 1513. Neapolitan school.
Works, chiefly in churches in Genoa, signed
and dated from 1483 to 1513. An Annunci-
ation, etc., attributed to Justus of Ghent, in
three compartments, in the Louvre, may be
by him. Brea shows Flemish influences,
and was perhaps taught by Corrado d'Ale-
mania, or by Justus of Ghent, who painted
at Genoa at 1451. Soprani mentions an As-
cension of Christ in S.M. della Consolazione
at Genoa, painted for Petrus de' Fazi in
1483.— C. & C., Flemish Painters, 176 ; Ck |
Blanc, Kcole gcnoisc ; Lanzi, iii. 235 ; So-
prani, 12.
BREDA, CARL FREDRIK VON, born
in Stockholm in 1759, died in 1818. Por-
trait painter, pupil in London of Reynolds.
Became painter to the Swedish court and
was called the Van Dyck of Sweden. His
son, Johan Fredrik (born in London in
1788, died in Stockholm in 1835), was also
a painter.
BREDA, SURRENDER OF. See Lan-
zas.
BREDAEL (Breda), JAN FRANS VAN,
bom in Antwerp, March 19, 1683, died
there, Feb. 19, 1750. Landscape painter ;
grandson of Peeter van B., son and pupil
of Alexander van B., landscape and genre
painter (died 1720). He copied success-
fully paintings of Jan Brueghel and Philip
Wouverman.and later executed original pict-
ures in their style. Entered guild of St.
Luke at Antwerp in 1680; master, 1689.
Went to London with Rysbraek, the sculp-
tor, and after his return (1725) became di-
rector of the Academy of Antwerp. Works :
Military Camp, Louvre ; Horse-Shoeing, Fal-
con Hunt, Dresden Gallery ; Village View,
Amsterdam Museum. — Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, ii. 918 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande.
BREDAEL, JAN PEETER VAN, born at
Antwerp about 1654, died in Vienna about
1733. Flemish school ; landscape and battle
painter, son and pupil of Peeter van. B. ; mas-
ter of the guild in 1680. Employed by
Prince Eugene of Savoy, and by the Emperor
Leopold I., who called him to his court.
Works: Battle of Peterwardein in 1716,
Battle of Belgrade in 1717, Falcon Chase,
Boar Hunt (1717), Vienna Museum. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, ii. 917.
BREDAEL, PEETER VAN, born in Ant-
werp in 1630, died in 1719. Flemish school;
painter of landscapes with figures, in the
manner of Jan Brueghel Entered the Ant-
199
BEEDAL
werp guild in 1650, lived some years at the
Spanish court. Works : Two Italian Land-
scapes, Bruges Academy; Landscape, Hague
Museum. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 914;
De Stuers, 211.
BREDAL, NIELS ANDREAS, born in
Copenhagen, June 22, 1841. Architecture
and landscape painter ; pupil of Copenhagen
Academy; visited Norway in 1868, Germany
and Rome in 1869, then lived in Italy 1871-
77. Works : Portal of St. Frederic, Copen-
hagen (1865) ; Street in Christianshavn
(1867); Street in Bergen, Gate of Frederik-
berg Fortress (1869) ; Mountain Lake in
Norway, Autumn Landscape (1869); Ascent
to Ruins of Imperial Palace in Rome (1875);
Court- Yard of the Lateran (1876); S.Giorgio
in Velabro, Rome (1880) ; View of Villa d'Este
(1881).— Sigurd Mttller, 51.
BREE, MATTHEUS IGNATIUS VAN,
born in An twerp,
Feb. 22, 1773,
died there, Dec.
15, 1839. Flem-
ish school ; his-
tory painter, pu-
pil at the Ant-
werp Academy
of Regemorter,
then in Paris of
Vincent; ob-
tained in 1797 the prix de Rome, and studied
there until 1804. After his return he became
professor at the Antwerp Academy, and in
1827 its director. Member of the Academies
of Amsterdam, Rome, Munich, and New
York. Works : Patriotism of Burgomaster
van der Werfft, City Hall, Leyden ; Prince
of Orange and the League, Ghent Museum;
Entry of Bonaparte into Antwerp, Versailles
Museum ; Death of Rubens (1827), Antwerp
Museum ; Pest Scene in Louvain, Ugolino
and his Sous ; Death of Egmont, Prince of
Orange visiting the Inundated in 1825, Na-
tional Museum, Amsterdam ; Portrait of
William I., Brussels Museum ; Portrait of
Pius VII., Vatican, Rome. — Biog. nat. de
Belgique, ii. 929 ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874), 416 ; Rooses (Reber), 458.
BREE, PHILIPPUS JACOBUS VAN,
born in Antwerp, Jan. 6, 1786, died in Brus-
sels, Feb. 16, 1871. History painter; brother
and pupil of Mattheus van. B. ; studied in
Paris under Girodet, and in Pavia ; visited
Germany and England. Was conservator
of the museum at Brussels. Works : Queen
Blanca, Study of the Flower Painter Dael,
Barentz on Nova Zembla, Discovery of New
Holland, Godfrey de Bouillon at Jerusalem,
Mary Stuart, Abdication of Charles V., Ant-
werp Museum ; Procession in Rome, Sixtus
V. as Swineherd, Brussels Museum.
BREENBERGH (Breenborch), BAR-
THOLOMEUS,
born at Deventer,
in 1599 or 1600,
died in Rome in
1663. Dutch
school ; painted
historical and
mythological sub-
jects, but is espec-
ially distinguished
by his small land-
scapes. Supposed pupil of Poelenburg;
went early to Italy, where and in France he
is known as Bartolomc. He had two styles:
the first sombre, in which he sought to imi-
tate Titian and the Carracci, the second more
clear and transparent. Works : Repose in
Egypt, Martyrdom of St. Stephen, four views
in Rome, Louvre ; Monk praying in a Cave,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape with
Ruins, Vienna Museum; Joseph selling Bread
during the Famine in Egypt (1644), Dres-
den Gallery ; Elijah's Offering (1645), Ital-
ian Landscape, Copenhagen Gallery ; Land-
200
BREITBACH
scape with Figures (by Poelenburg), Schwer-
in Gallery ; do. and Landscape with Ruins (
(1636), View of Tivoli, Hermitage, St. Peters- ;
burg.— Bode, Studien, 335 ; Havard, A. & !
A. holL, iv. 69.
BREITBACH, KARL, born in Berlin in
1833. Landscape and genre painter ; pupil !
of the Berlin Academy, and in Paris of
Couture ; travelled in Germany, France, and
England. Painted at first only landscapes ;
later, genre scenes and successful portraits, j
Works : Mill of St. Ouen, near Paris ; Park |
of Trianon ; Huntsman on Stand ; Rest at
the Chase ; Whestphalian Church ; Noonday
Prayers ; Kirmess-Joy ; Kirmess-Woe ; Vil- ;
lage Parade ; Portrait of the Painter Th.
Weber ; do. of Intendant General von Hul-
sen, At the Fortune-Teller's, Female Head,
Male Head, Man's Portrait (1883).— Miiller, '
75.
BREKELENKAM (Breklinkam), QUI-
RYN, bom at Swammerdam, near Leyden, !
died at Leyden in 1668. Dutch school ;
genre painter, probably pupil of Gerard Dou,
though his works recall both Metsu and Adri-
anvanOstade. Master of the guild at Leyden
in 1648. Painted solid, strong, and naive fig-
ures in warm and harmonious colour. Works :
Woman feeding her Child, Tailor's Shop
(16G1); Interior, The Fireside (1664), A
Mouse-Trap (1668), National Gallery, Am-
sterdam ; Monk writing, Consultation, Lou-
vre ; Interior (1662), Lille Museum; Old j
Couple, The Sandwich, Interior, Leyden Mu-
seum ; Saying Grace, Cassel Gallery ; Old
Man with Fish, Old Woman with Vegeta-
bles, Woman feeding little Girl, Game of
Cards (1662), Brunswick Museum ; A Brazier
(1654), Augsburg Gallery ; A Baptism, Dres-
den Gallery ; Vegetable Vender (1661), Ber-
lin Museum ; Hermit (1660), Disappointed
Drinker, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.— Chro-
nique des Arts (1878), 69, 75 ; Havard, A.
& A, holl., iv. 91 ; Wedmore, Masters of
Genre Painting, 146.
BREMOND, JEAN FRANgOIS, born in
Paris in 1807, died March 2, 1868. Genre
and portrait painter ; pupil of A. Couder
and of Ingres. Medal of the second class
in 1833 and in 1863. Principal works:
Christ (1827); Scene of July Revolution
(1830); Miseries of War (1833); Francis I.
visiting Benvenuto Cellini (1834), Narbonue
Museum ; Death of the Virgin (1837); Char-
ity (1838); Church of St. Peter in Carcas-
sonne ; St. Francis of Assisi (1839) ; Archi-
tecture, Painting, and Sculpture (1842), a
fresco ; Leda (1845); Susanna at the Bath
(1847); Presentiment of the Passion (1848);
Death of Bailly, Muse of Andre Chenier
(1849) ; Cartoons for frieze in church of Vil-
letta, Raising of Lazarus, Christ healing the
Blind Man in Jericho, Sermon on Mount
(1850); Descent from Cross (1852); Victo-
rious Love (1853); Bohemian, Flight into
Egypt (1859); Revery (1861); Slavery and
Liberty, Caen Museum ; The Butterfly
(1864) ; Theological Virtues, Cardinal Vir-
tues (1866), St. Lambert, Vaugirard.— La-
rousse.
BRENDEL, (HEINRICH) ALBERT,
born in Berlin, June 7, 1827, died in 1878.
Animal painter; pupil of Berlin Academy,
under W. Krause, then in Paris of Couture
and Palizzi ; visited Italy in 1852, and studied
in Berlin under Steffeck. Lived in Paris in
1854-64, and at Barbisou in the forest of Fon-
tainebleau in summers of 1864-69. Became
member of the Berlin Academy in 1868,
and professor at the Weimar Art School in
1875. Medals : Paris, 1857-59-61 ; Berlin,
1861; Nantes, 1861; Munich, 1869; Vi-
enna, 1873. Works: Interior of Sheep
Stable, Hamburg Gallery ; Horse Stable at
Barbison, Normandy Horses, Peasant's
Farm, Sheep leaving Stable, Return of
Sheep to the Village, National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Don Quixote's Sheep, Pasture in Hol-
land.— Mflller, 76.
BRENDSTRUP, THORALD, born at
Fjenneslev, Jutland, May 25, 1812. Land-
301
BRENNER
scape painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy ; visited Portugal in 1839, Rome in
1847-50 and 1857-61. Member of Copen-
hagen Academy, and Order of Danebrog
in 1874. "Works: View on Ise Fjord
(1835); Views near Frederiksvaerk and Ros-
kilde, do. on Coast of Oresund ; Landscapes
on Duero River ; do. on the Rhine ; Views
in Switzerland ; Temple of Vesta at Tivoli
(1851) ; Villa Poniatowsky outside Porta
del Popolo ; Italian Landscapes ; Views in
Denmark.— Sigurd Muller, 53 ; Weilbach,
81.
BRENNER, ADAM, born in Vienna,
Dec. 21, 1800. German school ; history
painter ; pupil of Vienna Academy ; painted
at first still-life and genre ; studied in Mu-
nich about 1844, after the great modern
masters of Germany. Works : Tinker fright-
ening Child, Dead Game (1833), Burial of
St. Stephen (1835), Vienna Museum ; Res-
cue of Ferdinand II. by the Dampierre
Cuirassiers ; Raising of Siege of Belgrade. —
Wiirzbach, ii. 132.
BRESCIA, ALTARPIECE OF, Titian,
SS. Nazaro e Celso, Brescia ; wood, five pan-
els, figures life-size ; signed and dated
1522. Middle panel, the Resurrection; at
sides, St. Sebastian, Averoldo with patron
saints, and the Annunciation in two panels.
The St. Sebastian is best preserved ; other
panels injured by repainting. Painted for
the Papal Legate Altobello Averoldo, and
placed on the high altar of SS. Nazaro e
Celso, but now between two windows of the
choir.— C. & C., Titian, i. 236, 247 ; Burck-
hardt, 717 ; Ch. Blanc, flcole venitienne.
BRESSANO, VINCENZO. See Civer-
chio, Vincenzo.
BREST, GERMAIN FABIUS, born in
Marseilles, July 31, 1823. Landscape and
architecture painter ; pupil of Loubon and of
Troyon ; has travelled extensively in Turkey
and Asia. Works : Turkish Coffee-House
in Constantinople (1857); Walls of Constan-
tinople (1857); Banks of the Bosporus
(1861), Luxembourg Museum ; Caravansary
in Trapezunt (1864); Ceremony of Kissing
the Hand in Constantinople, Grand Canal
in Venice (1866); Ponte Rialto in Venice,
Interior of Pastry-Bakery (1867); Fisheries
on the Bosporus (1868); Mosque in Trape-
zunt (1870); Khan of the Sultana Valide at
Constantinople (1872) ; Bridge of Sighs
(1874) ; St. John's Church at Beauvais (1877) ;
! Entrance to the Bosporus, The Platane of
Godfrey de Bouillon (1878).— Muller, 76;
; Vapereau (1880), 299.
BRETON, EMILE ADELARD, born at
Courrieres ; con-
temporary. Land-
scape painter;
brother and pu-
pil of Jules Bre-
ton. Medals:
1866, 1867, 1868;
1st class (1878);
Philad e 1 phia
(1876); Vienna
(1873) ;L. of Hon-
our (1878); Order of Leopold. Studio
at Courrieres. Works : Morning Light,
Sunset, Autumn (1861); Twilight in Au-
tumn, Gust of Wind (1863); Summer Even-
ing, Twilight (1865) ; A Pond (1866);
Spring, Snow (1868); Sunset, Entrance of a
Village (1869) ; Night, Brook of Orchiman
(1870) ; Winter Morning, Winter Evening
(1872); Sunset after Storm, Sunday Morn-
ing in Winter (1873) ; Autumn, Twilight,
Winter's Night (1874); Courrieres Canal,
Artois Village in Winter, Shepherd's Star
(1875); Winter, Marine View (1876); Summer
Morning (1877); Winter, A Church (1879);
Sunset at Sea before Storm, Snow in Artois
(1880) ; The old Willows, Frost in Artois
(1881); Summer Evening, Winter Evening
(1882); Moonlight in Winter, Sunset in Au-
tumn (1883); Mill— Artois (1884) ; FaU of the
Leaves, Evening after the Tempest (1885).
Works in the United States : Village of Ar-
tois in Winter, Snow Scene in Holland,
C. Crocker, San Francisco ; Moonlight after
Rain, J. G. Fell, Philadelphia ; Stream be-
tween the Hills, H. R. Bishop, New York.—
Vapereau (1880), 300.
80S
BRfiTON
BRfiTON, JULES ADOLPHE, born at
Courrieres (Pas-de-Calais), May 1, 1827.
Genre painter ; pu-
pil of Drolling and
Devigne, whose
daughter he mar-
ried ; one of the
best French paint-
ers of village and
country life. Med-
als : 3d class, 1855 ;
2d class, 1857 ; 1st
class, 1859, 1861,
1867 ; medal of honour, 1872 ; L. of Honour,
1861 ; Officer, 1867. Works : Misery and
Despair (1849); Harvesters' Return (1853);
The Gleaners, I. Pereire ; The Day after St.
Sebastian, Little Peasant Girls telling Fort-
unes (1855); Planting a Cemetery, Lille
Museum ; Blearing the Harvest (1857), Re-
call of the Gleaner* (1859), Evening (1861),
The Gle.aiwr (1877), Luxembourg Museum;
The Fire, Weed Gatherers (1861), Comte
Duchatel ; Consecration of the Church of
Oignies, M. de Clerq ; Haymaker, Return-
ing from Fields (1863); Vintage at Chateau
Lagrange, Comte Duchatel ; Reading, Tur-
key Keeper (1864); End of the Day, Blue
Monday, Recall of the Gleaners (1865);
Spring of Water near the Sea, Harvest-Time
(1867); Women gathering Potatoes, Helio-
trope (1868); Plenary Indulgence in Brit-
tany, Bad Grass (1869); Breton Washer-
women, Woman Spinning (1870); Girl
tending Cows, The Fountain (1872); The
Cliff, When the Cat's away the Mice will
play (1874); St. John (1875); Village Girl
(1879); Evening (1880); Artois Woman
(1881); Evening at Finistere (1882); The
Rainbow, Morning (1883); Communicants
(1884); Last Ray, Song of the Lark (1885).
Works in the United States : Peasant Girl
Knitting, Grand Pardon in Brittany, Miss
C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Gleaner, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; Harvest, W.
Rockefeller, New York ; Lookout, R C.
Taft, Providence ; Fleur de Sable, J. Carey
Coale, Baltimore ; Gleaners, H. Probasco,
Cincinnati ; Tired Gleaner, Hurlbut Collec-
tion, Cleveland; Sea Bird, D. Catlin, St
Louis ; Burning Brushwood, Little Glean-
er's Rest, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadel-
phia ; Departure for the Fields, G. Whitney,
Philadelphia ; Evening, A. Spencer, New
York ; Breton Washerwomen at the Sea-
shore, E. D. Morgan Collection, New York ;
Gathering Water-Lilies, Peasant Woman,
J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Tired Gleaner, C.
S. Smith, New York ; Overdrawn Score, J.
Hoey, New York ; Close of the Day, Sunny
Day, Repose, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ;
Potato Harvest, H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia ;
Brittany Woman, Rainbow, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; Reaper's Rest, Wm. Astor,
New York. — Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 642 ;
Portfolio (1875), 2.
BRETT, JOHN, born in England ; con-
temporary. Landscape and marine painter ;
studio at Putney. Elected an A.R.A. in
1881. Works : Spires of Channel Islands
(1875); Sir Thomas's Tower (1876); Cornish
Lions (1877); Carnarvon Bay (1878);
Stronghold of the Seison (1879) ; Britan-
nia's Realm, Sandy Shallows of Seashore
(1880); St. Ives Bay, Golden Prospects—
St. Catherine's Well (1881); Falling Barom-
eter, Grey of the Morning (1882); Yellow
Sands, Welsh Dragons (1883); Norman
Archipelago (1885).— Art Journal (1882), 57.
BREU (Brew, Prew), JORG (Georg), died
in Augsburg, 1536. German school ; prob-
ably pupil of Hans Burgkmair, whose
style his pictures recall, as well as that of
Altdorfer. The anatomi- T £ T *"T
cal treatment of his figures J ^
is defective, but his land-
scape backgrounds are re-
markable. Works : Ma-
donna, Berlin Museum
(1512); Battle of Zama, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Madonna (1523), Ambras Collec-
t
}>
BREUGUEL
tion, Vienna ; Adoration of the Magi, Hos-
pital church, Coblentz. — Kunst-Chronik, x.
388; W. & W., ii. 452.
BREUGHEL. See Brueghd.
BREVOORT, JAMES RENWICK, born
in Westchester County, N. Y., July 20,
1832. Landscape painter; pupil of Thomas
Cummings. Visited Europe in 1873, spend-
ing seven years abroad, chiefly in Florence;
has sketched at different times in Switzer-
land, Holland, England, the Abruzzi moun-
tains, and about the Italian lakes. Elected
an A.N.A. in 1861, and N.A. in 1863 ; pro-
fessor of perspective at National Academy,
1872. Studio in New York. "Works : Scene
in Holland — near Arnheim, Lake of Corno —
near Varenna (1878); Storm on English
Moor (1882) ; May Morning — Lake of Como
(1883); New England Scene, Morning in
Early Winter (1884).
BREYDEL, KAKEL, called the Cheva-
lier, born in Antwerp in 1677, died in
Ghent, Nov. 4, 1744. Flemish school;
painter of scenes from military life, in imi-
tation of Van der Meulen, and views of the
Rhine in the manner of Jan Griffier : pupil
of Peeter Ykens, but really formed himself
in Holland and Germany. He led a very
erratic life, leaving his wife in Antwerp
vainly expecting his return. "Works : Com-
bat of Horsemen, Areniberg Gallery, Brus-
sels; Two Cavalry Skirmishes. Brussels
Museum; Landscape (2), Cassel Gallery.
His brother, Frans (1679-1750), was court
painter at Cassel, and lived for some time
in London. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, iii. 37;
Michiels, x. 518.
BRICHER, ALFRED THOMPSON,
born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
April 10, 1839. Landscape and marine
painter; self-taught. Began to paint in
1858; sent first picture to National Acad-
emy in 1868. Elected A.N.A. in 1879.
Studio in New York. "Works in oil : Mill
Stream at Newburyport (1868); Ironbound
Island— Coast of Maine; Baby is King, Day
Dreams, Last of Flying Cloud (1880); En-
gagement Ring, Castle Rock— Marblehead
(1881); At Curzon's Mills— Newburyport
(1882) ; In my Neighbour's Garden (1883).
Works in water-colour : Indian Summer's
Sunset (1869); Maiden's Rock— Lake Pepin
(1870); ML Adams (1871); On the Winding
Esopus, Time and Tide (1874); Spring
Morning (1875); Foggy Morning— Grand
Menan (1876); St. Michael's Mount (1877);
In a Tide Harbour (1878). — Art Journal
(1877), 174 ; Sheldon, 144.
BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR, John
Everett Mtilais, Win. H. Vanderbilt, New
York. Lucy Ashton, recovered from her
swoon, but not yet from her bewilderment
and terror, clings helplessly, yet trustingly,
to the arm of the Master of Ravenswood,
whose dark and piercing glance indicates
the approach of Sir William Ashton, who is
not seen ; background a rocky recess, re-
lieved by the sparkle of a tiny burn and by a
growth of ferns and wild-flowers. Painted in
1878. Engraved by J. O. Barlow.— Builder
(1878), 449 ; Art Journal (1878), 143.
BRIDGES, FIDEUA, born in Salem,
Mass. ; contemporary. Landscape and flow-
er painter; pupil of W. T. Richards, in
Philadelphia ; also studied a year abroad.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1874. Works in oil:
Wild Flowers in Wheat (1869); Views on
the Ausable (1870); Thistles and Yellow-
Birds (1873); Salt Marshes (1874); Edge of
Rye Field (18.75); Old Grave (1876); Rob-
in'sBath (1877); Daisies; Banks of an English
Stream, Old Boat's Last Mooring (1881).
Water-colours: Pickerel Weed (1871); Lily
Pond (1874); Mouth of River (1875); By
the Sea, Flock of Snow Birds, Kingfisher
and Catkins (1876); Kingbird on the Look-
out (1878).
BRJDGMAN, FREDERICK ARTHUR,
born at Tuskegee, Ala., in 1847. Genre paint-
er ; pupil of Brooklyn Art Association, and
in 1866 of L. Gerome, in Paris. In 1870-72
he sketched in the Pyrenees, and in 1873-4
in Algiers, Egypt, and Nubia. Medals :
Paris, 3d class, 1877 ; 2d class and L. of
Honour, 1878. Elected N.A. in 1881. Stu-
dio in Paris. Works : Apollo bearing off
BRIELMAN
Cyrene, Interior of a Harem (1875); Moor-
ish Interior, Donkey Boy of Cairo, Chapel
in Brittany —
Noon, Nubian
Story-Teller
(1876); Funeral \H* *S
of a Mummy
(1877), J. G.
Bennett, New
York; Market
Scene in Nubia,
Kybelian Wo-
man (1878) ; Al-
meh, R G. Dun, N. Y. ; Waiting for Orders
— Souvenir of Coustantine, Algeria (1881);
Interior of Biskra House — Algeria, R H.
Keene, New York; Eastern Lady (1882), La
D ...
JDriaGm
«— •
man ___ temoon
'88$ Hours, At
the Window— Cairo (1883) ; Caid's Escort
nt Rest (1884), Thos. B. Clarke, New York;
Family Bath at Cairo, My Last Price (1884);
Summer on the Bosporus (1885). — Sheldon,
150.
BRIELMAN, JACQUES ALFRED, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter ;
pupil of Lavieille. Medal, 3d class, 1882.
Works : Old Trees of Drevant (1881); Even-
iug in the Cevennes (1882); Oaks in Forest
of Troncuis, Chateau de la Mothe at Mar£ais
(1883), Th. Regnault; Falling Eaiu (1884);
Le Champ-Rouge at Meaulne (1885).
BRIGGS, HENRY PERRONET, born
at Walworth in 1792, died in London, Jan.
18, 1844. Began his art studies in 1811 at
the Royal Academy, where he exhibited
a portrait in 1814 ; was for nearly twenty
years an exhibitor of historical works, but
during the latter part of his life his pict-
ures were chiefly portraits. He became an
ARA. in 1825, and RA in 1832. His
First Conference between the Spaniards
and the Peruvians in 1531, and his Juliet
and the Nurse, are in the National Gal-
lery, London. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches,
417 ; Art Union, March, 1844 ; Sandby, ii.
146.
BRIL (Brill), MATTHEUS, born in Ant-
werp in 1550, died in Rome in 1584. Flem-
ish school. Went when young to Rome, and
was employed by Gregory XHL to execute
works in the Vatican, chiefly landscapes in
oil and in fresco. Works : Stag Hunt (2),
Louvre ; Tobias and his Wife, Boar Hunt,
Dresden Gallery ; Italian Landscape, Bruns-
wick Museum ; Landscape with Shepherds,
Ambras Collection, Vienna ; Hunting Scene,
Naples Museum. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, iii.
55 ; Fetis, Les Artistes beiges a 1'etranger,
i. 143.
BRIL, PAUWEL, born in Antwerp in
1554, died in
Rome, Oct. 7,
1626. Flem-
ish school ;
brother of Mat-
theus Bril,
whose success
in Rome at-
tracted him
thither, and
whom he suc-
ceeded in the
Vatican. Pupil of Damien Oortelman, then
in Rome of his brother ; painted principally
landscapes, but also executed figures welL
He left many works in oil and fresco, and ex-
ercised great influence upon Rubens, Anni-
bale Carracci, and Claude Lorrain, becoming
thereby most important for the development
of landscape art. Works : Landscapes with
Figures (4), Madrid Museum ; Duck Hunt,
Diana and Nymphs, Fishermen (1624), Pan
and Syrinx, St Jerome in Prayer (1609),
three other Landscapes (1617, 1620), Lou-
I vre, Paris ; Prodigal Sou, Antwerp Museum ;
Ruins with Figures, National Museum,
Amsterdam ; Landscapes with Roman Ruins
! (2), Brunswick Museum ; Hilly Landscape
with Castle, Darmstadt Museum ; Christ
; healing the Possessed (1601), Landscape by
j Seashore, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Laud-
scapes (9, four dated 1600, 1608, 1624,
1626), Dresden Gallery ; do. (4), Berlin Mu-
seum ; do. (2), Hermitage, St Petersburg ;
805
BRILLOUIN
PBKll-
PAVOLO
BRILLI
do. (1), Peterhof ; St. Paul in the Desert,
Boar Hunt, Triumph of Psyche, and others,
Uffizi, Florence ; Christ on Calvary, Diana
and Callisto, three oth-
crs) Palazzo Doria,
Eome ; Baptism of
Christ, St. Cecilia, Na-
ples Museum. Others
in Milan, Mentz, and
Stockholm. — Biog. nat.
de Belgique, iii. 56 ; Ch.
Blanc, IScole flamande ;
Fetis, Les Artistes
beiges a l'6tranger, i. 143 ; Michiels, vi.
156; Rooses (Reber), 117.
BRILLOUIN, LOUIS GEORGES, born
at St. Jean d'Angely, April 22, 1817. Fig-
ure painter ; pupil of Drolling, and of Cabat.
Medals in 1865, 1869, and 1874. Works :
Rubens' Studio, Characters from Victor
Hugo's Poems (1847); Sermon in Provence,
Visit of the Amateurs, Profession of Arms
(1857); Rembrandt in his Studio, Messire
Josue's Pew in Church, Amateurs visiting,
Page amusing Himself (1859) ; Artist in
Camp, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Musi-
cal Party (1861) ; Medicine, Meditation,
Backgammon (1863) ; Playing Games, The
Huntsman (1865); The Outpost, Officers
making a Reconuoissance, The Gazette,
The Host's Portrait, The Patrol (1867) ;
Lantara's Quota, Callot in his Youth (1868);
Letter of Recommendation, Book Peddler,
Bibliomaniac, Mau-at-Arms (1869) ; The
Prince's Education, The Equipment (1870);
Rural Scene, A Captain (1872); Gossip
(1873); George Daudin's "Wedding, Lindor
Moor and the Marsh (1874); Old Papers,
Old Pipe, Mandoliuata (1875); Profession of
the Younger Son, Antechamber (1876) ;
Hunting for Recruits, Bouquet to Chloe
(1877); Morning on the Meadows, Storm
and Rain in the Marshes (1879) ; Peasants
Resting, Singing Songs (1880) ; Family
of a Condemned Man waiting for last Fare- j
well (1881); Woods of Bourboule, Even-
ing on the Plain of Saintonge (1882) ; His
Highness in the Trenches, The Commune
of Piepouzin (1883). — Vapereau (1880),
305.
BRION, GUSTAVE, born at Rothau, Al-
sace, Oct. 24,
1824, died in
Paris, Nov. 4,
1877. Genre
painter, pupil
of Gabriel Gu6r-
in in Strasburg.
Painted Alsatian
life with much
success. Med-
als : 2d class,
1853-59-61-67;
1st class, 1863 ; medal of honour, 1868 ;
L. of Honour, 1863; Order of Leopold of
Belgium. Works: Alsatian Interior (1847);
Tow-Path (1852); Wood Cutters of the Black
Forest, Potato Crop in Alsace ; Alsatians
Threshing (1853); Bretons at the Door of a
Church during Mass, Funeral on the Rhine
(1859); Siege of a Town by the Romans, Al-
satian Wedding, Wedding Feast, Battery of
Military Machines (1861), bought by Emper-
or ; Jesus walking on the Sea ; Pilgrims of
St. Odile (1863), Luxembourg Museum; End
of the Deluge, Wolf-Hunting in Spain (1864);
The King's Day (1865) ; Reading the Bible
(1867); Funeral in Venice (1868); Dance of
the Cock (1872); Alsatian Wedding (1874);
Day of Baptism (1875); First Steps (1876);
Awakening the Pilgrims to Saint Odile (1877).
Works in United States : Alsatian Christen-
ing, Leaving Church, Miss C. L.Wolfe, New
York; Bouquet, R. C. Taft, Providence; Brit-
tany Peasants at Prayer, J. W. Garrett, Balti-
more ; Alsatian Peasant Girl, J. Carey Coale,
Baltimore ; Invasion, C. Parson, St. Louis ;
Marriage in Alsace, Alex.
Brown, Philadelphia ; Char-
coal Furnace, R. L. Stuart,
New York ; Decking the Vil-
lage Crucifix, J. Hoey, New
York ; do., Israel Corse, New York. — Meyer,
Gesch., 702 ; Montrosier, Artistes modernes.
BRISPOT, HENRI, born at Beauvais ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter.
15"
206
BRISSET
pupil of Bonnat Medal, 3d class, 1885.
Works : In the Country (1881) ; La Greve
des Forgerons (1882); Churchwarden's Pew
(1883); Baptismal Feast, Portrait of Cormon
(1884) ; Burial of a Farmer in Picardy (1885).
BKISSET, PIERRE NICOLAS, born in
Paris, Aug. 18, 1810. History and genre
painter; pupil of Picot, and of the ficole
des Beaux Arts. Won the grand prix de
Rome in 1840. Medals, 2d class, 1847, 1855;
L. of Honour, 1868. Works : Death of Pri-
am (1840); St. Laurence showing the Treas-
ures of the Church (184G) ; St. Sebastian
(1855), ordered by State ; Fishermen enter-
ing a Church (1865) ; Such is the Way to
Heaven (1868); Two Sisters of Charity (1876).
Has executed works in St. Vincent de Paul,
Paris, and other churches. — Vapereau (1880),
306.
BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, FELIX SA-
TURNIN, born at Sens (Yonne); contempo-
rary. Animal painter, pupil of L. Cogniet.
Medal, 2d class, 1882. Works : In the Plain,
The Thicket (1881); Sheep in Meadow (1882);
Flock of Sheep, Leaving the Park (1883);
Sheep at Rest, The Return (1884); Interior
of Sheepfold, Return of the Flock (1885).
BRISTOL, JOHN BUNYAN, born at1
Hillsdale, New York, March 14, 1826. Land- [
scape painter ; pupil at Hudson of Henry
Ary. In 1859 visited Florida and painted |
from his sketches tropical pictures which
brought him into notice. Elected an A.N.
A. in 1861, and N.A. in 1874. Studio in
New York. Works : View of Mt. Oxford
(1876, medal of honour, Philadelphia) ; On
the St. John's River — Florida; Monument
Mountains ; Mt. Equinox ; View of Lake
Champlain from Ferrisburg (1878), pur-
chased by Directors of Paris Exposition ; As-
cutney Mountains; Valley of the Housatonic ;
Delaware River near Port Jervis (1880) ; Lake
Placid— Adirondacks (1881); Near Stock-
bridge, Mass. (1882); Valley of the Connecti-
cut, Vermont (1883).
BRITTEN, W. E. F., born in England ;
contemporary. Exhibits chiefly at Grosveuor
Gallery. Works : Music (1879) ; Dancing
(1880); Flight of Helen (1881), one of a se-
ries painted for Wyfold Court, seat of lato
Edward Hermon, M.P. ; Che sara sara, Ang-
lers, An Idyl, Baby Ida (1882) ; Boys and
Dolphins, decorative frieze executed for Earl
of Leconfield (1883) ; Idyl, Genii of Sport
(1885).
BROECK, CRISPIN VAN DEN, born at
Mechlin in 1530 (?), died in Holland about
1601. Flemish school ; pupil of Frans Flo-
ris ; entered the Antwerp guild in 1555, be-
came a citizen in 1559. Was also an archi-
tect and engraver on both metal and wood.
Works : Adoration of the Magi, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Last Judgment (1571), Antwerp Mu-
seum ; do., Brussels Museum ; Holy Family,
Madrid Museum. — Cat. du Musde d'Anvers
(1874), 428 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 297.
BROECK (Brock), ELIAS VAN DEN,
born in Antwerp (?) about 1657, died in Am-
sterdam in 1711. Dutch school ; flower
painter, pupil of Cornelis de Heem ; his pict-
ures are true to nature and fine in colouring.
Works : Three pictures of still life, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; two in Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib. ; Flowers,Rotterdam Museum. — Michiels,
x. 444.
BROEDERLAM (Brooderlam), MEL-
CHIOR, born at Ypres. Flemish school ;
flourished latter part of 14th century, when
he became painter and valet-de-chambro
to Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
In 1398 he painted Scripture subjects on
the wings of two shrines sculptured by
Jacques de la Baerse of Dendermonde, for
the Carthusian Convent at Dijon, and now in
the museum of that city. His style has the
faults of the Westphalian school, tempered
by the more graceful and tender feeling of
the school of Cologne. — C. & C., Flemish
Painters, 19 ; Biog. uat. de Belgique, iii. 78;
Michiels, ii. 33.
BROKEN PITCHER (Cruche cassee), J.
B. Qreuze, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2
ft. 9 in. A young girl, in a white dress, with
a violet ribbon and white flowers in her hair,
and a gauze fichu which half conceals a
crushed rose upon her breast, stands holding
S07
BROMEIS
flowers in her robe, and bearing on her
arm a cracked pitcher. Bought at sale of
Marquis de Verri (1785) for 3000 fr. En-
graved by Massard ; A. Leroy. Study in
National Gallery, Edinburgh.
Broken Pitcher, Jean Baptists Greuze, Louvre.
BROMEIS, AUGUST, bom at Wilhelms-
hohe, near Cassel, Nov. 28, 1813, died in
Cassel, Jan. 12, 1881. Landscape painter,
pupil of the Cassel Academy ; studied in
1831-33 in Munich, then until 1848 in Rome,
under Jos. Ant. Koch. After his return lived
in Cassel and Frankfort, and in 1857 moved
to Dtisseldorf, principally for the sake of
being near A. Achenbach. In 1867 he be-
came professor at the Cassel Academy.
Member of Berlin Academy. Works : Twi-
light (18G1), View near Olevano, Two Land-
scapes from the Habichtswald, View in the
Campagna (1862), Cassel Gallery ; Grave of
Archimedes, View in Sabine Mountains,
Moorish Laundry near Palermo, Wood near
Dttsseldorf, Italian Landscape with Calabri-
an Shepherd (1869), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Civitella by Moonlight (1866) ; Capri
(1874) ; From the Campagna (1879).— Miil-
ler, 79 ; Kunst-Chrouik, xvi. 296.
BRONCHORST (Bronckhorst), JAN
VAN, born at Utrecht in 1603, died at Am-
sterdam in April, 1678 (?). Dutch school;
genre and landscape painter ; first studied
glass painting under Jan Verburgh, then at
Arras under Peter Mathys, and in Paris
under Chamu ; after his return was induced
by his friendship with Poelenburg to take
up oil painting, which he studied by him-
self. Works : Assembly with Young Man
playing Guitar (1644), do. with Young Girl ;
Arcadian Concert, Brunswick Museum ;
Grotto with bathing Nymphs, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; Landscape, Rotterdam
Museum. — Immerzeel, i. 104 ; Kramm, i.
165 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 185.
BRONIKOFF, THEODOR, born at
Schadrinsk, Siberia, in 1826. History and
genre painter ; pupil of St. Petersburg
Academy, where in 1853 he received the
great gold medal ; then studied for five
years in Germany, France, Italy, and the
East. Studio in Rome. Works : Peetus
and Arria, Pythagoreans greeting Sunrise,
Horace reading his Satires to Augustus,
Alcibiades and Aspasia before the Archon,
The Outcast, Names' Day, Meeting of the
Council of Ten in Venice, Christian Doc-
trine, Peasant Girl of Nemi, A Master in
Mosaics before the Tribunal of Three in
Venice (1867).— Miiller, 79.
BRONZING, AGNOLO (Angiolo), born
at Monticelli,
near Florence,
in 1502-3, died
in Florence,
Nov. 23, 1572.
Florentine
school; real
name Agnolo
or Angiolo di
Cosimo Allori,
but commonly
called H Bron-
zino. Pupil of Raffaelino del Garbo and
later of Jacopo da Pontormo, whom he
assisted in some of his most considerable
works. He was a great admirer of Michel-
808
BROOK
nngelo, and some of his works show his in-
fluence, though he was not one of his imi-
tators. He painted both in fresco and in
oil, and was a decided mannerist in his his-
torical pictures. His portraits of members
of the Medici family, his patrons, and of
many distinguished men of his time, are by
far his best works and among the finest of
the 16th century. His largest work is De-
scent of Christ into Limbo (1552), Uffizi,
Florence. Among his best pictures are :
The Engineer, Pitti, Florence ; Lady, Boy
with a Letter, Young Sculptor, Uffizi,
Florence; Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time,
Knight of St. Stephen, Portraits of a
Lady and of Duke Cosimo L, National
Gallery, London ; Venus and Cupid, Buda-
Pesth Gallery ; Dead Christ, Florence
Academy ; Christ appearing to Magdalen,
BRONCO TiOKOMTINO
Louvre. — Vasari, ed. Le Mou., xiii. 159,
170 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ; Burck-
hardt, 640, 047, 756, 758 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 494.
BKOOK, Thomas Gainsborough, National
Gallery, London; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft.
11 in. A wagoner, standing at left on a
rustic foot-bridge, is endeavouring to start
up his team of four horses tandem, which
have stopped to drink at a brook. Some-
times called the Watering Place. Vernon
Gallery ; purchased in 1838 for £220 10s.
Engraved by J. C. Bentley in Art Journal.
—Brock-Arnold, 25 ; Art Journal (1849), 72.
BROSAMER, HANS, born probably at
Fulda between 1480 and 1490, died at Er-
furt about 1554. German school ; portrait
painter. One of the Little Masters, and
more notable as an engraver than as a
painter. Works : Male Portrait (1520), Vi-
enna Museum ; others in piivate galleries
in Cologne and Vienna. — Scott, Little Mas-
ters, 121 ; Allgem. d. Biog., iii. 363 ; W. &
W., ii. 433 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 494.
BROUILLET, (PIERKE) ANDRfi, born
at Charroux (Vienne) ; contemporary. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Gerome
and J. P. Laurens. Medal : 3d class, 1884.
Works : Violation of the Tomb of Urgel
(1881); Women of Paris going to Versailles
in 1789 to demand Bread (1882); At the
Dockyard (1883); Exorcism (1884); Jewish
Wedding at Constantino (1885), M. Chateau.
BROUWER (Brauwer), ADRIAEN, born
at Oudenardo
in 1605 or 1606,
died in Ant-
werp, buried
Feb. 1, 1638.
Flemish school;
genre painter,
and one of the
great masters
in this line ; in-
fluenced by
Pieter Brueghel
the elder, and by Rubens. Houbraken's
assertion that he was a pupil of Frans Hals
cannot be substantiated. If he went to
Holland at all, it was not until about 1630,
when he was a finished artist. He was reg-
istered in the Antwerp guild between Sept.
18, 1631, and Sept. 18, 1632. Works:
Tavern Interior (2), Smoker, two others,
Louvre ; Drinkers at Table, Brawl in a Tav-
ern, Brussels Museum ; two Peasant Scenes,
Cassel Gallery ; Surgical Operation and two
others, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Peasants
at Cards, Spanish Soldiers at Dice, two
Surgical Scenes, Fiddler in Tavern, Card
Players fighting, and three others, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Fight of Three Peasants
over Dice, Obedient Hus-
band, Peasants' Brawl,
three others, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Peasant asleep in a Tavern, Old Wo-
man at Toilet, Smoker, Fray at Dice, and two
others, Berlin Museum ; Interior with Peas-
209
BROWN
ants, and four others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; others in Liechtenstein, Czernin, Ar-
taria, and Schtinborn Galleries, Vienna, in
Schleissheim Gallery in Cologne, Stockholm
and Madrid Museums, and in private collec-
tions, England. — Allgem. d. Biog., iii. 366 ;
Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv. 826 ; Ch. Blanc,
Kcole hollandaise ; Bode, Studien, 208 ;
Dohme, li; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 417; P.
Mantz, Adrien Brauwer; Michiels, ix. 156 ;
Schmidt, Das Leben des Malers A. Brouwer
(Leipsic, 1873).
BROWN, FORD MADOX, born at
Calais, France, of English parents, April 16,
1821. Studied in Bruges Academy, at
Ghent, under Van Hanselaer, and in 1837-39
in Antwerp Academy ; was in Paris in 1841-
44, and in Rome in 1845, in which year he
settled in London. Belongs to the realistic
school, with a tendency toward Pre-Raphael-
itisni, though he refused to join the Brother-
hood in 1849. Has exhibited but little at
the Royal Academy. Works in oil, water-
colours, and in fresco. Since 1850 he has
been painting a series of frescos (each H.
4 ft. 10 in. x 10 ft. 5 in.) in the Town Hall
of Manchester, illustrative of the history of
the city. Subjects : The Romans building
a Fort at Manciuion (A.D. 60); Baptism at j
York of Edwin, King of Nortlmmbria (627);
Expulsion of the Danes from Manchester
(about 910); Establishment of Flemish
Weavers in Manchester (1330); William
Crabtree observing the Transit of Venus
(1639); Defence of Manchester by Bradshaw
(1642). Works: Wicklif reading his Trans-
lation of the Bible to John of Gaunt (1848);
Lear and Cordelia (1849); Pretty Baa-Lambs
(1851); Last of England (1852); Chaucer
reading at Court of Edward III. ; Our Ladye
of Good Children ; Cordelia's Portion ;
Ehud and Eglon ; Work (1865); Coat of
Many Colours (1865); Elijah raising the
Widow's Son ; Jacopo Foscari; The En-
tombment ; Haydn and Don Juan ; Sardan-
apalus and Myrrha ; Romeo and Juliet !
(1870).— His son, Oliver Madox Brown
(1855-1874) was a painter and author of i
much promise ; his daughters, Mrs. W. M.
Rossetti and Mrs. F. Hueffer, are also paint-
ers.—Portfolio (1870), 81, 119 ; Scribner's
Mag. (1872), iv. 157 ; Art Journal (1873),
105; (1881), 262; Eraser's Mag., May,
1865, 598 ; I/Art (1882), iv. 81, 101, 161 ;
Ingram, Biog. of Oliver M. Brown (London,
1883).
BROWN, GEORGE LORING, born in
Boston, Mass., Feb. 2, 1814. Landscape
painter ; pupil of Washington Allston, and
in Paris of Eugene Isabey. Visited Europe
in 1840 and painted in Antwerp, Florence,
Rome, Paris, and London ; returned to
America in 1860. Studio in Maiden.
Works : Bay of New York (1860), Crown of
New England (1861), Prince of Wales ; Ven-
ice, Sunset — Genoa, Niagara by Moonlight
(1876) ; Moonlight Scene in Venice (1877) ;
Capri (1878); Doge's Palace at Sunset (1881);
Sunrise — Venice (1882) ; Doge's Palace —
Venice (1884) ; do. at Sunrise (1885).— Art
Journal (1880), 370 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, vi. 61.
BROWNE, Mme. HENREETTE, born in
Paris, 1829. Maiden name Sophie de Bou-
teiller ; married in 1853 M. Jules Desaux,
secretary to Comte Walewski, but adopted
the name of Browne from a maternal ances-
tor. Genre painter; pupil of Chaplin. Med-
als : 3d class in 1855, 1857, and 1859 ; 2d
class in 1861; 3d class for engraving in 1863.
Has sketched in the East and in North Afri-
ca. Works : A Brother of the Christian
School, Poor School at Aix, Mutual Educa-
tion, The Rabbits (1855); Puritans, Cate-
chism, Grandmother, The Lesson (1857) ;
Sisters of Charity, The -Toilette, A Sister,
An Apothecary's (1859); Woman of Eleusis,
A Visit, Harem in Constantinople, Woman
playing Flute, Consolation (1861); Turkish
Child (1864) ; Celina and her Sister, The
Awakening (1868) ; A Court at Damas, Nu-
bian Dancing Women (1869); The Oranges
(1870); Alsace (1872); No Matter, The
Medallion (1873) ; Portraits, Coptic Poet
(1874) ; The Parroquet (1875); The Ducat,
A Bibliophile (1876). — Larousse; Stephens,
271.
210
BROWN
BROWN, J. APPLETON, born at New-
buryport, Mass., July 24, 1844. Landscape
painter ; pupil of B. C. Porter, in Boston,
and of Emile Lambinet in Paris. He painted
his first notable studies in Switzerland dur-
ing a trip through Europe. Studio in Bos-
ton. Works : Summer, View at Dives Cal-
vados— France (1875); Old Road near Paris;
November ; On the Merriinac ; Autumn ;
Storm at the Isles of Shoals ; Glen Mill
Brook— Byfield, Mass. (1881) ; Springtime
(1884).— Art Journal (1879), 74 ; Sheldon,
117.
BROWN, JOHN, born in England, IGth
century. Was sergeant-painter to Heiiry
VIZI., with a salary of £10 a year. In 1553
he built Painters' Hall for the company, and
his portrait is preserved there. — Redgrave.
BROWN, JOHN G., born at Durham,
England, Nov. 11, 1831. Genre painter ;
studied first at Newcastle-on-Tyne, then at
Edinburgh Academy, and in 1853 in National
Academy Schools, New York. Professional
life passed in Brooklyn and New York.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1862, and N.A. in 1863.
Studio in New York. Works : Longshore-
man's Noon ; Tough Customers ; Country
Gallants ; Thrilling Moment ; Dress Parade ;
Three (Scape) Graces ; Left his Money on
the Piano ; Curling in Central Park (1876);
Passing Show (1878); Sunny Day (1879);
Thrilling Moment (1880); Hiding, Long,
Long Ago (1881); Old Shaver (1883); Merry
Air and a Sad Heart, Amused (1884) ; Under
the Weather, Wounded Playfellow (1884) :
A Jolly Lot, The Monopolist (1885)— Shel-
don, 141.
BROWN, JOHN LEWIS, born at Bor-
deaux, Aug. 16, 1829. Genre painter, chiefly
military and hunting scenes ; pupil of C.
Roqueplan and of Belloc. Medals in 1865,
1866, and 1867; L. of Honour,1870. Works :
A Drum, Nidjeb (a horse), Colledano Letra-
do (a horse), Henriot on the 10th of August,
Custine at Spire (1848); An Outpost, Retreat
before Wolves, Steeple-Chase, Interior of a
Stable, Horses on the Turf (1861) ; Dogs
pausing, One of the Cent-Gardes, In the
Crimea (1863) ; Hunting Incident, In the
Woods of Vincennes in 1863, Encampment
of Spahis at St. Maur (1864); Imperial Mili-
tary Stud (bought by the Emperor), Pen-
sioners' Day, At the Outposts (1865); Riding
School (1866, bought by Emperor); Morn-
ing in the Camp of Chalons, The Day after
(1867); two incidents in the War of Inde-
pendence and in Seven Years' War (1868);
Battle of Ligny in 1815, Count de Saxo
(1869) ; Hallali (1870) ; Reichshofen, Dogs
Running (1872); News of the Defeat of Weis-
senburg brought to Hagenau, Outposts of
the First Corps in 1870 (1873); Landscape
with Animals, Zoological Garden, Incident
in Battle of Fruschwiller (1874) ; Norman
Jockeys, Interrupted Journey, Officer arrest-
ing Salt-Smugglers (1875) ; Rising Tide,
Sentimental Journey (1876) ; Frenchmen
beating in Game, Visit to the Salt Marshes
of Croisic, Dutch Horses (1877); Incident in
j the military life of Marshal Couflans, Hunt-
ing Scene (1878); Officer attacked by Plun-
'. derers, Souvenir of the Isle of Wight (1880);
Across Country (1881) ; Relay of Omnibus
Horses (1884) ; Hallali,Return from the Chase
(1885).
BROWNING, ROBERT BARRETT, born
in England about 1848. Genre painter ;
! son of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Brown-
! ing. Studied at Antwerp and Paris. Works :
Worker in Brass— Antwerp (1878) ; Stall
I in Fish Market at Antwerp, Dinant on
the Meuse (1879); Still Life, Disturbed
Life, Tan Garden— Dinant (1881); Vespers
(1882); Valley of the Meuse (1884); portrait
of Robert Browning (1885), Baliol College ;
Landscape, Boston Museum of Fine Arts ;
Meuse from Bouvigne, New York Museum.
Exhibited at Grosvenor Gallery (1884) a
, bronze statue and two busts.
BROZIK, VACZLAV, bom at Tzemosch-
na, near Pilsen, Bohemia, in 1852. History
! painter ; pupil of the Prague Academy, in
Munich of Piloty, and in Paris of Mun-
' kacsy ; studio in Paris since 1876. Medal,
2d class, 1878. Works : Farewell of Ottokar
IL (1874), The Kias, St Iria, Dagrnar,
211
BRUAKDET
Daughter of Premysl, Ottokar I. taken
from Convent by Waldemar of Denmark
(187G) ; The Good Friend (1876) ; Em-
bassy of Ladislaus of Bohemia to Charles
VII of Prance (1878), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Game of Chess (1879) ; Meeting of
Charles IV. with Petrarch and Laura at
Avignon (1879); Heading the Bible, M. K.
Jessup, New York ; Condemnation of John
Huss by Council of Constance in 1415
(1883) ; My Children (1884) ; First Pres-
entation (1885).— MOller, 82.
BKUANDET, LAZARE, born in Paris
in 1755, died there in 1803. Landscape
painter, in style of Ruisdael. Painted for-
est views with success. Work : View in
Forest of Foutaiuebleau (1785), Louvre. —
Siret, 142 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise.
BRUCK, LAJOS (Louis), born at Papa,
Hungary, Nov. 3, 184G. Genre painter ;
pupil of Vienna Academy ; studied in 1869-
72 in Italy, especially in Venice, where he
was for a short time a pupil of the Acad-
emy ; also pupil in Paris of Munkacsy.
Works: Unwilling Scholar, D. W. Powers,
Rochester, N. Y. ; Love Letter, M. K. Jessup,
New York ; Departure for the City (1877);
The Letter (1878) ; Forsaken (1879) ; Suit-
able Outfit (1880); Fruit Girl, H. V. New-
comb, New York ; Children at Play, J. W.
Drexel, New York ; Noonday Rest (1883) ;
Foundery (1884) ; L'avare ( 1885).— Muller, 82.
BRUCKMANN, FERDINAND ALEX-
ANDER, born at Ellwangen, Feb. 21, 1806,
died in Stuttgart, Feb. 9, 1852. History
and portrait painter ; pupil of Wachter -in
Stuttgart, in 1826, and of H. von Hess in
Munich, in 1827-29. In 1829 he went to
Rome, and returned to Munich in 1833,
when he painted in the king's bedchamber
fourteen subjects from Theocritus, partly
after sketches by Hess, partly after his
own. From 1840 he painted almost exclu-
sively portraits, in Stuttgart, temporarily
also in Ulm, Augsburg, and Zurich. Be-
came insane in consequence of an accident
in 1835, and eventually committed suicide.
Works : Barbarossa's Body taken out of the
! Calycadnus, Women of Weinsberg, Thus-
nelda in Captivity, Stuttgart Gallery ; The
Maiden from Afar, Royal Castle, Friedrichs-
hafen ; The Sirens, Romeo and Juliet, Birth
of Venus, St. Lucas, Allegories of the Fine
Arts. — Allgem. d. Biogr., iii. 397 ; Raczynski,
ii. 205.
BRUEGHEL (Breughel), JAN, called
Flu weelen
(Velvet)
B r u e g e 1 ,
born in Brus-
sels in 1568,
died in Ant-
werp, Jan 13,
1625. Flem-
ish school ;
son of Peeter
B. the elder ;
painted chiefly landscapes, but also genre
and mythological subjects, animals and still
[life; pupil at Antwerp of Peeter Goetkint,
i but mostly self-taught ; highly gifted and
versatile. After a sojourn in Italy (1593-96),
settled at Antwerp, where he was master of
the guild in 1597, dean in 1602 ; a citizen
iii 1601. Was in Nuremberg in 1616. His
works are characterized by realism, finish
to the finest details, brilliancy of colour,
and correct perspective. Though a con-
scientious and industrious artist, he was a
rapid worker ; greatly esteemed by his con-
temporaries, he had a lasting influence, and
trained several pupils and followers of re-
nown ; often worked conjointly with Van
Balen, Rottenhammer, and Rubens, with
whom he was allied in close friendship.
Works: The Five Senses (7), The Four
Elements (4), Sciences and Arts, Earthly
Paradise (3), Park of Brussels, thirty-seven
others, Madrid Museum ; Landscape (1600),
Bridge of Talavera (1610), Earthly Paradise
(1611), The Air (1621), three others, Louvre,
Paris; Sermon of St. Norbert at Antwerp,
Autumn, Brussels Museum ; Pieta (figures
by Rubens), Antwerp Museum ; Earthly
Paradise (figures by Rubens), Flight into
Egypt (figures by Rottenhammer), City on
sia
BRUEGHEL
a River (1C24), four others, National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Christ and the Magda-
len, Rotterdam Museum ; The Flood, six
others, Cassel Gallery ; four in Brunswick
Museum ; Forge of Vulcan (figures by Van
Balen), Feast of Bacchus (figures by Rot-
tenhammer), St. Hubert (figures by Ru-
bens), The Paradise, Still life, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Landscapes (dated 1604, 1605 (3),
1608 (3), 1611 (2), 1612, 1613), twenty-two
others, Dresden Gallery ; Flora (figures by
Rubens), Landscapes (1598, 1599, 1609,
1610, 1612, 1615, 1616, 1620), eighteen
others, Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Adoration
of the Magi (1598), The Four Elements
(1604, figures by Rottenhammer), Bouquet
(1625), four others, Vienna Museum ; Land-
scapes (7), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Christ on Lake Genesareth (1595), Land-
scapes with Hermits (1595, 1596, 1597),
Abundance (1605), Bouquet (1608), Daniel
in Lion's Den (1608), Fire and Water
(1610, 1611), Ambrosiaua, Milan. His
son Ambrosius (born Aug. 10, 1617, died
Feb. 9, 1675), was a distinguished flower
painter ; pupil of his brother Jan, the j
younger.— AUgem. d. Biog., iii. 403 ; Biog. \
nat. de Belgique, iii. 26 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
flamande ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers (1874),
304 ; Dohme, li.; J. van der Kellen, i. 220 ;
Michiel, v. 351 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 40 ;
Rooses (Reber), 127.
BRUEGHEL, JAN, the younger, born in
Antwerp, baptized Sept. 13, 1601, died after
1677. Flemish school ; son and pupil of
Velvet Brueghel ; went to Italy in 1622,
returned in 1625, little influenced by Italian
art. Like his father, he remained essen-
tially Flemish. He was for a long time un-
justly ignored, as many of his pictures
were attributed to his father. Rubens,
Van Diepenbeeck, Van Tulden, and Van Ba-
len often supplied the figures in his land-
scapes. Works: Halt in front of an Inn
(1641); Landscape, Tower on Seashore
(1642), Dresden Gallery.— Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, iii. 34 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Dohme, li.; Michiels, v. 370.
BRUEGHEL, PEETER, the elder, called
1 Boeren (Peasant) Brueghel, born at Brue-
g h e 1 , 11 e a r
Breda, about
1525-1530, •*
died in Brus-
sels about
1570. Flem-
ish school; pu-
pil of Pieter
Koeck van
, Aalst, and of
Hierouymus
Cock, and greatly influenced by the works
of Hieronymus Bosch, whose subjects he im-
itated ; became master of the guild in Ant-
werp in 1551, and shortly after went to
Italy ; after his return lived at Antwerp
until 1563, then settled at Brussels. Paint-
ed chiefly scenes from peasant life, which
he treated from a realistic and humorous
point of view, not always avoiding coarse-
ness ; also some scriptural subjects and
ghost and incantation scenes, in the manner
of Bosch. Left a great number of masterly
drawings, and some etchings made on his
travels. Works : Triumph of Death, Mad-
rid Museum ; Landscape, Village Dance,
Louvre, Paris ; Job on his Dunghill, Douai
Museum ; Village Feast, Nancy Museum ;
Massacre of the Innocents, Brussels Muse-
Christ on Lake Genesareth, Seaport,
urn ;
two Landscapes, Cassel Gallery ; St. John
preaching, Basle Museum ; do., and Peas-
ants' Frolic, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; do.,
and Peasants' Brawl, Dresden Gallery ; Con-
test between Carnival and Lent (1559), Chil-
dren's Frolic (1560), Massacre of the Inno-
cents, Christ bearing the Cross (1563), Tow-
er of Babel (1563), four others, Museum, Vi-
enna ; St. John preaching, Dance of Death,
The Blind leading the Blind, and others,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; The Blind leading
the Blind (1568), Naples Museum ; Christ
bearing his Cross, Uffizi, Florence. — Allgem.
d. Biog., iii. 400; Biog. nat de Belgique, iii.
19 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Dohme, li. ;
Michiels, v. 321 ; Rooses (Reber), 75.
BRUEGHEL
BKUEGHEL, PEETEE, the younger,
called Hollen (Hell) Brueghel, born in Brus-
sels in 1564, died in Antwerp about 1637.
Flemish school ; son of Peeter B. the elder ;
pupil of Gilles van Conincxloo ; registered
as a master in Antwerp in 1585. He was
much influenced by the works of his father,
whose predilection for ghostly and diaboli-
ical subjects he inherited, but he was his
inferior in invention, colouring, and techni-
cal merit. Works : Christ delivering Souls
from Purgatory, National Museum, Amster-
dam ; Christ bearing the Cross (1607), Ant-
werp Museum ; do. (1606) and Peasants'
Brawl, Berlin Museum ; Hell (1596), Temp-
tation of St. Anthony (1604), Destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah, Dresden Gallery ;
Rape of Proserpine, Tower of Babel, Con-
flagrations (2), Landscapes (2), Madrid
Museum ; Fall of Rebel Angels, Brussels
Museum. — Allgem. d. Biog., iii. 402; Biog.
nat. de Belgique, iii. 24 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
flamande; Dohme, li. ; Michiels, v. 343;
Rooses (Reber), 80.
BRtiLLOW (Brylow), KARL PAVLO-
VICH, bom in St. Petersburg in 1799,
died at Marciano, near Rome, June 23,
1852. History painter, pupil of St. Pe-
tersburg Academy under Ivanoff; went
in 1823 to Rome, and after his return be-
came court painter and professor at
the Academy. In 1835 he visited Greece,
Turkey, and Palestine, and later went again
to Italy. He was member of the St. Peters-
burg, Milan, and Bologna Academies.
Works: Narcissus (1819); Last Day of
Pompeii (1833), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Murder of Inez de Castro ; Ascension, Kasan
Church, St. Petersburg ; fresco paintings
in Isaac Church, many portrait and genre
scenes in Hermitage. — Brockhaus, iii. 619;
Meyer, Con. Lex., iv. 10.
BRUMIDI, CONSTANTINO, born in
Rome, June 20, 1805, died in Washington,
Feb. 19,1880. History painter; studied in
j Rome and became member of the Academy
when thirteen years old ; painted frescos in
several palaces of his native city and under
Gregory XVI. for three years in the Vatican.
After the occupation of Rome by the French
in 1849, he went to America, where he was
naturalized in 1852 ; went to Mexico in 1854 ;
after his return to Washington was made
captain of cavalry, and afterwards entrusted
with the decoration of the Capitol. His
Apotheosis of Washington and scenes from
American history and allegories in the
Capitol, Washington, were the first frescos
painted in America. — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xviii. 158.
BRUN. See Lebrun.
BRUNE, Mine. AIMEE PAGES, born in
Paris, Aug. 24, 1803, died there, Aug. 11,
1866. Genre and history painter ; pupil of
Charles Meynier. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ;
1st class, 1841. Works : Sleep, Awakening,
Elopement, Undine (1831); Condemnation
of Anne Boleyn, The Bravo, The Prophecy
(1833); Sad News (1834); Silvio Pellico
(1835); Birth in a Fisherman's Family
(1837); Moses Saved (1841); Jairus's Daugh-
ter (1842) ; Raphael introduced to Leonardo
da Vinci by Bramante (1845); Jephthah's
Daughter (1846); The Virgin offering Flow-
ers in the Temple (1853).
BRUNI, FEODOR ANTONOVICH, born
in Milan in 1801, died in St. Petersburg,
Nov. 1875. History painter ; studied in
1834 in Rome, became, in 1849, director of
the painting department at the St. Peters-
burg Academy, then rector, and in 1866
also director of the School of Mosaics.
Works: Apparition of Virgin (Kasan Church,
St. Petersburg), Death of Cleopatra, Brazen
Serpent, Christ on Mount of Olives, Bac-
chante giving a Child to drink. — Ktinst-
Chronik, xi. 73.
BRUNNER, HANS, born in Munich,
March 2, 1813. Genre and portrait painter;
pupil of Munich Academy, under Cornelius ;
visited in 1833 the Bavarian Alps and Ty-
rol ; lived then for some time in Venice. In
1840 he left Munich and lived until 1865 in
214
BEDNNER
Salzburg and Soutlicrn Tyrol, then went to
Stuttgart, and in 1869 returned to Munich.
Works: Legend of the Untersberg near
Salzburg, Return from the Chase, Gondola i
Sail (1876), Tasting Wine (1877), Fisher;
Maiden, Poachers, Meran, Portraits of Aus-
trian Noblemen. — M filler, 83.
BRUNNER, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
March 14, 1826. Landscape painter; sou
of the court painter, Leopold B. the elder :
(1788-1866); pupil of Zaharaduiczek, and)
of Jos. Feid ; travelled in Germany, Italy, '
Switzerland, and Wallachia. Studio in Vi-
enna. Works : Black Tower near MOdling,
View in Silesia, Fir-Trees in Twilight, View
in the Klause near Modling, View near
Lundenburg, View on the Traun, Mountain
Lake in Carinthia. — Wurzbach, ii. 175.
BRUNNER, LEOPOLD, the younger,
born in Vienna, Sept. 14, 1822, died there,
Dec. 24, 1849. German school; animal paint-
er, brother of preceding, pupil of Vienna
Academy. Works : Feeding the Goat (1849),
Vienna Museum ; others in National Muse-
um, Pesth ; Dog Company (1852); Domestic
Animals on a Hill (1855). — Wurzbach, ii. 176.
BRUNO, ST., HISTORY OF, Eustace
Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, 22 pictures,
each, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 4 f t. 3 in. The princi-
pal events in the life of St. Bruno, founder
of the Chartreuse, Paris, were painted in
1645-48 for the spaces between the pilasters
in the little cloister of that monastery, to re-
place similar pictures upon canvas painted
in 1508, which were almost destroyed by
time, and which had been preceded by fres-
cos painted in 1350. The designs (146) are
also in the Louvre. In 1776 they were of-
fered to Louis XVI. for 132,000 livres, the
convent to receive copies ; but the Order j
was suppressed soon after, and the pictures
passed to the crown. After restorations
they were placed in the Louvre in 1818.
1. St. Bruno listening to Raymond Dio-
cres preaching. Filhol, x. PL 686 ; Landon, |
Musee, vii. PI. 70.
2. Death of Raymond Diocres. Filhol,
vL PL 482 ; Landon, Musee, vii. PL 25.
3. Raymond Diocres responds after
Death. Filhol, vL PL 379 ; Landon, Musue,
vii. PL 27.
4. St. Bruno in Prayer. Filhol, vii. PL
440 ; Landon, Musee, vii. PL 30.
5. St. Bruno teaching Theology at
Rheims. Filhol, iiL PL 145.
6. St. Bruno exhorting his Friends to
give up the World. Filhol, ix. PL 705 ;
Landon, Muse'e, xvii. PL 70.
7. St. Bruno's Dream. Filhol, ix. PL 693 ;
Landou, Musee, xvii. PL 68.
St. Bruno's Dream, Lesueur, Louvre, Paris,
8. St. Bruno and his Companions giving
their Property to the Poor. Filhol, ix. PL
680 ; Landon, Musee, viii. PL 49.
9. St. Bruno arrives at Grenoble. Filhol,
viii. PL 529 ; Landon, Musee, viii. PL 54.
10. St. Bruno travelling to the Chartreux.
Filhol, viii. PL 548 ; Landon, Musee, xv. PL
33.
11. St. Bruno building the Monastery.
-'15
BRUNO
Filhol, viii. PL 562 ; Landon, Musce, vii. PI.
39.
12. St. Bruno taking the Monastic Habit.
Filhol, v. PL 343 ; Landon, Musue, viii. PL 5.
13. Pope Victor III. confirming the Char-
treuse. Filhol, ix. PL 717; Landon, Musce,
vii. PL 63.
14. St. Bruno bestowing the Monastic
Habit. Filhol, ix. PL 710 ; Landon, Musee,
vii. PL 65.
15. St. Bruno receiving a Letter from Pope
Urban H. Filhol, ii. PL 139 ; Landon, Mu-
see, vii. PL 34.
16. St. Bruno before Pope Urban H. Lan-
don, Musee, viii. PL 37.
17. St. Bruno refusing the Archbishopric
of Keggio. Filhol, vi. PL 421; Landon, Mu-
see, viii. PL 41.
18. St. Bruno in the Deserts of Calabria.
Filhol, ix. PL 699 ; Landon, Musee, viii. PL
26.
19. Meeting of St. Bruno and Count Ro-
ger. Filhol, v. PL 301; Landon, Musee, viii.
PL 28.
20. Apparition of St. Bruno to Count
Eoger. Filhol, iii. PL 205 ; Landon, Mu-
see, viii. PL 30.
21. Death of St. Bruno, Oct. 6, 1101. Fil-
hol, iv. PL 253 ; Landou, Musee, vii. PL 41.
22. St. Bruno borne to Heaven. Filhol,
viii. PL 574 ; Landon, Musee, viii. PL 35.
Series engraved, in reverse, by Chauveau;
Nos. 15 and 22 by S. le Clerc ; No. 22 by
F. Poilly. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Laudou, i.
18-39.
BRUNO, ST., VISION OF, Guercino, Bo-
logna Gallery ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 10 in. x 7 f t.
The Virgin and Child in a glory of Angels ;
below, St. Bruno in Prayer ; at right a monk
with a crucifix in his hand, reading. One of
Guercino's best works. Painted in 1646 for
the Church of the Certosa, Bologna ; carried
to Paris in 1796 ; returned in 1815. En-
graved by G. Rosaspina. — Pinac. di Bologna,
PL 21; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 4; Landon,
Musee, xii. PI. 6 ; Burckhardt, 793.
BRUSASORCI, the elder, bom in Verona,
in 1494, died in 15G7. Venetian school.
Real name Domenico Riccio ; pupil of Ca-
rotto, according to Ridolfi, or of Niccolo
Giolfino, according to Lanzi. Studied later
in Venice the works of Titian and of Gior-
gione, and learned to imitate their styles,
though not without some originality. His
mural and panel works are to be seen chiefly
in Verona. His excellence as a fresco painter
Vision of St. Bruno, Guercino, Bologna Gallery.
is shown in the Entry of Clement VH. and
Charles V. into Bologna, which he painted
in a hall of the Casa Ridolfi, Verona. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole venitieune; Seguier, 216; Burck-
hardt, 167, 191, 607, 746 ; Bernasconi, 302.
BRUSASORCI, the younger, born in 1540,
died in 1605. Venetian school. Real name
Felice Riccio, son and pupil of Domenico
Riccio ; after his father's death, finished
studies under Jacopo Ligozzi, Florence, and
216
BRUSH
returned to Verona master of a refined and
elegant style. Many of his works are in the
churches of Verona, among the best of which
is St. Helena in S. Elena. There is a Holy
Family by him in the Louvre, and a Victory
of the Veronese at Desenzano in the Verona
Gallery. His sister Cecilia, who studied
under her father, was an excellent portrait
painter. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole vonitienne ; Ber-
nasconi, 349.
Rest, Peasant Delegation, The Prince on the
Promenade, Pilgrims Returning, Visit at the
Studio, Power of Music, The Petitioner.—
niustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii. 327; (1878), i. 67.
BRUTUS, Jean Louis David, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 8 in. x 13 ft. 10 in. ;
signed, dated Paris, 1789. Brutus, returned
home after the punishment of his sons, is
seated at left in the shadow of the statue of
Roma, holding in his hands the written cvi-
Brvtus, Louis David, Louvre, Pari«.
BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST, born
in Shelbyville, Tenn., in 1855. Figure
painter, pupil of the National Academy ;
member of Society of American Artists ;
professor of antique class, Art Student's
League. Studio in New York. "Works :
Mourning her Brave, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Portrait of A. C. Brush (1882).
BRUTT, FERDINAND, bom in Ham-
burg, July 13, 1849. Genre painter, pupil
at Weimar art school of Pauwels ; settled in
1876 in Diisseldorf. Works: Disturbed
dence of their guilt ; at right, his wife and
daughters are overcome with grief at the
sight of the lictors in the background bear-
ing the bodies of the young men. Painted
for Louis XVI. Salon, 1789. — Landon,
Musce, x. PL 37 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By G. G. Lethtirc, Louvre; canvas, H. 14
ft. 4 in. x 25 ft. Brutus, with Collatinus, his
colleague, on his right, sits on a platformover-
looking the place of execution, with the sen-
ators behind him ; in the centre, two lictors
raise the body of one of the sons, already
S17
BBUYOKEE
executed, while the other prepares to meet
his fate ; in background, architecture. Col-
lection of Louis XIIL ; Salon, 1812 ; acquired
in 1819 for 15,000 fr.— Reveil, x. 659.
BEUYCKER, FRANCOIS ANTOINE DE,
born in Ghent, Belgium, in 1816. Genre
painter ; pupil of Ghent Academy, and in
Antwerp of Ferd. de Braekeleer. Gold
medal in 1860 ; member of Amsterdam
Academy. Works : Suspicion (1842), Woo-
ing, Dost Remember? Hot Shells, Spring
Day, Old Gardener (1857), The Widow
(1860), Reminiscence of Olden Times, Funny
Idea, Motherly Caresses, Child and Kitten
(Leipsic Museum), Envy and Distrust. — Art
Journal (1866), 75 ; Miiller, 84
BRUYN (Brun), BARTHEL, born in Co-
logne in 1494, died there between 1556 and
1557. German school ; history and portrait
painter ; formed himself after Jan Schoreel,
the painter of the Death of the Virgin, and
in his portraits resembled Holbein. Later
he became a weak imitator of the Italian
masters, especially of Michelangelo. Works :
Martyrdom of St. Ursula, Adoration of the
Magi, Burgomaster Browiller, do. and Wife,
Two Male Portraits, Old Lady of the Ques- j
tenberg Family, Cologne Museum ; Corpus
Christi, Cologne Cathedral ; St. Catherine
and 18 others, Munich Gallery ; Madonna,
Burgomaster Ryth, Berlin Museum ; Por-
traits in Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort, in
Gotha, Brunswick, and Brussels Galleries ;
Altarpiece in St. Victor's Church, Xanten |
(masterpiece). — Allgem. d. Biog., iii. 456 ;
Merlo, Nachrichten, 69 ; W. & W., ii. 497.
BRYES, Greek painter, of Sicyon, father
and master of Fauxias, 4th century, B.C.
BUCHSER, FRANZ, born at Feldbrun- \
nen, near Solothurn, Switzerland, about
1829(?). Genre and portrait painter ; stud-
ied in Rome, Paris, and Antwerp ; went
to Spain at the age of twenty-two, and ,
thence to England, where for three years he
painted genre pictures, but more especially
horses and portraits ; in 1857 he returned
to Spain, visited Morocco soon after, and
again, during the Spanish campaign of 1860, '
in the suite of Gen. O'Donnell. Having re-
turned to Switzerland he went in 1866 to
America, where he spent five years. Works :
Three Friends ; Return from Market, Jews
of Mekiness (1862); Mowers (1867); Mary
Blanc (1869); Negro Picture (1870); Resig-
nation (1867), Negro Soldiers in Streets of
Washington, Rapids of St. Mary on Lake
Superior, Basle Museum ; Caught by the
Tide (1879); Singer of Sudan (1881). Por-
traits of Generals Lee and Sherman, Secre-
tary Sherman, etc. — Ulustr. Zeitg. (1873),
ii. 140 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 605 ; xvi. 657.
BUCKWHEAT HARVEST (La Recolte
du Sarrasin), Jean Francois Millet, Martin
Brimmer, Boston. In foreground, a woman
binding sheaves, which another is packing
in a pannier ; behind them, several women
carrying panniers to background, where
men are threshing. This picture is the
original pastel, made in 1868, which passed
from the Garet Collection, Paris, to Mr.
Brimmer. The oil picture, painted from
it in 1874 and one of the last pictures on
which Millet worked, was sold at the Fred-
eric Hartmann sale, Paris (1881), for 47,000
francs. Etched by Charles Courtry. — Gaz.
des. B. Arts (1875), XL 438.
BUECKLAER (Beukelaar), JOACHIM,
born in Antwerp in 1530, died after 1575.
Flemish school ; genre painter, pupil of
Pieter Aertszen. Registered in the Antwerp
guild in 1560. His subjects are chiefly
market and kitchen scenes, also biblical
events admitting of combination with genre.
Works : Purveyor, Lille Museum ; Christ
before Pilate (1561), Fish-Market (1568),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ healing the
Lame (1575), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Biog. nat. de Belgique, ii. 382 ; Michiels,
vi. 304 ; Rooses (Reber), 73.
BUFFALMACCO, BUONAMICO, 14th
century, died after 1351. Florentine school ;
real name Cristofani Buonamico. According
to Vasari, he died in 1340 at the age of sev-
enty-eight, but his name appears in the list
of the Florentine Company of Painters of
1351, and Baldinucci says that he lived later
815
Por-
, which passwi
Pnria fri \1V
biblical
-St
34th
BUGIARDINI
than 1358. Rumohr doubts, and Kugler de-
nies, his existence. Vasari says he was the
pupil of Andrea Tafi and represents him as
a practical joker, who lived a merry life and
died a beggar ; but that he was an excellent
painter and able to outdo all others when he
could be persuaded to work. He assigns
many works to him, but it is doubtful if any
examples remain. — C. & C., Italy, i. 387 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 499 ; Rumohr, Italien-
ische Forschungen, 14.
BUGIARDINI, GITJLIANO, born in Flor-
ence, Jan. 29, 1475, died there, Feb. 16,
1554. Florentine school ; studied the an-
tique in the garden of the Medici, where he
became the friend of Michelangelo and fol-
lowed him into the workshop of Ghirlandajo.
Afterward was scholar of and assistant to
Mariotto Albertinelli with Francia Bigio in
Florence, and later was employed by Michel-
angelo on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
His usual theme is the Madonna, sometimes
with the youthful St. John, and sometimes
with Saints. Among his works, which are
usually signed Jul. Flor. (Florentinus), are:
Birth of Christ, sacristy of Sta. Croce ; Weep-
ing Madonna, Uffizi, Florence ; Martyrdom
of St. Catherine, S. M. Novella, ib.; Ma-
donna and Baptist, Leipsic Museum ; Na-
tivity, Berlin Museum ; Marriage of St.
IVL> FLO . FAC *•
Catherine, Bologna Gallery. — C. <fe C., Italy,
iii. 494 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, vi. 201 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole florentine ; Burckhardt, 638 ; Lttbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 176.
BUHLMEYER, KONRAD, born in Vi-
enna, Aug. 18, 1835, died there in Nov.,
1883. Landscape and animal painter, pu-
pil of Vienna Academy ; studied then several
years in Dilsseldorf, and later in Ziirich
under Roller. Works : Wood-Path ; View
near Luudenburg ; View in Salzburg ; View
in the Ramsau ; On Gmunden Lake ; Driv-
ing the Cattle to the Alp, Vienna Museum ;
Animals Resting ; Driving Sheep Home ;
The Ploughman ; Cows on the Water ; Pas-
ture (1883).— Miiller, 85.
BULAND, JEAN EUGENE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter ; pupil
of Cabauel and Yvon. Medal, 3d class,
! 1885. Works : Offering to God, Lycenion
and Daphnis (1880); Annunciation, After
Two Years' Absence (1881); Jesus with
Martha and Mary, Singing Lesson (1882);
Penniless (1883); Marriage innocent, Visit
on the Day after Marriage (1884); Restitu-
tion to the Virgin the Day after Marriage,
Decorative Panel (1885).
BULARCHUS, painter, early period.
Pliny says (vii. 39 [126], xxxv. 34 [55]) that
King Candaules of Lydia paid its weight in
gold for a large picture by him representing
his battle with the Magnetes.
BULGARENI, BARTOLOMMEO, died in
Siena in 1378. Sienese school ; called also
Bolgharini, and by Vasari Bologhini. Pupil
of Pietro Lorenzetti ; member of the su-
preme council in 1362, and finally lay-
brother in the hospital at Siena. Vasari
says he painted many pictures in Siena, and
in other parts of Italy, but none exist. Va-
sari's portrait of Pietro was copied from
Bulgaria's.— C. <k C., Italy, ii. 172 ; Meyer,
Kfinst Lex., iii. 60 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 477.
BUNCE, WILLIAM GEDNEY, born in
Hartford, Conn., in 1842. Landscape painter;
pupil of William Hart in New York, Andreas
Achenbach in Ddsseldorf, and Clays in Brus-
sels. Lived twelve years in Europe. Studio
in New York. Works: Venice— Night (1876);
Venice — Morning, La Luna Veneziana
(1878) ; Approach to Venice, Paris Exposi-
tion ; Twilight in Holland, T. B. Clarke,
New York; Watch Hill— Rhode Island (1880);
Venetian Boats (1881) ; Satucket Hillside-
New England, Among the Sails — Venice, Bit
of Harbour — Venice (1882); Sun, Sails and
Sea— Venice, Day in May— Venice (1883) ;
On the Lagoon, San Giorgio (1884) ; Vene-
tian Day, Venetian Night (1885).
BUNEL, JACQUES, born at Blois, 1558,
died in 1614. French school, pupil in Rome
of Federigo Zucchero ; was court painter to
Henry TV. ; with Dubreuil decorated the
small Louvre Gallery, which was burnt in
•119
BUNKER
1G61. Works: Descent of Holy Ghost,
Assumption, Bordeaux Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole franyaise.
BUNKER HILL, BATTLE OF, John1
Trumbull, Yale College Gallery, New Haven, i
Conn. ; Fought on Breed's Hill, near Boston,
June 17, 1775. The British troops have
just become masters of the field, the Ameri-
cans sullenly falling back ; in centre, Gen-
eral Warren, dying, supported by a soldier
on his knees who wards off with one hand
the bayonet of a British grenadier ; Colonel
Small, of the British army, is also seizing
the soldier's musket ; behind him is Colonel
Pitcairn, mortally wounded ; Generals Howe
and Clinton are behind the principal group,
and General Putnam is ordering a retreat.
BUNNER, ANDREW FISHER, born in j
New York, in 1841. Landscape painter ;
studied five years in Germany, France, and
Italy. First exhibited at National Academy, |
New York, in 18C7. Elected an A. N. A., in j
1880. Went to Venice in 1882 and is still
(1885) living there. Works : Fishing Boats
on the Maas (1880) ; San Giorgio Maggiore
—Venice (1881) ; off the Campo Santo,
Canal dei Mati, II Campiello (1882) ; San ;
Giorgio della Salute, La Guidecca, Rio della
Verona (1883) ; San Andrea, Venetian Gar-
den (1884) ; Canale San Severe, San Marsil-
ian, Casa dei Pescatori, Rio del Aqua (1885).
BUONACCORSI. See Vaya.
BUONAMICI. See Tassi.
BUONAMICO. See Buffalmacco.
BUONARROTI See Michelangelo.
BUONCONSIGLIO, GIOVANNI, of Vi-
cenza, flourished 1497-1530. Commonly
called II Marescalco. Probably assistant to
Speranza, where he felt the influence of the
Paduan school ; subsequently took Autouello
da Messina for his model. Painted alter-
nately in Vicenza, in Venice, and in the
neighbouring provinces. Style much like
that of Benedetto Montagna, but while he
improved by study of Carpaccio, Buoncon-
siglio formed his style under the influence
of Antonello and Gio. Bellini. Among his
best works are the Virgin and Child in San
Rocco, Vicenza, painted in 1502 ; Christ be-
tween two Saints, in the Gesuiti, Venice ;
and the Virgin, Child, and Saints, three
pictures, 1511-1513, much restored, in the
Duomo of Montagnaua (near Vicenza); Lam-
entation over dead body of Christ, Gallery,
Vicenza; Altai-pieces at S. Giacomo dell
Orto, and S. Spirito, Venice ; Madonna with
Saints (1497), Venice Academy.— C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 436 ; Burckhardt, 604.
BUONFIGLIO. See Bonfiyli.
BUONINSEGNA. See Duccio di Buonin-
segna.
BURCHETT, RICHARD, born at Brigh-
ton, England, in 1817, died in Dublin, in
1875. History painter, pupil of School of
Design at Somerset House, London, of
which he was assistant master in 1845, and
head master in 1851. He was the master
of Elizabeth Thompson Butler, of Luke
Fildes, and of W. W. Ouless. Works : Ed-
ward IV. withheld by Ecclesiastics from
pursuing Lancastrians into a Church, Ex-
pulsion of Peasants from New Forest by
William the Conqueror, portraits of Tudors
in Houses of Parliament.
BtiRCK, I1EINRICH, born in Dresden,
Nov. 27, 1850. History and genre painter ;
pupil of Dresden Academy under Theod.
Grosse, in Antwerp under Pauwels, and in
Berlin under Karl Gussow ; was in Italy in
1875-78. Works : Helgi and Sigur (1873);
In the Abruzzi, In the Woods (1877); Per-
seus and Andromeda (1880).— Muller, 85.
BURCKMAIR (Burgkmair), HANS,
the elder, born
in Augsburg in
1473, died there,
1531. German
school ; history
and portrait
painter; son and
pupil of Thoman
B., and pupil of
Schongauer,
though influ-
enced in some respects by Diirer. Master
of the Augsburg guild in 1498. Probably
sau
BURCKMA1R
visited Italy about 1507. He aimed at
strong characterization rather than ideal
form, and ranked among the best masters
of his time. Works : Basilica Pictures
(1501, 1502, 1504), Christ and Mary (1507),
Crucifixion (1519), Battle at Canute (1529),
all in Augsburg Gallery ; Ursula Altar (be-
fore 1505), Dresden Gallery ; Saints (1505),
Madonna (1510), both in Maurice Chapel,
Nuremberg; Madonna (1509), Museum, ib.;
Pieta, Carlsruhe Gallery; Holy Family
(1511), St. Ulric, St. Barbara, Berlin Mu-
seum ; John Evangelist (after 1520), do.,
and St. John Baptist (1518), Duke William
IV. of Bavaria (1526), ^.
and Wife, Esther be- lo
fore Ahasuerus (1528), HNGFBAT- IN'
Old Pinakothek, Mu- AVCV STA*
nich ; Portrait of him- n EGIA •
self and Wife (1526),
Vienna Museum. — All- t 1 \\ 1 %
gem. d. Biog., iii. 576; »
Ch. Blanc, Ecole alle-
mande ; Dohme, li. ;
Nagler, MOD., iii. 237 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
195 ; Liibke, Geschichte der Renaissance in
Deutschland, i. 55 ; Woltmann (Bennett),
Holbein and his Time, 87; W. & W., ii.
446 ; iii. 237.
BURCKMAIR, HANS, the younger,
flourished in Augsburg until 1559. Ger-
man school ; son and pupil of Hans the
elder. Many of the pictures and wood-cuts
ascribed to his father, bearing a later date
than 1531, may be works of his hand. — W.
& W., ii. 450.
BURCKMAIR (Burgkmair), THOMAN,
born about the middle of 15th century,
died in Augsburg, 1523. German school.
The founder of a family of painters that
flourished through several generations.
According to his own statement in the Augs-
burg record of painters, he became an ap-
prentice in 1460. Figures short, flesh
tones of a heavy brown, and outlines hard.
Works: Christ conversing with St. Ulric,
Virgin with St. Elizabeth (1480), Cathedral,
Augsburg ; Martyrdom of St. Stephen, St
I Lawrence, and Scenes from the Passion,
: Augsburg Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 144;
Schnaase, viii. 455 ; W. & W., ii. 116.
BURG, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at
Dordrecht about 1697, died in 1737.
! Dutch school ; portrait painter ; pupil of
Arnold Houbraken, whom he accompanied
to Amsterdam. Works: Portraits of the
seventeen directors of the mint, Dor-
drecht
BURGER, ANTON, born in Frankfort
in 1825. Landscape and genre painter ;
pupil at the Stadel Institute under Jakob
Becker and Jakob Dielmann ; then for two
years in Munich, and in 1856 in Diisseldorf ;
visited Paris, the Netherlands, and Italy.
Since 1857 settled at Cronberg in the Tau-
nus. Great gold medal, Munich, 1869.
I Works: Old City, Village Street, Farm-
house, Beer Garden, Bowling Alley, Village
Kitchen, Two Winter-Hunts (1879).— Mul-
ler, 85 ; Zeitscbr. f. b. K, xi. 113.
BURGER, LUDWIG, born in Cracow,
Galicia, Sept. 19, 1825, died in Berlin, Oct.
22, 1884. History painter and illustrator ;
pupil of Berlin Academy, in 1852 of Ant-
werp Academy, and in Paris under Couture.
As illustrator for the Leipsic Illustrirte Zei-
tung he visited Hungary in 1857, and
joined the campaigns in Schleswig in 1864,
and in Bohemia in 1866. From 1869 he
turned to decorative painting, became mem-
ber of the Berlin Academy, and visited
Italy in 1872-73. Medal in Vienna, 1873 ;
Munich, 1876. Works : Wall and Ceiling
Paintings (1870), City Hall, Berlin ; Colos-
sal Figures representing Military Virtues
(1878), School of Cadets, Lichterfelde, near
Berlin.— Illust. Zeitg., 1876, ii. 145 ; Milller,
86.
BURGESS, JOHN BAGNOLD, born in
London in 1830. Genre painter ; son of
H. W. Burgess, landscape painter to King
William IV. ; pupil in London of Mr. Leigh,
and of the Royal Academy. Draws his sub-
jects largely from Spain and Morocco,
which he has visited. Elected an A.R.A. in
1877. Works : Castilian Almsgiving (1859) ;
BTJRGKMAIR
Benighted (I860); Bravo! Toro ! (1865);
Spanish Monk (1867); Students of Sala-
manca (1869) ; Gi-
tano Rico (1872);
Barber's Prodigy
(1875) ; Licensing
Beggars in Spain
(1877); Student in
Disgrace (1878;)
Convent Garden
(1879) ; Genius of
the Family (1881);
Spanish Letter-
Writer (1882); The Meal at the Fountain
(1883) ; Una Limosnita (1885).— Art Jour-
nal (1880), 297 ; (1882), 136, 207.
BUEGKMAIE. See Burckmair.
BURGOYNE, SURRENDER OF, John
Trumbull, rotunda of Capitol, Washing-
ton ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft. General
Gates, standing, surrounded by his officers,
near the entrance to his marquee, declines
to receive the sword of General Burgoyne,
who surrendered to him at Saratoga, Oct.
17, 1777 ; in distance, troops marching.
Painted in 1817-24 for $8,000. Original
study in Yale College Gallery.
BURKEL, HEINRICH, born at Pirma-
senz, Rhenish Palatinate, May 29, 1802, died
in Munich, June 10, 1869. Genre and land-
scape painter ; pupil of Munich Academy,
but mostly formed himself, studying and
copying the Dutch masters in the Munich
and Schleissheim Galleries. In 1829 he
went to Rome, and after his return in 1832
became popular for his humorous genre
scenes. Was honorary member of the Mu-
mch,Dresden,aud Vienna Academies. Works:
Peasant with upset Hay Wagon, Return from
Bear-Hunt, Pontine Swamps, The Cam-
pagna, Morning in Tyrol, Entry of the Best
Shot, Muleteer's Rest. — Kunst-Chronik, iv.
162 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 161.
BURNE- JONES, EDWARD, born in
Birmingham, England, Aug. 28, 1833. Stu-
dent at Exeter College, Oxford, with William
Morris and Swinburne, the latter of whom
dedicated to him his first volume of poems ;
went to London in 1856 and became a pupil
of D. G. Rossetti, whose manner he imitated
for several years, but
he soon formed a
style of his own, in-
clining more to ideal-
ism and abstract
beauty than to real-
ism, and he is now
one of the chief ex-
ponents in England
of the romantic
school. In 1857-58 he was associated with
Rossetti, Morris, Prinsep, and others, in
painting the Arthurean frescos on the
walls of the Oxford Union Debating Room.
In 1861 he was one of the originators of
the now well-known house of Morris & Co.,
and he has made many designs for stained
glass windows and other decorative work.
His studio is at the Grange, Hammersmith
Road, in the house of Richardson the nov-
elist. Elected an AR.A in 1885. Works :
Green Summer (1863) ; Story of Dorothea
(1866) ; Day, Night, Spring, Summer, Au-
tumn, Winter (1867-68) ; Wine of Circe
(1869); Phyllis and Demophoon (1870);
Chant d'Amour, Love among the Ruins,
(1873); Beguiling of Merlin, Days of Crea-
tion, Mirror of Venus (1877); Temperantia,
Fides, St. George, Spes, A Sibyl (1877) ;
Luna, Pan and Psyche (1878); Story of Pyg-
malion (4), Annunciation (1879); The Golden
Stairs (1880) ; Danae at the Brazen Tower,
Tree of Forgiveness, Earth, Perseus and the
Graise, Feast of Peleus, The Mill, Cupid's
Hunting Fields (1882); An Angel, Wheel of
Fortune, The Hours (1883) ; King Cophetua
and the Beggar Maid, Wood Nymph (1884);
Laus Veneris. — Univ. Mag. (1879), iv. 40 ;
Portfolio (1870), 17; Scribner's Mag. (1872),
iv. 748.
BURNIER, RICHARD, born at The Hague
in 1826, died at Dusseldorf, March 17, 1884.
Landscape and animal painter; studied from
nature and after the Dutch masters, then
from 1850 in Dusseldorf under A. Achen-
bach and Schirmer, and from 1855 in Paris
SW3
BUENITZ
after Troyon and the French idyl-painters.
He then continued his studies in Belgium
in 1858-61, and in Holland in 1863-67, and
settled in Diisseldorf. Member of the Am-
sterdam Academy. Works : After the Storm
(1857), Liege Museum ; Afternoon on the
Heath (1859), Interrupted Milking (1871),
Cows on the Strand (1872), Passing Storm
(1873), Afternoon in the Meadow (1874),
Autumn Morning, Evening (1874), The two
Friends (1875), Wood Path (187(5), Kuust-
halle, Hamburg ; Wild Bull, Brussels Muse-
um.—Mailer, 87.
BURNITZ, KARL PETER, born in Frank-
fort in 1824. Landscape painter, self-taught;
was a lawyer ; went in 1850 to Paris, where
he painted for ten years; since 1800 in Frank-
fort. Works: Wood Landscape (1860), Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort; Starnberg Lake (1871);
Three Landscapes (1879).— Miiller, 87.
BUSCH, FRIEDRICH, born in Diissel-
dorf in 1808, died there, Jan. 6, 1875. Genre
painter ; pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy.
Works: Spinning Maiden, Huntsman and
his Sweetheart, Girl at the Well. — Kunst-
Chronik, x. 236.
BUSH, NORTON, born at Rochester, N.
T., in 1834. Landscape painter ; pupil of
James Harris in Rochester, and of Cropsey
in New York. Lives in San Francisco. In
1853, 1868, and 1875, sketched in South and :
Central America. Works : Lake Nicaragua ;
Bay of Panama ; Summit of the Sierras,
River San Juan — Nicaragua, Crocker Gallery,
Sacramento ; Mt. Chinaborazo ; Volcano of
Elmisti — Peru; Mt. Meiggs — Andes of Peru;
Western Slope of Cordilleras ; Cordilleras of
Ecuador.
BUSI, LUIGI, born at Bologna in 1838,
died there, June 2, 1884. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Bologna Academy, studied afterwards
in Rome, and visited Germany and France.
Professor in Bologna Academy from 1871.
Order of Italian Crown. Works : Tasso and
Cardinal Aldobrandini ; Visit of Condolence ;
Illegal Marriage ; Visit to Young Mother.
BUSS, ROBERT WILLIAM, born in Lon-
don in 1804, died there in 1875. Genre and
history painter ; pnpil of George Clint
Painted theatrical scenes, and executed many
illustrations for books. His genre pictures,
many of which were engraved, were chiefly
humorous. Works : Christmas in Time of
Queen Elizabeth; Wooden Walls of Old Eng-
land ; Bitter Morning ; Stingy Traveller ;
Musical Bore ; Master's Out ; Old Commo-
dore ; Watt's first Experiment with Steam ;
Introduction of Tobacco ; Soliciting a Vote ;
Biter Bit ; Time and Tide wait for no Man.
BUSSE, GEORG HEINRICH, born at
Benuemdhlen, near Hanover, July 17, 1810,
died at Hanover, Feb. 26, 1868. Landscape
painter; first instructed in drawing by Giese-
well in Hanover, studied engraving in Dres-
den, and spent nine years in Italy (1835-
1844). After his return in 1844 ho began
to paint in oil, and from 1849 exhibited
almost every year at Hanover with distin-
guished success. Works : Grove of Diana
(1849); Ruins of Imperial Palace in Rome
(1850) ; Monte Aventino (1852) ; Wood in
Albanese Mountains (1853); Ruins at Albano
(1855) ; Lago d'Agnano (1857) ; Ruins of
Lambessa (1861) ; Hermit's Rock and Ear
of Dionysius near Syracuse (1862) ; Monks
disputing (1862); Lago Trasimene (1863);
Constantino (1865) ; Cefalii (1866) ; View
near Athens (1867).— Allgem. d. Biogr., iii.
650 ; Andresen, iii. 230.
BUSSON, CHARLES, born at Montoire
(Loir-et-Cher),
July 15, 1822.
Landscape painter;
pupil of Remond
and F r a n 9 a i s.
Medals: 3d class,
1855-57-59-63-67 ;
1st class, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1866.
Works : View near
Sassenage (1846);
The Loire, View in Auvergne (1852); Woods
in Touraine, Hay (1853); Environs of Mon-
toire (1855); Ford near Montoire (1857),
Tours Museum ; The Heath, Before the
Storm (1859) ; Evening on the Loire, Sun-
BUTIN
set, Storm on the Heaths (1863) ; Sunrise at
Sea, Evening (1864); Autumn Day, Hunting
in the Marshes (1865), Compiegne ; Game-
Keeper Returning (1866), Luxembourg; Un-
derbrush (1867) ; Sunset (1868) ; Euins of
Castle of Lavardin (1869) ; Eoad near Eed
Sea (1870) ; Morning in Venice, Evening in
Venice (1872); Park of Sainte-Claire (1873);
Ancient Ditch of Castle of Lavardiii (1874);
After the Rain (1875) ; Before the Storm
(1876) ; Village of Lavardiu (1877) ; Old
Weir near Montoire (1879) ; Old Bridge of
Lavardin (1880); Woods of Saint-Martin
near Montoire, A Stream (1881) ; Fisher-
man's Hut at Prazay, Ruins of Lavardin Ch.
(1882) ; Before the Rain (1883).— Larousse.
BUTIN, ULYSSE (LOUIS AUGUSTE),
bornatSt.Quen-
tin, Aisne, in
1838, died in
Paris, Dec. 9,
1883. French
school; Genre
painter; pupil of
Picot and of Pils.
'Medals: 3d class,
1875; 2d class,
1878 ;L. of Hon-
our, 1881. Works : Mussel-Beds at Viller-
ville (1874) ; Saturday at Villerville (1875) ;
Women at the Capstan (1876) ; Departure
(1877); Burial of a Sailor at Villerville
(1878), Luxembourg Museum ; The Mari-
ner's Wife (1879) ; Votive Offering (1880) ;
Le Depart (1881, Amsterdam Exposition,
1383
1883) ; Launching the Boat (1883).— Mon-
trosier, Artistes rnodernes.
BUTLER, ELIZABETH SOUTHERDEN
THOMPSON, born at Lausanne, Switzer-
land, about 1844. Her early life was divided
between Italy and England ; pupil of S.
Kensington Art School, and of Mr. Standish;
studied when twenty-two years old in Flor-
ence, under Bellucci, afterward painted in
Rome. Returned to England in 1870 ; ex-
| hibited in 1873 at Royal Academy a picture
entitled Missing ; the
next year her Roll Call
won for her a popu-
larity almost without
precedent in English
art history. It was
purchased by the
Queen, and is now at
Windsor. In 1875 she
exhibited The 28th
Regiment at Quatre
Bras, in 1876 BalaMam, and in 1877 Return
from Inkerman. In 1877 Miss Thompson
married Major Win. Francis Butler, C.B.,
aid-de-camp to the Queen. Later works:
'Listed for the Connaught Rangers, Rem-
nants of an Army (1879) ; Scotland for Ever,
Defence of Rorke's Drift (1881) ; Floreat
Etona, Charge of the Scots Greys at Water-
loo (1882).— Meynell, 68.
BUTTI, LORENZO, born in Austria; con-
temporary. Marine painter of considerable
merit, made court painter in 1847. Works :
Stormy Sea near Malamocco (1846), Marine
with Sirocco Effect, Vienna Museum ; Agi-
tated Sea with Vessels, Sunset at Sea, Vene-
tians trying to set on Fire an Imperial Frig-
ate (1851).— Wurzbach, ii. 219.
BUTTINONE, BERNARDINO, of Trevig-
lio, born probably before 1436, living in
1507. Lombard school. Proper name, Ber-
nardino Jacobi ; disciple of Vincenzo Foppa
the elder, and partner of Zenale, whose work
so resembles his that it is hard to distin-
guish between them. Buttinone ranked first
in the partnership, and so was probably the
elder. Their best common example is an
altarpiece in San Martino, Treviglio, ordered
in 1485. Pictures by Buttinone are a Ma-
donna and Saints, in the sacristy of S. Am-
brogio, Milan, do. in the Palazzo Borromeo,
at Isola Bella, and a Virgin and Child (1454),
in the Casa Castelbarco, Milan, very early
work.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 33, 67 ; Calvi,
Notizie, P. ii. 103-114 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai, i. 491.
224
BYLE11T
BYLERT, JAN VAN, horn at Utrecht,
died there after 1669. Dutch school ; genre
painter, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert ; went
via France to Rome, where he worked for a
number of years; returned to Utrecht about
1630 and became master of the guild ; in
1632 and repeatedly afterward mentioned as
its dean. His pictures are rare. Works :
Family Pictures (3), Utrecht Museum ; La-
ban and Rachel, Young Women with Ring,
Rotterdam Museum ; Young Woman, Cassel !
Gallery; Pancake Eater,Girl counting Money |
(1626), Girl with Zither, Brunswick Gallery; !
Family Scene, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna;
St. Sebastian, Harrach Gallery, ib. — Bode, '
Studien, 170 ; Kramm, i. 198 ; Riegel, Bei- ''
trage, ii. 183.
BYSS, JOHANN RUDOLF, bom at Solo- j
thurn, Switzerland, in 1660, died in Wtirz-
burg in 1738. German school; history, land-
scape, and animal painter ; went to Italy
about 1700, and was called to Vienna in 1704,
by Leopold I., to paint the ceiling of the
great audience room. Lothar Franz Ton j
Schonborn, Elector of Mayence, and Prince
Bishop of Bamberg, employed him about
1712 to paint at Castle Gaibach, and after
the building of Castle Pommersfelden, made
him supervisor of its picture gallery. After
his patron's death he lived at Wiirzburg. ,
Works : Allegory, Paradise (2) with many
Birds and Animals, Pommersfelden Gallery.
Others in Bamberg, Wiirzburg, Schleiss-
heim, and Vienna. — Allgem. d. Biog., iii.
679.
CABANEL, ALEXANDRE, born at
Montpellier, Sept. 28, 1823. Histo-
ry, genre and portrait painter ; pupil
of Picot ; won the grand prix de Rome in
1845 ; medal, 2d class, 1852; 1st class, 1855; ;
of honour, 1865, 1867, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1855 ; Officer, 1864 ; Commander, 1884 ;
Member of Institute, 1863. Professor in
the Ecole des Beaux Arts. He painted pre-
vious to 1861 in the classical style of David,
Works : Agony of Christ (1844) ; Death of
Moses (1852), Corcoran Gallery, Washing-
ton ; Chapel-Mas-
t e r' a Window
(1859) ; Expulsion
from Paradise
(1863), Maximili-
aneurn, Munich;
Giacomina (1872) ;
John the Baptist
(1874); Apotheo-
sis of St. Louis Vi-Y &> I
(1855), Death of
Francesca da Ri-
mini and Paolo Malatesta (1870), Rape of
the Nymph, Birth of Venus (1863), Thamar
(1875), Luxembourg ; Portia in Merchant of
Venice (1881); Venetian Lady of 6th century
(1882); portraits of Rouher (1861), Napoleon
IH. (1864), Mr. Mackay (1879), and others.
Works in United States : Lucretia and Tar-
quinius Sextus (1877), Ruth and Boaz, Sam-
uel Hawk Collection, New York ; Shulamile
(1876), Portrait of a Lady, Miss C. L. Wolfe,
New York ; Florentine Poet, Desdemona, J.
H. Warren, Hoosac Falls, N. Y. ; Flor-
entine Poet, St. Aglaia and St. Boniface, Is-
rael Corse, New York ; Angel of the Avo
Maria, D. T. Buzby, Baltimore ; Ginevra
Amieri, Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland; Pan-
dora (1873), Portrait of Mile. Nilsson, W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Eve after the Fall, H.
L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Eve after the Ex-
pulsion, S. A. Coale, St. Louis ; Penelope,
Mrs. C. Crocker, San Francisco ; Italian
Maiden, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ;
Evening Star, W. P. Beinent, Philadelphia ;
Phcedra, Mr. Leiter, Chicago; Phrodra (1880),
J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Magdalen at the
Tomb, C. P. Huntington, New York ; Echo,
C. S. Smith, New York ; Samson and Deli-
lah, Win. Astor, New York ; Pia de Toloniei,
C
ABANEL 187*
W. RVanderbilt, New York; Birth of Venus,
H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia ; do., J. Wolfe,
of which no trace is visible in his later work. | New York ; MarguSrite, J. T. Raynor, New
«5
CABANEL
York ; Ophelia (1883), Calvin S. Brice, New
York. — Larousse ; Claretie, Peintres (1874),
170 ; Du Camp, Les B.-Arts, 32 ; Bruno
Meyer, Stud. u. Krit., 75 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
598.
CABANEL, PIERRE, born at Montpel-
lier ; contemporary. History and portrait
painter ; son and pupil of Alexander Cab-
anal Medal, 3d class, 1873. Works:
Plight of Nero (1873); Death of Abel (1874);
Nymph surprised by Satyr (1875); Shipwreck
on Coast of Brittany (1877); Mowers (1878);
Italians in Paris (1879) ; Prodigal Son
(1880); Young Neapolitan Girl (1881); Bet-
tina (1882); Chiffonniers (1884).
CABAT, LOUIS, born in Paris, Dec. 24,
1812. Landscape painter, pupil of Camille
Flers; first exhibited in 1833. Medals:
2d class, 1834 ; 3d class, 1867 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1843 ; Officer, 1855 ; Member of In-
stitute, 1867 ; Director French Academy at
Rome, 1879. Works : View of the Bouzanne,
Mill of Dompierre, Tavern of Montsouris
(1833) ; Garden of Beaujon, Pond at Ville
d'Avray, Woods of Fontenay-aux-Roses,
Village of Sarasin, Farmhouse in Calvados
(1834); Wolf's Gorge, Tavern on the Bou-
zanne, Festival of Virgin on the Water,
Bird Catcher (1835) ; Plain of Arques
(1836) ; Forest of Fontaiuebleau (1837);
Boad in Valley of Narni, View of Lake
Nemi, Good Samaritan, Young Tobias
(1840); Lake Bolsena, Pond of Pecquigny
(1848) ; Autumn Evening (1852); The Ar-
ques, Hunting Boars, Sunset (1853); Ravine
of Villeroy (1855); The Seine, He de Crois-
sy (1856); Pond in the Woods (1859); Lake
Nemi, Spring in the Woods (1864); Soli-
tude (1865) ; Huntresses, WToods of Chante-
loube (1867) ; After the Shower (1869);
Stormy Weather (1872) ; Pond, Sunset
(1873) ; Morning after Shower, Morning in
Park of Magnet (1877). — Larousse ; Cla-
retie, Peintres (1874), 294 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
743.
CADORE, BATTLE OF, Titian, former-
ly in Hall of Great Council, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice ; canvas. Battle at a bridge span- ''
ning a stream ; in sight of the Castle of Ca-
dore, where the troops of the Emperor
Maximilian were defeated by the Venetians.
Painted in 1537 ; burned in the fire of
1577, and known only through a contempo-
rary print by Fontana, a sketch on canvas
attributed to Titian, in tjie Uffizi, and a
drawing of the principal group by Rubens.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 439 ; C. & C., Titian,
ii. 5 ; Gilbert, Cadore, 154.
CAESAR, DEATH OF, Vincenzo Camuc-
cini, Palazzo Reale, Naples ; canvas. Attacked
by the conspirators in the Senate House,
Caesar, stretching his left hand toward Bru-
tus, is falling at the base of Pompey's
statue ; at right, affrighted senators starting
from their seats. — Reveil, xiv. 942.
By J. D. Court, Louvre, Paris ; canvas,
H. 14 ft. x 17 ft. Mark Antony haranguing
the populace over the dead body of Csesar :
in foreground Brutus and Cassius. Salon,
1827. Formerly in Luxembourg. — Cat.
Louvre.
By Jean Leon Gerdme, J. J. Astor, New
York ; canvas, H. 3 f t. x 5 ft. The dead
body of Csosar lying at the foot of Pompey's
statue in the Senate Chamber, the seats of
which have just been vacated by the flying
Senators, one only remaining in his place as
if in silent protest ; in the background, the
conspirators brandishing their daggers as
they repeat the oath which binds them.
Painted in 1867, bought by John Taylor
Johnston ; at his sale (1876), $8000. Life-
size study of dead Csesar (H. 7 ft. 2 in.
x 10 ft. 5 in.), in Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington. Engraved by J. C. Armytage in
Art Journal (1874), 68 ; Art Treasures of
America, ii. 3.
By Karl von Piloty, Munich Gallery.
Brutus kneels and presents the petition,
while the other conspirators crowd around
Ceesar, who is seated in the Senate Chamber
at the base of Pompey's statue ; one, stand-
ing behind, is about to strike with his dag-
ger. Engraved by Alex. Becker. Small
study in colour, D. H. McAlpine, New
York.
SS6
CAESAR
CJ2SAR, TRIUMPH OF, Manlcyna,'
Hampton Court ; tempera on twilled linen ;
9 pictures, each 9 ft. sq. ; not properly car-
toons, but intended to be stretched on
frames and affixed to the wall as a frieze, in '
a continuous procession 81 ft. long, as now
arranged. Represent a grand triumphal
procession of Roman soldiers, captives, and
spoils ; lastly Ciesar iu a splendid car, with
a sceptre in his right hand and a palm
branch in his left. Painted in 1485-92 for
Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, to
decorate the palace of St. Sebastian. Bought
352, 355 ; Passavant, Kunstreise durch Eng-
land (London, 1883), 189.
CAESARS, TWELVE, Titian, originals
lost (?). Twelve canvases, eleven by Titian
and one by Giulio Romano, painted in 1537-
38 for Federico Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua.
In Sula di Troja in Castle of Mantua till
1628, when sold by Vincenzo Gonzaga to
Daniel Nys, who shipped them to England ;
in collection of Charles I. till 1636, when
presented to the Spanish ambassador in
London ; further history lost Bernardino
Campi made five copies in 1562, one of
Death of Caesar, Camuccim, Palazzo Reals, Naples.
in 1628 by Charles L, together with statues ]
and other pictures, for .£10,500, and placed
in Hampton Court. Valued at £1000 iu '
1651, but reserved by Cromwell and not
sold, as often stated. They are now greatly
dilapidated. Tapestries were wrought from '{
these designs. Three of the series are at
Boughton, Duke of Buccleuch. Other sets |
mentioned in the catalogue of effects of
James H.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 404 ; Waa-
gen, Art Treasures, ii. 410 ; Sainsbury,
Orig. Papers, 321 ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hamp-
ton Court, 256 ; Evelyn, Diary, June 9,
1662; Geo. Scharf, Hist, of Old London,
which, formerly in Palazzo del Vasto d'Ava-
los, is now iu the Naples Museum. Copies
by Agostini Carracci were in Palace of Pnr-
ma till 1734. Engraved by Sadeler. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 442 ; Gave, Carteggio, ii.
264 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 313, iii. 443 ;
C. & C., Titian, i. 420.
CAGLIARI (Caliari), BENEDETTO,
born in Verona in 1538 (?), died in 1598.
Venetian school ; brother of Paolo Veronese,
and his assistant in many of his works.
After his brother's death he continued to
paint, showing himself a faithful imitator of
Paolo's manner, but he did not rise above
CAGLIAEI
mediocrity. His Last Supper and his
Christ before Pilate are in the Venice Acad-
emy. Benedetto, whose specialty was archi-
tecture, was the principal painter of the
architectural backgrounds in many of Pao-
lo's pictures. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ;
Bernascoui, Studii, 336 ; Wornum, Epochs,
264.
CAGLIARI, CARLO (Carletto), born
in 1570, died in 1596. Venetian school ;
elder son and pupil of Paolo Veronese,
who, for fear that he would be but an
imitator of his manner, sent him to study '
with Jacopo Bassano. After his father's
death (1588), Carletto finished several works
left incomplete by him, and he had begun
to give promise of a great career when he
died at the age of twenty-four. He worked
generally in collaboration with his younger
Brother Gabriele (born 1568, died 1631),
and his uncle Benedetto. Several examples
by him are in the Venice Academy ; works
executed in collaboration are in the Palazzo
Ducale and in several churches in Venice,
stein Gallery, Vienna ; Magdalen, St. Jerome,
Death of Cleopatra, Vienna Museum ; As-
sumption of the Magdalen, Hermitage, St.
. J ->;
J
Vicenza, Murano, Brescia, and Treviso.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; Baldinucci, ii.
321 ; Burckhardt, 750 ; Seguier, 34 ; Ber-
nasconi, Studii, 337.
CAGLIARI, PAOLO. See Veronese.
CAGNACCI, GUIDO CANLASSI called,
born at Castel S. Arcangelo in 1601, died in
Vienna in 1681. Bolognese school, pupil
of Guido ; painted historical subjects in his
master's style, exaggerating a little his soft-
ness and affectation. His later pictures are
inferior in colour to his earlier ones. He
died in the service of the Emperor Leopold
I. Examples : Tarquin and Lucretia, Accad.
di S. Luca, Rome ; Assumption of the Mag-
dalen, Pitti ; Jupiter and Ganymede, Uffizi ;
Sibyl, Borghese, Rome ; St. John the Bap-
tist, Louvre ; Jacob and Laban, Liechteu-
Petersburg. — Malvasia, ii. 58 ; Lanzi, iii.
102 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolonaise.
CAIN, Fernand Cormon, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 7 in. x 23 ft.
The first murderer, pale and haggard, fol-
lowed by his children covered with the skins
of beasts, and bearing their mother on a lit-
ter, flees, in the midst of storms, from before
Jehovah (Victor Hugo).— Salon, 1880.
CAIN AND ABEL, SACRIFICE OF,
Raphael (?), Signor Enrico Basseggio, Rome ;
wood, H. 8J in. X 13} in. Abel kneeling on
left beside an altar with hands raised in
prayer as he sees a flame descending from
heaven and firing the wood ; Cain, on the
opposite side, vainly trying to blow his wood
into a blaze ; a club in foreground prefigures
the fratricide. Painted in Perugia in 1504-
05 (?). Said to have been in Aldobrandini
collection, Rome ; later, in this century, in
possession of Mr. Emerson, London. Panel
injured.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 202 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 315.
CAJESI. See Coxes.
CALABRESE, IL CAVALIERE, born at
Taverna, Calabria,
Feb. 24, 1613, died
in Malta, Jan. 13,
1699. Neapolitan
school; real name
Mattia Preti; pupil
of Lanfranco in
Rome, according to
Baldinucci, and of
Guercino in Cento,
according to Dom-
enici. He studied the great masters in most
of the cities of Italy, and visited France,
Spain, and Flanders, and finally Malta, where
he executed many works. Generally chose
CALABRESE
gloomy subjects, such as martyrdoms and
death scenes. He had a fertile invention,
and his compositions are effective, but his
design is not always correct, and his chiaro-
scuro is marked by the strong contrasts
seen in the works of Guerciuo and Caravag-
gio. Among his works are : Frescos in choir
and cupola of the Carmine, Modena ; His-
tory of Pope Celestiue V., and St. Catherine,
Transept of S. Pietro a Majella, Naples ; Re-
turn of the Prodigal Son, Naples Museum ;
A Concert, Palazzo Doria, Eome. — Lanzi,
ii. 47 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ; Se-
guier, 158 ; Burckhardt, 790, 798, 800, 803.
CALABRESE RINGENTILITO. See
Solimena, Francesco.
CALAIS GATE, Wm. Hogarth, C. F. H.
Bolckow, Marton Hall, Middlesborough,
England. Original title, The Boast Beef of
Old England. Painted by
Hogarth as a satire on the
French in retaliation for his
arrest and deportation to
England. A French soldier
is arresting the artist while
sketching Calais gate ; in
centre a French cook stag-
gers under an immense
piece of beef, just landed
from a British packet, and
directed to Madame Grand-
sire, the hotel-keeper in
Calais affected by the Eng-
lish of the day ; a well-
fed monk (portrait of Pine,
the engraver) blesses it,
while several half-starved
soldiers look wistfully
on. Painted in 1748, en-
graved in 1749. Bought by Earl of Charle-
niont. — Athen., Jan., 1875, 55; Cunning-
ham ; Dobson, 68.
CALAIS PIER, Joseph M. W. Turner,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 7
in. x 7 ft. 10 in. The eastern jetty of the
harbour ; French fishermen preparing for
sea ; the English packet arriving. Royal
Academy, 1803; bequeathed by Turner. En-
graved by T. Lupton, J. Cousen ; Etched by
S. Haden.— Hamerton, Life; Cat. Nat. Gal.
CALAME, ALEXANDRA born at Vevay,
May 28, 1810, died
at Mentoue, March
19, 1864. Land-
scape painter ; pu-
pil in Geneva of
Diday, whom he
succeeded as head
master of the art
school. J Ie was
one of the best
landscape painters
of his day, and the best depicter of Alpine
scenery. Visited Germany and the Nether-
lauds in 1839, England in 1840, France in
1842, and Italy in 1845. Medals : 2d class,
1839 ; 1st class, 1840 ; L. of Honour, 1842,
Calais Gate, Hogarth.
Member of St Petersburg and Brussels
Academies. Works: Mont Blanc, Jungfrau,
Lake of Brienz, Pass of Monte Rosa, Pass of
Monte Cerino, Handeck Falls, Bernese Ober-
land (1838^4) ; Ruins of Prostum, Storm
in Woods, Leipsic Museum ; Noonday in
Summer, Autumn Evening, Night in Win-
ter ; The Four Seasons, Geneva Museum ;
The Four Divisions of the Day, Lake of the
CALAME
Four Cantons (1842), Schreckhorn and
Wetterborn, Basle Museum ; Waterfall near
Meyringen, Berne Gallery ; Lake of Lu-
cerne (1853), Mountain Valley (1865), Ber-
lin Museum. — Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande ;
Brockbaus, iii. 826 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.
(1875), iv. 78 ; Larousse.
CALAME, (JEANBAPTISTE) ARTHUR,
born in Geneva in 1843. Landscape paint-
er ; son and pupil of Alexandre, and in
1864-66 at tbe Dtisseldorf Academy under
Oswald Acbenbacli ; travelled in Italy, and
paints cbiefly Italian landscapes and marine
subjects. Works : Harbour on Mediterra-
nean, Coast after Storm, Bay of Naples, Lake
Lucerne, Coast of Bordigbera. — Mtiller, 91.
CALATES, painter of comic subjects in
little, lived soon after time of Alexander. —
Pliuy, xxxv. 37 [114]; R.-R., Schorn, 240.
CALCAE, JAN VAN. See Kalkar, Hans
von.
CALDARA, POLIDORO. See Caravag-
gio, Polidoro da.
CALDERON, PHILIP HERMOGENES,
born at Poitiers,
France, May 3, 1833.
Subject and portrait
painter, of Spanisb de-
scent; pupil of J. M.
Leigb, London, in
1850, of Picot, Paris,
in 1851-52, and of
Leigb again in 1853-
54. Exbibited first
picture, By the Waters of Babylon, at Royal
Academy in 1853. Elected an A.R.A. in
1864, and R.A in 18G7. Otber works:
Broken Vows (1857) ; Gaoler's Daughter
(1858); Nevermore (I860); Demande en
Mariage, Releasing Prisoners on tbe Young
Heir's Birthday (1861); After tbe Battle
(1862); British Embassy in Paris on Night
of St. Bartholomew (1863); Her Most High,
Noble, and Puissant Grace (1866); Home
after Victory (1867) ; Young Lord Hamlet,
(Enone (1868); Sighing his Soul into his
Lady's Face (1869); Spring petting Winter,
Catherine de Lorraine and Jacques Clement
(1870); The New Picture (1871); Good
Night, Moonlight Serenade (1873) ; Queen
of the Tournament (1874); Toujours Fidele
(1875); His Reverence (1876); Joan of Arc,
Constance (1877); La Gloire de Dijon (1878);
Summer Breezes, Twilight (1879) ; Tbe
Olive, The Vine, Captives of his Bow and
Spear (1880); Flowers of the Earth (1881);
Dympbna, Faithful Heart, Joyous Summer
(1883); Morning (1885).— Meynell, 235;
Portfolio (1870), 97.
CALIARI. See Carjliari.
CALIGULA'S PALACE AND BRIDGE,
Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 8 ft. 2 in.
Caligula, to confute a prophecy of Thrasyl-
lus — that he would no more be emperor than
he could drive his chariot over the Bay
of Baiao — built a bridge of boats from
the mole at Puteoli across the bay, about
three Roman miles, and rode and drove
over it. Turner has assumed that the
bridge was constructed on arches. On the
left are magnificent ruins of Caligula's pal-
ace, with the bridge across the bay in the
middleground ; on the right, in distance,
Baife. Royal Academy, 1831. Engraved by
E. Goodall in Turner Gallery.
CALISTO DA LODI. See Piazza.
CALLCOTT, Sir AUGUSTUS WALL,
born at Kensing-
ton, Feb. 20, 1779,
died there, Nov.
25, 1844. Choris-
ter boy for several
years in Westmin-
ster Abbey ; pupil
of John Hopp-
ner ; became a
portrait painter,
and executed many figure pieces, such as
Raphael and the Fornarina (1837), and Mil-
ton with bis Daughters (1840). But it is as
a landscape painter that be will be chiefly
remembered. As such, he ranks among the
best contemporaries of Turner and Con-
stable, though he stands at a respectful dis-
tance from either in point of originality and
CALLET
genius. The surname of the English Claude
which has been given to him, and the large
prices obtained for his landscapes since his
death, as, for instance, £3,097 and £514 paid
in 1863 at public sales, prove the esteem
felt for his works, in which English scenery
is treated with unaffected truth to nature.
Callcott became an A.R.A. in 1800, and R.A.
in 1810 ; he was knighted in 1837, and in
1844 he was appointed conservator of the
school ; history and portrait painter ; ob-
tained the first prize in 17fi4 for his Cleobis
and Biton, now in the Kcole des Beaux
Arts, and became member of the Academy
in 1780. Painted many allegorical and
mythological as well as modern historical
subjects. Works : Winter or Saturnalia
(1783), Spring or Worship of Juno Lucina
(1791), Summer or Ftte of Ceres (1789),
Autumn or F&te of Bacchus (1787), all in
Calumny, Botticelli, Uffiii, Florence.
royal pictures. The following pictures by
him are in the National Gallery : Returning
from Market (1834), Coast Scene, Landscape
with Cattle, Wooden Bridge, Benighted
Traveller, Old Pier at Littlehampton (1812),
Entrance to Pisa
from Leghorn
(1833), Dutch Fer-
ry (1834), View on
Coast of Holland.— Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Art Un-
ion Journal, 1845 ; Art Journal (185C), 9 ;
Ch. Blanc, Kcole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 334.
CALLET, ANTOINE FRANQOIS, born
in Paris, 1741, died there in 1823. French '
JWC.
Louvre. — Wiirzbach, Mai. d. xviii. J., 10;
Villot, Cat. Louvre.
CALLICLES, Greek painter, mentioned
by Pliny (xxxv. 37 [114]) as having exe-
cuted some small pictures. Perhaps same
painter spoken of by Varro (Fragm., p. 236
Bip.).— Brunn, ii. 260.
CALLTPHON, painter, of Samos, date
uncertain. Painted episodes of Trojan war
on walls of Temple of Diana, Ephesus. —
Pausan. v. 19, 1 ; x. 26, 127 ; Brunn, ii. 56.
CALLISTO. See Diana and Callisto.
CALLOT, GEORGES, born in Paris;
contemporary. History and portrait painter,
•m
CALUMNY
pupil of Eugene Adan. Medal, 3d class,
1882. Works: The Chase (1879) ; Twilight
(1882); The Doves, Portrait (1883); Infancy
of Orpheua (1884); Diana (1885).
CALUMNY, picture. See Apelles.
CALUMNY, Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi,
Florence ; wood, figures full length, small.
A magisterial person, seated at right, at-
tended by Ignorance and Suspicion, stretches
out his hand to Calumny, who holds in one
hand the torch of discord, and with the
other drags Innocence by the hair ; she is
preceded by Envy and attended by Intrigue
and Treachery ; behind her, Repentance,
clothed in black, is covered with confusion
at the sight of Truth. Painted about 1485
from Lucian's description of Apelles' picture.
Given by Sandro to his friend, Fabio Segni.
-Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 324 ; C. & C., Italy,
ii. 422 ; Moliui, Gal. de Firenze, i. 159 ;
Lasinio, i. PI. 41.
By Federigo Zucchern, Hampton Court ;
tempera on canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 8 in.
Probably a rendering of Lucian's descrip-
tion of the celebrated picture by Apelles.
While employed in the Vatican, Zucchero
had a difference with the Pope's officers, and
in revenge painted this picture, in which
he represented those who had offended him
decorated with asses' ears. The Pope's dis-
pleasure was the cause of Zucchero's de-|
parture from Rome. Originally in posses-
sion of Duke Orsini di Bracciano ; perhaps
found its way to England in Duke of Man-
tua's collection, bought by Charles I. in
1G28.— Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 140.
CALVAERT (Caluwaert), DENIS, born
in Antwerp about 1540, died in Bologna,
April 1C, 1G19. Flemish-Bolognese school ;
called by the Italians Dionisio Fiammingo
(the Fleming). Pupil of Christiaan Queck-
bome ; was a good landscape painter when
he removed to Bologna, where he studied
figure-painting under Prospero Fontaua
and Lorenzo Sabbatini. He accompanied
the latter to Rome, and aided him in the
Vatican. On his return to Bologna he es-
tablished a school, and had among his pupils
Guido, Domenichino, and Albani. He was
a good designer, but mannered in style.
His pictures are chiefly in Bologna, in S.
M. de' Servi, S. Petronio, S. Gregorio, S.
Giacomo Maggiore, and other churches.
Works : Assumption, Uffizi, Florence ;
Transfiguration, Parma Academy ; Mary
Magdalen borne to Heaven by Angels,
Turin Gallery ; male portrait, Vienna Mu-
seum.— Biog. nat. de Belgique, iii. 258 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Fetis, Les Ar-
tistes beiges ;\ 1'etranger, ii. 151 ; Michiels,
vi. 3 ; Rooses (Reber), 104.
CALVARY. See Christ on Calvary.
CALVARY, PROCESSION TO, Pierre
Mignard, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 6 ft. 6
in. ; signed, dated 1684. Christ, in centre, has
fallen under the weight of the cross, which
Simon of Cyrene and others are carrying,
preceded and followed by soldiers and rab-
ble, up the mountain ; in foreground, left,
the Virgin, Magdalen, and St. John ; right,
women and children. Painted for M. de
Seignelay, and passed to Louis XIV. En-
graved by G. Audran ; Landou. — Reveil, ix.
629.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas, H.
15 ft. 8 in. x 11 ft, 3 in. The Saviour, in
grey vest and scarlet mantle, in centre,
bending under weight of the cross, which a
man, assisted by Simon of Cyrene, is remov-
ing from his back ; the Magdalen, kneeling,
is wiping his brows with a napkin ; behind
her, the wife of Cleophas, with two children,
; and the Virgin, supported by St. John ; at
left, another woman with an infant in her
arms ; below, the two thieves, with hands
bound, guarded by soldiers ; in front, three
horsemen and others indicated by spears
and banners. One of Rubens's grandest
compositions, but now much deteriorated.
Painted for the abbey church of Affleghem,
for 1,600 florins, the work occupying sixteen
days. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Ragot ;
and with variations by Monaco. Sketch in
Amsterdam Museum. — Smith, ii. 56.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. Troops and attendants climbing
383
CALVI
Calvary by a winding path ; Christ in centre
bearing the cross, the two malefactors being
on the nearer path. A strong and effective
picture. — Buskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 353.
By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Christ falling un-
der the weight of the cross, with Simon of
Cyrene aiding him; behind, the Virgin, Mary
Magdalen, and St. John ; in front the two
thieves, bound ; soldiers, mounted and on
foot, and rabble.— GaL de Vienne, i. PI. 48.
Buskin, Mod. Painters, v. 230 ; Bidoln, Ma-
ra v., ii. 67.
Subject also treated by Pieter Brueghel,
the younger, Berlin Museum.
CALVI, LAZZABO, bora in Genoa in
1502, died there in 1587. Genoese school ;
son of Agostino Calvi, a respectable painter
of Lombard origin ; pupil of Perino del
Vaga at same time with his elder brother,
Pantalco Calvi (died 1595). The brothers
painted much in collaboration in Genoa,
Procession to Calvary, Mignard, Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 14 ft. 6 in. Christ falling
under the weight of the cross, which he is
carrying amid a troop of mounted men and
rabble ; St. Veronica, with her handkerchief,
thrust back by one attendant and struck at
with a knotted cord by another, is trying to
reach him ; behind, the Virgin, fainting, is
sustained by St. John, a portrait of Veronese.
From the Modena collection. Bestored by
Schirmer in 1857. Engraved by Mitelli ;
Preisler. — Gal. royale de Dresde, i. PL 1C ;
Naples, and other places, Lazzaro painting
the principal parts and Pantaleo the orna-
mental portions. Lazzaro, vain and envious,
depreciated the works of others, and even
resorted to poison to rid himself of rivals.
Defeated in competition with Andrea Semini
and Luca Cambiaso, he gave up painting
and led a seafaring life for twenty years, but
finally returned to his profession. Among
his best examples are: Phaeton, Apollo, etc.,
ceiling of hall, Palazzo Grimaldi, Genoa ;
Glory of Saints, choir S. Catterina, Genoa.
CALVI
— Soprani, 71; Baldinucci, ii. 148 ; Lanzi,
iii. 242 ; Burckhardt, 759 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
genoise.
CALVI, POMPEO, born at Milan in 1806.
Landscape and architecture painter ; pupil
of Migliara. Works : Old Fish Market in
Eome (1834), Interior of Monza Cathedral
(1838), Vienna Museum. — Wurzbach, ii.
243.
CALYPSO, pictures. See Irene, Nicias.
CAMBIASO, GIOVANNI, born in the val-
ley of Polcevera, near Genoa, in 1495. Gen-
oese school ; pupil of Antonio Semini, but
imitated Perino del Vaga and Pordenone.
Painted chiefly in fresco. Was the master
of his son Luca. — Soprani, 17; Baldinucci,
ii. 174 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise, Luca Cam-
biaso.
CAMBIASO, LUCA, born at Moneglia,
Oct. 18, 1527, died
at the Escorial,
Spain, 1585. Geno-
ese school. Some-
times called Luchet-
to da Genova. Son
and pupil of Giovan-
ni Cambiaso ; be-
came his father's as-
sistant when fifteen
years old, and was
selected when seventeen to paint the ceiling
of the great hall in the Palazzo Doria. His
early works border on the gigantesque and
suggest study of Michelangelo, but he modi-
fied his style at a later period. He painted
both in oil and in fresco, and such was his
fruitfulness of invention and facility of exe-
cution that he seldom made sketches for his
works. His reputation reached foreign coun-
tries, and in 1583 he was invited to Spain by
Philip IL, who made him court painter and
gave him a pension of 500 ducats. Cambia-
so executed many works in the Escorial, the
most celebrated being the Paradise or As-
semblage of the Blessed, on the ceiling of
the church of the Escorial, for which he was
paid 12,000 ducats. Of his oil pictures the
best are : Madonna and Saints, Duomo,
Genoa ; St. Gottardo with Apostles and Do-
nors, ib. ; Madonna and Saints, Palazzo Ador-
no, Genoa ; Madonna and Child, Uffizi ; En-
tombment, S. M di Casignano, Genoa ; two
mythological pictures, Palazzo Borghese,
Home ; double portrait of the painter and
his father, Palazzo Spinola, Genoa ; Martyr-
dom of St. George, S. Giorgio, ib.; Eape of
Sabines, Palazzo Imperiale, Terralba, near
Genoa. Luca had a son, Orazio, who aided
him in the Escorial Philip n. continued
r ^~ to employ
/ f I* + f * him after
^— ' ^~*Atnbl'& Jlf his father's
death, but he returned to Genoa in the fol-
lowing year. — Soprani, 35, 51 ; Lanzi, iii.
244; Seguier, 35; Burckhardt, 760; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole genoise.
CAMBON, AEMAND, born at Montauban
(Drome) ; contemporary. French school ;
genre and portrait painter, pupil of Paul
Delaroche and of Ingres. Medals : 2d class,
1863; 3d class, 1873. Works : Morning and
Evening of Life (1874) ; Echo and Narcissus
(1875); Eoland fighting the Ork in Defence
of Olympia (1876) ; Alcinia and Roger (1880);
Spring Time of Life (1882).
CAMBTSES AT PELUSIUM, Paul Le-
noir, Charles Crocker, San Francisco. Illus-
tration of the story narrated by Polysenus
(vii. 9), that the Persian monarch captured
Pelusium almost without resistance from
the Egyptians, whose religious fears were
aroused by their being assailed with sacred
cats. Painted in 1867. Photogravure in
Art Treasures of America. — Art Treas. of
Amer. iii. 43.
CAMEELINGHI. See Madonna with the
Camerlinghi.
CAMILO, FEANCISCO, born in Madrid
in 1635, died there in 1671. Spanish school;
son of Domingo Camilo, a Florentine settled
in Madrid, whose Spanish widow married
Pedro de las Cuevas ; pupil of his stepfather;
painted frescos in the palace of Buen Eetiro
and religious subjects for the convents of
Madrid, Toledo, Alcala, and other places.
Best work, Communion of St. Mary of Egypt,
234
CAMLXADE
church of the Capuchins, Alcala de Henares.
—Stirling, ii. 714 ; Viardot, 275.
CAMINADE,ALEXANDRE FRANgOIS,
born in Paris, Dec. 14, 1783, died there in May,
18G2. History and genre painter, pupil of
David and Murime'e. Medals : 2d class,
1812 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L. of Honour, 1833.
Principal works: Flight into Egypt, Marriage
of the Virgin, Adoration of the Magi, St.
Etieune du Mont ; The Levite of Ephraim,
Entry of French into Antwerp, Versailles ;
St. Theresa receiving the Last Sacrament,
Notre Dame de Lorette. — Larousse.
CAMINO, GIUSEPPE, born in Turin,
Oct. 29, 1819. Italian school ; landscape
painter, self-taught, studying nature and
after old masters ; lived for several years in
Rome and other cities of Italy, visited Paris
and London, and settled at Turin, where he
became professor at the Academy in 1854.
Works : Primeval Forest ; Storm in the
Campagna ; Glacier of the Mont-Blanc ;
Pictures in Museo Civico, Turin. — Miiller,
93.
CAMPAGNOLA, DOMENICO, born in
Padua about 1490 (?) died after 1564. Ve-
netian school ; related to Giulio Campagnola,
but not his son, as is generally said. First
taught by Giulio, afterward pupil of Titian,
and his assistant (1511), at Padua and Vi-
cenza. Probably accompanied Titian to
Venice, and lived there awhile. Most of his
works, both in oil and fresco, are in Paduan
churches. His frescos in the Scuola del
Santo almost rival those of Titian in the
same place. Four pictures of Prophets in
Venice Academy ; David, Palazzo Manfrini ;
St. Michael and Lucifer, S. Cristoforo e
Michele, Venice. Had a brother, Francesco,
also a painter. Domenico was also a fine
engraver. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 385, 639 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; C. & C., Titian,
i. 127, 132, 140 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864),
xvii. 456, 536 ; Lanzi, ii. 94 ; Bartsch, xiii.
377.
CAMPAGNOLA, GrULIO, born in Padua
about 1480 (?), died after 1513. Lombard
school ; son and pupil of Girolamo Campa-
111
gnola, a noted scholar who had studied paint-
ing under Squarcione ; painted miniatures
and several altar-pieces, but best known as
an engraver. Invited in 1498 to court of
Hercules L, Duke of Ferrara. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 385, 639; Lanzi, ii. 177; Ch.
! Blanc, Ecole vunitienne ; Gaz. des R Arts
(1862), xiii. 332 ; Bartsch, xiii. 368.
CAMPANA, PED11O, born in Brussels in
1503, died there in 1580. Spanish school ;
real name said to liave been Pieter Van de
Velde. After spending many years in study
in Bologna and Rome, went about 1547 to
Seville, where with Louis de Vargas and
Torregiano he opened an academy, and
painted for the church of Santa Cruz his
famous Descent from the Cross (1548), now
in the Cathedral, which was a favourite
study of Murillo. Other works in Seville
churches. — Stirling, L 123 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Cean Bermudez.
CAMPHAUSEN, WILHELM, born
Dilsseldorf, Feb.
8, 1818, died
there, June 18,
1885. History
and genre paint-
er, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy
under Rethel,
Sohn, and Schad-
. ow ; one of the
j foremost painters
of battles and
military life. In 1843-45 he visited Hol-
land, Belgium, Switzerland, and North
Italy, made a long tour through Germany,
and then painted in Diisseldorf mostly
subjects from the Thirty Years' War and
the time of Cromwell In 1864, 186G,
and 1870-71 he accompanied the German
armies to the field. Since 1859 professor at
Dflsseldorf Academy ; member of the Ber-
lin and Vienna Academies ; Prussian gold
medal for Art ; medals in Berlin and Vienna
(1873). Works: Tilly's Flight from Breit-
enfeld (1841); Morgenroth (1842); Wound-
ed carried from Battlefield (1838), Prince
23.1
CAMPHUYSEN
Eugene at Belgrade (1843), Cologne Mu-
seum ; Godfrey de Bouillon at Ascalon
(1845) ; Puritans watching the Enemy
(1846), National Gallery, Berlin ; Storming
of English Castle by Cromwellians ; Flight
of Charles II. after Battle of Worcester
(1849); Charles I. at Naseby (1851); Puritans
on Morning Watch (1852), Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Captive English Family escorted by
Puritans, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Eques-
trian Portraits of Frederic the Great, of
Seydlitz at Rossbach, of Ziethen, of Keith at
Hochkirch, of Schwerin at Prague, of Des-
sauer ; Frederic IT. and Regiment Ansbach-
Bayreuth at Hohenfriedberg ; Frederic at
the Parade in Potsdam, Royal Palace, Ber-
lin ; BlUcher taken Prisoner as Swedish En-
sign, Prussian Grenadiers after Battle of
Leuthen, Blucher crossing the Rhine at
Kaub, Breslau Museum ; Blucher meeting
Wellington at Belle-Alliance, Konigsberg
Museum ; Equestrian Portraits of Blucher
and Gneisenau, Magdeburg Museum ; Dup-
pel after the Storming (1857), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Fight inside Diippel Earthwork
tt, Crossing to Alsen (18G6), Bremen Gal-
lery ; Ordnance Ride (I860) ; Capture of
Austrian Standard at Nachod (1868) ; Meet-
ing of Prince Fred. Charles and Crown
Prince at Chlum (1868); King William deco-
rating the Crown Prince with an Order
(1868); Napoleon at Sedan ; Meeting between
Bismarck and Napoleon ; Entry of Emperor
William into Berlin ; Great Elector before
Battle of Fehrbellin ; Storming of Konigin-
hof ; Cavalry Skirmish at Waterloo ; Em-
peror William on Horseback with Roon,
Bismarck and Moltke (1872), Cologne Muse-
um ; Emperor William with Moltke (1873);'
Frederic William I. with Dessauer (1879);
Homage of the Silesian Estates at Breslau
(1882), Arsenal, Berlin.— Brockhaus, iii. 883 ;
Dlustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii. 389 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xx. 649 ; N. Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), n. 671 ;
Bruno Meyer, Studien u. Kritiken, 1 ; Rie-
gel, Kunststudien, 397.
CAMPHUYSEN, DIRK RAFAELSZ,
born at Gorkum in 1586, died at Dokkum,
in 1626. Dutch school ; painted landscapes
with figures and animals, and interiors of
peasant houses. In sunsets and snow effects
he was particularly successful. In 1604 he
gave up art to study theology. Works :
Twomoonlight landscapes, Dresden Gallery.
— L'Art (1877), i. 37
CAMPHUYSEN, GOVERT, born at Gor-
kum in 1624, died in Amsterdam in 1674.
Dutch school ; son of Dirk ; animal painter
of vivid conception and great truthfulness
in his boldly drawn pieces, remarkable for
details. Made citizen of Amsterdam, March
16, 1650. His pictures are scarce and some
of them are probably attributed to Paul
Potter. Works : Farm Interior (1650),
Brussels Museum ; Halt of Peasants at an
Inn, Rotterdam Museum ; Inn with Shep-
herds and Peasants, Rocky Landscape with
J
do., Cassel Gallery ; Rustic Interior, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Farm Interiors (2), Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg.— L'Art (1877), i. 37,
63.
CAMPHUYSEN, RAFAEL, born about
1598, died in 1691. Dutch school ; brother
of Dirk ; painted moonlight landscapes and
shepherd pieces. May have been a pupil
of Paul Potter, but his moonlights are in
the manner of Van der Neer. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 440.
CAMPI, ANTONIO, Cavaliere, born in
Cremona early part of 16th century, died
about 1591. Lombard school ; son of Ga-
leazzo, and brother and pupil of Giulio
Campi. Painted in the Duomo and in S.
Sigismondo, Cremona, and in S. Paolo, S.
Celso, S. Barnaba, and S. Maurizio Mag-
AN.
giore, Milan. He sought to imitate Correg-
gio. Was also architect, sculptor, engraver,
and author of Cronaca di Cremona (Cremo-
na, 1585).— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 496; Lanzi,
230
CAMPI
ii. 435 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole lombarde ; Burck-
hardt, 738 ; Rio, iii. 359.
CAMPI, BERNARDINO, born in Cre-
mona in 1522, died there about 1590. Lom-
bard school ; son of Pietro Campi, a gold-
decorated with his pictures. He painted
also St. Jerome in the Cathedral, Mantua ;
Pentecost (1546), S. Sigismoudo, Cremona;
Christ before Pilate, Cathedral of Cremona;
Crucifixion, S. M. della Passione, Milan ;
smith, of the same family as Galeazzo ; ! and Conversion, Baptism, Miracles, and
pupil of Giulio Campi, and of Ippolito Costa Death of St. Paul, S. Paolo, Milan ; Ma-
at Mantua, where he studied the works of i donna with Saints (1527), high altar, S.
Giulio Romano, as also afterwards those of
Correggio in Parma, Modena, and Reggio.
After successfully imitating the manner of
these painters, ho formed a vigorous and
brilliant style of his own. He painted
many excellent portraits. Became among
the Campi what Annibale Carracci was in
his family, and received commissions from
all the neighbouring citiea His most im-
portant works are in S. Sigismondo, Cre-
mona, where he painted (1570-71) in the
great cupola many figures from the Bible,
representing the concourse of the blessed.
His many works are described by his biog-
rapher Alessandro Lamo. — Lanzi, ii. 437;
Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ; Burckhardt,
738 ; Kugler (Eastlake), 495.
CAMPI, GALEAZZO, of Cremona, born
Abbondio, Cremona ; (Frescos 1547), S. Mar-
gherita, Cremona, Castelbarco Gallery, Mi-
lan, picture dated 1530. — Lanzi, ii. 432 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 496 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
lombarde ; Burckhardt, 738 ; Rio, iii. 380.
CAMPI, VDJCENZO, born in Cremona
before 1532, died Oci 3, 1591. Lombard
school ; youngest son of Galeazzo, and
brother and pupil of Giulio Campi. Good
painter of portraits and of still life. Aided
his brothers, in S. Paolo, Milan, and in
other churches. Pictures in the Brera,
Milan ; Descent from Cross, Cathedral of
Cremona. — Vasari, ed. MiL, vi. 496 ; Lauzi,
ii. 436 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde.
CAMPUZANO, Don TOMAS; contempo-
rary. Landscape painter ; Medal, Madrid,
1883. Works : In the Bay (1881); Beach
in 1477, died in 1536. Lombard school ; of Vivero (1883); The Tajo at Lisbon ; The
style formed on that of Boccaccino. His Tajo at Belem (1884). — La Ilustracion
Raising of Lazarus (1515), now in Casal i (1881), i. 419 ; ii. 65 ; (1883), i. 123; (1884),
Maggiore, is quaintly treated with senti- ' ii. 219.
mental realism. Other pictures of his are CAMUCCINLVINCENZO.Cavaliere.born
the St. Christopher (1516), in S. Sigismondo in Rome in 1773-75, died there, Sepi 2.
and the Madonna in S. Sebastiano, Cremo- j 1844. Italian school ; history and portrait
na ; Portrait of the Artist, Uffizi, Florence, painter ; pupil of his brother Pietro, a pict-
Galeazzo was the father of Giulio, Antonio, ure restorer, and of Bombelli the engraver,
and Vincenzo Campi.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. but formed himself chiefly by copying the
447 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 496 ; Ch. Blanc, old masters. Stimulated by the arrival of
Ecole lombarde ; Burckhardt, 738 ; Rio, iii. David at Rome, he painted, in the classic
377. j manner, a series of pictures illustrative of
CAMPI, GIULIO, born in Cremona about Roman history, as well as many religious
1500, died there in 1572. Lombard school ; ' subjects, which won him reputation. He
son and pupil of Galeazzo Campi, afterwards was also eminent as a portrait painter,
pupil of Giulio Romano at Mantua, and among his sitters being Pius VIL, the King
later studied Raphael and the antique at ' and Queen of Naples, Countess Schouvaloff,
Borne. Became the founder of the eclectic Countess de Diedrichstein, Due de Blacas,
school of painting at Cremona Distin- and other notable persons. He was inspec-
guished both as a painter and an architect tor-general of the pontifical museums, and of
S. Margherita, Cremona, is almost wholly the factory of mosaics, and of the Neapoli-
S37
CANALE
tan Academy of Rome, member of the
French Institute, and president of the
Academy of St. Luke. Pius VII. gave him
the title of baron, and Francis L the Order
of the Iron Crown. Works : Horatio Co-
des, Romulus and Remus, Count de Schiiu-
born; Death of Ccesar, Death of Virginia,
Continence of Scipio, Palazzo Reale, Naples ;
Departure of Regulus for Carthage ; Incre-
dulity of St. Thomas (mosaic in St. Peter's) ;
Presentation in Temple, S. Giovanni, Pia-
cenza ; Death of the Magdalen, Entomb-
ment (painted for Charles IV. of Spain);
Mission of Benedictine Monks to England
(1833) ; Conversion of St. Paul (1834), SS.
Apostoli, Rome. — Ottley.
CANALE, ANTONIO. See Canaletto.
CANALETTO, IL, born in Venice, Oct.
18, 1697, died
there, April 20,
1768. Venetian
school. Real
name Antonio
Canal or Canale;
in Italy also
called n Tonino.
Son of Rinaldo
Canale, painter
of theatrical
scenery ; followed same business for several
years, and thus acquired great readiness of
hand and fertility of invention. About 1719
he went to Rome, where he occupied himself
in studying the antique, and painted many
views of its architectural remains. On his
return to Venice he devoted himself to
painting picturesque views of that city in
all its aspects — its canals, bridges, pubKc
places, palaces, and churches, and carnival
and festival scenes full of figures. He vis-
ited England twice, and painted many suc-
cessful pictures there, examples of which
are to be seen at Windsor Castle. The gal-
lery contains some of his finest pictures,
views in Rome and Venice. He executed a
great number of works, and there are few
large collections without examples by him ;
but many pictures which pass under his
name are by his pupils, Bellotto and Guar-
di. Ch. Blanc says Canaletto is unexcelled
in painting architecture, in aerial perspec-
tive, and in rendering slightly ruffled water.
His drawing is always precise and accurate,
and his colouring is wonderfully beautiful.
But Ruskin avers that he is "less to be
trusted for renderings of details than the
rudest and most ignorant painter of the
thirteenth century." His figures are not
always good, and in some of his pictures
they were put in by Tiepolo. Among his
most noted works are the Church of S. M.
della Salute in Venice, Louvre ; and the Re-
ception of Count Gergi, and the Marriage
of the Doge with the Adriatic, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. Other excellent examples
are: View of Ducal Palace, and View in
Venice, Uffizi, Florence ; View of Venice,
Turin Gallery ; do., Academia Carrara,
Bergamo ; Views in Venice (4), Berlin Mu-
seum ; do. (4), Munich Gallery ; View in
Venice, View on Grand Canal, Piazzetta of
S. Mark, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ducal Palace,
View of Eton College, Landscape with
Ruins, Regatta on Grand Canal, Grimani
Palace, and others, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; and Seaport, Galleria Estense, Mo-
dena — Ch. Blanc, ]§cole venitienne ; Dohme,
2iii.; Seguier, 36; Burckhardt, 805.
CANDAULES, KING, Jean Leon Gerome,
Paris. Candaules, King of Lydia, proud of
his wife's beauty, exhibited her unveiled
charms to Gyges, a favourite officer. The
Queen, having caught sight of Gyges as he
was stealing from his place of concealment
in her chamber, gave him the alternative of
murdering Candaules and receiving her and
the kingdom, or of suffering death himself.
He chose the former alternative, and became
the founder of the dynasty of the Mermna-
da3. (Herod., i. 7 ; Just, i. 7). Engraved
by A. Francois.
CANELLA, GIUSEPPE, born in Verona
in 1788, died in Florence in 1847. Archi-
tecture and landscape painter ; sketched in
France, Germany, and Switzerland. Among
his best works are : Views of Paris and the
CANLASSI
Boulevards ; Cathedral of Milan ; Sta. Croce
in Florence ; Haven of Honfleur. — Wurz-
bach, ii. 249.
CANLASSI. See Caynacci.
CANO, ALONSO, born in Granada, March
19, 1601, died there,
Oct. 3, 1667. Span-
ish school. After
his father, Miguel,
removed to Seville,
Alonso, by the ad-
vice of Juan del
Castillo, studied
sculpture under
Montanes and paint-
ing under Pacheco ; was painter, sculptor,
and architect, whence sometimes called the
Spanish Michelangelo. Noted for the man-
ufacture of retablos or monumental altar-
pieces, of which all parts — the wood-carv-
ings and statues as well as the paintings —
were executed by himself. In 1637 he fled
from Seville, in consequence of a duel with
the painter Llano y Vald6s, and went to
Madrid, where, through the favour of Velas-
quez, his fellow-pupil under Pacheco, he
obtained the protection of the Duke de
Olivares and became painter to the king. In
1644 he was suspected of the murder of his
wife, but on being put to the torture was de-
clared innocent, though the suspicious against
him were strong. In 1652 PhilipIV. appointed
him a canon in the cathedral at Granada,
where he passed his last days in practising
his art and in charitable deeds. Works :
St. John Evangelist writing the Apocalypse,
St. Benedict the Abbot, St. Jerome, Madonna
in Adoration, Flagellation of Christ, Dead •
Christ and Angel, Gothic King on his Throne,
and Two Gothic Kings, Madrid Museum ;
Crucifixion, Academy S. Fernando, Madrid ;
Madonna, Seville Cathe-
dral (replica in Herrni-
tage); Souls in Purgatory,
Seville Museum; St. Agnes,
Berlin Museum ; St. Paul, Dresden Gallery;
Madonna and St. Anthony, Munich Gallery;
Dominican painting Portrait of St. Dominic ;
Madonna and Child ; Child Jesus and little
St. John ; Portrait of himself and of a
Knight of the Order of the Golden Spur,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Cean Bermu-
dez; Stirling, ii. 779; Viardot, 65; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 359.
CANON, HANS (Johann von Straschi-
ripka), born in
Vienna, March
13, 1829, died
there, Sept. 12,
1885. Genre,
history and por-
trait painter; pu-
!pil of Waldniiil-
ler, then in 1848-
55 cavalry officer
in the Austrian
army ; after that devoted himself entirely to
art ; greatly influenced by Kahl. Travelled
extensively in the East, France, and England,
lived in 1860-69 in Carlsruhe, then in Stutt-
gart, and finally settled in Vienna, where he
became professor at the Academy. Imitated
the Venetian masters, especially Tintoretto
and Titian ; one of the best portrait painters
of his time. Works : Fishermaiden (1858) ;
Modern Judith (1860) ; Cromwell beside
the Body of Charles I., Lodge of St. John
(1873), Vienna Museum ; Circuit of Life,
Museum of Natural History, Vienna ; Hans
Sachs ; Modern Diogenes ; The Page ; Fruit
Girl ; Treasure Digger ; Lute Player ; Bac-
chus Intoxicated ; Bayadere ; Butcher's
Shop ; Girl with Stereoscope ; Flamingo
Chase ; Dealer in Arms ; St. Benedict, Pope
Leo the Great, Cassiodorus, Boethius, Male
and Female Portrait (1883). — Brockhaus,
iii. 912 ; Wurzbach, xxxix. 253 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xx. 734.
CANTAKINI, SDIONE, born at Oropez-
za near Pesaro in 1612, died at Verona, Oct.
15, 1648. Bolognese school ; called also II
Pesarese and Simone da Pesaro. Pupil of
Giacomo Pandolfi, with whom he went to
Venice ; studied next with Claudio Ridolfi,
and afterwards with Guido; exhibited great
talent, but grew so vain and arrogant that
CANTERBURY
lie was forced to leave Bologna. After
studying the works of the great masters in
Home he returned to Bologna and opened a
school in opposition to Guido. Humiliated
at his want of success in painting a portrait
of the Duke of Mantua, he went to Verona,
and died there, some say of poison. Baldi-
nucci calls him another Guido, but though
he copied Guido with great success, he had
little originality. He was an able engraver.
Works : Repose in Egypt (2), Louvre ; Mir-
acle of St. Peter, S. Pietro, Fano ; Assump-
tion, Bologna Gallery ; Holy Family, Trans-
figuration, Brera, Milan; Holy Family,
Madrid Museum ; Joseph and Potiphar's
Wife, Dresden Gallery ; Holy Family, Re-
pose in Egypt, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Malvasia, ii. 373 ; Lanzi, iii. 103 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Seguier, 37.
CANTERBURY PILGRIMS, Thomas
Slothard, National Gallery, London ; wood,
H. 1 f t £ in. x 3 ft. £ in. A cavalcade of
numerous figures, all on horseback and rid-
ing from right to left, illustrating the per-
sons described in the prologue to Chaucer's
" Canterbury Tales." Purchased at Leigh
Court sale (1884). Engraved by the broth-
ers Schiavonetti and James Heath, 1817.
CAPANNA, PUCCIO, middle of 14th
century. Florentine school; disciple of
Giotto, according to Vasari, who says he
was a good painter ; but the works assigned
to him differ much in style, and are all in-
ferior. Puccio was admitted to the Floren-
tine painters' guild in 1350. Among the
works ascribed to him are frescos in S.
Francisco, Assisi, S. Maria Novella and S.
Trinita, Florence, and in the Hall of the
Capitolo, S. Francesco al Prato, Pistoja, and
pictures in S. M. Novella and S. Triuita,
Florence.— C. & C., Italy, i. 376 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., i. 394 ; Baldinucci, i. 234.
CAPDEVIELLE, LOUIS, born at Lour-
des (Hautes-Pyrenees) ; contemporary. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of A. Millet,
Bonnat, and Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1882. Works : Knife Grinder, First Prize
(1876); Pork Scalder (1877); Portraits
(1878, 1879); Workshop of Seamstresses
(1880) ; Wedding at Laruns, End of Nana
(1882) ; Land-slip in a Quarry, Study of
Nude Woman (1884); Gratuitous and oblig-
atory Instruction, A Model (1885).
CAPELLE, JAN VAN DER, born in Am-
sterdam, the freedom of which city he re-
ceived in 1653. Dutch school ; marine
painter, pupil of Albert Cuyp. Painted
| quiet seas under warm and bright skies.
Works : River with Ships, Amsterdam Mu-
: seum ; Fishing Boats, Rotterdam Museum ;
Mouth of the Scheldt with numerous vessels,
Aremberg Gallery, Brussels ; Marine, Berlin
Museum ; Strand with Ships, Vienna Muse-
it um ; Calm at Low Water,
C(tj9*il National Gallery, Lon-
/ don ; pictures in the col-
lections of Messrs. Munro, Baring, and of
the Duke of Bedford and Lord Overstone. —
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 501 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise.
CAPORALI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
bom in Perugia about 1476, died there
about 1560. Umbrian school ; son of Bar-
tolommeo Caporali, an inferior painter of
Perugia (1472-1521); commonly called Bitte
or Bitti, an abbreviation of Battista ; errone-
ously called Benedetto by Vasari. Brought
up by his father, but went about 1507-8 to
Rome, where he became acquainted with
Perugino, Pinturicchio, Bramante, and Sig-
norelli, and learned to imitate them. On
his return to Perugia in 1519 he was made
a decemvir. He was also an architect, and
built and decorated with frescos the Villa
Passerini near Cortona. A fresco in S.
Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome ; Virgin and
Saints (1492), S. Girolamo, Citta di Castello ;
Nativity, Duomo, Panicale, and at S. Salva-
tore, in neighbourhood, are attributed to this
painter.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 360 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ombrienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 597.
CAPPONI, RAFFAELLINO. See Garbo.
CAPPUCCINO, IL. See Strozzi, Ber-
nardo.
CARACCIOLO, GIAMBATTISTA, born
in Naples about 1580, died there in 1641.
CARAUD
Neapolitan school ; of good family and edu-
cation ; pupil of Francesco Imparato, and
later of Caravaggio when that painter was
in Naples, about 1606. Roused by the fame
of Annibale Carracci, he went to Rome, and
by diligent study of his works in the Pa-
lazzo Farnese, became a correct designer in
that painter's style, still preserving the
strong contrasts of light and shade that he
had learned from Caravaggio. Some of his
pictures are in churches in Naples. He be-
longed to the infamous Neapolitan Cabal of
which Spaynoletto was the head.— Lauzi, ii.
34 ; Ch. Blanc, f'cole napolitaine.
CARAUD, JOSEPH, born at Cluny,
(Sa6ne-et-Loire), Jan. 5, 1821. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Abel do Pujol and Charles Louis
Miiller. Some of his pictures have been
engraved. Medals : 3d class, 1859 ; 2d
class, 18G1 and 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1867.
Works: Oracle of the Fields (1847); The
Awakening, Dark and Fair (1849); Dancing
Lesson, Interrupted Breakfast, A Kitchen !
(1855); Marie Antoinette in the Little Tri-
anon, Abbu Pruvost reading Manon Lescaut
at an Actress's (1857); Athalie played at
Saint-Cyr before Louis XIV., Louis XV.
and Mine. Dubarry (1859); Mile, de la Val-
liere taking the Veil, The Sedan Chair
(1861); The Great Conde's Return after the
Battle of Senef, Signing the Contract, The
First- Born (1863); Louis XVL making
Locks (1865); Blessing the Bread, The Alert
(1867); Scenes from Marriage of Figaro
(1868); Marie Antoinette and Madame
Roy ale at Versailles (1870); Soubrette Walk-
ing, Girl holding a Cut (1872) ; Breakfast
(1873) ; Parroquet (1874) ; Pointed Finger
(1875); Little Farmer (1876); Spring-Time,
Pleased Abbe (1877) ; Louis XV. and Mme.
Dubarry at the Little Trianon, Coffee Mill
(1878) ; Pouting, Flower-Girl (1879) ; Sou-
brette Asleep, Two Friends (1880) ; Magpie,
Gardener (1882); Parroquet, A Letter (1883);
Fisher-maiden (1884) ; Spinner, Petit De-
jeuner (1885).
CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO DA,
born at Caravaggio in 1569, died at Porto
Ercole in 1609. Roman school. Real name
Michelangelo Ainerighi or Merighi ; son of a
mason ; em-
ployed in Milan
to mix plaster
for fresco paint-
ers, and learned
to paint by
watching them.
Went to Venice
and studied
works of Gior-
gione; thence to
Rome, where he aided Cesare d'Arpino in
painting ornamental parts of his pictures.
The novelty of his style, an energetic but
coarse rendering of nature, without selec-
tion and without taste, soon attracted
notice, and his works won such public ad-
miration that other artists were led to imi-
tate his powerful though corrupt manner.
After painting many important pictures in
Rome, he fled to Naples to escape justice for
the homicide of a companion, committed in
a moment of anger. After various wander-
ings he received the Pope's pardon for this
crime, and was on his way from Naples to
Rome by sea when he died at Porto Ercole.
Among his best works are: E»tombment,Vai-
ican ; Gamesters, Palazzo Sciarra, Rome ; Ju-
dith and Holofernes, Naples Museum ; Chess
Players, Venice Academy; Ciq>i<l Asleep, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence; Christ among the Doc-
tors, Christ and the Tribute Money, Head of
Medusa, Uffizi, Florence ; Fortune Teller,
Capitol Gallery, Rome ; Lute Player, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Fortune Teller, A
Concert, Death of the Virgin, Portrait of
Grand Master of Malta, Louvre ; Two Men
Drinking, Modena Gallery ; St. Sebastian,
Brera, Milan ; St. Matthew and Angel, Ber-
lin Museum ; Fortune Teller, Gamesters,
Dresden Gallery ; Lute Player, Christ
crowned with Thorns, Martyrdom of St.
Peter, Martyrdom of Si Sebastian, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg ; Supper at Emmaus,
National Gallery, London. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole ombrienne ; Seguier, 3 ; Wornum,
CARAVAGGIO
Epochs, etc., 332 ; Burckhardt, 767; Dohme,
CARAVAGGIO, POLIDORO DA, born at
Caravaggio about
1490 (?), died in
Messina in 1543.
Umbrian school.
Real name Polidoro
, Caldara ; while em-
\\ ployed as a mason
r i\ in the Vatican when
-J jA ^ Raphael and his pu-
/ pils were painting,
he acquired a taste
for art, and induced Matmino, a Florentine
artist, to instruct him. He soon exhibited
such aptitude that Maturiuo took him into
partnership, and they executed conjointly
many works in black and white, now known
only by engravings. When Rome was sacked
(1527), Caravaggio went to Naples,and after-
ward to Messina, where he acquired fame
and wealth. When about to return to Rome,
he was murdered for his money. In his
earlier works Polidoro shows his training in
the school of Raphael : e. fj. Frieze of the
History of Niobe on facade of a house in the
Via della Maschera d'Oro, No. 7, at Rome.
Later he became an out and out naturalist,
as in the Christ bearing the Cross, Naples
Museum. Among his works are : Psyche,
received into Olympus, Louvre ; Passage of
the Red Sea, Brera, Milan ; St. Luke, Berlin
Museum ; Pieta, Turin Gallery;
Meleager, Capitol Museum,
Rome ; Cephalus and Procris,
Vienna Museum. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., v. 141 ; Tassi, Pittura Ber-
gamaschi (Bergamo, 1708), 76 ;
Burckhardt, 186 ; Wornum, Epochs, etc.,
235 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne ; Dohme,
2iii. ; Lilbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 375.
CARBAJAL, LUIS DE, born in Toledo
in 1534, died after 1613. Spanish school ;
pupil of Juan de Villoldo, removed early to
Madrid, and became, in 1556, painter to
Philip H. Painted in 1570-82 seven altar-
pieces for the Escorial, and a Magdalen
(1570), now in the Madrid Museum. In
1591 he painted, with Bias del Prado, some
pictures for the Church of the Minorites,
Toledo ; Portrait of the Archbishop D. Bar-
tolome Carrauza in the capitular hall of the
Cathedral at Toledo ; Circumcision, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, i. 261 ; Ma-
drazo, 365.
CARBONE, GIOVANNI BERNARDO,
born in Albaro, near Genoa, in 1614, died in
1683. Genoese school ; pupil of Gio. Andrea
de' Ferrari ; studied composition in Venice.
Painted historical subjects, but chiefly noted
for his portraits, in which he imitated Van
Dyck. Works : St. Louis adoring the Cross,
FAnnunziata, Genoa ; Madonna and Saints,
Palazzo Pallavicini, Genoa. — Lanzi, iii. 267;
Ch. Blanc, £cole genoise; Burckhardt, 779.
CARCASSONNE, DELIVERANCE AT,
Jean Paul Laurem, Luxembourg Museum ;
canvas, H. 14 ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. In August,
1303, the inhabitants of Carcassone and of
Albi, under the lead of the reformer of Lan-
guedoc, Jean de Picquigny, released many
prisoners from the dungeons of the Inquisi-
tion. Men are engaged in removing the
stones from the entrance, over which is seen
the Papal arms, while the reformer is preach-
ing to people at left. Salon, 1879.
CARDENAS, BARTOLOME DE, born
in Portugal in 1547, died in Madrid in 1G06.
Spanish school ; pupil in Madrid of Alonso
Sanchez Coello ; painted frescos in the clois-
ters of Convent of Atocha, Madrid ; in 1601
went to Valladolid, at invitation of Duke of
Lerma, for whom he painted altarpieces in
the church and several religious works in
the cloisters and chapels of the convent of
S. Pablo. Some of his pictures are in the
Museum at Valladolid. His son Juan (flour-
ished 1620), was a painter of fruits and flow-
ers.— Stirling, i. 432.
CARDI, LUDOVICO. See Cigoli.
CARDUCCI (Carducho), BARTOLOM-
MEO.born in Florence in 1560, died in Madrid
Jin 1608. Florentine school; pupil of Federigo
Zucchero, with whom he went, in 1585, to
Spain, and was engaged as painter, sculptor,
842
CARDUCHO
and architect under Philip IL and Philip
HI. Painted frescos in the library of the
Escorial, and several altarpieces, as well as a
Descent from the Cross, in S. Felipe el Real ;
also began, in the Pardo, frescos which were
finished by his brother Vincenzio. Works :
Descent from the Cross, St. Sebastian, Last
Supper, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, i. 212;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 256.
CARDUCHO, VINCENZO, born in Flor-
ence in 1578 (?), died in Madrid in 1638.
Spanish school ; went to Spain in 1585, with
his elder brother, Bartolommeo, who in-
structed him in painting. Succeeded his
brother as painter to Philip III., and finished
the frescos begun by him in the Pardo.
Was also painter to Philip IV. In 1626-32
he painted fifty-four pictures for the Car-
thusians of El Paular ; twenty-seven repre-
senting the life of St Bruno, and twenty-
seven representing the Martyrdoms and
miracles of the Monks of the Order. These
are all in the Madrid Museum. He painted
also historical pictures and portraits, 120 of
which are mentioned by Cean Bermudez as
in public edifices in Spain, and wrote the
Dialogos de las Excelencias de la Pintura,
the best work on painting in the Castilian
tongue (Madrid, 1633). Works : Battle of
Fleurus, Relief of Constance, Capture of
Rheinfeld (three scenes in Thirty Years'
War), Birth of the Virgin, Visitation, Pres-
entation of
Jesus, As-
sumption,
1508. He imitated the great Venetian mas-
ters so closely that his works are often con-
founded with theirs, and appear under the
names of Giorgioue, Palma, and Pordenone.
There are but two dated canvases among
the many works ascribed to him, a group in
the Roucalli collection (1519), and a Madon-
na in the Casa Baglioni, Bergamo (1520).
Other examples are in the Lochis-Carrara
Gallery, Bergamo ; the Brera, Milan ; and
the Dresden Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
546 ; Tassi, Pittori Bergamaschi, i. 33 ;
Burckhardt, 737 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
ii. 625.
CARLONI, GIAMBATTISTA, born in
i Genoa about 1594, died there in 1680.
Genoese school ; son and pupil of Taddeo
j Carloni, painter, sculptor, and architect
(died 1613) ; studied in Florence under Pas-
signauo and in Rome ; associate of his
brother Giovanni, and aided him in most
of his works, especially in the Gesft and in
the Anuunziata del Guastato, Genoa ; also
finished his frescos in S. Antonio Abate,
Milan. Painted frescos at S. Siro, Genoa,
and painted much in private palacea. Had
by his wife Niccoletta Scorza twenty-four
onu
1670
VINCENT*
/ C ^O
drid Muse-
urn ; Infant
Christ and Christ and Angels, with SS. Gon-
zalo, Francis, and Bernardino (1630), Dres-
den Gallery.— Stirling, i. 417 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 258 ; Madrazo,
366.
CARIANI, GIOVANNI BUSI, of Ber-
gamo, born at Fuipiano about 1480 (?), liv-
ing in 1541. Venetian school. The earliest
record in regard to him is a contract of
children, of whom Andrea or Giovanandrea
(born 1639, died 1697) and Niccold were
painters.— Lanzi, iii. 263, 278 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole gunoise ; Burckhardt, 799.
CARLONI, GIOVANNI, born in Genoa
in 1591, died in Milan in 1630. Genoese
school ; son and pupil of Taddeo Carloni,
I and scholar of Pietro Sorri ; finally studied
in Rome and Florence, where he learned
fresco under Passignano. Became an able
I fresco painter ; works in del Gesii, 1'Annuu-
ziata del Guastato, and S. Domenico, Genoa.
Was painting the ceilings of S. Antonio
Abate, Milan, when he died. — Lauzi, iii.
263 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole genoise.
•-•i •
CAKLOS
CAELOS, DON, brother of Philip IV.,
portrait, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. About twenty
years old, full-length, standing, black dress.
Painted about 1627, first manner. Etched
by J. J. Martinez de Espinosa ; Guerard. —
Curtis, 60 ; Madrazo, 614.
CAKLSEN, EMCL, born iu Denmark in
1848. Went to America in 1872, and stud-
ied in Boston, where he has since lived.
Works : Still Life (T. B. Clarke, New York.)
CABLUCCIO DELLE MADONNE. See
Maratti, Carlo.
CAEMANIDES. See Charmantides.
CARMIENCKE, HEKMANN, born in
Hamburg, Sept. 2, 1810, died in Brooklyn,
N. Y., June 15, 1867. Landscape painter
and engraver ; pupil of Dahl in Dresden,
and from 1834 at the Copenhagen Academy.
In 1837 was again in Dresden and Leipsic ;
returned to Copenhagen in 1838, visited
Sweden in 1841, Munich and Tyrol in 1842,
and Italy in 1845-1846. Was court painter
to Christian Vin., until after the German-
Danish war of 1848. Emigrated to New
York in 1851 and became one of the found-
ers of the Brooklyn Academy. Works :
Lake among High Mountains, Ziller Valley
in Tyrol. — Audresen, iv. 46.
CAENOVALE, FEA, flourished about
1456. Umbrian school ; real name Bartol-
ommeo di Giovanni di Bartolo Corradini ;
entered the Dominican Order, and in 1461-
88 was curate of S. Cassiano of Cavallino,
near Urbino. A Madonna with Saints and
Angels, in the Brera, Milan, is attributed to
him. It is in the style of Piero della Fran-
cesca, and if it be the work of Fra Carno-
vale, he was probably a pupil of that master.
Vasari makes Fra Carnovale the master of
Bramante. Other works : St. Michael and
the Dragon, National Gallery, London ;
Madonna and Angels, S. M. delle Grazie,
Sinigaglia. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 553 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 147.
CABOLUS, LTJDOVICUS ANTONIUS,
born in Antwerp, Dec. 25, 1814. Genre
painter; pupil of Eeckhout and of F. de
Braekeleer, and in Paris (1831-34), under
E. le Poitevin ; settled in 1836 in Antwerp,
where he acquired reputation. Works:
Presentation, Music, Visit at the Studio. —
Nagler, Mon., iv. 325.
CAEOLUS -DUEAN (CHAELES AU-
GUSTE EMILE
DU EAND),
called, born at
Lille, July 4,
1837. French
school; genre and
portrait painter ;
N pupil of Souchon ;
went to Paris,
where he won a
prize and a pen-
sion founded by
Wicar for his fel-
low-citizens of Lille, and went to Italy, after-
wards to Spain. His work shows traces of
the influence of both countries. Lately he
has painted portraits, especially female, with
great success. Is also a sculptor. Medals
in 1866, 1869, and 1870 ; 2d class in 1878 ;
medal of honour, 1879 ; L. of Honour,
1872; Officer, 1878. Works: Evening
Prayer (1865) ; The Murdered Man (1866),
Lille Museum ; St. Francis of Assisi (1868);
Dame au Gant (1869), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; portraits only during the next ten
years, of which
one of the most
noted is Mile. \QXQ\
Croizette ; Glo- \%82
ria Marise Medi-
cis (1878, ceiling in the Luxembourg) ;
Child on the Banks of the Tagus (1868) ;
portraits in 1879, 1880, 1881 ; A Future
Doge (1881) ; A Burial (1882) ; A Vision
(1883). — Larousse ; Montrosier.
CAEOTO (Carotto), GIOVAN FEAN-
CESCO, born in Verona in 1470, died
there in 1546. Lombard school ; pupil in
Verona of Liberale, and in Mantua of Man-
tegna, of whom he is said to have been so
perfect an imitator that his works passed
as those of his master. On his return to
st P
e. UUT
^
244
CARPACCIO
Verona, previous to 1508, his pictures took
a local tinge reminiscent of Liberale and
Giolfino. He executed important works for
Ant. Maria Visconti, iu Milan, and for the
Marquis of Montferrat, in Casale. Called by
Maffei the Proteus of Veronese painters, so
varied are his works in style. Among them
are : Altarpiece, S. Tommaso, Verona; Christ
and Saints, S.Cateriua, Insurrection of Laza-
rus, Virgin and Saints, Verona Gallery ;
SS. Eoch and Sebastian, S. Giorgio, Vero-
na ; Madonna and St. Anne, S. Termo Mag-
giore, ib. ; St. Martin on Horseback, S.
Anastasia, ib.; St. Ursula and the 11,000
Virgins, S. Giorgio, ib. (1545). Madonna,
Stiidel Institute, Frankfort ; do., Collection
of Baron Sternburg, Lutschena. Vasari
says he was the first Veronese who painted
landscapes well. Giovan Francesco had a
brother Giovanni Caroto, probably his as-
sistant, but much inferior to him. He is
noteworthy only as the first master of
Puolo Veronese.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 481 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 288 ; Baldinucci, ii. 44 ;
Burckhardt, 158, 1G7, 190; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole lombarde ; Bernasconi, 292 ; Lermo-
lieff, 167 ; Lflbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 574.
CARPACCIO (Scarpaccia, Scarpaza), VIT-
TORE, born in
Istria about 1450,
died after 1522.
Venetian school.
It is conjectured
that Carpaccio
went to Constan-
tinople with Gen-
tile Bellini in
1479, and it is
clear that the
great painter's influence developed his style
and affected his colour and drawing, but the
first certain date connected with Carpaccio
is 1490, when he began to paint the series of
nine pictures illustrative of the life of St.
Ursula, Venice Academy. Like Gentile Bel-
lini's large works, those of Carpaccio preserve
the features of old Venice, and show the1
variety of costume which gave so much pic- j
turesqueness to her squares and water-ways.
He had not Bellini's gentleness and sweet-
ness, but was more energetic in action, hard-
er and drier in tone. The picture of the
bleeding Christ adored by Angels (149G),
Vienna Museum, is painful in subject, and
stiff in figure action. Between 1502 and
1508 Carpaccio painted nine small easel
pictures and an altarpiece for the school or
refuge of distressed Dalmatian seamen,
which had been rebuilt under the name of
Sail Giorgio de' Schiavoni. These pictures
represent scenes from the lives of Christ
and the patron Saints of Dalmatia and Al-
bania, Jerome, George, and Trifou. East-
ern costumes and landscapes of an East-
ern character abound in them, as in the
Baptism of the Gentiles, and the Combat of
St. George. The altarpiece represents the
Virgin and Child between two angels. The
Annunciation (1504), Vienna Academy, the
Glory of St. Thomas Aquinas (1507), Stutt-
gart Museum, and the Burial of the Virgin
(1508), Ferrara Gallery, show that Car-
paccio's forte lay rather in treating inci-
dents of legendary history than religious
episodes. Still, we think that his 1'rexenta-
tion in the Temple (1510), Venice Academy,
is his masterpiece. Another fine and char-
acteristic work is the Supj>er at Emmaus, in
S. Salvatore, Venice. Other pictures paint-
ed before Carpaccio began to fail are the
Vocation of St. Stephen (1511), Berlin Mu-
seum ; his Sermon at the Louvre, and his
Dispute with the Doctors (1514), Brera, Mi-
lan ; and his Martyrdom (1515), Stuttgart.
The altarpiece at S. Vitale of this year
shows manifest decline "attributable to
age, weariness, or much use of assistants."
Many later works scattered about in Istrian,
! VICTOR CARPATH1VS
Lombard, and Friulian churches show still
further decay. The last, of 1519, are two
845
CARPENTER
altarpieces at S. Francesco of Pirano in Is-
tria, and of Pozzale near Cadore. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 627, 661 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i.
195 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole vunitienne ; Liibke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 539.
CAEPENTER, FRANCIS BICKNELL,
born at Homer, New York, in 1830. Por-
trait painter, pupil of Sanford Thayer in
Syracuse. Professional life passed in New
York ; elected an A.N.A. in 1852. Works :
David Leavitt (1852), American Exchange
Bank, New York ; Asa Packer, Lehigh Uni-
versity, Pennsylvania; Lieut-Go v.Woodford,
Senate Chamber, Albany ; Goldwin Smith,
Cornell University ; Prof. Gibbs, Yale Col-
lege, New Haven ; Horace Greeley, Tribune
Association, New York ; Gov. M. H. Clarke,
President Fillmore, City Hall, New York ;
Abraham Lincoln (1874), Capitol at Albany ;
President Tyler, President Pierce, Win. H.
Seward, Chas. Sumner, and many others.
His Emancipation Proclamation (1864,) is in
the Capitol, Washington.
CAKPI, GIROLAMO DA. See Girolamo
da Carpi.
CARR, DAVID, born in England ; con-
temporary. Landscape and genre painter.
Exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosveuor
Gallery. Works: Weed Burners (1879);
Watercress Gatherers (1880); A la Fontaine
-Yport (1881); Cliff Ploughing, Violets
(1882); Waiting, An Old-Fashioued Spring,
At the Doors of La-Force — Paris, 1792
(1883).
CARRACCI, AGOSTINO, born inBologna,
Aug. 16, 1557, died
in Parma, March 22,
1602. Bolognese
school ; son of a tailor,
Antonio Carracci, who
was cousin to Vin-
cenzo, the father of
Lodovico Carracci.
Pupil of Fontana, of
DomenicoTibaldi, and
of Cornelius Cort, with whom he studied en-
graving, to which he devoted more time than
to painting; afterward studied in Parma and
in Venice, and on his return to Bologna
(1589), opened the famous Eclectic school
of the Carracci with Lodovico and Anuibale
Carracci. He aided his brother Aunibale
(1GOO), in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome, where
he painted the Triumph of Galatea and Ceph-
alus and Aurora, of which his cartoons
exist in the National Gallery, London ; after-
ward went into service of Duke Ranuccio
Farnese in Parma, where he died. Among
his best works are the Communion of St.
Jerome, Assumption, Bologna Gallery; Land-
Bathers, Pa-
lazzo Pitti,
Florence;
Infant Her-
cules, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Rinaldo and Armida, Naples Mu-
seum.— Malvasia, i. 263 ; Amoriui, Vite, etc.
(Bologna, 1840) ; Baldinucci, iii. 323 ; Wor-
uum, Epochs, 320; Burckhardt, 699, 784,
794, 796, 808 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ;
Dohme, 2iii. ; Seguier, 39 ; Bartsch, xviii. 31.
CARRACCI, ANNIBALE, born in Bo-
logna, Nov. 3,
1560, died in
Rome, July 15,
1609. Bolognese
school ; brother
of Agostino and
pupil of Lodo-
vico Carracci. In
1580 he went to
Parma to study
the works of Cor-
reggio and of Parmigiano ; also visited Ven-
ice, and after seven years' absence returned
to Bologna. He aided his cousin and broth-
er in the academy which they founded there
until 1600, when he accepted the invitation
of Cardinal Odoardo Farnese to decorate
the vaulted ceiling of a gallery in his palace
in Rome. In this work, which occupied
him eight years, he was assisted by his
brother Agostino, and by Domenichino
and Lanfranco. It represents various myth-
ological subjects illustrative of celestial and
24B
CARRACCI
terrestrial love, and is varied with many or-
namental figures, some in stucco and some
in chiaroscuro. It excited the greatest ad-
miration in Rome,and was declared by Pous-
sin to excel all other works except those of
Raphael Annibale's pictures are more di-
versified in style than those of Lodovico and
Agostino, comprising paintings in the man-
ner of several of the great masters. Among
his works are : Annunciation, Assumption,
Madonna in Glory and Saints, Madonna with
Saints, Bologna Gallery ; Bacchante, Madon-
na, Uffizi, Florence ; Last Supper, Ferrara
Gallery ; Rinaldo and Armida, Pieta, Holy
Family, Bacchante, Naples Museum ; Pieta,
Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; St. liwh giving
Alms, Assumption, Ecce Homo, Madonna of
St. Matthew, Dresden Gallery; Holy Family,
Berlin Museum ; Si Sebastian, Maydalen,
Diana and Callisto, Resurrection, Entomb-
ment, Dead Christ, Apparition of the Madon-
na, Sleep of Infant Jesus, Madonna of the
Cherries, Nativity, Birth of the Virgin,
Louvre ; Three Marys, Castle Howard, Eng-
land ; Christ appearing to Peter, Si John,
Herminia
and the '&^V A
S h e p-
herds, Si-
1 e n u s,
Pan and
Apollo,
Temptation of St. Anthony, National Gal-
lery, London. — Malvasia, i. 263 ; Wornnm,
Epochs, 321 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 571 ;
Burckhardt, 769, 783 ; Gualandi, Guida, 36,
44 ; Dohme, 2iii. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolo-
iiaise.
CARRACCI, FRANCESCO, born in Bo-
logna in 1595, died in Rome, June 3, 1622.
Bolognese school. Nephew of Agostino and
Annibale, and pupil of Lodovico Carracci.
Set up a rival academy in Bologna, putting
over his door, "This is the true School of the
Carracci," but not succeeding, went to Rome.
There are a few pictures by him in Bologna,
such as St. Roch comforted by an Angel,
Oratory of S. Rocco ; Madonna and Saints,
S. M. Maggiorc. — Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice,
i. 373 ; Dohme, 2iii.
CARRACCI, LODOVICO, born in Bo-
' logna, April 21,
1555, died there,
JNov. 13, 1619.
Bolognese school :
son of Vincenzo
Carracci, a butch-
er ; pupil at Bo-
logna of Prospero
Foutana, who ad-
vised him to give
up painting, while his brother pupils nick-
named him from his stupidity the Ox.
Studied chiefly at Venice under Tintoretto,
who gave him but little more encouragement
than Fontana. Afterward painted under
Pasignano in Florence, and studied the
works of the great masters in Venice, Man-
tua, Parma, and Padua. By persevering
labour he acquired a correctness and sim-
plicity of style which brought him into re-
pute and enabled him to found in Bologna
in 1589 an academy of painting which soon
became the most important school of the
time in Italy. He called it the Incamminati
(Right Road), but it is usually known as the
Eclectic school of Bologna, because the Car-
racci sought to unite in this system the ex-
cellences of each of the great masters. His
cousins Agostino and Annibalc soon joined
him, and the three conducted it until 1(500,
after which Lodovico was its head until his
death. The best pupils of this school were
Domenichino and Guido. Lodovico ex-
celled rather as a teacher than as a painter,
but left some excellent works, both in fresco
and in oil, such as, Madonna in Glory and
Saints, Birth of St. John Baptist, Preaching
of St. John Baptist, Christ crowned with
Thorns, Madonna with Saints, Calling of St.
Matthew, Conversion of St. Paul, Transfigu-
ration, Bologna Gallery; Scenes from lives of
SS. Benedict and Cecilia, S. Michele in Bos-
co, Bologna ; Miracle of the Loaves and
! Fishes, Berlin Museum ; Pieti, Palazzo Cor-
sini, Rome; Ecce Homo, Palazzo Doria.
347
CAKREE
Rome ; Annunciation, Nativity, Madonna,
Pieta, Vision of St. Hyacinth, Louvre, Paris;
Susannah and the Elders, National Gallery,
London.
f / -Malva-
I f\Sl/} I jl f~ st J f* sia,i. 263;
fjC/CtL/ l/LLs&LJ Amorini,
Vite, etc.
Baldinuc-
ci, iii. 302 ; Wornum, Epochs, 319 ; Burck-
hardt, 772 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Dohme, 2iii. ; Seguier, 38 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 572.
CAREEE, HENDKIK, the elder, born at
Amsterdam, Oct. 2, 1656, (1658?), died in
1721. Dutch school ; animal and landscape
painter, pupil of Juriaan Jacobsz and of
Jacob Jordaens. One of his sons, born at The
Hague, Sept. 27, 1696, died there in 1775,
and two of his nephews, bore the same name
and were also painters, either of whom may
as well be the author of the following works,
painted about 1710 or later : Cattle among
Ruins, Cattle and Peasant Woman with
Basket, Brunswick Museum. — Immerzeel,
i. 129 ; Kramra, i. 221 ; Riegel, Beitrilge, ii.
418.
CARREE, MICHIEL, born at Amsterdam
in 1666, died at Alkmaar. Dutch school ;
animal and landscape painter ; pupil of his
brother Hendrik C., then of Berchem, but
followed the style of Gabriel van der Leeuw ;
resided some time in England, and about
1698 was invited to Berlin and made painter
to King Frederick I., after whose death he
returned to Holland and lived mostly at
Alkmaar. "Works : Mad Bull, Cattle and
Shepherdess playing Flute, Cattle among
Ruins, do. by Cottage, Brunswick Museum.
— Gool, i. 125 ; Hoet, Aanmerkingen, 13.
CARRENO DE MIRANDA, Don JUAN,
born at Avilez, Asturias, March 25, 1614,
died in Madrid in September, 1685. Of
noble family. Spanish school; pupil of
Pedro de las Cuevas, and of Bartolome Ro-
man ; became assistant to Velasquez, whom
he aided in the Alcazar and other royal
palaces ; painted in Madrid and other
cities many pictures
for churches and
convents, and, with
Francisco Rizi, the
cupola of S.Antonio
de los Portugueses.
Became one of the
court painters of
Philip IV. (1660),
and was honoured
in the same way by Charles H. (1671). His
works show correct design and harmonious
colouring. Painted chiefly portraits and
religious compositions. Works : Portrait
Charles II. (2), Queen Mariana, mother of
Charles H., three others, Madrid Museum ;
id., Count Harrach, Vienna ; Don Juan of
Austria, Sir Wm. Stirling Maxwell, London;
id., heirs of Infant Sebastian, Pau ; Magda-
len, Academy S. Fernando, Madrid ; Mar-
tyrdom of St. Sebastian, St. Anthony feed-
ing the Fishes, Our Lady of Atocha, Muse-
um Nacioual, Madrid ; Baptism of Christ,
and St. Damian, Hermitage, St Petersburg.
J CANNES ACARRENNO
PICTOH REG. ET,G$r
FAC ANNO. 1673
—Stirling, iii. 995 ; Viardot, 220 ; Ch. Blanc,
l5cole espagnole ; Curtis, 321 ; Madrazo,
374.
CARRIERA, ROSALBA (Rosa Alba),
born in Venice,
Oct. 7, 1675, died
there, April 15,
1757. Venetian
school; daughter
of Andrea Carri-
era de Costanti-
no, chancellor of
the village of
Gambarare.
Worked with her
mother at making Point de Venise lace un-
til it went out of fashion, when she learned
248
CATIRIERE
to paint for a livelihood. Studied under
Antonio Lazzari, Diamantini, Balestra, and
others, and at the age of twenty-four be-
came famous for her miniatures and crayon
portraits. In 1703 she became a member
of the Accademia Clementina, Bologna, and
in 1705 of San Luca, Rome. In company
with her brother-in-law, Antonio Pellegrini,
she visited Paris in 1720, painted the royal
family and many other distinguished per-
sons, and was received into the Academy.
All the courts of Europe vied in doing her
honour and in giving her commissions. She
excelled in painting pretty women, and one
of her most lovely works is a portrait of
herself in crayons in the Dresden Gallery,
where are also many other of her pictures.
Her heads are especially good, but her arms,
hands, and busts are often weak in drawing.
Many of her pictures are in
the Dresden Museum. She
became blind from overwork
in 1746.— Ch. Blanc, £cole
venitienne ; Sensier, Journal de Rosalba Car-
riera (Paris, 1865); Seguier, 17C; Wessely,
29.
CARRlfcRE, EUGENE, born atGournay-
sur-Marne (Seine-et-Oise) ; contemporary.
Genre painter ; pupil of Cabanel. Medal,
3d class, 1885. Works: Young Mother
(1879); The Nymph Echo (1880); Kiss of
Innocence (1882); Two Friends, Marguerite
(1884); Sick Infant, The Favourite (1885).
CARSTENS, ASMUS JACOB, born at
St. Jiirgen, near
Schleswig, May 10,
1754, died in Rome,
May 26, 1798. Ger-
man school ; history
painter. I m-
pressed by the pic-
tures of Juriaen
Ovens, pupil of Rem-
brandt, in the Cathe-
dral of Schleswig,
determined to be-
come an artist, and tried in vain to study
under Tischbeiu at Cassel. After five years'
' apprenticeship to a wine-dealer at Eckern-
forde, during which he drew and painted in
his leisure hours, went to Copenhagen (1776)
and took a partial course at the Academy,
studied in the Museum, and supported him-
self by painting portraits. In 1783 went to
Mantua, but was obliged to return to Lflbcke
for want of funds. For five years lived by
portrait painting, then went to Berlin (1787),
and in 1790 became professor at the Acad-
emy of Arts. Having a pension from the
, King, he went to Rome in 1790, exhibited
j his works there in 1795, and won great ap-
plause. Had many distinguished pupils, such
! as Koch, Schick, Cornelius, etc. , and took
' the position of founder of the new German
j school. Works : Death of .ffischylus ; JEo-
lus and Ulysses ; Fall of the Rebel Angels ;
Banquet of Plato ; Battle of Rossbach ;
Homer ; Return of the Megapeuthes ; Soc-
rates saving the life of Alcibiades ; Gany-
• mede and the Eagle ; Battle of Centaurs
and Lapiths ; CEdipus in Colonus ; (Edipus
Tyrannus. — Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 29 ; F.
von Alten, Der Maler A. J. C. (Schleswig,
1865); Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ; Brock-
haus, iv. 21 ; Fernow-Riegel, Carsten's Le-
ben und Werke (Hanover, 1867) ; Grimrn,
Zehn Essays, 218; Mflller - Schuchardt,
] Carstens' Werke (Leipsic, 1869) ; Pecht, iii.
31 ; Sach, Carstens' Jugend und Lehrjuhre
(Halle, 1881); Schone, Beitrage z. Lebeus-
geschichte ^Leipsic, 1866); Woltmann, Aus
vier Jahrhdt., 169 ; Zahn's Jahrbiicher, vi.
99, 208 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 54 ; Zimmer-
mann, Studien und Kritiken, ii. 273.
CARTERIUS, punter, about the middle
of 3d century B.C. His portrait of the phi-
losopher Porphyrius has preserved his name
from oblivion. — Porphyr., Vita Plotiui, i.
CARTERON, EUGENE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. History, genre, and portrait
painter ; pupil of B. Glaize and Leon Glaize.
Medal, 3d class, 1878. Works: Lazarus
(1877); Prodigal Son (1878); St. Jerome
(1879); Creation of Eve (1881); Bone-Setter
(1882); Journeys of St. Sulpice (1848); The
Two Processions (1885).
249
CARTHAGE
CARTHAGE, Joseph M. W. Turner,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
11 in. X 7 ft. 5 in. A river scene, with piles
of rich architecture on each side. Royal
Academy, 1828. Painted for Mr. Broad-
hurst.
CARTHAGE, DECLINE OF, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National Gallery ; canvas, H. 5
ft. 7 in. X 7 ft. 11 in. A scene of architect-
ural magnificence on each side with an out-
look upon the sea in centre and the sun set-
ting in a sombre red gloom ; at left, the
hostages departing for the Roman camp.
Royal Academy, 1817. Engraved by J. B.
Allen in Turner Gallery.
CARTHAGE, RISE OF, See Dido build-
ing Carthage.
CARUCCI, JACOPO. See Pontormo.
CASADO DEL ALISAL, Don JOS 6;
born in Valencia, contemporary. History
and genre painter ; pupil of Academy of
Madrid, where he won the prize of Rome
in 1860, and three 1st class medals. He is
court painter and director of the Spanish
Academy in Rome. Order of Isabella the
Catholic. Works : Death of Ferdinand IV. ;
Bernardo del Carpio ; Semiramis ; Goya's
Studio, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Zaida, S.
A. Coale, St. Louis ; Beheaded Arabs ;
Odalisque in Harem ; Flora (1881); Legend
of King Ramiro, the Monk (1881), National
Museum, Madrid; In the Boudoir (1882);
Temptation (1884); Laura (1885). — La
Ilustracion (1879), i. 36G ; (1881), ii. 387 ;
(1882), i. 83, 347 ; (1884), ii. 315 ; (1885),
i. 131.
CASANOVA, FRANCESCO, born in
London in 1727, died at Briihl, near Vi-
enna, July 8, 1805. Landscape and bat-
tle painter ; taken to Venice at the age of
six and taught by Guardi and Simouiui.
Visited Paris in 1751, and returned there
after passing four years at Dresden. Became
member of the Academy in 17C3, and was
employed by Catherine II. of Russia to
paint her victories over the Turks. Finally
settled at Vienna. Works : Battle of Fri-
bourg, Aug. 3, 1G44 (1771), Battle of Lens,
Aug. 20, 1648 (1771); two Landscapes with
Animals, Louvre ; Battle, Vienna Museum ;
Turkish Cavalry Marching, Battle, Nantes
Museum ; Military Halt, Skirmish, Rouen
Museum ; Starting for the Hunt, The Walk,
TheHunt,
Halt dur-
Battle of
Lens, Battle of Fribourg, Lyons Museum. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole fran-
gaise ; Larousse, iii. 485 ; Lejeune, Guide, i.
424 ; Wurzbach, ii. 301.
CASELLI (Casoli, CasteUi), CRISTOFO-
RO, of Parma (1489-1507). Lombard
school. Sometimes called also Cristoforo
da Parma and II Temperello. Journeyman
at Venice in 1489-92, with the Bellini ;
painted there in 1495 the Madonna and
Saints, in the sacristy of S. M. della Salute.
In 1496 he was a master in Parina, where
he painted (1499) the Madonna and Saints
now in the Sala del Consorzio, which ex-
hibits much of the grace of Cima. Other
works of his are : Madonna and Saints,
Parma Gallery; God the Father, in the
Duomo, Parma, and Adoration of the Magi,
in S. Giovanni, Parma.— C. & C., N. Italy, i.
587 ; Burckhardt, 588, 603 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., vi. 485.
CASENTINO. See Jacopo da Casentino.
CASILE, ALFRED, born in Marseilles;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Med-
al, 3d class, 1885. Works : Cliff in Nor-
mandy (1879); By the Cliffs (1880); Quaran-
tine Grounds at Marseilles (1881); Field of
Mars after the Exposition (1882); Quay on
the Rhone (1883) ; After the Rain (1884);
View of Paris (1885).
CASILEAR, JOHN W., born in New
York, June 25, 1811. Landscape painter ;
studied in Europe in 1840 and in 1857.
Elected an AN.A. in 1835, and N.A. in
1851. Studio in New York. Works : Swiss
Lake (1868) ; Genesee Meadows (1871) ;
960
CASSANDRA
September Afternoon (1874); Trout Brook
(1875) ; Autumn (1870) ; Scene in New
Hampshire (1877) ; View on Sbemung
liiver (1878) ; View of the Rocky Mount-
ains (1881); Scene on Long Island (1883);
Catskill Twilight.
CASSANDRA, ancient picture. See Polyy-
nolus, Theodora*.
CASSIOLI, AMOS, born in Siena, Italy,
in 1838. History painter, pupil of L. Mus-
siui ; won at Florence, iu 18G8, first prize in
historical painting, for his picture of Lorenzo
de' Medici showing his Art Collection to
Galeazzo Sforza. Professor at Florence
Academy. Works : Battle of Legnano,
Florence Gallery ; Bianca Capello ; Studio of
Leonardo da Vinci, Provenzano Solvani re-
ceiving Gifts for Ransom of a Prisoner, Pa-
lazzo pubblico, Siena. — Mdller, 97.
CASTAGNO, ANDREA DEL, born at
Mugello, near Florence, in 1390, died in
Florence, Aug. 19, 1457. Florentine school ;
son of a labourer, Bartolommeo di Simone ;
was observed drawing cattle on flat stones
by Bernardetto de' Medici, who, struck with
his talent, took him to Florence and gave
him opportunity for study. Baldinucci con-
jectures that he was apprenticed to Masac-
cio, but he was more probably taught in the
school which produced Uccello and Pesel-
lino. He was an intense realist, full of
energy and truth to common nature, but a
hard and inharmonious colourist. The two
Crucifixions in the monastery of the Angeli,
Florence, which were pointed out as among
his earlier works, are vulgar in type,
hard in line and drapery, and without feel-
ing. Better are the colossal portraits of
Heroes and Sibyls which he painted for a
hall in the Villa Paudolfini at Leguaja, now
transferred to canvas and in the Uffizi. In
1435, Andrea was commissioned by the
Florentine government to paint upon the
walls of the Palace of the Podestk the Peruz-
zi and the Albizzi, who were declared rebels
after the return of Cosmo de' Medici. From
this he derived his surname of Andrea degli
Impiccati (of the Hanged), he having KO
represented them. Andrea was employed in
1444, 144(3, aud 1455 in the Cathedral,
Florence, and in 1451 in the hospital of
S. M. Nuova, where he painted various
works, a St. Andrew, a Last Supper, and a
series of frescos in the church choir illus-
trating the life and death of the Madonna,
all now destroyed. Vasari accuses Andrea
of having murdered Domenico Veneziano,
out of jealousy of the superior talent shown
' by the latter when they worked together at
S. M. Nuova ; but his innocence is fully es-
tablished by the certainty that Domenico
survived him four years. Among the works
of Andrea are the picture of Niccolo da
Toleutiuo on horseback (145G), Duomo,
Florence ; Crucifixion (fresco), Loggia of
Hospital adjoining S. M. Nuova ; St. John
and St. Francis, S. Croce, Florence ; Por-
trait, Pitti ; Altarpiece, also SS. Jerome aud
John and the Magdalen, Academy, Florence ;
Last Supper, Refectory of S. Apollonia,
Florence ; Frescos for the Villa Carducci,
Uffizi, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 667 ;
C. & C., Italy, ii. 302 ; Burckhardt, 535 ;
Meyer, Kunst. Lex., i. 693 ; Lubke, Gesch.
ital. Mai, i. 279.
CASTAN, GUSTAVE, born in Geneva
iu 1823. Landscape painter, pupil of
i Alex. Calame ; paints attractive landscapes
of brilliant execution. Works : Souvenir
of Franche-Comte, Storm in Winter, Lille
Museum ; Forest in Winter, Langres Mu-
seum ; View near Lancy ; Banks of the
Creuse ; Entrance to Forest in Autumn ;
Easter iu Winter ; Torrent in the Alps ;
Lake Lucerne ; Wood-Interior iu Autumn
(1879).— Miiller, 97 ; Larousse.
CASTELLANO, Don MANUEL, born in
Spain ; contemporary. History and genre
painter. His Death of ViUamediaua (1871),
Museum Fine Arts, Madrid, was awarded a
medal at Philadelphia Exposition, 1876.
CASTELLO (Castelli), BERNARDO, born
at Albaro, near Genoa, 1557, died in Genoa,
Oct., 1629. Genoese school ; pupil of
Andrea Serniui and of Luca Cambiaso ;
travelled through Italy, and formed a grace-
251
CASTELLO
ful and correct style. Was the friend of
Tusso, for whose Gerusalemme he made the
designs engraved
in part by Agos-
tino Carracci, and
was eulogized by
him. In 1G04 he
was called to
Rome and paint-
ed for St. Peter's
the Calling of St.
Peter, for which
a picture by Lanfranco was afterward sub-
stituted. His works are mostly in the
churches of Genoa and its neighbourhood.
Had three
sons, Giovan-
ni Maria, Ber-
nardino, and
Valerio, all
painters. — Soprani, 115; Lanzi, iii. 250; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole genoise.
CASTELLO, CASTELLINO, born in
Genoa in 1579, died in Turin in 1G49.
Genoese school ; pupil of Gio. Battista
Paggi. Painted many pictures for churches
in Genoa and elsewhere, but most noted for
his portraits. When Van Dyck visited
Genoa, he and Castello reciprocally painted
each other's portraits. In 1647 he was ap-
pointed portrait painter to the court of Sa-
voy, and removed to Turin. His son Nic-
colft, who was living in 1GG8, inherited his
ability. — Lanzi, iii. 262 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
gonoise ; Soprani, 125.
CASTELLO, FABRICIO, died in Madrid
in 1G17. Spanish school ; son of Giambat-
tista Castello (II Bergamasco) and pupil of
his elder brother, Nicolas Granelo Castello.
Painted frescos in the Escorial and the
Pardo, and became painter to Philip JL in
1584, and also to Philip HL — Stirling,
i. 192 ; Cean Bermudez.
CASTELLO, FELIX, born in Madrid in
1G02, died there in 1656. Spanish school ;
pupil of his father Fabricio Castello and of
Vincenzo Carducho ; painted historical com-
positions and portraits. Works : Capture of
a Dutch Fortress by Spaniards, and Disem-
barkation of Don Fadrique de Toledo at S.
Salvador, Madrid Museum. — Cean Bermu-
dez ; Quilliet ; Madrazo, 378.
CASTELLO, GIAMBATTISTA. See
Beryamasco.
CASTELLO, NICOLAS GRANELO,
died in Madrid in 1593. Spanish school ;
son and pupil of Giambattista Castello (II
Bergamasco). Named painter to Philip II.
in 1571 ; executed in 1584, with Taboron
and Cambiaso, in the Escorial, a fresco of
the Battle of St. Quentin, and in 1587, with
Taboron, the Battle of Higuernela ; also
painted other frescos in ducal palace at
Alba de Tomus. — Stirling, i. 192 ; Cean
Bermudez.
CASTELLO, VALERIO, bom in Genoa
in 1G25, died there in 1659. Genoese
school ; son of Bernardo Castello ; pupil of
Gio. Andrea de' Ferrari and of II Sarzana ;
studied works of masters in Milan and
Parma. Formed an excellent style of his
own ; painted in both oil and fresco, but
excelled in latter. Subjects chiefly relig-
ious, but painted also battles. Works in
churches and palaces in Genoa. His Rape
of the Sabines is in the Palazzo Brignole-
Sale, Genoa; a smaller example, somewhat
varied, in the Uffizi. — Lanzi, iii. 259 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole genoise.
CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE, Count,
portrait, llapJiad, Louvre ; wood transferred
to canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. Half-
length, three-quarters, turned to left, with
beard and moustaches ; in black vest and
cap and gray doublet. Painted in Rome
about 1516 ; passed from Collection of Duke
of Mantua to Charles I. of England, after
whose death bought by Lopez of Amster-
dam. Copied at this time by Rubens ;
Rembrandt also made a sketch of it, now in
Albertiue Collection, Vienna, and R. Persyn
engraved it. Passed to Cardinal Mazarin,
from whose heirs bought for Louis XTV.
Another portrait by Raphael, bust, painted
in 1519, probably that in Torlonia Gallery,
Rome. Louvre picture engraved by J.
S52
CASTIGLIOXE
Godefroy ; Nic. Larmessin ; Bautrois ; Sen-
ter ; Nic. Edelinck. — Villot, Louvre ; Filhol,
v. PL 359 ; Miintz, 534 ; Springer, 253,
509 ; Cab. Crozat, i. PL 13.
CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENE-
DETTO, born
in Genoa in
1616, died in
Mantua in 1670.
Genoese school.
Called, on ac-
count of the
beauty of his
colouring, II
Grechetto (Lit-
tle Greek) ; and
in France II
Benedetto. Pupil of Gio. Battista Paggi
and of Gio. Andrea de' Ferrari. Soprani
says he also had lessons of Van Dyck, but as
he was only nine years old when that painter
left Genoa it is probable that he merely
studied his works. Castiglione painted in
Florence, Borne, Venice, Naples, Bologna,
and Mantua, in which city he entered the
service of Duke Charles I. about 1654. He
soon won a great reputation, and received
orders even from France, England, and Ger-
many. Though he painted large histori-
cal works, he is best known by his cabinet
pictures, especially landscapes and pastoral
pieces, in which he frequently introduced
animals. Ho left about seventy etchings.
His brother Salvatore and his sou Francesco
were his pupils and imitators. Among his
best examples are : Nativity, S. Luca, Genoa ;
Madonna with Saints showing true effigy of
St. Domenic to a monk of his order, S. M.
di Castello ; Christ on the Cross and St. Ber-
nard, S. Martino, Genoa ; Abra-
ham and Melchisedec, Adoration,
Expulsion from the Temple, Car-
avan, Bacchantes and Satyrs,
Birds and Animals, Louvre, Par-
is ; Noah entering the Ark, Dresden Gallery,
Munich Gallery, and Uffizi, Florence. — Bal-
dinucci, v. 206; Soprani, 223; Lanzi, iii. 273;
Seguier, 41 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
CASTIGLIONE, GIUSEPPE, born in
Naples ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter. Lives in Paris. Works: Visiting
the Cardinal Uncle, The Warrants, Phila-
delphia Exposition, 187G ; Terrace of Pa-
lazzo Reale at Naples, Duel without Wit-
nesses (1877) ; Paroquet's Lesson (1878) ;
Plucking the Rose, W. H. Fosdick, Louis-
ville ; Prospect, W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ;
Soldiers of Cromwell in Haddon Hall, Visit-
ing the Cardinal Uncle, Paris Exposition,
1878.
CASTILLO, AUGUSTIN DEL, born in
Seville in 1565, died in Cordova in 1626.
Spanish school ; pupil of Luis Fernandez ;
painted in fresco and oil, chiefly in Cordova.
Works : Adoration of the Magi, Cathedral,
Cadiz ; Conception, Cathedral, Cordova. —
Stirling, i. 460 ; Viardot, 185 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole espagnole.
CASTILLO, JUAN DEL, born in Seville
in 1584, died in Cadiz in 1640. Spanish
school ; younger brother of Augustin del
Castillo ; pupil of Luis Fernandez. Chiefly
noted as the master of Moya, of Alonso Ca-
no, and of Murillo. Works : Marriage of the
Virgin, Nativity, Assumption, Visitation, An-
nunciation, Seville Museum. — Stirling, i.
460 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot,
186.
CASTILLO Y SAAVEDRA, ANTONIO
DEL, born in Cordova in 1603, died there
in 1667. Spanish school ; son and pupil of
Augustin del Castillo, after whose death he
studied in Seville under Zurbaran. Became
a popular portrait painter in Cordova ; also
executed some religious compositions, good
in design but faulty in colouring. Vigorous
style, with effects worthy of Caravaggio,
Said to have died of despair on seeing Mu-
rillo's pictures in Seville. Works : Adora-
tion of Shepherds, Madrid Museum ; others
in churches and convents of Cordova, the
best at the Cathedral and in convents of St.
Francis and St. Paul ; Visitation, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg.— Stirling, ii. 807 ; Viardot,
187 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Curtis,
345 ; Madrazo, 381.
CASTOR
CASTOR AND POLLUX, llubens, Mu-
nich Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 10
in. Castor and Pollux carrying off Hilseira
and Phoebe, daughters of Leucippus. One
of them, mounted on a noble horse, the
reins of which are held by Cupid, is lifting
Castor and Pollux, Rubens, Munich Gallery.
up one of the women, aided by his brother,
who is holding the other one upon his knee.
Engraved by Val. Green. — Smith, ii. 03.
CASUAL WARD, Luke Fildes, Holloway
Institute, Egham, near London. A group
of wretched and deformed creatures waiting
for admission to a resting place for the
night. Wonderfully realistic. Royal Acad-
emy, 1874 ; Philadelphia Exposition, 1876 ;
Paris Exposition, 1878 ; sold to Thos. Tay-
lor, of Wigan ; Taylor sale (1883), £2,205.—
Art Journal (1874), 201 ; Portfolio, May,
1878.
CATEL, FRANZ LUDWIG, born in Ber-
lin, Feb. 22, 1778, died in Rome, Dec. 19,
1850. German school ; landscape painter.
Beginning as wood-carver and illustrator of
books, he practised water-colour, and in
1806 painted the assassination of Nicholas
von Bernau, for which he was elected mem-
ber of the Berlin Academy. Went to Paris
in 1807, where he commenced oil painting,
to Switzerland in 1811, where he studied
Alpine scenery, and to Rome in 1812, where
his talent developed through intercourse
with Koch, Overbeck, Schadovv, and Corne-
lius. With the exception of occasional home
visits, he remained in Italy, and from 1830
lived at his country seat near Macerata.
His landscapes with architectural accessories
are broadly treated, and effective in chiaros-
curo. Works : Colonnade of St. Peter's by
Moonlight ; Storm on Etna ; Monastery near
Salerno ; Interior of Pantheon ; The Via
Appia ; View from Cloister at Amalfi ; Gon-
dolas on the Lagoon ; View of Rome ; Crater
of Vesuvius ; Ruins of Psestum ; Villa of
Maecenas at Tivoli. Other pictures in Ber-
lin, Munich, and Copenhagen Galleries. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 70 ; Riegel, 533.
CATENA, VINCENZO, born at Treviso
about 1465, died in Venice, 1531. Venetian
school ; real name, Vinceiizo di Biagio ;
known in 1495, when a journeyman in the
Sala del Gran Consiglio, Venice, as Viucen-
zo da Treviso. A pupil of the Bellini, he
copied Giovanni Bellini, without approach-
ing him in drawing, boldness of treatment,
or richness of colouring ; but he was a
painter of great industry and considerable
reputation, and made friends among the
wealthy. Among his earlier pictures are a
Presentation of Christ to Simeon, Commu-
nal Gallery, Padua ; a Madonna and Saints,
Liverpool Institution ; and a Trinity, S.
Simeone, Venice. His skill increased with
the opening of the 10th century, as is shown
in his Madonna and Doge Loredano, Palazzo
Ducale, Venice. His portrait of Loredano,
Lochis-Carrara Gallery, Bergamo, is as-
signed to Gentile Bellini, and the copy at
Dresden to Giov. Bellini. In 1520 Catena
finished the Glorification of St. Christina, in
S. M. Mater Domini, Venice. Other pict-
ures by him are : Madonna and Saints,
Dresden Gallery ; Circumcision, Leuchten-
CATHERINE
berg Collection, St. Petersburg ; Glory of i the curtains of the canopy. Painted for S.
St. Francis, S. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice ;
and several in the Venice Academy.
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 247; Ch. Blanc,
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. G28 ;
Marco, Florence ; presented in 1512 to
Jacques Hurault, Bishop of Autun, ambas-
sador of Louis XII. to Florentine Republic ;
long in sacristy of Cathedral of Autun ; re-
Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., | moved in 1801 to Musee Napoleon ; be-
I longed to collection of Francis I. — Landon,
ST., Raphael, National
Ficole venitienne
Burckhardt, 601
i. 549.
CATHERINE,
Gallery, London ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft.
9£ in. St. Catherine of Alexandria, stand-
ing, leaning upon the wheel, one hand on
her heart, her eyes raised heavenward,
whence rays of light proceed ; background,
a landscape with hills and a lake. Painted
in Florence in 1507. In the Aldobrandiui
and Borghese collections ; bought from lat-
ter, end of last century, by Mr. Day, who
sold it to Lord North wick for i'2,000 ;
bought from Beckford for National Gallery
iii 1839. Surface injured by cleaning. Copy
in Trubetzkoy Collection, St. Petersburg.
Studies in the Louvre and at Chatsworth.
Eugraved by Marc Antonio ; A. B. Desnoy-
ers; Leroux.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 340;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 579; Pas-
savant, ii. 56 ; Mttutz, 229 ; Richter, 55.
By Gitido Reni, Turin Gallery ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. St. Catherine, seated,
seen to knees, with a lamb iu her lap and a Mus6e, 2d Col., iii. PI. 5G ; Villot, Louvre ;
palm in her hand. Engraved by D. Testi. c. & C., Italy, iii. 451 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv.
Marriage of St. Catherine, Fra Bartolommeo, Louvre.
—Gal. di Torino, iii. PI. 86.
184.
CATHERINE, ST., IN ECSTACY, Ales. By Boccaccio Boccaccino, Venice Acad-
Tiarini, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x emy ; wood, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. ;
4 ft. 7 in. St. Catherine of Siena, support- signed. The Virgin sitting, holding Jesus,
cd by two angels, about to kneel before a \ wno gives the ring to kneeling St. Gather-
crucifix. Formerly in church of the con- 1 ine ; St. Rose, standing ; SS. Peter and
vent of S. M. Maddalena. Engraved by N. John Baptist kneeling.— C. «fe C., N. Italy,
Mellini ; A. Marchi. — Pinac. di Bologna, PL ii. 445.
27. By Correygio, Capitol Museum, Rome.
CATHERINE, ST., MARRIAGE OF, Fra The Virgin, with Jesus on her knees, seated
Jlartulommeo, Louvre ; wood, H. 8 ft 5 in. under a tree in a landscape ; at right, St.
X 7 ft. Gin.; signed, dated 1511. The Vir- Catherine, kneeling, with a palm in her
gin, enthroned, attended by SS. Peter, hand, is receiving the ring from the child ;
Bartholomew, Vincent, and others, holding at her feet is part of the wheel and a sword,
palms, presides at the mystic marriage of Replica in Naples.— Righetti, Campidoglio,
Jesus with St. Catherine, who kneels before jj. pi. 273.
her ; behind her, to right, SS. Francis and By Correggio, Louvre ; wood, H. 3 ft. 5
Dominic embracing ; above, angels sustain iu. x 3 ft. 4 in. St. Catherine receives a
968
CATHERINE
ring from Jesus, who is seated on knees of
Virgin ; behind her is St. Sebastian with
arrows ; in background the martyrdom of
the two saints. Painted, it is said, on the
occasion of the marriage of the painter's
sister, Caterina Allegri, in 1519. In posses-
sion of Dr. F. Grillenzoni, Modena, in 1530-
35 ; passed thence to Cardinal Luiji d'Este
and later to Countess Santa Fiora, and to
Cardinal Fr. Sforza di S. Fiora, Home ; in
1650 belonged to Cardinal Barberini, who
took it to France and gave it to Cardinal
Marriage of St. Catherine, Correggio, Louvre,
Mazarin ; valued in his inventory at 15,000
livres ; and sold by his heirs to Louis XIV.
Eeplicas, with variations, in Louvre, Naples
Museum, and Hermitage. Engraved by
Picart ; Massard ; Capitelli ; Duthe ; Folo ;
H. Dupont (1867).— Meyer, Correggio, 322,
484 ; Kiiust. Lex., i. 432 ; Musee Royal, i.
Pt. 1 ; Landon, viii. PL 20 ; Villot, Louvre ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 116, vi. 471 ; Filhol, vii.
PI. 439 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 502.
By Anton van Dijck, Buckingham Pal-
ace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. The
Virgin seated at right, with infant Saviour
on her knee, holds in her right hand a
wreath of flowers to crown St. Catherine,
who, bowing in adoration, extends her
right hand to receive the ring, while her
left, holding a palm branch, rests on a
broken wheel. The beauty of the Virgin
gave this picture the title of La plus belle
des Vierges. Formerly in Collection of
Chevalier de Burtin, at Brussels, at whose
decease taken to England in 1820 and sold
to king for 2,500 guineas. Engraved by
Lommelin. — Smith, iii. 69.
By Lorenzo Lotto, Lochis-Carrara Gallery,
Bergamo ; canvas, figures under life size ;
signed, dated 1523. St. Catherine kneels
before the Virgin, and Jesus presses forward
to give her the ring ; an angel stands with
folded arms ; at left Nicolo de Bonghi sits
attentive. Landscape seen through an open-
ing on right cut out and stolen ; its place
now filled by a piece of dark canvas. Prob-
ably painted for Zaniu Casotto of Bergamo.
— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 513 ; BidoM, Mara-
viglie, i. 186 ; Rio, iii. 289.
By Bernardino Luini, Poldo-Pezzoli Mu-
seum, Milan. The Virgin, standing, sup-
ports the infant Jesus, who, sitting upon a
cushion placed upon a table, places the
ring upon the finger of St. Catherine ; stand-
ing at left.— Art Journal (1884), 23.
By Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John,
Bruges ; triptych. The Virgin, enthroned
under a portico, with angels above about to
crown her, holds the infant Jesus, who
bends to give a ring to St. Catherine kneel-
ing ; at right and left, the Baptist, Evange-
list, and St. Barbara, standing ; an angel
plays an organ, another holds a missal ; be-
hind St. Catherine, a monk of St. Augustine,
and further back another monk with a
gauge for wine and spirits ; in background,
episodes in life of St. John. On right wing,
Salome receives the Baptist's head and
dances before Herod ; on left, Vision of St.
John Evangelist. Copy, owned by Mrs.
Davenport, exhibited at Royal Academy,
London, 1884.— C. & C., Flemish Painters,
251 ; Art Journal (1884), 60.
By Murillo, Capuchin Church, Cadiz ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft. 8 in. The
Virgin, seated on a platform in front of two
CATHERINE
columns on right, holds on her lap the In-
fant Jesus, who is about to place a ring on
the finger of St. Catherine kneeling; be-
hind the Virgin, three angels ; behind St.
Catherine, two angels ; in front, three cher-
ubs, and a sword and broken wheel ; above,
angels and cherubs in a glory. Painted
iii 1682, the last work of Murillo ; while
working upon it he stumbled on the scaffold
and died from the effects of the fall. This
picture, one of the richest and most grace-
ful of Murillo's compositions, is the centre
of an immense altarpiece (20 x 24 ft. ) which
fills the arch at the end of the convent
church. After Murillo's death, part of the
glory was finished by Meneses Osorio, who
also painted the four lateral pictures, prob-
ably after Murillo's designs. Etched by E.
St. Raymond. — Curtis, 221 ; Palomino, iii.
421 ; Ponz, Viage, xviii. 20.
By Murillo, Vatican, Rome; canvas, H. 3
ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, seated on
right, holds Jesus on her lap ; he places
the ring on the finger of St. Catherine, who
bends reverently forward to receive it. Pre-
sented in 1855 by ex-Queen Christina of
Spain to Pius IX.— Curtis, 222.
By Andrea Previtali, sacristy of S. Giobbe,
Venice ; wood, figures half length, a little
more than half life-size. The Virgin seated ;
Jesus, on her lap, holds out the ring to St.
Catherine ; on other side the Baptist. Com-
monly attributed to Giov. Bellini. Replica,
signed and dated 1504, in Collection of
Sir Charles Eastlake, London. — Zanotto,
Pinac. Ven., PL 25 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i.
275 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 265.
By Rubens, Ch. of Augustins, Antwerp ;
canvas, H. 15 ft. x 11 ft. The Virgin en-
throned, holding infant Saviour, who is
bending forward to place the ring on the
finger of St. Catherine ; behind the Virgin,
St. Joseph ; on her right, SS. Peter and
Paul ; on her left, St. John with two angels
and the lamb ; below, SS. Sebastian, Au-
gustine, Lawrence, Paul the Hermit, and
George, the last in armour. Sir J. Rey-
nolds calls it one of the most considerable
of the works of Rubens. Engraved by Sny-
ers ; Eynhouedts.— Smith, ii. 24 ; Beechey,
Reynolds, ii 173.
By Rubens, Duke of Rutland, Belvoir
Castle ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. The
Virgin seated, holding Jesus, who bends
forward to place a crown on the head of
St. Catherine, who is kneeling ; behind her
stands St. Agnes, and opposite are St. Chris-
tina and St. Margaret ; four angels, one
with a thunderbolt, the others with crowns
and palms. Sold in 1766 by the Order of
St. Augustiues, Mechlin, to Chevalier Ver-
hulst, for 9500 florins ; at his sale, 12,705
florins. Engraved by P. de Jode ; Alex.
Voet— Smith, ii. 47 ; ix. 256.
By Pellegrino Tibalili, Bologna Gallery ;
wood, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 5. in. The Vir-
gin seated, holding the Child, who gives
the ring to St. Catherine ; at right, St. Jo-
seph ; background of architecture. For-
merly in church of the Misericordia, Bo-
logna. Engraved by Ant. Marchi. — Pinac.
di Bologna, PL 22.
By Paolo Veronese, S. Caterina, Venice.
The Virgin enthroned at left, with Jesus on
her knees, surrounded by many angels
singing and playing musical instruments ;
St. Catherine kneeling to receive the ring ;
about, at right, a glory of angels and of
cherubim. Painted in 1572. Engraved
by Agos. Carracci (1582). — Zanotto, 313 ;
Bartsch, xviii. 90.
Subject treated also by Giuliano Bugiar-
dini, Bologna Gallery ; Alessandro Tiarini,
Bologna Gallery ; Ludovico Cigoli, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Domenico Feti,
Vienna Museum ; Giulio Cesare Procaccini,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Titian, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Guercino, Galleria Estense,
Modena ; Andrea del Sarto, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Lorenzo Lotto, Munich Gallery ; Par-
migianino, Parma Gallery ; Michael Wohl-
gemuth, Munich Gallery ; Jakob Jordaeus,
Madrid Museum ; Ambrogio Borgognone,
National Gallery, London.
CATHERINE, ST., MARTYRDOM OF,
Guercino, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The
887
CATHERINE
Saint, dressed in a yellow tunic and a rich
red mantle lined with blue, kneels before
the executioner, who wears a red cap and
holds a drawn sword ; to left, the wheel ; in
the sky, an angel with palm and crown ; in
Conspiracy of Cataline, Salvator Rosa, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
background, a landscape with bridge and
tower.
CATHERINE OF SIENA, ST., CORO-
NATION OF, Pietro Francesco liixsolo, Ven-
ice Academy ; wood (?), H. 12 ft. x 8 ft. 3
in.; signed. St. Catherine kneels before
Christ, who places the crown of thorns on
her head ; in attendance are angel Raphael
and Tobit, Mary Magdalen, and SS. Peter,
James, and Paul ; above, the Eternal and
cherubs. Originally in S. Pietro Martire,
Murano. Bissolo's masterpiece as a compo-
sition, but repainted. — Zanotto, Pinac. Ven.,
PI. 10 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 289.
CATILINE, CONSPIRACY OF, Salvator
Rosa, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 5
ft. x 5 ft. 11 in. A group of armed men
standing around an altar ; Lentulus and
Cethegus, with hands clasped, are mingling
their blood in a chalice, to strengthen their
oaths ; the figure in shadow, with a band
around his hair, is Catiline, near whom
stands Quintus Curtius.
Martelli, Florence.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI.
73 ; Rosini, vi. 168.
CATLIN, GEORGE, born at Wilkesbarre,
Pa., July 26, 1796, died in Jersey City, N. J.,
Dec. 23, 1872. Portrait painter, self-taught ;
began his professional life in
Philadelphia. In 1832-38 he
visited the Indians of the
Yellowstone River, Indian
Territory, Arkansas, and
Florida; and in 1852-57
travelled in South and Cen-
tral America, after which he
lived in Europe until 1871.
Mr. Catlin painted 470 full-
length portraits of Indians
and many pictures illustra-
tive of their life and customs
which were exhibited in the
United States and in Europe.
They are now in the Nation-
al Museum, Washington.
CATO, DEATH OF,
Charles Lebrun, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in.
x 4 ft. 4 in. Cato dying on his bed, holding
in his right hand the Phaxlo of Plato, which
he had read before stabbing himself with
the sword lying beside him ; in background,
Death of Cato, Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris.
the heads of a man weeping and of a sol-
dier. (Plutarch.) Painted at Lyons about
Duplicate in Casa ! 1645. — Landon, Musee, xi. PI. 22.
CAT'S
CAT'S PAW, Sir Edwin Landseer, Earl
of Essex, Cassiobury ; wood. A monkey has
grasped a cat, and notwithstanding her
struggles is using her paw to remove some
roasting chestnuts from the top of a hot
stove ; in background, a table with a kitten
upon it beside a basket, out of which another
frightened kitten is peeping. British Insti-
tution, 1824 ; sold for £100 and bought a
few days afterward by Earl of Essex for
£120. Engraved by C. G. Lewis. — Stephens,
52 ; Landseer Gallery.
CATTANIO, COSTANZO, born in Ferra-
ra in 1602, died in Rome in 1665. Lombard
school ; pupil of Guido ; was a bravo, often
in exile or in defiance of the authorities, and
his pictures frequently bear marks of his
character. He painted soldiers and ruffians,
but some of his works are more in keeping
with the style of his master. Among the
latter are a St. Anthony in the church of
Corlo, and a Last Supper in the refectory of
S. Silvestro, Ferrara. — Lanzi, iii. 220 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole ferraraise.
CATTERMOLE, GEORGE, born at
Dickleburgh, near Diss, England, Aug. 8,
1800, died at Clapham Common, July 24,
1868. History painter, water-colours ;
studied architecture and became early a
book illustrator, in which he exhibited much
archaeological and architectural skill. About
1830 he began to paint in water-colours, be-
came a member of the Society of Painters
in Water Colours, and contributed to their
exhibitions until 1850, when he withdrew.
He was awarded one of the two first class
medals (the other, Landseer) at Paris in
1855, and was a member of the Royal Acad-
emy of Amsterdam and of the Belgian So-
ciety of Water Colour Painters. Works :
Sir Walter Raleigh witnessing the Execution
of Essex, Old English Hospitality (1839) ;
The Castle Chapel (1840); Hamilton of Both-
wel Haugh preparing to shoot the Regent
Murray, After the Battle of Newbury (1843);
Visit to the Monastery, Benvenuto Cellini
defending the Castle of St. Angelo (1845);
The Unwelcome Return (1846). In 18G2 he
exhibited an oil picture, A Terrible Secret,
at the Royal Academy. Charles Cattermole,
his nephew, paints in both oil and water-
colours. — Redgrave ; Art Journal (1857),
209 ; (1868), 180 ; (1870), 92.
CAUCIG, FRANZ, born in Goritz, Dec. 3,
1762, died in Vienna, Nov. 18, 1828. German
school ; history painter. First taught in Vi-
enna, then spent seven years in Italy, where
he studied the Carracci in Bologna and in
Rome. Revisited Italy in 1791, and remained
six years, studying especially Titian in Ven-
ice. In 1799 he was appointed professor and
in 1820 director at the Vienna Academy. His
subjects, taken principally from Greek my-
thology and the Old Testament, are aca-
demic in treatment, and though good in
drawing are weak in colour. Works : Solo-
mon's Judgment, Museum, Vienna ; others
at the Academy and in Liechtenstein, Schon-
born, and Czernin Galleries, ib. ; Sappho,
Prague Gallery ; Death of Portia, Orpheus
at Eurydice's Tomb, Joanneum, Gratz. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 75 ; Wurzbach, ii.
312.
CAULITZ, PETER, born in Berlin about
1650, died there in 1719. German school ;
landscape and animal painter ; studied in
Rome ; painted chiefly Italian landscapes
and animal pieces, in the Dutch style.
Works : Chicken Yard, Berlin Museum ; Two
Landscapes with Temple Ruins, and Bridge,
Brunswick Museum ; others at the Royal
Castles in Berlin and Potsdam. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., iv. 76.
CAUSIERS. See Comers.
CAVAZZOLA, or CAVAZZUOLA. See
Morando, Paolo.
CAVEDONE, GIACOMO, born at Sassu-
olo in April, 1577, died in Bologna in 16CO.
Bolognese school ; son of a poor apothecary,
became page to an art amateur, who placed
him in the school of the Carracci, and after-
ward in that of Passarotti. Studied in
259
CAXES
Venice the works of Titian, and acquired a
style of colouring in advance of most of his
school. Painted in Bologna, for churches,
works considered almost equal to those of
Annibale Carracci. In 1610 went to Rome
and became assistant to Guido, but home-
sickness soon took him back to Bologna.
He bade fair to become famous, when family
afflictions affected his mind, and he died
a beggar. Among his works are : Madonna
in Glory and Saints Alo and Petronius, Bo-
logna Gallery ; Adoration of Shepherds and
Kings, S. Paolo, Bologna ; Apotheosis of S.
Benedict, S. Michele in Bosco ; Madonna
and Saints, S. M. delle Laudi ; Nativity, SS.
Filippo and Giacomo ; St. Anthony and
Prophets, S. Benedetto ; Pieta, Angel and
Dead Christ, Munich Gallery. — Malvasia, ii.
143 ; Lanzi, iii. 122 ; Burckhardt, 764, 785,
794, 796 ; Gualandi, Guida, 124, 150 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole bolonaise.
CAXES, EUGENIC, born in Madrid in
1577, died there in 1642. Spanish school ;
son and pupil of Patricio Caxus ; employed
with his father by Philip III. in the Pardo,
and in 1612 appointed one of the king's
painters. Painted many works in churches
and convents in Madrid and Toledo. Works :
Disembarkation of English under Lord
Wimbledon at Cadiz, Virgin and Child, Mad-
rid Museum ; Fall of Eebel Angels (1605),
Copenhagen Museum. — Stirling, i. 428; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 383.
CAXES, PATRICIO, born at Arezzo, Italy,
died in Madrid in 1612. Spanish school ;
real name Cajesi ; went to Spain with Cinci-
nato, Spanish ambassador, in 1567, at invita-
tion of Philip II., and painted frescos in the
Alcazar and in the Pardo, Madrid. Trans-
lated into Spanish Vignola's book on the
Five Orders. Also employed by Philip III.,
in whose service he died. — Stirling, i. 195 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole espagnole.
CAZES, PIERRE JACQUES, born in
Paris in 1676, died there, June 25, 1754.
French school ; history painter, pupil of
Rene Antoine Houasse and of Bon Boul-
logne ; became member of the Academy in
1703, professor 1718, rector 1743, director
1744, chancellor 1746. Painted many altar-
pieces for churches in Paris and the prov-
inces, also historical and mythological scenes,
in the then prevailing style of conven-
tional elegance. Works : St. Peter reviving
Tabit h a ,
Louvre ;
Pharaoh's
Cup found
in Benja-
min's Sack (1698) ; Vision of Jacob in Egypt
(1699) ; Triumph of Hercules over Achelotis
(1703).— Ch. Blanc, Ecole frai^aise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
CAZES, ROMAIN, born at St. Beat, (Haute-
Garonne), in 1810, died in 1881. French
school ; history painter, pupil of Ingres.
Medals : 3d class, 1839, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1870. Works : Rebecca at the Well (1840);
Infant Christ asleep(1845); Ascension (1846);
Three Ages of Man (1859) ; Departure of
the Apostles (1870) ; Three Theological Vir-
| tues (1877); Sappho (1878) ; Well at Fonta-
rabia, Spain (1879) ; Frescos in St. Francis
Xavier's, Paris, and in the Church at Bagn-
eres-de-Luchon. — M tiller, 98.
CAZIN, JEAN CHARLES, born at Samer
(Pas-de-Calais) ; contemporary. History and
genre painter ; pupil of Lecoq de Boisbau-
dran. Medal, 1st class, 1880 ; L. of Honour,
1882. Works: Dock-Yard (1876); Flight
into Egypt (1877); Art (1879); Ishmael,
Tobias (1880) ; Souvenir de Fete (1881) ;
Judith (1883).
CECILIA, ST., John Singleton Copley, W.
S. Appleton, Boston ; signed, dated 1806.
Portrait of Mrs. R. S. Derby ; dressed in
white picked out with gold, playing on the
harp, with angels in the air above. — A. T.
Perkins, 50.
By Carlo Dolci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. St. Cecilia, half-
length, playing the organ. Painted for
2GO
CECILIA
Grand Duke Cosmo HI., who presented it
to the Grand-Treasurer of Poland ; bought
in 1742 for 1,600 livres from collection of
Prince Carignan, Paris. Engraved by P. A.
Kilian.— Gal. Koy. de Dresde, i. PL 43.
By Domenichino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
3 in. x 3 ft 10 in. St. Cecilia, a little more
than half-length, standing, singing to the
accompaniment of a bass viol ; an angel be-
fore her holds upon his head a book of mu-
sic. Painted for Cardinal Ludovisi ; taken
St. Cecilia, Domenichino, Louvre.
to France by Sieur de Nogent, who sold it
to Jabach, from whom it was bought by
Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Picart ; J.
Gottard ; Muller. — Musee franc.ais, i. Part
4 : Filhol, v. 332 ; Landon, Vies, PI. 3 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Ouercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x
3 ft. 3 in. Three quarters length, seated,
playing an organ. Another St. Cecilia by
Guercino, Dulwich Gallery, England. — Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Raphael, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H.
7 ft 3 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. St. Cecilia, standing
between SS. Paul and John, and SS. Au-
gustine and Mary Magdalen, with musical
instruments at her feet ; she holds in her
hands an organ, the instrument of religious
music, and listens with rapture to a choir of
six angels singing in the heavens above.
Ordered by Lorenzo Pucci, Cardinal of
Santi Quattro, in 1513, but not finished
until 1516-17, when it was placed in the
chapel of St. Cecilia, in S. Giovanni in
Monte, Bologna, which had been built by
Cecilia Duglioli dell' Oglio, a kinswoman of
the Cardinal's. Vasari says the musical in-
struments in the picture were painted by
Giovanni da Udine. Carried to Paris in
1796 ; transferred to canvas by Hacquin in
1803 ; returned to Italy in 1815, recleaned,
and placed in the Gallery. Much damaged
by repainting. Many copies : one, by Dio.
Calvaert, in Dresden Gallery ; another, by
Guido Reui, in S. Luigi de' Francesi, Rome.
Engraved with variations by Marc Antonio.
Engraved also by Bonasone (1531), Galli
(1761), Strange (1771), David, Massard, Ro-
saspina, Beisson, Bovinet, Gandolfi (1835),
Pelee (1852), Lefebvre (1857), Landon.—
Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 349 ; Gruyer, Vierges de
Raphael, iiL 583 ;. Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 1 ;
Passavant, ii. 148 ; Landon, Musee, v. PL
33 ; Musee fran<;ais, i. ; Filhol, iii. PI. 193 ;
Perkins, 174.
By Sir Joshua Reynolds, Marquis of Lans-
downe, Bowood. Mrs. Sheridan as St. Ce-
cilia. Sir Joshua called this the best pict-
ure he ever painted. Exhibited at Royal
! Academy in 1884. — Waagen, Treasures, iii.
160.
By Rubens, Berlin Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft,
7 in x 4 ft. 3 in. Helena Forman, the paint-
er's second wife, as St. Cecilia, singing and
playing on the harpsichord ; attended by
four angels, one of whom is seated upon the
back of a sphinx. Collection of Prince
Carignan ; sold by Due de Tallard (1756)
| for 20,050 florins. Engraved by Witdouc ;
and, with only two angels, by Panneels ;
Lommelin. — Smith, ii. 106.
By Ary tichejfer. Portrait of Mine. Viar-
8(31
CEDEESTE6M
clot Garcia ; standing before an organ, with
one hand resting on the keyboard.
CEDERSTROM, GUSTAV OLAF, Baron,
born in Stockholm, April 12, 1845. Genre
painter ; pupil in Stockholm of Malmstrom,
and Winge, then (1876) in Dusseldorf of
Fagerlin ; went in 1869 to Paris, where
St. Cecilia, Raphael, Bologna Gallery.
he studied under Bonnat and Meissonier.
Spent a few years in Florence and Rome,
but settled in Paris. Since 1878, member
of Stockholm Academy. Works : Early to
Bed and Early to Rise (1871) ; Mignon
(1873) ; Sickbed (1874); Epilogue, Stock-
holm Museum ; Dark Hours (1875) ; Trans-
portation of Charles XII. (1878) ; The
Poachers ; Recruiting under Charles XH
(1879). — Miiller, 98 ; N. illustr. Zeitg.
(1879), ii. 742.
CEDERSTROM,o THURE, Baron, born
on the estate of Aryd, Smaland, Sweden,
June 25, 1843. Genre painter ; cousin of
preceding; pupil of Dusseldorf Academy
under Albert Baur, and of
Weimar Art-School ; trav-
elled extensively in Europe.
Medal, London, 1879.
Works: Dealer in Old
Clothes ; Spirit of the
Times (1879). -Mailer, 99.
GELS, CORNELIS,
born at Lierre, Brabant,
June 10, 1778, died in
Brussels in 1859. History
and portrait painter ; pu-
pil in Brussels of A. Lens,
and in Paris of Suvee ;
went to Rome in 1801,
and having spent seven
years in various cities in
Italy, settled in Antwerp,
and in 1815 at The Hague ;
went to Tournay in 1820
as director of the Acad-
emy, and settled at Brus-
sels in 1827 ; visited Eng-
land in 1836. Member of
Academy S. Luca, Rome,
1807. Gold medal, Ghent.
Works: Descent from
Cross (1807), Dominican
Church, Antwerp ; Visita-
tion (1808), Augustine
Church, ib. ; Martyrdom
of Si Barbara, Bruges
Cathedral Christ on
Mount, ftglise des Riches-Claires, Brus-
sels. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, iii. 403 ;
Immerzeel, i. 133; Journal des B. Arts,
v. 38.
CENCI, BEATRICE, portrait, Guercino,
Bridgewater House, London ; canvas. Un-
usually bright and warm in tone for this
master. Differs from Guido's picture, es-
S6-3
CENNINI
pecially in the expression of sorrow. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 36.
Attributed to Guide Eeni, Palazzo Bar-
berini, Rome. Three-quarters face of touch-
ing beauty. Head enveloped in drapery,
calm but sad expression, lips tremulous
with suppressed emotion. If, as is probable,
painted by Guido, it cannot be the portrait
of Beatrice Cenci, as she was executed in
Beatrice Cenci, attributed to Guido. Palazzo Barberini, Rome.
September, 1599, and Guido did not paint
at Rome until 1008. Furthermore, the
picture is not mentioned in the Barberini
Catalogues of 1C04 or 1623, so that it was
not in the Gallery until after the latter date.
Engraved by Perfetti.— A. Bertolotti, Fran-
cesco Cenci e la sua famiglia ; Edinburgh
Review, Jan., 1879 ; Academy, March 18,
1878 ; Giornale di erudizione artistica (Peru-
gia, 1876), v. 276.
CENNINI, CENNINO DI DREA, born
at Colle di Val d'Elsa. Florentine school ;
end of 14th and beginning of 15th century ;
disciple for twelve years of Agnolo Gaddi.
As he was in Padua in 1398, it is not im-
probable that he left Florence after Aguolo's
; death (1396). His Virgin and Saints, a
fresco in the Hospital of S. Giovanni Bat-
tista, Florence, has disappeared, but the
frescos of scenes in the life of Christ, in the
church of the Compagnia della Croce di
Giorno, Volterra, dated 1410 and signed
Cienni da Firenze, are generally assigned to
Cenniui. He is best known, however, as
the author of Trattato della pittura, the
oldest modern work on the technical pro-
cesses of painting. — C. & C., Italy, i.
477 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 643 ; Eastlake, Ma-
terials, etc., 71 ; Baldinucci, i. 308 ; Milane-
si, H libro dell' arte o trattato della pittura
(Florence, 1859) ; Quellenschriften, i. 1 ;
Preface to Mrs. Merrifield's translation of
| Cennini's Treatise (London, 1844) ; Ltlbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai, i. 150.
CENTAUR FAMILY, ancient picture.
See Ze.uxix.
CENTAURS AND LAPITHS, BATTLE
BETWEEN, ancient picture. See Micon.
CEPHALUS. See Bloemen, Norbert van.
CEPHALUS AND PROCRIS, Claude
Lorrain, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated
Rome, 1645. Cephalus receiving from Pro-
cris the presents of Diana — the hound Le-
laps and the fatal dart with which she was
subsequently killed. Liber Veritatis, No.
91. Engraved by Browne, by Pye, and in
Jones's National Gallery. Waagen doubts
the genuineness of this picture. — Cat. Nat.
Gal.; Waagen, Treasures, i. 341 ; Pattison,
Claude Lorrain, 227.
By Guercino, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 6 f t 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Cephalus weeping
over the dead body of Procris, whom lie has
accidentally slain with an arrow ; above, a
Cupid weeping ; at right, two dogs. Painted
in 1644 for Anne of Austria, Queen of France,
who presented it to Cardinal Mazarin ; passed
on his death to the Prince de Carignan,
from whose collection bought in 1744 for
4,000 livres. Engraved by L. S. Lempereur;
Keyl.— Gal. Roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 22.
Subject treated also by Polidoro da Cara-
vaggio, Vienna Museum.
OEPHISODOEUS
V
CEPHISODORUS, painter, about 420
B.C. Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 36 [60]) as
an able artist. — Brunn, ii. 57.
CEEEZO (Zerezo), MATEO, born at
Burgos in 1635, died
in Madrid in 1675.
Spanish school ; son
and pupil of Mateo
Cerezo, a mediocre
painter ; afterward
scholar of Carrefio
in Madrid, where he
painted with consid-
erable success during
his short life. Painted chiefly religious
compositions, choosing tender and agree-
able subjects, such as Madonnas and Mag-
dalens, rather than the ordinary sombre
ones of the Spanish school. His best pict-
ure, the Supper at Emmaus, is mentioned
by Palomino as equal to works of Titian and
Veronese. Works : The Assumption, and
the Marriage of St. Catherine, Madrid Mu-
A1 Cr
e.z.o
seum. — Cean Bermudez ; Stirling, iii. 1032;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 386.
CERMAK. See Gzermak.
CERQUOZZI, MICHELANGELO, born
in Rome, Feb. 2, 1602, died there, April 6,
1660. Roman school ; son of a jeweller, and
for three years pupil of a Flemish painter
in Rome ; then of Pietro Paolo Bonzi, called
II Gobbo de Frutti, from whom he learned
to paint fruit and flowers ; but he soon ap-
plied himself to painting battle-scenes with
so much skill that he was called Michelan-
gelo delle Battaglie. Afterward he was sur-
named "delle Bambocciate," because he imi-
tated the Dutch painter Pieter van Laar,
who was called in Rome II Bamboccio. Cer-
quozzi painted with extreme facility, and
generally without preliminary drawings.
Among his best works are the Four Sea-
sons, painted for the Palazzo Salviati, Rome ;
Italian Masquerade, Louvre ; Battle Field,
Dresden Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombri-
enne; Burkhardt, 768, 804; Seguier, 41;
Lanzi, i. 486.
CERVA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA DELLA,
Lombard school ; flourished about 1550 ;
pupil of Gaudenzio Ferrari, and master of
Gio. Paolo Lomazzo. Lanzi speaks of his
Incredulity of St. Thomas, in S. Lorenzo,
Milan, as entitling him to high rank in his
school. — Lanzi, ii. 499 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Lomazzo, Trattato, vi. cap. 37.
CERVARO, GIRLS OF (Les Cervarolles),
Ernest Hubert, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. Group of Women of
theRomanCampagna, life-size. — Salon, 1859.
Colour study, H. P. Kidder, Boston, Mass.
CESARE DA SESTO, born at Sesto about
1485, died in Milan after 1523. Lombard
school ; one of the best scholars of Leonar-
do da Vinci ; afterwards became intimate in
Rome with Raphael, a double influence un-
der which he painted the mannered Adora-
tion of the Magi, Naples Museum ; and a
large circular picture in the Vatican Gallery,
Rome (1523). These pictures are inferior
to his best and earlier works, the Baptism
of Christ, Scotti Gallery, Milan ; and the
Madonna with St. John, Melzi Collection,
Milan. In this gallery there is also his large
altarpiece of a later period, the Assumption
of the Madonna, and in the Brera a charm-
ing Madonna sitting under a laurel tree. —
Baldinucci, ii. 291; Lanzi, ii. 485 ; Burck-
hardt, 708 ; Rio, iii. 209 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 447.
CESARI, GIU-
SEPPE, Cavaliere
d'Arpino, born at
Arpino in 1568 (or
1560?), died in
Rome, July 3, 1640.
Neapolitan school;
called sometimes
Giuseppino (Fr.
Josepin, Little Jo-
seph), and also H Marino de' Pittori, be-
cause he was a corruptor in painting as
\
264
CESBIION
Marino was in poetry. Pupil of his father,
an obscure painter ; went, when about thir-
teen years old, to Rome, where he was
employed by several painters engaged in
decorating the Vatican. His ability in sketch-
ing attracted the attention of Pope Gregory
XIII., who took him under his protection.
Clement VIII. continued his patronage, made
him superintendent of the decorations in S.
Giovanni in Laterano, and knighted him.
He enjoyed a great reputation in his time, |
and was enriched and honoured by the ten
popes under whom he lived ; but posterity
has failed to accord him the rank in art
which he enjoyed when living. The taste
of the time was for glitter and ostentation,
and Cesari, who had great facility of execu-
tion, satisfied the popular expectation with-
out troubling himself with much study. He
had a well-attended school at Borne, and [
was at enmity with Caravaggio and Annibale
Carracci. Among bis pupils was his brother
Bernardino, who assisted him in many of
his works. Works : Expulsion from Eden,
Diana and Actseon, Louvre ; Roman Battle,
Dresden Gallery ; Betrayal of Christ, Nymphs
and Tritons, Cassel Gallery; Perseus and
Andromeda, Vienna Museum ; Rape of Sa-
bines, Horatii and Curiatii, Capitol Palace,
Rome ; Diana, Capitol Museum, ib. ; Annun-
ciation, Lateran Museum, _
ib. ; St. Clara, Hermitage, St. /K
Petersburg. The ceiling fres- M^ T) 1 VT
cos in the choir of S. Silvestro *• • * * ** •
Monte Cavallo, Rome, are among his better
works. — Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitaine ; Lan-
zi, i. 422 ; Burckhardt, 652, 757.
CESBRON, ACHILLE, born at Oran, Al-
geria ; contemporary. Flower and fruit
painter ; pupil of Bonnat and Cormon.
Medal, 3d class, 1884 Works : Fruits and
Flowers, Vegetables (1879); In the Shade,
In the Sun (1880); Roses, Poppies (1881);
Gardener's Daughter, Street Altar (1882);
In the Packing Room, Blackberry Road
(1883); Metempsychosis, Peonies (1884);
Le puits aux roses, Kitchen Garden
(1885).
CESI, BARTOLOMMEO, born in Bo-
logna in 1556, died there, July 11, 1629.
Bolognese school ; pupil of Gio. Francesco
Brizzi, but afterward studied the works of
Pellegriuo Tibaldi. He became a good
painter, with a manner of his own, marked
by suavity and elegance, which served Guido
as a model. He succeeded best in fresco,
his most noted works being a series of ten
pictures illustrating the life of jEneas, in
the Palazzo Favi, Bologna. His paintings
in oil were only inferior to those of Tibaldi
and of Aunibale Carracci. Among the best
are the Adoration of the Magi, in S. Do-
menico, Crucifixion of SS. Paul and Andrew,
in S. Martino Maggiore, Crucifixion in
S. Giovanni in Men to, Bologna. — Malvasia,
i. 239 ; Lanzi, iii. 49 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bo-
lonaise ; Gualandi, Guida, 28, 50, 70.
CESPEDES, PABLO DE, born at Cor-
dova in 1538, died
there, July 26,
1608. Spanish
school ; of a noble
family, educated
at University of
Alcala, studied art
in Rome and be-
came distin-
guished there,
where he was called Paolo de Cordova, not
only as a painter, sculptor, and architect,
but also as a poet and scholar. The Pope
conferred on him a canonry in the Cathe-
dral of Cordova, and in 1577 he returned to
Spain to attend to the duties of his office,
finding time, however, for the pursuit of art
and literature.
His most famous
work, the Last
Supper, is in the
Cathedral of Cor-
dova, but much
faded and injured. — Viardot, Peintres de
1'Espagne, 119 ; Stirling, i. 321 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole espagnole.
CEULEN (Keulen) CORNEUS JANSON
VAN, born in Amsterdam (?), about 1590,
266
CHABAL
died between 1662 and 1664 Dutch school ;
probably of German origin, judging from
his name, Ceulen (i.e., Cologne). First style
thoroughly Dutch, afterwards mingled with
Flemish influence, through Van Dyck, with
whom he painted for eight years at court of
Charles I. Went to England in 1618, reign
of James I, and remained until 1648, when
he settled at Utrecht. AVorks : Magistrates
(1647), HagueMuseum ; two portraits (1651),
Dresden Museum ; three (1640, 1655),
Brunswick Museum ; four portraits, Rotter-
dam Museum ; one (1660), Lille Museum ;
Charles I, Chatsworth ; Prince Henry,
Kedleston Hall ; Duke of Buckingham,
Duke of Portland, De Witt and Wife, Luton
Hall ; Milton, Passmore Edwards, M.P.,
London. — Burger, Musees, ii. 225 ; Kramm,
iii. 798 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 229.
CHABAL-DUSSURGEY, PIERRE
ADRIEN, born at Charlieu (Loire), in 1815.
Flower painter, chiefly in water-colour.
Painted fourteen panels of flowers and fruit
for the lobby of the Theatre Franyais;
and decorated a room for the Empress Eu-
genie. Medals : 3d class, 1845 ; 2d class,
1847 ; L. of Honour, 1857 ; professor at
the Gobelins in 1850. Works : Flowers
(1842 to 1845); Crown of Flowers around
the portrait of the Duke of Orleans. Bou-
quet of Camellias (1846); Springtime (1849);
Studies of Flowers (1843 to 1852) ; Virgin
surrounded by Flowers, Corner of a Vine-
yard in Autumn (1855) ; Crown of Flowers,
Vase of Flowers (1861); Coucordia (1878);
A Rose from my Garden (1879).
CHABRY, MARTIN LEONCE, born
at Bordeaux, died before April 1, 1883.
Landscape painter. Medal, 3d class, 1879.
Works : Pic de Clarabide, Heights of La Val-
liore (1878) ; In the Laudes of Gascogne,
Coast of Saintonge (1879); Isolated Rock at
Valliere, In the Month of August (1880); In
the old Forest of Buch (1881); Ruins of
Thebes (1882); The Nile at Erment, Plains
of Thebes (1883).
CHACATON, JEAN NICOLAS HENRI
DE, born at Chezy (Allier), July 13, 1813.
French school ; landscape painter, pupil of
Ingres, Hersent, and Marilhat. Has never
been a popular painter, and has not exhib-
ited in the Salon since 1857. Has travelled
in Italy, the East, and Spain, taking his
subjects from those countries. Medals : 3d
class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1844 and 1848. Works:
Prisoner of Chillon (1835); Porta Nuova in
Palermo ; St. Rosalie's Day, Gorges of
Amalfi (1838); Turkish Bazaar in Cairo,
Arab Camp at Suez, Irregular Cavalry of
Ibrahim Pasha, Valley of Jehoshaphat (1841);
Factory in the Island of Procida (1842);
Hourbarych Street in Cairo, Arabian Foun-
tain, Souvenir of the Villa Borghese (1844);
Departure of a Caravan, Plane-Trees of Hip-
pocrates, Syrian Town (1846) ; Turkish
Family Travelling, Caravan Halting, Arab
Camp in the Desert, Courtyard in Granada
(1848); Mosque in Jerusalem (1849); Muez-
I zin's House in Gaza, Shepherds of the
Roman Campagna returning from the Fields
(1852); Arabs at a Cistern (1855) ; Carthu-
: sian Convent in Syracuse, Souvenir of the
Tiber, Bull-Fight in Valencia (1857).— La-
rousse.
CHALDEAN SAGES, Giargione, Vienna
Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 5^ in.
Three astronomers, in Eastern costume, in
the shadow of a glade. Two of them, an
old man and one of middle age, stand en-
gaged in conversation in foreground ; the
! third, seated, examines the heavens and
places a compass on an angle, as if to meas-
ure it. Said to have been finished after
Giorgione's death (1511) by Sebastian del
Piombo, but there are no signs of it. In
collection of Taddeo Contarini in 1535. — C.
& C., N. Italy, ii. 135.
CHALON, ALFRED EDWARD, born in
Geneva, Switzerland, Feb. 15, 1781, died in
London, Oct. 3, 1860. Reverses of French
Revolution drove family to England in 1789 ;
Alfred entered, in 1797, schools of Royal
Academy, became an A.R.A. in 1812, and
R.A. in 1816. Was for many years the
fashionable portrait painter in water-colours,
was the first to paint Queen Victoria, and
366
CHALON
was appointed portrait painter in water-col-
ours to her Majesty. He also painted fine
subject-pieces in oil, and had such imitative
ability that some of his works have been
attributed to Watteau and Rubens. Works:
Hunt the Slipper (1831); Morning Walk,
Samson and Delilah (1837) ; Serena (1847);
John Knox reproving Ladies of Queen
Mary's Court (1844) ; Seasons (1851) ; So-
phia Western (1857). — Redgrave ; Art Jour-
nal (1862), 9; Ch. Blanc,
ficole anglaise ; Sandby, i.
358.
CHALON, JOHN
JAMES, born in Geneva,
March 27, 1778, died in
London, Nov. 14, 1854. El-
der brother of Alfred Ed-
ward ; student at Royal
Academy in 1796 ; became
A.RA. in 1827, and R.A. in
1841. First exhibited works
in oil, chiefly landscapes
and genre subjects, but af-
terward took also a distin-
guished position as a water-
colour painter. Works :
Napoleon on Board the Bel-
lerophon, Greenwich Hos-
pital ; View of Hastings, S.
Kensington Museum. — Redgrave ;
Chesne (1628), whose daughter he married.
Painted many pictures for churches and
palaces. He was received in 1648 into first
Academy of Painting as professor, and after-
wards made director. Works : Christ in
House of Simon, Last Supper, two scenes
from legend of SS. Gervasius and Protasius,
portraits of Louis XIII., of Robert Arnaud
d'Audilly, of Cardinal Richelieu, of the archi-
tects Mansard and Perrault, of himself, and
Ch.
Blanc, I5cole anglaise ; Sandby, ii. 167.
CHAMPAIGNE, (Champagne), PHI-
LIPPE DE, born
in Brussels, May
26, 1602, died in
Paris, Aug. 12, 1674.
Flemish school ; his-
tory and portrait
painter, pupil of
Bouillon, Michel
Bordeaux, two ob-
scure artists, and of
Fouquierea Went
to Paris in 1621, and worked under Du
Chesne on the decorations for the Luxem-
bourg. Returned to Brussels in 1627, but
was recalled to Paris after death of Du
Chaldean Sages, Giorgione, Vienna Museum.
others, Louvre ; Finding of Relics of St. Ger-
vasius, Lyons Museum ; ten scenes from le-
gend of St. Benedict, and others, Brussels
Museum ; portrait, Hague Museum ; do.,
Rotterdam Museum ; Adam and Eve lament-
ing Abel, Vienna Museum ; Moses with Ta-
bles of the Law, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
three portraits of Richelieu on one canvas,
PH/£CHAMP/\IGNE.P.
National Gallery, London. His nephew,
Jean Baptiste Champaigne (1645-1693), who
2(17
CHAMPIGNY
followed his manner, was also a professor in
the Paris Academy. — Biog. uat. de Belgique,
iii. 413 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Im-
merzeel, i. 134 ; Kramm, i. 228 ; Michiels,
ix. 279, 330.
CHAMPIGNY, Edouard Detaille, Henry
Hilton, New York. Scene, the kitchen
garden of a suburban mansion near Paris.
Gen. Faron, having retaken Champigny, a
village above the Marne, fortified the hamlet
and defended, foot by foot, the houses and
enclosed gardens, Dec. 2, 1870, against the
return attack of the Saxony and Wiirtem-
burg Divisions. Photogravure in Art Treas-
ures of America, ii. 51.
CHAMPIN, JEAN JACQUES, born at
Sceaux (Seine), Sept. 8, 1796, died in Paris,
March 10, I860. Landscape painter, pupil
of Storelli and Regnier ; an excellent water-
colour painter, and a skilful engraver. Med-
als : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1831. Works :
Coast of Provence from above Nice (1831);
Souvenirs of the Lignon (18C9). — Larousse.
CHAMPNEY, JAMES WELLS, born in
Boston, Mass., July 1C, 1843. Genre painter;
pupil of Edouard Frere at Ecouen, France,
and of the Antwerp Academy in 18G7-G8.
Sketched at different times in England and
on the Continent, Africa, Nova Scotia, South
America, and in the Southern United States.
Lecturer on anatomy in the schools of the
National Academy, New York. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1882. Studios in New York and
Deerfield. Works: Which is Umpire? (1871);
Sere Leaf (1874); Not so Ugly as he Looks
(1875); Your Good Health, Speak, Sir (187G);
Where the Two Paths Meet (1880) ; Indian
Summer (1881); Bonny Kilmeny, Boarding-
school Green-Boom (1882); Pamela, Hide
and Seek, Autumn Reverie, Eunice (1884);
He loves Me (1885); Water-colours : On the
Heights, Measuring the Great Elm (1884).
CHATEAU DE FAILLE (i. e. Foil— The
Beaver Hat), Rubens, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. Por-
trait of a young lady (Mdlle. Lunden?),
half-length, life-size, dressed in a black vel-
vet bodice with crimson sleeves, and wearing
a black Spanish beaver hat with black and
white feathers, holding her hands crossed
before her. The hat casts a shadow over the
upper part of the face, giving the painter
an opportunity of showing his skill in treat-
ing transparent shadow. From this it was
formerly called in Belgium Het Spaansch
Hoedje (The Spanish Hat). It was in Ru-
Chapeau de Faille, Rubens, National Gallery, London.
bens's possession until his death (1G40); at
death of his widow passed to family of Lun-
den, from whom bought (1817) by Baron
Stiers d'Aertselaer for 50,000 florins ; sold
at his death (1822) for 32,700 florins, and
taken to England, where it was purchased
for £3,500 by Sir Robert Peel, from whose
Collection it passed in 1871 to National Gal-
lery. Engraved by Tayler ; Reynolds. —
Smith, ii. 32, 228; Kett, 110; Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 398.
CHAPLIN, CHARLES JOSHUA, born
at Les Audelys (Eure), June 6, 1825. Fig-
ure and portrait painter ; pupil of the Ecole
des Beaux Arts, and employed in 1860 in
decorating the Tuileries, afterwards the
rooms of the Empress in the FJysee, the
Hotel Musard, and other public and private
SOS
CHAPMAN
buildings. He is successful as a teacher.and
has many pupils. Medals : 3d class, 1851 ;
2d class, 1852 and 1865 ; L. of Honour,
1865 ; Officer, 1877. Studio in Paris. Works:
St. Sebastian (1847) ; Street in Village of
Lower Auvergne, Woman of Auvergne (1848);
Evening on the Moors, Bordeaux Museum ;
Mountaineers of Puy de Dome (1849); Mule-
teer of Lozcre (1851) ; Morning (1855) ;
First Roses (1857) ; Aurora, Astronomy,
Poetry, Diana (1859); Soap-Bubbles, Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Turtles (18G4) ; A Dream
(panel in Prince Demidoff' s Palace); Parro-
quets, Poetry (1867) ; First Ties (1869) ;
Child, Girl holding a Tray (1870) ; Haydee
(1873), Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; May
Rose, Broken Lyre (1875) ; Happy Hours
(1876) ; Sweetheart's Portrait, Love's Mes-
senger, portrait of Due d'Audiflret-Pasquier
(1877); Devotion, W. T. Walters, Baltimore;
Prayer, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ;
Souvenirs (1882). — Larousse, iii. 967; Vape-
reau (1880), 399.
CHAPMAN, JOHN GADSBY, born at
Alexandria, Va., in 1808. Subject and land-
scape painter ; studied in Italy. Is a suc-
cessful etcher and wood-engraver, and has
illustrated many books. Elected N.A in
1836. Studio in Rome since 1848. Works:
Etruscan Girl ; Last Arrow ; Baptism of
Pocahantas (Capitol at Washington) ; Sun-
set on the Campagna ; Vintage Scene ;
Stone Pines in the Barberini Valley ; Valley
ofMexico.
CHARDIN, JEAN BAPTISTE SIMEON,
born in Paris, Nov. 2, 1699, died there,
Dec. 6, 1779. French school ; Genre, in-
teriors, and still-life painter ; pupil of Cazes,
and of Noel Nicolas Coypel, who employed
him to paint accessories and led him to
adopt the style in which he was destined to
excel. First attracted attention by a bar-
ber's sign, then in 1728 by La Raie (Louvre);
' admitted to Academy in 1728 ; treasurer in
j 1755. Long painted still-life, in which he has
never been excelled.
I In 1737 began to
paint pictures with
figures of children.
Similar domestic
scenes exhibited in
1739-40 and 41 es-
tablished his repu-
tation as the painter
of middle-class life.
! But one of his oil
portraits (1773) is known. In the latter
pail of his life Chardin painted in pastel, of
which the portraits of himself and his wife
in the Louvre are examples. Works :
Kitchen Interior (1728), La Raie, Fruits
and Animals (1728), Kitchen Utensils, 1731,
do. (1731), The Industrious Mother (1740),
The Blessing (1740), Dead Rabbit (1757),
The Monkey Antiquarian, Art Attributes
(1765), Louvre ; The Blessing, The Washer-
woman, Boy's Portrait, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; two Pictures of still-life, Mu-
seum of Fine Arts, Boston. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole franchise ; Dohme, 3 ; Goncourt, i.
j 75 ; Wedmore, Masters of Genre Painting,
; 196 ; Wurzbach, Maler des XVHI. Jahr-
;hund., 33; Villot, Cat. Louvre; Portfolio
1 (1872), 50.
CHARGE OF ARTILLERY OF IMPE-
RIAL GUARD, Adolphe Schreyer, formerly
in Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft.
9 in. x 14 ft. 3 in. Battle of Trnktir in the
Crimea, Aug. 16, 1855. Artillery going to
the Front— Salon, 1865.
CHAREPHANES, painter. See Nico-
phanes.
CHARIOT A FOIN (Hay Cart), Philips
Wouverman, Hague Museum; wood, H. 1 ft.
: 3 in. x 1 ft 6 in. A landscape with water and
CHARIOT
boats which men are loading with hay ; on
the bank, a loaded hay-cart drawn by two
horses, another by one horse, a man on
horseback with a peasant woman behind,
and other figures. Engraved by Dupreel,
Bovinet. Taken to Paris, but restored in
1815.— Musee francais ; Filhol, ii. PI. 99 ;
Smith, i. 323.
CHARIOT RACE, J. L. Gerdme. See
Circus Maximus.
CHARIOT RACE, Alexander Wagner,
George Kirchuer & Co., New York ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 12 ft. 6 in. Race of four-
horse chariots, driven by Christian slaves,
in the Circus Maximus, Rome, in time of
Domitian, A.D. 81, the prize being life and
freedom. Scene — the end of the race ; the
winner, the driver of the grays, is about to
pass the line when he hears the bays com-
ing up behind at his left, and is for a mo-
ment startled lest the victory be snatched
from his grasp. Painted in 187G, by order
of Messrs. Kirchuer & Co., for Philadelphia
Exposition, where it was awarded a medal.
Original sketch (1873), medal at Vienna,
now owned in London.
CHARITY, William Adolphe Bowjuereau,
J. W. Drexel, New York ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x
5 ft. Female figure, draped, seated on a
marble bench, with architectural back-
ground, with left foot resting upon an over-
turned jar, from which coins are escaping ;
she holds three infants in her arms, and [
two others nestle at her feet. Salon, 1874 ;
Replica, landscape background, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; Study, Henry
Hilton, New York. Photogravure in Art
Treas. of Amer. ii. 30 ; iii. 17.
By Domenichino, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 5 in. Female figure, with
children. Purchased in 1845 for 600 thal-
ers from heirs of Inspector Matthei.
By Ouido Reni, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; '
canvas, oval, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 8 in. A
woman, half-length, and three children, one
of which she supports with her right arm
while nursing a second ; the third takes
hold of her robe. In Guide's first manner.
Engraved by I. S. Klauber ; A. Dalco. —
Wicar, i. Part 9 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL
82.
By Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Henry Pro-
basco, Cincinnati. Originally called Mut-
terliebe (mother-love). Female figure, seat-
ed, with several children. Replica, in
small, Henry C. Gibson, Philadelphia ;
crayon study, J. P. Morgan, New York ; do.,
E. D. Morgan Collection, New York. Pho-
togravure in Art Treasures of America, i. 68 ;
iii. 7.
By Rubens, Potsdam Gallery (?) ; copper,
H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. A beautiful woman
bending down to caress three infants. En-
graved by Galle ; Surugue. — Smith, ii. 110.
By Andrea del Sarto, Louvre ; wood, trans-
Chanty, Andrea del Sarto, Louvre.
f erred to canvas, H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. ;
signed, dated 1518. A woman with three
children, one at her feet asleep and two in her
lap, to one of which she is giving the breast.
Painted in France for Francis I. Copy in
Nantes Museum. Engraved by P. Audouin ;
Massard ; Salmon. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 30 ;
870
CHARLATAN
C. & C., Italy, iii. 563 ; Villot, Louvre ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole florentine ; Filhol, viii. PL 505 ;
Klass. der Malerei, i. PI. 30 ; Landon, Musee,
x. PL 42 ; Dohme, 2iii. 2 ; Miindler, Essai,
25 ; Musee royal, i.
By Anton Van Dyck, Earl of Lonsdale,
Lowther Castle ; canvas, H. 4 fi 9 in. x 3 ft.
9 in. A beautiful woman, in a white robe
and blue scarf, with a scarlet mantle over
her knees, sitting with a naked infant in her
lap ; a second child standing at her right,
and a third behind her. Copies : Dulwich
Gallery; Hope Collection ; P. Methuen. En-
graved by C. Caukerckeu ; W. Ryland.
Lithographed by Lafosse. — Smith, iii. 118 ;
Guiffrey ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 2G1.
CHARLATAN, Gerard Dou, Munich Gal-
lery; wood, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 7 in.; signed,
dated 1652. A quack doctor, on a stage
covered with a Turkish carpet and roofed
with a large umbrella, holding forth on the
virtues of his drugs to a numerous assem-
blage of people. One of his most famous
pictures. Formerly in DUsseldorf Gallery.
Injured by injudicious cleaning and restor-
ing. Engraved by Wille ; C. Hess.— Smith,
i. 37; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise.
CHARLAY-POMPON, CHARLES, born
in Paris; contemporary. Landscape painter, !
pupil of Rapin. Medal, 3d class, 1885. .
Works: L'Uveaune near Marseilles (1883);'
November (1884) ; The Last Leaves, Road
of La Souris (1885).
CHARLEMAGNE, CORONATION OF,
Raphael, Stanza dell' Incendio del Borgo,
Vatican ; fresco. H. 15 ft. 11 in. x 21 ft 4
in. Leo ILL (portrait of Leo X.), seated in
foreground, about to place the crown on the
head of the kneeling emperor (portrait of
Francis I.), beside whom stands a page (Ip-
polito de' Medici) ; on each side, cardinals
with their trainbearers ; in background, the
warrior wearing a helmet encircled by a '
crown is supposed to be Pepin, who was'
anointed at same time as his father. Typical
of the dogma that the temporal power is
subject to the spiritual. Painted in 1517,
probably by pupils from designs of Raphael.
Engraved by Fr. Aquila, Aloysio Fabri, and
Landon. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 361; Passavant,
ii. 157; Mttntz, 427.
CHARLEMAGNE AND WITTIKIND,
Ary Scheffer, Versailles Museum ; canvas.
Wittikind, the heathen King of the Saxons,
after his defeat in two great battles, surren-
dered to Charlemagne at Attigny-sur-Seine
in A.D. 785 and was baptized. Charlemagne,
mounted, at right, accompanied by soldiers
and ecclesiastics, receives the submission of
Wittikind, who, with his family and other
followers, kneels before him. Subject treated
also by Wilhelm Kaulbach, MaximiUaneum,
Munich.
CHARLEMONT, KDUARD, born at
Znairu, Moravia, in 1848. Genre and por-
trait painter ; pupil of the Vienna Academy
under Engerth, then of Makart, who enabled
him to visit Italy ; remained some time in
Venice, and travelled in Germany and
France ; has recently settled in Paris.
Works: The Antiquaries (1872); Two Boys
in Rubens's Costume, Two Scenes from
Snowdrop, Four Divisions of the Day, Four
Seasons, Five Continents, Lansquenet (1878).
— Miiller, 101 ; N. illustr. Zeitg., (1878), ii.
602 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiii. 352.
CHARLEMOXT, HUGO, born at Znaim,
Moravia, in 1850. Landscape painter ;
brother of Eduard, pupil of the Vienna
Academy under Lichtenfels, then under his
brother and Makart ; travelled in 1874 in
Holland. Works : Interior of Makart's Stu-
dio, Still-life with Peacocks.— Mailer, 101 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 384 ; xiii. 353.
CHARLES I., portrait, Anton van Dyck,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 12 ft.
6 in. x 9 ft. 6 in. Charles I., of England, in
armour, on a roan charger, attended by his
equerry, Sir Thomas Morton, on foot, bearing
helmet ; in background, a cavalry combat.
Formerly in Collection of Charles I.; pur-
chased in Munich by John, Duke of Marl-
borough, and long in Blenheim Palace. Sold
to National Gallery in 1884 for £17,500.
Copies : Duke of Portland, Earl of Claren-
don ; study at Buckingham Palace. Ku-
CIIAELES
graved by Lombart, whose plate was after-
ward altered, the head of Cromwell being
substituted for that of the king.— Waagen,
Treasures, ii. 3 ; iii. 129 ; Smith, iii. 77;
Guiffrey.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; cau-
vas, H. 9 ft. x G ft. 11 in.; signed. Full
length, standing under a tree, head turned
Charles I., Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris.
three quarters to left, dressed in white satin
jacket, scarlet hose, buff boots, broad lace
frill, and hat with feathers, and wearing
sword and spurs, with cane in right hand
and left hand on hip ; appears to have just
dismounted from a noble charger behind
him, held by his equerry, the Marquis of
Hamilton ; in background, a page carrying
his cloak. Painted about 1635. Purchased
at Marquis de Lassay sale (1770) for 24,000
fr. for Mme. du Barri, who presented it to
Louis XV. Valued at 100,000 fr. in 1816.
Engraved by R Strange; Bonuefoy ; Duparc ;
Panquet ; D. J. Desvachez (1880). Etched
by Boulard.— Smith, iii. 39 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Filhol, i. PI. 5 ; Klas. der Malerei,
PI. xvii. ; Guiffrey, 180 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Head, 62.
By Anton van Dyck, Windsor Castle ; can-
vas, H. about 10 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. In armour,
his head uncovered, mounted on a gray
charger advancing from under a lofty arch-
way ; by his side, on foot, his equerry, M.
St. Antoine, bearing his helmet. Collection
of Charles!.; at sale of hia effects (1651)
bought for £200 by Van Leemput, a Dutch
artist, from whom recovered at Restoration.
Copies : Hampton Court ; Apsley House ;
"Warwick Castle ; Lamport Hall, Northamp-
tonshire ; Lady Warren. Engraved by Bar-
on (1741); C. Ferreri ; Ch. Pye.— Smith, iii.
57 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 429 ; Guiffrey ;
Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 28.
CHARLES L, CHILDREN OF, Anton
van Dyck, Turin Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 1
in. x 6 ft. 7 in. Prince Charles, about five
years old, standing at right, in a scarlet
frock embroidered with silver lace, his right
hand on head of a brown spaniel ; on his
left, Princess Mary, in a white satin dress ;
and on her left, James, Duke of York, in a
blue silk frock, with an apple in his hand ;
background, a green curtain and part of a
landscape. Engraved by G. Thevenin (1863) ;
etched by Gaujean. Duplicate : Earl of
Pembroke, Wilton. — Gal. di Torino, iv. PI.
160 ; Smith, iii. 53 ; Guiffrey, 60 ; Head, 55.
By Anton van Dyck, Windsor Castle ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated
1637. Prince Charles, aged seven years,
standing, with his left hand on the head of
a large dog ; on his right, the Princess
Elizabeth and Mary ; and on his left, the
Princess Anne holding James, Duke of
York, on a chair, at the foot of which lies a
spaniel. Engraved by Baron ; Strange ;
R. Cooper (1762); H. Bourne ; H. Coussin.
Etched by Gaujeau. Copy in Berlin Mu-
seum, lithographed by Fr. Jentzen.— Guif-
frey, 172 ; Smith, iii. 60 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 428.
By Anton van Dyck, Windsor Castle ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft.; dated 1638.
Prince Charles, about nine years old, stand-
873
CHARLES
ing at left, leans left arm on base of a col- The Emperor in armour, with a red scarf
umn and holds in right the hand of his over the left shoulder, mounted on a white
brother James, Duke of York, the latter in charger ; his right hand holds a baton, tho
petticoats ; at right, Princess Mary, with left curbs his spirited steed, whose career
her hands crossed at waist ; in fore-
ground, left and right, two spaniels. En-
graved by R Strange ; J. Buruet ; Le
Blonde ; PurcelL Etched by N. Muxell.
is arrested by the waves of the sea ; the
wreck of a vessel is tossed on the billows ;
above, an eagle, with a wreath of laurel.
Likeness borrowed from Titian's picture.
Copy in Dresden Gallery, lithographed by One of his best works. Engraved by Gut-
Hanfstaengl (1840) ; another, Earl of Clar- teuberg (1790) ; C. Mogalli ; Earlom ; Chios-
endon. Sketch, with but one dog, Louvre, sone. — Smith, iii. 47 ; Guiffrey.
— Smith, iii. Gl ; Klas. der Malerei, PL i By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
xviii. ; Gal. roy. de Dresde;
Guiffrey ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 429, 457; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
CHARLES I. AND
FAMILY, Anton van Dyck,
Windsor Castle ; canvas, H.
8 ft. x 11 ft. The king, in
royal robes, seated in an
arm-chair, with his right
hand on a table on which
are the regalia of England;
beside him, Prince Charles,
standing, with both his
hands on his knee ; on his
left, Queen Henrietta Ma-
ria, seated, with infant
James in her arms ; in dis-
tance, the Tower of Lon-
don. Engraved by Baron
(1741) ; R. Strange ; Mas-
sard ; F. A. David ; Dennel. Copies : Duke 6 ft. 4 in. x 3 f t. 8 in. Full length, in gala
of Richmond ; Duke of Devonshire. — Smith, dress ; the right hand playing with a dagger,
iii. 66 ; Guiffrey ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 426. the left on a fawn-coloured Spanish hound.
CHARLES I. AND CROMWELL'S Painted in 1533. Titian received for it
SOLDIERS, Paul Delaroche, Bridgewater 1,000 scudi in gold, and was created by the
House, London. Charles I. after his con- Emperor a Count Palatine and Knight of
demnation insulted by the soldiers of the the Golden Spur. Replica in 1536 for Duke
guard. The resignation of the fallen mon- of Mantua ; another belonged to Charles I.
arch contrasts strongly with the rudeness of of England, and was sold in 1650 to Sir
his persecutors, and moves one old soldier Balthasar Gerbier for £150. Titian's first
to tears. Salon, 1836. Engraved by Marti- sketch of Charles, a bust in armour, was pre-
net.— Waagen, Treasures, ii. 64; Larousse, served in Bologna until 1856, when it was
III. 1014. ! sold to an Englishman. A full-length, paint-
CHARLES V., portrait, Anton Van Dyck, ed from this, was in the Royal Palace at
Children of Charles I., Anton van Dyck, Windsor Castle.
Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft.
Brussels, and another in that of Madrid,
873
CHARLES
where it was burned in 1608. A full-length
of the Emperor, with an Irish Dog, engraved
in Madrazo's Gallery of Madrid, and now at
Hampton Court Palace, once hung in the so-
called Bear Gallery at Whitehall. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 449 ; C. & C., Titian, i. 3G6.
By Titian, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 6
ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 9 in.; signed. The Emperor,
full length, in black and a fur pelisse, seated
Charles V., Titian, Munich Gallery.
in an arm-chair in an open gallery. Painted
at Augsburg in 1548 ; much re-painted. — C.
& C., Titian, ii. 179.
CHARLES V., ENTRY OF, Hans Makart,
Hamburg Gallery ; canvas. Entry of Charles
V. into Antwerp, in 1520, after his corona-
tion, as described by Albrecht Diirer in his
diary. The Emperor, in armour, with the
collar of the Golden Fleece across his
breastplate, and riding an armour-clad
horse, is the central figure of a magnificent
procession of nobles, knights, and prelates,
preceded by a body of lansquenets, which is
passing through a narrow street of pictur-
esque houses, adorned with banners, tapes-
tries, and flowers, and with balconies and
windows filled with ladies ; in the fore-
ground, near the Emperor, several ladies,
nearly nude or thinly draped, march on
foot, bearing imperial symbols; at left,
groups of spectators, men, women, and
children, with Albrecht Diirer standing be-
hind them. Painted in 1875-78 ; Universal
Exposition, Paris, 1878. — Pictorial World
(1880), 198 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xviii.
406.
CHAELES V. AT FUGGEE'S, Karl
Becker, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft.; signed, dated 1866.
Charles V., just returned from Africa (1532),
where he had overcome Barbarossa and re-
stored to liberty many captive Christians,
visited at Augsburg the banker Fugger,
who entertained him by burning his bonds
in a fire of cinnamon and other spices, as a
thank-offering for destroying pirates and
making business safer. Engraved by Zim-
mermaun. Replica (5 ft. x 7 ft.), John Wolfe,
New York. — Art Treasures of America, i. 62.
CHARLES V. AT MUHLBERG, Titian,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 11 in. x
9 ft. 1 in. The Emperor, in full armour,
with spear in hand, is cantering on a brown
charger towards the Elbe, which runs to the
right ; tall forest trees to lefi Painted at
Augsburg in 1548 ; once a masterpiece, but
much damaged by fire in Palace of Pardo,
Madrid, in 1608.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 178 ;
Revue Universelle des Arts, iii. 139 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 440.
CHARLES XV., King of Sweden, born
in Stockholm, May 3, 1826, died there,
Sept. 18, 1872. Landscape painter ; pupil
of Boklund, and later influenced by Ed.
Bergh and Alf. Wahlberg ; painted Scandi-
navian views, in which Malmstrom and
Winge sometimes supplied the figures. He
promoted the development of art in Sweden,
and founded the Stockholm Museum.
Works: Wood Interior (1869); On the
Brook ; Ulriksdal Castle ; Stone of Freya on
Sognefjord ; St. Sigfrid and the Smalanders ;
View in Hardauger.
S74
CHARLET
CHARLET, FRANZ, born at Brussels ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of
Gerome, J. Lefebvre, and Portaels. Medal,
Charles V at Muhlberg, Titian, Madrid Museum.
3d class, 1885. Works: Winter Morning
(1882) ; Mowers (1883) ; Passing Funeral,
Preparations for Market (1884) ; The Spin-
ners—Morocco (1885).
CHARLET, NICOLAS TOUSSAINT,
born in Paris, Oct. 20,
1792, died there, Oct.
29, 1845. French
school ; genre and bat-
tle painter, pupil of
Gros. Supported him-
self, while with Gros,
by giving lessons in
drawing. Was inti-
mate with Gericault,
with whom he visited England in 1836. His
lithographs number nearly 2,000. Works :
The Cure's Visit ; The Antiquary ; Grand-
papa's Feast ; Burlesque Concert ; The Im-
provisatore ; Episode in Russian Campaign
(183G), Lyons Museum ; Crossing the Rhine
at Kehl (1837), Versailles Museum ; Convoy
of Wounded Soldiers, Valenciennes Museum.
;— Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise; L'Art (1875),
i. 193, 217; M. de la Combe, Charlet, savie,
etc. (Paris, 1856); Meyer, Gesch., 469; La-
rousse, iii. 1021.
CHARMADAS, Greek painter, date un-
known ; one of earliest workers in mono-
chrome. Pliny, xxxv. 34 [55] ; Brunn, ii. 4.
CHARMANTIDES (Carmanides), painter,
third class ; pupil of Euphranor, Theban-
Attic school, 370-336 B. c. Pliny, xxxv. 40
[146] ; Brunn, ii. 164
CHARNAY, ARMAND, born at Charlieu,
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Feyen-Perrin and Pils. Studio at
Marlotte (Seine-et-Marne). Medal, 3d class,
1876. Works : Abandoned Lime Kiln
(1868); All Souls' Day, Beach at Yport,
Arrival of Fishing Boats at Yport, Hour for
Riding, Back Yard of Castle of Gastellier
near Charlieu (1874); Casting the Net (1876);
Butcher's Shop, October (1879); At the End
of the Park (1880) ; Autumn Rain (1881) ;
Street in Carcenague, Market (1882) ; Fish-
ing Party (1883); Evening (1885).
CHARPENTIER, LOUIS EUGENE, born
in Paris, June 1, 1811. Military and genre
painter, pupil of Gerard and Cogniet ; was
for twenty-six years professor of designing
at Versailles. Medals : 3d class, 1841 and
1857. Works : Bivouac of Cuirassiers (1831);
Hunters asking the Way (1837); Break of a
Dutch Dyke (1839); Defence of Aubervil-
liers-les-Vertus (1841) ; Robert le Diable
(1842) ; Capture of the Great Redoubt at
Moskowaand Death of Caulaincourt (1843);
Halt of French Army on Great St. Bernard
(1844) ; Duke of Orleans in the Trenches
(1845), Versailles Gallery ; Sedaine compos-
ing an Opera, Beaumarchais teaching the
Daughters of Louis XV. (1848) ; Field Guns
(1851) ; Pupils of the Ecole Poly technique
in the Battle of Paris, March 30, 1814 (Bou-
logne-sur-Mer); Battle of Tchernaia (1857),
Versailles Museum ; Camp of Chalons (St.
Cloud); Imperial Guard at Magenta (1861);
Capture of Bomarsund (1863); Death of the
Vendeean General Bonchamps (1834); Siege
of Toulon, A Soldier's Alms (1866); The
475
CHAETEAN
Ford, Sharpshooters (1868); On the Road to
Valmy, Target of Saint-Chaumont (1869); A
Courier, Light Artillery (1874); Forge (1875);
Convoy, Autumn Manoauvres (1876); A Bat-
tery (1877); Retreat from Inkerrnann, Winter
Campaign (1878) ; Draught Horses, The
Wounded (1880); The General Staff (1881);
Forward! The Forge (1882); Washington's
Tent, French Cavalry in 1670 (1883) ; Wel-
lington in Spain (1884) ; Hollow Way, Lime
Kiln (1885).
CHARTRAN, THEOBALD, born at Be-
san§on ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Cabanel. AVon the
grand prix de Rome in 1877. Medals : 3d
class, 1877; 2d class, 1881. Works : Angel-
ica and Roger (1875) ; Girl of Argos at
Tomb of Agamemnon, Gentleman of Court
of Henry H. (1876); St. Saturnin (Church
of Champigny-sur-Marne); Martyr in Cata-
combs at Rome (1877) ; Woman Playing
Lute (1880); The Taper (1881); Vision of
St. Francis of Assisi (1883) ; The Betrothal
(1885).
CHASE, HARRY, born in Woodstock, Vt.,
in 1853. Landscape and marine painter,
studied in Munich, at The Hague, and in
Paris under Soyer. Elected an A.N.A. in
1883. Studio in New York. Works : Breezy
Afternoon off the Battery — New York, T.
B. Clarke, New York ; Pecheurs Anglais,
Kullen Point — Sweden, Low Tide — Welsh
Coast (1878); Herring Fishers of Scheven- j
ingen — Holland (1880); Outward Bound1
Whaler, Dutch Boats at Anchor, Dutch ;
Trawlers (1881); Bringing the Fish Ashore,
Departure of a French Brig (1882) ; Coast
of Holland, Dredging for Scallops near New I
Bedford, Summer Morning — French Coast |
(1883); Near Dordrecht, Battery Park— New
York (1884); Rising Tide on Dutch Coast,
New York Harbour (1885).
CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT, born at
Franklin, Indiana, Nov. 1, 1849. Still-life
and portrait painter ; pupil of B. F. Hayes,
portrait painter in Indianapolis, of the Na-
tional Academy, and of J. O. Eaton, New
York. Studied six years from 1872 at the
Munich Academy under Wagner and Piloty,
and painted one year in Venice. Honour-
able mention
in Salon, 1882.
Studio in New
York. Works :
Portraits of
Piloty's Chil-
dren ; Vene-
tian Fish Mar-
ket ; Dowager
(1875) ; Boy
Fe e d i ng a
Cockatoo,
Broken Jug (1877); Ready for a Ride, The
Apprentice (1878) ; Interior of St. Mark's —
Venice, Court Jester, Portrait of Duveneck
(1879) ; do. of Gen. Webb (1880) ; do. of
Peter Cooper (Paris Salon, 1882) ; Interior
of Artist's Studio (1883) ; The Coquette
(1884).— Am. Art Rev. (1881), 91, 135.
CHASSERIAU, THEODORE, born in
Panama, Sept. 20, 1819, died in Paris, Oct.
8, 1856. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Ingres, but later an imitator of Dela-
roche. Medals : 3d class, 1836 ; 2d class,
1844 and 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1849. Works:
Return of Prodigal Son (1836) ; Ruth and
Boaz (1837); Susanna, Venus Anadyomene
(1839); Christ in Garden of Olives (1840);
Andromeda (1841) ; Descent from Cross,
Esther preparing to meet Ahasuerus, Cap-
tive Trojan Women (1842); Caliph of Con-
stantine (1845); Sabbath in Jewish Quarter
of Constantino (1848) ; Arab Horsemen
carrying off their Dead, Desdemona, Moor-
ish Women playing with a Gazelle (1850);
Baptism of the Eunuch, St. Francis Xavier
baptizing the Indians and the Japanese, mu-
ral paintings in a chapel of St. Roch, Paris
(1850); Christ with Martha and Mary (1852);
Woman of Mola (1850); The Tepidarium,
Defense of the Gauls (1855).— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran9aise ; Larousse.
CHASTITY, TRIUMPH OF, Luca Sig-
norelli, National Gallery, London ; fresco,
transferred to canvas, H. 4 f t. x 4 ft. 4 in. ;
signed. In foreground, Cupid on his knees
ate
CHATHAM
bound by maidens, who have taken his
darts and broken his bow ; three male fig-
ures looking on ; in background, two other
groups of maidens, in one of which Cupid
is being captured and in the other led away
with his arms pinioned. — Nat. Gal. Cat. ; !
Richter, 49.
CHATHAM, DEATH OF, John Single-
ton Copley, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. G in. X 10 ft. 1 in. Scene in old
House of Lords, April 7, 1778. Earl of
Chatham fainting in making an effort to re-
CHAUVIN, AUGUST, born at Lioge in
1810. History painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf
Academy under. Schadow ; was for several
years drawing-master to the Prince of Neu-
wied, returned to Diisseldorf in 1841, after-
ward went to Liege as professor at the acad-
emy of which he is now director. Works :
Departure of Tobias ; Prayer of Moses ;
Flight into Egypt (1850); Hagar in the
Desert ; Adoration of the Magi ; Conversion
of Saul ; Banquet of Pepinof Heristal, Lioge
Museum. — Miiller, 102.
Death of Chatham, John Singleton Copley, National Gallery, London.
ply to Duke of Richmond's speech on a mo-
tion respecting an address to the king, inti-
mating the necessity of acknowledging the
independence of the United States. The
Earl was carried home, and died May 11.
The fifty-five heads are all portraits — peers
in state robes. Duke of Richmond promi-
nent figure to right. Painted in 1777-80 ;
presented in 1828 by Earl of Liverpool. Two
studies in monochrome in National Gallery.
Engraved by F. Bartolozzi ; and in small in
Jones's National Gallery. — Cat Nat. Gal.
CHAVET, VICTOR, born at Aix (Bou-
ches-du-Rhone), July 21, 1822. Genre
painter, pupil of P. Revoil and C. Roque-
plan. Medals : 3d class, 1853 ; 2d class,
1855 and 1857 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works :
Singing Lesson (1847) ; Charles VH. and
Agnes Sorel at the Astrologer's, Coming
! out of Bath, Pleasant Idleness (1848); Van
Dyck and his Mistress (1851); Young La-
j dies looking at a Jewel (1852) ; Concert
'(1853); Honeymoon (1855); Playing Domi-
I noes (1857) ; The Amateur (1859), W. T.
277
CHELMINSKI
Walters, Baltimore ; Bag-Piper of the 72d
Highlanders, Woman Asleep (1859), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Jewish Goldsmith at Mous-
taganem (1859); Rest in the Island (186C);
Difficult Answer (1870) ; Corner of Hearth
(1872); Young Nobles of Court of Henri
m. (1873); The Model Resting (1874); Con-
fidence, Imprudent, Illusion (1875); Wash-
erwomen (1877); Reading the Paper (1878);
Woman Reading (1879).
CHELMINSKI, JAN, born at Brzostov,
Poland, Jan. 27, 1851. Genre and land-
scape painter, pupil of the Munich Acad-
emy and of Franz Adam. Studio in Mu- 1
nich. Works : Stag-Hunt in time of Louis
XV. ; Starting for the Chase ; Morning
in the Ukraine ; By a Tavern ; Polish In-
surgents ; Going to Church ; Huntsman
on Horseback ; Thawing in the Ukraine ;
Outposts ; Ordnance and Dragoon ; Stag-
Hunt in 18th Century (1879), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Corso in 18th Century (1883);
Carnival in Poland (1884).— Mailer, 103 ;
N. illustr. Zeitg. (1880); i. 55 ; (1881), i. 58.
CHELSEA PENSIONERS, Sir David
Wilkie, Apsley House, London ; canvas.
Reading the Gazette of the battle of Water-
loo. Chelsea pensioners seated around a
deal table, in front of the Duke of York Inn,
with Chelsea Hospital in the background.
A hussar orderly has just ridden up with a
copy of the Gazette, which one of the old
heroes is reading aloud ; many other fig-
ures grouped around. Painted in 1821 for
the Duke of Wellington, who paid 1200
guineas for it. Sketch in Baring Collection.
Engraved by J. Burnet. — Redgrave, Cen-
tury, ii. 270 ; Heaton, Works of Sir D. W.;
Mollett, Cl ; AVaageu, Art Treasures, ii. 189,
273.
CHENAVARD, PAUL JOSEPH, born
in Lyons, Dec. 9, 1808. History painter,
pupil of Hersent and Ingres ; spent several
years in Italy. The leaders of the February '
Revolution ordered of him a series of large
paintings for the Pantheon, which were not
all finished when the Revolution ended.
Medal, 1st class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1853. '
Works : Sentence of Louis XVI, Mirabeau
replying to Marquis of Dreux-Breze (1829),
Deluge, Death of Zoroaster, Trojan War,
Death of Socrates, Csesar crossing the Rubi-
con, Italian Poetry, Age of Louis XIV., Au-
gustus closing Doors of Temple of Janus,
Attila stopped before Rome, The Beginning
of the Reformation (all exhibited in 1853) ;
Death of Cato and of Brutus, Birth of
Christ, National Convention (1855) ; Divina
Tragedia (1869), Luxembourg Museum. —
Ch. Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 191 ; La-
rousse.
CHERON, LOUIS, born in Paris in 1655,
died in London in 1713. French school ;
history painter and engraver ; studied works
of Raphael and G. Romano in Italy ; re-
turned to Paris in 1688, but being a Calvin-
ist was obliged to leave in 1695, and went
to England, where he was employed in the
decoration of Boughton, Burley, and Chats-
worth. Works : Diana and Nymphs Bath-
ing (engraved by Baron) ; Marriage of
Charles L (engraved by Dupuis). He made
designs for an edition of Paradise Lost,
published in 1720. — Bryan (Graves); Red-
grave.
CHERY, PHILIPPE, born in Paris in
1759, died there in 1838. French school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of Vien ;
left France during Revolution ; returned in
1802, and received prize of 12,000 francs
in the competition of the year XI. (1803) for
his Treaty of Amiens. Works : Annuncia-
tion, Church of Gen erville ; St. Cecilia, Bene-
dictine Convent, Boulogne-sur-Mer ; Death
of Father of Louis XVI. (1817); Thrasybu-
lus reestablishing Democratic Government
at Athens ; Death of Alcibiades ; Birth of
Venus ; Toilet of Venus. — Bryan (Graves).
CHEVALIER, NICHOLAS, born in St.
Petersburg about 1830. Son of a Swiss
father and a Russian mother; became,
when eighteen years old, a student in the
Munich Academy, whence he went in 1851
to London, and in 1852 exhibited two
water-colours at Royal Academy. After
studying two years in Italy, went to Mel-
S7S
CHEVY
bourne, Australia, where he resided from
1859 to 1867. In 1865, 1866, and 1868, he
explored a large part of New Zealand, mak-
ing many sketches, and in 18C9 and 1870
he accompanied the Duke of Edinburgh in
his visit to the South Sea Islands, Japan,
China, India, etc. Since then he has resided
chiefly in England and has executed many
works, several of them by royal commission.
Works : Pilgrims at Tivoli, Buffalo Ranges
(1865) ; Atiamano— Island of Tahiti (1871) ;
Palace of Deeg— Bhurtpore (1872) ; Thanks-
giving Procession to St. Paul's (1873) ; Blind
Musicians of Japan (1874) ; Review in St.
Petersburg (1875) ; Opening of Exhibition of
Vienna in 1873 (1877) ; Eastern Shepherd,
Eastern Puzzle (1878) ; Hinemoa (1879) ;
The Convalescent (1882). —Art Journal
(1879), 121.
CHEVY-CHACE, Sir Edwin Landseer,
Duke of Bedford, Woburu Abbey ; canvas.
Scene from ballad of Chevy-Chace : Earl
Percy of Northumberland hunting on the
property of the Scottish Earl of Douglas.
Royal Academy, 1826. Engraved by C. G.
Lewis. — Art Journal (London, 1876), 116.
CHIALU, VINCENZO, born at Citta di
Custello, Umbria, July 27, 1787, died at
Cortona, Sept. 4, 1840. History painter,
pupil in Rome of Camuccini ; painted there
and in Borgo San Sepolcro, Urbino, Pesaro,
and Venice, many religious pictures and
portraits in the style of his master ; lived in
Rome in 1815-22 ; afterwards in his native
city, Florence, and other Tuscan and Um-
brian cities, until 1825, when he settled at
San Sepolcro, whence in 1835 he moved to
Cortona as director of the school of paint-
ing. Works : Cemetery (1823), Mass (1824), ;
Palazzo Pitti ; Dante in the Abbey of Fonte
Avellana ; Raphael and Fra Bartolommeo in
Convent of San Marco ; Young Raphael
with his Parents (Cartoon). — Fr. Gh. Drago-
manni, Vita e Opere di V. Ch. (Florence,
1841).
CHIARI, GIUSEPPE, born in Rome in
1654, died there in 1727. Umbrian school ;
history painter, pupil of Carlo Maratti ; exe-
cuted many excellent easel pictures and
wall paintings, also frescos in several
churches and palaces in Rome. Works :
Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, San Maria
del Suffragio, Rome ; four subjects from
Ovid, Palazzo Spada, Rome ; portrait of
himself, Uftizi, Florence ; Adoration of the
Magi, Dresden Gallery ; Holy Trinity, Lord
Scarsdale, Kedleston Hall ; three pictures at
Hampton Court ; frescos in Colonua and
Barberiui Palaces and in S. Maria di Monte-
santo, Rome.
CHEERICI, GAETANO, born at Reggio,
Italy, in 1838. Genre painter ; noted for
humourous interior scenes, with children.
Works: The Bath, Mother is El (1872);
Fun and Fright (1874), Corcoran Gallery ;
Charity ; New Mayor of the Village ; Girl
and Kitten ; Saturday Frolic ; Sheriff's Ar-
rest ; First Love ; Old Music Teacher (1873);
Child's Grief ; Bathing the Baby ; Mother
is El (1876); Widow's Dinner (1877).
CHILDE HAROLD'S PILGRIMAGE,
Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. X 8 ft. 2 in.
Italy — ancient and modern. A mountainous
landscape at evening, with a winding river ;
to the right, a broken bridge ; to the left, a
pile of ruins ; in foreground, a solitary
stone-pine, and a party of pleasure seated
on the river bank. Royal Academy, 1832.
Engraved by J. T. Willniore, iu Turner
Gallery.
CHILDREN OF THE SHELL. See
Christ and St. John.
CHILDREN'S FESTIVAL, Ludwig
Knaus, National Gallery, Berlin ; Canvas,
H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Children, in the
costume of the 18th century, feasting at long
tables spread under the trees of an orchard ;
in background, parents with grown children
and a band of music ; in middle-ground,
younger ones, the boys imitating the gal-
lantry of their elders ; in foreground, the
little ones, attended by an older girl.
Painted in 1869. Engraved by Habellmaun.
CHILL OCTOBER, John Everett JWiWaw,
Sir William Armstrong, London. — A bank
879
CIIIMENTI
of willows on the water's brink strikes in j
dark shade against the light of a gray Oc-
tober sky ; in foreground, thickly-set water-
reeds. Mr. Millais's first exhibited land-
scape. Eoyal Academy, 1871. Etched by
Brunei Debaines.— Art Journal (1871), 149 ;
Builder (1871), 380.
CHIMENTI, JACOPO. See Empdi.
CHINTREUIL, ANTOINE, born at Pont-
de-Vaux, Ain, May 5, 1814, died at Sep-
teuil, Seine-et-Oise, Aug. 10, 1873. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Corot ; industrious
and original, especially skilful in treatment
of foreground and of sunlight. His pict-
ures have increased in value since his death.
Medal, 18G7 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works :
Valley of Igny (1852); The Moors, Autumn
Evening (1853) ; The Country in the Morn-
ing (1855) ; After the Rain, Reims Museum ;
Evening, Angers Museum ; Paths bordered
with Apple-Trees, Coming out of the Woods
(1857), Bourg Museum ; The Deer Pond,
Mende Museum ; Ram (1859) ; The Aube
after a Stormy Night, Potato Field, Broom-
Plant in Flower (18G1); Fields in the Early
Dawn, Field of Sainfoin, November (18G3,
rejected by the Salon, but admired by the
critics) ; Sunset with Ruins, Macon Mu-
seum ; Meadow (1864) ; Scotch Mist, St.
Malo Museum ; Vapors of Evening (18G5);
Twilight, Pout-de-Vaux Museum ; Country
during a Hailstorm (1866), Rodez Museum ;
Meadows with Oats, Country in Autumn
(1867); Aurora, Flood (1868); Space, Woods
in Sunlight (1869) ; The Moon, A Beam of
Sunlight on a field of Sainfoin (1870); Apple-
Trees and Broom-Plants ill Blossom, Close
of Day (1872) ; Rain and Sunlight, Low
Tide, The White Road (1873); Thicket
with Deer (1873), Luxembourg Museum. —
Larousse ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 508.
CHIODAROLO, GIOVANNI MARIA,
flourished about 1520. Bolognese school ;
pupil of Francesco Fraucia and rival of
Aspertini, Girolamo da Cotignola, and Inno-
cenzo da Imola. An Adoration of the Child
by him is in the Bologna Gallery. — Ch.
Blanc, ficole bolouaise; Burckhardt, 585, 586.
CHODOVIECKI, DANIEL NICOLAUS,
born in Dantzic, Oct. 16, 1726, died in Ber-
lin, Feb. 7, 1801.
German school ;
portrait painter,
taught drawing
by his father, an
amateur ; later
studied in Berlin
under Haid, a
pupil of Rugen-
das, until 1745,
when he devoted
himself to portrait painting in little. Elected
rector of the Academy in 1764, vice-director
in 1788, and director in 1797. Works:
Calas taking Farewell of his Family (17G6);
Blind Man's Buff, Cock-Throwing (1768),
Berlin Museum ; Rest-
ing Place in the Thier- 1
garten, Leipsic Muse-
um.— Allgem. d. Biog.,
iv. 132 ; Brockhaus, iv. , 330 ; Dohme, lii. ;
Woltmann, Aus vier Jahr hunderten, 147 ;
Pecht, iii. 51 ; Riegel, 49.
CHOULANT, THEODOR, born in Dres-
den, July 18, 1827. Architecture painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Semper ;
visited Italy and Sicily in 1850-51, lived in
Rome in 1858-61 and studied again in Venice
and Florence in 1864 and 1873-74. Saxon
court-painter in 1868. Works : Castle S. An-
gelo, Rome, Dresden Museum ; The Eight
Ancestral Castles of the House of Saxony
(fresco), Royal Palace, ib. ; Vestibule, Court-
theatre, ib. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 202.
CHRIST AND THE ADULTERESS.
See Woman taken in Adultery.
CHRIST WITH ANGELS (Crucifix aux
Auges), Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Angels in the
air and others kneeling on the ground are in
adoration before Christ expiring on the cross.
At foot of cross, the crown of France on a
blue velvet cushion. Painted in 1686 to
illustrate a dream of the queen-mother,
Anne of Austria. Engraved by G. Edelinek,
P. Drevet. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
860
CHRIST
CHRIST, ASCENSION OF. See Axxn-
aion.
CHRIST, BAPTISM OF, Francesco Al-
bani, Bologna Gallery; canvas, H. 13 ft. 5 in.
x 6 ft. 10 in. St. John pouring water on
the head of Christ, who stands in the stream
Baptism of Christ, Francesco Albani, Bologna Gallery.
supported by two angels, while the dove is
descending ; above, in the heavens, the
Eternal, surrounded by angels and cherubs.
Formerly in S. Giorgio, Bologna, whence
removed to gallery in 1823. Engraved by
G.Mitelli; F. Rosaspina. — Pinac. di Bologna,
PL 35.
By Gheerardt David, Bruges Academy;
wood, triptych, centre, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft.
3 in. In centre, Christ, in a hip cloth, stand-
ing up to his knees in Jordan ; to left, St.
John pouring water from the hollow of his
hand upon his head ; to right, an angel, in
a cope of gold brocade, carrying the robe ;
above, God the Father in benediction. On
right wing of triptych, Jean des Trompes
kneels with his son Philip under the protec-
tion of St. John Evangelist ; on the left, his
wife, Elizabeth Van der Meersch, is attended
by her four daughters and St. Elizabeth of
Hungary. Painted in 1507 for Jan des
Tronipes, after whose death placed in S.
Basile, Bruges, whence taken to Paris in
1794 ; restored in 1815.— Kugler (Crowe),
i. 112 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 303 ; Beff-
roi, i. 966 ; ii. 294.
By Francesco Francia, Dresden Gallery ;
wood, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated
1509. Christ, with hands joined, standing
in the water ; St. John, kneeling on bank to
left, with a dish in his right hand and a staff
in his left ; behind, disciples and angels.
Formerly at Modena ; damaged in bombard-
ment of Dresden in 1760. Replica at Hamp-
ton Court, probably acquired by Charles L
with Mantuan collection. — C. & C., N. Italy,
L 573 ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 97.
By Guido Reni, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. Christ, standing
in the water, is baptised by John in the
Jordan. Three angela hold his vestment ;
from above, the Holy Ghost descending in
form of a dove. Engraved by J. Pichler ;
Steinmiiller. — GaL de Vienne, ii. PL 66.
By Murillo, Due de Montpensier, Chateau
de Randau, Puy de Dome, France ; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. The Saviour on
left, standing with hands crossed ; on oppo-
site side of rivulet, St. John standing hold-
ing a reed cross in left and pointing with
right hand to Christ ; above the Saviour an
eagle and an inscription ; above St. John a
winged bull and an inscription. Purchased
from nuns of S. Leandro by Don A. Bravo,
who sold it to Louis Philippe ; Louis Phil-
ippe sale (1853), £660. Lithographed by
Sevestre. — Curtis, 190 ; Univers. Illustre, Jan.
14, 1861.
By Murillo, Seville Cathedral ; canvas,
881
CHRIST
arched, figures life-size. The Saviour, with
only a white drapery about his loins, kneel-
ing on banks of the river, with hands crossed
on breast; St. John, partly clothed in rai-
ment of camel's hair, standing on right, hold-
ing a reed cross and pouring water from a
shell on head of Christ ; above, on left, two
cherubs with garments of Jesus ; above,
centre, the Dove ; background, landscape
and river Jordan. Restored in 1875. — Cur-
tis, 189.
By Rubens, M. Schamp, Ghent ; canvas.
Christ nude, except loins, standing in Jor-
dan, with the Dove descending on his head ;
St. John, standing on bank, pours water on
his head from a shell ; to right, three angels
in air, holding his raiment ; above, three
more angels ; to left, four men, preparing for
baptism, and two women, one of whom holds
a child. Painted in Italy in 1604-6 for S.
Trinita, Mantua.
By Tintoretto, S. Silvestro, Venice ; canvas,
arched at top, H. about 15 ft. x 10 ft. Christ
in the water and St. John on the shore,
without disciples or witnesses ; the Jordan
represented as a mountain brook, receiving
a tributary stream in a cascade from the
rocks. In the arch above is the Father sup-
ported by angels, not by Tintoretto, the up-
per part of the picture being an addition. —
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 358.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. Figures thin and meagre in form,
and slightly painted ; of the nineteen figures
in the distance about a dozen are little more
than sketches. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice,
iii. 336.
By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. x 3 ft. 11 in. Landscape with Bap-
tism of Christ in the Jordan. — Cat. Vienna
Mus.
By Paolo Veronese, Pitti, Florence ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. X 4 ft. 4 in. John Baptist
baptising Christ, who kneels on a rock in
the Jordan ; three angels near by ; above,
the Dove, with light emanating from it.
Engraved by Rosaspiua. — Gal. du Pitti, i.
PI. 14.
By Andrea del Verrocchio, Florence Acad-
emy ; wood, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 8 in. Christ
standing in the stream with clasped hands,
while St. John pours water on his head ; at
left, two angels kneel on the bank, near a
palm tree. Painted for the brethren of
Vallombrosa at S. Salvi. Verrocchio was
aided by his pupil Leonardo da Vinci, who
Baptism of Christ, Andrea del Verrocchio, Florence Academy.
probably painted the charming angel show-
ing his full face. Vasari says that the mas-
ter, seeing himself outdone by the pupil, re-
solved never again to take pencil in hand. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 36(5 ; C. & C., Italy, ii.
407; Gall. Accad. di Firenze, PI. 44;
Jameson, Hist. Our Lord, i. 296.
Subject treated also by Paris Bordone,
Brera, Milan ; Pietro Perugino, Perugia
Gallery ; Pietro Perugino, Vatican, Rome ;
Joachim de Patinir, Vienna Museum ; Ales-
sandro Tiarini, Vienna Museum ; Tintoretto,
Madrid Museum ; Taddeo Gaddi, National
Gallery, London ; Piero della Francesca,
National Gallery, London ; Francesco Al-
bani, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Cornelis
Corneliszen, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Hendrik Goltzius, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Rogier van der Weyden, Berlin Mu-
CHRIST
seuru ; Pietro Perugino, Vienna Museum ;
Juan Fernandez Navarrete, Madrid Museum ;
Lorenzo di Credi, Uffizi, Florence ; Vincen-
zo Civercbio, Louvre ; Vincenzo Carducbo,
Madrid Museum.
CHRIST, BETRAYAL OF. See Judas,
Kiss of.
CHRIST, BIRTH OF. See Nativity.
CHRIST AND THE BLIND. See Jeri-
cho, Blind men of.
CHRIST ON CALVARY, Mihail Mun-
kacsy, Paris ; canvas, H. 19 ft. x 25 ft The
three crosses in foreground, at right, against
a sky black with clouds and illuminated
with lightnings, the city being just discern-
ible on the horizon ; Christ, pale and lean-
ing forward, has just expired ; the Virgin,
Mary Magdalen, and John are kneeling at
the foot of the cross, beside which the Cen-
turion has dropped in terror ; all the re-
mainder of the canvas filled with the terror-
stricken-crowd — Jewish men and women,
the executioners with their implements, rab-
bis discussing the event, Roman cavalry, and
in front Judas — all hastening down the hill.
Painted in 1883-84.
CHRIST ON WAY TO CALVARY. See ;
Calvary, Procession to.
CHRIST AND THE CENTURION (Mat-
thew, viii. 5), Paolo Veronese, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 9 f t 6 in.
The centurion kneeling between two soldiers
on the marble pavement of a spacious edi-
fice, before Christ, who is accompanied by '
two apostles and others ; background, a
splendid building of Renaissance architect-
ure. Placed by Philip IV. in the Escorial,
whence brought to the Museum. A smaller j
canvas, same subject, in the Museum, from
Collection of Charles H. — Cat. Museo del
Prado.
CHRIST AND THE CHILDREN, Lucas
Cranach, the elder, Baring Collection, Lon-
don. The mothers and the children are in '
quaint, old German costumea Other treat-
ments of the subject, which Cranach painted
several times, are in the Stadtkirche, Naum- '
burg, and the Pauliuerkirche, Leipsie.
By Johann Friedrich Ooerlx-ck, Meyer
Collection, Hamburg. Christ standing in a
landscape, with both hands raised, is bless-
ing the children who are gathered, some
kneeling, some standing, around him ; at
sides, the mothers, and in background, dis-
ciples.
Subject treated also by Rembrandt (at-
tributed), National Gallery, London ; Jan
de Bray, Haarlem Museum ; Sebastien Bour-
don, Louvre.
CHRIST, CmCUMCISION OF. See
! Circumcision.
CHRIST AT THE COLUMN. See Fla-
gellation.
CHRIST BEARING THE CROSS, Paolo
Moratulo, Verona Gallery. Christ, with a rope
around his body and led by an executioner,
is bearing the cross on his right shoulder,
aided by Simon of Gyrene, who is holding
up the lower end ; background, a rocky
landscape. — Jameson, Hist. Our Lord, ii.
114.
By llaphael. See Spaximo di Sicilia.
By Titian, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; can-
'vas. Four figures: Christ, bending under
the cross, is dragged by an executioner with
a cord, while two persons, one at each side,
look on. Painted before 1517 ; worshipped
for the miracles it was supposed to perform,
and attracted such offerings that the breth-
ren of S. Rocco were enabled to rebuild
their house from the fortune it brought
them. Vasari ascribes it both to Titian and
to Giorgione. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 97 ; vii.
437 ; Sansovino, Ven. desc., 288 ; C. & C.,
Titian, i. 60.
Subject treated also by Albrecht Dftrer,
Bergamo Gallery, Dresden Gallery ; Pie-
ter Brueghel, the elder, Uffizi, Florence ;
Polidoro da Caravaggio, Naples Museum ;
Garofolo, Palazzo Corsini, Rome, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Pieter Brueghel, the young-
er, Antwerp Museum ; Titian, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Paris ; Luis
Morales, Louvre ; Eustache Le Sueur, Lou-
vre ; Lodovico Carracci, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Andrea da Solario, Palazzo Borg-
asa
CHRIST
hese, Rome ; Sebastian del Piombo, Dresden
Gallery, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Titiau,
Madrid Museum ; Gaudenzio Ferrari, Can-
obbio.
CHRIST ON THE CROSS, Leon Bonnat,
Palais de Justice, Paris ; Canvas. A tri-
umph of naturalistic art. Painted, it is said,
from a dead body fastened upon an actual
cross in an inner court of the Ecole de
medecine. The sufferer, in the midst of the
most horrible pain, seems to strain in a last
effort ; his muscles contract, his veins swell,
and the light which brings all into pitiless
relief, clearly defines each swollen lirnb. It
is not the Son of God, suffering but re-
signed ;, it is a vulgar man, who has lived a
common life, and whose body undergoes
tortures in which the soul does not share.
Salon, 1874— Claretie (1884), 140.
By Albrecht Diirer, Dresden Museum ;
wood, H. 8£ x 6£ in. ; dated, 1506. Christ,
with eyes upraised and mouth open, about to
give up the ghost ; the crown of thorns is
upon his head, and about the loins is a cloth
with flowing ends ; background, a landscape
with a black sky. "Rivals the creations of
L. da Vinci." Formerly in Collection of
Rudolph II.; bought from Boehm Collec-
tion, Vienna, in 1865. Engraved by Theo.
Langer (1868).— Gal. Roy. de Dresde, iii.
PI. 47 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 177 ; Titian,
i. 117 ; Thausing, i. 356.
Anton van Dyck, Antwerp Museum ; can-
vas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 8 in. Christ ex-
piring on the cross ; on the left St. Domi-
nick, on the right, St. Catherine of Siena ;
above, two angels, and a third seated at foot
of cross. Painted in 1629 and presented by
Van Dyck to Ch. of Dominicans, Antwerp,
in memory of his father, who died in that
city, Dec. 1, 1622 ; sold on suppression of
convents (1785) for 6,000 florins ; carried to
Paris, and restored in 1815. Engraved by
Bolswert. — Head, 17.
By Anton van Dyck, Antwerp Museum ;
wood, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. The Saviour ex-
piring on the cross ; in distance, Jerusalem
seen faintly. Engraved by Lourie ; Burdet
(1864) ; Vermeiren (1875) ; E. Corr (1875) ;
E. Pfeiffer ; L. Lelli. Copy in S. Jacques,
Antwerp. — Smith, iii. 8.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. The Saviour
on the cross, alone ; the heavens marked by
the effects of a preternatural eclipse. — Smith,
iii. 21.
By Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ; can-
vas, "H. 4 ft. 2 in. x3 ft. 2 in. The Saviour
expiring on the crosa A solemn and im-
pressive work. — Smith, iii. 27.
By Guido Reni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas,
H. 11 ft 4 in. x 7 ft. 4 in. Christ expiring
on the cross, the foot of which Mary Magda-
len, kneeling, embraces ; at left, the Virgin
in a blue mantle stands looking upward ;
at right, St. John Evangelist ; same position.
Painted for the church of the Capuchins,
near Bologna. One of Guide's best pictures.
Engraved by Giovannini. Pinac. di Bologna,
PI. 60 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolonaise. — Lavice,
13 ; Felsina Pittrice, ii. 22.
By Guido Reni, Modena Gallery ; Christ
on the cross alone, with drapery agitated by
the storm, indicated by the dark sky. — Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 580.
By Pietro Perugino, Convent of S. M. Mag-
dalena de' Pazzi, Florence ; fresco. Near the
cross, the Madonna and the Magdalen ; at
sides, SS. Bernard, John, and Benedict, un-
der three round arches. One of the master's
very finest works and in excellent preserva-
tion.—Burckhardt, 570 ; Rio, ii. 247.
By Rubens, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. Christ just expiring;
Jerusalem faintly seen through the gloom.
Presented by Cornelius de Winter to Ch.
of the Recollects, Antwerp. Several repeti-
tions. Engraved by Snyers ; Bolswert. —
Similar subject in Munich Gallery ; en-
graved by Bolswert. — Smith, ii. 25, 69.
By Tintoretto, Turin Gallery ; canvas, H.
4 ft x 5 ft. 10 in. Christ, seen to hips, on
the cross, with the Dove and the Father
above his head, and many angels around.
Engraved by Ferreri. — GalL di Torino, iii.
PI. 117.
284
I. 4 F: . , x -•; ft. -2 in. The t
the tlark sky. — Kny-
I'oiivout of &
ui.
CHRIST
By Velasquez, Madrid Miiseum ; canvas,
H. 8 ft x 5 ft 6 in. The Saviour fastened
to the cross, bis head falling towards his
right shoulder, and the hair falling so as to
cover half the face ; trilingual inscription
above ; dark background. Painted in 1638
for Convent of H. Placido ; came into pos-
session of Countess of Chinchon, who sent
it to Paris for sale in 182G ; on her death
fell to Duke of S. Fernando, who presented
it in 1829 to Ferdinand VII Old copy in
Capuchin church, Madrid ; modern one by
Pairon in Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. En-
graved by Murguia ; J. A. 8. Carmona ; J.
Ballester ; Allegre y Gorriz, and others. —
Mndrazo, 593 ; Quilliet ; Curtis, 7; Jameson,
Hist. Our Lord, ii. 205.
CHRIST, DEAD, Anuibale Carracri,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 11 in.
The body of Christ on a winding-sheet, the
head on the Virgin's knees ; near her is the
Magdalen, leaning against sepulchre; at left,
St. Francis, kneeling, with hands crossed,
looking upon the body, over which two boy
angels are weeping. Painted for S. Frances-
co a Ripa, Rome ; one of Annibale's last
works. Extremely well composed. Engraved
by Godefroi ; Aquila. — Villot, Louvre ; Mu-
s6e t'nuirais. i. ; Filhol, iii. PI. 181; Landon,
Musee, xi. PI. 28.
CHRIST AND DISCIPLES' FEET, Gi-
otto, S. M. dell' Arena, Padua ; fresco on
wall. Christ, on one knee, with a vase of
water before him, is about to lave one of
Peter's feet, which he holds in his left hand ;
behind him, St. John and another disciple,
standing, the former carrying a water pitcher;
the other disciples sitting, Judas, at left, tying
his sandal. — Jameson, Hist. Our Lord, ii. 15.
By Tintoretto, S. Moise, Venice. Christ
washing the feet of Peter, at the top of a
circle of steps, on which the other apostles
kneel. Much faded and injured. — Ruskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 315 ; Zanotto, 167.
CHRIST AMONG THE DOCTORS, Mi-
chelangelo da Caravaggio, Uffizi, Florence.
Half-length figures. Engraved by Dennel ;
T. Verkruys. — Wicar.
By Albrecht Dilrer, Palazzo Barberini,
Rome ; dated 1506. Seven figures, life size,
half length. Christ, surrounded by six doc-
j tors, engaged in discussion. Especially
noticeable for the contrast in the faces and
the varied play of the hands, which seem
almost to speak. Study for head of Christ
in Albertiua Collection, Vienna ; and for
hands in Hausmann Collection, Brunswick.
This picture was painted in five days. Thaus-
ing, i. 349 ; Ephrussi, 118.
By Holman Hunt. See Saviour in the
Temple.
By SfMt/nuletto, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. Half-length fig-
urea Christ, with left hand on the arm of
a seat, from which he has just risen, is rais-
ing his right hand as if speaking ; the doc-
tors, puzzled at his words, are consulting
their books. — Jameson, Hist. Our Lord, i.
279 ; Rosiui, vi. 158.
By Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 7 f t. 9 in. x 14 ft Christ disputing
with the doctors in a sumptuous temple of
Renaissance architecture ; in background,
the Virgin and Joseph, with many specta-
tors. Collection of Charles II. — Cat. Museo
j del Prado.
By school of Leonardo da Vinci, National
Gallery, London ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft
Christ among the Doctors, School of Leonardo da Vinci,
National Gallery, London.
10 in. Christ surrounded by four doctors,
half lengths. From collection of Mr. Hoi-
well Carr ; previously in Aldobrandiui Gal-
CHRIST
lery, Rome, where it was attributed to Leo-
nardo da Vinci. Probably by Bernardino
Luini. — Waageu, Treasures, i. 319.
Subject treated also by Giovacchino As-
sereto, Liverpool Gallery; Bernardino Luini,
National Gallery, London, Church at Saron-
no (fresco) ; Lodovico Mazzolino, Palazzo
Christ and Evangelists, Fra Bartolommeo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
Borghese, Rome, Berlin Museum ; Leonard
Bramer, Brunswick Gallery; Charles Adolphe [
Bonnegrace, Toulon Museum ; Pinturicchio,
S. M. Maggiore (fresco), Spello ; Rembrandt,
Munich Gallery ; Gaudenzio Ferrari, S. M.
delle Grazie, Milan ; Ernest Zimmerman,
(1879).
CHRIST AND THE ELEMENTS, Carlo !
Dohi, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
11 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. Christ, half length, bless-
ing the bread and wine. From Casa Rurnieri,
Venice. Copy in Louvre by Agnese Dolci.
Engraved by F. Basan. — Gal. Roy. de
Dresde, i. PI. 41.
CHRIST AT EMMAUS. See Supper at
Emmaus.
CHRIST, ENTOMB-
MENT OF. See Entomb-
ment.
CHRIST, ENTRY INTO
JERUSALEM OF, Johann
Friedrich Overbeck, Ma-
rieii Kirche, Lubeck ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. x 8 ft; signed,
dated 1824 Christ, riding
an ass, with his right hand
raised in benediction, is
passing through the gates
attended by a numerous
concourse of people — men,
women, and children —
bearing palms and sing-
ing ; in foreground a man
spreads his garment before
the ass. Begun in Vienna
in 1809, finished in Rome
in 1824.— Atkinson, 16.
Subject treated also by
Giotto, Arena, Padua ;
Vassilacchi, Church of Be-
nedictines, Perugia ; Giov.
Ant. Fassolo, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Pasignano, Pal. Cap-
poni, Florence ; Sebastian
del Piombo ; Nicolas Pous-
sin ; Charles Lebrun,
Louvre ; Charles Miiller
(Salon, 1844) ; Edouard
Dubufe, (Salon, 1845); J. F. Bremond,
Church of La Villette, Paris ; Hippolyte
Flandrin, St. Germain des Pres, Paris.
CHRIST AND EVANGELISTS, Fra Bar-
tolommeo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
tranferred to canvas, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 6
in.; signed, dated 1516. The Saviour, partly
draped, standing on a pedestal in front of a
niche, holds the sceptre in his left hand
CHRIST
while his right is raised in benediction ; on
sides, SS. Mark and John, SS. Matthew and
Luke. Below, two little angels seated on
step holding symbol of the earth. The
Prophets Jacob and Isaiah, now in the Trib-
une of the Uffizi, were painted on the wings
of this altarpiece. Painted for Salvadore
Billi, who placed it in SS. Aununziata de'
Servi ; bought by Carlo de' Medici in 1G18
for his private chapel, a copy by Jacopo da
Enipoli being placed in the church hi its
stead ; on the death of the Cardinal (1663)
removed to Palazzo Pitti ; carried to Paris
in 1799 ; returned in 1814. Engraved by
G. B. Gatti.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 190 ; C. &
C., Italy, iii. 466 ; Marchese, ii. 123, 145 ;
Landou, Musee, 2d Col., i. PI. 1 ; Gal. du
Pal. Pitti, i. PL 31; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floreu-
tine.
CHRIST, FLAGELLATION OF. See
Flaijellation.
CHRIST AFTER FLAGELLATION,
Velasquez, Sir John Savile Lumley, H. B. M.
Minister at Brussels ; three figures, full
length, life size. Christ seated on ground
with wrists attached by a long cord to a
column on left ; a ray of light proceeds from
his head to the heart of a child who, attend-
ed by an angel kneels behind him ; instru-
ments of the Passion on the ground. Pur-
chased in Madrid, carried to England about
I860.— Curtis, 7.
CHRIST IN THE GARDEN, Marco Ba-
saili, Venice Academy ; wood, H. 7 ft. 3 in.
x 2 ft.; signed, dated 1510. Christ, kneeling
on a hillock, at the foot of which the apostles
are sleeping, receives the chalice from an
angel ; foreground, a portico, at the sides of
which stand SS. Louis, Francis, Mark, and
Dominic. Painted for S. Giobbe, Venice.
A very noble picture. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
263.
By C'oi-reggio, Apsley House, England ;
wood, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Jesus kneel-
ing in the foreground, with an angel hover-
ing over him ; the sleeping disciples and
Judas with soldiers in background. Painted
probably about 1525 ; formerly in Royal
Palace, Madrid ; taken from carriage of Jo-
seph Bonaparte at battle of Vittoria ; restored
by Duke of Wellington to Ferdinand VH,
who sent it back to him as a present. Copies
in National Gallery, London ; Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Madrid Museum ; and hi Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. Engraved by Volpato, Cur-
tius and others. Waagen considers this the
most beautiful known representation of the
subject. — Meyer, Correggio, 333,486; Kdnst.
Lex., i. 436 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 275 ;
Landon, CEuvres, viii. PI. 12 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 505.
By Carlo Dolci, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Christ kneel-
ing, with arms folded and head inclined ;
above, an angel, with cross and chalice.
Painted for Francesco Quaratesi, Florence,
from whose heirs passed to Pitti ; carried to
Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815. Engraved
by I. Bonajuti, J. Felsing. — Gal. du Pal.
Pitti, i. PL 33 ; Landon, Musee, x. PI. 11.
By Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H.
5 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Christ praying on
a hillock in the garden of Gethsemnne, with
the three apostles sleeping at the foot ; in
background, Judas coming with soldiers.
Painted for the church of the suppressed
convent of S. Silvestro, Ferrara. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., vi. 465 ; Cat. Ferrara Gal.
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; copper, H. 1 ft.
10 in. x 1 ft. 5 in. Christ kneeling in prayer
on a rock, while an angel, holding a cross
and borne on a cloud, presents him the chal-
I ice ; above, other angels with instruments
of the Passion ; in background, to right, the
apostles asleep ; in distance, Judas guiding
! the soldiers. Belonged to Cardinal Mazarin;
' after his death given by Due de Mazarin to
i the Duchesse de Chevreuse, from whom
bought by Louis XTV. in 10G8. Engraved
by Falck. — Landon, Musee, xii. PI. 22.
By Andrea Mantegna, Baring Collection,
London ; signed. Christ kneeling before
five angels bringing him the symbols of the
j Passion ; apostles asleep in foreground ; hi
I middlegrouud, Judas and Roman soldiers
\ following him ; background, a rocky laud-
887
CHRIST
scape with a city. Painted about 1549.
Formerly in Fesch and Comngham galleries.
— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 382 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 178.
By Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Hamburg
Hospital ; canvas, H. 11 ft. x 7 ft. The Savi-
our kneeling, his head bowed in anguish,
his hands raised in ecstasy; below, the three
disciples lying asleep ; above, in a glory amid
clouds, an angel bearing the cross. — Atkin-
son, 63.
By Pietro Perugino, Florence Academy ;
wood, H. 4 ft. x 4 ft. 3 in. Christ kneeling
in prayer while an angel brings the cup ; the
three apostles asleep in foreground, and Ju-
das bringing the soldiers in background.
Painted in 1495 for the convent of the Ge-
suiti, Florence, as a companion to the Field
of Florence Academy. Engraved by Chios-
sone. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 573 ; C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 199 ; Gall, dell' Accad. di Firenze,
PI. 52.
By Raphael, Stanstead House, Sussex,
Eng.; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 3 in. Christ
kneels upon a hillock, against which lean
the three sleeping disciples ; above, at left,
an angel descending with the cup ; in dis-
tance, at right, Judas with six soldiers ; back-
ground, a landscape with hills and a town.
Painted for Duke Guidobaldo of Urbino
about 1504. Formerly in Palazzo Gabrielli,
Home, whence stolen in 1820, and sold for
40 scudi ; but recovered and sold to the
Woodburns for 4000 scudi ; bought from
Coningham Collection by Mr. Maitland of
Stanstead House for £787. Engraved by
L. Grtiner for German edition of Passavant,
PI. x.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 323 ; Passavant,
ii. 20 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 4.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. The most hastily painted of all the
S. Eocco pictures. Christ represented
sleeping, the angel with the cup appearing
to him as a dream ; James and John also
asleep, and Peter wakening and turning his
head toward Judas approaching with the
troop.— Euskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 337.
By Titian, Escorial, Spain ; canvas, fig-
ures half life-size. Christ, kneeling, looks to
the left, where an angel is descending,
while Peter and the sons of Zebedee sleep
on the grass. Painted in 1562 for Philip
H of Spain ; placed in the Sala Prioral of
the Escorial, where it became nearly ruined
from neglect. Imitation of similar picture
by Correggio, now at Apsley House, Eng-
land.—C. & C., Titian, ii. 320.
Subject treated also by Giotto, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Gentile da Fabriano, Cluuy Museum ;
Garofalo, National Gallery, London ; Brusa-
sorci, Louvre ; Schidone, Lyons Museum ;
Daniele Crespi, Berlin Museum ; Annibale
Carracci, Madrid Museum ; Anton van Dyck,
ib. ; Chimenti da Empoli, ib. ; Juan de Juanes,
ib. ; Fr. Trevisani, Dresden Gallery ; Lan-
franco, Munich Gallery ; Leandro Bassano,
Venice Academy ; Jacopo Bassano, ib. ; Mu-
rillo, Louvre ; Memling, Liibeck Cathedral ;
Wohlgemuth, Munich Gallery ; Lucas Cra-
nach, Berlin Museum, Vienna Museum; Adri-
an van der Werf, Munich Gallery ; Hans
Burgkmair, Augsburg Gallery ; Eugene De-
lacroix (Salon, 1827) ; Ary Scheffer (Salon,
1839); Theodore Chasseriau (Salon, 1844);
M. de Eudder (Salon, 1863).
CHEIST IN GLORY, AND SAINTS,
Domenico Ghirlandajo, Palazzo Pubblico,
Volterra. Christ, in a glory of angels, gives
a blessing from the heavens ; below, SS.
Romualdo and Benedict stand looking up-
ward, and SS. Attinia and Greciniana kneel
in ecstasy ; in right corner, a Camaldolen-
sian monk at prayer. Painted about 1486
by order of Lorenzo de' Medici for the
Badia or Abbey of S. Giusto, Volterra. In-
jured by restoring in oil. Engraved (1583)
by Diana Ghisi. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 273 ;
1 C. & C., Italy, ii. 487.
CHEIST THE GOOD SHEPHERD,
Murillo, Baron Rothschild, Gunnersbury,
near London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 6
in. The Saviour, about six years old, wear-
ing a sheepskin garment, standing, with a
crook in his hand, looking up ; on his right,
a sheep lying down ; on his left, two
sheep standing, his hand on the head of
CHRIST
one ; background, landscape. Painted about
1665-70 ; sold, with its companion St. John
and the Lamb (National Gallery, London),
at Comte de la Guiche sale (1771), 12,999
livres ; Marquis de Presle sale (1779); Ro-
bit sale (1801), to Sir Simon Clarke, £4,200 ;
Sir Simon Clarke sale (1840), the St. John
was bought for £2,100 by Lord Ashburton,
who gave it to the National Gallery, the
Good Shepherd for £3,045 by Baron Roths-
child. Engraved by Cooper, Mile. Duclos,
J. Heath, J. C. Armytage, C. Virten, It
Graves, and others. Repetition : Earl of
Wemyss, Gosford Hall,
East Lothian, Perthshire.
Copy by Grimoux, Duch-
ess of Bridgewater (?). —
Curtis, 185.
By Murillo, Comte Hen-
ri de Greffuhle, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft 11 in. x 1 ft
4 in. The Saviour, a crook
in his left hand, walking
front, resting his hand on
the head of one of two
sheep on his right ; on his
left, another sheep run-
ning ; background, land-
scape. Presented by
Queen Isabella to M. Gui-
zot for bringing about the
marriage of her sister to
H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft 3 in. Christ, on tho
steps of the house of Jairus, has his robe
touched by a woman, who, when he turns
toward her, falls on her knees ; she is sup-
ported by two women ; behind them are
several sick and lame persons, and behind
Christ are several disciples. — GoL de Vi-
enne, i. PI. 44.
CHRIST IN HOUSE OF HIS PAR-
ENTS, John Everett Miltaix, Frederick
Arthur Beer, London ; canvas. Sometimes
called the Carpenter's Shop ; represents
Joseph in his shop working with another
Christ in House of Jairus, Paolo Veronese, Vienna Muteu
the Due de Montpensier ; sold in 1874 for
120,000 fr.— Curtis, 186.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
4 ft x 3 ft. 3 in. The Saviour, about seven
years old, wearing a red tunic and a sheep-
skin garment, with ci-ook in hand, seated,
his left hand on the back of a lamb ; be-
hind him, a rock, a broken cornice, and a
fluted column. From Isabel Faniese Col-
lection. Repetition : Don Manuel Lopez
Cepero, Seville. Etched by Waltner ; litho-
graphed by J. Abrial, A. Lemoine, Lafosse.
—Curtis, 186; Gaz. des B. Arts, Feb.,
1875. Madrozo, 473.
CHRIST IN HOUSE OF JAIRUS,
Paolo Veronese, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
half-clad carpenter ; in foreground, Jesus
shows to his mother, who kneels to kiss
him, a wound in his hand, made by a nail
which Elizabeth, who stands in background,
reaches forward to pull out with a pair of
pincers ; at right, the infant John, with
water in a bowl ; in background, left, sheep
look in at open door. Painted in 1849 ; ex-
hibited at Royal Academy, 1850, \inder fol-
lowing title: "And one shall say unto him,
What are these wounds in thine hands?
Then he shall answer, Those with which I
was wounded in the house of my friends."
(Zech. xiii. 6.) Engraved by Thos. Brown,
in Art Journal — Art Journal (1850), 175 ;
(1883), 92.
CHRIST
CHRIST, INFANT, Murillo, Matthias
H. Arnot, Elmira, N. Y. ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 1
in. x 1 ft 8 in. Infant Christ, sleeping,
holding a crook, with a skull and a scroll ;
in background, angels guarding sheep.
Duke of Hamilton sale (1882), £2,415. In-
correctly called St. John Baptist by Waagen.
— Waagen, Treasures, iii. 301 ; Curtis, 248.
CHEIST GIVING KEYS TO PETER,
Guido Hem, Louvre ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 3 in.
X 10 ft. 2 in. At left, surrounded by Apos-
tles, Christ gives keys of Church to the
kneeling Peter. In Guide's second manner.
From Musee Napoleon. — Landon, Vies,
xxii. PI. 10.
CHRIST AND THE MAGDALEN. See
Noli me tangere.
CHRIST AND THE MAGDALEN, Rem-
brandt, Buckingham Palace ; wood, H. 2
ft. X 1 ft. 8 in.; signed, dated 1638. Christ,
as a gardener, in a white robe and straw
hat, with a spade in his hand, is worshipped
by Mary Magdalen, at dawn of morning ;
in background, the entrance to the sepul-
chre, in which two angels are seen ; in dis-
tance, two disciples approaching. Pur-
chased (1736) by Elector of Hesse Cassel of
Mad. de Reuver ; taken in 1806 to Malmai-
son ; at M. sale (1816) taken to England,
where bought by George IV. — Waagen, Art
Treasures, ii. 5 ; Smith, vii. 44.
Subject treated also by Lorenzo di Credi,
Uffizi, Florence ; Agnolo Bronziuo, Louvre ;
Fr. Albani, ib. ; Simone Cantarini, Munich
Gallery ; Onorio Marinari, S. M. Maggiore,
Florence ; Lavinia Fontana, Uffizi, ib. ; Giro
Ferri, Vienna Museum ; Fr. Bassano, Dres-
den Gallery ; Aug. Brauu, ib. ; Jan van Ma-
buse, Brussels Museum ; Mariotto Alberti-
nelli, Louvre ; Eustace Lesueur, ib.
CHRIST AND THE MARYS, Andrea
Mantegna, Brera, Milan ; wood, tempera, H.
2 ft. 2 in. X 2 ft. 8 in. The dead Christ be-
wailed by the Marys. Painted before 1474.
Long in Palazzo Gonzaga, Mantua, whence
carried off in 1630 by Bishop of Mantua ; in
Cardinal Mazarin's palace in Rome in 1696 ;
bought, beginning of this century, by Giu-
seppe Bossi and taken to Milan. It is in
Mantegna's grandest style. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 394
CHRIST AND THE MONEY CHAN-
GERS, Jakob JordaenK, Louvre, Paris; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 14 ft. 4 in. At right, Christ
armed with a scourge ; in centre, a confused
group, among which are an ass, a dog bark-
ing, a sheep, a young man with his bench
overturned, and a woman suckling her
child ; at left, a negro holding an ass and
an old woman putting birds into a cage ;
in background, publicans and other figures.
— Villot, Cat. Louvre.
Subject treated also by Francesco Bassa-
no, Dresden Museum ; Jacopo Bassano,
National Gallery, London, Madrid Museum ;
Peter Bassin, St. Petersburg Academy.
CHRIST HEALING THE PARALYTIC,
or Christ at Pool of Bethesda, Anton van
Christ Healing the Paralytic, Murillo, Orwell Park.
Dyck, Buckingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
10 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Five figures, life-size,
seen to knees. The paralytic, restored, is
bending in adoration before Christ, in cen-
tre of the group ; on his left, John ; on his
right, two other disciples. Long attributed
to Rubens, and sold as his work for 3,700
florins at Brussels in 1758 ; Verhulst sale
(1779), under Van Dyck's name, 4,777 fl.:
Panvels sale (1803), 11,666 fl.; Van Alpen
sale (1810), 19,200 fl.; La Fontaine sale
290
CHRIST
(1811), .£3,300. Copy in Munich Gallery.
Engraved by P. tie Jode ; C. de Mechel. —
Smith, iii. 21, 70 ; Guiffrey; Gal. de Dtlssel-
dorf.
By MuriUo, Geo. Tomline, Orwell Park,
Suffolk ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 8 in. X 8 ft. 5 in. !
Christ, standing in centre, with three dis-
ciples on his right, puts forth his hand to
raise the paralytic, who, stretched on the
ground, with a crutch, a jar, and a dish be-
side him, implores his aid ; on right, a dog
approaches the pool ; in middle distance, J
many figures grouped in porch of a temple ; !
above, the angel ascending. Companion to
Prodigal Son's Return, Stafford House.
Painted in 1670-74 for Hospital of La Car-
idad ; carried off by Marshal Soult ; sold to
Mr. Toinliiie (1846), 160,000fr. Engraved
by T. Vernon. Considered by Waagen to
be the " finest Murillo in England." — Cur- ]
tis, 192 ; C. Bermudez, Carta, 74 ; Stirling,
ii. 852 ; Waagen, iii. 440.
CHKIST SHOWN TO THE PEOPLE, j
See Ecce Homo.
CHRIST AND THE PHARISEES. See !
Tribute Money.
CHRIST BEFORE PILATE, Gerard
Honthorst, Stafford House, London. Christ !
with hands bound, standing at right in an j
interior, is interrogated by Pilate, who is
seated behind a table, on which are books,
an inkstand, and a candle, the light of which
illumines the faces of both ; in background,
right, several soldiers ; left, two attendants.
Painted at Rome for Prince Giustiniani.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise.
By Mihail Munkacsy, Paris. Christ stand-
ing before Pilate, who is seated at right upon
a dais, in a vaulted chamber, into which the
rabble are pressing with threatening cries
and gestures ; a Roman soldier is keeping
them back from the Saviour with his spear ;
near Pilate, who appears much perplexed,
are several Rabbis. Engraved by A. Mon-
gin. Etched (1883) by C. Waltner.— Acad.,
May 6, 1882, 328 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881),
xsiv. 139.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. A very interesting picture, best
seen on a dark day, when the white figure of
Christ looks almost like a spirit ; the Pilate
is very mean, perhaps intentionally, and the
passionate action of the scribe in lifting his
hand to dip the pen into the ink-horn is af-
fected and overstrained. — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 352.
Subject treated also by Michael Wohlge-
nuith, Liverpool Gallery ; Benedetto Cagli-
ari, Venice Academy ; Luigi Benfatto, S.
Luca, Venice.
CHRIST AT POOL OF BETHESDA.—
See Christ Healing the Paralytic.
CHRIST, RESURRECTION OF. See
Resurrection.
CHRIST AND ST. JOHN, Murillo, Ma-
drid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft.
The Infant Jesus, standing on left, gives
water in a shell to St. John, who kneels,
holding a cross in his left hand ; on left, a
lamb lying ; above, three cherubs ; back-
ground, landscape. From Isabel Farnese
Collection. Engraved by Ledoux ; litho-
graphed by V. Camaron, Lafosse, Mile. As-
selinau. Sometimes called Los Minos de la
Concha (Children of the Shell). — Dohme ;
Curtis, 188 ; Madrazo, 473.
CHRIST WITH SAINTS, Tintoretto, S.
M. Zobenigo, Venice ; canvas, H. about 10
ft x 8 ft. Christ descending from clouds
between SS. Justina and Augustine, who
are kneeling on the sea-shore. Displays
little power except in general harmony of
colours. — Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii. 362 ;
Zanotto, 174
CHRIST AND SAMARITAN WOMAN,
Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in.
x 2 ft. 8 in. The woman of Samaria, stand-
ing at right, with a vase or pitcher in her
hand, listens to Christ, who sits leaning on
the curbstone of the well ; in distance, city
of Samaria. Collection of Louis XIV. En-
graved by L. Fabri. — Musle Royal, i. ; Fil-
hol, i. PL 3 ; Landon, Musee, iii. PL 16 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise.
Subject treated also by Annibale Carracci,
Brera, Milan ; Guido lieui, Louvre ; Lorenzo
CHRIST
Lippi, Vienna Museum ; Biliverti, ib. ; Paolo
Veronese, ib.; Annibale Carracci, ib. ; Phi-
lippe de Champagne, Caen Museum ; also by
Bonifazio, Noel Coypel, Gaspard cle Grayer,
Garofalo, G. Gimiguani, Ulrich Mayer, Nic-
olas Poussin, Bernardo Strozzi, Federigo
Zucchero, Alphonse Periu (Salon, 1827),
Charles Chasselat (Salon, 1838), Jules Jolli-
vet (Salon, 1839), J. Bellel (Salon, 1841),
Auguste Leloir (Salon, 1844), C. de Baltha-
sar (Exposition Universelle, 1855),W. Cooper
(Exposition Universelle, 1855), Theodore
Maillot (Salon, 1863).
he healed them." (Matt. xxi. 14.) Christ
standing, with his disciples and many Jews
behind him ; in foreground, the sick being
brought in to be cured. Painted for the
Friends' Hospital in Philadelphia, but sold
for 3,000 guineas to the Directors of the
British Institute, who presented it (1826) to
the National Gallery. West sent a copy to
Philadelphia. Engraved by C. Heath ; in
small by T. Phillibrown for Jones's National
Gallery.— Cat. Nat Gal.
CHEIST IN THE TEMPLE. See Christ
among the Doctors.
Christ Healing the Sick, Benjamin West, National Gallery, London.
CHEIST, SEPAEATION OF, Paolo Vero-
nese, Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2 ft.
2 in. Christ taking leave of his mother before
the Passion, in the presence of the Magdalene
and Martha. The wife of Zebedee stands at
top of the steps leading into the palace, in
front of which the Virgin sits. Engraved by
Lasinio.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PI. 26.
CHRIST HEALING THE SICK, Benja-
min West, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 9 ft. x!4 ft. "And the blind and
the lame came to Mm in the temple, and
CHBIST CLEARING THE TEMPLE.
See Christ and the Money Changers.
CHRIST, TEMPTATION OF, Tintoretto,
Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. Christ
and Satan on the mountain. The picture
owes great part of its effect to the lustre of
the jewels in the armlet of the latter, and
to the beautiful colours of his wings. — Rus-
kin, Stones of Venice, iii. 341.
Subject treated also by Sandro Botticelli,
Sistine Chapel ; Perugino, Sala del Incen-
dio, Vatican ; J. Kdnig, Poinmersfelden Gal-
CHRIST
lery ; Jan Brueghel ; Gerard cle Lairessc ;
M. T. Schmidt (1760) ; Martin de Vos ; Ary
Scheffer; Edouard Berlin (Salon, 1841) ; Fe-
lix de Boischevalier (Salon, 1844) ; C. T.
Lecomte (Salon, 1861).
CHRIST CROWNED WITH THORNS,
Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg. Two figures half-length. Christ
seated, crowned with thorns, and holding
a reed in his bound hands ; behind him an
executioner, who opens his mouth as if cry-
ing out. Lithographed by H. Robillard. —
Gal. Imp. de 1'Hennitage, 1845.
By Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Christ
seated in a dungeon, his hands bound be-
Chnst Crowned with Thorns, Anton van Dyck, Berlin Museum.
fore him, with three executioners pressing
the crown of thorns upon his head ; in back-
ground, two soldiers and a priest. Painted
for Church of the Certosa, Bologna. En-
graved by I. Trabalesi ; G. Tomba. — Pinac.
di Bologna, PL 66.
By Anton van Dyck, Berlin Museum ; can-
vas, H. 8 ft 6 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. The Saviour,
with hands bound, seated in a prison, sur-
' rounded by seven men, one of whom is
presenting him a reed, while another fixes
a crown of thorns upon his head. Carried
to Paris, and restored in 1815. Engraved
i by Bolswert ; J. Falck ; Cl. Drevet ; Campi-
j on ; lithographed by Regnier (1840). Copy
in Madiid Museum. — Smith, iii. 36 ; Guif-
j frey.
By Guercino, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Figures half-length;
Christ, with hands bound, holding the reed ;
at right, a soldier in armour, pressing the
crown upon his head ; at left, a priest.
Lithographed by F. Piloty. — Pinac. Mdn-
chen.
By Andrea Solaria, Liitschena, near Leip-
sic ; canvas on panel, H. 2 ft. 4i in. x 1 ft.
8 in.; signed. Christ, with fettered hands,
a rope around the neck, and the crown of
thorns. Bought from the Friesische Samm-
lung, Vienna.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 57.
By Titian, Louvre ; wood, H. 10 ft. x 5 ft.
( 11 in.; signed. Christ struggling on steps
of the prison, over gateway of which is a
bust of Tiberius ; his arms, bound at the
wrists, held by kneeling soldier, while two
men with long reeds press the crown of
thorns on his head. Painted about 1553 ;
probably taken in 1559 by Orazio Vecelli to
Milan, where it adorned S. M. delle Grazie
until removed to France beginning of this
century. Duplicate in Venice Academy. En-
graved by L. Scaramuccia ; V. Lefebre ; Re-
bault— C. & C., Titian, ii. 264 ; Filhol, vii.
PL 457 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PL 71 ; Mus6e
franyais, i.
By Titian, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 8
ft. 7 J in. x 5 ft. 7 in. Differs in some re-
spects from the picture in the Louvre, the
| scene being laid in the gloom of a passage,
lighted by a hanging lamp. Supposed to be
i the picture given about 1571 by Titian to Tin-
toretto, who preserved it in his studio, and
sold by Domeuico Tintoretto to a foreigner.
Adaptation of it by Rubens, in Berlin Mu-
seum, and one by Van Dyck in Madrid Mu-
| si 'i nn. — Ridolfi, Maraviglie, L 270 ; C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 399.
293
CHRIST
Subject treated also by Michelangelo da
Caravaggio, Munich Gallery ; Marten van
Heemskirck, Nuremberg Gallery.
CHKIST AT THE TOMB, Henri Levy,
Paris. The body of Christ lies upon a flat
stone covered with a black pall, the right
Christ Crowned with Thorns, Titian, Louvre.
arm hanging down, the hand touching a
copper dish in which are the nails and a
cloth stained with blood, and beside which
is the crown of thorns ; at the head sits an
angel, partly covered with violet drapery,
who holds a trumpet in his right and raises
with his left hand the pall ; at the foot, a
second angel, in a purple tunic, is bent in
grief over the Saviour's feet. Salon, 1873.
Etched by Charles Waltner. — Gazette des
B. Arts (1873), viii. 42 ; Larousse, xvi. (Sup.),
535.
CHKIST, TRANSFIGURATION OF. See
Transfiguration.
CHRIST OF THE TRIBUTE MONEY.
See Tribute Money.
CHRIST APPEARING TO VIRGIN,
Guido Reni, Dresden Gallery : canvas, H.
11 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. 1 in. Christ, standing,
attended by an angel, bearing the banner
of Redemption, and followed by two dis-
ciples with clasped hands, appears to the
Virgin, who kneels at left ; behind her, in
background, is St. Charles Borromeo, an
angel, Adam, and Eve ; above, angels with
palms. From Modena Gallery. Engraved
by N. Tardieu. — Gal. Roy. de Dresde, i. PL
22.
By Titian, S. Maria, Medole ; canvas, H. 9
ft. x G f t. 6 in. Meeting of Mary and Christ
after the Ascension ; the Virgin, kneeling on
the clouds, raises her hands in surprise as
Christ, hi grave-clothes, shows her the stig-
mata ; behind him are Adam, Eve, and two
patriarchs. Painted in 1554, and presented
by Titian to the church when his nephew
became canon ; damaged by its concealment
in a tomb during French Revolution ; unsuc-
cessfully restored in 1862.— C. & C., Titian,
ii. 240.
CHRISTENSEN, GODFRED, born in
Copenhagen, July 23, 1845. Landscape
painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Academy
under Kiaerschou, where he won prizes
in 1865 and 1871, went in 1873 to Paris,
where he was much influenced by the col-
ouris. Member of Copenhagen Academy in
1881. Works: Beech Tree (1865); Zealand
Landscape (1870) ; Fenn in North Zealand
(1871) ; Highway with Willows (1873); Him-
melbjerget (1880), Copenhagen Gallery. —
Sigurd Miiller, 61; Weilbach, 111.
CHRISTIAN MARTYR See Martyr.
CHRISTIAN PARNASSUS. See Triumph
of Religion in Arts.
CHRISTINA, ST., GLORIFICATION
OF, Vincenzo Catena, S. M. Mater Domini,
Venice ; wood, arched at top. Christ, on
high, gives a blessing to the Saint kneeling
on a cloud at his feet ; below, in a landscape,
S!>4
CIIRISTOrilSEX
St. Christina looking up to heaven, surround- 1 Crisostomo, Venice ; canvas, figures life-
ed by angels bearing the instruments of her i size. The Saint, attended by one of the
martyrdom. A very lovely example of the fathers, is seated in front of a palace, cor-
Venetian religious school, but marked by recting a book of homilies on his knee ; on
want of originality. Painted in 1520 for the one side SS. Mary Magdalen, Catherine and
church where it still hangs. — Buskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 312 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 251 ;
Burckhardt, 601.
CHRISTOPHSEN, PETER See Grist us,
Petrus.
CHEISTUS CONSOLATOR, Ary Schef-
Agnes; on the other, SS. John Baptist and
Liberale ; background, rich landscape.
Painted in Venice in 1513 ; ascribed to Gio.
Bellini by Burckhardt.— C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 312; Eosini, v. 224; Vasari, ed. Mil,
v. 566 ; Burckhardt, 597 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
far, Fodor Collection, Amsterdam ; canvas, j ii. 512.
H. 6 ft. x 8 ft. Illustration of Luke iv. 18. CHURCH, FREDERIC EDWIN, born
Christ seated upon clouds, with his arms i at Hartford, Conn.,
extended, offers consolation to the poor, the May 4, 1826. Land-
blind, the broken-hearted, and those in cap- , scape painter ; pupil
tivity. Salon, 1837 ; purchased by Due of Thomas Cole at
d'Orleans ; his sale (1853), 52,500 fr. to M.
Fodor. Engraved by Henriquel Dupout. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1874), x. 565 ; Larousse, iv. 214.
CHRISTUS REMTJNERATOR, Ary Sclief-
Catskill, N. Y., where
his first pictures were
painted. Elected N. A.
in 1849. Made sketch-
ing tours in South
fer. Christ, standing, turned a little toward America in 1853 and
the right, his feet bare, extends his arms 1857 ; later, on coast
toward the good and the repentant sinners, of Labrador and in Jamaica, and in 1868
Painted in 1847. Engraved by A. Blan- visited Europe and the Holy Land. Medal,
chard. — Larousse, iv. 214.
2d class, Paris, 1867. Studios in New York
CHRYSEIS, RETURN OF, Clau.de Lor- and in Hudson. Visited Mexico in 1883.
rain, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. Works : Andes of Ecuador (1855), William
x 5 ft. Chryseis, or more properly Asty- j H. Osborn, New York; The Great Fall— Niag-
nome, daughter of Chryses, priest of Apollo, ' ara (1857), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ;
had been taken prisoner by Achilles and ad- j Heart of the Andes (1859), David Dows,
judged to Agamemnon, who was obliged by New York ; Icebergs (1861), Sir Edward
the anger of Apollo to restore her to her ' Watkius, London ; Cotopaxi (1862), Lenox
father. (Homer, II., i. 10, 378). The ship in Library, New York ; Chimborazo (1864),
which Ulysses has brought her lies in the William H. Osborn, ib. ; St. Thomas in the
port ; in foreground, sailors land goods, and Vale— Jamaica (1866), Mrs. Samuel Colt,
at left, animals for sacrifice; in second plane, ! Hartford, Conn.; Niagara (1866), Mrs. A. T.
left, an Ionic temple, on the peristyle of '< Stewart, New York ; Damascus (1869), Will-
which Chryses, surrounded by attendants, , iam Walter Phelps, ib.; Rainy Season in
is receiving his daughter. Liber Veritatis, the Tropics (1870), Mrs. M. O. Roberts, ib.;
No. 80. Painted for Prince de Liancourt, Jerusalem (1870), T. M. Allyn, Hartford ;
from whom acquired by Louis XTV. En- The Parthenon (1871), M. K. Jesup, New
graved by D. Barriere (1654). — Pattison, York ; El Khasna Petra (1872), Mrs. F. E.
Claude Lorraiu, 59, 241; Villot, Cat Church, ib.; Tropical moonlight (1874),
Louvre. i William H. Osborn, ib.; ^gean Sea U875),
CHRYSOSTOM, ST. JOHN, MAJESTY William H. Osborn, ib.; Valley of Santa
OF, Sebastian del Piombo, S. Giovanni . Ysabel (1875), John Buckingham, Chicago ;
S95
CHURCH
El Ayn (The Fountain, 1876) ; Syria by the
Sea (1876), James F. Joy, Detroit ; Morning
in the Tropics (1877), William E. Dodge,
Jr., New York ; The Monastery (1878), Hurl-
but Collection, Cleveland, O. ; Valley of Santa
Marta (1879), Charles Parsons, St. Louis.
CHURCH, F. S., born at Grand Rapids,
Mich., in 1842. Animal painter ; pupil of
the National Academy and of the Chicago
Academy. Paints in oil and water-colour,
and draws in black and white. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1885. Member of Society of
American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works in oil : Mad as March Hares ;
Weirdness ; Solo ; Sea Princess ; Back from
the Beach (1879); Muskrat's Nest (1880);
Foggy Day (1881) ; Willing Captive (1883).
Water-Colours: Hard Times; Chilly Day
(T. B. Clarke, New York); Foraging Party ;
Elfin Tandem ; Phantom ; Ostrich Dance ;
Awkward Squad ; Pandora, King's Flamin-
goes (1884); Peacocks in the Snow (1885).
CIBOT, (FRANCOIS) EARTH ELEMY
(MICHEL EDOUARD), born in Paris,
Feb. 11, 1799, died there, Jan. 10, 1877.
French school ; genre painter, pupil of
Guerin, of Picot, and of F-cole des Beaux
Arts. Painted also historical subjects,
landscapes, and portraits, and executed fres-
cos in the Church of St. Leu. Medals : 2d
class, 1836 ; 1st class, 1843, 1857, and 1863 ;
L. of Honour, 1863. Works : Judith, Cam-
bray Museum ; Wounded Mother nurs-
ing Child, The Sybarites (1827); Christ
tempted by Satan, Incident in Life of Frede-
gonda, Louis XV. and Mile, de Humieres,
Amours of the Angels, Chain Gang (1836);
Indiscreet Visit, Diana painted by Jean
Goujon before Henri H, Little Conscripts,
Galileo at Notre Dame, Raphael and Peru-
giuo, Young Married Woman, Regina Cceli
(1846) ; Nativity, Charity, Valley of Fonte-
nay-aux-Roses, Chestnut-Trees of Aulnay, A
Thicket (1855); Origin of the Sacred Heart,
St. Luke, Paris ; Funeral of Godfrey de
Bouillon, Victory of Raymond Dupuy, De-
fence of Beauvais, Versailles Museum ; Park
at Orsay, Spring-Time, Summer, Environs
of Sceaux (1857) ; The Angel can Sleep, The
Angel WTatches, Environs of Sceaux, First
Days of May (1859) ; Landscape at Aulnay,
Chartreux Convent at Sceaux (1861); Val-
ley of the Brevre, Cliffs at Treport, The
Sarthe (1863) ; Whirlpool near Seineport
(1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Soisy-on-the-
Ecole (1865), Valley of Sceaux, View near
Beaulieu (1866); View at Rochefort (1867);
Gravel-Pit, Environs of Paris (1868); Woods
of Meudon, Chestnut- trees (1869); Vision of
Ezekiel, Environs of Sevres (1874). — La-
rousse ; L'Art (1877), viii. 24.
CIENNI DA FIRENZE. See Cennini.
CIGALE, LA (The Grasshopper), Jules
Joseph Lefebure, D. Catlin, St. Louis ; can-
vas, H. 8 ft. x 3 ft. Illustration of La Fon-
taine's fable. Female figure, full length,
nude, standing, biting her fingers and pout-
j ing as the first breeze of autumn whistles.
— Art Treasures of America, iii. 55.
CIGNANI, CARLO, Count, born in Bo-
logna, May 15, 1628,
died at Forli, Sept.
6, 1719. Bolognese
school ; of an ancient
Bolognese family ;
most noted pupil of
Albani ; afterward
studied works of Cor-
reggio and of Anni-
bale Carracci. About
1658 he painted for
Cardinal Famese, in the Palazzo Publi-
co, Bologna, the two frescos representing
the Entry of, Paul HI. into Bologna, and
Francis I. of France healing Lepers. His
most important work was the painting of
the cupola of the Cathedral at Forli,
which occupied him nearly twenty years,
the subject being the Assumption of the
Virgin. Works : Infant Christ and St.
John, Mater Dolorosa, Palazzo Corsini,
Rome ; Charity, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; do., Turin Gallery ; Bacchus and
Erigone, Nero and the Body of his Mother,
Achilles and "Ulysses, Magdalen, Madonna,
Cassel Gallery ; Chastity of Joseph, Dresden
296
OIQNAEOLI
Gallery ; Assumption, Infancy of Jupiter,
Munich Gallery ; Roman Charity, Madonna,
Vienna Museum ; Death of Cleopatra, Glas-
gow Gallery ; Venus and Anchises, Berlin
Museum ; Adam and Eve, Hague Museum ;
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Tarquin and
Lucretia, Holy Family, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Magdalen, Dulwich Gallery. Cignani was
made a Count by the Duke of Parma, for
whom he
decorated
a pavilion.
the found-
er of the
Clemen-
tine Academy of Bologna. Among his pupils
were his son, Count Felice Cignani (1660-
1724), an<l I"8 nephew, Paolo
Cignani (1709-1764).— Mal-
vasia, ii. 198 ; Lanzi, iii. 143;
Ch. Blanc, £cole bolonaise ; Burckhardt,
7C4, 772, 786.
CIGNAROLI, GIAMBETTINO, born at
Salo, near Verona, in 1706, died in Verona, j
Dec. 1, 1770. Venetian school ; history
painter, pupil in Venice of Santo Prunato,
and of Balestra, and studied works of P. Ver-
onese and Correggio. Lived long in Ven-
ice ; was one of founders and in 1769 director
of Verona Academy. Was one of the best
of modern Venetian painters. Works :
Death of Rachel, Venice Gallery ; replica,
Lille Museum ; Flight into Egypt, S. An-
tonio Abbate, Parma ; St. Francis receiving
Stigmata, Church at Pontremoli; Triumph of
Poniponius, Verona Museum ; Transfigura-
tion, Verona Cathedral ; Madonna with
Saints, Vienna Museum ; Assumption, Ma-
drid Museum. — Bevilagna, Memorie della
Vita di G. C.
CIGOLI, LUDOVICO CARDI DA, born !
at Cigoli, near Florence, Sept. 21, 1559, j
died in Rome, June 8, 1613. Florentine
school. Real name Cardi, but commonly
called after his native village ; pupil of Ales-
sandro Allori and of Sauti di Tito, but \
formed his style chiefly from study of the
works of Correggio and Barocci. Some-
times called the Correggio of Tuscany ; but,
though some of his works are Correggesque
in feeling, he is in no wise to be compared
with that great painter. After executing
many important works in Florence he went
to Rome, where he painted (1606) for St.
Peter's the Lame Man healed by Peter, no
longer extant, which Sacchi called the best
work painted in Rome after Raphael's
Transfiguration and Domenichino's Com-
munion of St. Jerome. Cigoli, who was a
good draughtsman and a pleasing colourist,
delighted in powerful effects of light and
shade. Some of his best works are : Mar-
tyrdom of St. Stephen, Uffizi ; St. Francis,
Ecce Homo, Pitti, Florence ; Flight into
Egypt, St. Francis in Contemplation, and a
portrait, Louvre ; David with Head of Go-
liath, Tobias, Marriage of St. Catherine,
Circumcision, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine ; Seguier, 40 ;
Burckhardt, 235, 766, 789, 793 ; Baldinucci,
iii. 230.
CIMA DA CONEGLIANO, born in Fri-
uli about 1460 ;
according to Ri-
dolfi, lived till
1517, but the
latest genuine
date on his pict-
ures is 1508. Ve-
netian school.
Real name Gio-
vanni Battista
da Conegliano ;
known in his time as II Conegliano, but in
and since the 17th century as Cima da C.
Settled in Venice, where he earned a well-
deserved celebrity as a composer of sacred
subjects. His early pictures are in tempera,
but he soon acquired the use of oils, and
became one of the best of the Bellinesque
painters. While taking a place by Giovanni
Bellini's side, he shows some peculiarities
which recall Antonello da Messina ; and he
has been called the Masaccio of the Vene-
tian school His favourite theme is the
S97
CIMABTTE
Madonna with or without saints, to whom
he gives an air of calm contentment.
Among his best works are : Madonna and
Saints (1492), Conegliano Duorno ; Madonna
with Saints, in the Louvre ; Baptism of
Christ, S. Giovanni, Bragora (1494) ; In-
credulity of St. Thomas, Madonna with
Saints, Venice Academy ; Madonna with
Saints (2), Parma Gallery ; St. Mark curing
Anianus, Berlin Museum ; St. Peter Martyr,
Brera, Milan. Other examples in the gal-
IOVANNESBAPTISTA'CONE*P
lerios of Modena, Munich, etc. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 232 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 645, 6G3 ; Burckhardt,
82, 500 ; Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 545.
CIMABUE, GIOVANNI, born in Flor-
ence in 1240,
died there
about 1302.
Florentine
school ; of a
noble Floren-
tine family, the
Cimabui ; pu-
pil, according
to Vasari, of
certain Greek
painters, called
to Florence by the government to revive
painting, who worked in the Cappella de'
Gondi of S. M. Novella, where Cimabue at-
tended school. But Florence had painters
and miniaturists, such as Rustici (11GG),
Marchisello (1191), Fidauza (1224), and
Bartolommeo (1236), long before Cimabue's
birth, and a street called the Via de' Pittori,
which proves that the calling of Greek
painters to restore art was as unnecessary
as it is incredible. Also the chapel in S. M.
Novella, where they are said to have painted,
is contemporary with the church which was
erected in 1279, when Cimabue was thirty-
nine years old. Cimabue's fame is due first
to his superior gifts, which enabled him to
begin to cast off the fetters of Byzantinism ;
second, to the fact that he was the master
of Giotto ; and third, because his name is
mentioned by Dante. His most certain work
is his famous Madonna de' Rucellai in the
Capella Kucellai, S. M. Novella, which Charles
of Anjou is said to have been taken to see
(1267), and for which the quarter of the
city where it was painted is said by Vasari
to have been named the Borgo Allegri, a
name given before 1301, but whether in
honour of the picture or not is uncertain.
The personage in a white and gold costume
painted by Simone di Martino in the Cap-
pella dei Spagnuoli, whose head we have
engraved, though designated by Vasari as
Cimabue, is probably a French cavalier,
perhaps the so-called Duke of Athens, Wal-
ter de Brienne, whilom tyrant of Flor-
ence. Among the supposed works of Cima-
| bue are : Madonna with angels, Florence
Academy ; Crucifix and a Madonna, sacris-
ty, S. Croce ; Madonna with Angels, National
Gallery, London ; Madonna with Angels,
Louvre ; mosaic, Saviour enthroned be-
tween the Virgin and St. John, properly
called the Majesty, Duomo, Pisa ; frescos, S.
Francesco, Assisi, on three walls, left tran-
! sept, and in choir, Upper Church ; Evan-
gelists, central ceiling of transept ; Four
Doctors of the Church, ceiling near portal,
do.; colossal Madonna with Angels, west
side over altar of Crucifixion, south transept
wall, Lower Church. — Vasari, ed. Mil., i.
247 ; C. & C., Italy, i. 201 ; Seguier, 43 ;
Burckhardt, 488, 494 ; Baldinucci, i. 21 ;
Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 90.
CIMABUE'S MADONNA, PROCESSION
OF, Sir Frederick Leighton, Buckingham
Palace, London. Cimabue's famous picture
of the Madonna de' Rucellai carried in pro-
cession through the streets of Florence to S.
CIMON
M. Novella. In front of the Madonna walks
Cimabue, crowned with laurels, with his
pupil Giotto ; behind it, Arnolfo di Lapo,
Gaddo Gaddi, Andrea Tafi, Nicolu Pisano,
Buffalmacco, and Simone Memmi ; in the
corner, Dante. Painted in Rome ; R. Acad-
emy, 1855 ; purchased by the Queen. — Univ.
Mag. (1879), iii. 51.
CIMON, Greek painter, of Cleonse, middle
of 5th century B.C. He developed the in-
ventions of Eumarux, and was the first to
give variety to attitude, to indicate the form
under drapery, and to draw the eyes cor-
rectly instead of following the old method,
as the Egyptians did. — Pliny, xxxv. 34 [55];
Aelian, viii. 8.
CINCINNATO, ROMOLO, born in Flor-
ence in 1502, died about 1GOO. Florentine
school ; history painter, pupil in Rome of
Francesco Salviati ; invited to Spain by Philip
II. in 1567; painted there many pictures in
oil and fresco for the Escorial and the Pa-
lazzo del Pardo. Works: Two pictures with St.
Jerome reading, St. Jerome preaching, two
scenes from life of St. Lawrence, Escorial ;
Circumcision (1572-73), Academy of S. Fer-
nando, Madrid ; Transfiguration, St. Peter,
St. Paul, St. Lawrence (fresco), Madrid
Academy ; Mythological subjects at Infan-
tado Palazzo, Guadalajara. His sons, Diego
Romolo (died in Rome, 1G25), and Francis-
co Romolo (died in Rome, 1635), were por-
trait painters. — Cean Bermudez.
CIONE. See Orcayna.
CIRCE, Dosso Dossi, Palazzo Borghese,
Rome. The enchantress, in a purple and
gold robe, and with a rich turban, seated in
a forest landscape ; in her right hand she
holds a tablet with necromantic signs ; at
her feet are a magic circle, a coat of mail, a
dog, and two birds ; near her, several swine
bound to a tree ; in distance, three knights
bivouacking on the grass. — Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 488.
By Guercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x
3 ft. 2 in. Wearing a turban ornamented
with an aigrette and a diamond clasp on her
head, she holds in one hand a wand, and in
the other a golden vase ; near her, upon a
table, are a vase and an open book with
cabalistic characters. In Guerciuo's third
manner. Collection of Louis XTV. En-
Circe, Guercino, Louvre.
graved by M. Gandolfi.— Musee royal ; Fil-
hol, ii. 80 ; Landon, Musee, vi. PI. 56.
CIRCE AND THE COMPANIONS OF
ULYSSES, Briton Riviere, London ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. x 4 ft. The sorceress, having
changed the companions of Ulysses into
swine, sits at left on a raised floor under a
vine-clad wall, with her wand lying beside
her, calmly contemplating the pigs wallow-
ing before her or seeking in vain to reach
her platform. Painted in 1871. Engraved
by Stacpoole.
CIRCUMCISION, Federigo fiarocci,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft 3 in. ;
signed, dated 1580. The Child seated on
the knees of one of the officers of the temple,
with priests and assistants standing near ;
behind, the Virgin and St. Joseph, kneeling ;
above, two angels in adoration. Painted for
oratory of the brotherhood of the Nome di
Dio, Pesaro ; carried to Paris in 1799 ; given
in 1811 to church of Notre Dame, Paris ;
placed in Louvre in 1862. — Villot, Louvre.
SMI
CIRCUS
By Giovanni Bellini, Castle Howard, Eng-
land ; wood, figures one-third life-size ; sign-
ed. Simeon stoops over the Child in the
arms of St. Joseph ; the Virgin and a male
and female saint look on. Painted probably
before 1486 ; formerly in Orleans Gallery.
Copy, probably by Catena, in Leuchtenberg
Gallery, St. Petersburg ; another by Marco
Belli in Museum of Kovigo ; a third at Gros-
venor House, London ; a fourth in Palazzo
Doria, Rome, and others in Pavia, Vienna,
and Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 148; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 416.
By Luca Signorelli, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. ; signed.
Altarpiece with ten figures, life-size ; in cen-
tre, before altar apse, the priest, looking up-
ward. In the angles of the semicircular
picture are two circles with two prophets.
" One of the most important pictures by
this great master." Hamilton Palace sale
(1882), £3,150.— Waagen, Art Treasures, iii.
299 ; Cat. Ham. Pal. sale, 101; Richter, 48 ;
Art Journal (1883), 43, 177.
By Tintoretto, S. M. del Carmine, Venice.
Euskin calls it a glorious Tintoret. Canotto
says here Tintoretto imitated Andrea Schia-
vone. — Euskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 289 ;
Zanotto, 435.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Eocco, Venice.
The High Priest kneeling with Christ in his
arms. " Next to the Adoration of the Magi,
this picture is the most laboriously finished
of the 56 colossal pictures by Tintoretto in
the Scuola, and it is unquestionably the high-
est existing type of the sublimity which may
be thrown into the treatment of accessories
of dress and decoration." — Euskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 331.
Subject treated also by Luca Signorelli,
Vatican, Eome ; School of Eembrandt, Ber-
lin Museum ; Willem de Poorter, Cassel Gal-
lery; Marco Marziale, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Lodovico Cigoli, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Luis de Carbajal, ib.
CIECUS MAXIMUS, Jean Leon Gerime,
Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York. A chariot
race in the Circus Maximus, Eome, in the
later days of the empire. Six or seven four-
horse chariotsare about to turn one of the metse
or goals, behind which, on the spina, is seen
the obelisk now in the Piazza del Popolo; in
background, left, the Palace of the Caesars.
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America.
— Art. Treas. of Amer., i. 24.
CIVEECHIO, VLNCENZO, called H For-
naso, bom at Crema before 1470, died after
1540. Lombard school ; pupil of Foppa, or
of Bramantino the elder ; appears in 1493
as successor of Foppa, at Brescia, whence
sometimes called Vincenzo Bresciano. Spent
four years there in adorning the choir of the
old cathedral, with now destroyed frescos.and
was honoured with citizenship. About 1507
he returned to Crema, where he painted the
SS. Sebastian Eocco and Christoforo (1515),
in the Duomo, and (1526), fresco portraits
of great citizens in the town-hall. His latest
authentic picture is the Baptism of Christ,
dated 1539, in the Tadiui collection, Louvre.
— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 68 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, iii. 200 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ;
Burckhardt, 608, 610 ; Calin, Notizie, ii.
205.
CIVETTA. See files, Hem de.
CLAASZ, PIETEE (Claesz van Haarlem),
Dutch school, born at Steinfurt, Westphalia,
about 1595 (?), died at Haarlem, buried Jan.
1, 1661. StiU-life painter, father of Claas
Berchem ; first mentioned as settled at Haar-
lem in 1617, when married. Works: Still-
life (1644), National Museum, Amsterdam ;
do. (3), Berlin Museum ; Others in Dresden
(1624), Munich, Schleissheim, Schwerin, Cas-
sel, and Bamberg Galleries, Wiirzburg Uni-
versity, Amalienstift, Dessau ; nine (1627-
53, attributed to Pietro Candido), Palazzo
| Mansi, Lucca ; one (1630), Fitzwilliam Mu-
1 seum, Cambridge. — Academy (1882), xsii.
302, 353 ; Bode, Studien, 224 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1883), xxvii. 183 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xviii. 167.
CLAEISSEN (Claessens), ANTONY,
I born in Bruges about 1550, died there in
1613. Flemish school ; history painter ; son
; of Pieter the elder, said to be pupil of Quen-
300
CLAEISSEN
tin Matsys, and one of the most excellent
artists of that period ; entered Bruges guild
in 1575, and was its dean in 1586, 1590, and
1601. Works : Two Scenes in Judgment of
Cambyses (Bruges Academy, ascribed by
some to Gherardt David); Banquet of Magis-
trates (1574), Mars surrounded by Fine Arts
(1605), both in Town Hall, Bruges; Triptych
with Adoration of Shepherds, Triptych
with Descent from Cross (1609), Legends
from life of St. Bernard (all in Bruges Ca-
thedral) ; Consecration of Church in Rome,
Procession of Corpus Chri.sti (1599), Trip-
tych with Madonna, all in Notre Dame,
Bruges ; Members of Brotherhood of Holy
Sacrament, St. Jacob's, Bruges ; Last Sup-
per (1595), St. Egidius, Bruges. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., iv. 2G9 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv.
124 ; Michiels, v. 398 ; Nagler, Mon., i. 105,
119 ; Schnaase, Niederlilnd. Brief e, 331.
CLAEISSEN, PIETER, the elcjer, born
in Bruges in 1500, died there in 1576. Flem-
ish school ; history and portrait painter ; pu-
pil of Adriaan Bekaert ; admitted to guild
of St. Luke in 1516, master in 1529, dean
in 1572. Works : Knight kneeling with
Four Sons, Collection Prince of Orange,
Brussels ; male portrait, Copenhagen Gallery.
—Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 269.
CLAEISSEN, PIETER, the younger, born
in Bruges about 1545, died there, March 17,
1612. Flemish school ; history painter ;
brother of Anthony ; entered guild in 1570,
and was its dean in 1GOO and 1606. Works :
Resurrection (1585), Triptych with Ecce
Homo (1609), both in Bruges Cathedral ;
Triptych with Madonna, Moses and Gideon
(1606-1608), St. Egidius, Bruges ; Pacifica-
tion of Ghent, Bruges Academy ; Portraits
of Charles V. (1609), and Philip H. (1610),
Madonna and Almighty with Angels (1608),
Pottery Hospital, Bruges. — Allgem. d.Biogi'.,
iv. 270 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, iii. 126 ; Mi-
chiels, v. 402.
CLAIRIN, GEORGES (JULES VICTOR),
born in Paris, Sept. 11, 1843. History paint-
er ; pupil of Picot and Pils, and of the ftcole
des Beaux Arts. Studio in Paris. Medal
in 1882. Works : Incident of the Conscrip-
tion of 1813 (1866); Burning Varech in Brit-
tany, Robbers of Bay of Trepasses in Brit-
tany (1868); Volunteers of Liberty in Spain
in 1868 (1869); Massacre of the Abencerragea
in Grenada, Arab Story-Teller in Tangiers
(1874); Moses the Sheik's Son (1878); Enter-
18 J 6
ing the Harem, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ;
Froufrou, Women burning Varech (1882);
Moors in Spain after the Victory (1885); por-
traits of Sarah Bernhard, Mme. Kraus.
CLARA, ST., Velasquez, Dudley House,
London ; EL 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft 1 in. Half-
length, life-size, with a jewelled crown on
her head, standing with a palm in her right
hand and a cup and saucer in her left
Thought to be a portrait of Fraueisca,
daughter of Velasquez, who married J. B.
del Mazo. Probably picture sold at Sala-
manca sale (1867) for 38,000 francs— Ch.
Blanc, J5cole espagnole ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1879) ; Curtis, 10.
CLARA, ST., DEATH OF, Munllo, Dud-
ley House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x
14 ft. 4 in. The dying Saint lying on a
pallet on left, surrounded by monks and
nuns ; the Saviour and the Virgin approach,
attended by female saints and martyrs in
white robes, wearing crowns and bearing
palms. Painted in 1645-7, one of eleven
pictures for Convent of S. Francisco, Se-
ville ; carried to Paris by Gen. M. de Fav-
iers and sold to M. Aguado ; Aguado sale
(1865), 75,000 fr.; in Marquis de Salamanca
sale (1867), 95,000 fr. Copy by Bocanegra
in Hermitage ; another, varied, D. Roberto
Kith, Seville.— Curtis, 223 ; G. de Leon, i.
59 ; C. Bermudez, Carta, 46 ; Stirling, ii.
834 ; Gaz. des B. Arts, Jan. 1875 ; LUlus-
tration, March 18, 1855 ; Hermitage Cat,
138.
CLASEN
CLASEN, KARL, born in Dtlsselrlorf in j
1812. History painter ; pupil at Diissel-
dorf Academy under W. Schadow. Painted j
history, sacred and profane, with a pure ,
feeling for nature, and careful execution. ;
Works : Flight into Egypt (1839); Rudolph '
of Hapsburg giving his Horse to a Sick
Priest (1840) ; Pope Sixtus and Deacon Lau-
rentius (1842); Daughter of Jairus (1845);
Discovery of the Springs at Aix-la-Chapelle ;
Reconciliation of Queen Catharine with
Cardinal Wolsey (1850); Allegory of Borus-
sia (1867).— Brockhaus, iv. 437 ; Muller,
106 ; Wiegmann, 178.
CLASEN, LORENZ, born in Diisseldorf,
Dec. 14, 1812. History painter ; cousin of
Karl ; pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under
Th. Hildebrandt ; painted at first biblical |
scenes, then chiefly subjects from romantic '
history. In 1850 removed to Berlin, 1854, |
to Leipsic. Was also a distinguished writer
on art. Works : Early Christians ; Annun-
ciation to the Shepherds (1837); David
playing before Saul, Conversion of Clovis by
his' Wife Clotilda (1839); Minstrels' Contest
at the Wartburg ; Conrad H. (Kaisersaal,
Frankfort) ; Expulsion of St. Elizabeth
(1840); Madonna (1841); Blessings of Peace
and Industry, Entry of Happy Rulers (1844);
Germania on Guard on the Rhine (City
Hall, Crefeld); Germania on the Sea, Bish-
ops of Cologne and Mentz before Conrad II.
(1847); Cycle from History of Families von J
Brandt and von Watzdorf (1865-66).—
Brockhaus, iv. 437 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1871),
ii. 175 ; Muller, 106 ; Wiegniaun, 204.
CLAUDE, GEORGES, born in Paris;
contemporary. Son and pupil of J. M. Claude
and pupil of P. Galland. Medal, 3d class,
1884. Portraits (1879, 1882); Adoration of
the Cross at Mont Cassin (1884).
CLAUDE, JEAN MAXIME, bom in
Paris, June 24, 1824. Landscape painter,
and painter of sporting and hunting scenes ;
pupil of Galland. Medals : 1866 and 1869 ;
2d class, 1872. Works : Rendezvous, Re-
treat (1861); Halloing at the Ponds of Comi-
elles, Bloodhounds in their Kennel the Day
before a Hunt (1863) ; Huntsman with
Hound going to Woods (1864); Morning of
Beginning and Day of Closing the Hunt
(1866); Corner of the Kennel (1868); Hunt-
er's Story (1869); Return from Hunt (1870);
Antechamber, Souvenir of Rotten Row
(1872); Returning from Rotten Row (1874);
Hyde Park (1876) ; These Gentlemen are
Served, Conversation in Hyde Park (1877) ;
Sketch on the Cliff, Albert Gate of Hyde
Park (1878) ; Confidence (1879) ; Sit Up-
right (1881) ; Sunset, Spring-Time (1882) ;
At the Rendezvous in Fontainebleau (1883).
CLAUDE LORRAIN, born in Cham-
pagne on the Mo-
selle in 1600, died
in Rome, Nov. 23,
1682. French school;
landscape painter ;
real name Gellee ;
pupil in drawing of
his elder brother
Jean, wood engraver
at Freiburg in Breis-
gau. Taken to
Rome in 1613 by a relative, he went
thence to Naples, where he spent two years
as pupil of Godfrey Wals, a painter from
Cologne. From 1619 to April, 1625, he
lived at Rome, working as apprentice
and valet to Agostino Tassi, who was em-
ployed by the Cardinal di Montalto to
decorate his palace, after which he returned
to Lorraine by Venice and the Tyrol. At
Nancy he found employment in decorating
the Chapelle des Carmes, for Duke Charles
HI., with figures and architectural orna-
ments, until the middle of the year 1627,
when he returned to Rome to remain for
the rest of his life. Here he became inti-
mate with Sandarrt, Peter de Laar, and
Poussin, and spent his time in making stud-
ies in the Campagna, at Tivoli, Frascati, and
Subiaco. By 1634, Claude had become a
celebrity at Rome and had painted many
pictures, although none are known of a date
earlier than the Village Fete and the Sea
Port at the Louvre of the year 1639. The
ao-i
CLAUSEN
"Liber Veritatis," a collection of 200 draw-
ings, owned by the Duke of Devonshire,
was begun about 1634, and finished March
25, 1675, as a record of work projected as
well as accomplished, and not probably, as
is generally supposed, to guarantee the
authenticity of all the pictures which left
Claude's studio. In the height of his
fame, the painter was patronised at Rome
by the King of Spain and the Elector of
Bavaria, Prince Doria, the Dukes de B6-
thune and de Crequy, and many other dis-
tinguished persons. From the church of
the Trinita di Monte, where he was buried,
and where his monument was destroyed by
theFrench in 1798, his remains were removed
in 1840 to the church of S. Luigi in Frau-
cesi at the suggestion of M. Thiers. Works :
Marriage of Isaac and Rebecca, Temple of
Delos, and 2 other landscapes, Palazzo
Doria, Rome ; The Setting Sun, Palazzo
Sciarra, Rome ; 2 landscapes, Palazzo Bor-
ghese, Rome ; Landscapes, Naples Muse-
um ; do., Palazzo, Madama, Turin ; Hagar
expelled by Abraham, Hagar in the Desert
(1668), The Herdsman (1656), Morning
(1674), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Flight
into Egypt, Polyphemus (1650), Dresden
Gallery ; Italian Coast View (1642), Berlin
Museum ; Morning, and 11 other landscapes,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Magdalen Pray-
ing, and 9 landscapes, Madrid Museum ;
Return of Chryseis, Cleopatra landing at
Tarsus (1647), and 15 other landscapes, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Marriage of Isaac and Rebecca,
Cephalus and Procris, Embarkation of Queen
of Skeba (1648), do. of St. Ursula, Narcissus
and Echo, and 7 other pictures, National
Gallery, London ; 6 in Dulwich Gallery ;
Rape of Europa, Buckingham Palace ; 5
landscapes, Windsor Castle ; Enchanted
Castle, Lord Overstone ; Mount Tabor,
Golden Calf, Grosvenor House ; 2 land-
scapes, Bridgewater House ; Temple of
Apollo, Landing of JEneas, Agnew, London ;
Apollo and Marsyas, Earl of Lecoufield ;
Birth of Roman Empire, Decline of Roman
Empire, Longford Castle ; Ulysses and Nau-
\ sicaa, M. H. Arnot, Elmira, N. Y. — Pattison,
Claude LoiTain ; Rev. des Deux Mondes,
Jan. 15, 1884, 365; Sandrart, Academy
Nob. artis picturse (Nuremberg, 1683).
CLAUSEN, GEORGE, bom in England ;
contemporary. Landscape and genre painter.
Exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor
Gallery. Works : Night brings Rest, A
Study, WomenWashing— Zuyder-Zee (1879) ;
La Pensee (1880) ; Haverstock Hill (1881);
Gleaners (1882) ; Marie, Hay-Time, Winter
Work (1883); Labourers after Dinner (1884);
i End of a Winter's Day, Crow Starving
| (1885).
CLAXTON, MARSHALL, born at Bolton,
Lancashire, in 1811, died in London in 1881.
History painter, pupil of John Jackson, and
j of the Royal Academy; won the first medal in
painting school in 1834, and gold medal of
Society of Arts in 1835. He visited Italy in
1837 ; won prize of .£100 at Westminster
Hall Exhibition in 1843 for his Alfred the
Great in Camp of the Danes ; went to Aus-
tralia in 1850, to India and Egypt in 1855,
returning with many sketches. Works :
Christ blessing Little Children, school-room
at St. Stephens, Westminster ; Spenser read-
ing the Faerie Queene, Mother of Moses,
Grandmother, Free Seat, Baroness Burdett-
Coutts ; Christ at Tomb of Lazarus, View of
Sydney, Last Queen of the Aborigines, Col-
' lection of the Queen ; Sir Joshua Reynolds
and his Friends ; Hagar and Ishmael ; Death-
bed of John Wesley. — Bryan (Graves).
CLAYS, PAUL JEAN, born iu Bruges in
1819. Marine painter, pupil in Paris of
Gudin ; lives in Brussels. Medals : Brussels,
1851; 2d class, Paris, 1867, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1875 ; Officer, 1881; Order of Leopold.
Works : After Shipwreck (1852), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Windy Weather, Portuguese Xebec in
Sight of French Squadron, Entrance of
Queen Victoria into Port of Ostend, Coast
Scene in Flanders (1855) ; Environs of Trc-
port (1855), Duke of Ostend (1857); The
Scheldt at Antwerp (1859) ; Entrance to
Southampton Water, Calm on the Scheldt
(1868); Morning Light, Dead Calm, Squall
303
CLEAXTIIES
on the Scheldt (1874); Thames near London,
View on the Scheldt (1875) ; Bruges, North
Sea (1876); Zuyder-Zee near Texel, Canal
in Zelande (1877) ; Canal in the Nieuwe-
Maas, Saardam (1878); Dutch Vessels in a
Calm (1863), Dutch Boats in Eoads of Flush-
ing (1870), National Gallery, London ; Be-
calmed near Amsterdam, Rough Sea on Coast
of Flanders (1884); In Eoadstead of Dun-
kirk, Fog at Dawn (1885).— Gaz. des B. Arts
(1867), xxiii. 16 ; L'Art, 1876.
CLEANTHES, Greek painter, of Corinth,
early period. According to Pliny (xxxv. 5
[15]) the invention of line-drawing was as-
signed both to him and to Philodes the
Egyptian. The Temple of Artemis Alphas-
onia, near Olympia, contained his paintings
of the Hiupersis (taking of Troy) and the
birth of Athena. — Strabo, viii. 3, 12. Athen-
agoras Leg. pro Christ., 14 (p. 59, ed. De-
chair).
CLEEF, JAN VAN, bom at Venloo, Guel-
derland, in 1646, died in Ghent in 1716.
Flemish school ; history painter, pupil of
Luigi Primo (Gentile), then in Brussels of
Gaspard de Craeyer, whom he assisted with
his numerous works for churches in the
Low Countries, and on the death of his
master completed those left unfinished. One
of the ablest artists of his country. His
most esteemed works are in the churches
and in the Museum of Ghent, whither he
removed iu 1681. Works : Assumption, St.
James's ; Immaculate Conception, St. Mi-
chael's ; Magdalen at Feet of Christ, St.
Nicholas ; Sisters of Charity during the
Plague, Convent of the Black Nuns, all in
Ghent. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv. 141; Mi-
chiels, ix. 91.
CLEEF (Cleve), JOOST VAN, caUed de
Zotte (crazy) Cleef, born in Antwerp ; flour-
ished 1530-1550. Flemish school. Painted
in France and England. One of the best
portrait painters of 16th century, approach-
ing style of Hans Holbein, and foreshadow-
ing Antonio Moro ; great colourist. The
preference which Henry Vll[. gave to Ti-
tian's paintings destroyed Van Cleefs rea-
son ; he died insane. Some of his best
pictures are : Portraits of himself and wife,
Windsor Castle ; portrait of himself, Earl
Spencer, Althorp ; two male portraits, Ox-
ford ; SS. Cosmo and Damian, Antwerp
Cathedral ; Last Judgment, Ghent Cathe-
dral.-— Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv. 135 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole flamande ; Kooses (Eeber), 70.
CLEEF, MAETEN VAN, born in Ant-
werp, died there about 1570. Flemish
school ; history painter, pupil of Frans Flo-
ris ; entered Antwerp guild in 1551; is called
the Master of the Ape, because he some-
times introduced that animal as his mark.
His brother Hendrik (died in Antwerp,1589)
supplied the landscapes and backgrounds
in his and in Frans Floris's pictures, while he
often painted the figures in the landscapes
of his brother, of Gilles van Conincxloo,
and others. His four sons, Gilles, Marten,
Georges, and Nicholas, were also painters.
Works : Eoom in Peasant's Cottage with
Company at Table, Vienna Museum. — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, iv. 139.
CLEISTHENES, scene painter and archi-
tect, of Eretria, about 384 B.C. He was
the father of Menedemus, the pupil of Plato.
— Diog. Laer., ii. 125.
CLEMENT, FELIX AUGUSTE, born at
Donzere (Drome), May 20, 1826. Genre
painter ; pupil of Drolling and Picot. Won
the grand prix de Eonie, 1856. Paints
chiefly Oriental scenes. Medals : 3d class,
1861 ; medal, 1867. Works : Feast of Bai-
ram in Cairo, Death of Ceesar, Destruction
of Babylon, March of Eecruits, Arab Wo-
man weeping over her Husband's Tomb
(1868); Before the Bath (1874); Sick Child
(1879) ; Circassian Woman in the Harem
(1880); Morning (1881); Nymphs Surprised,
Behold the Great Turk (1883).
CLEOBIS AND BITON, Antoine Fran-
9018 Collet, ficole des Beaux Arts, Paris.
Sons of Cydippe, priestess of Hera at Argos.
Once, during the festival of Hera, when
the oxen which were to draw the chariot of
the priestess did not arrive in time, Cleobis
and Bitou dragged it with their mother
304
CLEON
forty-five stadia to the temple. The priest-
ess, moved by their filial love, prayed to
the goddess to grant them what was best
for mortals. The brothers went to sleep
in the temple and never rose again. Herod-
otus, who tells the story (i. 31), makes So-
lon relate it to Croesus, as a proof that it is
better for mortals to die than to live. Cal-
let won the grand prix de Rome in 1764
with his picture, which represents the broth-
ers dragging the chariot to the temple.
By Carl von Stettcn, William Schaus, New
York ; canvas, H. 5 ft. X 6 ft 6 in. Repre-
sents the brothel's lying in the sleep of
death in the temple at the foot of the statue
of Hera ; near them is the altar of the god-
dess, covered with flowers ; in background,
people entering the temple exhibit aston-
ishment at the sight. Salon, 1884. Sub-
ject treated also by Primaticcio in the Cha-
teau de Fontainebleau.
CLEON, Greek painter, about 300 a c.;
noted for his picture of Cadmus. Pliny,
xxxv. 40.
CLEOPATRA BEFORE C^SAR, Jean
Leon Geroine, D. O. Mills, New York ; can-
vas, figures half life-size. Scene : Palace of
the Ptolemies in Alexandria. Cleopatra,
determined to gain the favour of Csesar,
caused herself to be carried into his apart-
ment concealed in a bale of cloth, which
Apollodorus, her attendant, bore as a pres-
ent to him (Dion Cas., xlii. 35 ; Plut., Csesar,
xlix.). She is represented standing, amid
the folds of cloth from which she has just
emerged, glancing at Csesar, who is writing
at a table. Apollodorus kneels behind her,
and several secretaries, writing in back-
ground, look around curiously. Photo-
gravure in Art Treasures of America. En-
graved by J. C. Armytage in Art Journal
(1877), 12.— Larousse, iv. 431.
CLEOPATRA ON THE CYDNUS, Wil-
liam Etty, Lord Taunton, London. Cleo-
patra, as Venus, attended by maids habited
as Nereids and Graces, and by boys as
Cupids, sailing along the River Cydnus in a
magnificent galley, as described by Plu-
tarch. Royal Academy, 1821 ; sold for 200
guineas to Sir Francis Freeling, at whose
sale bought by Mr. Farrer the dealer, who
disposed of it to Mr. Labouchere for 1,000
guineas. — Gilchrist, Life, 93 ; Art Union
(1849), 116.
By Henri Pierre Picoit, private gallery,
San Francisco ; canvas. Antony and Cleo-
patra, surrounded by attendants, in a su-
perb galley, sailing down the Cydnus. Sa-
lon, 1848 ; exhibited in New York hi 1875.
Engraved by Gautier.
CLEOPATRA, DEATH OF, Jean Fran-
y.ois Gigoux, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 5 in. Salon,
1850.
By Guidu Reni, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. Cleopatra,
three-fourths length, putting the asp to her
bosom. Painted about 1640. In Guide's
third manner. Engraved by N. Le Mire ;
L. M. Faeutino. Repetitious in Madrid,
Barcelona, and Nancy Museums, in the
Balbi and Durazzo Galleries, Genoa, and in
Windsor Castle and private collections in
England.— Wicar, i. Part 5 ; Gal. du Pul.
Pitti, i. PL 66 ; Lavice, 68.
By Alex. Turchi, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft.
3 in. x 8 ft 9 in. In foreground, at left,
Mark Antony, whom two soldiers have car-
ried into the tomb where Cleopatra has
taken refuge, is expiring upon a couch ; in
the background the queen, sustained by
two women, puts the asp to her breast ;
three other attendants grieving. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, i. PI. 31.
By Paolo Veronese, Munich Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. Natural size,
seen to knees.
By Guercino, Palazzo Brignole Sale,
Genoa. Lying on a couch, nude to waist,
and the rest of the body covered with a
white drapery, except the feet One hand
looses its hold of the asp which it had
placed on her bosom, the other falls help-
lessly at her side. — Burckhardt, 770 ; Lavice,
91.
By Hans Malcart, Stuttgart Gallery ; can-
305
CLEOPATRA
vas. Cleopatra, as Aphrodite, reclines on a
couch covered with cushions and rich robes,
with her head raised awaiting the sting of
the adder coiled around her arm. One of
her women is kneeling at her feet, covering
her face in despair ; another is asleep on
the floor. The apartment, which is adorned
with costly vessels and tropical plants, is
lighted by a tall candelabrum. Painted in
1875.
Subject treated also by Guide Cagnacci,
Vienna Museum ; Germann van Bohn, Nan-
tes Museum ; Eegnault, and others.
CLEOPATRA LANDING AT TARSUS,
Claude Lorrain, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3
ft 11 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. At right, Cleopatra,
accompanied by six women, and aided by
Dellius, an officer of Antony, is landing be-
fore a palace, the steps of which are washed
by the sea ; Antony, followed by officers,
advancing to meet her ; at left, several ves-
sels, from one of which sailors are unlad-
ing vases of gold and silver. Painted in
Rome about 1647, for Cardinal Angelo
Giorio, from whom passed to Louis XIV.
Liber Veritatis, No. 63. Similar picture in
Collection of Sir J. Reynolds, sold (1795)
for 250 guineas. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Pat-
tison, Claude Lorrain, 212, 241.
CLERCK, HENDRIK DE, born in
Brussels in 1570, died in 1629. Flemish
school ; pupil of Marten de Vos, to whose '
style he adhered ; distinguished for the
poetic treatment of his pictures. Works : i
Holy Family, Christ and the Children,
Brussels Museum ; Figures in a landscape
by Alsloot, Vienna Museum. — Michiels, v.
433.
CLEVE. See Cleef.
CLICHY, BARRIERS DE, Horace Ver-
nel, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x
4 ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 1820. Defence of
Paris in 1814. Marshal Moncey gives orders
to Chief of Battalion Odiot to prevent the
Russians from taking possession of the hill
of Montmartre. Among the figures are :
Moncey, Odiot, M. de Marguery-Dupaty, ;
and Charles and Horace Vernet. Formerly !
in Luxembourg. Engraved by Jazet.— Cat.
Louvre.
CLINT, ALFRED, born in London in
1807. Landscape and marine painter ; son
and pupil of Geo. Clint, and studied in Brit-
ish Institute. Began as a portrait painter ;
became member of Society of British Ar-
tists in 1850, was its secretary for several
years, and elected its president in 1869.
Paints chiefly coast scenery and sunset
effects. Works : Lake Scene at Sunset,
Sunset at Hastings, Philadelphia Exposition,
1876 ; Twilight, Paris Exposition, 1878 ;
St. Michael's Mount — Cornwall, Entrance to
Harbour of Little Hampton (1877).— Ott-
ley.
CLINT, GEORGE, born in London, April
12, 1770, died there, May 10, 1854. Portrait
painter ; was a house-painter, from which he
advanced to miniatures, and finally became
successful both in water-colours and in oils.
He painted a valuable series of dramatic pict-
ures, comprising portraits of the favourite
actors of the time in their most successful
scenes, many of which are preserved in the
Garrick Club. Was elected an A.R.A. in
1821, but resigned in 1836 and became an
opponent of the Academy, to the exhibitions
of which he had contributed 94 pictures.
Works: Falstaff and Mistress Ford, National
Gallery, London ; Hamlet and Ophelia
(1831), Paul Pry (1831), Honeymoon, S.
Kensington Museum ; Spoilt Child, Lord
Liverpool, and many portraits in private
collections. Was also a good mezzotint en-
graver.— Redgrave ; Bryan (Graves).
CLODT, MICHAEL CONSTANTINO-
VICH, Baron, born in St. Petersburg in 1836.
Landscape painter ; pupil of the St. Peters-
burg Academy, where he won the first prize
in 1858 ; professor there since 1864. Works:
Road in Autumn Rain ; View in Government
of Orel ; Return from the Field ; Plain with
Cattle.— Mtlller, 108.
CLODT, MICHAEL PETROVICH, Bar-
on, born in St. Petersburg in 1839. Genre
painter ; pupil of the St. Petersburg Acade-
my, where he won the first prize in 1861.
306
CLOET
Works : Sewing-Room in n Franciscan Mon-
astery ; Prayer before Baptism ; The Jews ;
Birthday Celebration in Russia. — Mttller,
108.
CLOET, JEHAN. See Clouet, Jean.
CLOSS, GUSTAV, born in Stuttgart, Nov.
14, 1840, died at Prien, on Lake Chiem,
Aug. 14, 1870. Landscape painter, pupil
of Funk in Stuttgart Art School. Visited
Italy in 1863, Munich in 18G4, Brussels, Ant-
werp, and Paris in 18GC, and settled in Mu-
nich. His Italian landscapes are pict-
uresquely conceived and executed with great
technical skill. His illustrations of German
poets show the influence of Dor6. Works :
Villa of Hadrian, Road near Sorrento, Group
of Cypresses near Tivoli, Campagna near
Rome, Piazza della Fontana in Olevano,
Evening at Villa Pamfili, The Lonely Inn,
Christmas Eve, Autumn Night in the Park.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 342 ; Kunst-Chronik,
vi. 124.
CLOTILDA, QUEEN, EDUCATION OF
CHILDREN OF, Alma-Tadem&, King of the
Belgians. Clotilda, widowed queen of Clo-
vis, first Christian monarch of France (6th
century), seated upon a throne in back-
ground, is watching her sons, who are
throwing the battle-axe at a wooden target
under the superintendence of an old cap-
tain-at-arms. She is attended by priests
and women ; at left, soldiers watching the
play. Painted in 1861. Replica, J. H. Steb-
bins, New York. — Art Treasures of America,
i. 95.
CLOUET, FRANCOIS, born in Tours
about 1500, died between 1570 and 1572.
French school ; son and probably pupil of
Jean Clouet ; also called, like his father, Janet
or Maitre Jehannet. Received letters of
naturalization from Francis I. in 1541, when
he succeeded his father as painter and valet
de chambre to the king ; held same offices
under Henry n. and Charles IX. Works :
Portrait of Francis I. (1534), Lord Dudley,
London ; Portrait of the Dauphin Fra^ois
II. (1524), Antwerp Museum ; do. of Henri
II. (1553), Louvre ; do. as a youth, Hampton
Court ; Portrait of Henri IL, do. of Duke
of Anjou, Berlin Museum ; Equestrian por-
trait of Henri H. (copy?), Uflizi, Florence;
do. of Azay le Rideau ; Portrait of Charles
IX. (1563), Vienna Museum ; copy by Clouet
in little, Louvre; Elizabeth of Austria (1570),
Louvre ; Henri III, Due d'Alenc,-on (1577-
78), Stafford House, London. There are
many other doubtful pictures attributed to
Clouet, as well as hundreds of crayon draw-
ings. Among the latter are collections in
the Bibliothi'que d'Estampes and the Louvre,
Paris, in the British Museum and Stafford
House, London, at Castle Howard, York-
shire, and in the Collection of Archduke
Albert, Vienna. — Pattison, Renaissance of
Art in France, i. 327; Ch. Blanc, ficole fran-
9aise ; Schnasse, viii. 333 ; W. & W., ii. 527;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Siret, 205 ; Gower, Three
Hundred Portraits by Clouet at Castle How-
ard (London, 1875); W. & W., ii. 527.
CLOUET, JEAN, born about 1485, died
in Paris (?)
about 1541.
French
school ; son
of Jehan
Cloe t, a
painter of
Br u s sels,
who was in
the service
of the Duke
of Burgundy
about 1475 ; commonly called Maitre Je-
hannet or Janet (diminutive of Jehan) ;
settled in France, first at Tours and after-
ward in Paris. Became painter and valet de
chambre to Francis I. in 1518; probably
painted portraits, but no authentic work ex-
tant, unless the Portrait of Francis I. ?
(1535^40), Louvre, be one. — Laborde, Re-
naissance, etc., i. 1, 79 ; Freville, Archives
de 1'Art francais, i. 1, 97, 287, iv. 44 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole franjaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Pattison, Renaissance of Art in France, i. 307.
CLOVIO, Don GIORGIO GIULJO, born
at Grizane in Dlyria in 1498, died in Rome,
CLOVIS
Jan. 5, 1578. Lombard school. Heal name
Glovicic ; sometimes called II Macedone, be-
cause his family was said to Lave originated
in Macedonia. Pupil of Giulio Romano, at
Mantua, andofGirolamodaiLibri.from whom
he learned the art of illuminating. Went
to Hungary in the service of Louis II., on
whose death in 1526 he returned to Italy.
During the sack of Eome (1527) he was so
ill-treated by the Spanish soldiers that he
vowed to take holy orders if he escaped.
Afterward entered the monastery of San Ru-
fiuo, Mantua, but left in a few years on a
dispensation from the Pope, and entered the
service of Cardinal Grimani, and on his
death, that of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese ;
became the best Italian miniature painter of
his time ; executed a great number of works,
some of which are described by Vasari. His
Office of the Virgin, with twenty-six minia-
tures now in the library of the Naples Muse-
um, cost him nine years' labour. Other
works : Crucifixion, Uffizi ; Pieta, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 330, vii.
557; Lanzi, ii. 337; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lom-
barde ; Waagen, i. 208, ii. 63, 334, iii. 431 ;
Burckhardt, 682.
CLOVIS, ENTRY OF, Joseph Nicolas Rob-
<;r<-Fleury, Versailles Museum ; canvas, H.
2 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. Triumphal entry into Tours.
Clovis, to whom the Emperor Auastasius
had decreed consular honours, put on the
purple tunic and the chlamys and placed
the crown on his head in the cathedral ;
then, having mounted his horse, he rode
through the streets scattering with his own
hand gold and silver among the people.
CLUYSENAAR, ALFRED, born in Brus-
sels, Sept. 24, 1837. History and genre
painter ; pupil of Brussels Academy, and in
Paris of the licole des Beaux Arts and of
Cogniet ; visited Italy, Holland, and Ger-
many. Medal, Paris, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1878. Order of Leopold. Works : Henry
IV. at Canossa (1878) ; in fresco : The Age
of the Roman Empire, Foundation of the
Christian Dogma, Contest of Papacy against
Secular Rule, Reformation and Renaissance,
The French Revolution, University of Ghent.
— Mtiller, 108.
CLYTEMNESTRA, ancient picture. See
Tauriscus, Theon.
By P. N. Gutrin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 11
ft. 3 in. X 10 ft. 8 in.; signed, dated 1817.
Clytemnestra, dagger in hand, hesitating
on the threshold of the apartment in which
Agamemnon is seen asleep, is urged forward
by .ZEgisthus, who pushes her by the shoul-
ders. Salon, 1817 ; acquired in 1819 for
12,000 fr. Engraved by A. Johannot ; Sis-
co.— Reveil, x. 677.
COBERGHER, (Coeberger,) WENCES-
LAS, born in Antwerp about 1560, died
in Brussels in 1635. Flemish school ;
history painter ; pupil of Martin de Vos,
1573, from whose studio he went to Italy in
1579 ; lived in Rome and Naples ; returned to
Antwerp in 1603, where he then entered
the guild. Called to Brussels by Archduke
Albert, who entrusted him with all manner
of work, Cobergher being also an architect
and engineer. Works : Constantine adoring
the Cross, St. Jacob's, Antwerp ; En-
tombment, Brussels Museum ; Pieta, St. An-
drew's, Antwerp. — Biog. nat. de Belgique,
iv. 214 ; Michiels, viii. 326 ; Rooses (Reber),
154 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande.
COCCHI, POMPEO, of Perugia ; Roman
school (1523-1549) ; contemporary of Do-
menico Alfani, and almost his equal. On
register of guild in 1523. A Madonna with
Saints in Cathedral of Perugia is signed and
dated 1525. A Crucified Saviour in the
Perugia Gallery, part of a fresco transferred
to canvas, recalls the Florentine manner of
the followers of Fra Bartolommeo, still with
a prevailing Umbrian feeling. Cocchi made
his will in 1544, and was still alive in 1549.
C. & C., Italy, iii. 371 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
ombrienne.
COCK, CESAR DE, born in Ghent in
1823. Landscape painter. Medals, Paris,
1867, 1869. Works : Old Mill (1857) ; Hedge
Corner (1859); Farm-yard (1865); Old Mill
at Veules, Herring Box (1866); Poplars
(18G7); Upon the Heath, In the Woods
80S
COCK
(1868) ; Morning in the Woods (1869) ;
Storm in Normandy, Path at Sevres (1870) ;
Spring-Time in Woods, Stream in Woods
(1872) ; River in Woods (1873) ; Road to
Washing Place, Courtyard of Farmhouse in
Gasny, Brook in the Woods (1874); In
Spring-Time, Old Mill, Banks of the Ebro
(1875); Banks of the Ept, Woods on Banks
of the Ept (1880); Sluice, Old Willow
(1881); Flock of Sheep (1882); Charbonel
Manufactory at Gasny (1883). — Larousse ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 511.
COCK, XAVIER DE, born in Ghent;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1857. Works: Autumn,
Cows and Goats (1872) ; Herd of Cows,
Sheep in an Autumn Landscape (1873) ;
Cows, A Forest, Harvesters (1874); A For-
est, Cows (1876) ; Sheep in Autumn (1878) ;
Yoke of Oxen (1879) ; Oxen in a Meadow,
A Cascade (1880) ; Cow at a Drinking-Place
(1881); Flock of Sheep (1882); Woods in Au-
tumn, Oxen on the Lowland (1883). — L'Art
(1876).
COCK FIGHT (Combat de Coqs), Jean
Loon Gerdme, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. X 6 ft, 6 in. A young
Greek, nude, kneeling at right on one knee,
setting two cocks to fighting ; behind, a
young woman, nearly nude, is seated watch-
ing the combat Figures, life-size. — Salon,
1847 ; medal, 3d class.
COCX. See Coques.
COCXIE. See Coxcyen.
CODDE, PIETER, born in Amsterdam
before 1610, died about 1660 (?). Dutch;
school ; genre painter, principally of social
reunions and military scenes in the style of
Palamedes ; probably formed himself at
Haarlem under the influence of Frans and
Dirk Hals ; spirited conception and fine ;
colouring. Painted figures in pictures of|
Dirk van Deelen. Works : Flute Player,
Haarlem Museum ; The Ball (1636), Game l
of Trictrac, Mauritshnis, Hague ; Peasants
at Meal surprised by Catchpolls (attributed
to A. Duck), Copenhagen Gallery ; Company
of Six (attributed to J. le Ducq), Stockholm
j Museum ; Guard-room, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
I do. Gottingen Gallery ; Robber Scene (at-
j tributed to C. Bega), Brunswick Gallery ;
'{ Musical Company (attributed to Cocx),
! Speyer Gallery ; Company at Table (1634),
Emden Gallery ; do., Schleissheiin Gallery ;
Preparation for Carnival, Berlin Museum ;
Stable with Soldiers, Musical Company,
Schwerin Gallery ; Dancing Lesson (1627),
E. von Sievers, Dorpat ; Soldiers with a
Girl (1628), Soldiers pilfering Peasant's
.Cottage (attributed to A. Duck), Dresden
I Gallery ; Musical Com- _
pany, Liechtenstein Gal- \*/00<)^, IL/
lery, Vienna; Guard-room '
(166-), Borghese Gallery, Rome; Seamstress,
Assembly, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
— Bode, Studieu, 141; Havard, A. .V A. holL,
iiL 139.
COELLO, ALONSO SANCHEZ. See
Sanchez-Coello.
COELLO, CLAUDIO, born in Madrid
about 1635, died
there, April 20,
1693. Spanish
school ; son of
Faustino Coello,
sculptor; pupil in
drawing of Fran-
cisco Rizi; won the
friendship of Car-
refio, who obtain-
ed for him admis-
sion to the royal galleries, where he studied
Titian, Rubens, and other great masters.
After executing important works in Toledo
and Saragossa, he returned to Madrid, was
made painter to the king in 1684, and on the
death of Carreno succeeded to all his hon-
ours at court Coello's masterpiece, the
Collocation of the Host, in the Escorial,
cost him two years' labor. In 1691 he was
appointed painter to the Cathedral of Tole-
do, but his satisfaction in this and other
advantages which he enjoyed was counter-
balanced in the following year by the arrival
of Luca Giordano, called by theKingof Spain
soa
COENE
to decorate the Escorial, and disappoint- j Idyl, Toneur de Mandoline (1881); Brittany
ment and jealousy finally led to bis death, jinn (1882); Examination, Close of Day, Au-
Works: Assumption of the Virgin (1669); 'gust Day (1883); Lady in Black (1885).
do., Portrait of Charles H., Madrid Muse- COGELS, JOSEPH (sometimes called
Portraits of Jeanne and Maria of Aus- Cogels Mabilde), born at Brussels in 1786,
urn
tria, and Marguerite of Parma, daughters of • died at Castle Leitheim, near Donauworth,
Charles V., Brussels Museum ; Portraits of
Philip IL, Berlin Museum ; St. Peter of Al-
cantara walking on the Water, Munich Gal-
in 1831. Landscape and marine painter ;
pupil of Dttsseldorf Academy; visited France,
returned to Belgium in 1806 and became a
lery ; Portrait of member of Royal Society of Fine Arts at
Coello, The Mag- Ghent ; went in 1810 to Munich, where he
dalen, Hermit- , painted for the King and Queen, and the
age, St. Peters- Duke of Leuchtenberg, pictures for their
burg. — Cean Bermudez ; Stirling, iii. 1010 ; private collections and the Schleissheim
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 296 ;
Madrazo, 387.
COENE, CONSTANTINUS, born at Vil-
voorden, in 1780, died in Brussels in 1841.
Flemish school ; history, genre, and land-
scape painter ; pupil of Hendrik van Assche,
and in 1809 of Barbiers at Amsterdam ;
settled afterward in Brussels, where,
in
1820, he became professor at the Academy.
Great prize in Ghent in 1808. Works : Ru-
bens receiving from Charles I. the Sword
with which he had been Knighted (1808),
Ghent Museum ; Soldier returning from
Waterloo (1815), Brussels Museum ; Group
of Peasants, Haarlem Museum ; View in
Brussels, Amsterdam Museum.
COENE, JEAN HENRI DE, born at
Veder-Brekel, East Flanders, in 1798, died
in Brussels, April 6, 1866. Genre painter,
pupil of David and J. Pae'linck ; lived many
years in Paris, afterward professor in Brus-
sels Academy. Exhibited a number of pict-
ures in the Salon, several of which have be-
come well known in France by lithographs.
Medal, 2d class, 1837. Works : Misery and
Honesty (1835); Pastoral Tournament, Fri-
day the Fasting Day (1837). — Larousse.
COENUS, painter of genealogical tablets,
about 300 B.C.— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [140].
COFFIN, W. A., born in Allegheny City,
Gallery. Member of Antwerp Academy in
1817, honorary member of the Munich Acad-
emy in 1824.
His paintings,
principally
landscapes,
waterfalls, and
old monuments of his native country, are
highly esteemed. Works: View of St. Sal-
vator Platz in Munich (1819), Cassel Gal-
lery.— Bryan (Graves).
COGEN, FELIX, born at St. Nicolas,
Belgium. Genre and animal painter, pupil
of F. Devigne. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1875 ;
L. of Honour, 1883. Works : Calves and
Heifers, Cows returning from Pasture (1870);
Departure for Fishing, Return from Fishing
(1874) ; Shrimp-Fishers on Coast of Flan-
ders (1875); Varech (Sea-weed) Harvest in
Holland (1876); Fisherman's Wife on Zuyder-
Zee (1878); Inundation Scene (1881); Fisher-
women at Scheveningen (1883).
COGHETTI, FRANCESCO, born at Ber-
gamo, Oct. 4, 1804, died in Rome, April 23,
1875. History painter, pupil in Bergamo
of Diotti, and in Rome of Camuccini ; Pres-
ident of Accademia di S. Luca, Rome. Order
of St. Gregory the Great. Executed a series
of decorative compositions in fresco in the
Palazzo Torlonia, Rome, in the Cathedral,
Pa., 1855. Subject painter, pupil of Bon- j and in the Bishop's Palace at Bergamo, in
nat in Paris. Exhibited first in the Paris the Basilica at Savona, and in the church at
Salon in 1879. Studio in New York. Works: Porto Maurizio. Works : Presentation, As-
After Breakfast, T. B. Clarke, New York ; 1 sumption, Ascension, Condemnation of St.
310
COGMET
,-
Stephen ; Exploits of Alexander, Villa Tor-
Ionia ; Battle of Amazons, Triumph of Bac-
chus, Four Elements, Villa Castel-Gandolfo ;
Fable of Psyche and Cupid, Parnassus, Tor-
Ionia Palazzo, Rome ; Fable of Prometheus,
Apollo followed by the Hours, Basilica of
Savona. — Brockhaus, iv. 486 ; Larousse ; L11-
lustrazione italiana, 1875.
COGNIET, LEON, born in Paris, Aug. 29,
1794, died there,
Nov. 20, 1880. His-
tory and portrait
painter, pupil of Guc-
rin ; won the prix
de Borne in 1817.
Medals : 2d class,
1824; 1st class, 1855;
L. of Honour, 1828; .
Officer, 1846 ; Prus-
sian Order pour le
merite, 1865 ; member of Institute, 1849.
His first pictures, though classical in style,
show a realistic tendency. Founder of one
of the best art schools in Paris. Works :
Metabus, King of the Volscians (1822) ; Ma-
rius at Carthage, Massacre of the Innocents
(1824) ; Numa in the Grotto of Egeria ;
Eape of Rebecca ; Napoleon in Egypt, Paris
National Guard in 1792 (1836) ; Battle of
Rivoli, Episodes in Egyptian Campaign,
Versailles Museum ; Tintoretto painting his j
Dead Daughter (1843), Bordeaux Museum;
St. Stephen, St. Nicolas-des-Champs ; Mag-
dalen, Madeleine, Paris. — Clare tie, Peintres,
etc. (1882), 361 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch.,
439 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 33.
COGNIET, Mine. LEON, (nee Catherine
Caroline Thevenin), born hi Lyons, Oct. 23,
1813. History and genre painter ; wife and
pupil of Leon Cogniet. Medals : 3d class,
1840 ; 2d class, 1843. Works : A Studio
(1836); Bad Fellow (1837); Red Fish (1838);
Prix de Rome (1840); Sick Girl (1843); Vir-
ginia (1848); St. Cecilia (1852); St. Genevieve
as a Child (1853).
COIGNARD, LOUIS, born in Mayenne
in 1812, died in 1883. Animal and land-
scape painter ; pupil of Picot. Medals : 3d
class, 1846 ; 1st class, 1848. Works: Mary
in Desert (1838) ; Little Fisherman by Sea,
Christ and Disciples at Emmaus, Sleep,
Evening, Cattle in Woods (1842-1845); Cows
on Borders of a Wood (1846); Bulls Fight-
ing (1847); Drinking Place, Morning (1848);
Woman watching Cows, The Bull, Cares of
a Farmer's Wife, Morning Rest, Henri IV. 's
Oak (1849-53), bought by State ; Morning
Repose (1852), Luxembourg Museum ; Pas-
ture in Holland, Valley of the Main (1855);
During the Storm, Landscape with Animals
(1857); Grass and Drinking Place in Valley
of the Auge, Bulls Fighting, The Cow Pond
(1859); Herd in Pasture (1861); Landscape
in Normandy (1863); Herd at Edge of Forest,
Cows in a Marsh (1873) ; Cows in a Belgian
Forest (1874) ; Flock of Sheep, Morning in
Pasture (1875) ;CattleResting, Drinking Place
(1876) ; Cattle Resting in a Prairie (1877).
COIGNET, JULES (LOUIS PHILIPPE),
born in Paris, Dec. 2, 1798, died there
April 1, 1860. Landscape painter, pupil of
Bertin ; travelled in Italy and the East, and
painted many pictures marked by poetical
feeling and delicacyof light and shade effects.
Also produced many water-colours and chalk
drawings, and wrote a work on landscape
painting. Medals : 2d class, 1842, 1848 ; L.
of Honour, 1836. His Ruins of Temple of
Psostum, one of his best works, is in the Mu-
nich Gallery. — Bryan (Graves).
COL, DAVID, born in Antwerp, April 6,
1822. Genre painter, pupil of Antwerp
Academy. His pictures, mostly on a small
scale, are to be found in nearly all the mu-
seums and private collections of Belgium.
Order of Leopold, 1875. Works : Shaving
Day ; Out with You ! Throwing Snowballs ;
Canary Fancier ; Interrupted Meal ; The
Blusterers (1875).— MttUer, 109.
COLANTONIO DEL FIORE, born in
1352 (?) died in 1444 (?) Neapolitan school.
The question of the existence of this painter
rests on a letter written in 1524 by Sum-
monzio the architect, who says that Colan-
tonio abandoned tempera for oils, which he
learned from Runu of Aujou, but that he
311
COLAS
failed to attain the skill of his disciple An-
tonello da Messina. Domenici, who is little
to be trusted, gives the above dates of his
birth and death, and attributes to him a trip-
tych, dated 1375, in S. Antonio Abate, Na-
ples; a second picture in two parts, supposed
to have formerly been dated 1436, one part
in S. Lorenzo, Naples, the other in the Naples
Museum ; and a fresco in S. Angelo a Nilo,
Naples. C. & C., however, doubt if there
ever was a Colantonio, and think it possible
that Summonzio may have confounded him
with Antonello da Messina.— C. & C., Italy,
i. 322, 334 ; do., N. Italy, ii. 82 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., ii. 585 ; ed. Le Hon., i. 163, iv. 95 ;
Lanzi, ii. 4 ; Burckhardt, 523 ; Domenici,
Vile de' Pittori, etc., Napoletani ; Ch. Blanc,
licole napolitaine.
COLAS, ALPHONSE, born at Lille,
Sept. 24, 1818. French school ; history
and portrait painter, pupil of Souchon.
Medals, 3d class, 1849, 1863. Director of
School of Painting at Lille. Works : Call-
ing of St. James (18G9), St. James's, Douai ;
France in 1870-71 (1872); Portraits (1877,
1879, 1880, 1883).
COLE, GEOKGE, born at Portsmouth in
1810, died in Lon-
don, Sept. 7, 1883.
Landscape paint-
er, self-taught;
began as a por-
trait and animal
painter in Ports-
mouth ; exhibited
first in London in
1840 ; member in
1850 of the Soci-
ety of British Ar-
tists, of which he became vice-president.
Works: Surrey Harvest (1864); Pride and
Humility ; Loch Lubnaig ; Gunnard's Head
— Cornwall (1870) ; River Scene — Sussex
(1874); Wheat Harvest— Hampshire (1877);
Morning on the Thames — Windsor, Wind-
sor Castle— Morning, Thirlmere (1878) ; Tim-
ber Drag (1880).— Art Journal (1883), 343 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 743.
COLE, THOMAS, born at Bolton le
Moor, England, Feb. 1, 1801, died near
Catskill, N. Y., Feb.
11, 1848. Land-
scape painter ; in
1819 his father emi-
grated to America
and settled in Ohio,
where Thomas first
learned the rudi-
ments of art from a
portrait painter
named Stein. After
studying nature under great difficulties, he
went in 1825 to New York, and was first
brought into notice by his views on the Hud-
son. He made several visits to England,
France, and Italy, but passed the greater
part of his professional life in New York. Ex-
hibited at Royal Academy, London, View in
New Hampshire, Tomb of General Brock
(1830), and View in United States (1831).
Two of his allegorical series, the Course
of Empire and Voyage of Life, were very
popular. Works : Dream of Arcadia ; De-
parture ; Return ; Garden of Eden (1828);
Expulsion from Paradise (1828), Lenox Li-
brary, New York ; Titian's Goblet (1833),
J. M. Falconer, New York ; Mount Etna,
White Mountains, Wadsworth Collection,
Hartford ; Angel appearing to the Shep-
herds, Boston Athenseum ; Primitive State
of Man, E. L. Rogers, Baltimore ; View on
the Thames, Jonathan Sturges, New York ;
Cross in the Wilderness ; L' Allegro ; II
Penseroso ; Mountain Ford, M K. Jesup ;
Cross and the World (unfinished), Vincent
Colyer; Course of Empire, Vale of Segesta,
Italian Landscape, Moonlight, Conway Peak,
Catskill Creek, Summer Sunset, Historical
Society, New York. — Noble, Life and Works
(1850) ; Tuckerman, 223.
COLE, VICAT, born at Portsmouth,
England, in 1833. Landscape painter, son
and pupil of George Cole ; exhibited first
picture at British Institution in 1851, and at
Royal Academy in 1854 ; elected an A.R.A.
in 1870, and R.A. in 1880. Works : Under
sis
COLEMAN
(1860) ; Summer's
; Floating down to
the Greenwood Tree
Golden Crown (1866)
C a m e 1 o t
(1869) ; Even-
ing Rest ; Sun-
shine Showers
(1870) ; Au-
tumn Gold
(1871); Sum-
mer Rain
(1873) ; Misty
Morning, Heart
of Surrey
(1874); Rich-
mond, Loch
Scavaig (1875);
Day's Decline
(1876) ; Arundel, Summer Showers (1877) ;
Surrey Pastoral (1878) ; Autumn Leaves,
Ripening Sunbeams (1879) ; August Days,
Streatley on Thames, Wargrave (1881) ;
Sources of the Thames (1882) ; Windsor,
Autumn Morning (1883) ; Sinodun Hill
(1885).— Meynell, 33.
COLEMAN, CHARLES CARYLL, born
at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1840. Figure and
still-life painter ; went to Europe in 1859
and again in 1866, since which has not re-
turned to America. Exhibits in New York,
London, Paris, and Rome. An A.N.A. of
New York and member of the London Art
Club. Studio in London in 1883. Works :
Troubadour. Young Monk, Nuremberg Tow-
ers (1876); Bronze Horses of St. Mark's —
Venice (1877), Lady Ashburton ; Decorative
Panel (1878); Interior of Chapel adjoining
Sala del Gambia — Perugia; Venice — An-
cient and Modern (1880) ; Remote Quarter
of Paris in 1878 (1881).
COLIN, ALEXANDRE (MARIE), born
in Paris, Dec. 31, 1798, died there, Nov. 23,
1875. Genre painter, pupil of Girodet-
Trioson ; director several years of School of
Design in Nimes. Medals : 2d class, 1824
and 1831 ; 1st class, 1840 ; L. of Honour,
1873. Works : French Fish-market (1832),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Scene in Otaheite,
Street of Calcutta (1841); Flanders Fisher-
women(1842);ChristopherColumbus(1846);
Masaniello (1848) ; Christ on the Cross
(1850), bought by State ; Michelangelo
watching at his Servant's Bedside (1855);
Scene in the Roman Campagna, Columbus's
first Arrival in Spain (1857); Nymphs Bath-
ing, Breton Peasant (1859) ; Reception of
Columbus by Ferdinand and Isabella at
Barcelona, Lorenzo de' Medici and Michel-
angelo, Public Reader on Mole of Naples,
Encounter in the Desert, Moorish Interior
(1861); Mater Dolorosa, Death of Gessler,
Suburb of Isel at St. Omer (1863) ; Flan-
ders Fishermen, Fisherman at Foot of a
Cliff (1864); Christ in Garden of Olives,
Gypsies Halting (1865) ; King Candaules,
Satyr and Bacchante (1866); Joy of the
Hearth, Who giveth to the Poor lendeth to
the Lord (1868); Little Sister (1869); Hur-
ricane on Borders of Sea (1870); Drama of
the Sea (1873); Before Marriage (1874).—
Montrosier, Artistes modernea
COLIN, PAUL, born at Nimes in 1838.
Landscape painter ; son and pupil of Alex-
andre Colin and pupil of J. P. Laurens.
Medal, 3d class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1883,
Works : Farm of Groult, Little Marauders
(1875); Moat of Hogue, Plateau of Crique-
bceuf (1876); Road of Yport (1877); Two
Views at Valmont (1879) ; Valley of Yport
(1880) ; Street in Toledo (1881) ; Pool of
Criquebceuf (1882); Pool of Gueville, Apple-
yard at Loysel (1883) ; Farm Stable, Ducks
(1884); Mare aux Pigeons (1885).
COLLANTES, FRANCISCO, born in
Madrid in 1599, died there in 1656. Span-
ish school ; pupil of Vincenzo Carducci ;
best known as a landscape painter, though
he painted also figures, animals, and fruit
and flowers. Works: Vision of Ezekiel,
Burning of Troy, St. Wil-
liam of Aquitaine, two
landscapes, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Burning Bush,
Louvre ; Landscape, Mu-
nich Gallery ; St. John Baptist, Hermitage,
St Petersburg.— Viardot, 267 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 392.
813
COLLAET
COLLART, Mine. MARIE, born in Brus-
sels ; contemporary. Landscape painter.
Medals : Paris, 1870, 3d class, 1878. Works :
Winter, Autumn (1868); The Source, Bake-
room (18G9) ; Sunday Morning, Orchard
(1870) ; Old Orchard, Winter Evening
(1872); Farm Yard at Dunkirk (1873) ; Peas-
ant's Garden at Beersel — Belgium, Old
Beersel Road in Winter (1874); View at Cal-
voet near Brussels (1875); Evening, April
(1879) ; Mill of Calvoet, Canal of Rusbraeck
(1881); Valley de la Senne (1882).
COLLIER, JOHN, born in England ;
contemporary. Figure and portrait painter.
Works: The Aiguille verte — from Argen-
tiere (1877); Last Voyage of Henry Hudson
(1881) ; Clytemnestra, portraits of the Lord
Chancellor, Chas. Darwin, and Sir George
Campbell (1882); portrait of Huxley (1883);
Sir George Biddell Airy (1884); Lady Lo-
raine (1885). His wife, Marion Collier,
daughter of Prof. Huxley, is also a painter
of promise. Her Coming Tragedian was ex-
hibited at Royal Academy in 1882.
COLLIN, (LOUIS JOSEPH) RAPHAEL,
born in Paris ; contemporary. Figure and
portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal,
2d class, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1884. Works:
Slumber (1873) ; Venetian Girl ; Young
Girl of Basle (1874); Idyl (1875); Daph-
nis and Chloc (1877) ; The Dance (1881);
Idyl (1882); Portraits (1883); Summer
(1884).
COLLIN DE VERMONT, HYACINTHE,
born at Versailles, January 19, 1693, died
in Paris, February 16, 1761. French school.
History painter, pupil of Jouvenet ; received
into the Academy in 1725, professor in 1733,
adjunct rector in 1754. Works : Birth of
Bacchus (1725), Tours Museum ; Scenes in
History of Cyrus, Descent from the Cross, j
The Gods cutting the Wings of Cupid,
Judgment of Solomon (1737) ; Marriage of
Alexander and Roxana (1745) ; History of
Cyrus (33 pictures, 1751) ; Presentation of
the Virgin (1755), St. Louis', Versailles ;
Marriage of St. Catherine, Lyons Museum.
— Bellier de la Chavignerie, I. 279.
:,
COLLTNGWOOD, WILLIAM, born at
Greenwich, England, in 1819. Landscape
painter, water-colours ; pupil of J. D. Har-
ding ; first exhibited in 1839 ; elected associ-
ate of Society of Painters in Water-Colours
in 1855. Paints chiefly mountain scenery
and interiors. Works : Cloud-Caps from
Summit of Suowdon, Sunset from the Rigi,
Sunday at Haddon Hall, Lake of Como,
Mauvais Pas, Mont Blanc, Ludlow Castle.
COLLINS, WILLIAM, born in London,
Sept. 18, 1788,'
died there, Feb.
17, 1847. Son
of a picture deal-
er ; student at
Royal Academy
in 1807-14 ; be-
came an A.R.A.
in 1814, and R, A.
in 1820. Paint-
ed chiefly land-
scapes with rustic groups. After visit-
ing France, Holland, and Belgium, spent
two years in Italy in 1836-38, and gathered
material for pictures of Italian life. Though
his art was feeble, his pictures were popular
on account of the character of his subjects,
and many of them have been engraved.
Works: Blowing Bubbles (1810); Weary
Trumpeter, Young Fifer (1811) ; May Day
(1812); Sale of Pet Lamb (1813); Bird Catch-
ers (1814); Shrimp Boys (1816); Sunrise,
Fishermen coming Ashore (1817); Scene on
Coast of Norfolk, Bird's Nest (1818); Watch-
ing for a Bite (1820) ; Bird Trap (1821) ;
Woodcutters, Clovelly— N. Devon (1822);
Fish Auction (1823); Stirling Castle, Cherry
Seller (1824); Buying Fish on the Beach,
Prawn Fishers (1825); Fisherman's Depart-
ure (1826) ; Frost Scene, Buying Fish
(1827); Doubtful Weather, Freshwater Bay
(1828) ; Morning after Storm, Summer
Moonlight, Prawn Fishing (1829) ; Mussel
Gatherers (1830); Shrimpers, Morning Bath,
Nutting Party (1831); Skittle Players, Rustic
Civility (1832); Stray Kitten (1833); Rustic
Hospitality, Morning Lesson (1834); Mari-
314
COLLINSON
ner's Widow (1835) ; Sunday Morning, Hap-
py as a King, Leaving Home (1836); Scene
near Subiaco, Young Lazzaroni playing
Game of Arravoglio (1839); Christ in the
Temple, Ave Maria, Passing Welcome (1840);
Disciples at Emmaus, Caves of Ulysses,
Woodcutter's Repast (1841); Prayer, Welsh
Guides (1842) ; Madonna, Windy Day, Sul-
try Day (1843) ; Catechist, Morning— Bou-
logne (1844); Fetching the Doctor, Sunrise
at Sea (1845); Early Morning, Mead-foot
Bay (1846). His son, Charles Allston Col-
lins (1828-1873), who married Charles
Dickens's daughter, was also a geure painter,
but turned to literature. — Memoir by his
son, Wilkie Collins (London, 1848); Sandby,
i. 365 ; Art Union Monthly Journal, April,
1847 ; Art Journal (1855), 141; Redgrave,
Century, ii. 410 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise.
COLLINSON, ROBERT, born in Chesh-
ire, July, 1832. Landscape and genre
painter, student of Government Schools of
Design, Manchester ; removed about 1854 to
London, where he was for many years pro-
fessor of painting in the S. Kensington
schools. Works: Hopes and Fears (1862);
Ordered on Foreign Service (1864); Money
Changer, Leisure Hour (1865); Close of
Day (1868); Sacred Spot (1869); Dawn of
Hope (1870); Absorbed in Robinson Crusoe
(1871); To Win or Die (1872); The Escape
(1873); Leaves from Nature (1874); Sunday
Afternoon (1875) ; Home, Mill Pool (1878);
Light in the Cottage (1879); English Home
(1883) ; The Last Mile (1884).
COLMAN, SAMUEL, born in Portland,
Me., in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of
A B. Durand in New York. Visited France
and Spain in 1860-62 ; went abroad a sec-
ond time in 1871, and travelled in Switzer-
land, Germany, North Africa, Italy, France,
and Spain. Elected N. A. in 1862. Studio
in New York. Works : Bay of Gibraltar ;
Andernach on the Rhine ; Street Scene
in Caen — Normandy ; Market Day in
Brittany — Le Mans ; Arab Caravansary
(1879) ; Arab Burying-Ground, Genesee
River at Avon, Dutch Boats off Coast of
Holland (1880); Evening at Amalfi— Italy,
Misty Afternoon in Venice (1881); Zandani
— Holland, Ruins of Moorish Mosque — Al-
geria (1882); Tower of Giralda (1884).—
Sheldon, 72.
COLONNA, ANGELO MICHELE, born
in Como in 1000, died in Bologna in 1681
or 1687. Bolognese school ; pupil of Fer-
rautini and of Deutone, with the latter of
whom he painted many frescos in Bologna,
Colonna painting the figures in his master's
landscapes and architectuiiil pictures. He
acquired a great reputation as a decorative
fresco painter. After the death of Dentone
(1632) he associated with himself Agostino
Metelli, and the two executed numerous
works in Bologna, Ravenna, Parma, Modena,
Rome, and other cities. In 1659 they went,
j at the invitation of Philip IV., to Madrid,
and decorated several halls in the palace
of Bueii Retiro. After Metelli's death Co-
lonna returned to Italy, and with Giacomino
Alboresi as his collaborator executed many
important works in Bologna, Florence, and
elsewhere. — Malvasia, ii. 345 ; Lanzi, iii. 136 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Gualandi, Guida.
COLOTES, painter, of Teos, about 396
B.C. He was defeated in a painting contest
by Tiinanthes, whose famous picture of the
Sacrifice of Iphigenia carried off the prize.
— Quin. ii. 13, 12.
COLUMBARIUM, Hector Lcroux, Lux-
embourg, Paris ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft.
4 in. A funeral in the Columbarium of
the Palace of the Ciesars, Rome. The pro-
cession is coming down a steep stairway,
the upper part of which is illuminated by
sunlight through an archway ; below, at
right, two musicians. — Salon, 1864.
COLUMBINE, LA, Bernardino Luini,
I formerly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; wood, trans-
; ferred to canvas, H. 1 ft. 5£ in. x 1 ft. 2 in.
A beautiful girl, "en deshabille, "sits under
a rock overgrown with ivy, looking at a
columbine held in her left hand ; her white
dress, with yellow ornaments, is held by a
: jewelled brooch, leaving one breast uncover-
315
COLUMBUS
ed ; a blue tunic falls from the left shoulder.
Believed to be a portrait of one of the mis-
tresses of Francis I. Called also Flora and
Vanity. In cabinet of Marie de Medicis in
1649 ; afterward in Orleans Gallery, whence
sold (1829) to Mr. Udney for $105, passed
thence to Banker Walckiers, Brussels, and
then to gallery of The Hague ; sold at sale
of William n. (1850) to Hermitage for
La Columbine, Bernardino Luini, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
40,000 florins. Copy in Stafford House, Lon-
don, and another at Stratton (Sir Thos. Bar-
ing). Attributed by C. & C. to A. Solario.
— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 58 ; Heaton, 258, 296 ;
Waagen, Ermitage, 35 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv.
63 ; Eigollot, Hist, des Arts, etc., i. 292.
COLUMBUS DISCOVERING LAND,
Hermann Freihold Pluddeman, National
Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 4 f t. 7 in. ;
signed, dated 1836. Columbus leans against
the mast with folded hands and upraised
eyes, while his officers prostrate themselves
before him in shame and contrition ; near
the bow, sailors greet the land with passion-
ate gestures ; others embrace each other.
COLUMBUS, LANDING OF, John Van-
derlyn, rotunda of Capitol, Washington ; can-
vas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft. The first landing of
Columbus and his followers in the New
World — at San Salvador. Painted in 18 —
for $10,000. Engraved on back of $5 United
States national bank notes.
COLUMBUS, DEATH OF, Gustaav Wap-
pers, private gallery. Columbus, lying upon
his bed, places his hand on the head of a
young man kneeling beside him ; by the
bedside is a large chest, from which the
chains Columbus had worn are partly hang-
ing out. Engraved by D. Devachez. — Art
Journal (1865), 268.
COLYER, VINCENT, bora at Blooming-
dale, N. Y., in 1825. Landscape painter ;
pupil of John B. Smith and of the National
Academy. Practised his profession in New
York many years, exhibiting at the National
Academy. Elected an A.N.A. in 1849. Stu-
dio in Rowayton, Conn. Works : Johnson
Straits — British Columbia, J. N. Stearns,
New York ; Columbia River (1875); Portrait
of Geo. H. Story, National Academy, New
York ; Pueblo — Indian Village, Passing
Shower (1876); Home of the Yackamas —
Oregon, H. Bigelow, New York ; Contraband,
T. Kensett, Baltimore ; Darien Shore — Con-
necticut, Rainy Day on Connecticut Shore,
Sunrise (1881) ; Winter on Connecticut
Shore, Winter Bit (1884); Spring Flowers
(1885).
COMAN, CHARLOTTE B., bom at
Waterville, N. Y.; contemporary. Landscape-
painter, pupil of James Brevoort, of H.
Thompson, and in Paris of Emile Vernier.
Painted six years in France and Holland.
Studio in New York. Works : French Vil-
lage (1876); Sunset at the Seaside ^France
(1877); Near Fontainebleau, Borders of the
Marne, Peasant Home in Normandy (1878);
! Cottage in Picardy (1881); Old Windmills
in Holland, Spring Time in Picardy — France
(1882) ; View near Schiedam— Holland
(1883); Street in Cernoy La Ville— France,
Farmer's Cottage in Picardy (1884); Poppy
Field in Normandy (1885).
310
CJOMBA
COMBA Y GARCIA, Don JUAN ; con-
temporary. Historical genre painter. Medal,
Madrid, 1885. Works : Dona Leonor la
Bella asking Justice of Don Pedro I. of Cas-
tile (1878); At the Ringing of the Angelus
(1881); Idealism and Reality (1885).— La
Hustracion (1878), i. 402 ; (1879), i. 76 ;
(1881), ii. 331; (1885), i. 235.
COMBAT, Wm. Ethj, National Gallery,
Edinburgh ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 4 in. x 13 ft.
3 in. Two men fighting ; the younger, whose
sword lies broken at his feet, is wounded
and forced upon his knees, while his ad-
versary, grasping him by the hair, is about
to deal a deadly blow, but is restrained by a
woman who throws hei'self at the conquer-
or's feet and appeals for mercy. Royal
Academy, 1825 ; sold to John Martin, £300.
Engraved by G. T. Doo. — Painters of Geor-
gian Era, 67; Gilchrist, Life, 227.
COMERRE, LfiON FRANCOIS, born at
Trelon (Nord) ; contemporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Cabanel. Won the grand prix de
Rome in 1875. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d
class, 1881; Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.
Leon
l»8t
Works : Cassandra (1875) ; Juno, Jezebel
devoured by Dogs (1878); Amorous Lion
(1879); Samson and Delilah (1881); A Star
(1882); Silenus and Bacchantes (1883); Pier-
rot, Madeleine (1884).
COMMITTEE ON MORAL BOOKS,
Georges Jean Vibert, Wm. H. Vanderbilt,
New York ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft.
2 in. Two holy fathers, who are examining
the books and committing the indecorous
ones to the flames, are having a good laugh
over some racy passage which one of them
is reading aloud. — Latham sale, New York,
1878, $4100.
COMONTES, FRANCISCO, died in To-
ledo, Feb. 10, 1565. Spanish school ; history
and portrait painter, son and pupil of liiigo
Comontes, scholar of Rincon. Painter to
• the Cathedral of Toledo from 1547 until his
death. Painted many ecclesiastical digni-
taries.— Stirling, i. 149.
COMPROMISE OF NOBLES AT BRUS-
SELS, Edouard de Hit-fur., Brussels Muse-
um ; canvas. Signing of the protest against
the arbitrary acts of Philip IL by the nobles
of the Netherlands, in the Hotel Cuylenburg,
Brussels, Feb. 16, 1566. In the foreground
is Count Philip van Marnix, author of the
document, and facing him, Count Horn,
about to sign it ; on the steps behind, Count
Brederode talks to the assembly; Egmont is
seated in an arm-chair in right foreground,
with William of Orange standing near him.
Painted in 1841. Replica in small, National
Gallery, Berlin.
COMPTE-CAUX, FRANCOIS CLAUDI-
US, bom at Lyons,
Aug. 28, 1813, died
at Chazay-d'Azergues,
July 29, 1880. Gen-
re painter, pupil of
Jean CL Bonnefond.
Many of his works
have been engraved
and lithographed.
Medals : 3d class,
1844, 1857, 1859,
1863. Works: Mother and Stepmother
(1845); Love in the Castle and Love in the
Cottage (1846); Alone in the World (1848);
Fortune and Happiness (1852); Encourage-
ment and Forgiveness (1855) ; The Four
Corners, Poor Mother (1857) ; Frightened
Deer (1858); The Heart's Victory (1859); No
Smoke without some Fire, Learning to Sin
(1861); Departure of the Swallows, Old
Friend (1863) ; Boarding-House Friends,
Swallow's Nest (1864); Viper's Nest, Rose is
Dead (1865); Evening (1866); Woman Read-
ing, Country Agent (1867) ; Orphan Girl
(1869); Poor Love (1870); Geography Les-
son (1872); Simple Story (1873); Don't waken
Him, Adam and Eve, Souvenir of Cannes
(1874); Path that leads very Far, Where are
they Going? Good-Night, Neighbour (1875);
Venice in IGth Century, Not the Smallest
317
COMTE
Brother (1876); Wedding in La Bresse, He
told Me (1877); Search for the Truth, Tell
me about That (1878); Attacking the First
Lines, Dead Leaves (1879); Susannah Bath-
A« -Co\\K
ing, The Hospital Nurse (1880). — Larousse;
Hamerton, Painting in France ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xv. 688 ; Montrosier.
COMTE, PIERRE CHARLES, born in
Lyons, April 23, 1823. Genre and history
painter ; pupil of Delaroche, H. Vernet, and
Robert Fleury. Medals : 3d class, 1852 ;
2d class, 1853, 1855, and 1857, and 3d class,
1867 ; L. of Honour, 1857. Works : Last
Throw of Dice, Coronation of Inez de Cas-
tro, Charles IX. visiting Coligny, Jeanne
d'Albret with Rene (1848 to 1853); Henri
III. and Duke of Guise (1855), Luxembourg
Museum ; Arrest of Cardinal de Guise and
of d'Espaignac, Bass Viol Player (1855) ;
Lady Jane Grey, Henri HI. visiting his
Menagerie (1857); Alain Chartier and Mar-
garet of Scotland, Cardinal Richelieu (1859);
Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles
VLL (18G1) ; Charles V. and the Duchesse
d'Ktampes, Recreation of Louis XI. when
Sick, Rabelais's Seigni Joan (1863); Eleanor
of Este making her Son, Henry of Guise,
swear to avenge his Father (1864); Charles
V. in Castle of Ghent after Abdication,
Young Dutch Lady embroidering (1866);
Henri ILL at Time of Murder of Duke of
Guise, Body-Guard of 17th Century (1867) ; |
Gypsies exhibiting Dancing Pigs to Louis \
XL, The Mirror (1869) ; Marie Touchet j
(1870); Carp at Fontainebleau in 16th Cen- }
tury (1874); Winter (1876); Cards, Don
Quixote's Niece (1877); Dante (1878); Love
chasing Time, Time chasing Love (1879,);
Francis I. putting Rings upon Carp at Fon-
tainebleau (1880) ; Corps de Garde under
Louis XIII, The Pigeons (1884). Works in
United States : Scene at Fontainebleau
(1874), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; The
Young Prince, W. H. Vauderbilt, N. Y.
CONCA, SEBASTIANO, born at Gaeta
in 1679, died in Naples in 1764. Neapoli-
tan school ; history painter, pupil of Fr.
Solimena ; visited Rome in 1706 and drew
from the antique for five years. Employed
in decorating S. Clemente with frescos, he
executed his task so successfully that Clem-
ent XL knighted him and gave him many
public commissions. He painted also for
the kings of Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, and
Poland, for the Elector of Cologne, and for
the cities of Siena, Pisa, Loretto, Palermo,
and Gaeta ; but he was indebted rather to
the decadence of art in his time than to any
original merit. Works: Abraham sending
away Hagar, Berlin Museum ; Herod and
the Magi, Dresden Gallery ; Joseph in Prison,
Darmstadt Museum ; Christ in the Wilder-
— ness, Death of Seneca,
f \r Madrid Museum; Assurnp-
tion, S. Martino and S.
Luca, Rome ; St. Francis
Xavier, Aucona Museum. His brother, Gi-
ovanni Conca, painted in his style and made
good copies. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 517.
CONCEPTION, IMMACULATE (Fr.,
Conception ; Ital., Concepcion ; Sp., Con-
cepcion ; Ger., Empfiingniss Maria). The
pictorial representation of the doctrine that
the Virgin came into the world free from
the stain of original sin.
By J/un'Wo, Mrs. Wm. H. Aspiuwall, New
York ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 5 in.
The Virgin, looking up to left, standing
in hollow of crescent moon, with hands on
breast ; beneath each side, four cherubs,
with palm, lily, and olive branches ; above,
each side, five heads. Taken from Royal
Palace, Madrid, by General Desolle, whose
daughter sold it to Mr. Woodburn, from
whom bought by King of Holland for about
.£4,000 ; sold in 1857 to Mr. Aspinwall.
Repetitions : Lord Overstone, London ; with
changes, Louis Philippe sale (1853). — Stir-
ling, iii. 1418 ; Harper's Weekly, June 30,
1858 ; Curtis, 132.
Murillo, Capuchin Church, Cadiz ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. The Virgin,
318
CONCEPTION
standing in hollow of crescent moon, look-
ing upward, with hands on breast ; above
her head, a circle of stars; around her,
cherubs and heads. — Ponz, Viage, xvii. 340 ;
Curtis, 127.
By Murillo, Win. C. Cartwright, Aynhoe,
Northamptonshire, England ; canvas, H. 5
ft. 6 in. x3 ft. G in. The
Virgin, looking up front,
standing in hollow of cres-
cent, with hands crossed
on breast ; at her feet, five
cherubs, one with a palm ;
two others hold roses and
lilies ; above, in each cor-
ner, four heads. Brought
from Spain about 1760 by
John Blackwood, from
whom, by inheritance.
Mezzo, by McArdell. —
Curtis, 131.
By Murillo, Earl of
Northbrook, London ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9
in. The Virgin, standing
in hollow of crescent, tips
of fingers touching before
left shoulder ; beneath,
ten cherubs with a palm,
flowers and square mirror;
above, each side, six heads.
Formerly in Convent of
Carmelitas Descalzos,
Madrid ; brought from
Spain by Lebrun. En-
graved by M. S. Cannon a;
K. Graves. — C. Bermudez,
ii. 63; Ponz, Viage, v. 248;
Buchanan, Memoirs, ii.
255 ; Curtis, 131.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 5 in. The Vir-
gin, standing on outside of a crescent, look-
ing up nearly front ; tips of fingers touch
before left shoulder ; beneath her feet four
heads ; on right of these a cherub, and on
left four others, three of whom hold flowers,
palm, and olive ; in left upper corner, five
heads, and opposite, two cherubs with a
scarf. Carried to Venice by Marques do
Esquilache, Spanish Ambassador ; became
property of Cardinal Gregorio, who gave it
to Pius VI., who gave it to his nephew, the
Duke Braschi ; bought from Duke Braschi
in 1842 for Hermitage. Repetition : Mrs.
Immaculate Conception, Murillo, Louvre.
j Culling-Hanbury, Hertfordshire ; in family
since 1766 ; bought in at Culling-Eardley
sale (1860) at £9,000 ; engraved by Knolle.
\ Curtis, 134-5 ; Hermitage Cat., 128.
By Murillo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 2 in.
x 10 in. Called in Louvre Cat Vierge glo-
rieuse. The Virgin, about twelve years old,
' standing on a globe, looking down and
front, tips of her fingers touching before left
319
CONCEPTION
shoulder ; on left, three cherubs and three
heads ; on right, two cherubs and five heads;
below, on right, buildings faintly seen.
Bought in 1855 from Jos6 de Mazarredo.
Lithographed by Llanta.— Curtis, 131 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Murillo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in.
x 9 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, looking down and
front, standing in hollow of crescent moon,
the tips of her fingers touching before left
breast ; beneath, on left, six half-length wor-
shippers, one pointing to Virgin ; on right
two cherubs bearing a scroll ; above, each
side, three heads. Painted about 1665 for
S. M. de las Nieves (la Blanca), Seville ; orig-
inally semicircular, but enlarged ; carried
off by Marshal Soult ; purchased for Louvre
of M. Lorn (1817) for G,000 fr. Engraved
by Migneret. — C. Bermudez, ii. 52 ; Carta,
62 ; Filhol, Musee, xi. 43 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre;
Curtis, 130.
By Murillo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x 6 ft.
3 in. The Virgin, standing in hollow of cres-
cent moon, looking upward to left, her hands
on her breast ; surrounded by many cherubs
and heads. Painted in 1678 for the Hospital
de los Venerables Sacerdotes ; carried off by
Marshal Soult, who offered it for sale in
1823 at 250,000 fr.; sold at Soult sale (1852)
to French Government for 615,300 fr. (in-
cluding government tax of 5 per cent.), the
highest price ever paid for any picture up
to that time. Copy, with changes, by Cle-
mente de Torres, in Cathedral,Cadiz. Study,
signed and dated 1664, in possession of
Countess of Rosebery. Engraved by A. Le-
fevre ; Burdet ; L. Massard ; Cousin ; W.
French ; Eegnault (bust only) ; Mezzo, by
H. Eichens ; Cornillet (2); lithographed by
Llanta ; Geoffroy ; Pingot ; Graille ; Jacott,
and others. — Ch. Blanc, ICcole espagnole;
Cean Bermudez, Carta, 93 ; Ponz, Viage, ix.
123 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875); Curtis, 129 ;
Villot, Louvre.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. The Virgin, standing on a
crescent with joined hands and eyes raised ;
at her feet, three cherubs, one of whom
holds her flowing mantle, others with palms
and roses ; two cherubs on left hold a mir-
ror ; above, many heads. Collection of Isa-
bel Farnese. — Curtis, 129 ; Madrazo, 481.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The Virgin, looking
front, standing in hollow of crescent moon,
palms of hands touching before left shoul-
der ; beneath, four cherubs, with flowers and
palms ; above, four heads in each corner.
Immaculate Conception, Murillo, Madrid Museum.
From Palace of S. Ddefonso. One of the
best representations of the subject. Litho-
graphed by F. de Craene ; A. Lemoine ; H.
Raunheim ; E. Lasalle ; mezzo, by D. Mai--
tinez. — Dohme ; Becker ; Curtis, 128 ; Ma-
drazo, 481.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
7 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The Virgin, looking
380
CONCEPTION
upward, standing in hollow of crescent
moon, with hands crossed on her breast ; five
cherubs grouped at her feet, one with lilies
and roses, another with palm and olive
branches. Brought to Madrid in 1816 from
Palace of Aranjuez. Engraved by B.Vasquez;
mezzo., J. Ballin. — Curtis, 128 ; Madrazo,
482.
By Murillo, S. Felipe Neri, Cadiz ; figures
full-length, life-size. The Virgin, standing
on clouds, looking up to right, the palms of
her hands touching before her left breast ;
about her, heads and cherubs, two of whom
extend their hands as if to crown her. — Pa-
lomino, iii. 422 ; Curtis, 127.
By Murillo, Seville Cathedral, Chapter
Room ; wood, figures life-size. The Virgin,
looking down to right, standing in hollow of
crescent moon, the palms of her hands
touching before her left breast ; beneath,
three heads and three cherubs with roses
and palm ; above these, on each side, two
cherubs, and above them, eight heads.
Painted about 1668; never engraved. — Cur-
tis, 127.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
2 ft. X 1 ft. 6 in. The Virgin, looking up to
right, standing in hollow of crescent moon,
the palms of her hands touching before her
left shoulder ; above her head, a circle of
stars ; beneath her feet, three heads, and
three in each corner above. From Colegio
de Maese Eodrigo, Seville. — Curtis, 127.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
12 ft. 10 in. x 9 ft. The Virgin, looking
downward, standing on a globe, her hands
— the palms touching — raised above left
shoulder ; one cherub on right, three on left.
Painted in 1645-48 for church of convent of
S. Francisco, Seville. Engraved by J. M.
Martin ; lithographed by G. Weinhold. — C.
Bermudez ; Carta, 97 ; Quilliet ; Curtis, 126. '
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
7 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. The Virgin, looking
upward to right, standing in hollow of a
crescent ; on left, beneath, three heads and
four cherubs, two of whom hold a round
mirror, a third with a palm branch ; above,
five heads ; on right, beneath, a cherub with
roses ; above, three cherubs with a scarf.
Painted about 1676 for Capuchin Convent,
Seville ; placed in Museum in 1840. Repe-
tition, with slight changes : Samuel Sandars,
Tunbridge Wells, Kent. — Cean Bermudez,
Carta, 93 ; Curtis, 126.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, arched
top, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The Virgin,
looking upward, standing in hollow of a cres-
cent ; on each side, three cherubs and some
heads ; above, the Father Eternal with arms
outstretched ; beneath, the dragon on a sec-
tion of the globe. Painted about 1676 for
Capuchin Convent, near the Cordova Gate,
Seville ; removed on its suppression in 1835
to Cathedral ; thence in 1840 to Museum.—
Cean Bermudez, Carta, 88 ; Pouz, Viage, is.
138 ; Curtis, 124.
By Gio. Andrea Sirani, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. The
Virgin, surrounded by a glory of angels,
standing upon the crescent moon, which
rests upon the head of the serpent coiled
round the globe of the earth ; above, the
Eternal, with his hands upon her shoulders.
Formerly in Ch. dell' Osservanza. Engraved
by F. Rosaspina. — Piuac. di Bologna, PI.
28.
By Sjtagnoletto, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. The Virgin stand-
ing above the moon, trampling upon the
dragon, in a glory of light and clouds with
cherubim and seraphim ; below, a land-
scape with the sea in distance, and at-
tributes of the Virgin. Bought by Ferdi-
nand Vn. in 1833.— Madrazo.
By Velaxquez, Sir Bartle Frere Collection,
London ; H. 4 ft. 6 in. X 3 ft. 4 in. The Vir-
gin, her head surrounded by a glory of stars,
with her hands joined and long hair falling
on her shoulders, stands on a transparent
globe, around and through which are seen a
temple, ship, trees, etc. Formerly in Con-
vent of Carmelitas Calzados, Seville ; bought,
with St. John Evangelist, in 1809, from Don
Manuel Lopez Cepero, President of Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, Seville. First manner. —
321
CONCERT
Stirling, iii. 1450 ; Jameson, Madonna, 49 ; with his bow to a bar of music, concerning
Curtis, 3.
which another is questioning him ; a third in
lery ; Piero di Cosimo, Uffizi, Florence
Subject treated also by Giorgio Vasari, j tuning a lute, and the fourth, a child, holds
Lucca Gallery ; Benozzo Gozzoli, Pisa Gal- a violin. Painted at Rome for Cardinal Lu-
1 dovisi ; sold by his nephew, Prince Ludovisi,
to M. de Noguet, who took
it to France ; passed, with
Domenichino's St. Cecilia,
through hands of Jabach, to
Louis XIV. Burned with Cha-
teau in 1870 ? — Musee fran-
yais, i.
By Oiorgione, Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 3 ft 6 in.
X 4 ft. Figures half-length.
An Augustinian monk sits at
a harpsichord, with his fin-
gers on the keys; he has just
struck a chord, and turns to
his companions, a clerk, bald,
dressed in white and black,
with a lute, and a young
man in Spanish costume,
with long hair, and cap with
No simpler yet more effec-
Concert, Michaelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris.
Girolamo Mazzuola, Parma Gallery ; Dosso white feathers.
Dossi, Dresden Gallery ; Carlo Maratti,
Vienna Museum ; Sassoferrato, Brera, Mi-
tive picture than this is to be found among the
masterpieces of the 16th century. Figures
Ian ; Juan de Juanes, Granada Museum ; long thought to be portraits of Calvin,
Antonio Palomino, ib. ; Agostino del Cas- Luther, and Melancthon. Bought in 17th
tiUo, Cordova Cathedral ; Valdes Leal (2),
Convent of La Merced, Seville ; Vincenzo
Carducci, Fomento Museum, Madrid ; G.
B. Tiepolo, ib. ; Tintoretto, Church of La
Madonnetta, Genoa ; G. B. Paggi, Capuchin
Church, ib. ; Rubens, Madrid Museum ; Pi-
chon (Salon, 1868).
CONCERT, Michelangelo da Caravaggio,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 4 ft. X 5 ft. 7 in.
Eight musicians, half-length, standing be-
fore a desk, playing different instruments ;
an organist, seated upon a stool, accompanies
them.— Filhol, iv. PI. 248 ; Landon, Musee,
xii. PI. 70.
By Domenichino, formerly at St. Cloud ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 5 in. Four century by Leopold of Tuscany from Paolo
young men standing around a table, on del Sera. Copy in Palazzo Doria, Rome,
which lie a guitar and music books ; one, j Engraved by Rossi. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii
richly dressed, holds a violin and points 144 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 5.
Concert, Giorgione, Pitti, Florence.
CONCERT
By Gerard Terburg, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 6 ill. x 1 ft. 5 in. ; signed. A young
woman, seated near a table, is singing,
um ; canvas, H. 3 ft. X 4 ft. 4 in. To settle
the differences between the Protestants and
the Catholics a conference was held at Poissy,
holding a sheet of music in one hand and in 1561, in the presence of Catherine de
beating time with the other ; at left, be- j Medicis and the young King Charles IX.
hind the table, a woman standing accom- Theodore Beza appeared for the Protest-
panies her with a sistrum ; at right, a page j ants. Salon, 1840.
brings a glass upon a silver tray. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
CONCERT, RUSTIC, Gioryione (?), Lou-
vre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft 3 in. A
nude woman, with back to spectator, sits
under a tree with two youug
holding a lute ; at the left, a
scantily clad woman pours
water into a stone tank from
a glass vase ; in glade beyond,
a shepherd. Probably by an
imitator of Sebastian del Pi-
ombo. In collection of Charles
L of England ; acquired by
Jabach, who sold it to Louis
XTV. Engraved by N. Dupuy;
Hoelzel ; J. Falck.— C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 146 ; Cab. Crozat,
ii.; Musfe fran(;ais, ii.; Filhol,
iii. 213 : Laiidon, Musee, vii.
PL 59.
CONCERT OF WOMEN,
Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in.xG ft. 11
in. Several young women,
nude, playing musical instruments. From
Prague Gallery. Restored by Palmeroli.
CONDEMNED MAN, LAST DAY OF,
Michael Munkdasy, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach,
Philadelphia. Scene : interior of a Hunga-
rian prison. A condemned man receiving,
on the day before execution, according to
local custom, visits from his townsmen, who
CONFERENCE, RETURN FROM, Gus-
tave Courbet, Louvre ; canvas. A party of
jolly monks, returning from the conference,
are evidently under the influence of wine.
One, mounted upon a donkey, is held in his
men, one seat by two of his comrades, while others fol-
Rultic Concert, Giorgiont, Louvre.
low in a straggling procession. In fore-
ground, left, are a peasant and his wife, the
latter kneeling devoutly, the former standing
in a defiant and contemptuous attitude.
Painted in 1863. Purchased at Lepel-Coin-
tet sale for 15,600 francs.
CONFESSORS, RIVAL, Eduardo 7xima-
cois, J. J. Astor, New York ; canvas, H. 1 ft.
bring offerings of money to pay for masses 6 in. x 2 ft. The interior of a church, with
for his soul. Etched by A. Mathey (1883). ! altar at left, the candles on which are being
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America, j lighted by a Benedictine monk ; at right,
— Art Treas. of Amer., iii. 30. ' two confessionals, a monk of same order in
CONEGLIANO, BATTISTA DA. See ' each box ; one, austere and grim, has no
Cima da Conegliano. | penitents before him, while the other, with a
CONFERENCE AT POISSY, Joseph round, benevolent face, is thronged. Salon,
Nicolas /fo&ert-Fleury, Luxembourg Muse- 1869 ; sold to John Taylor Johnston ; at
OONGNET
liis sale (1876), $6,500. Photogravure in
Art Treasures of America. — Art. Treas. of
Amer., ii. 6.
CONGNET, GILLIS, called Gillis met de
Vlek, born at Antwerp in 1535, died at Ham-
burg, Dec. 27, 1599. Flemish school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Antonius
Palermo and of Lambert Wenslyns, then
spent several years in Italy. Master of Ant-
werp guild in 1561, dean in 1584-85. The
siege of Antwerp caused him to remove to
Amsterdam, whence he afterwards went to
Hamburg.
S^u 80f
Piersou la
Hues, St.
George (1581), Antwerp Museum. — Allgem.
d. Biog., iv. 437 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique,
iv. 269 ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers (1874), 90;
Van den Branden, 271.
CONINCK, DAVID DE, born in Antwerp
in 1636, died in Rome in 1687. Flemish
school. Animal and still-life painter, pupil
of Peeter Boel ; master of the guild in 1663.
After travelling through Germany and
France, settled in Rome, where he was re-
ceived into the guild under the name of Ra-
melaar (rabbit), owing to the frequent oc-
currence of that animal in his pictures.
Works : Bear Hunt, Stag Hunt, Amsterdam
Museum ; Garden with Domestic Animals,
_
o n cf >? e t /e/
J ^J
Ghent Museum ; Dead Ducks on a Tree,
Museum, Vienna; Dead Game, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.— Michiels, x. 327.
CONINCXLO (Couinxloo, Couiucxloy),
GILLIS VAN, born in Antwerp, Jan. 24,
1544, died in Amsterdam after 1604. Flem-
ish school ; landscape painter, pupil of
Pieter Coecke the younger, then of one
Leenaert Kroes, and of Mostaert ; received
into the guild in 1570. After travelling in
France, he returned to Antwerp, but during
the siege left for Zeeland, and then lived
for ten years in Frankenthal, Palatinate,
whence he moved to Amsterdam. At first
he painted landscapes of extraordinary size,
in which Marten van Cleef supplied the
I figures ; afterwards smaller ones in the man-
ner of Viuckebooms. Works : Jonah preach-
ing to the Ninevites (1585), Copenhagen
Gallery; Landscapes with Figures and Birds
(1598, 1604), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 438 ; Biog. nat. de
Belgique, iv. 359 ; Journal des B. Arts (1870),
50 ; Van den Branden, 306.
CONINXLO (Conixlo), JAN VAN, born
at Brussels about 1489, died in Antwerp (?).
Flemish school, history painter ; son of a
painter of the same name ; removed to Ant-
werp, where he was received into the guild
in 1552, and became a citizen in 1555. His
works were formerly attributed to Gillis van
C. Works : Triptych with Scenes in Life of
St. Ann (1546), Birth of St. Nicholas, Death
of St. Nicholas, Christ among the Doctors,
Marriage at Cana, Brussels Museum. By
Cornelia van Conixlo, otherwise unknown, is
a picture in the same museum: Parentage of
the Virgin (signed and dated 1526). — Biog.
nat. de Belgique, iv. 357 ; Fetis, Cat. du
Mus. royal, 103.
CONRAD, ALBERT, born at Torgau,
Feb., 1837. Genre and architecture painter,
mostly self-taught. Travelled in Tyrol, West-
phalia, and on the Rhine. Studio in Berlin.
His genre scenes are mostly humorous.
Works : Well in Castle- Yard at Merseburg ;
Yard of Castle Hartenfels near Torgau,
I Barred, Pay Toll ! Hiding Place ; Goose
Market in Berlin. — Miiller, 111.
CONRAD, KARL EMANTJEL, born in
'Berlin, March 30, 1810, died in Cologne,
July 12, 1873. Architecture painter ; pupil
' of Berlin Academy, then in 1835-39 of
Dtisseldorf Academy. Taught perspective
there, and was professor at the Realschule.
Works : St. Quirin's Church in Neuss, Inter-
ior St. Severin's in Cologne (1837) ; View of
Wetzlar (1840); Mentz Cathedral (1841);
Cologne Cathedral (1842); Replica inRavene
Gallery, Berlin ; Custom House in London
| (1852); Interior of Cologne Cathedral (1871).
324
CONRADER
— AUgein. d. Biogr., iv. 441; Kunst-Chronik,
viii. 675 ; Brockhaus, iv. 564.
CONRADER, GEORG, born in Munich
in 1838. History painter, pupil of Munich
Academy and of Piloty ; was in 1860 profes-
sor at the Art School, Weimar, and in 1862
professor at the Munich Academy. Works :
Tilly in Gravedigger's House in Leipsic
(1860); Destruction of Carthage (1861), Max-
imilianeum, Munich; Tasso in Prison, Char-
lotte Corday (1869) ; Mary Stuart and Rizzio
(1876); Death of Joseph II. (1874); Meeting
of Joseph II. and Pius VI. in 1782. In fres-
co : Foundation of Academy of Sciences,
Natural Museum, Munich. — Brockhaus, iv.
565 ; Muller, 111.
CONSONI, NICCOLA, bora at Rieti, Pe-
rugia, iu 1814. History painter, pupil of
Perugia Academy under Giovanni Sangui-
netti and in Rome of Tommaso Mainardi.
Works in fresco : Scenes from New Testa-
ment (1840), Vatican, Rome; Minerva's Con-
test with the Pierides (1845), Library, Pa-
lazzo Corsini, ib.; Raphael's Hours, Buck-
ingham Palace, London ; Crucifixion, Ascen-
sion, The Patriarchs (1861), Prince Albert's
Mausoleum, Osborne. — Muller, 112.
CONSTABLE, JOHN, born at East Berg-
holt, Suffolk, June
11, 1776, died in
London, March 30,
1837. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Royal Academy in
1799, and later of
Joseph Farrington
and R R Reinagle.
After painting por-
traits and history, k
lie turned to landscape art as his real voca-
tion, exhibiting his first picture in 1802. He
did not, however, become a member of the
Royal Academy until 1829 (A.R.A., 1819),
and never during his lifetime enjoyed any
great popularity in his native country. In
France, on the contrary, he found early rec-
ognition, and is of all British painters the
most highly esteemed, especially since he
has become more widely known through the
two landscapes, the Rainbow and Weymouth
Bay, presented to the Louvre by Mr. Wilson,
in 1873. The influence he exerted upon the
modern school of French landscape paint-
ing, which is incontestable, fully entitled him
to a place in the great national French col-
lection. While there are many landscape
painters who can paint nature in her tran-
quil moods, when she sits motionless as a
model, there are but few who, like Con-
stable, can fix upon canvas the coming storm,
the rising wind, and the rapidly changing
sunset. In treating masses of cloud driving
across the sky or brooding over the tree-
tops he has no rival. His pictures are some-
times heavily loaded, his foregrounds not
free from spottiuess, but their brilliancy,
vigour of tone, and truth in representing
accidental effects is such as to condone all
shortcomings. Works : Cornfield (1826) ;
Valley Farm (1835), Cornfield with figures
(sketch), Barnes Common, National Gallery,
London ; Weymouth Bay (1827), Cottage
(1818), Rainbow (sketch of Salisbury Cathe-
dral), Landscape (sketch of Hampstead
Heath), Louvre ; Salisbury Cathedral (1823),
Dedham Mill (1820), Hampstead Heath (2,
1827 and 1830), Boat Building, Water Mead-
ows, S. Kensington Museum ; Salisbury
Cathedral, Yarmouth Pier (1831). — Leslie,
Memoir (London, 1842); Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise ; F. de Couches ; Lucas, English
Landscape Scenery from Constable's pictures
(London, 1855); Art Journal (1855), 9; Sand-
by, ii. 54 ; Portfolio (1873), 93, 108, 117.
CONSTANCE DE BEVERLEY, TRIAL
OF, Toby Kosenthal, Irving M. Scott, San
Francisco ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 8 ft. Scene
from Marmiou, Canto H. Constance, who
ran away from her convent to follow Marmi-
on, is tried for her crime before the holy
fathers in the subterranean dungeons of the
monastery and condemned to be immured
alive in the wall. — Painted in 1883.
CONSTANT. See Benjam in-Constant
CONSTANTINE, BAPTISM OF, Raphael
(?) and II Fatlore, Sala di Costantino, Vati-
325
CONSTANTINE
can ; fresco. Constantino, kneeling at the
font in the Baptistry of the Lateran, is bap-
tised by Pope Sylvester (portrait of Clement
VII.) in presence of Church officials, pages,
and a Roman family of converts ; Crispus,
his son, awaits his turn to receive baptism.
Designed by Raphael ; painted in 1524 by
II Fattore, who made unjustifiable devia-
tions from the original drawing. The fig-
ure in black dress and velvet cap is his own
portrait ; one in black, leaning against a
column, is Baldassare Castiglione. Passavant
says the composition is not by Raphael. It
is the weakest of the frescos in the hall.
Engraved by Fr. Aquila, Salandri, etc. —
Passavant, ii. 302 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 530.
CONSTANTINE, DONATION OF, Raph-
ael (?), Sala di Costantino, Vatican ; fresco.
Constantine's gift of Rome to Pope Sylvester.
The Pope, seated on a throne in the old
Basilica of St. Peter, blesses the kneeling
Emperor, who presents him with a golden
figure representing Rome ; among the many
represented as attendants are Giulio Roma-
no, Baldassare Castiglione, and the poets
Pontano and Murello. Designed by Raph-
ael; painted about 1524 by R. del Colle ;
some additions by G. Romano. Engraved
by B. Franco; by Fr. Aquila, Alogedo
Fabri, Landon. — D'Anvers, 95 ; Passavant,
ii. 303 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 530.
CONSTANTINE AND HELENA, GLORY
OF, Palma Vecchio, Brera, Milan ; wood,
three panels, life-size. SS. Constantino and
Helena supporting the cross, in middle ;
SS. Roch and Sebastian in landscapes, at
sides. Presented to Brera by Duke Melzi. —
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 467.
CONSTANTINE, VICTORY OF, Raphael
and Giulio Romano, Sala di Costantino,
Vatican ; fresco. The battle between Con-
stantine and Maxentius at the Milviau
Bridge (Ponte Molle), near Rome (A.D. 312).
One of the largest historical subjects ever
painted. Represents the crisis of victory,
when Constantine, on horseback, is aiming a
spear at Maxentius, who struggles with his
horse in the Tiber ; in background, the
Monte Mario ; above, three angels, with
swords. Designed by Raphael ; painted
after his death by G. Romano. Engraved
by G. B. Cavalleriis, C. Cort, Bonasone,
Scalberge, and Aquila. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv.
369 ; v. 529 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 438 ;
D'Anvers, 94 ; Passavant, ii. 300.
CONSTANTINE, VISION OF, Raphael
and Giulio Romano, Sala di Costantino,
Vatican ; fresco. Constantine, standing on
a platform at left, with a Roman captain
beside him, relates his vision to four
standard-bearers ; above, the apparition of
the shining cross, and below, soldiers in
surprise and terror hurrying among tents ;
in background, the mausoleum of Hadrian,
pyramid of Caius Cestius, and other ancient
monuments. Designed by Raphael ; paint-
ed by G. Romano, who introduced (in the
corner) the dwarf Gradasso da Norcia, men-
tioned in poetry of Berni. Engraved by
Aquila, Salandri, and Landon. — Passavant,
ii. 299 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 529.
CONSTANTINOPLE, ENTRY OF CRU-
SADERS INTO, Eugene Delacroix, Ver-
sailles Museum ; canvas. Capture of the
city by the Crusaders in 1204. In centre,
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, mounted and
followed by knights and equerries bearing
pennons, is riding in front of a palace be-
tween kneeling women and old men who
implore his pity ; in background, the Bos-
porus and the houses and walls of the city ;
in middleground, right, a melee in the
streets. Salon, 1841 ; Exposition Univer-
selle, 1855. Engraved by Frilley. — Gal. de
Versailles, i. PI. 41 ; Larousse, iv. 1032.
CONSULTATION, Pieter de Hooch, for-
merly in Narischkine Gallery, St. Peters-
burg ; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. X 1 ft. 10 in. In-
terior of a room ; four figures. A gentle-
man, in a black velvet coat, is leaning upon
a table with his hand on the wrist of a
lady sitting beside him ; a woman, in a red
jacket bordered with ermine and a blue
skirt, stands by the window, filling a glass,
and a second gentleman stands on the fur-
ther side of the table, with a pipe in his
CONTAKINI
hand. Delessert sale, Paris (1809), 150,000
francs ; Narischkine sale, Paris (1883),
160,000 francs— Smith, iv. 229 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1869), i. 202 ; L'Art (1883), i. 113.
CONTARINI, GIOVANNI, Cavaliere,
born in Venice in 1549, died in 1605. Vene-
tian school ; history and portrait painter ;
contemporary of Palma, studied works of
Titian and Tintoretto. Went to Germany
and painted much at court of Rudolph TL,
by whom he
was knighted-
Works: Res-
urrection, S. Francesco di Paola, Venice ;
Crucifixion, Chiesa della Croce, Venice ; Si
Jerome, Brera, Milan ; St. Sebastian, Berlin
Museum ; Baptism of Christ, Vienna Muse-
um ; his own portrait, Uffizi, Florence.
CONTI, TITO, born in Italy ; contempo-
rary. History and genre painter ; lives in
Florence. Works : Wine Taster, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; Meeting of
Dante and Beatrice ; Meeting of Petrarch
and Laura ; Dante and his Friends ; Lute
Player (1883).
CONVENT, RETURN TO, Eduardo
Zumaco'in, R. L. Cutting, New York ; canvas.
Scene : entrance to a Spanish Franciscan
monastery, with mendicant monks return-
ing from a begging expedition to the village,
the roofs of which, covered with snow, are
seen in the background ; several donkeys
are tied up to rings in the wall, but one
balking animal is pulling an exasperated
monk backwards, his track making a slide
in the snow. Photogravure in Art Treas-
ures of America. — Art Treas. of Amer., ii. 33.
CONVOCATION OF CLERGY, Sir John
Gilbert, Royal Academy, London ; canvas.
A meeting of dignitaries of the Roman
Church, listening to a monk who stands de-
fending some point of doctrine from a vol-
ume held in his hand ; background, tapes-
try hangings representing a triumphal
church procession. Painted in 1870-71 ;
presented to Academy as his diploma pict-
ure. Etched by L. Flameng in Portfolio. —
—Portfolio (1878), 113.
CONZ, GUSTAV, born at Tubingen in
1832. Landscape painter, pupil of Stutt-
gart Art School under Funk ; studied iu
Munich in 1856-58, and in Dusseldorf, in
1862, under Oswald Achenbach ; then for
one year in Rome, and in 1865 became pro-
fessor at the Katharinen Stift in Stuttgart.
Works : View iu Upper Bavaria (1862); Coast
of Terracina ; View of Aricia ; View near Ole-
vano ; View of S. M. della Vittoria in Rome.
— Mailer, 112.
COOK, H., born in England ; contempo-
rary. Landscape painter. Exhibits chiefly
at Grosveuor Gallery. Works : Lago Maggi-
ore (1880); View in Venice (1881); Church
and Bridge of St. Polo, San Giorgio — Venice
(1882); Sunset— Venice (1883).
COOKE, EDWARD WILLIAM, born in
London in 1811, died near Groombridge,
Jan. 4, 1880. Son and pupil of George
Cooke, engraver (1781-1834); studied archi-
tecture and perspective under the elder Pu-
gin ; first exhibited at Royal Academy in
1835, Honfleur Fishing Boats, and Hay-
Barge off Greenwich. Two years later ho
went to Holland, which he re-visited many
times ; travelled also in Spain, France, Italy,
and Egypt, painting many architectural sub-
jects, landscapes, and marine views. Became
A.R A. in 1851, and R.A. in 1864. His Dutch
Boats in a Calm and The Boat House are in
the National Gallery ; others in S. Kensing-
ton Museum. — Cats. Nat. Gal. and R Acad. ;
Saudby, ii. 327; Graves, 52.
COOMANS, JOSEPH, born at Brussels
in 1816. History and genre painter ; first
instructed iu Ghent by Hasselaere, a medi-
ocre artist, then pupil of Antwerp Academy
under N. do Keyser and Wappers ;went with
the French army to Algiers, where he spent
several years, then visited Italy, Turkey,
Greece, and the Crimea ; in Italy again in
1857, since when, attracted by the Pompeian
paintings, he has painted almost exclusively
subjects from antiquity. Works : Conquest
of Jerusalem by the Crusaders (1841); Battle
of Ascalon (1842); The Deluge ; Landscape
in Province of Coustautiue ; Emigration of
337
COOPER
Arab Tribes ; Dancing Arab Women ; Defeat
of Attila (1848), City Hall, Brussels ; Battle
of the Alma (1855); Feast of the Philistines
(185G); Lesbia ; The Source ; Last Days of
Pompeii (1863); Poet's House in last Hour of
Pompeii (1869); The Delinquent ; Phryne ;
Glycera ; Live Love Letter (1873) ; Inter-
ested Kiss (1876) ; Dangerous Passage ;
The First Step (1877); An Arrest (1880);
Dance at Three (1881); The Dream (1882);
Love as Pilot (1883).— Mflller, 1 13 ; N. illustr.
Zeitg. (1880), i. 343.
COOPER, ABRAHAM, born in London,
Sept. 8, 1787, died at Greenwich, Dec. 24,
1868. Animal and battle painter, self-
taught. Began as an assistant at Astley's
theatre,and when twenty-two years old paint-
ed a favourite horse of Sir H.Meux with such
success that he continued and became the
best horse and battle painter of his day.
His works, though flat and leaden in colour
and of small size, were popular ; many have
been engraved. Elected an A.R.A. in 1817,
and R.A. in 1820. Works : Tarn O'Shanter
(1814); Marston Moor (1817); Cromwell at
Marston Moor (1821); Rupert's Standard
(1822); Bosworth Field (1825); Richard I.
and Saladin at Ascalon (1828) ; Bothwell
seizing Mary Queen of Scots (1831); Retreat
at Naseby (1833); Hawking in the Olden ;
Time (1834); Death of Harold (1836); Battle
of Waterloo
(1838); Cavalier;
(1842); Prince'
Rupert at New-
ark, Returning \
' fromDeerStalk- |
ing (1844);|
Rout at Marston Moor (1852) ; Battle of
Assye (1853) ; Battle of Naseby (1862) ;
Pride of the Desert.— Sandby, i. 36',) ; Art
Journal (1863), 89 ; Wilmot-Buxton, 166 ;
Redgrave ; Graves, 52.
COOPER, SAMUEL, born in London in
1609, died there, May 5, 1672. Pupil of his
elder brother, Alexander Cooper, and of his
uncle, John Hoskius ; also studied the works
of Van Dyck and became famous as a minia-
ture painter. He lived much in France and
Holland, and painted many eminent persons,
among whom were Charles II., his Queen,
the Duke of York, and most of the Court ;
also several portraits of Oliver Cromwell,
two of which are in possession of the Duke
of Buccleugh, and one in the National Por-
trait Gallery. Alexander Cooper (flourished
1650-60), brother of Samuel, was limner to
Queen Christina of Sweden. — Redgrave ;
F. de Conches, 46.
COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY, born at
Canterbury, Eng-
land, Sept. 26, 1803.
Landscape and cat-
tle painter ; pupil
of Royal Academy,
London. Went to
France in 1827, and
settled in Brussels,
where he was a pu-
pil of Verboeckhov-
en a few months. In
1830 he visited Hol-
land, and in 1831 returned home and ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy in 1833.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1845, and R.A. in 1867.
The landscapes in several of his pictures
were painted by Fred. R. Lee. Works :
Mountains in Cumberland (1841); Ettrick
Shepherds (1842); Cattle at Pasture (1843);
Summer Evening (1846); Charge of House-
hold Brigade— Waterloo (1847); Fordwich
Meadows — Sunset (1850) ; Crossing New-
biggin Moor in a Suow-Drift (1860); Snowed
Up (1867); Milking Time in the Meadows
(1869); Passing Shower (1870); Children of
the Mist (1872); Monarch of the Meadows
(1873); God's Acre (1875); A Cool Retreat
(1877); Victor's Shout (1879); Isaac's Sub-
stitute, Summer Evening in the Marshes, On
Deal Common (1880); Scape Goat (1881);
Summer Afternoon (1882) ; Brook in the
Meadows, In the Rob-Roy Country (1883).
—Art Journal (1849), 336; (1861), 133;
Sandby, ii. 215.
COPE, CHARLES WEST, born at Leeds,
England, in 1811. History and portrait
COPIIETUA
painter; son and pupil of Charles Cope, land-
scape painter, and student in Royal Acade-
my schools. After making studies in Paris,
Venice, Florence, Rome, and Naples, he re-
turned in 1836 to England. Received in 1843
prize of £300 for his cartoon First Trial by
Jury ; elected an A.R.A. in 1843, and R.A.
in 1848. He has painted eight frescos in
the Houses of Parliament. Is a fine etcher.
Works : Nereids (1836); He ever Liveth to
make Intercession (1840); Whoever shall
Give to Drink (1844); Last Days of Wolsey
(1848); King Lear (1850); Royal Prisoners
at Carisbrook (1855) ; Pilgrim Fathers (1857);
Shylock and Jessica (1807); Disciples at Em-
maus (1868); Yes or No? (1873); Taming the
Shrew (1874); Anne Page and Slender (1875);
Selecting Pictures for the Royal Academy
Exhibition (1876); Bianca's Lovers (1878);
A Country Club (1879); Far Away Thoughts
(1881).— Art Journal (1869), 177; Sandby,
ii. 181 ; Graves, 53.
COPHETUA AND THE BEGGAR-
MAID, Hurne-Jones, London ; canvas, H.
12 ft. x 9 ft. Illustration of the legend of
the African King Cophetua, who wedded
the beggar-maid, as told in the old ballad in
Percy's Reliques (I. ii. 6), and more lately
by Tennyson in " The Beggar-Maid." The
beggar-maid, Penelophon, clad in a simple
robe of gray stuff, with her bare feet timour-
ously drawn under her, is sitting, half dis-
mayed and half content, on the purple
cushions of the throne, while the king, radi-
ant in steel armour and jewelled robes, sits
on the step at her feet, holding the crown in
his hands and looking up into her face with
adoring love and wonder ; above, in a gal-
lery, two chorister boys are making music.
Grosvenor Gallery, 1884. — London Times,
May 6, 1884, 6.
COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, born in
Boston, Mass., July 3, 1737, died in Lon-
don, Sept. 9, 1815. Although Copley is
spoken of as self-taught, there can be no
doubt that his talent, which showed itself at
an early age, was fostered and trained by
his stepfather, Peter Pelham, the well-known
painter and engraver, who died in 1751,
about which time Copley began to paint
portraits. One of
j these, of General
j Brattle (W. Apple-
ton, Boston), has
more historical than
artistic value. Im-
proving through
steady practice and
observation, he soon
rose above the stand-
ard of Smybert and
Blackburn, and painted a series of portraits
of members of the leading Boston families,
in a hard, dry style, which is redeemed by
the undeniably well-bred air given to his
sitters, and his very clever manner of treat-
ing dress accessories, such as silks, satins,
etc. The portrait of his half-brother, Henry
Pelham, known as the Boy and the Squirrel
(James Arnory, Boston), was sent to Eng-
land and exhibited (1760) at Somerset
House, and was much commended by West
and other good judges. In 1774 he went to
Rome, and in 1775-76 settled in London
and began a career of uninterrupted suc-
cess. In 1777 he was elected an A.R.A.,
and in 1779 RA. Patronized by the royal
family and the nobility, he executed many
portraits and historical pictures, such as the
Death of Chatham (1779-80), Death of Major
Pierson (1783), Siege of Gibraltar (1789-90),
National Gallery ; the Daughters of George
IH. (Buckingham Palace), the so-called
Family Picture (Charles Amory), the paint-
1 er's masterpiece, the Red-Cross Knight
(1788, S. G. Dexter), Mrs. Derby as St.
Cecilia (W. Appleton), and Mrs. D. D.
Rogers (1789, H. B. Rogers), which may
be regarded as one of his best, if not his
very best portrait. Copley's best works
were collected by his son, Lord Chancellor
Lyndhurst, and many of them have been
engraved. — A. T. Perkins, Life, etc., of J. S.
Copley (1873); Memorial History of Boston
(1881), iv.; Mrs. M. B. Amory, Life of J. S.
Copley (1882); Cunningham' (1832); Tuck-
COPPO
erman, Book of the Artists (1867); Sandby,
i. 189.
COPPO DI MAECOVALDO, of Flor-
ence, 13th century. His Madonna en-
throned, caUed "del Bordoue," in S. M. dei
Servi, Siena, said to have been painted in
1261, is in the defective manner of the
period. The colours are darkened by age
and restoration.— C. & C., Italy, i. 200;
Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 265, 266.
COQUES (Cocx), GONZALES (Gon-
salve), born in
Antwerp in 1618,
died there, April
18, 1684. Flem-
ish school; por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Peeter
Brueghel (the
3d) in 1626-27,
later of David
Eyekaert, the el-
der, whose
daughter he married, in 1643; was free of
the guild in 1640, and its president in
1665-66 and 1680-81. His portraits, which
are chiefly small, are in the manner of Van
Group of Artists, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Family Group, Dresden Gallery ; Musical
Assembly, National Gallery, Pesth. — Allgern.
d. Biogr., iv. 471 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique,
iv. 381 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Cat. de
Musee d'Anvers (1874), 78 ; Michiels, ix. 30,
246 ; Eooses (Reber), 379 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K. vii. 9.
CORBOULD, EDWARD HENRY, born
in London, Dec. 5, 1815. History painter,
son and pupil of Henry C., painter and de-
signer (1787-1844); twice won gold medal
of Society of Arts ; member of Institute of
Painters in Water Colours. From 1851 to
1872 was teacher of drawing and painting to
children of Queen Victoria. Works: Fall
of PhaOthon (1834); St. George and Dragon
(1835); Greek Chariot-Race (1836); Race
between Atrides and Antilochus (1837);
Woman taken in Adultery (1842) ; Marriage
of Nigel Bruce and Agnes of Buchan (1870),
Queen Victoria ; Lady Godiva (1871); Enid's
Dream (1872) ; Heloise (1873) ; Canterbury
Pilgrims (1874); Iris (1878).-
CORDAY, CHARLOTTE,
-Muller, 114.
IN PRISON,
Charles Louis Muller, Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 8
in. Charlotte Corday, to rid her country of
Dyck, whence he is sometimes called the
Little Van Dyck. Clear and harmonious I Marat, obtained an audience and stabbed
in his warm, brownish flesh-tones, his touch [ him while in his bath. She was guillotined,
is broad and spirited ; the backgrounds are : July 17, 1793, aged 25 years. Represented
generally the work of other painters. Works: to knees, seen through the iron bars of a
Family Group, Portrait of a Lady, National i prison window, one of which she grasps
Gallery, London; Verhelst Family, Bucking- with her left hand, and supports her head
ham Palace ; Music Lesson, Family Group,
Family Portraits, Sir R. Wallace ; Family
Group around Piano, Lord Taunton, Lon-
don ; Elector Frederic of the Palatinate and
Wife, David Teniers, Lord Ellesmore; Fam-
ily in Dutch Garden, Mr. John Walter, Bear-
wood; Picture Gallery with forty-four Artists'
Portraits, Amsterdam Museum; Female Por-
trait, Antwerp Museum ; Christ with Mary
and Martha, Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ;
Young Scholar and Wife, Cassel Gallery;
Portrait of Cornelia de Bie, Berlin Museum;
Family Group of ten, Nantes Museum ;
Portrait of Maria de Haeu, Lille Museum ;
with the right, in which she holds a pen. En-
graved by A. Lamotte. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America. — Corcoran Gal. Cat.
CORDELIA AND KING LEAR, Theodor
HUdebrandt, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York ;
canvas. King Lear, Act IV., Scene 7. Cor-
delia, though disowned, still clings to her
father, whomGoneril and Regan, who have his
blessing, have driven to despair and mad-
ness.— Art Treas. of Amer., i. 48.
CORDELIAGHI or CORDELLA, AN-
DREA. See Previtali, Andrea.
CORENZIO, BELISARIO, born in Greece
about 1558, died in Naples in 1643. Nea-
CORINNE
politan school ; studied five years in Venice
under Tintoretto ; settled in Naples in 1590,
and painted many good works, principally
frescos, in the churches and public build-
ings. He won reputation and wealth, and
lived in luxury; but his character was infa-
mous, and he was one of the principal mem-
bers of the shameful Cabal of Naples, of
which Spagnoletto was the head. He left
but few easel pictures. — Lanzi, ii. 30 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ; Burckhardt, 757,
768.
CORINNE AT CAPE MISENUM, Fran-
?ois Gerard, Lyons Museum ; canvas. Illus-
tration of the scene in Mine, de Stall's "Co-
rinne," where, at a fete given by her at Cape
Misenum, she improvises verses intended to
reveal her love to Oswald. Corinne, with
her lyre beside her and eyes upraised, is
seated at right upon a rock ; near her, con-
templating her in silence, stands Oswald, en-
veloped in a mantle ; on his right, a young
Greek and the Prince of Castel-Forte ; on
his left, two young English girls ; in back-
ground, the sea and Vesuvius with the set-
ting sun. Painted in 1819 ; acquired in 1821
by the Prince Royal of Prussia, who pre-
sented it to Mme. Recamier ; bequeathed
by her in 1849 to Lyons, her native city.
Gerard made several repetitions, one of
which belonged to Talleyrand, one to M. Poz-
zo di Borgo, and a third to Mme. Duchayla.
The last has been engraved by Zachee Pre-
vost, Beiu, Landon, and C. Normand. — La-
rousse, v. 138.
CORINTH, LAST DAY OF, Tony Roberl-
Fleury, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H.
13 ft. 2 in. x 19 ft. 8 in. The third day after
the battle of Leucopetra the Consul Mum-
mius entered Corinth. The women and
children were sold as slaves. Many of the
inhabitants perished in the flames, while the
city, after having been submitted to a hor-
rible pillage, was destroyed at the sound of
the trumpet. (Livy, ii. 15). In the fore-
ground, the women and children, many of
them nude, are grouped around the statues
of the gods, whom they implore in vain ;
in the background, left, Mummius and
his victorious legions are marching, while
clouds of smoke at right indicate that the
work of destruction has begun. Salon, 1870.
— Gaz. des B. Arts (1870), iii. 492.
CORMON, FERNAND, called Piestre,
born in Paris, Dec. 22,
1845. History and por-
trait painter ; pupil of
Cabanel, Fromentin,
and Portaels. Medals :
1870 ; 2d class, 1873 ;
prix du Salon, 1875 ; 3d
I class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
jour, 1880. Works:
I Weddings of the Nieb-
elungen (1870); Sita
(1873) ; Venetian Blind in Morning (1874);
Woman of Java, Death of Havana (1875),
bought by Ministry of Fine Arts ; Raising
of Jairus's Daughter (1877) ; Cain (1880),
/S7f
Museum; Flowers (1881); Stone Age (1884);
Portraits (1885).
CORNARO, CATARINA, Queen of Cy-
prus, portrait, Titian, Uffizi, Florence ; can-
j vas, half-length, life-size; signed. The Queen,
as St. Catherine, with a crown of gold stud-
ded with pearls on her head, around which
is the nimbus ; at her elbow, the wheel.
Painted in 1542. Replicas, with alterations,
in Holford collection, and in collection of
Duke of Wellington, London.— C. & C., Ti-
tian, ii. 57.
By Paolo Veronese, Vienna Museum ; can-
J vas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. The Queen
of Cyprus in a rich costume, seen to knees,
takes a bow from a table covered with vel-
vet, and holds two arrows in her left hand.
CORNARO, CATARINA, AT VENICE,
Hans Makart, National Gallery, Berlin. The
Queen of Cyprus, having landed at Venice,
is receiving the homage of the nobles of
• that city. Painted in Vienna ; exhibited in
London, 1875. Philadelphia Exposition,
! 1876. Sold to National Gallery for 50,000
1 marks.— Portfolio, Feb., 1875.
CORNARO
COENARO FAMILY, Titian, Almvick
Castle, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x 8 ft.
5 in. An Altar, with the Holy Sacrament
displayed, at top of a flight of marble steps
to right ; around it grouped nine members
of the Cornaro family. Painted about 1560;
purchased by tenth earl of Northumberland
at Sir Anthony Van Dyck's sale in 165G.
Small copy at Hampton Court. — C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 303 ; Waagen, Treasures, i. 393.
CORNARO, GIORGIO, portrait, Titian,
Castle Howard, England; canvas, half-length,
life-size ; signed. Cornaro stands at a win-
dow, with a falcon in his gloved left hand.
Painted in 1522. Titian never produced a
finer picture (C. & C.). Engraved by Skel-
ton in 1811.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 17.
CORNARO, LUIGI, portrait, Titian (?),
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in.
x 2 ft. 9 in. Figure to knees, dressed in
black, sitting in an arm-chair. Fine portrait,
but by Tintoretto. Engraved by Trasmundi.
—Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 110 ; C. & C., Ti-
tian, ii. 441.
CORNEILLE DBS GOBELINS. See
Corneille, Michel, the elder.
CORNEILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE, the
younger, born in Paris in 104G, died there,
April 12, 1695. French school ; history
painter, sou and pupil of Michel C., of Or-
leans ; won in 1664 the 2d prize, and in 1668 '
the 1st prize in the Academy, of which he
became a member in 1675. After living
several years in Rome he became professor |
in the Paris Academy in 1692. Works :
Hercules punishing Busiris (1675), Louvre ;
Deliverance of St. Peter from Prison (painted
for Notre Dame, 1679). Engraved after his
own designs. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
CORNEILLE, MICHEL, born at Orleans !
in 1603, died in Paris in 1664. French
school ; history painter, pupil of Simon
Vouet, in whose style he executed works for
churches ; was in 1648 one of the twelve
founders of the Academy, and in 1656 its
rector. His best work, SS. Paul and Barna-
bas at Lystra (engraved by Poilly), painted
for the Cathedral of Notre Dame. He left
several etchings after Raphael and the Car-
racci. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
CORNEILLE, MICHEL, the elder, born
in Paris in 1642, died there at the Gobelins,
Aug. 16, 1708. French school ; history
painter, son and pupil of Michel C., of Or-
leans ; won the prize at the Academy and
went to Rome, where he studied especially
the Carracci. On his return, in 1663, he be-
came a member of the Academy, of which
he became adjunct professor in 1673, and
professor in 1690. He was employed by
the King at Versailles, Meudon, and Fon-
tainebleau, decorated several churches in
Paris, and painted in fresco the chapel of
St. Gregory in the Invalides. Sometimes
called Corneille des Gobelins, because dur-
ing his later years he had apartments at the
manufactory. Many of his works have been
engraved, and he himself etched and en-
kA ^
M Co
_ graved many
|£^ Plate, Works:
i p o s e in
m
Egypt,
vre ; Baptism
of Constantine, Bordeaux Museum. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
CORNELIS VAN HAARLEM. See Cor-
neliszen.
CORNELISZ, JACOB, born at Oostsanen
about 1475-1480 (?), died at Amsterdam
about 1555-1560 (?). Dutch school ; called
also Jacob van Amsterdam, and Jan Walter
van Assen ; history, portrait, and landscape
painter ; earliest picture known dated 1 506,
and latest 1530. No particulars of his life.
Among his pupils were his son Dirk (died
1567), a good portrait painter, and Jan
Schoreel. Works : Madonna and SS. Anna,
Joseph, and Joachim, Prince Biickeburg's
Gallery ; Ahrensburg near Hameln ; Saul
and the Witch of Endor ; Salome (1524),
National Museum, Amsterdam ; Madonna
and Angels, with SS. Sebastian, Magdalen,
Donor and Douatrix, also male portrait,
Antwerp Museum ; Incidents in Life of a
Saint, Triptych with Madonna, Angels, and
Saints, Berlin Museum ; Repose in Egypt,
COEXELISZEN
Dr. Weber, Berlin ; Little Altarpiece with
Madonna, Saints, Donor and Donatrix,
Prince Frederick's Collection, Hague ; Noli
Me Tangere (1507), Altarpiece (1523), Cas-
sel Gallery ; Altarpiece with Crucifixion (?),
Cologne Museum ; Birth of Christ, with An-
gels, Shepherds, etc. (1512), Naples Muse-
um ; Lucretia, Pesth Museum ; Adoration
of the Magi, Archbishop Museum, Utrecht ;
Portrait (1533), Museum Kunstliefde,
Utrecht ; Adoration of Magi, Verona Mu-
seum ; Altarpiece, Ambras Collection, Vi-
enna ; Altarpiece (1511), Male Portrait, Mu-
seum, ib. ; Departure of Christ from Mary,
Gothic House, Worlitz ; Portraits of a Dutch
Gentleman and Lady, with SS. Peter and
Paul, National Gallery, London. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., iv. 482 ; Fiirster, Denkmale, XL iii.
15 ; Jahrbuch der kGngl. preuss. Kunst-
sainmlg., iii. 13 ; Kunst-Chronik, xv. 579 ;
Repertorium f. K., i. 18G ; Zahn's Jahr-
bttcher, v. 48 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 41.
CORNELISZEN, CORNELIS, called Cor-
uelis van Haarlem,
born in Haarlem in
1562, died there, Nov.
11, 1638. Dutch
school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil
of Pieter Aertszeu, the
younger, and in Ant-
werp of Gillis Cong-
net ; one of the best
artists of that period ;
founded with Karel
van Mander, about 1583, the Haarlem Acad-
emy. Works : Massacre of the Innocents
(1590), do. (1591), Adam and Eve (1592), Wed-
ding of Peleus, Portrait of Dirk Volkersz
Koornliert, National Museum, Amsterdam;
Young Bacchus (1607), Rotterdam Museum ;
Archers' Banquet (1583), do. (1599), The Haar-
lem Miracle (1591), An Auto-da-fe (1595), '
Baptism of Christ, Adam and Eve (1620),
Christ blessing the Children (1633), Haarlem
Museum ; The Deluge (1592), Venus and Cu- j
pid (1610), Venus and Adonis, Democritus j
andHeraclitus(1613),TheGoldeu Age(1615), j
Brunswick Museum ; Erection of Brazen
Serpent (1597), Darmstadt Museum ; Fe-
male Portrait, Proviuzial Museum, Hanover ;
Golden Age (1616), Toulouse Museum ; Al-
legory on Brevity of Life (1617), Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Bathsheba (1617), Berlin
Museum ; Venus, Apollo, and Ceres (1614),
Dresden Museum ; Dragon devouring the
CM.,
Or-
People of Cadmus. — Allgem. d. Biogr. , x. 260 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel,
ii. 4 ; Krarnrn, ii. 621 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i.
119 ; ii. 157 ; Van der Willigen, 114.
CORNELIUS, PETER VON, born in
Diisseldorf, Sept 23,
1783, died in Berlin,
March 6, 1867. Ger-
man school ; history
painter, pupil of his
father, Aloisius, and
from 1796 at the
Diisseldorf Academy
under Langer. After
his father's death in
1799 he contributed
to the support of his family by painting
portraits, making designs for calendars, etc.,
until about 1806-1808, when he was em-
ployed to decorate the cupola and choir of
St. Quirin's at Neuss. In 1809 he went to
Frankfort, executed historical paintings for
the Prince Primate von Dalberg, and illus-
trations to Faust, which were highly praised
by Goethe. At Rome (1811-1819), he stood
between the pre-Raphaelites led by Over-
beck and the classic Germans under Car-
stens. His compositions from the Niebelun-
gen Lied were so successful that he gladly
accepted the invitation of the Consul-Gen -
eral Bartholdy to decorate the Casa Zuccaro
with frescos from the history of Joseph,
conjointly with Overbeck, Schadow, and
Veit. In 1819 King Louis I. of Bavaria
called him to Munich, and as he was at the
CORNFIELD
same time appointed director of the Diissel-
dorf Academy, he was allowed to divide the
year between the two cities, in both of
which he exercised an important influence.
In 1822-1830 he executed the Iliad fres-
cos in the Glyptothek, and then returned in
1830 to Rome, where he was again in 1834,
1843, 1845, and 1853-61. In 1841 he ac-
cepted a call to Berlin, and undertook a
series of frescos for the Cemetery, whose
preparation and partial execution occupied
him for the next twenty years. The Car-
toon of the Breaking of the Seventh Seal,
one of the series, and the great altarpiece of
the Last Judgment in the Ludwigs Kirche
at Munich are perhaps his most remarkable
works. Works: Evangelists and Apostles
(1806), St. Quirinus, Neuss; Joseph's Meet-
ing with his Brethren (1815), Casa Bar-
tholdy, Rome ; Dante frescos, Villa Massimi,
Rome ; Frescos for the Iliad, ceiling of the
Trojan Hall (1826-1830), Munich ; The Last
Judgment (1839), Ludwigs Kirche, Mu-
nich ; Hagen sinking the Niebelungen Hoard
(1859), National Gallery, Berlin; Christ's
Visit to Limbo, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ;
The Fall, The Birth of Christ, The Entomb-
ment, Resurrection, Poetry of the Apostles,
Descent of the Holy Ghost, The Apocalypse,
Royal Cemetery, Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
iv. 484 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemande ; Brock-
haus, iv. 603 ; Furster, P. von C. (Berlin,
1874); Gautier, L'Art moderne, 237; Grimm,
Ten Essays, 245, 279 ; Der neue Plutarch,
vii. ; Pecht, i. 1 ; Perrier, Eludes, 222 ; Kai-
ser, Cornelius u. Kaulbach (Basle, 1877);
Riegel, C. der Meister, etc. (Hanover, 1870);
Reber- Pecht, ii. 3, 174 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 103, 110 ; AVoltmanu, aus vier
Jahrhdt., 208, 230 ; Wolzogen, P. von C.
(Berlin, 1867); Kunst - Chronik, ii. 73;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 101 ; v. 331, 368 ; xix.
i. 38.
CORNFIELD, John Constable, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 4
ft. A country lane leading between two
groups of trees to a cornfield in the middle-
ground ; in foreground, sheep guarded by
a dog, and a shepherd drinking at stream at
left. Painted in 1826 ; presented to Na-
tional Gallery in 1837. Engraved by D.
Lucas; C. Cousen. — Cat. Nat. Gal.; Brock-
Arnold, 109 ; Art Journal (1869), 10.
CORNICELIUS, GEORG, born at Ha-
nau, Hesse-Nassau, in 1825. History and
genre painter ; pupil in Hanau of Pelis-
sier and in 1848 of the Antwerp Academy ;
after visiting Paris, Munich, and North Italy,
settled in Hauau. Works : Marguerite be-
fore the Madonna ; Holy Family ; Luther
posting the Thesis ; Christ and Samaritan
Woman ; Daughter of Jairus ; St. Elizabeth
in Penitence ; Mary Stuart before Execution;
Gypsy Children ; Serenade ; Circus Riders ;
German Landsknechts in Rome ; Monks at
Prayer (1863); Hans and Grete ; Cinderella ;
Red Riding Hood. — Brockhaus, iv. 605 ;
Miiller, 115.
CORNU, SEBASTIEN MELCHIOR,
born in Lyons in 1804, died at Longpont,
Aisne, in October, 1870. History and
genre painter, pupil in Lyons of Richard
and Bonnefond, and in Paris of Ingres.
Painted pictures which display careful draw-
ing, but poor colouring and little originality.
Received many orders from the Government.
Medals : 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1841; 1st
class, 1845 ; L. of Honour, 1859 ; Officer,
1862 ; Manager of the Campana Museum
in the Louvre, 1862. Works : Harvester
Resting (1833) ; Pifferaro Sick, Louis IX.
bidding his Mother Farewell (1838); Christ
among the Doctors (1848); Interviews be-
tween Faust and Marguerite, Finding of a
Statue of the Virgin (1857); Christ on the
Cross (Poitiers); Bacchanals (Grenoble); A
Turk's Dream (Valenciennes) ; Surrender of
Ascalon to Baldwin HI., Battle of Oued-
Halleg (Versailles) ; St. Anne teaching the
Virgin (St. Laurent in Puy); Christ, St. Luke
and SL Egidius, The Virgin as Mother of
the Afflicted (1855). — Larousse.
CORNWALLIS, SURRENDER OF, John
Trumbull, rotunda of Capitol, Washington ;
canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft. The surrender of
the British army to the allied American and
COROT
French forces at Yorktown, Va., October 19,
1781. Cornwallis and his officers are pass-
ing before the victorious generals, between
the two lines of victorious troops ; in middle
distance, the town with troops marching
out. Painted in 1817-24 for $8,000. Orig-
inal study in Yale College Gallery.
COROT, (JEAN BAPTISTE) CAMILLE,
born in Paris,
July 20, 1796,
died there,
Feb. 23, 1875.
Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Mi-
challon and after
his death of Vic-
tor Bertin. Went
to Italy in 1826,
and in studying
nature as he con-
tinued to do on returning to France, in Pro-
vence, Normandy, andFontaiuebleau, learned
to couple breadth of treatment with careful
though not obtrusive detail An eminently
suggestive and refined painter, gifted with a
highly poetical and tender feeling, he has,
from his peculiar excellence in treating still
water, the sleeping woods, the broad, pale
horizon and the veiled sky, been called the
Theocritus of landscape painting. He is
well characterized in a sonnet by au Ameri-
can poet, as —
"Thou painter of the essences of things."
At the height of his career, Corot is said to
have made 200,000 francs a year by the sale
of his pictures. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st j
class, 1848 and 1855 ; 2d class, 1867; L. of
Honour, 1846 ; Officer, 1867. Works : View '
at Narni, Roman Campagna (1827); two Ital- j
ian Views, Duke of Orleans; another Italian
View (1834), Douai Museum ; Souvenir of
the Suburbs of Florence (1839), Metz Mu- !
seum ; Dame des Nymphs (1851), Roman j
Forum, Coliseum, Luxembourg Museum ;
Christ in the Garden (1849), Langres Muse- ;
um ; Sunset in the Tyrol (1850), Marseilles;
Souvenir of Marcoussis, bought by Emperor;
Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (1853); Evening \
Star, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Morning,
Evening (1855) ; Burning of Sodom, Nymph
playing with a Cupid, The Concert, Sunset
(1857) ; Dante and Virgil, Boston Museum ;
Macbeth (1850); Idyl, Italian Tyrol, Studies
at Ville d'Avray (1859); Sunrise, Orpheus, A
Lake, Souvenir of Italy, Rest (18G1); Studyat
Mery (1863) ; Souvenir of Morte- Fontaine,
Gust of Wind (1864); Morning, Environs of
LakeNemi (1865); Evening, Solitude (1866);
Ruins of Castle of Pierrefonds, Morning,
Evening (1867) ; Morning at Ville d'Avray
(1868); Woman Reading, Morning at Ville
d'Avray (1869) ; Landscape with Figures
(1870); Near Arras (1872); Pastoral Scene,
The Parson (1873); Arlem, Evening, Moon-
light (1874); Woodsmen, Pleasures of Even-
ing, Biblis (1875) ; Nymphs Dancing, Cor-
nelius Vanderbilt, New York ; Danse des
Amours, Chas. A, Dana, New York — Ch.
Blanc, Artistes, d. m. I., 365 ; Claretie, Pein-
tres, etc. (1882), 97 ; Du Camp, Beaux Arts,
80 ; Leclercq.Caracteres, 184; Meyer, Gesch.,
Kunst-Chrouik, x. 437; C. Carr, Essays, 174 ;
L'Art, i. 216, 240, 269, Mcnard ; Hamerton,
French Painters ; Portfolio (1870), 60 (1875),
146; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xi. 330;
1881; Conternp. Rev., xxvi. 157 ; Overland
Monthly, xv. 468.
CORREA, DIEGO, died in 1550. Span-
ish school. Painted a series of pictures of
scenes from life of Christ, now in Madrid
Museum, for Bernardino Convent of Vald-
eiglesias. Style resembles that of Perugino,
whence some think he studied at Florence.
According to Siret, there is a picture in con-
vent of Valdeiglesias signed D. Correa fecit,
1550. Christ Crucified, Dresden Museum.
— Stirling, i. 150.
CORREGGIO,bornatCorreggioinl494(?),
died there, March 5, 1534. Lombard school.
Real name Antonio AUegri, son of Pelle-
grino Allegri ; probably pupil of his father's
brother, Lorenzo, and of Antonio Bartolotti,
both second-rate painters of his native town.
At Modena he is said to have found a better
master in Francesco Bianchi, called Ferrari,
who belongs to the school of Fraucia ; but
3.15
COERODI
as Bianchi died in 1510, this, like all that
concerns Correggio's training, is uncertain.
The attempt to ac-
count for his peculiar
development has led
to many conjectures,
none of which give
any clue to the for-
mation of his totally
new method of paint-
ing, or to the distin-
guishing characteris-
tics of his style.
These characteristics are sweetness of ex-
pression and ineffable grace of pose ; light
in colour, or in other words a certain lumi-
nous quality which irradiates and transfig-
ures. In facility of handling, in absolute
mastery over the difficulties of foreshorten-
ing, in the management of light and shade
as distributed over vast spaces and affecting
multitudes of figures, this great master has
no rival. At the same time, with all the
beauty of his Madonnas and Angels, the
charm and grace of his children, the noble
dignity of his Saints and Apostles, and the
harmony of his colouring, Correggio's sweet-
ness sometimes cloys, aud his grace occasion-
ally degenerates into affectation. His mas-
terpieces in oils are in Dresden, Paris, and
Parma. Works : Madonna of St. Francis
(1514), Madonna of St. George, Madonna of
St. Sebastian, La Notts (1522 or 1528), and
Magdalen, Correggio's Physician, Dresden
Gallery ; Rape of Ganymede, Jupiter and lo,
Vienna Museum ; Madonna adoring Jesus, !
Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna hushing Jesus,
Prince Torlonia, Rome ; Madonna del Latte
(1519), Assumption of the Virgin (sketch for
the fresco in the Duomo, Parma), Apollo and
Marsyas, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; La
Zingarella, Marriage of St. Catherine, Na-
ples Museum ; Antiope, Marriage of St. Cath-
erine, Louvre, Paris ; Ecce Homo, Madonna
della Cesta, Education of Cupid, National
Gallery, London ; II Giorno, Madonna della
Scodella (1530), Madonna della Scala, Martyr-
dom of SS. Placidus and Flavia, Field, Parma
Gallery ; Danae, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
Leda, Jupiter and lo, Berlin Museum. Cor-
reggio's frescos are in Parma : Camera di S.
Paolo (1518), Ascension of Christ, cupola,
and St. John the Evangelist over Sacristy
door, S. Giovanni (1520-25); Assumption of
the Virgin and patron Saints of Parma, Du-
omo (1526-35); Christ in the Garden, Apsley
House, England; Noli Me Tangere, Madrid
Museum. The life of Correggio was passed
within the confines of Lombardy, between
Correggio, Modena, and Parma. It is more
than doubtful whether he ever visited Rome.
Vasari's story of his death caused by fatigue
of carrying a large sum of money in copper
coin, with which he had been paid for his
work at Parma, to Correggio, has no foun-
'10
dation. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 109; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., i. 335 ; Meyer, Correggio (Leip-
sic, 1871) ; Seguier, 203 ; Burckhardt, 175,
634, 694, 700 ; Pungileoni, Mem., etc. (1817
-21); Coxe, Lives of Correggio and Parme-
gianino (London, 1823); Dohme, 2iii. ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 497 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., ii. 414.
CORRODI, HERMAN, born in Rome,
July 23, 1844. Italian school ; landscape
and genre painter, son of the Swiss landscape
painter, Salomon C. (born at Zurich in 1810),
who settled in Rome in 1828, twin brother
of the history painter, Arnold C. (died 1874),
together with whom he studied in Rome
and Paris, and after whose death he made
study-trips to the East. He has three stu-
dios : in Rome, Baden-Baden, and London,
and divides his time between them, accord-
ing to the season. Medal, Vienna, 1874.
COHSET
Works : Pine Woods (1874) ; Storm on Isle
of St. Honore ; Procession at Sorrento (1878);
Congregation of Monks in the Campagna ;
Gondola Sail in Venice ; Villa on Lake Como ;
Serenade at Amalfi ; Monastery of Marsala
on the Dead Sea ; Baptism of Pilgrims in
the Jordan. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 206.
CORSET BLEU, Gabriel Metsu, Baron
Alfred de Rothschild, London ; wood, 1 ft
4 in. X 1 ft. A lady in a blue corset bor-
dered with ermine, and a white satin skirt
trimmed with gold lace, seated, with a mu-
sic book on her lap ; on the further side of
a table sits a gentleman tuning a guitar ; a
glass of wine is on the table, and a little
spaniel is in front. Tounemau Collection,
Amsterdam (1754), 1,405 fl.; Destouche Col-
lection (1794), 8,161 fr.; Robit Collection,
Paris (1801), 8,120 fr.; Hibbert Collection,
London (1829), £560. Replica, inferior,
Buckingham Palace. — Smith, iv. 77.
CORSET ROUGE, Gabriel Metsu, W.
Long Collection, London ; wood, H. 1 ft.
1£ in. x 11 in. A lady in a scarlet velvet
corset and a taffeta petticoat, seated, caress-
ing a dog ; some blue paper, on which she
has been drawing, lies hi her lap, and the
figure of an infant in plaster stands on a
table before her. Destouches Collection ;
(1794), 6,101 fr.; Robit Collection (1801),'
3,120 fr., to Sir Simon Clarke.— Smith, iv.
77.
CORTAZZO, ORESTE, born in Italy;
contemporary. Genre painter. Works : In-
terrupted Sitting (F. Rogers, Philadelphia) ;
Geographical Student, A. E. Borie Col.,
Philadelphia; Teasing the Poet; Taking
Leave ; Crowning the Bride, W. B. Bement,
Philadelphia ; Judgment of Paris, Amateurs
of Bric-a-brac, Mrs. Paran Stevens, New
York.
CORTE, CESARE DA, bom in Genoa in
1550, died there in 1613. Genoese school ;
son of Valerio Corte, an excellent portrait
painter from Venice (1530-80) ; one of the
best pupils of Luca Cambiaso. Painted
history and portraits with success, and is
said to have visited France and England,
and to have painted Queen Elizabeth. He
adopted the opinions of Luther, and died in
the prison of the Inquisition. His son
David, noted as a copyist, died of the plague
in 1657. — Lanzi, iii. 249 ; Baldiimcci, iii.
595 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
CORTE, JUAN DE LA, born in Madrid in
1597, died there in 1660. Spanish school ;
pupil of Velasquez ; painted in palace of
Bueu Retii'o pictures of Judgment of Paris,
Rape of Helen, Burning of Troy, the Relief
in 1635 of Valenza on the Po, and other
works, especially landscapes, in which he
was most successful. His son Gabriel (1648-
1694) was a good flower-painter. — Stirling,
ii. 692 ; Curtis, 329.
CORTICELLL See 2'ordenone.
CORTONA, PIETRO DA. See Pietro da
Cortona.
COSDIO, PEERO DI, born in Florence
in 1462, died in 1521 (?). Florentine school ;
real name Piero di Lorenzo (a goldsmith),
but called Cosimo from his master, Cosimo
Rosselli, in whose studio he was the com-
panion of Fra Bartolommeo and of Mariotto
Albertinelli. He accompanied Rosselli to
Rome (1480-85), and probably remained
with him until his death (1506), after which
he continued to paint hi his style. Among
; his works may be noted the Wedding of
Perseus, Perseus delivering Andromeda, An-
dromeda delivered, and the Sacrifice to Jove
for her safety, Virgin upon a Pedestal sur-
rounded by Saints, Uffizi, Florence ; Death
of Procris, National Gallery, London ; Venus
and Mars, Meeting of Christ and the Baptist,
Berlin Museum ; Coronation of the Virgin,
( Louvre. Cosimo was the master of Andrea
! del Sarto. Vasari describes him as a strange
and cynical man. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 420;
Burckhardt, 551 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floren-
tine; Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 131; Lttbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 374.
COSSA, FRANCESCO, painted in 1456-
1474. Lombardo-Ferrarese school. First
' appears in a record of 1456, as assistant to his
father, Cristofano del Cossa, then engaged
in illuminating the carving and statues
337
COSSIAU
about the high altar of the bishop's palace,
Ferrara. In later years removed to Bo-
logna, where he is justly celebrated for his
Madonna with Saints (1474), Bologna Gal-
lery, and his Madonna del Barracano (1472).
Cossa was of the same school as Tura, but
he was a better draughtsman and more cor-
rect in feeling. His rich detail is worked
out in a grayish tone with great charm.
His somewhat morose faces, too, are less
grotesque than those of Tura. He was not
free from northern peculiarities, and some-
thing in his air or technical treatment re-
calls Koger van der Weyden. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 522 ; Burckhardt, 579 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ferraraise ; Lermolieff, 124, 128, 130,
243.
COSSIAU, JAN JOST D., bom at Breda
in 1654 or 1664-66, died in 1732 or 1734.
Dutch school ; landscape painter ; imitated
Gaspard Poussin, lived for some time in
Paris, became court painter at Mentz and
Bamberg, and was the first organizer of the
picture galleries at Pommersfelden, Gai-
bach, and Wiesenthaid. Works : Italian
Landscape with Castle (1704), do. with
Pyramid (1704), Brunswick Museum ;
Egyptian Landscape, Cassel Gallery ;
large Landscape (1716), Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; others in Versailles and Dussel-
dorf Galleries. — Kramm, i. 275.
COSSIERS (Cotsiers, Causiers), JAN,
born in Antwerp, July 15, 1600, died there,
buried July 7, 1671. Flemish school ; his-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of
his father, Anton, and of Cornelis tie Vos ;
entered guild in 1628, dean in 1639-1641.
Painted much for the King of Spain, the
Cardinal Infant Ferdinand, Archduke Leo-
pold William, and many other princes.
Works : Adoration of Shepherds (2), Gen-
tleman lighting his Pipe, Portrait of a Sur-
geon, Flagellation, Antwerp Museum ; Del-
uge, Brussels Museum ; Jupiter and Lycaon,
Prometheus, Narcissus, Madrid Museum ;
Christ at Simon's, Temptation of St. An-
thony, Holy Family, Crucifixion, Pieta,
Eglise du Beguinage, Mechlin. — Biog. nat.
de Belgique, iv. 412 ; Cat. du Musee d'An-
vers (1874), 92 ; Michiels, ix. 78 ; Eooses
(Eeber), 372.
COSTA, GIOVANNI, born in Italy ; con-
temporary. Landscape and portrait painter.
Besides at Home. Exhibits chiefly at Gros-
venor Gallery, London. Works : On the
Sands near Ardea— Borne (1877) ; Cam-
pagna, Capri, On the Shore (1877) ; Dawn
near Bocca d'Arno (1879) ; Gulf of Spezzia
from Lerici (1880); Naughty Girl — Capri,
Approach to Venetian Lagoon (1881) ;
Sunrise — Porto d'Anzio, Sunrise on Car-
rara Hills (1882) ; Morning on Hills of
Branzi — Lerici, Kensington Palace (1883.)
COSTA, LOKENZO, born in Ferrara in
1460, died in
Mantua, March 5,
1535. Bolognese
school ; after sev-
eral years' work
in Ferrara he
went to Florence,
according to Va-
sari, and stud-
ied the works of
Lippi and Benoz-
zo Gozzoli. About 1480-83, he was em-
ployed by the Beutivoglio family, Bologna,
in the decoration of their palace (destroyed
in 1507), and probably alternated between
that city and Ferrara until the expulsion of
the Bentivoglio family (1509), when he en-
tered the service of the Gonzagas of Man-
tua, where he painted during the rest of his
days. In Bologna he was a co-worker of
Francia's, and was probably of much use to
the latter between 1480 and 1490 ; but be-
tween 1490 and 1500 Francia rivalled and
excelled his friend, and Costa followed where
he had before been a leader. Among his
better Bolognese examples are: Madonna
(1488), Cappella Bentivoglio in S. Jacopo
338
COSWAY
Maggiore, Triumphs of Life and Death
(1490), same chapel ; Annunciation (1490-
95), Cappella Marescotti in S. Petronio ; and
Madonna with Saints (1492), Cappella Baci-
occhi in S. Petronio. There are also frescos
by him in S. Jacopo Maggiore and in S. Ce-
cilia. Among his Mantuan pictures are :
Court of
Isabella,
Louvre;
Dead LAVAENliVs COSIA f
Christ
(1504),
Presenta-
tion (1502), Berlin Museum ; Madonna and
Saints (1525), Ferrara Gallery.— C. & C., N.
Italy, L 538 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 131 ;
Burckhardt, 581 ; Eio, iii. 121 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ombrienne.
COSWAY, RICHARD, born at Tiverton
in 1740, died in London, July 4, 1821. Son
of a schoolmaster ; pupil in London of
Thomas Hudson, and student in 1769 at
Royal Academy ; became A. R. A. in 1770,
and R.A. in 1771. Was the fashionable
miniature painter of his time, and equally
famous for vanity, extravagance, and eccen-
tricity. He painted many of the beauties of
the day, among them Mrs. Fitzherbert, and
gained the favour of the Prince Regent He
also originally painted in oil. His wife,
Maria Cecilia Louisa (Hadfield) Cosway
(1745-1822?), was a subject
painter of considerable ability.
Portrait of the painter by him-
self, Nat. Port. Gal.; of Gen. P.
Paoli, Uffizi, Florence.— Red-
grave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Art Jour-
nal (1858), 268 ; Sandby, i. 179.
COT, PIERRE AUGUSTE, bom at Be-
darieux (H6rault), Feb. 17, 1837, died Aug.
18, 1883. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
in Paris of Cabanel, Leon Cogniet, and Bou-
guereau. His style is very graceful and at-
tractive. Medal : 1870 ; 2d class, 1872 ; L.
of Honour, 1874. He exhibited many por-
traits and a few ideal pictures. Works :
Woman Bathing (1867); Salmacis and Her-
maphrodituB, Poverty (18G8); Portrait of
Mme. Cot (1869); Prometheus, Meditation
(1870); All Souls Day at the Campo Santo
of Pisa, Dionysa (1872); Magdalen (1875);
P'A'COT 18/5
Spriny-lime (1876); Mireille (1882), Lux-
embourg Museum. — Gaz. des B. Arts
(1883), Chronique.
COTES, FRANCIS, born in London in
1726, died there, July 20, 1770. Pupil of
George Knapton ; became eminent as a por-
trait painter, was a member of the Society
of Artists, and one of the original members
of the Royal Academy, where he exhibited
from 1760 to 1770. Works: Portrait of
his father, Royal Academy ; Admiral Lord
Hawke, Greenwich Hospital ; Portrait group
of Mr. and Mrs. Joab Bates, Sacred Harmon-
ic Society. His younger brother, Samuel
(1734-1818), was noted as a miniature
painter. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 86 ;
Sandby, i. 95 ; Graves, 54.
COTIGNOLA, BERNARDINO DA, See
Zayanelli, Francesco.
COTIGNOLA, FRANCESCO DA. See
Zaganelli, Francesco.
COTIGNOLA, GIROLAMO DA. See
Girolamo da Cotignola.
COTMAN, JOHN SELL, born at Nor-
wich, June 11, 1782, died in London, July
28, 1842. Studied design in London in
' 1800-6, during which time exhibited views
of Welsh scenery at the Academy. In 1807
became a member and secretary of the Nor-
! wich Society of Artists. In 1811 began to
publish " Architectural Etchings, " and in 1816
" Specimens of Norman and Gothic Archi-
tecture in Norfolk," followed by other anti-
quarian works. He made several visits to
Normandy, the result of which appears in
Dawson Turner's " Architectural Antiquities
' of Normandy " (1822). In 1834 he became
1 drawing-master to King's College School,
and removed to London. During these
labours he painted many landscapes and
sea views, but he was more successful in
S3»
COTSIERS
water-colours than in oils. "With Crowe
and others of the Norwich school he exer-
cised a considerable influence on British art.
His son, Miles Edmund Cotman (1811-1858),
painted river and sea views, but was chiefly
a teacher, and succeeded him at King's Col-
lege.— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 188.
COTSIERS. See Cossiers.
COTTAGE DOOR, Thomas Gaines-
borough, Grosvenor House, London ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 8 in. A cottage ma-
tron, with an infant in her arms, and sev-
eral older children around her, enjoying
themselves in front of a rustic cabin in a j
woody nook. Sold in 1786 to T. Harvey, of
Catton, Norfolk ; in 1807 to Mr. Coppin, of
Norwich, from whom bought by Sir John
Leicester, Bart., at whose sale (1827) bought
by Earl Grosvenor for £525. Engraved
by Scott, in Britton. Etched (1832), by Ch.
Koepping. — Brock-Arnold, 74 ; Fulcher,
196 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 173.
COUBERTIN, CHARLES DE, born in
Paris, April 23, 1822. Genre painter, pupil
of Picot ; subjects mostly from Italian life
and history. L. of Honour, 1865. Works :
Discovery of the LaocoOn in Rome in 1506
(1846); Incident of the Plague in Milan
(1851), Laval Museum ; Pontifical Mass in
Rome, Roman Cardinal Walking (1857) ;
Ball Players in Coliseum (1859); Good Fri-
day in Palermo ; View of the Forum, View
of the Coliseum, Luxembourg Museum ;
Pigeons on Square of San Marco (1861);
Death of St. Stanislaus Kotska (1865);
Miraculous Death of St. Jean de Dieu,
Group at the Grandfather's (1879); Poet
and Muse (1881); The First Partridge, Le-
gend of the Via Appia (1882); Serenade at
Vicenzo (1883).
COUDER, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris,
April 16, 1808, died there in 1878. Still-
life painter, pupil of Gros, in whose studio
he first painted a few genre pictures. Medal,
3d class, 1836. L. of Honour, 1853. Works :
Return from the Fields, Bouquet of Wild
Flowers (1874); do. and Interior (1876);
Roses and Fruits (1877) ; Return from Mar-
ket, Grapes, Wild Flowers (1878).— MiiUer,
116.
COUP DE PISTOLET (Pistol Shot),
Philips Wouwerman, Buckingham Palacej
London ; wood, H. 1 ft. 4 in. X 1 ft. 6 in.
Before a sutler's tent is a group of cavalry, ac-
companied by women, children, and dogs ;
a trooper, on a white horse, is pledging a
woman in a glass of liquor, while a trum-
peter blows his trumpet, and another troop-
er discharges his pistol. Engraved by W.
Greatbach.
COUR, JANUS LA, born at Ringkjo-
bing, Jutland, Sept. 5, 1837. Landscape
painter, pupil of Kiaerschon and of Copen-
hagen Academy under Marstrand ; won a
prize in 1861 ; went to Italy and Paris in
1865-67, to Switzerland and Italy in 1868-70.
Medal, Copenhagen, 1871. Member of
Copenhagen Academy in 1872. Works :
Coast View at Helgenaers (1855); Views in
the North Sea (1856); Early Summer Morn-
ing (1861); Evening on Lake of Nemi (1871);
Oakwood Border, two others, Copenhagen
Gallery. — Sigurd Miiller, 66 ; Weilbach,
121.
COURANT, MAURICE, born at Havre,
Nov. 8, 1847. Landscape and marine paint-
er ; pupil of Meissonier, and studied nature
on the south coast of France. Medal, 1870.
Works : Fontaine du Pin near Antibes,
Shore of Jouan Bay (1868); Entrance to
Harbour of Antibes (1869) ; The great Plains
around Poissy (1870); Pond in Winter (1872),
Summer Morning (1874); Stormy Weather,
Rising Tide (1875) ; Getting under Sail,
Roche-aux-Mouettes (1878) ; Bark of God-
debi (1881); Fishing Bark (1882).— Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xix. 177.
COURBET, GUSTAVE, born at Omans,
(Doubs), June 10, 1819, died at Tour de Peil,
near Vevay, Jan. 1, 1878. Genre, landscape,
and portrait painter. Sent to school at Be-
sancon and then to study law at Paris in
1839. Attended several studios, but chiefly
that of David d'Angers. Began at an early
age to paint caricatures, especially of priests;
but did not treat landscape until 1841 at
340
COUHDOUAN
Fontainebleau. He exhibited in 1844,
though it was not until 1849 that he first
attracted atten-
tion by his After
Dinner at Ornans.
His Burial Scene
at Ornans (1850)
and the Stone-
Breakers were
much talked
about, and the ex- .^
hibitiou of his
works at Besan-
con, Dijon, Munich, and Frankfort in 1854
extended his reputation. After 1870 he
ceased to exhibit his picturea Medals in
1849, 1857, and 1861. As chief instigator
of the overthrow of the Vendome Column,
May 1C, 1871, he was sentenced to six
mouths' imprisonment, and to bear the cost
of restoration. After his release he retired
to Switzerland. He was an intense, but nar-
row and unemotional realist. Works : The
Wounded Man (1844) ; Violoncellist, three
Landscapes (1848); After Dinner at Ornnas,
Landscape near Honfleur, Lille Museum ;
Valley of the Loue, The Parishes of Chas-
sagne (1849) ; River Loue, Ruins of Castle of
Scey, Peasants returning from a Fair, ^one-
Breakers, Burial at Ornans (1850), Louvre,
Salle des Colonnades ; Conflagration (1851);
Village Ladies (1852) ; Women Bathing, Wo- '
man Spinning, Wrestlers (1853) ; Sifting
Wheat (1855) ; Young Women of the Seine,
Hunting a Roebuck, Doe run down in the
Snow (1857), Boston Museum Fine Arts ;
Deer Fighting, Deer in the Water, Hunts-
man, Fox in the Snow, Rock of Oragnou
(1861); Fox-Huuting, Little Fishermen in
Franche-Comte, Return from Conference
(1863) ; Valley of Puits Noir (1865), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Woman with a Parrot, The
Quarry (1866), Boston Museum of Fine Arts;
A Beggar's Alms, Buck at Bay (1868), Lou-
vre ; Deer Calling, The Siesta (1869), The
Stormy Sea (Luxembourg Museum), Cliffs
of Etretat (1870). The following were
bought by the State at the Lepel-Cointet
sale (1881) : Deer in Cover (35,000 fr.), Man
with a Leather Belt (26,100 fr.), Courbet's
Studio (21,000 fr.), Slag Fight (49,100fr.),
Deer Calling (33,900 fr.), Wounded Man
(11,000 fr.), Siesta (29,100 fr.)— Gaz. des
B. Arts (1878), xvii. 514; xviii. 17, 371;
(1882), xxv. 572 ; Lippincott's Mag., xxi.
631; Champier, 1'Annee artistique (1878),
486; Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), 241;
Du Camp, Beaux Arts, 219 ; Bruno Meyer,
Studien, 94 ; Perrier, Etudes, 146 ; Rosetti,
F. A., 112 ; Zeitschrift f. b. K, ii. 119 ; xL
183, 209 ; The Century, Feb., 1884 ; L'Art
(1878), xii. 72 ; (1881), xxvii. 232 ; Temple
Bar, xlii. 535.
COURDOUAN, VINCENT (JOSEPH
FRANCOIS), born in Toulon, March 6, 1810.
Landscape and marine painter, pupil of
Paulin Guerin. Medals : 3d class, 1838 and
1844 ; 2d class, 1847 ; L. of Honour, 1852.
Appointed professor of design at the Naval
School in Toulon in 1848. Works : Castle of
Napoule, View of Baguols, Gorges of Olli-
oules, Coast of Provence, Arrival of Bey of
Tunis at Toulon, Port of Algiers, Battle of the
Romulus, Vessels driven close to Shore by a
Storm, Evening among the Pines, Valley of
Ardennet, Embarcation of Zouaves for the
Crimea (1855) ; Harbour of Toulon, View of
Bordighiera, Coast of Balagnier (1857) ; Pi-
rates Chased (1859) ; French Troop Ship in
Harbour of Hyeres (1861) ; Valley of Brous-
san, Environs of Nersi (1864) ; Birckadem
(1867) ; Desert in Egypt at Evening (1868) ;
Coast of Provence, Morning (1869); Harbour
of Brusc (1873) ; Environs of Hyeres (1874) ;
Sunset after Heavy Weather on Coast of
Provence (1875) ; Gorge of Malvoisin (1876) ;
Gulf of Ciotat (1877) ; Beach at Hyeres,
Evening near Hyires (1878) ; Fountain at
Notre-Dame-Du-Muy, Camogli in Gulf of
Genoa (1879) ; Evening by Sea at Toulon,
Shore of Argentieres (1880) ; Harbour of
Toulon, Entrance to Harbour of Toulon
(1882) ; Point of La Croisette at Cannes,
Villa Cloquet near Toulon (1883).
COURSE OF EMPIRE, Thomas Cole,
New York Historical Society ; canvas. A
341
COUftT
series of five pictures, representing a na-
tion's rise, progress, decline, fall, and deso-
lation. Painted in 1832-4 for Lumau Reed,
New York. 1. (H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 1 in.)
Savage State or Commencement of Empire ;
2. (H. 3 ft. 3 in. x5 ft. 2 in.) Arcadian or
Pastoral State ; 3. (H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.)
Consummation of Empire ; 4. (H. 3 ft. 2 in.
X 5 ft. 2 in.) Destruction ; 5. (H. 3 ft. 3 in.
x5 ft. 1 in.) Desolation. Of this picture
Frederic E. Church writes : "If I were per-
mitted to select three from among all the
landscapes I have ever seen, I should cer-
tainly choose for one of them ' Desolation,'
the last of the five pictures of the ' Course
of Empire.'"
COURT-JESTERS IN ANTECHAMBER,
Eduardo Zamaco'is, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New
York ; canvas. A group of hunchbacked
jesters amusing themselves in the antecham-
ber of a prince. The painter's sarcastic hu-
mour finds vent in making these unfortunates
portraits of himself and of his artist friends.
The one watching the stand of paroquets is
Jules Worms, and the one throwing dice is
Berne-Bellecour ; he himself is represented
with ass's ears, and his brother is the page.
— Art Treas. of Amer., i. 37.
COURT, JOSEPH DfiSIRti, born at Rou-
en, Sept. 11, 1798, died there, Jan. 23, 1865.
Genre painter, pupil of Gros ; won the grand
prix de Rome in 1821. Medals : 1st class,
1831 ; 2d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1838.
Works : Samson delivered to the Philistines
(1821) ; Deluge, Faun in a Bath dragging
in a Girl, Death of Caesar (1827), Louvre ;
St. Peter sent by the Romans to Jerusalem
(1836) ; Due d' Orleans as Lieut. General i
(183G), Versailles ; Return of St. Louis (1841); j
King giving Colours to the National Guard,
Aug. 29, 1830, Versailles ; Flight of Gov-
ernor of Constantine (1839) ; Due d' Or-
leans laying the first Stone of the Agen
Canal (1844). Among his many portraits
COURTAT, LOUIS, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History painter, pupil of Ca-
banel. Medals : 3d class, 1873 and 1874 ;
1st class, 1875.
- L . Coutta I - Works : Siesta
(1873) ; St. Se-
bastian (1874) ;
Leda (1875), Luxembourg Museum ; Hagar
and Ishmael (1877) ; Spring-Time (1878) ;
Eveandher Children (1879); Nymph (1880);
Little Orange Girl (1881) ; Odalisque (1882) ;
Venus Awakened (1884) ; Bathers (1885).
COURTENS, FRANZ, born at Termonde,
Belgium ; contemporary. Landscape and
genre painter. Medal : 3d class, 1884.
Works : Morning in the Campine (1881) ;
Departure for Fishing, Dutch Village (1882);
In the Cabbage Fields, Salt Meadows (1883).
COURTOIS, GUSTAVE, born at Pusey
(Haute-Saone) in 1852. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Gcrome. Medals : 3d
class, 1878 ; 2d class, 1880 ; Munich, 1883.
Works : Orpheus, Death of Archimedes
(187G) ; Narcissus (1877), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Lais in Hell (1878) ; Dante and Vir-
gil in Hell (1880) ; Portraits (1881) ; Baya-
1883
dere (1882); Fantasy (1883); Burial of
Atala (1884).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 157.
COURTOIS, JACQUES, named Le Bour-
guignon (H Bor-
gognone); in Italy
called also Jacopo
Cortese ; born at
St. Hippolyte,
Franche - Comte,
in 1621, died in
Rome, Nov. 14,
1676. French
school ; battle
painter, pupil of his father, Jean, and of
are those of Mme. Adelaide and the Prince Cerquozzi. Entered the Spanish military
de Joinville, the King and Queen of Den- service, then went to Italy to resume his
mark, Due Decazes, Monsignor Sibour, and artistic studies at Rome. Inspired byRaph-
Pope Pius IX. (1855). — Larousse. I ael's fresco of the victory of Constantine
342
COUSIN
over Maxentius, became a battle painter. In
1655 became a lay brother in the order of
the Jesuits, and for some time painted only
sacred subjects. Pictures in Berlin, Cassel,
Dresden, Florence, Munich, Paris, St. Peters-
burg, Rome, and Stockholm galleries. His
brother Guillaume C. (1628-1679)
was a pupil of Pietro da Cortona, but
followed the style of Carlo Maratti. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole fran9aise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
COUSIN, JEAN, born at Soucy near Sens
(Yonne) about
1500, died 1589.
French school ;
glass painter,
history and min-
iature painter,
engraver, and
sculptor. Stud-
iedglass painting
with Hympe and
GrassoL Much
renowned
among his countrymen for his historical
paintings. Works: Last Judgment, Louvre ;
Woman giving Alms, Brunswick Gallery ;
Miniatures in
Prayer Book of
Henry EL, Biblio-
thcque nationale,
Paris ; Descent
from Cross (1521, Mentz), attributed to
him. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
COUTOURIER, LEON LUCIEN, born
at Macon, France ; contemporary. History
painter, pupil of Danguin and Cabanel.
Works : Attack of Navy Riflemen (1875) ;
Vanguard Engagement (1876) ; Extra Duty
on Water (1877) ; Alarm of the Chouans in
1793, Tailor of Boqueneveu (1878) ; Drum-
mer School, Peasant of Guerchy (1879) ; An
Alert (1880) ; The Recital (1881) ; Forced
March (1883) ; The Baggage Master (1884) ;
The Remount Depot (1885).
COUTOURIER, PHHJBERT LEON,
born at Chalon-sur-Saone (Saone-et-Loire),
May 26, 1823. Animal painter, pupil of
Nicolas Coutourier and Picot. Painta es-
pecially poultry with great skill. Medals :
3d class, 1855, 1861. Works: Peasant,
Drinkers (1873) ; Conscripts of Revenge,
Rhapsodist reciting to Sailors, Lard Soup
(1874); Dado, Little Mother (1875) ; Young
Girl and Poultry, Rat Council (1876); Grand-
mother (1878); A Corner in the Yard
(1880) ; Waiting for the Paste (1881) ; Two
Friends (1884); Rat retired from the
World, Rat Council (1885).
COUTURE, THOMAS, born at Senlis
(Oise), Dec. 21, 1815,
died in Villiers le
Bel (Seine-et-Oise),
March 31, 1879.
History and genre
painter, pupil of
Gros, and of Paul
Delaroche. Although
he won the 2d grand
prix in 1837, and
attracted attention
by several able pictures in the course of the
next decade, it was not until 1847 that
Couture became celebrated by his Ramans
of the Decadence (Luxembourg Museum), a
picture which in the united qualities of com-
position, conception, drawing, and colour,
has few if any rivals in modern art. His
technical skill and great reputation brought
him many pupils, among whom was the
American artist William M. Hunt. He was
selected by Napoleon III. to paint a ceiling
for the Louvre representing the birth of the
Prince Imperial, but having quarrelled with
the Empress about the drapery of the
child, he became hostile to the Government
and seldom sent any pictures to the Salon.
In 18C7 he published an essay on art en-
titled "Eutretiens d'Atelier." Medals: 3d
class, 1844 ; 1st class, 1847 and 1855 ; L. of
Honour, 1848. Works : Young Venetian
after an Orgy (1840); Prodigal Sou, Wid-
ow, Return from the Fields (1841); Trouba-
dour (1843); Jocunda, Love of Gold (1844),
Toulouse Museum ; Gypsy Girl (1852); The
Falconer (1855); Volunteers of 1793 (1856);
343
cox
Baptism of the Prince Imperial (1857, un-
finished); Return of the Troops from the
Crimea ; Pierrot's Dull ; The Bacchante ;
Damocles (1872) ; Study for the Volunteers
of 1793, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.—
Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), 337; La-
rousse ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvi. 101.
COX, DAVID, born near Birmingham,
April 29, 1783, died at Harborne Heath,
near Birmingham, June 7, 1859. Landscape
painter in water-colours ; began as a scene
painter in Birmingham Theatre ; went in
1803 to London, where he became a teacher
of drawing, sketching with his pupils in
Wales during the summer months. He re-
moved to Hereford in 1815, returned to
London in 1827, and settled at Harborne
Heath in 1844. He was an excellent land-
scape painter, and his works command high
prices. Among them are : Weald of Kent,
Hop Gatherers, Welsh Funeral, Chat Moss,
Besom Makers, Deer Stalking, Windsor
Castle, Vale of Chvyd. — Solly, Memoir
(London, 1873); Hall, Life (London, 1881);
Portfolio (1873), 89.
COX, DAVID, born at Dulwich, near Lou-
don, in 1809, died at Streatham Hill, Dec.
4, 1885. Landscape painter, water-colours ;
son and pupil of the preceding. Associate of
Society of Painters in Water Colours. Works :
View on the Menai (1872); Loch Katrine, Ben
Lomond (1873); Rain on the Berwyu, Sun- :
clay Morning in Wales (1875); Path up the
Valley, Lyndale, On the Dee (1877); Pens-
hurst Park, Hayfield (1878); On the Beach
at Hastings (1882).
COX, KENYON, born at Warren, O.,
Oct. 27, 1856. Figure painter ; studied
first in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, later,
pupil in Paris of Carolus Duran and Ge-
rome. Visited Europe in 1877, and re-
mained in France with short intermissions
until 1882. Member of Society of Ameri-
can Artists. Studio in New York. Works :
Head of Venetian Girl (1879); Lady in
Black (1880); Pink and White (1881); Two
Portraits (1882); Afternoon, Thistledown
(1883); A Corner Window (1884).
COXCYEN (Cocxie, Coxis), MICHIEL
VAN, born in Mechlin in 1499, died there
March 5, 1592. Flemish school ; pupil
of his father,
and of Bern-
hard van Or-
ley, \vhom h e
succeeded as
court painter to
Mary of Hun-
gary ; afterward
studied several
years in Rome,
where he was
called the Flemish Raphael. Also painted
much in Brussels. He left numerous works
of unequal merit. His compositions, fre-
quently closely imitated from Raphael,
show much taste and beauty in the heads,
but the attitudes are artificial and exagger-
ated. Works : Martyrdom of St. Sebastian
(1575), do. of St. Blasius and St. George
(3), St. Margaret, Triumph of Christ, Ant-
werp Museum ; Death of Virgin, Christ
crowned with Thorns, Last Supper, Brus-
sels Museum ; Birth of Virgin, Presentation
of do., Death of do., St. Cecilia, Madrid
Museum. His copy of the great altarpiece
of the Van Eycks, the Ad-
oration of the Lamb, made
for Philip IL in 1559, is
partly in the Berlin Mu-
seum, partly in the Munich
Gallery, and partly in
Ghent Cathedral. His son and pupil, Raph-
ael van Coxcyen, guild of St. Luke 1585,
had less talent than his father. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., iv. 537 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv.
456 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; Brock-
haus, iv. 653 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters,
66, 196 ; Michiels, v. 217 ; Nagler, Mon., iv.
526.
COYPEL, ANTOINE, born in Paris,
April 11, 1661, died there, Jan. 1, 1722.
French school ; history painter, pupil of his
father Noel, with whom he went to Rome
in 1672, and received a prize from the Acad-
emy of St. Luke. After three years he re-
MIGHEL FLA«
M1NGO. IN.
VENTVR.
344
COYPEL
turned to Paris, and there obtained a second
academical prize in 1676. In his twentieth
year he became a
member of the
Academy, in 1684
professor, and in
1714 director.
In 1716 he was
nominated court
painter, and in
1717 ennobled.
Works : Athaliah
driven from the
Temple (1704) ; Susanna accused by the
Elders, Esther before Ahasuerus (1704) ;
Rebecca and Eleazer, Flora and Zephyrus,
Young Girl caressing a Dog, Louvre. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole franchise ; Wurzbach, Die
franz. Maler des xviii. Jahrh., 14 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
COYPEL, CHARLES ANTOINE, born
in Paris, July
11, 1694, died
there, June 14,
1752. French
school; history
and portrait
painter, son
and pupil of
A n t o i n e . |
Member of
the Academy
in 1715, professor 1730, rector 1746, and
court painter, 1747. Works : Perseus and
Andromeda, Angelica and Medor (1733),
Louvre ; Medea
pursued by Ja-
son (1715) ; Sac-
rifice of Abra-
ham ; series of
pictures from
Don Quixote,
Compiegne. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole
francaise ; Wurzbach, Die franz. Maler des
xviii. Jahrh., 9.
COYPEL, NOEL (Natatis), born in Paris, ;
Dec. 25, 1628, died there, Dec. 24, 1707. !
/- .*.
/WC
French school ; history painter, pupil in
Orleans of one Poncet, and in Paris of Quil-
1 e r i e r ; e m -
ployed in 1646
by Charles Er-
rard as his as-
sistant iu dec-
orating the
Louvre, where
after 1655 he
painted inde-
pendently for
the king as well as at the Tuileries and
at Fontainebleau. In 1664 he became
professor and in 1672 director of Academy
in Rome ; after a three years' residence
there, during which he was received into the
Academy of St. Luke, he returned to Paris,
where he became rector of the Academy in
1690, and director in 1695. Works : Solon
maintaining the Justice of his Laws (about
1675), Ptolemy Philadelphus emancipating
the Jews (about 1675), Trajan giving pub-
lic Audiences (about 1675), Alexander Sev-
erus distributing "Wheat in Time of Famine
(about 1675), Malediction of Cain (1663),
Hercules and Achelous (1704), Hercules,
Dejanira, andNessus (1704), Apollo crowned
by Victory, and others, Louvre. His son,
Noel Nicolas
(1692-1734),
was a painter
and engraver.
His Venus, Bac-
chus, and Cupid (1727) is in the Louvre. — Ch.
Blanc, £cole francaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
C R A E S -
BECKE, JOOST
VAN, born at
Neerlinter, Bra-
bant, in 1606,died
in Brussels be-
fore 1662. Flem-
ish school ; genre
painter, pupil of
Adrian Brouwer;
admitted to Ant-
werp guild in 1633 as "baker and painter,"
ar.
CEAEYER
and to Brussels guild in 1651. Works: Flem-
ish Tavern, Brussels Museum ; Interior, Ant-
werp Museum ; Matrimonial Contract, Mad-
rid Museum ; Peasant with Felt Cap, Berlin
Museum ; Soldiers conversing with Women,
Vienna Museum ; Craes-
becke's Studio, Aremberg
Gallery, Brussels ; do.,
Louvre ; Woman baking
Pancakes, Mr. Henderson's Collection. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 544 ; Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, iv. 474 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Burger, Gallerie d'Aremberg (1859), 88 ;
Journal des B. Arts (1869), 50 ; (1872), 153,
162 ; Michiels, ix. 168, 450 ; Rooses (Reber),
404.
CRAEYER, CASPAR DE, born in Ant-
werp, baptised
Nov. 18, 1584, died
in Ghent, Jan. 27,
1669. Flemish
school; history
painter, pupil of
Raphael van Cox-
cyen, in Brussels,
where he was re-
gistered master of
the guild, Nov. 3,
1607, and its pres-
ident in 1614-15. He was director from
1612 of the King of Spain's art collections,
was highly esteemed by Albert and Isabella,
governors of the Netherlands, and was court
painter to their successor, Cardinal Infant
Ferdinand, in 1635-41 ; removed to Ghent
in 1664. In friendly relations with Rubens
and Van Dyck, the former of whom painted
his portrait. He was by far the foremost
among the contemporaries of Rubens in the
Spanish Netherlands. Works : Portrait of
Cardinal Infant Ferdinand, Madonna adored
by Saints, St. Augustin in Ecstacy, Louvre;
Elias in the Desert, Antwerp Museum ; Mi-
raculous Draught of Fishes, Assumption of
St. Catherine, Martyrdom of St. Blasius,
Pieta, Adoration of the Shepherds, eight
others, Brussels Museum; Judgment of Solo-
mon, Coronation of St. Rosalia, Martyrdom
of St. Blasius, Triumphal Arch, Ghent Mu-
seum ; Adoration of Shepherds, Amsterdam
Museum ; Descent from Cross, Rotterdam
Museum ; Martyr buried Alive, Lille Muse-
um ; Portrait of Cardinal Infant Ferdinand,
Madrid Museum; Madonna and Saints (1646);
Munich Gallery ; Madonna and Saints, St.
Theresa and Virgin, An-
gelic Salutation, Vienna
Museum ; Altarpieces in
Cathedral of Aix, Prov-
ence, and of Amberg, Upper Palatinate. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 571; Biog. nat. de Bel-
gique, v. 27 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole flamande ;
Cat. du Musee d'Anvers (1874), 102 ; Mi-
chiels, viii. 390 ; Rooses (Reber), 337.
CRAMER, ALFONS VON, born at Smyrna
in 1834. Genre and portrait painter; studied
in Florence, and in 1862-76 in Diisseldorf
under Wilhelm Sohn, meanwhile travelling
in Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor, and Egypt.
Works : St. John (1866), Smyrna Cathedral;
Rendezvous, Eavesdropper, Portrait of Sul-
tan Abdul Aziz. — Miiller, 118.
CRANACH, LUCAS, the elder, born at
Kronach, Ba-
varia, in Oct.
(4?), 1472,
died in Wei-
mar, Oct. 16,
1553. Ger-
man school ;
history and
;, portrait
painter. His
family name
was Miiller, and he was his father's pupil.
In 1493, he went for two years to the Holy
Land with the Elector Frederic the Wise,
who, on their return, gave him an apartment
in his palace at Wittenberg, where Cranach
established a workshop for all kinds of pic-
torial and decorative work, a printing press,
and a pharmacy (burned in 1871). He was
held in high esteem there, and was twice
elected burgomaster. In 1509, when Fred-
eric sent him to the Netherlands, he painted
the portrait of Charles V., aged eight, for
346
CRANACH
the Emperor Maximilian. Crauach was •
court painter to three successive Electors,
Frederic the Wise, John the Constant, and
Frederic the Magnanimous, whose captivity j
he shared after the Battle of Muhlberg, at
Augsburg, where he met and painted Titian
in October, 1552. The latter part of his life
was spent at Weimar, where he commenced
to paint one of his finest pictures, but died
before its completion. The pictures in his
first manner were painted before 1520, then
followed a period of transition to his second
manner, which dates from 1530. Works :
Repose in Egypt (1504), Palazzo Sciarra
Colonna, Rome ; The Fourteen Helpers in
Need (1505), St. Mary's, Torgau ; Last
Judgment (1511-12) ; Madonna with Grapes
(1512), Munich Gallery ; Descent from the
Cross, St Mary's, Lttbeck ; Rosary, Bamberg
Cathedral; SS. Willibald and Walpurga
(1520), Bamberg Gallery; Adoration of Magi,
St. Wenceslaus, Naumburg ; Madonna with
Marriage of St Catherine (1516); Madonna,
St. Jacob's, Tunsbruck ; White Madonna,
Konigsberg Cathedral ; Madonna under the
Apple Tree, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Ma-
donna unter Tannen, St. John's, Breslau ; j
Madonna, Carlsruhe Gallery; Madonna, Er-
furt Cathedral ; Magdalen (1525), Cologne
Museum ; Altarpiece (1529), Marienkirche,
Halle ; Adam and Eve (2), Berlin Museum ;
replicas, Brunswick Gallery and Vienna Mu-
seum ; Adam and Eve (1528), Uffizi, Flor-
ence; Judith and Holofernesat Table (1531),
Judith after the Deed (1531), Gotha Gallery;
Judith with Head of Holoferues, Vienna,
Dresden, Stuttgart, and Cassel Galleries ;
Samson and Delilah, City Hall, Augsburg ;
Christ (1534), Meissen Cathedral ; Christ
and the Adulteress, Munich Gallery; replica,
Maurice Chapel, Nuremberg ; do., National
Gallery, Pesth ; Christ and the Children,
Stadtkirche, Naumburg; do., Pauliner-
kirche, Leipsic ; Nine Passion Scenes, three
in Museum, six in Royal Palace, Berlin ;
Fall and Redemption (1529), Gotha Gallery ;
same subject (1529), Prague Gallery; Altar-
piece, Stadtkirche, Weimar; Last Supper,
Stadtkirche, Wittenberg ; Raising of Laza-
rus, Venus and Cupid, Apollo and Diana,
Berlin Museum ; Cupid stung by Bees, Wei-
mar Gallery ; Venus and Cupid, Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna ; Judgment of Paris,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Faun Family, Hercules
Spinning, Death of Lucretia (1524), Munich
Gallery; same subject (1532), Vienna Acade-
my ; Fountain of Youth, Berlin Museum ;
Dying Scene (1518), Leipzig Museum ; Old
Rich Man and Poor Young Girl, Vienna
Academy and Prague Gallery ; Stag Hunt
(1529); Crucifixion, Stadtkirche, Weimar ;
Great Hunt at Moritzburg (2, 1543, 1544),
Madrid Museum; Portraits: Christian Scheu-
erl (1509), Nuremberg Museum ; Duke Al-
brecht the Bold and Duchess Sidouie (1519),
Historical Museum, Dresden ; Luther, Lu-
ther's Wife, Melanchthon, Elector Frederic
the Wise, John Frederic the Magnanimous,
Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg (1525),
Darmstadt Gallery (1527), Berlin Museum ;
several other Portraits of Luther and Wife
and of the Saxon Electors named, Portrait
of Cranach (1550), Uffizi, Florence, and
many others. — Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. 559 ;
Ch. Blanc, Scole allemande; Brockhaus, iv.
657 ; Dohme, Ii. ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 188 ;
Kugler, Kl. Schriften, ii. 32; Kunst-Chronik,
xv. 634 ; xix. 607 ; Schuchardt, Lucas C.'s
Leben und Werke (Leipsic, 1851-71); War-
necke, Lucas C. d. Altere (Gorlitz, 1879);
W. & W., ii. 419 ; Zahn's JahrbUcher, vL 124;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, viii. 322.
CRANACH, LUCAS, the younger, born
at Wittenberg, Oct. 4, 1515, died at Wei-
mar, Jan. 25, 1586. German school ; pupil
of his father, Lucas the elder, whom he suc-
347
CRANCH
ceeded in his studio at Wittenberg and as
burgomaster. Many works attributed to
the elder were doubtless painted by the
younger Cranach, whose only certain pict-
ures are those dated after his father's death
(1553). Works: Christ taken Captive
(1538), Vienna Museum ; Hunt (1544), Vi-
enna and Madrid Museum ; John Baptist
preaching (1549), Brunswick Gallery ; Ado-
ration of Shepherds, Crucifixion, Conversion
of Paul (after 1553), Stadtkirche, Witten-
berg; The Lord's Vineyard (1569); Resur-
rection (1554) ; Crucifixion (1557), Leipsic
Museum; Raising of Lazarus (1558); Mar-
ried Couple (1564), Vienna Museum ; Con-
version of Paul, Maurice Chapel, Nurem-
berg ; several in Dresden Gallery and His-
torical Museum. — Allgem. Biogr., iv. 562 ;
Dohme li.; Kugler (Crowe), i. 195; W. &
W., ii. 432.
CRANCH, CHRISTOPHER PEARSE,
born at Alexandria, Va., March 8, 1813.
Landscape painter ; studied in Italy in
184G-48, lived and painted in Paris and
Italy in 1853-63. Professional life in
America passed in New York and Boston.
Elected N.A. in 1864, but has not exhibited
since 1871. Mr. Cranch has also illus-
trated books ; he is at present living in
Cambridge, Mass. Works : Afternoon in
October (1867); Washington Oak, opposite
Newburg, N. Y. (1868) ; Val de Moline—
Amalfi, Italy (1869) ; Roman Citizen, Forest
of Fontainebleau — Study, Neapolitan Fish-
erman, Venice (1870) ; Venetian Fishing-
Boats (1871).
CRANE, BRUCE, born in New York in
1857. Landscape painter, pupil of A. H.
Wyant. First exhibited at the National
Academy in 1879. Studio in New York.
Works : Landscape — Autumn, T. B. Clarke,
New York ; Hillside, Old Mill Pond— Long
Island (1879); On the Shrewsbury River,
After the Rain (1880); Moor— Nantucket,
Inlet on the Jersey Shore, Morning in
Spring — Long Island (1881) ; In Blossom
Time, Suburban Road — East Hampton,
Study from Nature— East Hampton (1882);
Winter (1883); The Waning Year (1884);
Indian Summer, A Moor — Dartmouth, Mass.
(1885).
CRANE, WALTER, born at Liverpool in
1845. Genre paint-
er ; son and pupil of
Thomas Crane, por-
trait painter, and stu-
dent of W. J. Linton.
In 1871 went to Italy
and remained two
years. Although he
paints in oil and
water-colours, he is
best known by his admirable illustrations
for children's books, such as "Beauty and
the Beast," " Baby's Opera," " Cinderella,"
" Goody Two Shoes," etc. Works: Herald
of Spring (1873) ; Plato's Garden (1875) ;
Renaissance of Venus (1877) ; Proserpine
(1878) ; Haworth Castle, The Sirens ( 1879) ; La
Cucumela — Sorrento, Truth and the Travel-
ler (1880) ; Europa, The Laidley Worm of
Spindletou Heugh (1881) ; Dunstanborough
Castle, Fate, Tiber, Pisa (1882); Diana and
the Shepherd, Sea-Blooms (1883); Bridge of
Life (1884); Pandora, Freedom, Loch Bar,
Aros Bridge — Isle of Mull, Aros Moor, ib.,
Cliff at Swanage Bay— Dorset (1885); Skele-
ton in Armour, frieze of dining-room, Miss
C. L. Wolfe, Newport, R. I.
CRATINUS, painter, of Athens. Pliny
I says (xxxv. 40 [139]), that he painted in the
Pompeion. He was the father and master
of Irene. Clein. Alexandr. Strom., iv. 124.
CRATO, monochromatic painter, of
Sicyon, early period. — Athenag. Leg. pro
Christ, 14 (59, ed. Dechair).
CRANK, CHARLES ALEXANDRE, born
at Douchy (Nords), Jan. 27, 1819. L. of
Honour, 1881. Works: Annunciation, As-
sumption, Visitation (1877); St. Vincent de
Paula led to Heaven by Faith, Hope, and
Charity (1878); Two Scenes in Life of St.
Vincent de Paula (1879) ; Portrait of Artist's
Father (1880); St. Francis de Sales present-
ing Vincent de Paula to his Order (1882);
Infancy of the Holy Virgin (1883); Vincent
348
CREATION
de Paul (1884) ; Marie (1885).— Bellier, i.
319.
CREATION, Michelaiiyelo. See Adam ;
Eve ; Sun and Moou ; Tree* and Plants.
CREDI, LORENZO DI, born in Florence
in 1459,died there,
Jan. 12, 1537.
Florentine school;
son of Andrea di
Credi, goldsmith ;
pupil and assist-
ant of Verrocchio
at same time with
Leonardo da Vinci
and Perugino. ff
Under Verroc-
chio'a care he long laboured in copying either
his master's or Leonardo's sketches, with such
accuracy that Vasari says it was difficult to
distinguish his work from the originals. ;
Lorenzo followed Leonardo, and was but ,
slightly affected by Perugino. His works
are all easel pictures, remarkable for careful }
execution and minute finish. His favour-
ite subject was the Holy Family. The best
and oldest of his altarpieces is the Madonna
and St. John the Baptist in the Duomo of Pis-
toja, which is strongly reminiscent of Leo-
nardo. His Madonna, Mentz Museum, is
almost equally successful, as is the Holy
Family, Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The Ma- \
donna with Saints, Louvre ; Baptism of ,
Christ, Ufiizi, Florence ; Nativity, Florence
Academy ; and Madonna and Virgin adoring
Infant Christ, National Gallery, London, |
are also among
the best ex-'
amples of his
- work— C.&C.,
Italy, iii. 403 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 563, 575 ;
Burckhardt, 581, 622, 855 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
florentine ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 368 ;
ii. 37.
CREMONINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born at Cento (?), died in Bologna in 1610.
Bolgnese school. Chiefly a decorative paint- j
er. Painted some good historical subjects, I
but is noted for his pictures of animals, real !
and imaginary. His Christ on the way to
Calvary and Christ meeting St. Veronica, a
single picture dated 1598, is iu the Bologna
Gallery. Other examples in churches of Bo-
logna, as, e.g., fresco, — the Annunciation, ceil-
ing of Sacristy in S. Martino Maggiore,
and Coronation of the Madonna, lunette,
staircase, S. Maria del Bosco. — Malvasia, i.
225 ; Lanzi, iii. 53 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole bolo-
naise ; Gualandi, 50, 126.
CRESCENZIO, ANTONIO, of Palermo,
15th century. Neapolitan school No rec-
ords of him. His fresco, Triumph of Death,
in the court of the hospital at Palermo, is a
fanciful production which may have been
suggested by that of the Campo Santo,
Pisa. The figures are thrown together with-
out much regard for appropriate distribu-
tion, but are drawn with great minuteness
of outline. It recalls the Sanseverini, to
whom, however, Crescenzio was superior. —
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 110.
CRESPI, DANIELE, born in Milan in
1590, died there
in 1630. Lom-
bardo - Milanese
school ; son and
pupil of Gio.
Battista Crespi
(II Cerano); later
studied under
Giulio Cesare
Procaccini;
practised the
maxims of the school of the Carracci and
became famous, but was cut off, with all his
family, by the plague. Several of his pict-
ures, March to Calvary, Last Supper, Holy
Family, Baptism of Christ, are in the Brera;
others in churches in Milan, and in the Cer-
tosa of Pavia. — Lanzi, ii. 520 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole milanaise ; Burckhardt, 765 ; Lavice,
Revue des Musees d'ltalie (Paris, 1862).
CRESPI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, called
CEESPI
D Cerano, born at Cerano, near Novara, in
1557, died at Milan in 1633. Lombardo-
Milanese school ; history painter ; pupil
of Procaccini, then studied in Rome and
Venice and settled in Milan, where he was
patronised by the Duke and by Cardinal
Federigo, and made member of the Acad-
emy, and em-
tect> 8CUiptor,
and painter.
Apart from oc-
casional man-
nerism, his style
is free and
spirited. Works : Assembly of Francis-
cans ; Christ crowned with Thorns (ascribed
to Correggio), Berlin Museum ; Christ ap-
pearing to SS. Peter and Paul, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Madonna del Eosario, Brera, Milan ;
Baptism of St. Augustine, S. Marco, Venice.
CEESPI, GIUSEPPE MAEIA, called Lo
Spagnuolo, born in Bologna in 1665, died
there in 1747. Bolognese school ; history
and portrait painter ; pupil of A. M. Toiii,
D. M. Canuti, C. Ciguani, and G. A. Burrini.
Painted in Venice, Parma, and Modena, and
executed works in Palazzo Pitti, Florence,
for Grand Duke Ferdinand. Works : Holy
Family, Portrait of Old Man, Palazzo Pitti ;
his own portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; St. Stan-
islaus, Gesii, Ferrara; St. Anthony the Ab-
bot, S. Niccolo, Bologna ; Madonna with
Saints, Bologna Gallery ; Madonna, Ecce
Homo, and 11 others, Dresden Museum ;
Weeping Nun, Munich Gallery ; School,
Louvre ; Holy Family, Death of St. Joseph,
his own portrait, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Chiron teaching Achilles to Shoot,
JEneas and Cumean Sibyl, Vienna Museum.
CRESTI, DOMENICO. See Passignano.
CRESWICK, THOMAS, born in Shef-
field, England, Feb. 5, 1811, died at Bays-
water, Dec. 28, 1869. Pupil in Birming-
ham of J. V. Barber ; went in 1828 to Lon-
don and began to exhibit Welsh and Irish
scenes, and after 1840 views from North of
England ; became A.R.A. in 1842 and R.A.
in 1851. His Pathway to the Village Church
(1839) is in the National Gallery. Other
works : Pleasant Way Home (1846), Passing
Showers (1849), Wind on Shore (1850), Old
Trees (1850), Mountain Lake — Moourise
(1852), Across the Beck (1864), Change-
able Weather (1865).— Redgrave ; Cat. Nat.
Gal.; Athenaeum, 1870 ; Art Journal (1856),
141 ; Sandby, ii. 289.
CRETIUS, KONSTANTIN, born at Brieg,
Silesia, Jan. 6, 1814. Genre, history, and
portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy
under Wach ; went in 1839 to Brussels,
Paris, and Italy ; in Rome until 1842, and
after his return to Berlin painted a number
of historical genre pictures. In 1846 Fred-
erick William IV. sent him to Constantino-
ple to paint a portrait of Sultan Abdul Med-
jid. In 1860 he became a member of the
Berlin Academy, and afterwards professor.
Works: Contest with the Syrinx (1836);
Greek Emigrants (1836); Jacob Mourning for
Joseph (1838); Ave Maria, Vintage at Ischia,
Italian Beggar, Notary Public, Pettifogger
(1839-42); The Savoyards, Odalisque, Siesta,
Flower Festival in Genzano, Carnival in
Rome, Adorning the Bride, A la bella vista,
Tourists in Switzerland (1842-59); Resur-
rection (1859); Louis XIV. and Maria Man-
cini playing Chess (1859); Cromwell and
the Independents ; Salzburg Protestants in
Berlin in 1732 ; Knighting of Prince Al-
brecht of Prussia ; Order of St. John in the
Schleswig-Holstein Campaign; Aiding Chris-
tians in Syria ; Louis XTV. in Parliament
(1870); Cromwell prevented from Embarking
for America (1874); On Wedding Trip to
Italy, Tourists in Switzerland (1876); Re-
freshing Draught (1839), Captured Cav-
aliers before Cromwell (1867), National
Gallery, Berlin. — Brockhaus, iv. 673 ; Mul-
ler, 119; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 39.
CREVALCORE. See Antonio da Creval-
core.
CRISCUOLO, GIOVANNI FILIPPO,
born at Gaeta about 1510, died in Naples in
1584. Neapolitan school ; pupil of Andrea
da Salerno ; afterward studied with Perino
350
CRISTO
del Vaga in Rome, and diligently copied the
works of Raphael Took high rank among
the Neapolitan artists, and executed many
works for churches. An Adoration of the
Magi and a Madonna with Saints (triptych),
and a Martyrdom of St. Stephen, are in the
Naples Museum. His younger brother,
Giovanni Angelo (died about 1573), pupil of
Marco da Siena, was also a painter of con-
siderable talent, and left some good pictures
in Naples churches. — Lanzi, ii. 23, 26 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole napolitaine.
CRISTO DEI CAPPUCCINL See Cruci-
fixion, Guido.
CRISTO DELLA MONETA. See Tribute
Money.
CRISTOFORO DA PARMA. See Caselli,
Cristoforo.
CRISTUS, PETRUS, (Pieter Christoph-
sen), born at Baerle near Deynze, Belgium,
about 1400, died in Bruges, after 1472.
Flemish school ; probably pupil of Jan van '
Eyck, whose style he imitated. Bought
freedom of Bruges, July G, 1444, registered
in guild of St. Luke in 1450, and in 1469
was one of the notables. In March, 1472, '
he officiated as umpire for the guild in a ,
dispute with Pierre Constain, the ducal
painter. Works : Portrait of Edward Grim-
ston (1446), Earl of Verulam, England ; Ma-
donna and Saints (1447), Stiidel Institute,
Frankfort ; St. Eloi and the Bridal Pair
(1449), Oppenheim Gallery, Cologne ; Altar \
wings (1452) — Annunciation, Birth of Christ,
and Last Judgment (1452) — and Portrait of
a Lady, Berlin Museum ; Altar wings —
Crucifixion, Last Judgment — Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Madonna, Turin Gallery ; pict-
ure in four compartments — Annunciation,
Visitation, Nativity, and Adoration of Magi
— Madrid Museum ; Kneeling Figure and
Saint, Copenhagen Gallery; portrait of
Marco Barberigo, National Gallery, London,
attributed to G. van der Meire (?). — Allgem.
d. Biogr., iv. 598 ; Biog. nat. de Belgique, |
iv. 505 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 135 ; ;
Dohme, li.; Michiels, ii. 243, 364, 395 ; iii.
420 ; W. & W., ii. 25.
CRIVELU, CARLO, born in Venice alwut
1430-40, died after 1493. Venetian school ;
pupil of Antonio and Bartolommeo da Mu-
rano, whose studio he entered probably
about 1450. Settled in Ascoli ; as early as
1468 began to paint exclusively in the cities
of the Marches, and laboured there to the
end of his days. In 1490 he was knighted
by Prince Ferdinand of Capua, but this did
not affect the steady exercise of his profes-
sion. He was a painter of remarkable tal-
ent, fond of elaborate detail, never careless
in work, and as conscientious as he was
skilful. At times he painted with the mys-
tic feeling of Angelico, but his figures are
often exaggerated in action and mannered
in style. Crivelli never abandoned the sys-
tem of tempera in which he had been
taught, and while other artists were trying
oils, worked on in the old method with great
energy and success. No pictures of the
period have better resisted the ravages of
time than his, as numerous examples in the
Brera at Milan, the Berlin Museum, the
Vatican, the Kensington Museum, the Na-
tional Gallery, and Dudley House, London,
testify. Among his best works are : Ma-
donna della Rondine, Madonna with Saints
(1476), Madonna and Saints (1482), Brera,
Milan ; Annunciation (I486), National Gal-
lery, London ; Madonna with Saints, Dud-
OPVS-KAROU-CR1VELLI • V£NET
ley House ; and Pieta, Vatican. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 82 ; Burckhardt, 591 ; Seguier,
51 ; Ch. Blanc, T5cole ve'nitienne ; Liibke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 519.
CRIVELLI, LUCREZIA. See lielle Fcr-
onniere.
CRIVELLI, VTTTORIO, Venetian school,
end of 15th century. A kinsman and medi-
ocre imitator of Carlo Crivelli ; earliest effort
a rudely executed picture (1481) at Fermo,
latest works (1489-90) at Monte San Mar-
tino. Other paintings executed in the in-
terval may be seen at Bologna, Palermo,
Massa, Milan in the Brera, and London in
351
CROFTS
the Kensington Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 96 ; Burckhardt, 592.
CROFTS, ERNEST, born at Leeds, Eng-
land, Sept. 15,
1847. Genre
painter ; pupil in
London of A. B.
Clay, and in Diis-
seldorf of E. J.
Hunten. Paints
chiefly military
subjects. Elect-
ed an A.R.A. in
1878. Works :
A Retreat (1874) ; Liguy (1875) ; Morning
of Waterloo (1876) ; Ironsides returning
from Sacking a Cavalier's House, Cromwell
atMarston Moor (1877); Wellington's March
from Quatre Bras to Waterloo (1878) ; Even-
ing of Waterloo (1879) ; George H at Det-
tingen (1881) ; At the Farm of Mont St.
Jean— Waterloo (1882) ; At the Sign of the
Blue Boar — Holborn, Charles I. going to
Execution (1883) ; Wallenstein (1884).— Art
Journal (1882), 22, 31; Athen., May 18, 1878.
CROIZETTE MLLE., Portrait, Carolus-
Duran. Equestrian portrait of Mile. Sophie
Croizette, the actress. She is mounted on
a black horse, head to left, and is looking
full face.— Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.
CROLA, GEORG HEINRICH, born in
Dresden, June G, 1804, died at Ilseuburg in
the Hartz, May 6, 1879. Landscape painter,
pupil in Dresden of Klengel and studied
from nature and after the Dutch masters in
Dresden Gallery. Was in service of the
Duke of Coburg-Gotha, in 1828-30, and
then in Munich until 1840, when he settled
in the Use Valley. Works: Gi-eat Oak
Landscape ; Storm on Lake Chiem ; After-
glow in the Alps ; The Traun Falls ; On
Lake Starenberg ; Aniruer Lake ; Teuto-
burg Forest ; Outlook from the Brocken. —
Kunst-Chronik, xv. 530.
CROLA, HUGO, born at Usenburg in the
Hartz, in 1841. Portrait painter, son of
Heinrich, pupil of Berlin Academy ; then
of Diisseldorf Academy under Bendemanu,
Karl, and Wilhelm Sohn. His portraits
found great favour at the Vienna Exhibi-
tion, 1873, and Munich Exhibition, 1879.
In 1877 he became professor at the Diissel-
dorf Academy. Painted also genre scenes,
and in 1871 an altarpiece for a church in
Courland.— Miiller, 327.
CROME, JOHN, called Old Crome, born
in Norwich, England, Dec. 21, 1769, died
there, April 22, 1821. Brought up a coach
painter, formed himself by studying nature
and pictures of the Dutch school. With
one exception, the Blacksmith's Shop (1809),
all his pictures are landscapes painted with
sweetness of colour, richness of tone, and
truth. He was a genuine student of nature
who delighted in painting lanes, heaths, and
river banks, with effects of sunlight and
moonlight. Mousehold Heath, in the Na-
tional Gallery, is perhaps his masterpiece.
He founded the Norwich School of Arts in
1805, and may be regarded as the father of
the Norwich school of landscape painting,
of which Vincent, Stark, and Cotman were
the leading artists. His son, John Beruay
Crome (1793-1842), was an indifferent land-
scape painter. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ;
Portfolio (1879), 33, 48.
CROMWELL AND CHARLES I, Paul
Ddaroche, Nimes Museum ; canvas. Sub-
ject from "Quatre Stuarts," of Chateaubri-
and. Cromwell, standing beside the coffin
in which repose the remains of Charles I.,
has lifted the lid, and is gazing intently on
the face of the dead. Salon, 1831. En-
graved by Henriquel Dupout. — Clement de
Ris, ii. 210 ; Larousse, v. 583.
CROPSEY, JASPER FRANCIS, born at
RossviUe, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1823. Landscape
painter, pupil of Edward Maury. Visited
England, France, Switzerland, and Italy in
1847 ; went abroad again in 1855, and spent
seven years in London. Elected N.A. in
1851. Studio in New York. Works in oil :
Jedburgh Abbey, Pontine Marshes (1847);
Backwoods of America (1857); Richmond
Hill (1862); Anne Hathaway's Cottage (Ed-
win Booth, New York) ; Greenwood Lake
863
CROQUEMITA1NE
(1870) ; Lake Nemi— Italy (1879) ; Twilight,
Old Church at Arreton — Isle of Wight
(1880); Sketching in the Glen, Eamapo Val-
ley (1881) ; Autumn on the Hudson River
(1882); Wawayanda Valley (1883); Spring-
time in England (1884); Misty Morning on
Greenwood Lake, Lake Thrasymene — Italy
(1884); October in Ramapo Valley (1885).
Water-colours : On the St. Lawrence, Wick-
ham Pond — Florida (1884).— Manhattan
Mag., April, 1884.
CROQUEMITAINE, BAGAGE DE, Tiui-
oleon Lobrichon, canvas. Croquemitaiue is
one of the legendary monsters with whose
name nurses frighten children. The pict-
ure represents a basket with four children
packed ready for departure, and a fifth sit- ;
ting beside it. — Engraved by L. Massard.
CROSS, DEPOSITION FROM. See De-
scent from Cross.
CROSS, DESCENT FROM See De-
scent from Cross.
CROSS, DISCOVERY OF, Oarofalo, Fer- i
rara Gallery ; wood, H. 10 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft 11 •
in. The finding of the cross by St. Helena, ;
mother of Constantino the Great. A rich i
composition of figures with a landscape
background ; above, a glory of angels.
Painted in 1536 for S. Domenico, Ferrara.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 465.
By Tintoretto, S. M. Mater Domini, Ven- \
ice. A carefully-painted and attractive pict-
ure, but by no means a good specimen of
the master, as far as regards power of con-
ception. Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 312;
Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 212.
CROSS, ELEVATION OF. See Eleva-'
tion of Cross.
CROSS, JOHN, born in Tiverton, Eug-!
land, in 1819, died in London, Feb. 26, \
1861. History painter, pupil of Picot in
Paris. His Clemency of Richard Cceur de
Lion gained the first premium of £300 in
the Westminster Hall competition in 1847,
and was bought by the royal commissioners
for £1,000; and his Assassination of Thomas
a Becket (1843) is in Canterbury Cathedral.
CROSS, MIRACLE OF, Gentile Bellini,
Venice Academy ; canvas, H. 10 ft C in. x 13
ft. 9 in. ; signed, dated 1500. A relic of the
true cross, borne in procession, is lost in the
water while crossing a bridge ; many seek
it in vain, but it is at last found by Doge
Andrea Vendramiu ; Catherine Cornaro, ex-
Queen of Cyprus, and her suite, are among
the kneeling spectators on the left ; the fore-
most one of the kneeling group in front, to
right, is said to be the painter himself.
From Scuola di S. Giovanni Evangelists. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 132 ; Zanotto, Pinac.
Accad., PI. 40 ; Burckhardt, 594.
By Giovanni Manxueli, Venice Academy ;
canvas, H. 10 ft. 0 in. x 15 ft The relic of
the cross, carried in procession (1474) at
the burial of one who had doubted its mi-
raculous powers, is arrested by an invisible
force, and its bearers have to procure an-
other one from a neighbouring chapel
Scene, a canal fringed by buildings and
crossed by a drawbridge ; the spectator at
left, with a scroll in his hand, is supposed
to be the painter himself. Painted in 1493
for Scuola di S. Giov. Evaugelista. — C. &
C., N. Italy, L 220; Zanotto, Pinac. dell
Accad. Venez., PI. 28 ; Burckhardt, 599.
CROSS, PROCESSION OF, Gentile Bel-
lini, Venice Academy ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 10
in. x 24 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated 1496. The
procession of the brethren of S. Giovanni
Evangelista, bearing the relic of the cross,
has issued from the portal between S. Marco
and the Pal. Ducale, and is proceeding up
the Piazza di S. Marco ; Giovanni Salis, a
merchant of Brescia, kneels near the shrine
of the relic, and by making a vow to the
cross causes the healing of his son in Bres-
cia. Painted for the Scuola di S. Giovanni
Evangelista. The most important extant
work of the Venetian school previous to the
advent of Titian.-C. & C., N. Italy, L 129.
CROSS, VISION OF. See Conntantine.
CROWE, EYRE, born at Chelsea, Oct.,
1824. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of
Paul Delaroche, whom he accompanied to
Rome in 1843 ; entered schools of Royal
Academy, London, in 1844, and exhibited
363
CBOWNINSHIELD
his first picture, Prynne searching the Pock- '
ets of Laud in the Tower, in 1846 ; elected
an A.R.A in 1876. Works : Milton visiting
Galileo in Prison
(1859); Swift read-
ing a Letter from
Stella, Boswell's |
Introduction to j
the Club (I860);
Virginia Slave Sale,
Barber's Shop
(1861) ; De Foe in
the Pillory (1862);
Burial of Goldsmith (1863) ; Luther post-
ing his Theses (1864) ; Charles II knighting
Crucifixion, Lucas Cranach, Stadtkirche, Weimar.
the Loin of Beef (1867) ; The Vestal (1870) ;
Old Mortality (1871) ; Out of School (1872);
Sheep-Shearing Match (1875): Darning Day,
Red Maid's School (1876); Sanctuary, Silk-
worms, Prayer (1877) ; School Treat at Burn-
ham Beaches (1878) ; Marat, Execution of
the Due d'Enghien— 1804 (1879) ; Forfeits
(1880) ; Explosion of the Cashmere Gate at
Delhi, Sandwiches, Sir Roger de Coverley at
Westminster Abbey (1881); Defence of Lon-
don— 1643, How Happy could I be with
Either (1882); Market Place — Evesham,
Old Porch at Evesham (1883) ; School at the
Aitre St. Maclou — Rouen, Fish Market —
Rouen (1884).— Art Journal (1864), 205.
CROWNINSHIELD, FREDERIC, born
in Boston, Mass.; contemporary. Figure
painter ; pupil of Rowbotham in London,
Benouville in Rome, and of Cabanel, Cou-
ture, and the £cole des Beaux Arts in Paris.
Exhibited his first picture,
a portrait group, in the
Paris Salon of 1878. Stu-
dio in Boston.
CRUCHECASSEE. See
Broken Pitcher.
CRUCIFIXION, (Fr.
Crucifiement; Ital. Croci-
fissione ; Sp. Crucifixion ;
Ger. Die Kreuzigung) ;
the scene immediately suc-
ceeding the Elevation of
the Cross.
By Antonello da Messina,
Antwerp Museum ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 4 in.
Christ on the cross be-
tween the two thieves ; at
left, the Virgin, seated ; at
right, St. John, kneeling.
— Kugler (Eastlake), ii.
320; C. & C., Flemish
Painters, 235.
By Lucas Cranach,
Stadtkirche, Weimar ; H.
11 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 11 in.
Christ on cross, with St.
John Baptist (portrait of
the artist) on right, calling to it the attention
of Luther and Melancthon, who stand beside
him ; on left, Christ triumphant over Satan,
who is again seen in middle distance driving
sinners into the fire. Upon the wings are
364
CRUCIFIXION.
the Elector John Frederick and his family.
Painted in 1555. Considered Cranach's
finest work. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 192 ; Schu-
chart, ii. 240 ; Forster, x.
By Gheerardt David, Berlin Museum ;
wood, arched, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 3 in.
Christ on the cross, bewailed by the Marys,
the Magdalen, and John Evangelist. The
figure of Christ is a facsimile of that in the
baptism of Christ, painted for Jean des
tioner, and on the further side of the cross,
two spectators. Painted about 1627 for Ch.
of the Recollets, at the suppression of which
transferred to the Cathedral ; carried to Paris
and returned in 1815. Engraved by Van
den Wyngaerde ; Bolswert ; J. J. Van den
Berghe;C. Normand.— Smith, iii. 1; Guif-
frey.
By Cornells Enyelbrecht/n>n, Leyden Mu-
seum. Large altarpiece with many figures,
Crucifixion, Andrea Mantegna, Louvre, Paris.
Trompes. Formerly in Solly Collection. —
C. & C., Flemish Painters, 307.
By Anton van Dyck, Mechlin Cathedral ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. The Saviour upon
the cross, between the two thieves, has just
expired ; the sun is veiled and gloom obscures
the heavens; on the right, the Virgin ; behind
her John and Mary the mother of James,
and at the foot of the cross the Magdalen ;
on the opposite side, a mounted soldier lean-
ing on the pommel of his saddle, and look-
ing fixedly at Christ ; on his left an execu-
and wings representing Abraham's Sacrifice
and the miracle of the Brazen Serpent ; in
the predellu, Restoration of Mankind by the
Atonement of Christ.
By Guulo Rcni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas.
The Virgin and St. John beside the cross.
One of Guide's finest creations. Formerly
on high altar of the Cappuccini, whence
called Cristo dei Cappuccini. — Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 580.
By Andrea Mante<jna, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. Christ on the cross be-
CRUCIFIXION.
tween the two thieves ; at left, St. John and
the holy women ; at right, soldiers playing
dice and two others mounted ; in back-
ground, Jerusalem and rocks. Fragment of
predella of altarpiece of S. Zeno, Verona ;
two other parts in Tours Museum. En-
graved by G. Maiua. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Gerard Van der Meire, S. Bavon,
Ghent ; triptych. Centre panel, the Cruci-
fixion ; wings, Moses striking the Rock,
and the Brazen Serpent. Remarkable for
number of figures introduced, but not for
skilful distribution. — C. & C., Flemish
Painters, 147 ; Kugler (Eastlake), i. 88.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. Christ sus-
pended on the cross, at the foot of which, at
left, stand St. John and the Virgin ; at right,
St. Mary Magdalen, kneeling, looking front,
embracing the Saviour's feet; in background,
the towers of Jerusalem. From Houghton
Gallery ; appraised at £150. Repetition,
with changes : Mr. Spannocchia, New York.
—Curtis, 201 ; Houghton Gal., i. 4G.
By Raphael, Earl Dudley, London; wood,
H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. ; signed. Christ
on a high cross, with an angel in the air on
each side, collecting in a vase the blood
from his wounds ; above the cross, both the
sun and the moon ; below, on right the Vir-
gin standing and St. Jerome kneeling, on
left Mary Magdalen kneeling and St. John
standing. Not distinguishable from Peru-
gino's work, but certainly by Raphael ;
painted about 1500 for Cappella Gavri or
Gavari in Dominican church at Citta di
Castello, whence sold, about 1800, for 4,000
scudi; passed to Fesch Collection, whence
bought, in 1845, for 10,000 scudi by Prince
Canino, who sold it in 1847 to Lord Ward,
now Earl Dudley. Engraved by L. Gru-
ner for German edition of Passavaut. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. 318 ; Passavant, ii. 9 ;
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 232 ; C. & C., Ra-
phael, i. 119, 135 ; Rossini, PI. ccxii.
By Mubens, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
14 ft. x 10 ft. 2 in. The three crosses on
Calvary at evening ; the Saviour, who has
yielded up the ghost, has bowed his head
upon his breast ; on his right, the believing
malefactor ; on his left, the other having his
legs broken by the executioner ; on the
right, two soldiers on horseback, one of
whom is piercing the Saviour's side with a
spear, while Mary Magdalen, at the foot of
the cross, looks at him with horror ; in front,
the Virgin, Mary wife of Cleophas, and St.
John. Sir Joshua Reynolds calls this the
most carefully finished of all Rubens' works,
and one of the first pictures in the world.
Presented to Church of the Recollets, Ant-
werp, in 1620, by Nicolaas Rockox, burgo-
master. Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815.
Engraved by Bolswert ; Aubert ; Val. Green.
— Smith, ii. 13 ; Beechey, Reynolds, ii. 177.
By Tintoretto, S. Cassiano, Venice ; canvas.
The three crosses on right ; centre occupied
by executioners, one of whom, standing on
a ladder, receives from the other the sponge
and the tablet ; the Virgin and St. John at
left; in background, a group of Roman sol-
diers. An excellent picture, not often sur-
passed by the master. — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 289.
By Tintoretto, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Ven-
ice ; canvas, H. about 12 ft x 15 ft. " A
picture of about fifty figures, not one of
which injures or contends with another. As
a piece of colour, and light and shade, it is
altogether marvellous." — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 305.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas, signed and dated 1565. Covering
the whole of one wall of the Sala dell' Al-
bergo. Ruskin says it is beyond all analysis
and above all praise. Tintoretto was paid
280 ducats for this work, and was made
member of the confraternity, with commis-
sion to adorn the Church and the Scuola
with pictures. Engraved by Agos. Carracci
(1589). — Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii. 353 ;
Ch. Blanc, 33cole venitienne ; Zanotto, 449 ;
Bartsch, xviii. 51.
By Titian, S. Domenico, Ancona ; canvas,
arched on top, figures life-size. Christ on
the cross, at foot of which are St. Dominic,
85fi
CRUIKSHANK
St. John Evangelist, and the Magdalen, position of several hundred small figures,
Painted in 15G2-3. Much injured and re- now in the National Gallery. Robert Isaac
painted. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 328. C. (died 1850), designer in water colours,
Subject treated also by Vincenzo Foppa was his brother. — Cat. Nat. GaL ; Redgrave ;
the elder, Bergamo Gallery ; Jacopo degli C. Carr, Essays, 223 ; Portfolio (1872),
Avanzii, Palazzo Colonna, Rome, Bologna j 77.
Gallery ; Albrecht Altdorfer, Augsburg Gal- ; CRUSADERS BEFORE JERUSALEM,
lery, Nuremberg Gallery ; Hans Holbein, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, New Museum, Ber-
the elder, Augsburg Giillery; Pietro Perugi- lin ; mural painting, staircase. On a hill
no, Villa Albani, Rome ; Albrecht Dttrer, before Jerusalem, which is seen in back-
Dresden Gallery ; Francesco Francia, Bo- ground, a group of soldiers, bishops and
logna Gallery, Louvre ; Francesco Bousig- ' priests ; on second hill, to right, Godfrey do
nori, Verona Gallery ; Luca Siguorelli, Flor- Bouillon holding up a crown before army of
ence Academy; Alesso Baldovinetti, Florence Crusaders, among whom are seen Boheinond
Academy ; Filippo Lippi, Stiidel Institute, and Tancred ; above, in clouds, Christ and
Frankfort ; Alonso Cano, Academy of S. Fer- the Virgin, with martyrs ; in foreground,
nando, Madrid ; Giacoiuo Cavedone, Galleria Peter of Amiens praying ; behind him, peiii-
Estense, Modena ; Pierre Subleyras, Brera, tents, minstrels, etc.
Milan ; Bernardo Gatti, Naples Museum ; CTESICLES, painter, of Asia Minor,
Rubens, Munich Gallery; Cornelis Engel- about 300 B.C. Failing to gain the favour
brechtseu, Munich Gallery ; Master of Lyvers- of Queen Stratonice, he revenged himself
burg Passion, Museum Wallraf-Richartz, Co- by painting her with a fisherman, her re-
logne ; Lucas Cranach, Munich Gallery ; ' puted lover, put the picture on exhibition
Leandro Bassano, Berlin Museum ; Sacchi in Ephesus and made his escape by sea.
di Pavia, Berlin Museum ; Michael Wohlge- But the Queen considered the likenesses so
muth, Munich Gallery, Nuremberg Gallery; excellent that she forbade the removal of
Goya y Lucientes, Madrid Museum ; Andrea the painting. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [140].
da Solario, Louvre ; Martin van Heemskerck, j CTESIDEMUS, Greek painter, master of
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Marten de Vos, Anliphilus, about 37(J B.C. Pliny mentions
Uffizi, Florence, Antwerp Museum ; Garofo- among his works the Capture of CEchalia
lo, Brera, Milan ; Gabriel Max, Mr. Lehmann, and Laodamia. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [138].
Prague ; and many others. CTESILOCHUS, Greek painter, pupil of
CRUIKSHANK, GEORGE, bom in Lon- Apeiles, famous for a burlesque picture of
don, Sept. 27, 1792, died there, Feb. 1, 1878. the birth of Dionysus from the thigh of
Genre painter and illustrator, son and pupil Zeus. — Pliny, xxxv. 40. Perhaps identical
of Isaac C., caricaturist (175G-1811); began with Ctesiochus, brother of Apeiles, men-
as a book illustrator and etcher, designing tioued by Suidas (Apeiles, V.).
many illustrations for Egan's Life in London, CUEVAS, PEDRO DE LAS, born in
Grimm's Fairy Tales, Dickens's earlier works, Madrid in 15(i8, died there in 1(535. Spau-
and numerous periodicals. Also published ish school ; a mediocre painter, best known
several series of prints, such as Points of through the fame of his scholars, among
Humour, Morning in Bow Street, The Bottle, whom were Juan Carreno, Antonio Pareda,
Sunday in London, etc. In his later years Jose Leonardo, and Francisco Camilo. His
he exhibited works in oil at the British In- son Eugenio, another pupil, was a painter of
stitute and the Royal Academy, among them no great merit. Pedro is said to have died
being Tarn O'Shanter, Titania and Bottom, of grief because he was not appointed
Cinderella, and the Worship of Bacchus painter to the King on the death of Gonza-
(H. 7 ft 8 in. x 13 ft. 3 in.), the last a com- les.— Stirling, i. 435.
357
CUISINE
CUISINE DES ANGES. See Diego, St.,
of Alcala.
CUMMINGS, THOMAS SEIR, promi-
nent in the early part of the century as a
miniature painter. He was one of the found-
ers of the National Academy, New York, an
early vice-president, and its treasurer in
1840-45. He painted the portraits of some
of the most distinguished men of his time.
CUPID, Domenichino, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; canvas. Standing on a pedes-
tal, inscribed "Amor," leaning on a bow,
and holding in right hand an arrow with
point directed toward his heart. Old copy,
attributed to Elizabetta Sirani, Vienna Mu-
seum. Engraved by Joubert (Collection
Coesvelt, 23).
CUPID ASLEEP, Michelangelo da Cara-
vagyio, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H.
2 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Sleeps, with head on
quiver ; holds bow and arrow in hand ;
landscape background. Engraved by Ma-
rucci ; T. Verkruys.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti.
CUPID, EDUCATION OF, Correggio,
Education of Cupid, Correggio, National Gallery, London.
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
1 in. x 3 ft. Mercury, seated in a landscape,
teaches Cupid to read ; a winged nude
Venus stands beside him. Painted about
1522-25 ; came from Gonzaga Collection,
Mantua, to Charles I. of England, and
sold, after his death, for £800 ; later pos-
sessed by Duke of Alva, and by Don
Manuel Godoy, from whose collection taken
by Murat in French invasion and carried to
Naples ; sold by ex-queen of Naples to Mar-
quis of Londonderry, and by him (1834) to
National Gallery, together with the Ecce
Homo of Correggio, for £11,500. Damaged
by repainting. Several copies, one at Sans
Souci, another in Paris. Engraved by Le
Villain ; Arnold de Gode. — Meyer, Correggio,
340,492 ; Ktinst.Lex.,i.438; Landon,viii.Pl.
58 ; Waagen, Treasures, i. 327 ; Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 505 ; Bichter, 63.
See also Venus equipping Cupid.
CUPID AND PSYCHE, Wilhelm von
Kaulbach, Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York ;
canvas. Psyche, nude, reclining on a bank
of flowers and ferns, lifts one foot and
stretches the drapery across her lap as she
awakes under the kiss of Cupid. A band
of musical genii hover in the air, left ; back-
ground, right, a woody glade. Photo-
gravure in Art Treasures of America, i. 40.
See also Psyche.
CUPIDS DISARMED, Francesco Albani,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 f t. 6 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.
The nymphs of Diana surprise and disarm
Cupids asleep in a forest ; in background, to
left, Callisto and a companion ; above, Diana
in clouds. Collection of Louis XTV. En-
graved by Baudet ; B. Audran. — Landon,
Musee, 2d Col., iii. PI. 63.
CURIA, FRANCESCO, Cavaliere, born
in Naples about 1538, died there about
1610. Neapolitan school ; pupil of Gio.
Fillippo Criscuolo and of Leonardo da Pis-
toja ; afterwards studied works of Raphael
in Rome. Acquired a great reputation in
Naples for his noble style of composition and
natural colouring. Executed works for many
churches in Naples, where most of his pict-
ures are. See also Death of St. Francis,
sustained by an angel, Turin Gallery. —
Lauzi, ii. 23; Ch. Blanc, ftcole napolitaine.
358
CURRADO
CUERADO, FRANCESCO, born new-
Florence in 1570, died in Florence in 1661.
Florentine school ; history painter, pupil of
B. Naldini ; after working for churches in
Florence, went to Rome, where he painted
several pictures for the King of Portugal,
who sent him the Order of Christ. Settled
in Florence, where he brought up many
pupils. Works : St. Francis Xavier preaching
in India, S. Giovaunino, Florence ; Narcis-
sus, St. Catherine, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Magda-
len, Martyrdom of St. Thecla, his own por-
trait, Uffizi, ib. ; Abraham receiving the An-
gels, Vienna Museum. His brothers Pietro
and Cosimo were his pupils and followers.
CURTI, GIROLAMO. See Denlone.
CURZON, PAUL ALFRED DE, born at
Moulinat, near Poitiers, Sept. 7, 1820. Land-
scape and genre painter, pupil of Drolling
and Cabat. Won second prize for historical
landscape at the ficole des Beaux Arts in |
1849. Is highly esteemed, especially for his
genre pictures. Has also tried water-colour
and lithography. Medals : 2d class, 1857,
1859, 1861, and 1863 ; 3d class, 1867 ; 2d
class, 1878 ; L of Honour, 1865. Works :
Hops (1845); The River Clain, Auvergne,
The Loire (1846); Water Spirits, Beranger's \
Fates (1848); Beside the Water (1849) ;|
Deinocritus Meditating, Ruins of Psestum,
View of Terracina, Acropolis of Athens
(1852); The Cephisus (1855); Dante and
Virgil on Shores of Purgatory, Blind Greeks, j
Women of Piscinisco, An Albanian Woman
(1857) ; Psyche (1859), Luxembourg Muse-
um ; Tasso at Sorrento, Near Foligno, Near
Civita-Castellana (1859) ; Neapolitan Flower-
Girls, In the Woods, Pilgrims halting at
Subiaco, Family of Fishermen in Capri,
The Ulissus and Ruins of Temple of Jupiter
at Athens (1861) ; Ave Maria, Galinaro's
Granddaughter, Vesuvius (1863); Vintage
at Procida, Ruins of Roman Bridge near the
Walls of Nami (1864); Consoling Angel,
Torrent in the Apennines (1865); Dream in
the Ruins of Pompeii (1866); Dominicans
decorating their Chapel (1867), Ostia (1868),
Luxembourg Museum ; The Prophetess,
Coast of Sorrento, The River Clain at Poi-
tiers (1869) ; Birth of Homer, The Ocean
(1870); Harbour of Toulon, Moulieres River
near Toulon (1872); A River (1873); First
Portrait ; Serenade in the Abruzzi (1874) ;
Triptych, or 3 Scenes from the Life of Ruth
(1875) ; Ruins of Temple of Jupiter near
Athens, View from Summit of the Acropolis
(1876) ; Graziella, Ruins of Aqueducts on
the Roman Campagna (1877) ; Near Public
Well at Amalfi, Ruins of the Acropolis of
Athens in 1852 (1878) ; Stairs of Atrani at
Ravello, Lake Avezzano (1879) ; Girl and
her Guardian Angel, Garden near Nimes
(1880); Erechtheum at Athens (1881); View
of the Sea and Capri, Coast of Provence
near Toulon (1882); Acropolis and Cam-
pagua of Athens, Foot of Mount Taygetus
(1883); Banks of the Teverone— Roman
Campagna, Environs and Bay of Athens
(1884); View in Black Forest (1885).— La-
rousse ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), 510.
CUTHBERT, ST., Ernest Ditez, Luxem-
bourg Museum ; canvas, triptych, H. 10 ft
8 in. x 23 ft Cuthbert, a shepherd in the
Valley of the Tweed, was educated in a mon-
astery, and became a noted preacher. He
lived on Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, off the
coast of Northumberland, where he sup-
ported himself by his own labour and was
miraculously fed. Finally became Bishop
of Lindisfarne and built there a monastery,
destroyed by the Danes in 900. The mid-
dle part of the picture represents him in his
bishop's robes. Salon, 1879.
CUYLENBORCH (Cuylenburg, Kuylen-
burg), ABRAHAM VAN, died after 1664.
Dutch school ; landscape painter in the man-
ner of Poelenburg ; master of Utrecht guild
in 1639. Works : Grotto with Diana and
her Nymphs, Hague Museum ; Landscapes
with similar Subject (1646, 1647), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; do. (1(560), Cologne Museum ;
three (1643, attributed to Breenbergh),
Mannheim Gallery; two (1640, 1647),
Schleissheim Gallery; two (1644, 1646),
Schwerin Gallery ; one (1664), Copenhagen
Gallery ; two, Borghese Gallery, Rome ;
859
CUYP
others in Aschaffenburg, Prague, Innsbruck,
and Pesth Galleries, Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge.— Archief v. Nederl. K, ii. 75 ;
Bode, Studien, 327 ; Eiegel, Beitriige, iL
192.
CUYP (Kuyp), AELBEET, born at Dor-
drecht in Oct.
1620, died
there, buried
Nov- 6> 169L
Dutch school ;
landscape, ani-
mal, and ma-
rine painter ;
son and pupil
of Jacob Ger-
ritsz C u y p .
Lived many years at Dordwijk, near Dor-
drecht, where, as vassal of the countship of
Holland, he had the right to sit in the Su-
preme Court of Justice. His name was pre-
sented to the Stadtholder William IH., in
1672, as a nominee for membership in the
regency of Dordrecht. In his early years
he painted still life, birds, stables, some-
times portraits, signed A. C. ; later, figures,
cattle, views of meadows, and winter scenes,
signed with his whole name. Out of the 336
pictures by this celebrated painter, at least
200 are in England, where he is deservedly
held in very high esteem for his peculiar
qualities. In the treatment of atmospheric
effects, whether of morning, noontide, or
sunset, Cuyp has no rival save Claude, whom
he even surpasses in his power of diffusing
a glow of light throughout the limits of a
canvas. This remark applies only to the
landscapes of his later time, for in those of
an earlier period a hardness of outline, heavi-
ness of tone, and deficiency of aerial perspec-
tive are perceptible. Works : 7 Landscapes,
Portrait, National Gallery ; 4 Landscapes,
Bridge water Gallery ; 5 do., Grosvenor Gal-
lery ; 5 do., Duke of Bedford ; 9 do., Buck-
ingham Palace, London ; 18 do., Dulwich
Gallery, Dulwich ; Landscape, Starting for
a Ride, The Ride, Marine View, Male por-
traits, Group of Children, Louvre ; Shep-
herds with Flocks, Cavalry Fight, Cock
Fight, View of Dordrecht, do. near Dor-
drecht, Rustic Amusement, Cattle, Moun-
tainous Landscape, male portrait, National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Two Children with
a Lamb, Cologne Museum ; Landscapes with
Cattle (5), Berlin Museum ; Horseman hold-
ing Horse, Cock and Hen, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Hunting Scene, portrait, Dresden
Gallery ; Cows (2), Vienna Museum ; Land-
scape, portraits
of himself and
family, Buda-
Pesth Gallery;
Moonlight at //
Sea, t .. . .. f /
Sea AC^V-P AC«'yi>
with J\ S\
Boats,
Cows and Water (4), Horses and Cows (3),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., iv. 666 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 459 ;
Dohme, lii.; Ch. Blanc, ficole hollandaise.
CUYP, JACOB GERRITSZ (Jan Gerrit-
sen), born in Dordrecht in 1575, died after
1649. Dutch school ; portrait and animal
painter, pupil of Abraham Bloemart.
Founded, in 1642, with Izak van Hasselt,
Comelis Tegelberg, and Jacques Grief, a
guild of St. Luke in Dordrecht. He be-
longs to that prominent group of masters
like Ravesteyn, Hals, Bramer, who as true
interpreters of nature led Dutch art to the
high development culminating in the genius
of Rembrandt. Works : Family Picture,
Amsterdam Museum; Three Children (1635),
An Officer (1644), Female Portrait (1644),
Rotterdam Museum ; Male and Female Por-
trait (1649), Metz Museum ; Landscape with
Cattle, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Portrait
of an Old Woman (1624), Berlin Museum ;
sou
CYCLOPS
Portrait, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort His
nephew, Benjamin Cuyp (1608-about 1690),
painted
historical
subjects
and genre.
— Kugler
(Crowe),
ii. 354;
Doh m e,
lii.; Vossmaer, 405.
CYCLOPS, MODERN, Adolf Mmzel, No-
thing. One day, in passing through a wood,
he discovered o most beautiful damsel
asleep, with two maids and a man-servant
also sleeping at her feet. At this sight love
pierced his heart, and led to such a change
in his character that in four years he became
the most accomplished gentleman in Cyprus,
and, after various adventures, wooed and
won Iphigenia for his wife. Royal Acade-
my, 1884— Art Journal (1884), 129.
By Sir Joshua lli-ynoltl*, Buckingliam Pal-
ace, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft.
tional Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 8 7 in. Iphigenia, nearly nude, lies asleep on
ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 1875. Scene in a drapery in the wood; in background, Cyrnon,
rolling-mill at Laurahiltte, Silesia. Five led by Cupid, leans upon a staff gazing upon
workmen are busy around a loop placed on her in wonder-stricken admiration. Painted
the first roller ; in middle-
ground, machinery and
cranes, with many work-
men ; in background, left,
a blast furnace and more
workmen ; in foreground,
right, three workmen eat-
ing their meal, brought by
a young girl.
CYDIAS, Greek painter
of Cythnus, about 364 B.C.
His picture of the Argo-
nauts was bought for 144,-
000 sesterces by the orator
Hortensius, who had a
building erected for it on
his estate at Tusculum.
(Pliny, xxxv. 40 [130].)
This painting is supposed
to have been removed by
Agrippa to the Portico of
Neptune. (Di. Cass. L. iii. 27.) Cydias is
mentioned by Theophrnstus (De Lap. 95) as
the discoverer of minium (red lead, or ver-
milion).
CYMON AND IPHIGENIA, Sir Frederic
Leiyhton, Fine Arts Society, London. Scene
from Boccaccio's Decameron, Novel L, Fifth
Day. Cymon, son of Aristippus, a gentleman
Cymon and Iphigenia, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Buckingham Palace, London,
in 1789. Presented to George IV. by the
painter's niece, the Marchioness of Tho-
mond. Engraved by S. W. Reynolds. —
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 24.
Subject treated also by Cornelis Conie-
liszen, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Rubens,
Vienna Museum.
CZACHORSKI, VLADISLAV VON,
of wealth and rank in Cyprus, though excel- born at Lublin, Poland, Sept. 22, 1850.
ling in stature and comeliness, was almost Genre painter ; studied first in Lublin and
a natural fool, and could not b« taught any- ! Warsaw, then at Dresden Academy under
361
CZERMAK
Anschiitz and Wagner, and finally in Munich
under Karl von Piloty ; settled in Warsaw.
Works: The Beading (1872); Entrance into
Convent (1873) ; Hamlet and the Actors
(1879).— Mailer, 121 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1874),
i. 311.
CZERMAK (Cerinak), JAROSLAV, born
in Prague, Sept. 1, 1831, died in Paris, April
23, 1878. History and genre painter ; pupil
of Prague Academy under Ruben, of Ant-
werp Academy under Wappers, where he won
the first prize, then in Brussels the only
pupil of Gallait. Having formerly visited
Munich and DUsseldorf, he travelled in 1850
through Holland, studied for some time in
Normandy, then settled in Paris, where he
completed his studies under Robert-Fleury,
and won fame and wealth, passing his sum-
mers in the village of Roscoff, Brittany. Vis-
ited Moravia, Hungary, and the southern
Slavic countries inl858,Dalmatiaand Monte-
negro again in 1862 and 18C3. Medals : Paris,
2d class, 18G1 ; mudaille unique, 1868 ; L. of
Honour, 1876 ; great gold medal, Brussels,
1855 ; Rouen, 18(55 ; Order of Leopold, 18G8.
Works : Dalibor in Prison, Sentence of Con-
radin of Suabia and Frederic of Baden (1844) ;
Marius on the Ruins of Carthage (1847);
Slovak Emigrants (1849), King of the Bel-
gians ; Huss and Procop the Bald entering
Council of Basle ; Defence of a Pass by Ta-
borites; Ziskaand Procop reading the Bible;
Poet Lomnicky as Beggar on the Bridge of
Prague (1852), Czernin Gallery, Vienna ;
Frederic the Winterking receiving News of
lost Battle at White Mountain (1852); Nor-
man Fishermen reading the Gospel ; Episode
in Counter Reformation in Bohemia (great
gold medal, Brussels); Workmen on High-
road to the Coast (1854); Old Jewish Cem-
etery at Prague, Scene in Thirty Years' War,
Girls by a Church (1858); Abduction of
Herzegovinian Women by Bashi-Bazouks
(1868) ; Episode in Montenegriue War of
1862, Hunting and Fishing at Roscoff (1873) ;
Herzegovinian Girl leading Horses to Water-
trough, Meeting in the Mountains — Monte-
negi-o (1874) ; Episode in Siege of Naumburg
(1876) ; Herzegovinians returning to their
Village sacked by Bashi-Bazouks (1877);
Dalmatian Chieftain mortally wounded ; Epi-
sode in Massacre in Syria, T. A. Havemeyer,
Jar os lav Cernxal^
New York.— Art Treas. of Amer., i. 135 ; N.
illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 702 ; Wurzbach, ii.
321; xi. 386.
DABOUR, JOHN, born in Smyrna,
Turkey in Asia, in 1837. Portrait
painter, pupil in Paris of £cole des
Beaux Arts and of Jeanron. Studio in
Baltimore, where he has resided many years.
Among his portraits are those of Senators
Cameron and Davis, Gov. Groome of Mary-
land, and Bishops Spauldiug and Purcell.
He exhibited in the National Academy, New
York, in 1879, A Nymph.
DADDI, BERNARDO, died in 1380.
Florentine school ; follower of Giotto. Va-
sari calls him a pupil of Spinello, but this is
inconsistent with the only dates of his life.
He was admitted into the Apothecaries'
Guild in 1320, and was a member of the
Company of St. Luke in 1349. If, as Mila-
nesi suggests, Daddi painted (1346-47) the
Madonna of Orcagna's tabernacle at Or San
Michele, he has been greatly underrated.
The only extant frescos by him are in the
chapel of S. Stefano de Pulci in S. Croce,
Florence. They show the weakness of an
artist of a low order, but with some knowl-
edge of the laws of composition as known
to most of the inferior Giottesques. A small
Madonna by him, signed Bernardus de Flo-
reutia, is in the Florence Academy. — C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 6 ; Labke, Gesch. itaL Mai., L 154 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 463, 673, N. 2 ; W. & W.,
i. 454.
DAEGE, EDUARD, born in Berlin, April
10, 1805, died there, June 6, 1883. History
painter, pupil of the Berlin Academy under
Niedlich, then of Wach ; visited Italy in
1832-33, painted afterwards many altar-
DAEL
pieces for churches, and assisted in 1845-52
in the frescos in the royal chapel, Berlin.
Member of Academy in 1838, professor in
1840, vice-director in 1861-75. Member
also of Vienna Academy. Works : St Paul
(1825); Invention of Painting (1832), Sacris-
tan with Host (1837), National Gallery,
Berlin ; The Parcse, Woman and Child, Rac-
zynski Gallery, ib. ; Initiation of Nun ; Shel-
ter at the Altar, Charitable Monk (1836);
dren,in possession of Imperial family ; Prince
Metternich and Family; Famous Contempo-
raries, in possession of Metternich family;
Fauna Austriaca, Vienna Academy. — Allgein.
d. Biogr., iv. 689 ; Andreseu, iv. 91; Brock-
haus, iv. 769 ; Wurzbach, iii. 127.
DAGNAN, ISIDORE, bom in Marseilles
in 1794, died in Paris, Nov. 8, 1873. Land-
scape painter; painted chiefly views of South-
ern France, Italy, and Switzerland. Medals:
Holy Water, Roman Woman and Child. — 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1831; L. of Honour,
1836. Works : Roman Girls listening to a
Shepherd (1819); Lake of Geneva (1822),
Grand Trianon ; Lausanne (1822), Fontaine-
bleau ; View in Dauphino (1827), ib.; View
of Paris (1831); Sea View at Marseilles (1833),
formerly in Luxembourg ; View of Diuan
(1836) ; Valley of Lauterbrunueu (1841) ;
Bridge of Nice (1843); View of Avignon
(1845), Ministry of Interior ; Lake of Geneva,
inter, pupil of the Antwerp Academy; ; . " A,, rt , i/ioc-rV
5* c . Banks of Aar, Old Oak at Pharamoud (1857);
int. in 1786, to Paris and received manv i '. „ .
Forest and River, Ravine at Montreux, Road
to Battigny (1859); Beech Woods on Banks
of Stream, Road from Paris to Fontaine-
bleau (1864) ; Forest, Petrarch's House
Brockhaus, iv. 769 ; Mttller, 122 ; Rosenberg,
Berl. Malersch., 28.
DAEL, JAN FRANS VAN, born in Ant-
werp, May 27, 1764, died in Paris, March
20, 1840. Flemish school ; flower and fruit
painter,
went,
orders from the Empresses Josephine and
Marie Louise, the Emperor Napoleon, and
Louis XVIII. and Charles X. Two gold
medals, and in 1825 Legion of Honour.
Works : La Croisle ; Three Flower Pieces
(1816, 1819, 1823), Louvre ; Bouquet of Roses
(1865); Road from Pierrefouds to Battigny,
Baden-Baden (1866); Queen Blanche's Oak
at Fontaiuebleau, New Road in the Solle
(1811), Rothau Gallery, Paris ; Tuberoses, _. ,.
, T TIT T>I ' Valley (1869); Cross-Road from Battigny to
Basket of Flowers, Lyons Museum ; Flora s _. , , V> i T t r
„ „ . ... ... _, . m Pierrefonds, Banks of the Sorgue at Vau-
Offermg (1807), Spring Flowers (1808), two , , u '
cluse (1870). — Larousse.
^P ^£^* 1 DAGNAN-BOUVERET, PASCAL
ADOLPHE JEAN, born in Paris. Contem-
porary. Genre painter, pupil of J. L. Gc-
rome. Medals : 3d class, 1878 ; 1st class,
1880. Works : Infant Bacchus, Orpheus and
Bacchantes (1877) ; Burial of Manoii Les-
caut (1878 ; L. P. Morton sale, New York,
1881); Wedding Party at a Photographer's
(1879); An Accident (1880), W. T. Walters,
Baltimore ; Blessing a Couple before Mar-
others, Leuchteuberg Gallery. — Biog. nat
de Belgique, iv. 628 ; Michiel, x. 574.
DAFFINGER, MORIZ MICHAEL, born
in Vienna, Jan. 25, 1790, died there, Aug.
22, 1849. Portrait painter; first apprenticed
in the imperial porcelain factory, he entered
the Vienna Academy under Fflger, and then ' riage (1882); Lover's Quarrel, F. B. Warren,
gave himself up to the painting of miniature Philadelphia ; Hamlet and the Grave Dig-
portraits, chiefly on ivory, which he carried I gers (1884); Horses at Watering-Trough,
to great perfection under the influence of Madonna (1885).
Lawrence, who was in Vienna during the i DAHL, HANS, born at Hardanger, Nor-
Congress of 1815. Works : Portraits of Due way, Feb. 19, 1849. Landscape and genre
de Reichstadt, Archduchess Sophie and Chil- painter, pupil of the Carlsruhe art-school,
sea
DAIIL
under Kiefsthahl and Hans Gude, then in
Diisseldorf under Wilhelm Solm and E. von
Gebhardt ; travelled in Norway, and visited
Berlin, Paris, and London. Works : In the
Norwegian Mountains ; Too Late ! On the
Waves ; Young Ladies' Boarding School on
the Ice (1883); Lake in Norway, Maid-Ser-
vant (1884); Norwegian Fishermen, G.
Hoadly, Cincinnati.— Mailer, 122 ; Dlustr.
Zeitg. (1884), i. 173.
DAHL, JOHANN CHEISTIAN (CLAU-
SEN), born at Bergen, Norway, Feb. 24,
1788, died in Dresden, Oct. 14, 1857. Land-
scape painter ; first apprenticed to a decora-
tive painter, then studied, from 1811, at the
Copenhagen Academy. Went to Dresden
in 1818, met with great success, and settled
there in 1821, after visiting the Tyrol and
Italy. Member of the Dresden, Berlin, and
Copenhagen academies ; Orders of the Dan-
ebrog, Wasa, and St. Olaf. Works : Eruption
of Vesuvius (1820); View of Bergen, Storm
at Sea (1823), Berlin National Gallery;
Mountainous Landscape (1824), Prague
Gallery ; Danish Coast by Moonlight (1828);
Mountain Pass near Nerodalen (1832); Sea
Coast with Ship (1833); The Watzmann,
View near Quisisana ; Storm at Sea, Great
Norwegian Landscape (1850), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Winter Landscape, New Pinakothek,
Munich. — Allgem. d. Biogr., iv. G92 ; Andre-
sen, i. 70 ; Brockhaus, iv. 772.
DAHL, JOHANNES SIEGWALD, born
in Dresden, Aug. 1C, 1827. Animal painter ;
first instructed by his father, Johann Chris-
tian, then pupil of Wegener, and in 1843-
45 at the Dresden Academy. Went in 1851
to London, where he was especially attracted
by Landseer, and thence to Paris, which he
afterwards visited repeatedly. Subjects are
generally chosen from his father's native
country, Norway. Works : Dogs with
Parrot and Rabbit, Castle Oscarshall near
Christiania ; Missed his Aim (1861), Nor-
wegian Ferry (1863), Dresden Gallery ; Or-
gan Grinder with Dog (1862); Fox and Wild
Ducks (1865); Sleighing on the Fjord (1865):
Pug-Dog (1866), Monkey Party, Heron at a I
Lake (1871); Deer Started, Girls with Doves
and Sparrows, Swallow Nest with Young. —
Brockhaus, iv. 773 ; Miiller, 122.
DAHL, MICHAEL, born in Stockholm
in 1656, died in London, Oct. 20, 1743.
First taught by Klocke. Went to England
when twenty-two years old ; then visited
France and spent several years in Italy, re-
turning to London in 1688. He became the
rival of Kneller as a portrait painter, and
gained the favour of Queen Anne. His like-
nesses were good, but his art was destitute
of refinement or grace. There are eight full-
length portraits of ladies by him at Petworth.
Works : Queen Anne and her son the Duke
of Gloucester, George H., James second
Duke of Ormond, and Duke of Chandos,
National Portrait Gallery. — Redgrave.
DAHLEN, REINER, born in Cologne in
1836, died in Diisseldorf, April 25, 1874.
Landscape and animal painter, pupil of the
Dtlsseldorf Academy, but mostly self-taught;
visited England, North America, and Paris.
Painted chiefly horses and carriages, hunt-
ing scenes, and similar pictures. Works :
By the Inn (1867) ; Shepherds and Herd
(1868); Post- Wagon in Snow. — Blanckarts,
70 ; Kunst-Chronik, ix. 498.
DAHUNG, HEINRICH, born at Han-
over, Jan. 19, 1773, died at Potsdam, Sept
10, 1850. History and genre painter ; went
in 1794 to Berlin as a miniature painter ;
visited, in 1802, Paris, Cassel, Dtisseldorf,
The Hague, and Amsterdam, to study oil
painting ; made member of the Berlin Acad-
emy in 1811, and professor in 1814 ; visited
Italy late in life. Works : Entry of a Prince
(1822), National Gallery, Berlin ; Huntsman
and Sleeping Girl, Wreath- Winders, Singing
Match, Romance Singer, Blind Pilgrim, De-
scent from the Cross, Come to me, ye that
are heavy laden ! — Brockhaus, iv. 774 ; Ro-
senberg, Berl. Malersch., 31.
DAIWAILLE, ALEXANDER JOSEPH,
born at Amsterdam in 1818. Landscape
painter, son and pupil of the genre and
portrait painter Jean Augustin D. (1786-
1850), then pupil of his brother-in-law,
3G4
DALBOXO
Bareiul C. Koekkoek. The animals in bis
landscapes were supplied by Eugene Ver-
boeckboven. Works : Summer aud Winter
(1841); Landscape on the Rhine ; View in
the Ardennes. — Immerzeel, i. 164.
DALBONO, EDOARDO, contemporary;
lives in Naples. Genre painter ; represents
Neapolitan life. Works : Neapolitan Water-
Carrier ; Unrequited, Punished, aud Happy ,
Love, Cupid as Tyrant (Casa Miceli, Naples); ;
Legend of the Sirens, Wilier Gallery, Na-
ples ; Beautiful Morning, It is going to Rain,
Orange- Walk, Adeline in the Park. — L'lllus-
trazione italinua, 1875-76.
DALCOLLE,RAFFAELLO. SeeRa/aello.
DALENS, DIRK, of The Hague, born at
Dordrecht, flourished about 1623-65. Dutch
school. Landscape painter in the manner
of Jan van Goyen ; master of the guild at
The Hague in 1632, went to Leyden in
1636, but returned in 1637, and seems to
have removed to Rotterdam about 1660-61.
Works: Landscape with Shepherds (1635),
Brunswick Museum ; Landscapes (2, 1646),
Haarlem Museum. — Kramm, ii. 317 ; Rie-
gel, Beitriige, ii. 368.
DALIPHARD, EDOUARD, born at Rou-
en, Sept. 24, 1833, died there in 1877.
Genre and landscape painter, pupil of G.
Morin. Works: Spring in the Churchyard;
Souvenir of the Forest of Eu (1873) ; Mel-
ancholy (1875) ; Village Doorway, one of
best pictures in Salon of 1876. — J. Hcdou,
Peintres rouennais (Rouen, 1883) ; L'Art
(1877), x. 216.
DALLINGER VON DALLING, ALEX-
ANDER JOHANN, bom in Vienna, Aug. 1,
1783, died there in 1844. German school ;
history ami animal painter, son and pupil
of Johaun the elder ; was a skilful restorer
of old pictures, and an engraver. Works :
Cows driven through a Brook (1831), Vien-
na Museum. — Bibliog. below.
DALLINGER VON DALLING, JO-
HANN, the elder, born in Vienna, Aug. 13,
1741, died there, Jan. 6, 1806. German
school ; history and animal painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy under Vinceuz Vischer and
Meytens ; from 1771 inspector of the Liech-
tenstein Gallery. Many of his large altar-
pieces and meritorious animal and battle
pieces we in Poland and Russia. — All gem.
d. Biogr., iv. 711 ; Brockhaus, iv. 785 ;
Wurzboch, iii. 132, xxiv. 383.
DALLINGER VON DALLING, JO-
HANN BAPTIST, the younger, bora in Vi-
enna, May 7, 1782, died there, Dec. 19, 1868.
Son and pupil of Johaun the elder ; painted
landscapes and animals, especially horses,
in style of Dutch masters, as well as genre
pieces and portraits. Works : Horses graz-
ing (1830), Horses in Stable (1832), Vienna
Museum ; others in Liechtenstein Gallery.
— Bibliog. above.
DALMASIO, LJPPO DL See Scanna-
becchi.
DALSGAARD, CHRISTEN, born at
Krabbesholrn, Jutland, Oct. 30, 1824. Genre
painter, pupil of the Copenhagen Academy,
and Rorbye ; paints scenes from Danish
peasant life. Member of Copenhagen Acad-
emy since 1872. Works : Christmas Mom-
ing (1848), Aarhus Gallery ; Girl at Win-
dow, Boy at Luncheon, Country Parson ;
Jutland Peasants going to Communion
(1859); Seizure for Debt (1860); Meeting of
Gudrun and Helge Harbensou (1861); Vis-
itation (1862); The Good Shepherd (1864);
Meeting with. Olaf Pua ; Steeu Blicher con-
versing on the Heath (1867) ; Isn't he com-
ing ! Pious Assembly (1870); Corridor of
Academy at Soro (1872); Dessert (1875);
One of the Wise Virgins (1877); Ansgar and
Odbert baptizing Mother and Child (1878);
Fisherman and Daughter (1854), Mormons
visiting Country Joiner, Going to Church
after Confinement (1861), Copenhagen Gal-
lery.—Sigurd Muller, 71 ; Weilbach, 129.
DAME AU GANT (Lady with the Glove),
CaroZus-Duran, Luxembourg Museum ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft 4 in. Portrait of a
lady, three-fourths length, putting on her
Glove.
DAMERON, CHARLES KMILE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape pointer,
pupil of Pelouse. Medals : 3d class, 1878 ;
DAMIANI
2d class, 1882; Philadelphia, 1870. Works :
Women washing (1874) ; The Pyramids,
Oaks of Grand Moulin, Street at Fouche-
rolles (1875) ; In the Bay of Poult-Gouiu,
Farm of Brohonniere (1876) ; Souvenir of
Cernay-la-Ville, Winter (1877) ; The Aven
in Finisterre (1878) ; The Beadle's Path
(1879) ; Farm at Kerlaven in the Evening,
A Quarry (1880) ; Woodman's Cabin in the
Autumn (1881), Luxembourg Museum ;
Fagots (1882) ; Valley of the Mautega
(1883); Lake of Vaux-de-Cernay (1884);
Approaching Storm (1885).
DAMIANI, FELICE, born at Gubbio :
flourished 1584-1616. Lombardo- Venetian
school ; history painter, pupil of Ben.
Nucci (?). Works : Circumcision, S. Do-
menico, Gubbio ; Decollation of St. Paul
(1584), Castel Nuovo, Eecanati ; Baptism of
St. Augustine (1594), S. Agostiiio, Gubbio.
He decorated, about 1596, two chapels in La
Madonna cle' Lumi, San Severino, with illus-
trations of life of the Virgin and Infancy of
Christ.
DAMINI, PIETEO, born at Castelfranco
in 1592, died in Venice in 1(531. Venetian
school; history painter, pupil of Gio. Bat.
Novelli ; had won great reputation when he
died of the plague. Executed many works
at Castelfrauco, Vinceuza, Venice, Crerua,
and Padua. Works : Christ giving Keys to
St. Peter, S. Clemente, Padua ; Crucifixion,
II Santo, Padua ; Life of St. Philip, cloister
of the Serviti, Vicenza. His brother Giorgio,
a good portrait painter, died also of plague,
in Venice, in 1631. — Baldiuucci, iv. 689.
DAMOPHILUS, painter and modeller in
clay. One of the earliest Greek painters
heard of in Italy. Decorated, with his com-
panion GorgaauK, Temple of Ceres, Libei-,
and Libera at Kome (dedicated 494 u. c.). —
Pliny, xxxv. 45 [154].
DAMOYE, PIEERE EMMANUEL, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Corot, Daubiguy, and Bonnat.
Medals : 3d class, 1879 ; 2d class, 1884.
Works: The Old Road at Auvers, The
Fields (1875); Prairies of Mortefontaine
(1876, 1877) ; Pastures, The Downs at Cucq
| (1878) ; Mill of Merlimont (1879), Luxem-
] bourg Museum; Fields at Auvers (1879);
Crossway in Forest of Fontainebleau, In-
undated Prairies (1880) ; Mill of Gouillan-
deur, In the Landes of Carnac (1881) ; Isle
of St. Denis (1882); After the Inundation
(1883); Lake in Sologne, Plain of Genuevil-
liers (1884) ; Road of the Dunes — Norman-
dy, Swamp of Arleux (1885).
DANA, WILLIAM P. W., born in Boston,
Mass., in 1833. Marine and figure painter ;
visited Paris in 1852 and became a pupil of
Picot, Le Poitevin, and of the Ecole des
Beaux Arts. Returned to America in 1862,
elected N.A. in 1863. Medal, Paris, 3d'
class, 1878. Studio in Paris (1885). Works:
Cliffs at Sunset; Waiting for the Fishing-
j Boats ; Marine (J. P. Morgan, New York),
: Chase of the Frigate Constitution (William
Astor, ib. ) ; Low Tide at Yport ; Foggy
Morning — Coast of Normandy; French
Peasant Girl; Heart's-Ease; English Grey-
hound; Moonlight at Sea; On the Beach at
Dinard — Brittany (1879); Breakers, Channel
Islands (1881); Bleak Day, Coast of Brit-
tany (1882) ; Sea- Weed Gatherers, Brittany
(1883); Near St. Malo, Brittany (Mrs. Isaac
Bell), Seaside Harvest, Halt and the Blind,
French Boats off for the Fishing-Grounds,
End of a Storm (1884); Rough Weather, A
Calm Night (1885).
DANAE, Correggio, Palazzo Borghese,
Rome ; canvas. Danae, nude, leaning against
the cushions of a couch ; on the lower end
sits Hymen, with outstretched wings, lifting
her drapery to catch the golden rain-drops ;
in front, two Cupids sharpening their arrows
on a whetstone. Same history as the Leda
of Correggio. Fetched 650 guineas at Or-
leans sale ; in 1816 bought by Henry Hope
for £183 ; afterwards sold in Paris for £285.
One of the most beautiful of Correggio's
mythological pictures. Engraved by Du-
change; Desrochers; Triere; Cunigo; Sur-
rugue. — Meyer, Correggio, 352, 490; Kiinst.
Lex., i. 441; Lermolieff, 195 ; Landon, CEu-
vres, viii. PI. 57 ; Mengs, Opere, ii. 148.
DANAE
By Rembrandt, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg. Danae, nude, reclining on a couch
By Titian, Naples Museum ; canvas, fig-
ure life-size. Danac, nude, lies on a couch,
with green silk hangings ;
behind, partly concealed by
curtains, an old woman with
a bunch of keys ; in front,
a table with red cover, and
a rich girdle lying on the
floor. — Smith.
By Titian, Madrid Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 in.
x 5 ft. 10 in. Dauae, nude,
in same position as the
Danac of Naples, but the
shape is less refined ; a lit-
tle dog lies curled up at
her side, and, instead of
the Cupid, an old woman
at the foot of the couch
greedily watches the gold
as it falls into her apron.
Painted in 1554 for Philip Dan«», comggio, Pai. Borgh««, Rom«.
n. of Spain. Injured by cleaning and re- the upper part of her form raised on white
pairs. Repetitions, with changes, in Her- cushions ; above, a livid cloud, from which
niitage, St. Petersburg, and in Vienna Mu- the golden rain is falling ; Cupid, with out-
seum. Copy of Hermitage Danae, Duke of stretched wings and a gesture of surprise,
glides rfiway to the right.
A marvel in light and
shade, modelling, and
flesh painting. Painted
in 1545 for Ottavio Far-
nese; in Farnese Collec-
tion till after 1G80. Un-
evenly cleaned and re-
touched in places. Many
copies. Extant reproduc-
tions: Nostitz Collection,
Prague ; Dudley House,
London ; Venice Acad-
emy ; Lord Northwick's.
Engraved by Strange. —
C. & C., Titian, ii. 119;
Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 231 ;
Vasari, cd. Mil., viL 447;
Klas. der Malerei, i. PI. 60.
By Anton van Dyl;
Wellington, London ; copy of Vienna, Lady Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5
Malmesbury. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 227. ft 10 in. Danac, nude, lying upon a couch
367
DANBY
covered with crimson drapery, extends her
hands to catch the golden shower ; behind,
an old woman with her apron extended ; at
feet of Danaii, Cupid, kneeling. — Cat. Dres-
den Mus.
DANBY, FRANCIS, born in County
Wexford, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1793, died
at Exmouth, Devonshire, Feb. 10, 18G1.
Landscape painter, pupil in Dublin of
O'Connor ; taught water-colour drawing in
Bristol in 1813 ; went in 1825 to London,
where the exhibition of his Delivery of Israel
out of Egypt (Stafford House) procured him
an election as A.R.A. From 1830 to 1842
he lived on the continent, principally in
Switzerland. He is chiefly noted for his
calm evening scenes at sea, combined with
some poetic sentiment or incident. Works :
Upas Tree of Java (1820), S. Kensington
Museum; Disappointed Love (1821); Sun-
set at Sea (1824) ; Opening of Sixth Seal
(1828) ; Golden Age (1831) ; Fisherman's
Home (1846), National Gallery, London;
Evening Gun (1848). His son James Fran-
cis (1816-1875) was a landscape and marine
painter, who exhibited at the R. Academy
and Society of British Artists. Thomas
Danby, a younger son, is a contemporary
landscape painter, residing in London.
Member of Society of Water Colour
Painters. — Art Journal, April, 1861 ; Cat.
R. Acad. ; Redgiwe ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole an-
glaise ; Sandby, ii. 68.
DANCE, NATHANIEL. See Holland.
DANCKERTS DE RY, PIETER, born in
Amsterdam in 1605, died in Stockholm in
1659. Dutch school ; portrait and genre
painter, supposed son of Cornelis Danck-
erts de Ry, engraver (born 1561, died
after 1634); went to Stockholm, where he
became court painter. Works : Portrait
of Wladislas IV. of Poland ; C. Danckerts
de Ry (1634), and wife, Brussels Museum. —
Fetis, Cat. du Mus. royal, 302.
DANDINI, PIETRO, born in Florence in
1646, died in 1712. Florentine school;
history painter, nephew and pupil of Vin-
cenzo D. ; travelled through Italy and stud-
ied the Venetian and Lombard masters. On
his return to Florence painted in oil and
fresco for Grand Duke Cosmo HI., and exe-
cuted works in S. M. Maddalena and S. M.
Maggiore. His son Ottaviano (died about
1750) painted in his style. Works in S.
Spirito and S. Lorenzo, and in Church of
Magdalen, Pescia. — Wornum, Epochs, 357 ;
Lanzi.
DANDINI, VINCENZO, born in Flor-
ence in 1607, died there in 1675. Floren-
tine school ; history painter, brother and
pupil of Cesare D. ; afterward studied in
Rome under Pietro da Cortona, whose style
he followed. Became principal of the Acad-
emy in Rome, returned to Florence, and
executed public works in churches and pal-
aces. His brother Cesare (1595-1658) was
also a history painter of some repute. —
Wornum, Epochs, 357.
DANDRF.-BARDON, MICHEL FRAN-
COIS, born at Aix (Provence), May 22,
1700, died in Paris, April 13, 1783. French
school ; history painter, pupil of J. B. van
Loo and of J. F. de Troy ; afterwards
studied six years in Rome. Member of
Academy in 1735, professor in 1752, rector
in 1778 ; was one of founders of Marseilles
Academy. He was an excellent designer
and etcher, of considerable repute as a
painter of the nude, and a poet and writer
on history and taste. He left a biography
of Van Loo. Works : Augustus ordering
the Punishment of Defaulters (1729), Aix
Museum ; Tullia driving over her Father's
Body (1735), Montpellier Museum ; Christ
on Cross, Marseilles Museum. Some of his
drawings are in the Louvre, the Montpellier
Museum, and the Copenhagen Museum. —
Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 333 ; Lejeune,
Guide, iii. 70 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860), v.
142 ; Larousse.
DANEDI, GIUSEPPE, called Montalto,
born at Treviglio in 1618, died at Milan in
1688. Bolognese school ; history painter,
pupil in Bologna of Guido Reni ; settled in
Turin, where he executed public works ;
afterwards aided his brother in Milan.
DAN EDI
Works: St Anthony of Padua caressing
Infant Jesus, Dresden Gallery ; Massacre of
Innocents, S. Sebastiano, Milan.
DANEDI, STEFANO, called Montalto,
bom at Treviglio in 1608, died at Milan in
1689. Bolognese school ; brother of Giu-
seppe D. ; history painter, pupil of Moraz-
zone. Painted many works for churches in
Milan. His Martyrdom of St. Justina, in S.
Maria in Pedone, is one of his best.
DANHAUSER, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
Aug. 18, 1805, died
there, May 4, 1845.
History and genre
painter, son of a cabi-
net-maker. After suc-
cessfully devoting him-
self to the violin, he
studied in the Vienna
Academy under Peter
Krafft, and in 1826
went to Venice on in-
vitation of the poet Ladislas Pyrker, from
whose Rudolph of Hapsburg he had painted
several pictures with success. Discouraged
by the works of Titian and Veronese, he
turned from history to genre for a time, but
returned to the former at a later period and
gained the great prize for an historical pict-
ure in 1836. After the death of his father,
in 1829, he for some years carried on the
cabinet business at Vienna, gaining repute
as a designer of artistic furniture. He was
corrector at the Academy from 1838, then
professor in 1840-42, when he resigned in
consequence of critical disputes. He then
travelled in North Germany, Holland, and
Belgium, and might have surpassed his for-
mer efforts had not the death of his younger
brother brought on a fit of melancholia,
which hastened his death. Works : Abra-
ham casting off Hagar, Scholar's Room in
Painter's Studio (1828), Comic Scene in a
Studio (1829), Opening the Will (1839),
Vienna Museum ; Pegasus in the Yoke
(1830) ; New Year Congratulations (1831) ;
Ottaker's Death (1832) ; Girl confessing her
Fall (1834) ; Martyrdom of St John (1835);
Hagar and Ishmael, Glutton (183G); Ocu-
list (1837) ; Klostersuppe, Chess, Opening
of the Will, The Widow's Penny (1839);
Liszt at the Piano, Comfort to the Op-
pressed, Woman, Wine, and Song, Release
from Seizure (1840) ; Little Painter, Lit-
tle Virtuoso, Child and its World, Village
Politician (1844) ; Wine Taster, Old Mother
Asleep (1845) ; Prayer of Carthusians at
Table, Bagpiper, Archaeologist, Rest after
Work (last picture). — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
iv. 726 ; Andresen, iv. 201 ; Wurzbach, iiL
153.
DANIEL, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel,
Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
DANIEL IN LIONS' DEN, flufc™, Duke
of Hamilton ; canvas, H. 7 ft 6 in. x 10 ft.
10 in. Daniel, nearly nude, seated with
clasped hands, looking beseechingly up-
ward ; around him nine lions and lionesses,
life-size, in varied actiona One of the few
great pictures by Rubens painted entirely
by his own hand. Presented by Sir Dudley
Carleton to Charles L Hamilton Palace sale
(1882), £5,145, to C. B. Denison; Denison
sale (1884), £2,000, to Duke of Hamilton.
Engraved by Blooteling, Van der Leuw,
Lamb ; mezzo, J. Ward ; etched by Street
— Waagen, Art Treasures, iii. 296 ; Smith,
xi 162 ; Cat. Ham. Pal. sale, 21 ; Acad.,
xxi. 456.
DANIELE DA VOLTERRA. See Vol-
terra.
DANIELL, THOMAS, born at Kingston-
on-Thames in 1749, died at Kensington,
March 19, 1840. Son of an innkeeper and
apprentice to a painter of heraldry ; student
at Royal Academy in 1773, began to exhibit
in 1774, became A.R.A. in 1796, and RA.
in 1799. Went to the East in 1784 with his
nephew William and travelled ten years in
India, making many remarkable sketches.
After this his pictures were chiefly Oriental
views and scenes, such as tiger hunts and
other sports. He published several books
of Eastern scenery. His View on the Nul-
lah is in the National Gallery. His neph-
ews William (1769-1837, R.A. 1822) and
369
DAKLOUX
Samuel (1775-1811) were landscape paint-
ers.— Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 314.
DANLOUX, HENRI PIERRE, born in
Paris, Feb. 24, 1753, died there, Jan. 3,
1809. Portrait and history painter, pupil
of J. B. Lepicie and of Vien ; went early to
Italy, and on return to Paris gained reputa-
tion by pictures in style of Greuze. In 1791
went to London, where he remained until
1802, and painted portraits of many emi-
nent persons. His portrait of Charles X.
is in Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ; that
of Jacques Delille in the Versailles Museum.
His Punishment of a Vestal (Salon, 1802) is
referred to by his friend the poet Delille in
his poem on Pity. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran-
yaise ; Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 335.
D ANN AT, WILLIAM T., born in New
York in 1853. Figure painter, pupil of
the Royal Academy, Munich, and of Mun-
kacsy in Paris. Has painted in Munich,
Florence, Spain, and in Paris. Medal :
Paris, 3d class, 1883. Works: Bavarian
Peasant (1878); Aragonese Contrabandist
(1883); Castanet Dance, A Quartette (1884).
DANSAERT, LEON (MARIE CON-
STANT), born in Brussels, Oct. 2, 1830.
Genre painter, pupil in Paris of Edouard
Frere ; travelled in France, Germany, and
Italy; lives at Ecouen. Paints especially 18th
century scenes in rococo costume. Works :
Auction in 18th Century, Les Porcherons
(1868); Wedding Feast, Vive le Roi ! (1869);
Before the Sale (1870); Cafe at End of 18th
Century (1872); Before Meeting (1873); Af-
fray in Tavern, Flower Market (1874) ; Read-
ing the Contract (1877); Game at Dominos
(1878); Crumbling World (1879); At the Bar-
rier (1883).
DANSE DES AMOURS, Camille Gorot,
Charles A. Dana, New York ; canvas. A
valley, with lake in background ; nymphs
dancing in foreground ; at right, a wooded
hill, with a Greek temple and figures.
DANSE DU BATON (Staff Dance), Jean
Leon Gerome. A girl, loosely robed, hold-
ing a long staff in her hands, is dancing
before a party of Arnauts, one of whom is
playing a musical instrument. Painted in
1884.
DANTAN, JOSEPH EDOUARD, born in
Paris, Aug. 26, 1848. History painter, pupil
of Pils and of H. Lehmann ; sou of Jean
Pierre D., the sculptor. Studio in Paris.
Medals : 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1880.
Works : Destruction of Pompeii (1869); The
Trinity (1872), chapel of the Hospital in
Brezen-on-the-Marne; Hercules at the Feet
of Omphale, Monk carving a Crucifix (1874),
NantesMuseum; The Quoit-Thrower (1875);
The Nymph Salmacis and Hermaphroditus
(1876); Christ calling Peter and Andrew
(1877); Christ on the Cross, Church of Dom-
browa, Poland ; Corner of a Studio (1880).,
Luxembourg Museum ; The Model's Break-
fast (1881); Corpus Christi Day (1882); Le
Paradou, Interior at Villerville (1883);
Moulding Shop, Turner's Shop (1884); Bur-
ial of a Child (1885).
DANTE, portrait, Giotto, Chapel of the
Podesta or Bargello, Florence. The poet,
then about twenty years of age, is represent-
ed with Corso Donati, Brunetto Latini, and
a fourth personage, standing behind Charles
of Valois, in the lower part of a fresco of
Paradise painted on each side of a window.
This fresco, mentioned by Vasari as visible
in 1550, in which the painter had embodied
the transient peace imposed on the Floren-
tines in 1301, by Cardinal Acquasparta in
, the name of Pope Boniface VlLL., was white-
washed when the palace was turned into a
jail and the chapel into a storeroom. It thus
remained degraded and forgotten until 1840,
when, through the exertions of Messrs. Kirk-
up, Wilde, and Bezzi, it was brought to light
in an injured condition. The eye of the
370
DANTE
poet was completely destroyed Fortunately,
Mr. Kirkup was able to make a tracing of
the bead, afterwards published by the Arun-
del Society, before Marini damaged its ex-
pression and character by painting in a too
small and ill-drawn eye, and retouching the
whole face, as well as the cap and clothes.
Dante, Giotto, Florence.
This likeness of the poet by Giotto, and the
well-known death mask, believed to have
been taken from Dante's face after death,
are undoubtedly the most authentic records
of his appearance at different periods of his
life, and as such invaluable. "The one,"
says Prof. Norton, " is the young poet of
Florence, the other the supreme poet of the
world." In the Munich Gallery there is a
profile likeness of Dante said to have been
painted by Masaccio ; and Mr. Morris Moore
has in his possession at Rome another profile
in oils, probably copied from Giotto's fresco,
though with certain changes in costume de-
tails. Ideal heads of Dante, taken either
from the fresco or the mask are, the three
by Eaphael in the Dispute, the School of
Athens, and the Parnassus; and in modern
art those of Scheffer, in his Dante and Bea-
trice and his Francesco, da Hi mini ; of Dela-
croix in his Dante and Virgil crossing the
Styx (Louvre); of Corot in his Dante and
Virgil entering the Selva Oscura (Boston
Museum of Fine Arts); and of Rossetti in his
Vision of Dante. — Vasari, L; C. E. Norton,
Original Portraits of Dante (1865); M. Paur,
Jahrbuch der Deutschen Dante Gesellschaft
(1869); Spectator, May 11, 1850 ; The Cent-
ury (1884), xxvii. 574, 956.
DANTE AND BEATRICE, Henry Holi-
day, Liverpool Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in.
x 6 ft 7 in. Dante standing at right, with
his right hand upon a stone parapet on the
bank of the river, presses his heart with his
left hand, as Beatrice, accompanied by two
, maidens, passes by; in background, the Arno
and the Ponte Vecchio. Grosvenor Gallery,
1883. Etched by C. O. Murray.— Art Journal
(1884), 7.
By Ary St-heffer, Mr. A. M Hemming, near
, Utrecht, Netherlands ; canvas, figures life-
size. Beatrice, full length, clad in a robe of
pale rose-colour, stands on a cloud to right,
with her eyes fixed on the sun (Paradise,
Canto i. 46). Her right hand rests on her
breast, and her left hangs by her side.
Dante, to left and on a lower plane, seen
only to the knees, wears the red hooded cap
and long red tunic of the Florentines, and,
like Beatrice, gazes upward to the divine
light, which, through her power, he is en-
abled to contemplate. Engraved by N. Le-
comte. Scheffer painted this subject three
times. The second picture, two-thirds life-
size, belongs to C. C. Perkins, Boston ; the
third, with figures considerably under life-
size, is in England, and was exhibited at
Manchester in 1857.
DANTE AT RAVENNA, Jean Loon Ge-
r6me, Morris K Jesup, New York ; canvas,
H. 1 ft 8 in. x 3 ft Dante, walking at left
in the meadows, beyond the walls of the
city, which is seen in the background; groups
of citizens gaze after him as he passes, and
point him out to be avoided, according to
the legend, as one who had seen hell. En-
graved by J. Levasseur. — Art Treas. of
Amer., ii. 139.
DANTE AND VIRGIL, Camille Corot,
Boston Art Museum ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in.
371
DATsTTE
x 5 ft. 6 in. The two poets in a landscape,
at the entrance to Hades, and the three sym-
bolic beasts : the panther, signifying Flor-
ence and worldly pleasure ; the lion, France
and ambition ; the female wolf, Home
and avarice. Presented by Q. A. Shaw,
1875.
By Eugene Delacroix, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.; signed,
dated 1822. Scene from Dante's Inferno
(vii.). Dante and Virgil, conducted by
Phlegeas, cross the lake which surrounds
the infernal city of Dis. Among the spirits
which clutch at the boat as it passes, Dante
recognizes some Florentines. Salon, 1822.
Formerly in Luxembourg.
DANTE, VISION OF, Dante Gabriel
EosseMi, Liverpool Gallery ; canvas. Scene
from Vita Nuova : Dante's dream on the
day of Beatrice's death, June 9, 1290. Love
(the pilgrim of Love of the Vita Nuova)
leads by the hand Dante, who walks con-
scious, but absorbed as in sleep, into a
chamber of dreams, strewn with poppies,
where Beatrice lies on a couch as if just
fallen back in death ; Love bends over her
with a kiss, while two dream-ladies hold
suspended for an instant the pall full of
May blooms. Original sketch exhibited at
Liverpool Academy, 1858 ; painted in 1870 ;
acquired by Liverpool Gallery in 1881. —
Athenaeum, Aug., 1881, 250; Jan., 1883,
94 ; Blackwood, March, 1883, 399.
DANTE, GIEOLAMO, called Girolamo
di Tiziano, nourished in Venice in 1547-80.
Venetian school ; history painter, pupil of
Titian, and his assistant in some of his
minor works. The altarpiece, SS. Cosmo
and Damian, in S. Giovanni Nuovo, is at-
tributed to him. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xiii.
194.
DAPHNE. See Apollo and Daphne.
DAPHNEPHORIA, Sir Frederick Leigh-
ton, J. Stewart Hodgson ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 8
in. x 17 ft. Triumphal procession held
every ninth year at Thebes, in honour of
Apollo, to commemorate a victory of the
Thebans over the .ZEolians of Arne. Name
derived from laurel branches carried by
those who took part. The procession, head-
ed by a priest called the Daphuephoros,
moves through a wood ; city of Thebes in
distance, in a valley at left. A decorative
I picture, painted for the country house of the
present owner. Eoyal Academy, 1876. Fac-
simile of original sketch in Art Journal
(1881), 152.— Art Journal (1881), 136.
DAPHNIS AND CHLOE, Paris Bordone,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
5 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The two seated on a
bank among trees ; Cupid crowns Chloe
with a wreath of myrtle. — Cat. Nat Gal.;
Eichter, 87.
By Fraii9ois Gerard, Louvre ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 6 in. At left, on the bank
of a stream which pours as a cascade out of
a grotto, Daphnis is seated upon the trunk
of a tree, plaiting a crown of flowers ; Chloe
sleeps at his feet, her head resting against
his knees. Salon, 1824. Acquired in 1825
for 25,000 fr. Engraved by Eichomme.
DAPPEE. See Tamm.
DAEDOIZE, EMILE, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Landscape painter. Medal :
3d class, 1882. Works : At Maintenon, Pond
of Cernay, Valley of Cernay (1875) ; Moon-
rise, Sunset (1876) ; Washer-women at Pond
of Cernay, Greenfinch Nest (1877) ; From
Eoyat to Fontanas, Eoad in Fontainebleau
Forest (1878) ; At Maintenon, Autumn
(1879) ; Sunset, Forest-brook (1880) ; Even-
ing, Morning on the Creuse (1881) ; Twi-
light, A Corner of Cernay (1882) ; Notch
near Falaise, Val du Sud (1883); The
Source, To the Moon (1884); Brittany
Road at Pont d'Ouilly, Seine at Coudray
(1885).
DARGELAS, HENEI, born at Bordeaux,
October 11, 1828. Genre painter, pupil
of Picot ; lives at £couen (Seine-et-Oise).
Medal in 1864. Works : Challenge, T. A.
Havemeyer, New York ; Apple Stealers, A.
E. Borie Collection, Philadelphia ; Kept In,
E. B. Warren, Philadelphia ; In the Woods,
J. Hoey, New York ; Fagot Gatherers, G.
Hoadly, Cincinnati ; Gardener's Child ; In-
svt
DARGENT
tenor of a School (1868); The Butterfly;
A Push, lleturn from School (1885).
DARGENT, &DOUARD YAN, born at
St. Servais, Finisterre, iu 1824. Landscape
painter ; has also decorated the Cathedral
of Quimper, and furnished designs for news-
papers and books. Studio in Paris. L. of
Honour, 1877. Works: The Return, Wo-
men Bathing (1851); By the Sea (1852);
The Birdnesters, The Wagon (1853) ; The
Last Kays (1855); Sea-Shore at Lokirech,
St. Primel (1875); Banks of the Scorf, Cliff
at Morgat (1876).
DA1UO DA TREVISO, of Padua, latter
I half of 15th century. Mentioned in accounts
I of the Basilica di S. Antonio in 1446 as a
! pupil of Squarciune. His only existing pict-
! ure is a Virgin of Mercy in the gallery of
I Bassano, a very poor production, false in
I drawing, dull and dirty in colour. He de-
j voted himself chiefly to the decoration of
I house-fronts, and many examples of his in-
Tent of Darius, Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris.
Salvage at Guisseny (1857); St. Houardon
(1859); Washerwomen of the Night (1861);
Vapour, Evening on the Moors (1863); Ob-
stinate Cow (1864); Death of the last Bre-
ton Bard (1865) ; Souvenir of Childhood,
Druidical Stoue (1866) ; Maurice Rock, Klo-
arck in Vacation Time (1868) ; The Little
Thumb (1869); Intemperance, Work (1870); '
Wheelwright of Laouic (1872); Wells of
Santa, Path to the Ramiers at Bruzal (1873);
St. Roch in Solitude, Kom-boud in Finis-
terre (1874) ; Path near Telgruc, Cliffs at
Goulliers near Cape Raz, St. Coreutin and .
dustry of this kind exist in Treviso, Serra-
vnlle, and Conegliano. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
350.
DARIUS, FAMILY OF, Paolo Veronese,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 7 ft
8 in. x 15 ft. 6 in. The captive family,
taken after the battle of Issus, presented to
Alexander by one of the ministers of Darius,
kneeling in centre ; to right, Alexander,
in red armour, with Hephsestiou and Par-
menio ; in background, a marble arcade,
from the top of which many spectators are
looking down. One of Veronese's grandest
373
DAEIUS
and best preserved works. Painted for Pi-
saui family, of whom the principal figures
are portraits, and preserved in Palazzo Pi-
sani, Venice, until purchased for National
Gallery in 1857. Eichter thinks the kneel- j
ing girls are the artist's daughters, and the
man with the long gray beard his brother
Benedetto. — Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 554 ; Ki-
dolfi, Marav., ii. 60 ; Eichter, Ital. Art in
National Gallery, 74.
DAEIUS, TENT OF, Charles Lcbrun,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 9 in. x 14 ft.
10 in. Alexander, accompanied by Hephaes-
tion, visits in their tent the family of Darius,
captured at the battle of Issus. Sisygambia,
mother of Darius, prostrates herself before
Hephsestion, mistaking him for Alexander.
Eecogniziug her error, she attempted an
apology, when the King interrupted her, say-
ing, "You are not deceived. He is another
Alexander." The royal captives are attended
by women, priests, and eunuchs. Engraved
by G. Edelinck, Devilliers, G. Audran. —
Landon, Musee, ii. PI. 57 ; Filhol, i. PL 55.
DAELEY, FELIX O. C., born in Phila-
delphia, Pa., June 23, 1822. Genre painter,
self-taught. Works almost exclusively in
black and white ; well known as an il-
lustrator; has travelled and sketched in
Europe. Elected an N.A. in 1852. Works :
First Blow for Liberty ; Foraging in Virginia ;
Emigrants attacked by Indians (painted for
Prince Napoleon) ; Scene in the Streets of
Eome ; Cavalry Charge at Fredericksburg —
Virginia (1867); March to the Sea ; Sheep-
fold ; Mount Desert ; A Cold Snack ; Puri-
tans surprised by Indians. — Tuckerman,
471.
DAUBAN, JULES JOSEPH, born in
Paris, May 31, 1822. History painter, pupil
of Auguste Debay ; director of School of
Fine Arts at Angers. Has also decorated
churches and other buildings. Medal, 1864 ;
L. of Honour, 1868. Works : Louis XI.
making Guillaume de Cerizay Mayor of An-
jou (1861) ; Trappists receiving a Stranger
(1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Trappists
giving each other the Kiss of Peace before
\
Communion (1865), Angers Museum; Death
of a Trappist (1867) ; Mme. Eoland going to
the Eevolutiouary Tribunal (1869) ; Fra
Angelico da Fiesole (1873) ; Eesurrection of
Lazarus, Church of St. Bernard, Paris.
DAUBIGNY, CHABLES FEANCOIS,
born in Paris,
Feb. 15, 1817,
died there, Feb.
20, 1878. Land-
scape painter,
son and pupil of
Edrne Fra^ois
D. (1789-1843),
landscape paint-
er ; visited Italy,
~J and returning in
1836, studied under Delaroche. Exhibited
at nearly every Salon after 1838. Medals:
2d class, 1848 ; 1st class, 1853 ; 3d class,
1855 ; 1st class, 1857, 1859, and 1869 ; L.
of Honour, 1859, Officer, 1874. An excel-
lent landscape painter, especially of river
scenes, which he painted from a floating
studio. Left many etchings. Works : The
Seine at Bezons, St. Jerome in the Desert
(1840); Harvest (1852); Banks of the Seine
(1852), Nantes Museum ; Pool of Gylien
(1853) ; Sluice in Valley of Optevoz (1855),
Luxembourg Museum ; Springtime (1857) ;
Banks of the Oise (1861); The Vintage
(1863), Luxembourg Museum; Windmills
at Dordrecht (1872); Fields in June (1873);
House of Mother Bazot at Valmandois (1874);
Fruit-Garden in Normandy (1875); Moon-
rise, View of Dieppe (1877). Works in
United States : Morning, Miss C. L. Wolfe,
New York; Morning — Landscape, A. Bel-
niont, New York; Landscape, T. H. Steb-
bins, New York; Landscape, M. Graham,
New York; Spring Lake, Shady Pool, Be-
fore the Storm, Coast of Normandy, Sunset,
B. Wall, Providence; Landscape, T. Wig-
glesworth, Boston; Landscape, H. P. Kid-
der, Boston; Eiver Scene, G. Hoadly, Cin-
cinnati; Landscape — Morning, S. A. Coale,
St. Louis; Landscape, Charles Parson, ib. ;
Landscape, View 011 the Seine, C. H. Wolff,
374
DAUBIGXT
Philadelphia; Heath, Mrs. J. G. Fell, Phila-
delpkia; Morning, Twilight, Evening, J. C.
Runkle, New York; Landscape, M K Jes-
up, New York; River Landscape, Land-
scape, J. D. Lankenau, Philadelphia; On the
Seine, C. S. Smith, New York; Twilight
(1866), Sunset on Coast of France (1865),
Landscape (1872), Sunset (1874), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Landscape — Evening,
W. H. Vanderbilt, New York; River and
City, A. E. Borie Collection, Philadelphia;
View on the Seine, River Scene, H. C. Gib-
son, Philadelphia. — Henriet, C. D. et son
osuvre gravee (Paris, 1875); L'Art (1881),
xxv. 73; L' Artiste (1857), i. 179, 195;
Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), 265; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1874), ix. 255, 464.
DAUBIGNY, KARL PIERRE, born in
Paris, June 9, 1846. Landscape painter,
son and pupil of C. F. Daubigny. He imi-
tated his father at first, but has gradually
formed a style of his own. Medals : 1868 ;
3d class, 1874. Works : Island of Vaux in
Oise, A Path (1863); Meadow at Villerville,
The Oise at Auvers (1864) ; Autumn, Hollow
Road (1865); View in Picardy, Gypsies
Halting (1866); two landscapes (1867);
Winnowers at Kenty, Plateau of Bellecroix
(1868) ; Rocks at Pen'marck, Fishing-Boats
at Troport (1869) ; Farm at Toutain, Fishing-
Boats (1870) ; Return of the Fishing Fleet
to Trouville, Creuniers at Ingouville (1872);
Return of the Fishermen to Cancale (1873);
Road to Paris, Farm of St. Simeon at Hon-
fleur (1874); Valley of Porteville, Shipping
the Oysters, Snow (1875); St. Simeon Farm,
Seine-Net Fishing (1876) ; Shipping Herring-
Nets (1877); Environs of St. Simeon Farm
(1879); Falling Leaves, Seine at Rangiport
(1880); Overflowed Meadow in Normandy
(1881); Old Road at Auvers, Return of the
Fishermen to Berck (1882); Trdport (1883);
Sunrise in Normandy (1884); Sables d'Ar-
bonne — Fontainebleau, Bay of Staples —
Picardy (1885). — Larousse.
DAUBIGNY, PIERRE, born in Paris,
Oct. 30, 1793, died there, July 15, 1858.
Miniature painter, pupil of Aubry ; brother
'of Edm6 Francois D. Medal: 3d class,
1833, for portraits of Mme. de Marescalchi,
; Alfred de Vigny, and General Gourgeaud.
His wife, Amclie Dautel (1796-1861), also a
, miniature painter, won a medal of the 3d
! class in 1834.
DAUPHIN, FRANCOIS GUSTAVE, born
at Belfort (HauURhiu), June 7, 1804, died in
Paris, May 23, 1859. History painter, pu-
pil of Hersent. Exhibited very few pictures,
but those display a certain grandeur of style.
Medals: 3d class, 1842; 1st class, 1845.
Works: Christ bearing his Cross (1841);
Mater Dolorosa (1842); Judas' Kiss (1845);
Christ's Last Moments (1850) ; cartoons of
Christ on the Cross and of Christ going to
Calvary, Virgin and St. John, etc.
DAUZATS, ADRIEN, born at Bordeaux,
I July 16, 1804, died in Paris, Feb. 18, 1868.
Landscape painter, pupil of Lacour in Bor-
deaux and of Gue in Paris. Travelled in
France, Spain, Scandinavia, Egypt, and
j Syria. Painted chiefly water-colour inte-
riors. Medals: 2d class, 1832; 1st class,
1855; L. of Honour, 1857. Works: Front
of the Seminary of San-Telmo in Seville
j (Bordeaux Museum); Gitanos, Mosque on
the Nile ; Church of Belem in Lisbon ; Gi-
ralda of Seville; Pass of Bibaus; Convent
of St. Catherine on Mt. Sinai; Cathedral of
Toledo; Chapel of the Escorial; Fountain
near a Mosque ; View of Cairo ; Environs of
Blidah ; Environs of Damascus; Pass of the
Iron Gate. — Larousse ; Kunst-Chronik, iii.
100 ; iv. 85 ; Vapereau.
DAVANZI, JACOPO. See Awmi.
DAVID AND ABIGAIL, Guercino,
Bridgewater House, London ; canvas, fig-
| ures life-size. Fine composition, but heads
i uniform and unmeaning, forms hard, and
effect out of keeping. In collection of Cardi-
nal Mazarin, afterwards in Orleans Gallery,
whence bought by Duke of Bridgewater for
£800. Injured by retouching. — Waagen,
Treasures, ii. 36.
DAVID, GHEERARDT, born at Oude-
| water about 1450, died in Bruges, Aug. 13,
1523. Flemish school ; took the freedom
375
DAVID
of the guild in Bruges in 1484, was its dean
in 1501-2 ; appears also in the guild of Ant-
werp in 1515. Probably a pupil of Mem-
ling. Works : Madonna with Saints (1509),
Eouen Museum ; Baptism of Christ (1507),
Two scenes from history of Cambyses (1498),
Bruges Academy ; Crucifixion, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Madonna with Angels, Darmstadt
Museum ; Adoration of Magi, Madonna with
Female Saints, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Marriage at Cana, Louvre, attributed to un-
known ; Triptych (Madonna and Saints),
Municipal Palace, Genoa ; Canon and Pa-
tron Saints, National Gallery, London. —
Biog. nat. de Belgique, iv. 711 ; C. & C.,
Flemish Painters, 300 ; Dohme, li. ; Forster,
Denkmale, XL iii. 21 ; XII. iii. 7 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1866), xx. 542 ; xxi. 489 ; Michiels,
iv. 131 ; W. & W., ii. 55.
DAVID AND GOLIATH, Guido Reni,
David and Goliath,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. David, wear-
ing a red cap with a yellow and white plume
on his head, and dressed in blue drapery
trimmed with fur, holds the sling in his
right hand (which rests on the shaft of a
column) and the head of Goliath in his left.
The giant's sword lies at his feet. Formerly
in the Zampieri Gallery, Bologna. Repeti-
tions in the Louvre, Paris, and the Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna. Louvre copy, en-
graved by Beisson, Rousselet, and others. —
Filhol, ii. PI. 110 ; Landon, Musee, vi. PI.
34.
By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ;
fresco on ceiling.
DAVID PLAYING THE HARP, Domeni-
chino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft.
7 in. David singing, his eyes raised to
heaven, and accompanying himself on the
harp ; to left, an angel holds open before
him a book ; in background, to right, an-
other angel transcribes the psalms which
David sings, and holds the sword with which
he cut off the head of Goliath. Sent from
Italy to Cardinal Mazarin, from whose col-
lection it passed to Louis XTV. Engraved
by G. Rousselet.— Filhol, v. PI. 296 ; Lan-
don, Musee, iii. PI. 33.
DAVID, (JACQUES) LOUIS, born in
Paris, Aug.
31, 1748, died
in Brussels,
Dec. 29, 1825.
History paint-
er, pupil of
V i e n , and
founder of the
classical French
school. Won
in 1771 2d prix
de Rome, and
in 1774 1st prix de Rome ; went in 1775 to
Rome, where he remained until 1780, when
he returned to Paris, was elected associate
member of the Academy, and regular mem-
ber in 1783. Revisited Italy, and in 1787
went to Belgium. In the revolution he was
an adherent of Robespierre, after whose
downfall he narrowly escaped the guillo-
tine, and was sentenced to seven months'
imprisonment. Appointed first painter to
Napoleon, he devoted his brush to the glo-
876
DAVIS
rification of the empire, and when exiled
after the restoration settled in Brussela
Officer and Commander of L. of Honour.
Works : Combat of Minerva against Mars
and Venus (1771), Academic Figure (1779),
Oath of the Horatii (1784), Jielisarius asking
Alms (1784), Paris and Helen (1788), Brutus
(1789), Sabine Women (1799), Leonidas at
Thermopylae (1814), portrait of himself in
youth, portraits of M. Pecoul (1783), Mme.
Pecoul (1783), Pius VH. (1805), Mme. Re-
camier, Bailly, Louvre, Paris ; Napoleon
crossing the Alps (1805), Coronation of Na-
poleon and Josephine (1808), distributing
Eagles at the Champ de Mars (1810), por-
trait of Bai-oro (1790, unfinished), do. of
Pius VII. (replica of Louvre picture), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Belisarius asking Alms
(1780, original of Louvre picture), Lille
Museum ; Philoctetes in Island of Lemnos,
Cherbourg Museum; Death of Joseph Barra,
Avignon Museum ; portrait of Comtesse Dil-
lon, Amiens Museum ; portrait of Alphonse
Leroy, do. of M. de Joubert, and ^ studies,
Montpellier Museum ; Death of Cleouice
(sketch), Nantes Museum ; Ugolino, Valence
Museum ; portrait of Mine. Vigfee Le Brun,
Rouen Museum ; portrait of Mile. Joly, Com-
fedie Franyaise ; Courtship of Antiochus and
Stratonice (1774), Ecole des B. Arts; St.
Eoch interceding with the Virgin for the
Plague-Stricken (1779), Marseilles Hospital ;
Grief of Andromache over Death of Hector
(1783, presentation picture to Academy);
Death of Socrates (1787), M. de Trudaine ;
Louia XVI. entering Hall of Constituent
Assembly (1790); Death of Michel Lepel-
letier ; portrait of Mile. Lepelletier ; Death
of Marat, belongs to David's grandson ;
Sappho and a Faun, in Russia ; portrait of
Napoleon I , Warwick Castle ; Death of
Milo, National Gallery, Dublin ; Rape of
Lucrece (last work). — J. L. David, Le Pein-
tre Louis David (Paris, 1880); Ch. Blanc,
Ecole francaise ; Dohme, 3 ; Chesneau,
Peinture francaise (1883) ; Hamerton,
French Painters ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859),
i. 132 ; (1860), vii. 301 ; (1880), «i. 572 ;
Living Age, Iv. 708; sc. 728; Meyer,
Gesch., 53.
DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS,
born at Finchley, Aug.
26, 1833. Landscape
painter, pupil of Roy-
al Academy, where ho
exhibited his Rough
Pasturage in 18(51.
Has lived at Boulogne
and made many sketch-
es on the French coast.
Elected an AR.A. in
1873,andR.A.ml877.
Several of his works have been engraved.
Works: Strayed Herd (18G5); Spring Plough-
ing (1866); Dewy Eve (1870); Moonrise, Pwe-
torium at Neufchatel (1871); A Panic (1872);
Summer Afternoon (1874); In Picardy(1876);
Rustling Leaves, After Sundown (1877) ; The
Lowing Herd winds slowly o'er the Lea,
Midday Shelter (1878); Midsummer Night,
Wanderers, Picardy Sheep (1879) ; Family
Affection, Returning to the Fold (1880);
Mother and Son, Evening Star, Noon (1881);
In Rossshire, Sea and Land Waves, Showers
in June (1882); Ben Eay, Gathering the
Flock, Kmlochewe (1883) ; Done Work
(1885).
DAWANT, ALBERT PIERRE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History painter,
pupil of J. P. Laurens. Medals : 3d class,
1880 ; 2d class, 1885. Works : St. Thomas
u Becket (1879) ; Henry IV., of Germany,
before Pope Gregory VII., Merwing at St.
Martin's Tomb (1880) ; Last Moments of
Charles IL of Spain (1881) ; Burial of an
Invalide (1882) ; Salute to the Invalides
(1883) ; Saint Vincent (1884) ; The Bark of
St. Julian the Hospitaller (1885).
DA WE, GEORGE, bom in London, Feb.
8, 1781, died there, October 15, 1829. Sou
877
DAWSON
and pupil of Philip Dawe, engraver (died
about 1780), student in 1794 at Royal Acad-
emy, of which elected A.R.A. in 1809, and
R.A. in 1814. Painted at first historical
subjects, but most noted for his portraits.
He painted for the Duke of Kent officers
distinguished in the Battle of Waterloo. In
1819 went to Russia at invitation of the Em-
peror, to paint officers prominent in wai's of
Napoleon, and in nine years made 400 por-
traits, now in the Hermitage. Princess
Charlotte, Dr. Samuel Parr, National Por-
trait Gallery. — Redgrave ; Arnold, Library
of Fine Arts (1831); Ch. Blanc, Ecole au-
glaise ; Sandby, i. 345.
Rainbow at Sea.— Art Journal (1879), 48 ;
Portfolio (1883), 127.
DEATH, BAY OF. See Starvation Cove.
DEATH ON THE PALE HORSE, Ben-
jamin West, Pennsylvania Academy, Phila-
delphia ; canvas, H. 14 ft. 10 in. x 25 ft. 2 in.
Scene from Revelation vi. In centre, Death,
armed with irresistible darts, rides the pale
horse which, unbridled, rushes onward,
trampling down all ages and conditions, fol-
lowed closely by the monstrous progeny of
hell ; on the right, the rider on the white
horse armed with the bow, the rider on the
red horse with the sword, and behind them
the rider on the black horse with the bal-
Death on the Pale Horse, Benjamin West, Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia.
DAWSON, HENRY, born at Hull in 1811,
died at Chiswick, Dec. 13, 1878. His father
removed during his infancy to Nottingham,
where the lad worked in a lace factory until
twenty-four years old, when he devoted him-
self to landscape painting. In 1849 he re-
moved to London, but laboured many years
before his genius won recognition. He
earned as much during the last six years of
his life as in all his previous career. In
1875 his Wooden Walls sold for nearly
£1,500, and in 1876 his Pool from London
Bridge for £1,400. Other works : Sherwood
Oaks, Nottingham from Wilford Hill, Dur-
ham Cathedral (1876); London at Sunset,
ances ; on the left, the conflict of men with
the beasts of the forest. Painted in 1817 ;
bought, at the sale of the painter's pictures
(1829), and taken to America. Engraved in
outline by Normand. — Reveil (Hamilton), iv.
286.
DEATH, TRIUMPH OF, fresco, Campo
Santo, Pisa, formerly attributed to Andrea
Orcagna, now assigned by C. <t C. to a painter
of the Sienese school, perhaps Pietro Loren-
zetti ; and by Milanesi to Bernardo Daddi.
Foreground, in three groups. To left, the
warning : Three kings on horseback, with
attendants, check their horses before three
open coffins containing the mouldering re-
378
DEATH
mains of dead kings ; one of the riders (por-
trait of Andrea Uguccione della Faggiuola)
holds his nose, while his horse starts back-
wards. To right, the coming doom : Knights
and ladies seated in a bower singing and
playing upon musical instruments, while the
Angel of Death with scythe descends upon
them ; one of the nobles is Castruccio Cas-
tracani, Lord of Lucca. In centre, Death
and his victims : the great of the earth lie
in heaps on one side, and on the other the poor
and needy are calling for release from their
sufferings. In the sky are angels with the
souls of the blessed, and devils carrying off
the damned. The upper corner of the fres-
on Death to relieve him from his troubles ;
but trembles with fright as Death, shrouded
in white drapery like an apparition, with a
winged hourglass in one hand and a scythe
over his shoulder, seizes him with his bony
hand. Painted in 1859 ; refused at Solon,
but exhibited at Exposition Uuiverselle,
1867.— Gaz. des 13. Arts (1859), ii. 362; Sen-
sier, Vie, 192.
DEBACQ, ALEXANDRA born in Paris,
Aug. 12, 1804, died there, Oct. 2, 1850.
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil
of Gros. Works : Joan of Arc in Prison
(1831) ; Mary Stuart's Departure from France
(1833) ; Death of Sculptor Jean Goujon ;
•*-""--. *j- ' f '• 1 * V 1
3i/JP^;^
~ », • V * T-- V •* *> -" X- I
Triumph of Death, Campo Santo, Pisa.
co to the left represents the Monks of the
Thebaid, one reading, another milking a
goat, and another, St. Macarius, holding a
scroll. A rocky country, hermit huts, and
a road leading up from that on which the
three kings are travelling. Painted about
1377.— Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 4G8, 597; C. & C.,
i. 445 ; Burckhardt, 496.
DEATH AND THE WOODCUTTER
(Mort et le Bucheron), Jean Franyois Millet,
Laurent Richard Collection, Paris. Illustra-
tion of La Fontaine's fable. Scene — the
edge of a wood, with hill, trees, and rocks in
background. The old woodcutter, falling
under the weight of his load of fagots, calls
Bernard Palissy destroying his Furniture to
fire Vases ; Two paintings in Versailles Mu-
seum.
DEBAT-PONSAN, KDOUARD BER-
NARD, born in Toulouse ; contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Caba-
nel ; won 2d grand prix in 1872. Medals :
2d class, 1874 ; L. of Honour, 1881. Works :
First Morning (1874); Respect of St. Louis
for the Dead (1879); A Door of the Louvre
on St. Bartholomew's Day (1880); A Massage
in the Harem (1883); Portraits (1884); Por-
trait of M. Gaillard (1885).
DEBAY, AUGUSTE HYACTNTHE, born
at Nantes, April 2, 1804, died in Paris,
DEBELLE
March 24, 1865. History and genre painter,
pupil of Gros ; won the second prize at the
Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1822, and the grand
prize in 1824 ; went to Italy, and returned
from Rome in 1830. Medals : 3d class, 1819;
1st class, 1831; L. of Honour, 1861. Works:
.ZEgisthus recognizing the Body of Clyteni-
nestra (1824) ; Lucretia in the Forum of
Collatia (1831); Enlistment of Volunteers in
1792, Palais Royal, Paris; The King meeting
a Wounded Soldier (1835), Interview on
Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 (1837),
Entry of Knights of St. John into Viterbe in
1527 (1842), General Joubert regaining Pla-
teau of Rivoli, Versailles Museum ; Episode
in 1793 at Nantes (1851), Nantes Museum ;
Philoctetes on Isle of Lemnos, Angers Mu-
seum.— Bellier cle la Chavignerie, i. 366.
DEBELLE, ALEXANDRE (JOSEPH
MICHEL FRANgOIS), born at Voreppe
(Isere), Dec. 21, 1805. History painter,
pupil of Gros. Appointed conservator of
the Grenoble Museum in 1853. Has also
made designs and lithographs for books.
L. of Honour, 1868. Works : The Emperor
at Grenoble, March 7, 1815 (1840), Grenoble;
The Emperor entering the Tuileries, March
23, 1815 (1841), Princess Mathilde ; Christ
and Magdalen (1843), Church of Versoud ;
Abdication of Humbert H. (1847), bought
by city of Grenoble ; Moses and Elias (a
fresco), St. Louis en He, Paris, 1845. — La-
rousse.
DEBUCOURT, LOUIS PHILIBERT,
born in Paris, baptized Feb. 13, 1755, died
at Belleville, Sept, 22, 1832. French school;
genre painter, pupil of Vien ; especially
attracted by the Flemish Petty Masters ;
painted scenes from life of middle and lower-
classes with a humorous touch and har-
monious colouring. Works : Charitable
Gentleman, Rural Instruction, Village Judge,
Dreaded Consultation (1781); Scene in the
Halle, Charlatan, Two Fetes, Interior of
Flemish Household (1783); Feigned Ca-
resses, Human Trait of Louis XVT. (1785) ;
Consultation, The Travellers, Blind Man's
Buff, Hermit distributing Chaplets among
Young Girls (1810); Physician Consulted by
Young Woman, Village Fete (1814) ; Day
after Village Wedding (1824).— Gaz. des B.
Arts (1866), xx. 193 ; Goncourt, L'Art du,
xviii. Siecle, 235.
DECAISNE, HENRI, born in Brussels,
Jan. 27, 1799, died in Paris, Oct. 17, 1852.
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil
in Brussels of P. J. C. Franyois and of
David ; studied then in Paris under Giro-
det and Gros, obtained the great prize in
1827, and a medal in 1828 ; visited Holland
in 1830, studying the old masters, and set-
tled in Paris, where he won great reputa-
tion as an excellent portrait painter in the
manner of Lawrence. Order of Leopold in
1839 ; L. of Honour, 1842. Works : Indian
Family in Exile, Pariah and Brahmin, Mar-
garet of Valois saving Life of a Protestant
(1827) ; Blind Milton dictating Paradise Lost
(1828) ; Sick Father, Sick Husband, Charles
I. taking Farewell of his Children (1829);
Cromwell and his Daughter (1830); Last Mo-
ments of Louis XHL, Louis XTV. and de La
Valliere (1831) ; Fenella dancing before
Charles H. (1832) ; Anne Boleyn's Farewell
of her Daughter, Mile, de Montpensier writ-
ing her Memoirs, Queen Elizabeth and Amy
Robsart (1833) ; Henri de Lorraine at Chateau
d'Eu, Descent from Cross (1835) ; Hagar in
the Desert (1836), Brussels Museum ; Mater
Dolorosa, Guardian Angel (1836) ; Fran-
cis L in Madrid, Henrietta of England re-
ceived at the Louvre by Louis XIV.
(1837); Entry of Charles VH. into Rouen
(1838), Versailles Museum ; Belgium re-
warding her Great Men (1839), St. Augus-
tine's, Brussels; Charity (1839), Hamburg
Gallery; Giotto Guarding Sheep (1839);
Adoration of Shepherds (1841); Francesca
da Rimini ; Institution of Order of St. John
(1842), Conquest of Marrah (1844), Ver-
sailles Gallery ; Four Evangelists, Education
of Christ (1844), St. Paul's, Paris ; Maternal
Happiness (1846); Fortune-Teller (1847);
Boniface de Montferrat elected Leader of
Fourth Crusade, Last Visit of Raphael to
his Studio (1849); Chancellor of Hospital
380
DECAMPS
during St. Bartholomew's Night (1850);
Jane Shore, The Dauphin in Prison of the
Temple (1852); Portraits of Duke of Or-
leans and Princess Clementine (1831), Pa-
lazzo Royal ; King and Queen of Belgium
(1834) ; Mile, de Montpensier (1834), Pa-
'ecai/ne
\
lazzo Royal ; Lamartiue (1839). — Biog. nat.
de Belgique, iv. 8(50 ; Iimnerzeel, i. 169 ;
Kramm, ii. 324 ; Larousse, vi. 209.
DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE GABRIEL,
Lorn in Paris,
March 3, 1803,
died at Fon-
tainebleau,
Aug. 22, 1860.
History, land-
scape, and
genre painter ;
pupil of Abel
dePujol.David,
and Ingres. He
freed himself
early from classical principles of style and
imitation of the antique, and formed him-
self through the study of Nature, and his
name was soon counted with those of Ingres,
Delacroix, and Delaroche as a leader of the
modern romantic French school In 1827 he
accompanied the marine painter Garneray
to Greece, Constantinople, and Asia Minor,
and conceived a lasting predilection for
Oriental subjects, which he treated with
consummate skill and power. Works : Sol-
dier of the Vizier's Guard (1827); Turkish
Patrol in Smyrna (1831), Turkish Execution
(1839), Miraculous Draught of Fishes (1855),
and others, Sir R "Wallace, London ; Turk-
ish Children near a Fountain (1833); Body
Guard on Road from Smyrna to Magnesia
(1834, Maison sale, 1868, 80,000 fr.), Re-
becca at Well (1848), Bertrand and Raton,
Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ; Defeat of the
Cimbri by Marius (1834), Fowls and Ducks,
Cottier Collection ; Reading Firman at
House of Village Agha, Women Bathing
(1834), M. Forme ; Samson, Joseph sold by
his Brethren (1839), Child playing with
Lizard, The Ford, Dr. L. V6ron ; Finding
of Moses (1837), Joseph Face ; Punishment
of the Hooks, Village Street in Papal States
(1839); Turkish Children coming out of
School (1841, Lehon sale, Paris, 1861,
34,000 fr.); Towing Horses (1842), The
Caravan, Louvre, Paris ; Siege of Clermont
(1842); Life of Samson (9 designs, 1845);
Turkish Srhool, Shepherd's Retuni, Sou-
venir of Turkey in Asia (1846), Huntsman
and Dogs at Fault, Fodor Museum, Amster-
dam ; Heron, The Desert (1849) ; Turkish
Cavalry crossing Ford, Flight into Egypt,
Greek Pirates (1850); Rebecca and Eliezer
(1851), Baron Royer ; Monkey Painter,
Hunting with Falcon, Hunters at the Meet,
late Due de Morny ; Don Quixote and
Sancho Panza, Baron G. de Rothschild ;
Turkish Coffee-House, Comte Lariboissiore ;
Spaniards playing Cards, M Jules Delon ;
Children playing with Turtle, Donkeys, M.
Paturle ; Interior of Farm-House, Comte T.
du ChAtel ; Farmyard, Baron Corvisart ;
Turkish Children playing with Turtles, M.
Cuvillier-Fleury ; Tow-Horses, M. Ravenaz ;
Village in Italy, Tiger and Elephant, M.
Gaillard pere ; Donkey and Learned Dogs,
Beggar counting Receipts, M Albert ; Turk-
ish Butcher, Italian Peasant, The Grand-
mother, Ball Players, M. Gaillard fils ; Ken-
nel, Interior of a Yard, Baron Michel ; Sou-
venir of Turkey in Asia, Albanians, Gypsies,
Turkish Coffee-House, Improviser, M. Henri
Didier-Go6don ; Hunter in the Marsh,
M. Bonnet ; Halt of Arab Cavalry, Dogs,
Marquis of Harcourt ; Monkeys, Large
• Turkish Bazaar, Lord Henry Seymour ;
Monkey Bakers, Monkey Pork-Butchers, M.
Joseph Fau ; Interior of a Courtyard in
Italy (Pillet sale, 1881, 36,800 fr.); Sunset at
Fecamp (Everard sale, 1872, 18,000 fr.); Vil-
lage Street (Dagnan sale, 1881, 16,300 fr.);
Suburbs of Smyrna (Narischkiue sale, 1883,
36,100 fr.); Street of Italian Village (do.,
48,000 fr). Works in United States : Niyht-
3S1
DECKER
Watch at Smyrna, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New Continental Congress signing the Declara-
York ; Italian Washerwomen, A. Belmont, tioii of Independence in Independence Hall,
New York ; Dog, J. H. Stebbins, New York ; Philadelphia, in 1776. John Hancock sits
Good Samaritan, Fishermen's Huts, B. Wall, j at a table, on which rests the Declaration ;
Providence ; Calais Fisherman, Erwiu Davis, ' near him, standing, are Jefferson, Adams,
New York ; Playing with Pussy in Bed, Fal- I Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston, the
coners, D. 0. Mills, New York; Italian Family, 'committee who had reported the draft of
Bashi-Bazouk, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; | the instrument ; seated in chairs around the
The Suicide, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; De- j room are the other members of the Congress.
tachment of Cavalry, Landscape, Prayer in Painted in 1817-24 for $8,000 ; original
Desert, The Prodigal, Old Mill at Waterloo,
A. E. Borie Collection, Philadelphia. — Burty,
Life, etc.; Chesneau, Peinture franyaise
(Paris, 1883) ; Ch. Blanc, ficole franyaise ; ]
Moreau, Decamps «t son CEuvre (Paris,
1869) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1862), vii. 97 ; Ham- !
erton, French Painters ; Perrier,
127 ; Meyer, Geseh., 255, 750.
study in Yale College Gallery. Engraved
on back of $100 United States national bank
note.
DE CONINCK, PIERRE (LOUIS JO-
SEPH), bom at M6teren (Nord), Nov. 22,
1 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet ;
Etudes, ! won 2d prix de Rome in 1855. Medals in
1866 and 1868 ; 3d class, 1873. Works :
DECKER (Dekker), CORNELLS GER- Csesar on the Vessel (1855) ; Eva on Uncle
RITSZ, born about 1600, died in Haarlem, ', Tom's Knees (1857) ; Baron, Cossack (1859,
buried March 23, 1678. Dutch school ; land- 1 horses of Imperial stud) ; 'Woman Bathing
scape painter, pupil of Solomon Ruysdael ; j at Capri (1863); Torture of Queen Brune-
registered in Haarlem guild in 1643. His ! haut, Ballet Girl Resting (1864) ; Christ
pictures sometimes approach Ruysdael, but blessing Little Children (1865) ; Huntress,
he was not skilful in atmospheric effects, j Two Friends (1866) ; Lavandara (1867) ;
and his tones are heavy. A. van de Velde The Ordeal (1868) ; End of Carnival at Rome
and Adrian van Ostade sometimes supplied (1869) ; Little Charmer (1870) ; Confidence,
the figures in his pictures. Works : Two j The Ring (1873) ; Candy, Idling, Kittens
landscapes, Louvre ; Rural Dwelling, with (1874); Pastorella, Ave Maria, Friend of the
trees and a canal, Rotterdam Museum ; Halt : Little Birds (1875) ; A Trappist Monk.Charm-
at the Inn (1642), Berlin Museum ; Peasant ing Little Girl (1876) ; Little Girl Studying
Cottage, figures by Ostade, Old Pinakothek, (1877) ; Cornelia (1878) ; Mater Dolorosa
Munich ; two landscapes, Haussmann Col-
lection, Hanover; wood landscape (1666),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Edge of a Wood,
Metropolitan Museum, New York. By J.
(1879) ; Hops (1880) ; Hare caught in a
• Trap (1881) ; Fishing for Eels, Spoiled Girl
(1882) ; A Good Hunt (1883); Small Fish
will grow Large (1884); The Trappist, Primi-
Decker (flourished 1640-60), otherwise un- tive Hunting (1885). Works in the United
known, A Smithy (signed and dated 1644),
CD-
in the Berlin Museum.— Kugler (Crowe), ii.
479.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,
States : At the Fountain, Miss C. L. Wolfe,
New York; Little Bird-Charmer, D. T.
Buzby, Baltimore ; Violin Girl, A. J. Antelo,
Philadelphia.
DEDREUX. See Dreux.
DEELEN, DIRK VAN, born at Heusden
about 1607, died at Arnemuyden, Zeeland,
May 16, 1673. Dutch school ; architecture
painter ; said to be a pupil of Frans Hals,
John Trumbull, rotunda of Capitol, Washing- which is very doubtful ; visited Italy about
ton ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft. The Second 1631, lived temporarily at Haarlem, Delft,
DEFAUX
and Antwerp, and settled later in Arnemuy- (1874) ; Spring-Time in the Woods (1875) ;
den, where he became burgomaster. His The Loing during a Snow-Storm (1876) ;
pictures, in which Van Herp, Palamedes, From Honfleur to Pennedepic, Gravel-Pit at
Stevens, and Wouwerman supplied the fig- Fontainebleau (1877) ; Spring Morning in
ures, are distinguished for their fine lineal Cernay (1878) ; Forest of Fontainebleau
and aerial perspective. Works : Colonnade (1879) ; Morning at Chateau-Landon, Har-
with Christ and Adulteress (1C27), Entrance bour of Pout-Aven (1880), Luxembourg Mu-
to Palace (1667), Hall with Festive Assem- seum ; The Loing, Island of Grande-Jatte
bly, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Court with (1881); Boad at Montigny, View from Mont-
Ball Players (1628), Louvre ; Interior, do. martre (1882) ; Old Birches at the Pigeon
with Duke Alva judging the Netherlands, Pond in Fontainebleau, Montigny-sur-Loing
Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Festive Assembly (1883) ; Cherry Trees in Blossom, Low Tide
(1631), Stockholm Museum ; St. Peter's in in Normandy (1884) ; Pastime of a Flock of
Home (1032), Augsburg Gallery ; Courtyard Geese, After the Storm (1885).
of Castle (1635), Interior of Gothic Church, DEFEEGGER, FRANZ VON, born at
Brunswick Museum ; Concert-Room (1636), Strouach, Tyrol,
Rotterdam Museum ; Interior of Castle April 30, 1835.
(1638), two others, Lille Museum ; Conver- Genre painter, pu-
sation in the Street (1636), Copenhagen Gal- pil at the Munich
lery ; Garden-Palace (1640), Splendid Build- , Academy under An-
ing with Colonnade, Vienna Museum; Portico schfltz, then studied
of a Palace (1642), Brussels Museum; Court- ' for eighteen months
yard of Palace (1647), Berlin Museum; Hall in Paris, spent two
in the Binnenhof (1647), National Museum, years in the Tyrol,
Amsterdam ; Interior of Italian Church and in 1867 entered
(1648), Rothan Gallery, Paris; Allegory of Piloty's school at
Poetry and Painting (1668), Antwerp Mu- Munich, where he has resided since 1871.
seum ; Interior (1625), Fitzwilliam Museum, Medal, Paris, 3d Class, 1878. Honorary
Cambridge; Palatial Buildings in Renais- member of the Munich, Vienna, and Berlin
sance Style, National Gallery, London. — Academies ; ennobled in 1883. Works :
Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 19 ; Bode, Studien, Forester's Last Return (1867), The Young
214 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 432 ; Zeitschr. f. Poachers, Speckbacher and his Son (1869),
b. K, is. 95.
DEFAUX, ALEXANDRE, born at Bercy,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Wrestling Match
(1870); Ball on the Alp (1871); Surprised
Paris, Sept. 27, 1826. Landscape painter, Poachers (1871); The Two Brothers (1872);
pupil of Corot. His works have been more The Prize-Horse (1873); The Beggar Sing-
admired by the critics than by the general ers (1873); Madonna (1873); The Arri6te-
public. Medals: 3d class, 1874; 2d class, Ban (1874), Zither Player, Vienna Museum ;
1875 ; L. of Honour, 1881. Works : View The Bitten Goose (1875); Return of the Vic-
at Caen, Abandoned Race-Course at Ivry tors (1876), National Gallery, Berlin ; Say-
(1859); View at St. Maur, Coast of Gravelle ing Grace, Leipsic Museum ; Farewell of the
(1863) ; Plateau of Belle-Croix (1864) ; En- ' Alpine Herd-Keeper, Dresden Gallery ; An-
virons of Mere'ville (1865) ; Dead Nature, dreas Hofer's last Walk, Konigsberg Mu-
Environs of Caen (1867); Marsh of Donville seum ; Andreas Hofer in the Palace at Inns-
(1868) ; Evening in Spring-Time (1869) ; bruck (1879); The Smith of Kochel (1881),
The River Yerres (1870) ; Fine Winter Day New Pinakothek, Munich ; The Love-Letter
in Bas-Meudou (1872) ; The Loire after a (1882); On the Dancing Floor (1882); The
Flood (1873); Birch-Trees at Fontainebleau Fashionable Tyrolese (1883), National Gal-
DEGEK
lery, Berlin ; On Furlough (1884). Works
in United States : Head of Girl, S. A. Coale,
St. Louis ; Prize-Horse, E. D. Morgan, New
York ; Italian Singing Beggars, J. T. Martin,
Brooklyn ; Tourists in Tyrol, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; The New Brother, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York. At Narischkine
sale (1883) The Dance sold for 48,000 fr.—
Brockhaus, iv. 945 ; Miiller, 12 ; Meyer, Con.
Lex., xvii. 555 ; Graph. K, iv. 17 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1873), ii. 361; (1875), ii. 255; (1882),
ii. 497 ; N. illustr. Zeitg. (1880), i. 6 ; (1883),
i. 74 ; Land und Meer (1874), i. 36, 274 ;
Kunst-Chronik, vi. 6 ; xviii. 403 ; six. 317,
Pecht, ii. 27 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 100, 116 ;
465 ; xvi. 50 ; xvii. 344 ; xviii. 403 ; xix. 130;
viii. (Mittheilungen, i.58);xii. (Mitth., v. 52).
DEGER, ERNST, born at Bockenem, Han-
over, April 15, 1809, died at DQsseldorf, Jan.
27, 1885. History painter, pupil in 1828
of the Berlin Academy under Wach, and in
1829 of the Dtlsseldorf Academy under
Schadow. In Rome in 1837-41 he prepared
himself to paint the frescos in the St. Apol-
linaris chapel at Remagen, which he executed
conjointly with Ittenbach, and Andreas and
Karl Miiller, in 1843-51. He then decorated
the chapel at Castle Stolzenfels, near Co-
blentz, for Frederick William IV. of Prussia,
and in 1869 became professor at the Diissel-
dorf Academy, Member of Berlin and Munich
Academies. Works : Pieta (1830) ; Bearing
the Cross (1832); Madonna (1833); Annun-
ciation (1834); Resurrection (1835); Virgin
adoring Christ (1836); Madonna Enthroned
(1837), St. Andrew's chapel, Dtlsseldorf; Sev-
eral other Madonnas, Redeemer with Mary
and John Baptist, and Seven Scenes from
Life of Christ (1841-51), St. Apollinaris
chapel, Remagen ; St. Catherine (1842); St.
Magdalen (1843); St. Joseph with Infant
Christ (1844); Holy Virgin, Resurrection,
Maximilianeum, Munich ; Twelve Scenes il-
lustrating Redemption of Mankind, Castle
Stolzenfels; Adam and Eve (1853), Raczynski
Gallery, Berlin. — Brockhaus, iv. 948 ; Fors-
ter, v. 379 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf. K, 46 ;
Reber-Pecht, ii. 151 ; Wiegrnann, 60, 131.
DEGUSTATION (Tasting), Gerard Ter-
burg, formerly in Narischkine Gallery, St.
Petersburg. A lady, in a yellow satin cor-
set, black velvet pelerin, and gray skirt,
seated beside a table, on which are an ink-
stand, pen, and paper, is tasting wine from
a Venice glass held in her left hand ; in her
right she holds a white pot with a tin cover,
which rests upon her knee ; in back of the
room, a bed with red curtains. Sale of
Count Perregaux (1841), 8,000 fr.; Delessert
sale, (1869) ; Narischkine sale, Paris (1883),
51,050 fr.— Smith, ix. 537.
DEHODENCQ, (EDME ALEXIS) AL-
FRED, bom in Paris, April 23, 1822. Genre
and history painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet ;
has travelled much in Spain and North Af-
rica, whence he takes many of his subjects.
Medals : 3d class, 1846 and 1853 ; medal,
1865 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Saint
Cecilia (1844); In Doubt (1845); St. Stephen
led to Torture (1846); Visitation (1847);
Christ in the Tomb, Camoens (1848); Vir-
ginia found Dead upon the Shore (1849),
ordered by State ; Bull Fight in Spain
(1850), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
Gypsy Men and Women returning from a
Festival in Andalusia (1853); Jewish Con-
cert at the House of a Morocco Cadi (1855);
Execution of a Jewess in Morocco, Married
Jewess of Tangiers (1861); Columbus at the
Convent of Rabida (1864); The Good Vent-
ure, Jewish Festival in Morocco (1865); The
Pasha's Justice (1866); Ruth and Naomi,
Punishing Thieves in Morocco (1867); Ar-
rest of Charlotte Corday (1868) ; King Boab-
dil's Farewell to Granada (1869); Jewish
Festival in Tangiers (1870); October Morn-
ing in Luxembourg (1872); Othello (1873);
Negro Dance in Tangiers, Arab Children
playing with a Turtle (1874); The Reader
(1875); Christ raising the Daughter of Jai-
rus (1876); Morocco Story-Teller (1877);
Bacchus (1878); The Married Jewess, De-
parture of Mobiles in July, 1870 (1879); The
Pasha's Sons, Arrest of a Jew in Tangiers
(1880) ;Morocco Prisoners, Morning Meal ona
Farm, Going to Work (1881); Towing(1883).
384
DEIG
DEIG (Taig), SEBASTIAN, German
school, 16th century, 1516-1544. A crude
imitator of Diirer and Schiiufelin, whose
pictures may be seen in Nuremberg, Schleiss-
heim, and the Town TT^II of Nordlingen. —
Nagler, Mon., v. 69 ; W. & W., ii. 403.
DEIKER, JOHANNES CHRISTIAN,
born at Wetzlar, Rhenish Prussia, May 27,
1822. Painter of animals and hunts ; pupil
of his father Friedrich, a portrait painter,
then of the Hauau Academy, and at the
Stadel Institute in Frankfort under Jakob
Becker ; entered the service of Prince
Salms, on whose estates he made the forest
and its animal life his special study, and
then went for a year to Antwerp. In 1868
he settled in Diisseldorf. Works : Stags iu
Calving Time, Dog with Hares, Dog at the
Chase, Pointer and Partridgea — Mttller,
129.
DFJKER, KARL FRIEDRICH, born at
Wetzlar, April 3, 1836. Painter of animals
and hunts, brother of Johannes ; pupil of
the Hanau Academy, and from 1858 in Carls-
ruhe of Schirmer ; settled in 1864 in Dtissel-
dorf. Works : Wounded Stag (1858); Two
Boar-Hunts (1859); Fighting Stags (1861);
Stag-Hunt, Boar-Hunt (1870), Cologne Mu-
seum ; Deer in the Mountains (1876); Con-
test for the Herd (1879).— Ulustr. Zeitg.
(1872), L 67 ; (1873), i. 99; (1877), ii. 267 ;
(1880), ii. 481; MUller, 129 ; Land und Meer
(1873), ii. 751.
DETTERS, HEINRICH, born at Miinster,
Westphalia, Sept. 5, 1840. Landscape
painter, pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy
under Alex. Michelis, and much influenced
by Andreas Achenbach ; studied from nat-
ure in Belgium, Holland, France, and
Southern Germany, but especially in West-
phalia. Works: After the Rain (1865);
Westphalian Village, Dordrecht, Wood In-
terior, River Plain ; View in Amsterdam,
Gravelotte, April Weather, Before the
Storm (1868) ; Mill, Evening Landscape.—
Mttller, 130.
DEJANIRA, RAPE OF, Guido Reni,
Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 8 ft.7 in. x 6 ft. 6 in.
: Hercules having entrusted Dejanira to the
i Centaur Nessus to be carried across the River
Evenus, slays him with a poisoned arrow
when he perceives that he is about to carry
her off Same history as Hercules and Ache-
lous of Guido. Engraved by G. Rousselet ;
Bervic. — Landou, Musue, i. PI. 35 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
DEJUINNE, FRANCOIS LOUIS, born
' in Paris in 1786, died there in 1844. His-
tory painter, pupil of Girodet ; won grand
prix de Rome in 1817, and then studied at
the French Academy in Rome. L. of Hou-
' our, 1824. Works : Death of Hector ; As-
sumption, St. Genevii-ve, Notre Dame de Lo-
rette ; Christ healing the Blind, St. Vincent
de Paul ; St. Fiacre declining the Crown,
St. Sulpice ; Four Seasons, Trianon Palace ;
Baptism of Clovis, Versailles Museum ;
St. Aignan invoking Heaven for besieged
Orleans ; Michelangelo's House, Tasso's
House, Girodet painting Galatea, Inez at
the Feet of Childe Harold.
DEKKER See Decker.
DELABORDE, HENRI, Vicomte, born
' at Renues, May 2, 1811. History painter,
1 pupil of Delaroche ; in 1855 was made con-
! servator of the Imperial Cabinet of Engrav-
ings, afterwards its vice-director ; member
of Academy, 1868, perpetual secretary since
1 1874 ; distinguished as a writer upon art.
Medals : 2d class, 1837; 1st class, 1847 ; L.
of Honour, 1860; Officer, 1870. Works: Ha-
gar in the Desert (1836), Dijon Museum ;
j Conversion of Si Augustine (1837) ; Death of
St. Monica (1838); Conquest of Damietta
(1841), Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
(1845), Versailles Museum ; Passion of
Christ (1848), Amiens Cathedral.— Meyer,
Con. Lex., xviii. 229 ; Muller, 130.
DELACROIX, AUGUSTE, born at Bou-
logue-sur-Mer, Jan. 27, 1809, died there, Nov.,
1868. Genre and marine painter. Paralyzed
during several years before his death, he
painted his last works with his left hand.
Medals : 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1841 ; 1st
class, 1846. Works: Coast of Boulogne,
Interior of Boulogne Harbour (1835), De-
DELACROIX
parture of Fishermen (1839), Negro Dan-
cers at Tangiers (1859), Pilgrimage to
Notre Dame de Boulogne (1866), Boulogne
Museum; Expectation, Smugglers (1841);
Benediction of the Sea (1844, 1863); Wo-
men surprised by the Tide, Talk at the
Fountain, Washerwomen (1846) ; Well of
Casbah at Tangiers (1852); Departure for
Fishing, Eeturn (1855); Halt of Caravan
(1864).— Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 380.
DELACEOIX, (FERDINAND VICTOR)
EUGENE, bom at
Charanton St. Mau-
rice, near Paris, April
26, 1799, died in Paris,
Aug. 13, 1863. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Gueriu. Exhibited in
1822 his Dante and
Virgil, which won him
reputation, and he
might have received
high academic honours if he had not, with
Gericault and others, diverged from the
prevalent classicism of the school of David
and joined the romantic school, of which he
became one of the leaders. He travelled in
Spain and North Africa in 1831, and be-
tween that and 1855 executed important
public commissions, decorating the Cham-
ber of Deputies, the Library of the Luxem-
bourg, the Church of St. Sulpice, and gal-
leries in the Louvre and the Hotel de Ville.
L. of Honour, 1831 ; Officer, 1846 ; Com-
mander, 1855 ; Member of Institute, 1857.
Works : Dante and Virgil (1822), Massacre
of Scio (1824), Twenty-eighth of July, 1830
(1830), Algerian Women (1834), Portrait of j
himself (1837), Jewish Wedding in Morocco
(1841), Shipwreck of Don Juan, Louvre ;
Christ in Gethsemane, St. Paul, Paris ;
Portrait of Marshal de Tourville (1835),
Battle of Taillebourg (1837), Entry of Cru-
saders into Constantinople (1841), Versailles
Museum ; Death of Sardanapalus ; Death of
Marino Faliero (1827), Faust and Mephis-
topheles, Sir Richard Wallace, London ;
Death of Charles the Bold (1834), Nancy
Museum; Justice of Trajan (1840), Rouen
Museum ; Marcus Aurelius (1845), Lyons
Museum ; Medea (1838), Lille Museum ;
Head of Actaeon, Melun Museum ; St.
George, Grenoble Museum ; Two Foscari
(1855), Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ; Martyr-
dom of St. Stephen (1853), Arras Museum ;
The Halt (1837), Nantes Museum ; Sultan of
Morocco leaving his Palace (1845), Toulouse
Museum ; Arab Musicians (1848), Tours
Museum ; Portrait of Himself (1829), Charge
of Arab Cavalry (1832), Algerian Women at
Home, Daniel iu Lions' Den (1853), Michel-
angelo in his Studio (1853), Mulatto Wo-
man, Montpellier Museum ; Prisoner of
Chillon (1835) ; Martyrdom of St. Sebas-
tian (1836) ; Convulsionnaires of Tangiers
(1838); Hamlet with Skull of Yorick (1839);
Romeo's Farewell (1846) ; Christ Crucified
(1847); Death of Valentine (1848); Apollo
killing the Python (1849). Works in United
States : Marguerite and Mephistopheles,
W. Rockefeller, New York ; Iconoclasts, B.
Wall, Providence ; Clotilda delivering the
Martyrs, H. Probasco, Cincinnati ; Greek
Soldier, A. J. Antelo, Philadelphia; Sultan
of Morocco, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ;
Meeting of Ruth's Kinsman and Boaz,
Lion Hunt, Capture of Gotz von Berlich-
ingen, Groom and Mare, A. E. Borie Col-
lection, Philadelphia ; The Combat, W.
tVCX DEV.ACH.OIX
T. Walters, Baltimore. — Moreau, Dela-
croix et son (Euvre (Paris, 1873); Burty,
Maitres, 51; Leclercq, Caracteres, 83 ; Ch.
Blanc, Artistes d. m. Temps, 23 ; Perrier,
Etudes, 36 ; Chesneau, Peinture franpaise
(1883); Gaz. dea B. Arts (1865), xix. 144;
(1873), vii. 560 ; International Rev. (1880),
viii. 357 ; Nation (1880), xxx. 388 ; L'Art
(1882), xxviii. 61 ; (1883), xxxii. 76, 94 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 201 ; Robaut (Chesneau),
L'CEuvre complet de E. D. (Paris, 1885).
DELACROIX, HENRI EUGfiNE, born
at Solesmes (Nord) ; contemporary. His-
tory painter, pupil of CabaneL Medal, 3d
386
DKI.AIIAVK
class, 1876. Works: Dnnte and Virgil
(1875), Cambrai Museum ; Rebellious An-
gels (1876), bought by State ; Prometheus
(1877) ; Christ in the Tomb (1878) ; The Lit-
tle Giggler (1879); The Angelus (1880); Or-
pheus torn by the Bacchantes (1881); Death
of a Hog, Autumn Night (1883); The Laun-
dress (1884).
DELAHAYE, ERNEST JEAN, born in
France ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Gurome. Medals : 3d
class, 1882 ; 2d class, 1884. Works : Lav-
atory(1881); Shoeing, Farriery (1882); Jew-
ish Easter (1883) ; Gas- Works at Courcelles
(1884); Farriery, Portrait of Henri Maret
(1885).
DELANCE, PAUL LOUIS, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Gerome. Medal, 3d
class, 1881. Works: Faith, Hope, and
Charity (1878); The three Ages (1879);
Louis XVI. and Parmentier (1880); Return
of the Flag (1881); Revery (1882); Depart-
ure (1883); Upon the Stockade, Portrait
(1884) ; Nurses' Bench at Orphanage of St.
Valery (1885).
DELANOY, HIPPOLYTE PIERRE,
born in Glasgow, Scotland, of French pa-
rents ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Jobbe-Duval, F. Barrias, Bonuat, and
Vollon. Medal, 3d class, 1879. Works:
Pride and Impudence, Gilliflowers and
Thoughts (1877); Booty, Breakfast on the
the Turf (1878); At Don Quixote's, The
Koran (1879); Preparation for Breakfast,
Peaches and Flowers (1880) ; Breakfast
(1881) ; A Corner in Willem Kalf's Studio,
The Gospel (1882); To the Glory of a Gen-
eral of the Past or the Future, India and
the East (1883) ; Luncheon in the Park,
Things of the Past (1884); With Jacques
d'Anville, In Time of Chivalry (1885).
DELAROCHE, PAUL (Hippolyte), born
in Paris, July 17, 1797, died there, Nov.
4, 1856. History and portrait painter. Be-
gan by painting landscapes under Watelet,
which he gave up for history after entering
the studio of Baron Gros. First attracted
attention by his picture of Joash Raved from
death by Jehosheba (1822). Received the
great gold medal
in 1824, became
J Knight of the
Legion of Hon-
! our in 1828, Offi-
cer in 1834, Mem-
ber of the Insti-
tute in 1832, and
Professor at the
Academy in 1833.
In the following
year lie went to
Italy, and on his return showed the ideal-
izing effect upon his style of his study of the
old masters in the famous Hemicycle which
he painted at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. At
the time of his second visit to Italy in 1844
he was made a member of the Academy of
St. Luke, as he had previously been of the
academies of Amsterdam and St. Peters-
burg. Works: Naphtali in the Desert
(1819); Joash saved from death by Jehosh-
eba (1822), Death of Queen Elizabeth (1827),
Children of Edward IV., or l*rinccs in the
Tower (1830), Louvre, Paris ; Filippo Lippi
(1822); St. Vincent de-Paul preaching be-
fore Louis Xm. (1823); Joan of Arc in Pris-
on, St Sebastian (1824); Children caught in
Storm (1825) ; Death of Agostino Carracci
(1826); Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1826),
Konigsberg Museum ; Flora Mocdonald
! (1826); Death of Durauti (1827), painted for
Conseil d'Etat ; Capture of the Trocadero
(1827); Richelieu on the Rhone (1829),
Death of Mazarin (1830), Sir R. Wallace,
London ; Cromivell beside Coffin of Charles
I. (1831), Nimes Museum ; Execution of Lady
Jane Grey (1834), H W. Eaton, M.P.; Gal-
j ileo (1834); Assassination of Due de Gttiw
(1835), Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ; Strn/ord
going to Execution (1835), Duke of Suther-
land ; Charing I. insulted by Cromwell's
Soldiers (1836), Bridgewater Gallery ; Na-
poleon in his Study (1837), Countess of
Sandwich ; Portrait of Peter the Great
(1838) ; Hemicycle (1838-41), Ecole des
3S7
DELAUNAY
Beaux Arts, Paris ; Pico della Mirandola
taught by his Mother (1842), Nantes Muse-
um ; Pilgrims at Rome (1842) ; Mother's
Joys, Herodias (1843) ; portrait of Gregory
XVI. (1844), Charlemagne crossing the Alps
(1847), Versailles Museum ; Napoleon at
Fontainebleau (1845), Leipsic Museum ;
The Swing (1845), Nantes Museum ; Napo-
leon crossing the Alps (1848); Marie An-
toinette leaving the Tribunal (1851); Napo-
leon at St. Helena (1852), Queen Victoria ;
Last Prayer of Children of Edward TV.
(1852); Mater Dolorosa (1852), Liege Mu-
seum ; Moses exposed on Nile, Entombment
(1853) ; Last Communion of Mary Stuart
(1854); Beatrice Cenci going to Execution,
Christ in the Garden (Norzy sale, I860, 8,000
fr.), Christian Martyr (1855); Girondists, Re-
turn from Golgotha, Virgin inContemplation,
Virgin with Holy Women (1856). Portraits :
Napoleon, Duke of Portland's Collection ;
Due d'Angoulfime ; Mile. Sontag ; Due de
Noailles ; de Remusat ; Prince Adam Czar-
toryski ; de Salvandy ; Thiers ; Guizot ;
Changarnier; Count Mole; Pourtales. Works
in United States : Study of Head, T. A,
Havemeyer, New York ; Christ the Con-
soler, A. Belmont, New York ; Temptation
of Christ, T. Corse, New York ; Gethsemane,
H. V. Newcomb, New York ; Nymph of the
Fountain, D. O. Mills, New York; The
Hemicyde (1853), W. T. Walters, Baltimore.
— Godde, CEuvre de P. D., 86 photos. (Paris,
1868) ; Hamerton, French Painters ; Ch.
Blanc, £cole fran^-aise ; Runtz Rees, P. De-
laroche ; Larousse, vi. 335 ; Meyer, Gesck,
475 ; Perrier, Etudes, 50 ; Rossetti, 101 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1860), v. 325 ; vi. 319 ;
(1861), x. 57.
DELAUNAY, JULES ELIE, born at
Nantes, June 12, 1828. Genre painter; pu-
pil of Hipp. Flandrin, L. Laroutte, and of
the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he won the
2d grand prix in 1835, and the grand prix
de Rome in 1856. Has decorated several
churches. Medals : 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class,
1863, 1865, and 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1867.
Works : Christ driving the Money Changers
from the Temple (1853) ; Return of Tobias
(1856); The Salt-makers of Guerande (1853) ;
The Flute Lesson (1859); Brutus's Oath
(Tours Museum) ; Death of the Nymph Hes-
r\ * peria (1863) ;
^J 'f> (jfljL4/IS\j£2/\S Communion
>X^ of the Apostles
(1865), Plague in Rome (1869), Death of
Nessus (1870) ; Diana (1872), Luxembourg.
He has painted only portraits since 1872.
DELAVAL, PIERRE LOUIS, born in
Paiis, April 27, 1790, died in 1870. History
painter, pupil of Girodet; and only a barren
imitator of his master. Medal : 2d class,
1817. Works: St. Clotilda urging Clovis
to embrace Christianity (1817), St. Louis,
Versailles; Minerva protecting the Arts
(1819), Grand Trianon; Psyche abandoned
by Cupid, Grenoble Museum; The Virgin
(1827), St. Cecilia, Cathedral of Meaux; St.
Louis with the Oriflamme.
DELEN. See Deelen.
DELESTRE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in
Lyons, Jan. 10, 1800, died in Paris in Janu-
ary, 1871. Genre painter, pupil of Gros;
was also a writer on art, and excelled rather
as a teacher than a painter. He took an
active part in the Revolution of 1848. Works:
Carmelite; Murder of Clodimir's Children;
Jesus and the Heavy-Laden; Peter's Re-
pentance; Justice; Sappho at Leucadia. —
Larousse.
DELFT, WILLEM JACOBSZEN, born
in 1580 (1592), died in 1638. Dutch school;
third son and pupil of Jacob AVillemszen,
and pupil of Mierevelt, whose daughter he
married. He devoted himself later entirely
to engraving. There is an excellent female
portrait by him (1632) in the StUdel Gallery,
Frankfort. His son, Jacob Willemszen (1619-
1661), was a portrait painter. — Kugler
(Crowe), i. 257.
DELFT (Delff), JACOB WILLEMSZEN,
died in Delft in 1601. Dutch school; por-
trait painter; among whose works are A
Reconciliation between Esau and Jacob
(1584), in the Vienna Museum, an Archer's
Repast in the City Hall, Delft (1592), and a
388
BELLI
portrait of the artist with his wife and three
sons. His eldest sou, Cornelis Jacobzen,
painted still life, and his second son, Rochus
Jacobzen, portraits. — Kugler (Crowe), i.
257.
DELLI, DELLO (Danielle), Cavaliere,
born in Florence about 1404, died after 1464.
Florentine school. In 1424, NiccolS Delli's
father, having surrendered the fortress of
Montecerro in the Tuscan Romagna to the
Duke of Milan, was sentenced to death, and
fled to Siena, where his son made himself
known by casting a brazen figure to strike
the hours for the clock-tower of the palace.
About 1427 Dello went to Venice, and then
to Seville, Spain, where he spent many years,
became rich, and was made Cavaliere, a title
which was recognized in Florence in 1447.
Before returning to Spain in the following
year he is said to have painted twenty-four
frescos from the book of Genesis in the so-
called " green " cloister of S. M. Novella,
considerable vestiges of which still remain.
These frescos, on the south and west walls,
are like those by Paolo Uccello upon the
other sides of the cloister, painted in shades
of green hatched with white lines. Milauesi
recognizes two different painters in the fres-
cos attributed to Dello, and Crowe and
Cavalcaselle doubt if they can have been
painted by him after his return from Spain
in 1446, as they appear to be the work of an
unformed hand. He characterizes the con-
ceptions as "petty," and the execution as
rude and hasty. The Shern in the fresco of
the Drunkenness of Noah by Paolo Uccello
is said by Vasari to be the portrait of Dello.
The same writer says that Dello painted
furniture and marriage-chests like other ar-
tists of his time. The glazed terra-cotta
bas-relief of the Coronation of the Virgin
over the doorway of the church of S. Egidio,
Florence, which Vasari attributes to Dello,
is by Bicci di Lorenzo. — Vasari, Ed. Le Mon.,
Hi. 46, 51; ed. Mil, ii. 147; C. & C., Italy,
ii. 299 ; Burckhardt, 494 ; Milanesi, Archivio,
Storico Italiano, xii. 183 ; Dispensa 33, A.,
1860.
h.uelobbe. 1975
DELMONT (Del Monte). See Alunt,
Deodaat van der.
DELOBBE, (FRANCOIS) ALFRED, born
in Paris, Oct. 13, 1835. Genre painter,
pupil of \. Lucas and of Bouguereau. Med-
als : 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1875. Works :
Country Music, Return from the Fields of
St. Briac, Marie Jeaunic (1874) ; Pyramus
and Thisbe, A Daughter of the Fields (1875);
Virgin and Child (1876); Springtime (1877);
Lobster-Fishing, The Last Arrow (1878);
The Big Sister (1879) ; The Bath, In the
Prairie (1880); The Family in the Fields,
Gypsy Girl (1881) ; Romance in a Village,
The First
Advances
(1883);By
the Sea, ' "/
Fisherman (1884) ; Two Mermaids, Reverie
(1885); Italian Girl, John Hoey, New York.
DELORME, (PIERRE CLAUDE) FRAN-
(;OIS, born in Paris, July 28, 1783, died
there, Nov. 8, 1859. Genre painter, pupil of
Girodet, to whose style he confined himself.
Medal, 2d class, 1840 ; honorary mention,
1845 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works : Death
of Abel (1810); Hero and Leander (1814);
Raising of Jairus's Daughter (1817),Stlloch,
Paris ; Christ Reappearing (1819) ; Notre
Dame, Paris; Cephalus carried off by Aurora
(1822), Luxembourg ; Sappho reciting an
Ode to Phaon (1833); Eve plucking the For-
bidden Fruit (1834); Magdalen at the Sep-
ulchre (1835) ; Adam and Eve after the
Fall (1839); Holy Family in Egypt (1850).
— Larousse ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iv.
254.
DELORT, CHARLES EDOUARD, born
at Nimes, Feb. 4, 1814. Genre painter,
pupil of Gleyre and of G6rome. Medals :
3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1882. Works: Con-
fidence, Starting for the Chase (1873); Ma-
rauders (1874); Embarkment of Mauon Les-
cant (1875); After Breakfast (1876); Hallali
in a Market (1878) ; A Poacher, Admonition
(1880); Capture of the Dutch Fleet in 1794
(1882); Return from the Review (1884), Mr.
Knuidler, New York.
DELPY
DELPY, CAMILLE HIPPOLYTE, born
at Joiguy (Youne); contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Corot and Daubigny.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works: Solitude
(1878); Snow Landscape, Banks of the Seine
(1879); Autumn Harvest (1880); Entrance
to Dordrecht, Moonrise (1881) ; Dawn of
Day, Twilight (1882); Quay of Fish Market
at Dieppe (1883); Bank of the Morin at Es-
bly (1884); Before the Storm, Poltaise (1885).
DE LUCE, PEKCIVAL, born in New
York, Feb. 24, 1847. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of the Antwerp Academy
under Van Lerius, of Portaels in Brussels,
Deluge, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris.
and of Bonnat in Paris. Exhibits at the
National Academy. Studio in New York.
Works : Portrait, C. H. Hudson ; Children
Gleaning (1879) ; Winter (1880) ; Thankful
Blossoms (1881); Reverie (1882); Powder for
the Besieged— Wheeling, Va., 1777 (1883);
Knitting Lesson (1884) ; Buttercups and
Daisies, The Forbidden Book (1885).
DELUGE, Girodet de Eoussy, Louvre;
canvas, H. 14 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 2 in. A man,
bearing his father upon his shoulders and
holding by the right hand his wife, to
whom two children are clinging, endeavours
to gain the summit of a rock by means of a
tree which breaks iii his grasp. Painted in
1810 ; won grand prize for history over Da-
vid's Sabines. Acquired in 1818, with En-
dymion and Burial of Attala, for 50,000 fr.
— Reveil, i. 22.
By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ;
fresco on ceiling.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. CaUed also L'Hiver
(Winter). The Deluge, with the Ark floating
on the waters ; in middle-ground, where the
current forms a cascade, a half-submerged
vessel with figures, one of them with raised
hands, imploring for mercy; in second plane
at left, the serpent tempter gliding toward
the crevices of a rock ; at
right, a mass of rock and
persons trying to* reach
it in a boat ; below, two
men, one on horseback,
struggling with thewaves.
Painted, with Paradise,
Ruth and Boaz, and Re-
turn of Spies, in 1660-64,
for Due de Richelieu ; in
Chateau Meudon in 1709-
10. Engraved by J.
Audran, P. Laurent, Eich-
ler, Devilliers, Bovinet. —
Filhol, x. PI. 610; Lan-
don, iii. PL 28; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
By Joseph M. W. Tur-
ner, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 9 in.
Illustration of Milton's Paradise Lost. Roy-
al Academy, 1813 ; Turner Collection. En-
graved by J. B. Quilley.— Cat. Nat. Gal.
DEMARNE. See Marne.
DEMAREST, GUILLAUME ALBERT,
born in Rouen, France ; contemporary. Pu-
pil of J. P. Laurens and J. Lavtie. Medal,
3d class, 1883. Works : Grandmother, Rape
of Psyche (1879); Voyage in Extremis (1880);
At the Cemetery (1883); Evening (1884); At
the Studio (1885).
DEMETRIUS, painter and lecturer, sur-
named Graphicus, date unknown. (Diog.
Laer. V. Dem. xi.) Perhaps identical with
DEMETRIUS
one mentioned by Diodorus (Excerpt. Vat.
xxxi. 534), who lived iu Rome about 163
B.C.; or with the Alexandrian painter of
the name (Val. Max., v. 1. 1.) — R-Rochette,
Schorn, 271.
DEMETRIUS, ST., Tintoretto, S. Felice,
Venice ; canvas. St. Demetrius armed and
accompanied by a person of the Casa Ghigi.
— Zanotto, 364.
DEMONT, ADRIEN LOUIS, born at
Douai (Nord), France; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of E. Breton. Medals :
3d class, 1879; 2d class, 1882. Works:
Canal, Village Square (1878); August (1879);
Brickfield, La Scarpe near Douai (1880) ;
The Landes of Finisterre (1881), A Mill
(1882), Luxembourg Museum ; Morning in
March (1882); Brook, Hyacinths in Bloom
(1883) ; Jardin du Vieux (1884) ; Kitchen
Garden in Springtime, Approche du gros
Temps (1885).
DEMONT -BRETON, Mme. VIRGINIE
fiLODIE, born at Courrieres (Pas-de-Calais);
contemporary. Landscape and genre painter,
pupil of Jules Breton. Medals : 3d class,
1881 ; 2d class, 1883. Works : The Little
Spring, April Flowers (1880); Woman bath-
ing her Children (1881) ; The First Step,
The Family (1882) ; Flat Shore (1883), Lux-
embourg Museum ; The Calm, Little Birds'-
Nester (1884) ; Wolves of the Sea (1885).
DEMOPHILUS, painter, of Himera, Si-
cily, about 424 B.C. Supposed to have been
the master of Zeuxis. — Pliny, xxxv. 36 [61].
DENIS, SIMON, surnamed den Schelen
(the squint-eyed), born at Antwerp, baptized
April 14, 1755, died in Naples, Jan. 1, 1813.
Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of
H. J. Antonissen, went to Italy in 1786, and
afterwards settled in Naples, where he was
made first painter to the king. Works : View
of Arpino, Louvre, Paris ; Cascade (1793),
Landscape, Sunset, Antwerp Museum. —
Biog. nat. de Belgique, v. 595.
DENNELLE, DOMINIQUE ALEXAN-
DRE, born in Paris in 1818, died in
Florence, Italy, Dec. 4, 1879. History
painter in fresco ; went to Germany when
seventeen to study ceramics, then studied
monumental painting under Delaroche and
Duban, and decorative painting in Italy. L.
of Honour, 1859 ; Officer, 1874. Works :
Paintings in St. Germain des Pres, St. Clo-
tilde, St. Trinito, St. Sulpice, St. Eustache,
Paris ; Church of the Abbey, St. Denis ; St.
Paul's, Nimes ; others in Lyons, Beauvais,
Carcassone, and Orleans. — Mailer, 132.
DENNER, BALTHASAR, born at Altona,
Nov. 15, 1685, died in Rostock, April 14,
1749. German school ; portrait painter ;
studied under obscure masters in Altona and
Dantzic, then, in 1707, at the Berlin Acad-
emy. In 1709 he began his career by paint-
ing the portraits of Duke Christian Augustus
of Holstein and his sister. At the age of
twenty-four his name was famous, and he
received numberless orders from princes and
nobles of Northern Germany, Denmark, Hol-
land, and England, which he executed with
microscopic accuracy and infinite elaboration
of detail. Works : Portraits of Duke Chris-
jtian August of Holstein and Sister (1709);
Group of Holstein Princes and Courtiers
(1712); Princess of Schleswig (1713); Prince
Mentschikoff (1713); Several Portraits of
I King Frederic IV. of Denmark (1712 and
1717); Duchess of Brunswick (1720); Duke
J and Duchess of Blankenburg (1729); King
Augustus H. of Poland (1729); Christian VI.
of Denmark
(1734); Duke
Cliristiau Lud-
wig of Mecklen-
burgandFamily
1735); Prin-
cess Sophie
Charlotte of
Denmark (1736); Peter HI. of Russia as
Duke of Holstein
(1740) ; Adolphus
Frederic of Hol-
steiu-Gottorp
(1743); Elector of
Cologne (1744); Duke of Holstein (1747);
Duchess of Brunswick (1747); Artist's por-
trait, six others, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Por.
891
DEXKETTLIK
traits of Old and Middle-Aged Man, Berlin
Museum ; Seven Portraits, Brunswick Mu-
seum; Six Portraits and St. Jerome, Dres-
den Gallery ; Portraits of Old Man and Old
Woman, Old Pinakothek, Munich; do. (1721
and 1726), Vienna Museum ; Portrait of Old
Woman (1724), Louvre ; Others in Stutt-
gart, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Christiania,
and Florence Galleries. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
v. 54 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemande ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 563 ; Larousse, vi. 441.
DENNEULIN, JULES, born at Lille
(Nord) in 1835. Genre painter, pupil of
Colas. Medal, 3d class, 1875. Works:
Triste Eecette (1875); Best of Hunters
(1876); Wedding Dinner (1877); Beading
the Will, Difficult Passage (1878); Amateur
Quartette, Mayor's Burial (1879); Benedic-
tion, Rural Postman (1880); Return from a
Meeting, A Shower (1881); Worm Gather-
ers (1882); Return from Fishing (1883); In-
terrupted Wedding, A Reprobate (1884);
False Arrest, Fisherman (1885).
DENTONE, IL, born in Bologna in 1576,
died there, Dec. 18, 1C32. Bologuese
school. Real name Girolamo Curti ; called
Dentone from the deformity of his teeth.
Pupil of Lionello Spada and C. Baglioni.
Worked as a common weaver until twenty-
five years old, when he began to study de-
sign, and soon made himself one of the
foremost decorative painters of his time.
Executed works in many palaces and
churches in Bologna, Parma, and Modena.
He excelled in chiaroscuro, but could not
paint figures, and was aided in this depart-
ment by Massari, Guercino, and Guido. —
Malvasia, ii. 105 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolo-
uaise.
DENYS, FRANS, born in Antwerp about
1610, died after 1655. Flemish school ; ex-
cellent portrait painter, showing the influ-
ence of Van Dyck. Free of the guild of
Antwerp in 1631 ; left Flanders about 1655.
Works : Portraits of Pieter van Home and
Wife (1637); do. of Andries van Langen-
berghe and Wife (1635); Portrait of F. P.
van Broeckhoven (1652), Versailles Museum.
He is usually confounded with his mediocre
son Jacques (born 1644), who was master in
1664 and dean of the guild in 1693 ; two of
his works in Antwerp Museum. — Biog. nat.
de Belgique, v. 602 ; Cat. du Musee d'An-
vers (1874), 115.
DEPOSITION FROM THE CROSS. See
Descent from the Cross.
DERBY DAY, William P. Frith, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 7
ft. 3 in. Scene on the race-course at Ep-
som, 1856 ; many figures. Royal Academy,
1858. Bequeathed by Jacob Bell in 1859.
Engraved by August Blanchard. — Art Jour-
nal (1865), 194.
DESBROSSES, JEAN, born in Paris,
May 28, 1835. Landscape painter, pupil
of Ary Scheffer and Chintreuil. Medal, 3d
class, 1882. Works: In the Mountains
(1880); Lake of Chambon, The Gorges of
Chaix (1881); Ascent of the little St. Ber-
nard, Monistrol d'Allier (1882); Lac d'An-
necy, Val de Pralognan (1883); Aiguilles de
Warens at Sallanches, Mont Blanc — Valley
of Sallanches (1884); Mont Cervin, Val d'H-
lers (1885).
DESCAMPS, JEAN BAPMSTE, born at
Dunkirk, Aug. 28, 1706, died at Rouen, July
14, 1791. French school ; history painter,
pupil of his maternal uncle, Louis Coypel,
and of Largilliere. Painted for Louis XV.
several pictures illustrating his coronation
and his visit to Havre ; became member of
the Academy in 1764 ; settled in Rouen,
where he established a school of design, of
which he was professor and director. Pub-
lished " Vie des Peintres flamands, alle-
mands, et hollandais " (1755-63), and "Voy-
age pittoresque de la Flandre et du Bra-
bant " (1769). His best known picture, A
Mother in her Kitchen with Two Children
(1764), is in the Louvre ; Episodes (5) in
History of Dunkirk, Europe, Asia, Africa,
America, Museum, Dunkirk ; France restor-
ing City of Dunkirk, Hotel de Ville, ib.; Ar-
tist's portrait, Rouen Museum. — Bellier de
la Chavignerie, i. 415 ; Michiels, x. 89 ; Vil-
lot, Cai Louvre.
sat
DESCENT
DESCENT FROM THE CROSS (Fr., ;
Descente de la Crois ; Ital., Cristo deposto
della Croce, Descendimento de la Cruz ; |
Ger., Kreuzabnahme), the taking down from .
the cross of the body of Christ In the .
older pictures the Virgin is generally repre- i
sented standing, but in some of the later
ones she has sunk to the earth. The other
persons represented are Joseph of Arima-
thaea, Nicodemus, Mary Magdalen, St. John
Evangelist, and sometimes others (John six.
38-39). The Deposition from the Cross,
properly the moment when the body is de-
posed or laid on the ground, after the De-
scent from the Cross, is included under this
title. The lamentation over the deposed
body is treated under Field.
By Ft& Angelica, Florence Academy; wood,
top in three pinnacles. Two disciples on
the ladder lower Christ's body, while two j
others below aid in sustaining it and a fifth
adores it ; at left, six figures, one holding
crown of thorns and nails ; at right, the Vir- <
gin, Mary Magdalen, and other women.
The pictures in the gables are by Lorenzo
Monaco. Painted for S. Triniti, Florence.
Restored in 1841 by Fr. Acciai. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., ii. 513 ; C. & C., Italy, i. 584.
By Fra Bartolommeo, Pal. Pitti, Florence;
wood, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The dead
Christ sustained by St. John Evangelist and
the Virgin, at the foot of the cross, while
the Magdalen embraces his knees. Re-
moved from convent of Augustinians with-
out the S. Gallo gate, at time of the siege,
to S. Jacopo tra' fossi ; thence to Pitti.
Copy in S. Domenico, Prato ; pen sketch in
Uffizi. Engraved by M. Steinla. — Vasari,
ed. Mil, iv. 197 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 471 ;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, I. PI. 30.
By Rembrandt, Munich Gallery ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. The dead body
of Christ taken down from cross by five
men ; Mary swooning in the arms of the
Magdalen. Painted in 1633 ; sold to Prince
Frederick of Holland ; passed from Dttssel-
dorf to Munich Gallery ; replica (dated
1634) in Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Etched
by Rembrandt Engraved by Hcsa — Mol-
lett, Rembrandt, 25, 86 ; Cat. Munich Gal.
By Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral; wood, H.
13 ft. x 9 ft. 6 in. Nine figures. The body
of the Saviour is being lowered from the
cross on a sheet, by two men mounted on
ladders ; they are aided by Nicodemus on
one side, and Joseph of Arimathaea on the
other, also on the ladders ; below, St John
receiving the body in his arms ; beside him
are Mary Magdalen and Salome, kneeling,
and extending their hands to assist him ;
beyond, the Virgin, standing. It is evening,
and the multitude has departed. Engraved
by L. Vosterman, VaL Green, R, Earlom,
Claessens. On the interior of the doors
are: The Visitation (engraved by P. de Jode),
and The Presentation in the Temple (en-
graved by P. Pontius, Holhenmeus, Visscher,
Val. Green). On the exterior of the doors
are: St Christopher (engraved by Eyndhou-
edts,VanTiennen); and a Hermit Painted
in 1611-14 for chapel of Company of Arque-
busiers, Antwerp ; carried to Paris, returned
in 1815 and placed in Notre Daine. — Smith,
ii. 3.
By Andrea del Sarto, Pal. Pitti, Florence;
wood, H. 7 ft. 10 in. x 6 f t. 6 in. ; signed.
The dead Christ supported by St John
Evangelist, his hand held by the Virgin; the
Magdalen and St. Catherine kneeling ; SS.
Peter and Paul standing ; mountainous
background ; in foreground a chalice with
the Host. Painted in 1523 for S. Pietro a
Luco in Mugello ; bought in 1782 by Grand
Duke Pietro Leopoldo, who placed it in the
Tribune of the Uffizi ; carried to Paris in
1799, and returned in 1815 ; Ferdinand III.
took it to the Pitti, and put the Madonna
delle Arpie in its place at the Uffizi. En-
graved by Bettelini ; Lasinio ; Esslinger ;
Forster ; Marri. — Vasari, ed. Mil, v. 38;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iii. PL 114 ; FilhoL iii.
PL 211 ; C. & C., Italy, iiL 570 ; Dohme,
2iii. 2.
By Tintoretto, PaL Pitti, Florence; can-
vas, H. 3 ftx3 ft 11. in. The body of
Christ, supported by Joseph of Ariinathaea,
DESCENT
on the knees of the Virgin, who falls swoon-
ing into arms of one of the Marys; at right,
Magonio ; Lerouge. — Gal. clu Pal. Pitti, iv.
PL 77 ; Filhol, x. 681.
Descent from the Cross, Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral.
Nicodemus stands grieving; behind, another I By Daniele da Volterra, S. Trinita de1
of the Marys at foot of the cross. Carried Monti, Rome. The Body of Christ, lowered
to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved by on a sheet held by three men, is received by
894
DESCENT
Nicodemus ; the Virgin, swooning, is sup- Scliidone, ib. ; Francesco Francia, ib.;
ported by Mary Magdalen, while the two Sodoma, Siena Gallery ; Barthel Bruyn,
other Marys bend over her ; beside them, < Dresden Gallery ; Alessandro Tiarini, Bolog-
St John, standing, with outstretched arms, j na Gallery, Brera, Milan ; Rubens, Lille Mu-
Painted in fresco in 1541, by order of Prin- seum, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Eustacho
cess Elena d' Orsini ; transferred to canvas • Lesueur, Louvre ; Michael Wohlgetuuth,
in 1811 by Camuccini ; re-
stored by Palmaroli. En-
graved by G. B. de Caval-
leriis ; G. L. Dame ; R.
van Audenaerde ; F. Ras-
taini; P. Toschi (1837).
Poussin declared this the
third picture in the world,
ranking it next after Raph-
ael's Transfiguration and
Doinenichino's Commun-
ion of St. Jerome. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 52 ; Grimm,
Leben Michelangelos, ii.
394 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 309 ; W. & W., ii. GOO;
Nagler, xiii. 118 ; La-
rousse, vi. 537 ; Lanzi,
Storia pittorica, i. 149.
By Rogier van der Wey-
den, Escorial, Spain ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft 6 in. x 8 ft.
7 in. The body of Christ
lowered from the cross by
Joseph of Arimathsea and
Nicodemus ; St. John and
one of the Marys sustain
the swooning Virgin ; the
other Marys wailing.
Painted for Chapel of Our
Lady of Victory, St. Peter's
Church, Louvain ; taken to
Spain by Queen Mary of
Hungary. Replicas or cop-
ies : Madrid Museum (by
M. Coxcyen) ; S. Trinidad, Madrid ; Berlin
Museum ; St. Peter's, Louvain ; Liverpool
Institute. — Madrazo ; Museo Espafiol de
Antiguedades ; Fiirster, xL
Subject treated also by Ludovico Cigoli,
Pal. Pitti, Florence; Pietro Perugino, ib. ;
Correggio, Parma Gallery ; Bartolommeo
Descent from the Cross, Daniel* di Volterra, S. Trinitl de' Monti, Rome.
Liverpool Gallery; Filippino Lippi, Florence
Academy ; Cima da Conegliano, Galleria
Estense, Modena ; Garofalo, PaL Borghese,
Rome, Naples Museum ; Luca Giordano,
Venice Academy ; Anton Van Dyck, Ant-
werp Museum ; Peter Pourbus, Bruges
Academy ; Hans Memliiig, Hospital of St.
3%
DESCHAMPS
John, Bruges, Vienna Museum ; Michael
Wohlgemuth, Munich Gallery ; Jean Jou-
Venet, Louvre ; Sebastien Bourdoii, ib. ; Ber-
nard van Orley, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Sebastian del Piombo, ib. ; Adrian van der
Werff, ib. ; Pedro Campana, Seville Cathedral ;
Cornelis Gels, Dominican Church, Antwerp;
Garofalo, Brera, Milan, Palazzo Borghese,
Rome, Naples Museum ; Bartolomineo Bar-
ducci, Madrid Museum ; Vincenzo Cainpi,
Cremorne Cathedral ; Cosimo Tura, National
Gallery, London ; and many others.
DESCHAMPS, LOUIS, born at Monteli-
mar (Dorme) ; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal,
1877. Works : Poor Little Girl (1877) ;
Little Winnower defending his Grain (1878);
Death of Mireille (1879) ; Woman Dream-
ing, Vincent Wounded (1881) ; Resignation,
First Step (1882) ; Happiest of the Three,
Girl Mother (1883) ; Spring Day, Research
for Paternity (1884); The Twins, Alarm
(1885).
DESCHWANDEN, PAUL, born at Stanz,
Unterwalden, Switzerland, 1811; died 1881.
History painter, studied from 1840 in Italy
after Raphael, and at once attained success.
Works : Infant Christ ; Jesus in Agony of
Death; Resurrection; Last Judgment; Faith,
Love, and Hope ; Holy Family ; Moses and
John. — Kuhn, Paul von D. ; Springer, Gesch.,
312.
DESCHWANDEN, THEODOR, born at
Stanz, Switzerland, Feb. 20, 1826, died
there, Dec. 19, 1861. History painter, pu-
pil from 1840 of his cousin, Paul D., and
from 1845 at the Munich Academy ; then
studied in Antwerp and Brussels, and later
in Paris after Murillo. In 1858 he visited
Upper Italy. Works : Struthan von Wink-
elried ; Arnold von Winkelried taking Fare-
well of his Family (I860).— Allgem. d. Biogr.,
v. 70.
DES COUDRES, LUDWIG, born in Cas-
sel in 1820, died in Carlsruhe, Dec. 23,
1878. History and genre painter, pupil of
the Munich Academy in 1840, under Schnorr ;
returned to Cassel, visited Italy in 1844-45,
studied then in Dilsseldorf under Karl Sohn,
and was appointed, in 1854, professor at the
art-school in Carlsruhe. Works : Francesca
da Rimini (1850); Penitent Magdalen (1852);
Entombment (1855), Carlsruhe Gallery;
Adoration of Shepherds (1857), Grand Duke
of Baden ; Repose in Egypt (1858) ; Holy
Women at the Cross (1863), St. Nicholas,
Hamburg ; Iphigenia (1865), Grand Duke
of Baden ; Christ Crucified and Magdalen
(1869); Christ blessing the Penitent Sinners,
Old Man Reading (1870) ; Domestic Life in
17th Century (1871) ; Under the Red Cross
(1872) ; Psyche and Pan ; Happy Existence.
— Brockhaus, v. 80 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiv.
259.
DESGOFFE, ALEXANDRE, born in Par-
is, March 2, 1805, died there, July 31, 1882.
Landscape painter, pupil of Ingres; has also
executed some religious subjects. Decorated
for city of Paris the baptismal chapels of S.
Nicolas du Chardonnet and of S. Pierre du
Gros-Caillou. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d
class, 1843, 1848 ; 1st class, 1845, 1857 ; L.
of Honour, 1857. Works : View near Ar-
bonne (1834), Argus guarding lo, Hercules
and the Nernean Lion, several views of Na-
ples, Roman Campagna, Valley of the Nymph
Egeria (1837-1842, painted in Italy) ; Lake
of Albano, Women Bathing, A Meadow, Med-
itation, Evening, The Cyclops, Lyons Mu-
seum ; Narcissus at the Fountain, given to
town of Lemur ; Madness of Orestes (1857),
Luxembourg Museum ; Country at Hyeres,
View of Provins, Resting, Playing Quoits
(1849) ; Martyrdom of St. Maurice, Woods
of Fleury, Environs of Naples (1859) ; Joseph
sold by his Brethren, Fauns Dancing, Sources
of theDurtin, Road at Montmorency (1861);
Resurrection of Christ, Souvenir of Naples,
Landscape (1863) ; Gulf of Naples (1867) ;
View near Autibes (1868) ; Souvenir of Na-
ples, Heath near Fontainebleau (1883). — La-
rousse ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 671.
DESGOFFE, BLAISE ALEXANDRE,
born in Paris, Jan. 17, 1830. Still-life paint-
er, pupil of Flandrin, nephew of Alexandre
D., and a most skilful imitator of near ob-
DESIIAYS
jects, his subjects being finished with micro- On his return he became a member of the
scopic exactness. Medals : 3d class, 1861 ; I Academy in 1758, and painted many good
2d class, 1863. Works : Two Cups of Ori- altarpieces for churches. Works : Prayer
ental Agate (1857) ; Amethyst Vase (1859), i of St. Andrew, Flagellation of St. Andrew
Luxembourg Museum ; Agate Vase on an (painted for Cathedral of Rouen and en-
Enamelled Pedestal, Onyx Pitcher, Turkish
Carpet (1859) ; Crystal Vase, etc., from
Louvre (1863), Luxembourg Museum; Fruit
graved by Ph. Pariseau); Susanna (engraved
by Nicollet under title of Resistance); Venus
throwing Flowers on Body of Hector, Mont-
pellier Museum ; and several in Rouen Mu-
and Jewels (1864) ; Fruit and Jewels,
Flowers and Jewels (1868) ; Rock Crys-
tal engraved, Agate and Enamels (1874) ;
Saxon Porcelain, etc. (1874), Count Wells
de la Valette ; Carved Wood, Bronze Head,
etc. (1874); Crystal Vase with Bust of a
Roman Emperor, etc., View near Puy de seum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Gaz. des
Dome (1879); Cross with Crystals, etc., Cup B. Arts (1868), xxiv. 258.
attributed to Benvenuto, etc. (1880); Eques- j DESPORTES, ALEXANDRE FRAN-
trian Statuette with Tapestry (1881); Royal j COIS, born at
Birthday Gift (1882); Enamels with Crystal Champigneul,
and Grapes, Statuette representing Force, j Feb. 24, 1661,
etc. (1883); Fruits and Jewels, Majolica and [died in Paris,
Flowers (1884); Objects of Ancient Art, Agate ! April 15, 1743.
Vase and Fruits (1885). Works in United French school ;
States : Objects of Art from Louvre, Miss C. landscape, ani-
L. Wolfe, New York ; Objects of Art— Two ] mal, and still-life
Subjects, W. Rockefeller, New York ; Objects ; painter ; pupil of
of Art, T. R. Butler, New York ; Crown of Nicasius Ber-
Louis XTV., B. Wall, Providence ; Crystal naert, a Flemish
Cup and Pansies, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ; animal painter in
Flowers and Objects of Art, H. B. Hurlbut Paris, whence, meeting with little success,
Collection, Cleveland ; Vase of Flowers, C. he went to Poland, in 1695, acquired great
Crocker, San Francisco ; Art in the Louvre,
W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ; Articles of
reputation, and painted King Sobieski, the
queen, and many nobles. On his return to
Vertu, A. J. Drexel, Philadelphia ; Objects France, after Sobieski's death, he painted
of Art, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Objects of
Art, D. O. Mills, New York ; Still-life, C. P.
Huntington, New York ; Still-life, C. S.
Smith, New York ; Objects of Art, W. H.
Vanderbilt, New York ; Flowers and Vase,
chiefly hunting pieces. In 1699 he was re-
ceived into the Academy, of which he was
made chancellor in 1704 by Louis XTV.,
whom he accompanied on all his hunting
expeditions. In 1712 spent six months in
L. Tuckerman, New York ; Objects of Vertu, England, where his pictures sold at high
H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia. — Larousse ; | prices. He continued to enjoy court patron-
age during the Regency and the reign of
Louis XV. Works : Portrait of Himself
Hamerton, Painting in France.
DESHAYS, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in
Rouen in 1729, died in Paris in 1765. French j (1699), Wolf Hunt (1702), Diana and Blonde
school ; history painter, first instructed by ' (dogs of Louis XTV., 1702), portrait of a
his father, and then in Paris by Boucher, j Huntsman (1704), Boar Hunt (1704), Game
whose daughter he married. In Italy he and Vegetables in Kitchen (1707), Game
was led to imitate Benedetto Castiglioue. J guarded by Dogs (1700), do. (1709), Game
aui
DESTREM
guarded by Poodle, Game and Flowers
(1712), do. (1712), Zette (dog of Louis XIV.,
1714), Bonne, Nonne, and Ponne (do.), Folle
and Mite (do.), Tane (do.), Pompey and
Florissart (do., 1739), Dog and Partridges
(1720), and 10 others, Louvre, Paris. Others
in Grenoble Museum, Hermitage at St.
Petersburg, and Stockholm, Brunswick, and
Carlsruhe Galleries. His son, Claude Frau-
c;ois (1695-1774), was an animal painter;
member of Academy, 1723. Nicolas, nephew
and pupil (1718-1787), painted animals and
n
portraits ; member of Academy, 1757. — Ch.
Blanc, £cole francaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Lejeune, Guide, iii. 300.
DESTREM, CASIMIR, born at Toulouse ;
contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil
of Bonnat. Medal : 3d class, 1879. Works :
St. Koch (1878); Unstitching, Jean Calas
(1879); Rustic Scene (1880); Midday Rest
(1881); Pere la Brume (1882); Fishermen
(1883); Wind Storm, Entry of ViUage at
Evening (1884); Close of Day, Entree de
Bullier (1885).
DETAILLE, (JEAN BAPTISTE) EDOU-
ARD, born in
Paris, Oct. 5,
1848. Genre
painter, pupil of
Meissonier ; ex-
hibited at Salon
in 1868 his Halt
of Infantry, which
received much
praise, and in 1869
the Rest during
Drill at Camp St. Maur, which established
his reputation as one of the most popular
military painters of the day. Medals : 1869,
1870 ; 2d class, 1872 ; L. of Honour, 1873 ;
Officer, 1881. Works : Engagement between
Imperial Guards and Cossacks in 1814(1870);
The Conquerors (1872); Bonaparte in Egypt,
Opening of the Grand Opera (1878) ; Cham-
pigny in December, 1870 (1879); Distribut-
ing Flags (1881) ; Evening of Rezonville
(1884). Works in United States : Saluting
the Wounded (1877), Samuel Hawk Collec-
tion, New York ; Cossacks attacked by Royal
Guard, Cuirassier, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Rifle Practice, Souvenir des Grandes
Mano3uvres, A. Belmont, New York ; Scene
of Franco-German War, Les Incroyables,
Forest of St. Germain, J. H. Stebbins, New
York ; French Infantry (monochrome), J.
H. Warren, Hoosac Falls, New York ; Cos-
sack of the Don, G. L Seney, Brooklyn ;
Sentry, M. Graham, New York ; Vidette, W.
Rockefeller, New York ; Cavalry Officer, In-
cident in Franco-Prussian War, J. J. Astor,
New York ; Autumn Manoeuvres, R. C. Taft,
Providence ; Austrian Cavalryman, J. A.
Brown, Providence ; Prussian Soldiers, G.
Whitney, Philadelphia ; Scene in a Cabaret,
C. H. Clark, Philadelphia ; Shaving in Camp,
Sapeur, H. R. Bishop, New York ; Les Pro-
fonds Politiques, J. C. Runkle, New York ;
Hussar, M. K. Jesup, New York ; Aide-de-
Camp, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Hungarian
Hussar, Trumpeter, F. Harper, New York ;
Halt, Calling the Roll, Soldier off Duty,
Mounted Hussar, C. S. Smith, New York ;
Study of Horses, F. Rogers, Philadelphia ;
Les Incroyables, R L. Cutting, New York ;
Ready to March (1874), The Picket (1875),
W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Ambulance Corps,
Skirmishing near Paris, 1870, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; Ambulance Corps at Long-
champs, The Retreat (1873), William Astor,
New York ; Charge of 9th Regiment of Cui-
rassiers, Aug. 6, 1870 (1874), H. C. Gibson,
1 87*.
Philadelphia ; Prussian Sentinel, A. E. Borie
Collection, Philadelphia ; Passing Regiment
(1875), French Cuirassiers bringing in Ba-
398
DfiTOUCHE
varian Prisoners, Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington.—Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), ix. 419 ;
L'Art (1875), ii. 49 ; (1878), xiv. 29 ; Clar-
etie, Peintres, etc. (1884), iL 249 ; Montro-
sier, Artistes modernes (Paris, 1883); Zeit-
schr. f. b. K., xvi. 291.
DfiTOUCHE, LAURENT DIDIER, born
at Reims, July 29, 1815. History and genre
painter, pupil of P. Delaroche and Robert-
Fleury. Medal: 3d class, 1841. Works:
Little Lover, Reims Museum ; Mother's Last
Wish, St. Paul, Reims Cathedral ; Execution
of Joan of Arc ; Raising of Lazarus (1843),
Church of Fisines ; Colbert at Dunkirk ;
Catherine de Medicis with Ruggieri ; Rabe-
lais's Quarter of an Hour ; Remorse of
Charles IX. (1854); Death of Coligny ; The
Alchemist (1865); The Last Valois ; Blaise
Pascal ; Jewish Jewel Merchant (1875). —
Vapereau.
DETOUCHE, PAUL EMILE, called Des-
touches, born at Dampierre (Seine-Infm-
eure), Dec. 16, 1794, died in Paris in 1874.
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil
of David, Guoriu, Gros, and Girodet. Med-
als: 1st class, 1819, 1827. Chiefly noted
for genre pictures, such as The Orphan Girl,
Young Conscript, Wounded Student, Conva-
lescing, Return to the Old House (1827).
Other works : Joan of Arc at the Stake ; St.
Elizabeth among the Poor ; Raising of Laza-
rus, Cathedral of Vannes ; Christ on the
Mount, St. Victor, Paris; Scheherazade,
Cherbourg Museum; Expectation of Masked
Ball, Departure for the City, Nantes Museum.
— Meyer, Gesch., 175.
DETTI, CESARE, born in Rome ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Acad-
emy of San Luca, Rome. Studio in Paris.
Works : Sad Lover, R. G. Dun, New York ;
The Duet, William Astor, New York ; Guard
Room, R. C. Taft, Providence ; L' Amour,
A. Adams, Watertown, Mass.; Gathering
Flowers, W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ; Rest,
Farewell (1877), Naples Exposition ; The
Concert (1884); Arrival of the Newly Mar-
ried (1885).
DEUTSCH, NIKOLAUS. See Manuel.
DEUTSCH, RUDOLF VON, born at Mos-
cow, October 27, 1835. History and genre
painter, pupil of Dresden Academy ; visited
Italy in 1863-66, afterwards Belgium and
England, and settled in Berlin in 1866.
Work : Rape of Helen, National Gallery,
Berlin.— Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 9.
DEVENTER, JAN FREDERIK VAN,
born hi Brussels, November 27, 1822. Land-
scape painter, nephew and pupil in Ghent
of H. van de Sande Bakhuyzeu. Member
of Amsterdam Academy, 1852. Medal, The
Hague, 1857. Works : Evening Landscajx)
(1841); Dutch Coast View ; Wooded Land-
cape with Mill ; Dutch Copse and Meadow ;
River Landscape (1857). — Immerzeel, L 179;
Kramm, ii. 335.
DEVtfRIA, EUGENE (FRANCOIS MA-
RIE JOSEPH), born in Paris in 1805, died
at Pau (Basses-Pyrenees), Feb. 15, 1865.
History and portrait painter, brother of
Achille D., pupil of Girodet ; came at once
into prominence through his Birth of Henry
IV. In 1836 he became Protestant pastor
at Pau ; but in 1837 painted for the histori-
cal Museum in Versailles, and ceilings in
the Louvre, the Palais Royal, and Notre
Dame do Lorette. Works : Nun defended
by Grenadier ; Grenadier nursed by Nun ;
Death of Joan of Arc, Angers Museum ;
Birth of Henry IV. (1827), Louvre ; Battle
of Marseilles, Conquest of Saverne (1837),
Versailles Museum ; Unveiling of Statue of
Henry IV. at Pau (1846); Death of Joanna
Seymour (1847); The Four Henrys (1857);
Halt of Spanish Merchants (1859); Recep-
tion of Columbus by Ferdinand and Isa-
bella (1861). Portraits of Marshals Brissac
and Cr&vecoeur, Versailles Museum.— Cli.
Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 88 ; La-
rousse, vi. 653 ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 78 ;
L'Art (1883), i., xxxii. 61, 121, 141, 161, 181;
Meyer, Gesch., 282.
DEVtiRIA, (JACQUES JEAN MARIE)
ACHILLE, born in Paris, Feb. 6, 1810,
DEVILLY
died there, Dec. 23, 1857. History painter,
pupil of Girodet. Made himself known by
lithograph portraits of singers and actors ;
later painted religious pictures notable for
their sweet and somewhat feeble character,
though not without merit in composition.
Works : Crucifixion ; St. Sebastian ; As-
sumption ; Annunciation ; Charity, Faith,
Love, and Hope ; Descent from the Cross ;
Torquato Tasso introduced to Elizabeth ;
Pericles and Aspasia. — Larousse, iv. 653 ;
I/Art (1883), xxxii. 61, 121, 141, 161, 181.
DEVILLY, THEODORE, born in Metz,
Oct. 28, 1818. Mythology and military
genre painter, pupil of Marechal and of
Paul Delaroche ; conservator of the Metz
Museum, and later of the Nancy Museum.
Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1857, 1859, 1861.
Works : Battle of Eas-Satah in Algeria
(1852) ; Cossack (1853) ; Bivouac in 1812
(1857); The Marabout of Sidi-Brahim (1859),
Bordeaux Museum ; Battle of Solferino
(1861) ; The Assault, Trumpeter (1863) ;
Cossacks Shouting (1867); Mazeppa (1870);
The Wounded at Gravelotte, Farewell of Sol-
diers to their Officers at Metz (1874) ; Am-
phitrite, Bacchante Asleep, The Wounded
Horse (1875); Captured Horses recovered
by African Cavalry (187G) ; Triumph of
Bacchus (1878).
DEVIS, ARTHUR WILLIAM, born in
London, Aug. 10, 1763, died there, Feb. 11,
1822. History and portrait painter, son and
pupil of Arthur Devis (1711-1787), a respect-
able portrait painter ; studied also in schools
of Eoyal Academy. Went when twenty years
old to East as draughtsman for E. India Co.,
returning to England in 1795. He was a
good painter, but unfortunate. Works :
Lord Cornwallis receiving Sons of Tippoo
Sahib as Hostages ; Detection of Babing-
ton's Conspiracy ; Archbishop Langton
showing Magna Charta to Barons ; Death of
Lord Nelson, Greenwich Hospital ; Death of
Princess Charlotte ; Portrait of Miss O^eil
as Belvidera ; do. of Lord Nelson ; do. of
Governor Herbert of Calcutta (1791), Na-
tional Portrait Gallery, London. His broth-
er, Thomas Antony Devis, exhibited portraits
in 1776-89. His uncle, Antony T. Devis
(1729-1817), was a landscape painter. — Red-
grave.
DEVONSHIRE, COUNTESS OF, Anton
Van Dyck, Duke of Northumberland ; can-
vas. Christian, Countess of Devonshire,
standing, seen to knees, with a rose in right
hand ; background, a curtain with a land-
scape seen through open door. Engraved
by P. Lombard. Another portrait, full-
length, Marquis of Ailesbury. — Head, 44.
DEVONSHIRE, DUCHESS OF, Thomas
Gainsborough, Messrs. Agnew, London ;
Duchess of Devonshire, Gainsborough, Althorp Park.
canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. Georgiana,
Duchess of Devonshire (1757-1806), full-
length. Royal Academy, 1783 ; purchased
by Wynn-EUis for £63 of Mr. Bently, who
bought it for £50 of a Mrs. Maginnis ;
Wynn-EUis sale (1876), to Messrs. Agnew,
10,100 gs. Canvas cut from stretcher and
stolen, night of May 26-27, 1876, from Gal-
400
DEVONSHIRE
lery of New British Institution, 37 Old
Bond Street, London, and not since heard
of. Original sketch in grisaille (H. 1 ft. 11
in. x 1 ft 3 in.), Viscount Clifden, Dover
House ; engraved by Graves. Replica of
Wynn-Ellis picture, Earl Spencer, Althorp
Park ; engraved in mezzo, by unknown.
There is also a mezzo, of the Wynn-Ellis pict-
ure, engraved about 1773. A similar pict-
ture (H. 5 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 10 in.), claimed to
be a Gainesborough, owned by Mr. John
Foster, who brought it from Australia, was
Duchess of Devonshire, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Althorp Park.
exhibited at Byron Gallery, London, in 1877.
—Brock- Arnold, 41, 55 ; Leslie & Taylor, ii.
215 ; Gower, Hist. Gala of England ; Notes
and Queries (1876), 416 ; London Times,
May 8, 27, 1876, July 30, 1877; London
Illus. News, May 20, 1876.
DEVONSHIRE, DUCHESS OF, Sir
Joshua Reynolds, Earl Spencer, Althorp
Park ; canvas. Georgiana, Duchess of Dev-
! onshire, full-length, descending a flight of
steps. Exhibited in 1776. Another portrait
(H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft 8 in.), at Chatswortb,
I representing the Duchess with her infant
daughter Georgiana in her lap, was exhibited
1786 ; a good copy, by Etty, painted for
George IV., at Windsor Castle. — Leslie &
Taylor, ii. 155, 485 ; Art Journal (1855), 6.
DEW (La Rosce), Jules Joseph Isfebvre,
Win. Astor, New York; canvas. Female figure,
nude, reposing on a bank of clouds, floating
over a lake covered with water-plants ; one
foot, hanging downward, touches the water;
the head reclines upon one hand, the other
points languidly to the sky. — Art. Treas. of
Amer., ii. 69.
DEWEY, CHARLES MELVILLE, born
in Lowville, N. Y., in 1851. Landscape
painter, self-taught Exhibited first at the
National Academy in 1875. Member Society
of American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works : Along the Shore — September, No-
vember Day, After the Rain, Water Lily, T.
B. Clarke, New York ; Idyl (1879); Sunshine
and Shadow (1880); Ebb Tide, Trees and
Grasses (1881); Many Things— Study by
the Sea, Summer Morning (1882); Lowery
Weather (1883); Ebb of the Tide, Fall
(1884).
DEWING, THOMAS W., born in Bos-
ton, Mass., May 4, 1851. Figure painter;
hi 1876-79 pupil of Lefebvre and Boulanger
in Paria Studio in New York. Works:
Young Sorcerer (1877); South Wind, A Mu-
sician (1878); Fortune-Teller (1879); Morn-
ing (1880); A Concert (1881); Portrait of
Mrs. Dewing (1882) ; Prelude (1883) ; A
Garden (1884); Slave, T. B. Clarke, New
York.
DEWING, MRS. THOMAS W. (Miss
\ Oakey), born in New York. Figure and
portrait painter; pupil of the National
Academy, of John La Farge, and in Paris of
Couture. Visited France and Italy in 1876,
and again in 1883. Studio in New York.
Ideal works : Woman Serving (1876) ; In a
Balcony (1877); Violets (1878); Votive Panel
to Paul Veronese (1879) ; Mother and Child
401
DE WINT
(1882). Portraits : Miss O. S. Ward (1874) ;
Portrait of a Boy (1875) ; Sleeping Child
(1878) ; Portrait of her Father (1879).
DE WINT, PETER, born at Stone, Staf-
fordshire, Jan. 21, 1784, died in London,
June 30, 1849. Landscape painter, water
colours ; pupil of J. R. Smith, and student
in 1807 of Royal Academy, where he exhib-
ited in same year three landscapes. Painted
chiefly views in East and North England,
and in Normandy and South France. His
Cornfield, and Woody Landscape with Water
Diana and Actaeon, Titian, Bridgewater House, London.
are in the South Kensington Museum. —
Redgrave ; Art Journal (1849), 260.
D'HEUR. See Heur.
DIADUMENfi, Edward J. Poynter, Lon-
don ; canvas. A nude female figure, full
length, standing, binding her hair ; back-
ground, a marble bath with mosaic columns.
The pose of the figure and the name are de-
Filippo Lippi, and his assistant in painting
the frescos at Prato and Spoleto, the latter
of which were finished by him after his mas-
ter's death. Vasari says he attained great
perfection in imitating Fra Filippo's manner
and obtained great credit for it. It is not
possible to distinguish his hand in any of his
master's work. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 352 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 121, 127.
DIANA or Artemis, ancient pictures. See
Apelles, Aregon, Timarete.
DIANA, Guercino, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft.
4 in. Painted for Loren-
zo Delfino, Venice ; ac-
quired in 1738.
DIANA AND ACTI-
ON, Domenichino, Pal.
Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
H. 1 ft. X 1 ft. 6 in. Sub-
ject from Ovid (Met., iii.
155). Nymphs bathe in a
stream flowing through
thick woods, with moun-
tains in background; other
nymphs, half nude, recline
upon the banks around
Diana, near whom stand
two dogs ; Actaeon in the
background.
By Titian, Bridgewater
House, London ; canvas,
figures two-thirds of life-
size ; signed. Diana and
her nymphs surprised in the bath by Actae-
on while hunting. Painted for Philip II. of
Spain, and sent to him in 1559, together
with the Diana and Callisto ; given by Philip
V. in 1704 to Marquis de Grammont, from
whom they passed into the Orleans Collec-
tion ; bought at its sale for Duke of Bridge-
water for £2,500. Small copy at Madrid,
rived from the famous statue by Polyclitus • probably by Del Mazo.
of the boy binding his hair, called from that
circumstance the Diadumenus. Royal Acad-
emy, 1884.
DIAMANTE, FRA, born about 1430, died
after 1492. Florentine school ; pupil of Fra
ations, in Bridgewater
Others, with vari-
House, London ;
Hampton Court, and in Nostitz Collection,
Prague.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 275 ; Law, Hist.
Cat. Hampton Court, 29 ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 452 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 31.
403
* H. 4
in 'P., ;,
ON, D<
; Action in tlie
DIAXA
DIANA AND CALLISTO, Annibale Car- '. prised by a satyr while deeping under a
racci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft 3 in. x 6 ft. G clump of trees. Collection of Charles EL
iu. At left, massive rocks, down which fall DIANA AND NYMPHS, Domenichino,
several cascades; on first plane, three nymphs PaL Borghese, Home. The goddess, stuiid-
strip Callisto of her garments ; at right, Di- ing in the centre on a hillock, raises her bow
ana seated, surrounded by her nymphs, in one hand, and her quiver in the other, in
stretches her hand towards Callisto. Land-
scape attributed to Paul Bril. — Villot, Lou-
vre ; Filhol, vi. PL 400.
By Francesco Solimena, Uffizi, Florence ;
sign of victory, one of her nymphs having
pierced with her arrow the head of a pigeon
attached to the top of a pole ; two nymphs
approach, bearing on their shoulders a dead
canvas, small figures. Diana bathing with j stag hung on a stick passed between his
nymphs discovers Callisto's condition by her bound legs. This well-preserved picture is
refusal to bathe. Hoc. Ed., Gal. di. Firenze. ' remarkable for its landscape as well as for
By Titian, Bridgewater
House, London ; canvas, H. 5
ft. 8£ in. x G f t. 4 in.; signed.
Diana and her nymphs prepar-
ing for a bath in a grove ; the
goddess sitting on the bank
points at Callisto, on the oppo-
site side, who struggles ou the
ground with shame in her face
as nymphs raise the veil that
exposes her condition. Same
history as Diana and Actseon.
Small copy, probably by Del
Mazo, in Madrid Museum. Re-
plica, same size as original, with
variations, probably by Titian's
disciples, in Vienna Museum.
Small, late, much injured copy
. , . , . . T Diana and Callisto, Titian, Bridgewater House, London.
in Accademia di b. Luca,
Rome. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 275; Acad. the natural and graceful attitudes of the fig-
(1874), 2G8 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 32. ures and the general movement
Subject treated also by Luca Giordano, \ By Eubenx, Lord Ashburton, London ;
Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Cornelis van canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 12 ft. 4 in. Diana
Poeleuburg, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. and three nymphs overtaking a stag. Land-
DIANA OR CHRIST, Edwin Long, Lon- scape by Wildens, animals by Suyders. Pur-
don ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 8 ft 9 in. The sta- chased of Joseph Bonaparte in 1838.— Waa-
dium of Ephesus, with Roman rulers sitting gen, Treasures, ii. 102.
in judgment, and soldiers and an executioner By Ruben*, Baring Collection, London;
at right ; a Christian maiden, asked to sac- canvas, H. 7 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in. Diana going
rifice to Diana, whose image and altar are be- to the chase, caressing a dog at her side with
fore her, refuses, although the alternative is her right hand and carrying a spear in her
death. Royal Academy, 1881. ! left ; she is followed by three nymphs, two
DIANA AND ENDYMION, Anton van satyrs, and two more dogs. Purchased in
Dyck, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft 9 1802 from Sir S. Clark for 1,850 gs.— Waa-
in. X 5 ft 4 in. Diana and Eudyiniou sur- gen, Treasures, ii. 182.
DIANA'S
DIANA'S HUNTING PARTY, Hans Mak-
art, James H. Banker, Irviugton, N. Y. ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 1 in. X 29 ft. 6 in. A sunny
landscape, with lake in foreground, in which,
with the waters rippling around him, and
protected by seven nude water-nymphs who
implore for mercy, is a noble stag, fleeing
for his life before the goddess and her hunt-
resses, who have followed him to the bank ;
Diana, standing on the summit of a preci-
pice, with a group of maidens at her right,
has her hunting spear poised in her hand ;
on the borders of the lake a figure holds
two hounds in the leash, while near them a
Laura Dianti at her Toilette, Titian, Louvre.
swan is beating its wings. The figures, of
which there are fourteen, larger than life-
size, are said to be portraits of Viennese
beauties. Painted in 1880-82. Bought of
the artist in 1880.— New York Tribune, July
24, 1883.
DIANA, BENEDETTO, Venetian school,
end of 15th and beginning of 16th centuries.
Associated with Carpaccio and Mansueti
in the decoration of the Scuola di San
Giovanni Evangelista, where he painted
Brethren dispensing Alms, now in the Ven-
ice Academy. One of his most characteris-
tic works is the Madonna between four
Saints, once in S. Lucia, Padua, now in the
Venice Academy. Diana holds a low place
in the annals of Venetian art. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 223 ; Burckhardt, 599.
DIANTI, LAURA, AT HEK TOILETTE,
Titian, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft.
6 hi. A girl dressing her hair, attended by
a man in background holding two mirrors,
one before and one behind her. Supposed
to be Laura Dianti, mistress or wife of Al-
fonso d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, whose por-
trait at Madrid resembles the man holding
the mirrors ; but formerly called Titian and
his Mistress. Painted about 1523 ; in col-
lection of Charles L of England ; bought for
£100 by Jabach, who sold it to Louis XIV.
Engraved byForster ; H. Dancken. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 435 ; C. & C., Titian, i. 266 ;
Filhol, vii. PL 455 ; Landon, Musee, xii. PI.
19 ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PI. 59 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole venitienne.
DIAZ DE LA PENA, NAECISO VIR-
GILIO, born at
Bordeaux, of
Spanish parents,
Aug.21,1808,died
at Mentone, Nov.
18, 1876. Genre
and landscape
painter, no mas-
ter ; began as por-
celain painter. Al-
though his sub-
jects are often
frivolous, and his drawing incorrect, his
colouring is fine and his figures full of life.
Won his chief fame through his landscape's.
Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st
class, 1848; L. of Honour,1851. He died from
the bite of a viper. Works : Sketches from
Nature (1831); Battle of Medina-Celi (1835);
Adoration of Shepherds (1836) ; Old Ben
Emeck (1838); Nymphs and Calypso (1840);
The Dream (1840); Bas-Breau, Eastern Wom-
an, Gypsies going to a Festival, The Witch-
craft (1844); Diana setting out for the Chase
404
DIC^EOGENES
(1848); Bather tormented by Cupids (1850),
Grenoble Museum ; Close of Fine Day, Last ,
Tears, The Rival (1855) ; Pond with Vipent
(1857); Galatea (1859); The Smyruiotes
(1871); The Pyrenees, Bohemians (1850),
The Fairy with the Pearls (1857), three
others, Luxembourg Museum. Works in
United States : Cupid Disarmed, Forest of |
Fonlainebleau (1871), The Storm (1872), Fon-
taiuebleau, Effect of Autumn, Edge of the I
Forest, T. W. Walters, Baltimore ; Blind '
Man's Buff, Forest of Fontainebleuu, Cupid's
Whisper, Boy and Dogs, The Bather, East-
ern Bazaar, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ;
Bohemian Girls, W. Astor, New York ; Fon-
tainebleau, Samuel Hawk Collection, New
York ; Edge of Forest, A. Spencer, New York ;
Clairiure de la Beine Blanche, C. Vanderbilt,
New York ; Landscape, Holy Family, Miss
C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Landscape, A Bel-
mont, New York; Fontainebleau, M. Graham,
New York ; Ladies of Seraglio, Venus and
Cupids, W. Rockefeller, ib. ; Oriental Mother
and Child, Mrs. P. Stevens, New York ; La
Femme et L'Amour, Flowers, several land-
scapes, J. C. Runkle, New York ; Forest of
Foutainebleau, J. W. Drexel, New York ;
Promenade a la Robe Bleu, J. P. Morgan,
New York ; Lizard, M. K. Jesup, New York ; (
Diana and Poictiers Hawking, R. L. Stuart,
New York ; Elysiau Fields, D. O. Mills, New
York ; Nymphs and Cupids, Wood Gatherer,
Girl with Scythe, C. P. Huntington, New \
York ; Evening, Under the Oaks, C. S. Smith,
New York ; Fagot Gatherer, R L. Cutting,
New York ; Autumn Landscape, G. L Seney,
Brooklyn ; Dogs in Forest of Fontainebleau,
J. T. Mai-tin, Brooklyn ; Coquette, J. H. War-
ren, Hoosac Falls, N.Y.; Forest of Fontaine-
bleau, Gypsies, Dead Bird, R. C. Taft, Prov- ]
idence ; Landscape, Turkish Women, Mar-
guerite and Martha, Flowers, W. Richmond,
ib.; Favourite Sultana, Landscape-Study, J.
A. Brown, ib. ; Bathers, Study of Flowers,
Fortune-Telling, B. Wall, ib. ; Forest with
Fago^Gatherer, Blind Man's Buff, Land-
scape, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ; Fontaiue-
bleau, H. P. Kidder, ib.; Pond, W. Brimmer,
ib. ; Dark Worn! Interior, Bohemians, H.
Probasco, Cincinnati ; Forest Scene, H. B.
Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland ; Landscape,
S. A. Coale, St. Louis ; Maiden and Cupid,
Woods of Foutaiuebleau, Mrs. W. P. Wil-
stach, Philadelphia ; In the Woods, Mrs. J.
G. Fell, ib. ; La Mare aux Fees, Isle d' Amour,
J. D. Lankenau, ib. His son, Etuile Diaz,
also a painter, died in I860, aged 25 years.
— Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), 217; La-
rousse ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), x. 243 ;
L'Art (1877), viii. 49 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xiv.
97; Meyer, Gesch., 272.
DIC.EOGENES, painter, about 596 B.C.;
country and works unknown. — Pliny, xxxv.
40 [146].
DICKSEE, FRANK, born Nov. 27, 1853.
Figure painter, son
and pupil of Thos.
F. Dicksee. First
exhibited in Royal
Academy in 1876,
Elijah confronting
Ahab, for which he
obtained the gold
medal. In 1877 his
Harmony, purchased
by the Academy,
brought him into
notice. Elected an A.RA. in 1881. Works:
Evangeline (1879); Benedicite, The House
Builders (1880); The Symbol (1881); A Love
Story (1882) ; Too late, too Lite, ye cannot
enter now (1883); Romeo and Juliet (1884);
Chivalry (1885).— Art Journal (1881), 94.
DICKSEE, THOMAS FRANCIS, born in
London, Dec. 13, 1819. Portrait and figure
painter, pupil of H. P. Briggs. Works:
Othello and Desdemona (1875); Ahab and
Jezebel, Cordelia (1877); Madeline (1878);
Beatrice (1879); Heiress (1880); Patricia
(1882); Cordelia, Lucretia, Antigone (1884).
DIDAY, FRANCOIS, born in Geneva in
1812, died there, Nov. 28, 1877. Landscape
painter; studied in Geneva, Paris, and Rome,
but especially from nature. Medals in Paris
in 1840, 1841 ; L. of Honour, 1842 ; Russian
Order of Stanislaus, Belgian Order of Leo-
405
DIDIER
pold. Member of St. Petersburg Academy.
Works: Mill at Montreux (1832); Alpine
Hut in Meyring VaUey (1834); Chalet in
High Alps, Evening in the Valley, Torrent
in the Alps (1840); Glacier of Rosenheim
(1841), Lausanne Museum ; Oaks struck by
Lightning (1847), Geneva Museum ; View
on Brienz Lake, Berne Museum ; Mountain
Landscape with Torrent, New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Storm on Lake of Geneva. — Brock-
haus, v. 316 ; Faber, ii. C12 ; Larousse, vi.
763 ; Vapereau (1880), 572 ; L'Art (1878), i.
24.
DIDIEE, JULES, born in Paris, May 26,
1831. Landscape and animal painter, pu-
pil of Cogniet and of Laurens ; won the
grand prix de Rome in 1857. Medals in
1866 and 1869. Works : Farm in Roman
Campagna (1866), Luxembourg Museum ;
Normandy Landscape (1868); Hunting a
Hare, Count de Chabrillau ; Morning on
the Borders of a Wood, Sacrifice to Pan
(1874); Lost Ox, Evening at Ostia (1879);
Two Bulls and the Frog, Ford of the Arou
(1880); Fable of the Women and the Secret
(1881); Agriculture (1882); Souvenir of a
Journey to the Mines of Taquah, Between
Rome and Civita Vecchia (1883) ; Legend of
St. Hubert, Portrait of Fox (1884) ; Ford
near Autun, Relay (1885); Return of the
Drove, William Astor, New York.
DIDO AND JENEAS, Joseph M. Wr.
Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 10 in. x7 ft. 11 in. The Queen
with .ZEneas and her Court in long proces-
sion, prepared for the chase ; in background,
Carthage. (Dryden's JEneid, iv.) Royal
Academy, 1814. Engraved by W. R. Smith;
J. T. Willmore in Turner Gallery.
DIDO BUILDING CARTHAGE, Joseph
M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 5 ft x 7 ft. 5 in. River scene, with
bridge in front, and piles of classic architec-
ture, completed and in progress ; Dido, sur-
rounded by her people, on left ; on right,
monument to her murdered husband, Sy-
chseus. Royal Academy, 1815. Bequeathed
by Turner on condition that it and the Sun
rising in a Mist should be hung between two
Claudes, as they now are. Engraved by T.
A. Prior ; E. Goodall, in Turner Gallery. —
Cat. Nat. Gal.; Hamerton, Life.
DIDO, DEATH OF, Guercino, Palazzo
Spada, Rome. The queen, richly dressed,
lies on her funeral pile, with sword buried
to the hilt in her bosom. Raising the upper
part of her body with difficulty, she speaks
to one of her attendants whose features ex-
press sympathy. To the right, men and
women weeping ; others to the left. In the
background is seen the fleet of JSueas sail-
ing away, and with it a flying Cupid. Fine
colour and excellent effect. Painted about
1626. Engraved by G. Balestra ; R. Strange.
—Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., iii. 3 ; Lavice, 387.
By Sir Joshua Reynolds, Buckingham
Palace ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 9 in.
Three figures. Dido, having mounted the
funeral pyre, stabs herself, and dies in the
arms of her sister Anna. Exhibited in 1781.
Bought, after Sir Joshua's death, by his
niece, the Marchioness of Thomond, for
£200; at her sale (1821), purchased for
George IV. Engraved S. W. Reynolds.—
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 24.
DIEFFENBACH, ANTON HEINRICH,
born at W7iesbaden, Feb. 4, 1831. Genre
painter, pupil in Diisseldorf of Jordan ; re-
turned in 1858 to Wiesbaden, lived in 1863-
70 in Paris, then for one year in Switzer-
land, and in 1871 settled in Berlin. His
favourite sphere is children's and peasant
life. Works : Day before Wedding (1862);
Hunter's Cant (1863); Dangerous Meeting,
Christmas Eve (1865); Visiting the Nurse
(1869); First Walk, Tidbit, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Missed the Fox ; Only Cour-
age ! Leave little Brother ! (1877).— Brock-
haus, v. 323 ; Mtlller, 135.
DIEGO OF ALCALA, ST., Murillo, Due
de Pozzo di Borgo, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
10 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The Saint kneeling, im-
ploring aid for the victims of an epidemic,
from an alcalde who recoils as if fearing con-
tagion ; background, architecture and peo-
ple. The figure beside the alcalde said to
406
DIEGO
be portrait of Murillo. Painted in 1045-47
for Convent of S. Francisco, Seville ; taken
to Paris by Soult : sold at his sale (1852),
20,000 fr.— Reveil, Mus6e de Peinture, iv.
255 ; Curtis, 227.
St. Diego of Alcali, Murillo, Patit.
DIEGO OF ALCALA, ST., AND THE
GUARDIAN, Murillo, Charles B. Curtis,
New York ; canvas, H. 7 ft 9 in. x 6 ft. 6
in. The Saint surprised, with bread in his
robe changed to flowers, by the Guardian,
who raises his hands in astonishment at the
miracle ; behind the Saint, a monk with a
basket of bread ; on left, four old beggars
and two boys, asking alms ; in front, Christ,
marked with the stigmata, seated in guise
of a beggar ; above, five cherubs, three of
whom shower flowers on the Saint. Accord-
ing to the legend, S. Diego, who had often
been reproved by the prior for excessive
charity, was saved from punishment on one
occasion by the miracle depicted. Painted
in 1645-47 for Convent of S. Francisco, Se-
ville ; after occupation of city by French,
fell into hands of D. Antonio Bravo ; thence
through D. Auiceto Bravo, D. Jorge Diez
Martinez, and D. Luis Portilla (18G5), to W.
J. Shaw (1873), who sold it in 1880 to Mr.
Curtis. Etched by A. Lalanze. — Curtis, 227 ;
G. de Leon, ii. 256 ; Tubino, Murillo (Se-
ville, 1864), 185.
DIEGO OF ALCALA, ST., MIRACLE
OF, Murillo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft 11 in.
x 14 ft 9 in.; signed, dated lC4fi. Tho
Saint in rapture, raised above the ground,
while angels perform his duties as cook in
the convent kitchen ; on left a monk intro-
duces two visitors, the one on extreme left
supposed to represent Murillo. Painted in
1645-47 for Convent of S. Francisco, Se-
ville ; taken by Marshal Soult, whose heirs
sold it to Louvre in 1858 for 80,000 fr. In-
judiciously restored and repainted for Soult
Sometimes called La Cuisine des Anges (An-
gels' Cookery).— Curtis, 225 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts, Jan. 1875, Feb. 1877 ; L'lllustration,
Jan. 8, 1859.
DIEGO OF ALCALA, ST., AND THE
SOUP, Murillo, Academia S. Fernando, Ma-
drid ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft 10 in. Tho
Saint, kneeling on left, blesses a pot of soup
on the floor, around which are four kneeling
urchins and their mother; surrounding them
are a throng of other beggars awaiting their
share. Painted in 1645-47 for Convent of
i S. Francisco, Seville. Etched by F. Navar-
rete, in Cuadros. . . . Academia do S. Fer-
1 nando.— Curtis, 226.
DIELITZ, KONRAD, born in Berlin,
Jan. 20, 1845. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Eschke and of Biermann ; travelled
in 1871-73 in the Bavarian Alps to study
popular life. Works : Rest on the Height,
Smoker (1874) ; Caught (1877) ; Portraits
of Bismarck (1874); Emperor William (1875),
and Crown Prince. — Milller, 136 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xvi. 5.
DIELMAN, FREDERICK, born in Han-
over, Germany, Dec. 25, 1848. Geuro
painter, pupil of the Munich Royal Acad-
emy under Dietz, at which time he gained
a medal in the life class. Professional lifo
spent principally in New York. One of the
founders of the Society of American Artists.
Elected N.A. in 1883. Mr. Dielmau is also
well known as an etcher. Studio in New
York. Works in oil: Patrician Lady (1877);
Newsboy (1879); My Own Puss! (T. B.
Clarke, New York) ; Bad Weed, Gallantry
(1880); Lunching (1881); Maryland Garden,
In the Arbour (1882); Mora Players (1883) ;
407
DIELMAN
Reclaimed, Tessa (1884) ; Young Gamblers
(1885). Water colour : Old Time Favour-
ites (1883).
DIELMAN, PETRUS EMANUEL, born
in Ghent, July 29, 1800. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Ghent Acad-
emy ; then studied in France and Italy the
works of the old masters, visited Switzer-
land, returned in 1831 and became in 1841
director of the art school at Herzogenbusch.
Works : Jupiter and Leda ; Elopement of
Psyche ; Scenes from Life of St. Augustine
(Church of Anglican Ladies, Bruges) ; Fish-
Market at Ghent ; Return of Scheveningen
Fishermen ; Fisherman's Family ; portrait
of Pope Gregory XVI. — Immerzeel, i. 182.
DIELMANN, JAKOB FRIEDRICH, born
at Sachsenhausen, near Frankfort, in 1809,
died at Kronberg, in the Taunus, May 30,
1885. Genre painter, pupil of the Stadel
Institute under Prestel, and in 1835-42 of
the Diisseldorf Academy ; settled in Frank-
fort, afterwards at Kronberg, and painted
chiefly idyllic scenes from country life, in
which the landscape is always prominent.
Works : Farm-House (1835), National Gal-
lery, Berlin; Hessian Village Smithy; Grand-
mother and Grandchildren ; Parson with
Children ; Village Barber ; Kirmess ; Pro-
cession ; Children at Church-Door ; Peasant
Girl in Doorway ; Smith with Wooden Leg ;
Farm-House on the Ahr ; Vintage at Sach-
senhausen.-— Brockhaus, v. 325 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xx. 589 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf.
K, 248 ; Wiegmann, 296.
DIEPENBEECK, ABRAHAM VAN, born
at Bois-le-Duc,
baptized May
9, 159C, died in
Antwerp in 1675.
Flemish school ;
history and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Rubens ;
was at first a
glass painter;
travelled in Italy, and in reign of Charles I.
was in England, where he was employed by
Duke of Newcastle in making designs for his
book on Horsemanship. Went to Antwerp
about 1629, admitted to guild in 1638, director
of Academy in 1641. Works: St. Norbert, Ant-
werp Cathedral; Virgin with St. Ely, Church
of Carmelites, Antwerp; Ecstasy of St. Bona-
ventura, Antwerp Museum; St. Francis ador-
ing Sacrament, Brussels Museum ; Entomb-
ment, Children's Bacchanale, Brunswick
Museum; Neptune and Amphitrite, Dresden
Gallery ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Flight
of Clrelia, Berlin Museum ; Allegory of Mor-
tality, Pieta, Vienna Museum ; Abraham and
Angels, Feeding the Poor (1629), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich; portrait of Young Man (1665),
do. of Young Woman, Sta-
del Gallel7> Frankfort;
Flight of Cloalia, portraits
of Man and Woman, Louvre,
Paris ; Rape of Ganymede,
Bordeaux Museum. Others
in Stockholm and Chatsworth Galleries. —
Biog. nat. de Belgique, vi. 48 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Musee d'Anvers
(1874) ; Michiels, viii. 138 ; Rooses (Reber),
324 ; Van der Branden, 777.
DIEPRAAM, ABRAHAM, flourished at
Dordrecht, 1648-74, said to have died at
Rotterdam. Dutch school; genre painter,
pupil of the glass painter Willem Jansz van
der Stoop, then in Rotterdam of H. M.
Sorgh and, after having travelled in France,
of Adriaen Brouwer, to whom his pictures
are sometimes attributed. Was member of
the guild at Dordrecht in 1648, and still
living in 1674. Work : The Breakfast
(1665), Berlin Museum. — Quellenschriften,
xiv. 390.
DIERICK DE LOUVAIN. See Souls,
Dierick.
DIES, ALBERT CHRISTOPH, born in
Hanover, in 1755, died in Vienna, Dec. 28,
1822. Landscape painter; instructed by
an obscure painter, but mostly self-taught ;
went in 1775 to Mannheim, Basle, and Rome,
where he studied and copied for three years,
and remained until 1796, visiting Naples
twice. In 1796 he settled in Salzburg, and
408
DIETEKEN
went the following year to Vienna. Works :
View near Salzburg (1796), Salzburg Land-
scape in Storm (1797), Vienna Museum ;
six Views around Eisenberg, Hungary, Na-
tional Gallery, Pesth ; Cascades of Tivoli
and Valley of Ustica (1798), Prague Gallery;
two from Coliseum, View of Vesuvius, View
of Naples, View near Albano, Pyramid of
Cestius. — Andresen, iii. 123 ; Larousse, vi.
784 ; Wurzbach, iii. 286.
DIETEKEN, C. (D. Cieteken?), flour-
ished about 1630. Dutch school ; landscape
painter in the manner of Gillis d'Hondecoe-
ter. Work : Siege of Spanish Fortress in
the Netherlands (1630), Berlin Museum.
DIETERLE, Mme. MAEIE, born at Sevres,
France ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
daughter and pupil of R van Marcke.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Pasture in
Normandy (1881) ; Le Pre-Caudron (1882) ;
Road of Eambures, Farm-Yard (1884) ;
Meadow of Monthieres at Morning, Old
Apple-Tree (1885).
DIETERLEIN. See Diellerlein.
DIETHE, ALFRED, born in Dresden,
Feb. 13, 1836. History painter, pupil of
the Dresden Academy, and of Julius Hiibner.
Works : Disciples at Einmaus (1860), Dres-
den Gallery ; Mary at Elizabeth's ; Landing
of Columbus at San Salvador ; Luther post-
ing his Theses ; Lorenzo de' Medici ; Elector
Augustus and Electress Anna of Saxony ;
Allegorical Figures of Mathematics, Natural
Science, History, and Geography. — Mailer,
136.
DD3TLER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH, born
at Solothurn, Switzerland, in 1804, died in
Berne, May 4, 1874. Portrait painter, pu-
pil in Solothurn of Germann, studied for
several years in Paris, then in Italy and
Geneva, and settled in Berne ; one of the
best modern portrait painters. Works :
Burgomaster Wengi before the Canon ;
Women of Brienz ; In the Artists' Book of
Zofing. — Kunst-Chronik, ix. 658.
DIETRICH, ANTON, born at Meissen,
Saxony, in 1833. History painter, pupil of
the Dresden Academy, then of Schnorr ;
went in 1859 to Diisscldorf, and having vis-
ited Italy in 1861, executed fresco paintings
in the hall of the Kreuzschule in Dresden.
Works : Faust with Gretchen in the Prison
(1859). Frescos: Abraham's Sacrifice; Death
of Marcus Curtius ; Death of Socrates ;
Luther at Worms; Poets, Scholars, and
Artists ; Allegorical Figure of School (18(58-
72), Hall of Kreuzschule, Dresden. — Mai-
ler, 136.
DIETRICH (Dietrici, or Dietericy),
CHRISTIAN
AVILHELM
; ERNST, born
in Weimar, Oct.
30, 1712, died
in Dresden,
April 24, 1774.
German school ;
l history, genre,
and landscape painter, first instructed by his
father, court painter in Weimar, then pupil in
Dresden of Alex. Thiele, where by his great
talent he won the life-long patronage of
' Count Brtthl, and attracted the attention of
Augustus the Strong, who made him court
painter. Seeing the Italian painters in
Dresden preferred to him, ho went, in 1734,
to Weimar, and did not return imtil
1742. In 1743 the Elector sent him to
Italy, where, in Venice and Rome, he stud-
ied the Dutch and Flemish masters, above
all, Rembrandt, Ostade, and Poelenburg ; is
noted for his special talent for reproducing
the individual style of other masters. In
1745 he was made inspector of the gallery,
and in 1765 professor at the Academy. He
was member of the Augsburg, Bologna, and
Copenhagen Academiea Works : Wander-
ing Musicians (1745), National Gallery,
London ; Nymphs Bathing, Woman taken
in Adultery, Tribute Money, Hampton
Court Palace ; The Adulteress (1753), Lou-
vre ; Old Man's Head, Rocky Landscape
with Hermit, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Annun-
ciation (1760), Adoration of the Shepherds
(1760), Vienna Museum ; Lazarus in Abra-
ham's Bosom, 3 Landscapes, Old Piuakothek,
409
DIETRICH
Munich Gallery ; 54 in Dresden Gallery ;
Kepose in Egypt (1757), Entombment (1759),
Squirrel, Camera Obscura, 2 Italian Views,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; others in Brus-
sels, Brunswick, Cassel, Darmstadt, Bor-
deaux, and Milan Galleries. Left many
etchings. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 192 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole allemande ; Brockhaus, v. 336 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 559 ; Larousse, vi. 794 ;
Meyer, Conv. Lex., v. 705.
DIETRICH, JOHANN FEIEDRICH,
born at Biberach, Sept. 21, 1787, died in
Stuttgart, Jan. 17, 1846. History painter ;
first instructed iu Stuttgart by the court
painters Heideloff and Seele, went in 1811 to
Munich, then to Rome, whence he returned
to Stuttgart in 1816. Two years after he
went again to Italy and was allied in Rome
to Cornelius, Overbeck, and Veit. After his
return in 1822 he executed a number of
decorative works for the court and was
made professor at the art-school in 1833.
He painted good portraits. Works : Christ
at Emmaus (1816), Stuttgart Gallery ; Abra-
ham's Entry into the Promised Land (1823),
Royal Palace, Stuttgart ; St. Martin's Dream
(1834); Resurrection (1840), Catholic church,
Stuttgart; Nativity (1843); Christ on Mount
of Olives (1845). Frescos : Scenes from
Myth of Bacchus (1826-28), Villa Rosen-
stein, near Stuttgart ; Visitation, Nativity,
Adoration of Magi, Christ on Mount of
Olives, Crucifixion, Entombment, Resurrec-
tion (1838-39).— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 156 ;
Larousse, vi. 795 ; Raczynski, ii. 478.
DIETRICHSON, MATHILDE (n6e Bon-
neir), born in Christiania, July 12, 1837.
Genre painter ; studied first in Christiania,
then in Dusseldorf (1857-61) under Mengel-
berg and Tidemand. In 1862 she married
the art historian Dietrichson, and visited with
him Germany, where she studied in Berlin
under Julius Schrader ; spent three years in
Italy ; settled in 1866 at Upsala, where she
won several medals ; visited, in 1869, Greece,
Turkey, Italy, and France, and studied in
Paris under Chaplin, then in Munich (1875-
77) under Defregger. Works: Old Man
smoking (1868); Young Mother's Visit at
Home (1869); Italian Family Scene (1870);
Educated Maid (1872) ; Master's Daughter
(1873).— Mtiller, 137.
DIETTERLEIN, WENDEL, born in
Strasburg in 1550, died there in 1599. Ger-
man school ; history painter, mostly in
fresco ; enjoyed great reputation in his time,
and is said to have been the first to make
use of pastel The Dresden Academy has
176 original drawings by him. Works :
Calling of St. Matthew, Vienna Museum ;
do., Amalien-Stift, Dessau ; Christ with
Martha and Mary, Prague Gallery. — Wolt-
mann, Deutsche Kunst in Elsass, 314 ; M6-
nard, L'Art en Alsace, 80 ; Nagler, Mon., v.
322.
DIETZ, FEODOR, born at Neunstetten,
Baden, May 29, 1813,
died at Gray, Haute-
Saone, France, Dec.
18, 1870. History
and battle painter,
pupil in Carlsruhe of
Kuntz, then from
1833 at the Munich
Academy under Phil-
ipp Foltz ; adopted,
during a three years'
sojourn in Paris, the style of Horace Ver-
net, under whom and Alaux he studied
and returned in 1839 to Carlsruhe, whence
he moved to Munich in 1843 ; took part
in the campaign in Schleswig-Holstein, in
1848-49, and was made professor of the art-
school in Carlsruhe in 1862. He accom-
panied the German army in 1870 to France,
where he died suddenly of paralysis of the
heart. Works : Death of Max Piccolomini
(1835), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Death of Pappen-
heim ; Gustavus Adolphus at Liitzen (1838);
Margrave Ludwig of Baden's Victoiy over
the Turks (1837); Baden Regiment at
410
DIEUDOXNE
Montinartre in 1814 (1840) ; Baden Cavalry | landscapes, tho latter very successfully.—
iu Battle on the Beresina (1842) ; the Four Allgeni. d. Biogr., v. 218.
Hundred of Pforzheim in Battle of Wimpf- DIEZ, WILHELM, born at Baireutli,
fen (1843) ; Before the Gates of Leipsic Jan. 17, 1839. Genre and battle painter,
(1846), Carlsruhe Art-Union ; Explosion of pupil of the Munich Academy for a short
Danish Man-of-War Christian Vlil. (1849), time under Piloty ; attracted attention first
Night Review of Napoleon I. (1853), De- by his illustrations to Schiller's Thirty Years'
struction of Heidelberg under Mela (1856), War. His genre pictures ore on a small scale
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Eleanor of Sweden be- in the manner of Meissouier. In 1872 he
side Coffin of Gustavus Adolphus (1857), became professor at the Munich Academy.
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Crown Prince Louis of Works : Marauders, Ambuscade (1873) ;
Bavaria in Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, Bava- Travellers in 17th Century (1874); At the
rian Cavalry in Battle of Brienne, Attack of Sutler's (187C); Two Horsemen by an Inn,
Bavarians on Turks at the Siege of Vienna Horse-Market (1878) ; His Excellency trav-
(1862), National Museum, Munich ; Blttcher elling (1879); From the 16th Century, Pic-
crossing Rhine near Caub (1863); March nic, National Gallery, Berlin. — Brockhaus,
to Paris in 1814, National Gallery, Berlin ; v. 341 ; Mttller, 137 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K, xix.
Flight of American Family over the Susque- 130.
hauna (1867); Episode from Battle of Lang- DIGBY, Sir KENELM, portrait, Anton
ensalza (1867); Parade of Baden Division van Dyck, Windsor Castle. Another, half-
before King William ; Afterpiece to Battle length, National Portrait Gallery, London,
of Rossbach ; Meeting of German Cavalry By Anton van Dyck, Wingfield Digby,
after Battle of Hochstiidt. — Allgeni. d. Biogr., Esq., Sherborne. Sir K. D. and family,
v. 209 ; Brockhaus, v. 339 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. half-length, figures seated.
(1871), i. 275 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 75 ; Reg- DIGBY, Lady VENETIA, portrait, Anton
net, i. 64. van Dyck, Earl Spencer, Althorp House.
DIEUDONNE, EMMANUEL DE, born Death-bed picture ; half-length, lying, as if
in Geneva, Switzerland, naturalized in iu sleep ; by her side a withered rose.
France ; contemporary. Figure and por- Painted in 1633, after Lady Digby 's death
trait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal : (May 1, 1633). Replica, Dulwich Gallery. —
3d class, 1881. Works : Fatma (1879); Head, 46.
Spectre of the Rose (1880); Tamerlane and ' DIGBY, Lady VENETIA, portrait, Anton
Bajazet (1881) ; Bazaar at Cairo, Carmen van Dyck, Windsor Castle.
(1882); Jupiter and Juno (1883); Madame
Angot (1884); Guitar, Reve du Kief
(1885).
DIEZ, SAMUEL FRIEDRICH, born at
DIGNITY AND IMPUDENCE, Sir Ed-
win Landneer, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 2 ft 11 in. x 2 ft 3 in. An old
bloodhound, of the Duke of Grafton's breed,
Neuhaus, Meiniugen, Dec. 19, 1803, died at and a little Scotch terrier looking out of the
Meiningen, March 11, 1873. Portrait, genre, same kennel. British Institute, 1839; be-
and landscape painter, pupil in 1822-25 of queathed by Jacob Bell in 1859. — Cat. Nat
the Munich Academy ; made court painter Gal.
in Meiningen in 1832. During his visits to DILLENS, ADOLF, born at Ghent, Jon.
the German courts, St. Petersburg, (1839), : 2, 1821, died there in January, 1877. His-
Stockholm (1842), London (1841 and 1845), ' tory and genre painter, brother and pupil
Paris (1842), Brussels (1845), he collected of Hendrik D.; first works were historical,
his album of European celebrities, compris- but later exhibited pictures illustrative of
ing 300 portraits. During the last ten years Zealand peasant life. Medals : Brussels,
of his life he painted also genre pictures and 1848, 1850, 1854 ; Paris, 3d class, 1855 ;
411
DILLENS
Order of Leopold, 1862 ; member of Amster-
dam Academy, 1866. Works : Five Senses,
Sunday in Flanders (1848); Asking in Mar-
riage (1849); Peruzzi painting Portrait of
dead Constable de Bourbon (1850), Bruges
Gallery ; Courtship in Zealand, Taking Toll,
Fair at West Capelle (1854) ; Gossip at the
Window ; Ball at Goes, Juggler, King Tour-
naments, Taking Toll (1855); Marchand de
Complaintes, Farm Interior (1857) ; Summer
in Zealand — Taking Toll at the Bridge, Win-
ter in Zealand — Skaters, Defeat of the Duke
DILLIS, JOHANN GEORG VON, born
at Grilugiebing, Bavaria, Dec. 26, 1759, died
in Munich, Sept. 28, 1841. German school;
landscape painter, pupil of the Munich
Academy in 1783-90; visited Switzerland and
the Rhine in 1788 and was made inspector of
the Munich Gallery in 1790. Thence he ac-
companied Gilbert Elliot to Italy, then lived
during the war-times in Ansbach, and in
1805 visited Italy once more. In 1806 he
accompanied the Crown Prince Louis to
Paris and on a journey through Switzerland,
d'Alen9on at Antwerp in 1593, To be Warm | France, and Spain, and in 1817-18 to Sicily,
when it is Cold (1862); Jeu de Banes; A j As director of the Royal Gallery, after 1822,
Zealand Wedding ; An Abuse of Confidence ; ' he earned much credit through his arrange-
Ballad SeUer ; Grief and Disorder ; Recruit- rnent of the art treasures in Munich and
ing, Brussels Museum. — Art Journal (1867),
69 ; Eramm, ii. 344.
DILLENS, HENDRIK, born at Ghent,
Dec. 20, 1812, died in Brussels in 1872.
Genre painter, pupil of Maes-Canini.
Works : French Trooper caressing his
Child ; Capture of Joan of Arc ; Old Man
counselling Youths ; Consecration of a
Church ; Charles V. and the Swine-herd ;
Charles V. at Antwerp ; Baptismal Cere-
Nuremberg. Works : View of Tegernsee,
View near Grotta Ferrata, New Pinakothek,
Munich Gallery ; Waterfall of Kesselberg,
View of Dietramszell ; others in Schleiss-
heim and Leuchtenberg Galleries, and Te-
gernsee Castle. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 229 ;
Andresen, iv. 137; Brockhaus, v. 355.
DINET, (ALPHONSE) ETIENNE, born
in Paris ; contemporary. History, portrait,
and landscape painter ; pupil of Galland,
monies in Russia (1828); Tavern Interior Bouguereau, and Tony Robert-Fleury. Med-
(1833); Laura and Petrarch (1834); Trium- al, 3d class, 1884. Works: Mother Clotilde
phal Entry of Philippe Auguste into Paris (1882); View from Rock of Samois, Phoebus
(1835).— Immerzeel, i. 183. j (1883) ; St. Julian the Hospitaller (1884) ;
DILLIS, JOHANN CANTTUS, born at View of the Oued-Msila after Rain (1885).
Griingiebing, Bavaria, in 1779, died in Mu-
nich in 1856. Landscape painter, brother
and pupil of Johann Georg von D., whom
he accompanied in 1805 to Switzerland, Ty-
rol, and Italy ; remained in Rome and re-
turned to Munich alone in 1807, but again
joined his brother on his journeys to Italy
in 1808 and to Paris in 1815. Works : View
near Grotta Ferrata (1809), Schleissheim Gal-
lery; Outlook from high Alps near Neselau,
Stone Bridge near Audorf, Wood with Hunt-
DINIAS, Greek painter, date unknown ;
one of earliest workers in monochrome. —
Pliny, xxxv. 34 [53].
DIOGNETUS, painter, 2d century A.D.
Gave lessons in painting to Emperor Marcus
Aurelius. — Jul. Cap. Anton., 4, 9.
DIONYSIUS, Greek painter, of Colophon,
5th century B.C. Equalled Polygnotus in
technical skill, but inferior to him in higher
qualities. Became a distinguished artist by
study rather than through natural gifts.
ers and Animals, Village on a Brook (1825); ' (^lian, V. H. iv. 3 ; Plut. TimoL 36). Aris-
Cows and Goats by Peasant's Cottage, Win- , totle says (Poet. 2) that he painted men just
ter Landscape (1825); Two Views in Bava- j like the originals, meaning probably that he
rian Alps (1826-27); Mountain Landscape was deficient in the ideal. According to
with Cattle.— Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 226 ; La- Pliny (xxxv. 37 [113]) he was called Anthro-
rousse, vi. 854. ; pographus because he painted nothing but
412
BlONYSirS
men ; but some think that this should be
referred to the later Dionysius, the contem-
porary of Sopolis.
DIONYSIUS, portrait painter, country un-
known, lived in Rome 1st century ac. Pliny
says (xxxv. 40 [147]) that he and Sopolis
were the moat celebrated portrait painters
of their time and that their works filled the
galleries. See laia.
DIONYSODORUS, painter, of Colophon
(Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146]). Probably identical
with Dionysius of Colophon.
DIONYSUS or Bacchus, pictures. See
Aristides, Ctesilochus ; Liber, see Echion, Ni-
dus.
DIORES, painter, country unknown. Men-
tioned by Varro (do Ling. Lai, ix. 6, 12) in
a way to lead one to suppose that he was
contemporary with Micon.
DIRK VAN HAARLEM. See Bouts,
Dierick.
DISCEPOLJ, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born at Lugnano in 1590, died in 1600.
Milanese school ; history painter, pupil of
C. Procaccini. Works : Adoration of Magi,
Brera, Milan ; Purgatory, S. Carlo, Milan ;
St. Theresa, Sta. Teresa, Como. — Lanzi.
DISCOVERER, THE, William M. Hunt,
Capitol, Albany, N.Y. ; mural painting, demi-
lune, H 15 ft x 45 ft. The Discoverer, full-
length, draped, standing, gazing on the set-
ting sun, in a boat which is rising to a sea
against a sunset sky ; behind him, Fortune,
full-length, nude and winged, holding the
tiller with her left hand and trimming the
sail with her right ; at the prow is Hope,
with one hand on the boat, the other point-
ing forward ; in front of her blind Faith,
her face buried in her arms, floats with the
tide, while Science unrolls a chart at the side.
Painted in 1878.— Scribner's Mag., xix. 175.
DISCUSSION OF IMMACULATE CON-
CEPTION, Guido Reni, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg. To right, St. Jerome, with a book,
looks at the Virgin, who, dressed in white,
appears in glory with two angels ; SS. Am-
brose, Chrysostom, Basil, Augustine, and
Gregory are also represented. Sold by the
Marchese degli Angeli to Lord Walpole.
Engraved by W. Sharp and L Sanders.—
Descr. of the Hermitage, 22.
DISGUST, Paolo Veronese, Cobham Hall,
England ; canvas, 5 ft. 10 in. square. A man,
nude, recumbent, is chastised by Cupid with
his bow, while two women, one holding an
ermine, are hastening away. From Collec-
tion of Queen Christina of Sweden to Orleans
Collection ; valued at sale in 1793 at £150,
sold for 44 guineas. Engraved by B. Audran.
— Waagen, Treasures, iL 499 ; iii. 20 ; Cab.
Crozat, ii. PI. 27.
DISPUTE OF THE SACRAMENT,
Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican,
Rome ; fresco, arched top, H. 16 ft x 26 ft
! 8 in. The Triumph of Religion. God the
Father, in a glory of angels and cherubim,
holds the globe in one hand and raises the
other in benediction ; beneath, Christ seated
between the Virgin and John Baptist, with
six saints, patriarchs, and prophets on each
side, seated upon clouds upheld by cheru-
bim (left — Peter, Adam, John Evangelist,
David, Stephen, Jeremiah (?); right — Judas
Maccabaeus, George, Lawrence, Moses, James,
Abraham, Paul); below Christ, the Holy
Ghost and four angels bearing the Gospels ;
in lower part, the Eucharist on an altar,
1 round which are grouped forty-three figures,
popes, bishops, doctors of the church, and
1 learned men, many of them portraits — among
i others Dante, Savonarola, and Fra Angelico.
1 Painted in 1508. Called also Theology.
Original studies in Windsor Castle Collec-
tion ; Stiidel Museum, Frankfort ; Collection
Due d'Aumale, Chantilly ; and Louvre. En-
graved by G. Mocetto, Keller, Volpato, G.
Ghisi, Aquila, Gantrel, and MochettL— Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. 330; Miintz, 320; Passavant,
iL 73 ; Springer, 159 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii.
427; Gruyer; Perkins, 115.
DISTRAINING FOR RENT, Sir David
Wilkie, William Wells, Esq., Redleaf ; can-
vas. The sheriff taking an inventory of the
household goods of a cottager, to be seized
for rent. Sixteen figure* Painted in 1814 ;
bought by British Institution for GOO guin-
413
DITSCI1EINER
eas. Engraved by Eaimbach. — Heaton,
Works of Sir D. W.; Mollett, 50, 62.
DITSCHEINER, ADOLF, bora in Vi-
enna, June 29, 1846. Landscape painter,
pupil of the Vienna Academy under Albert
Ziinmermann ; went in 1876 to Munich,
travelled in the Bavarian Alps and North
Italy, and stayed for some time in Istria and
on the Adriatic. Works : Wood Interior,
Swamp in Sunset, View in the Eamsau ; On
Shore of Lake Chiem, Vienna Museum.—
Mailer, 138.
DITTENBEEGEB, JOHANN GUSTAV,
born at Neuenweg, Baden, in 1799, died in
Vienna. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil in Heidelberg of Rottmann and Eoux ;
then from 1821 at the Munich Academy ;
visited Paris, where he studied for some
time under Gros, and Rome until 1831,
when he settled in Vienna. He painted
mostly altarpieces in the manner of the old
German masters, also profane history and
allegories. Works : Annunciation (1844) ;
St. Andrew converting the Russians ; Ave
Maria ; St. Severin blessing Austria ; Ger-
mania and Schleswig-Holstein (1850); Christ
on Mount of Olives ; Knight Toggenburg ;
Venus going to the Bath. • — Meyer, Con.
Lex., v. 771 ; Wurzbach, iii. 315.
DIVINA TRAGEDIA (Divine Tragedy),
Paul Chenavard, Luxembourg Museum ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 1 in. X 18. The over-
throw by Christianity of the ancient relig-
ions. In centre, the new God expiring upon
the Cross, which is upheld by the Father ;
above, in the heavens, the Blessed, with
Cherubim ; behind the principal group, on
one side Adam and Eve, on the other the
Virgin and Child, symbols of the Fall and
the Redemption ; below, Maia weeps over
the bodies of Jupiter-Ammon and of Isis-
Cybele, while on the right and left are the
gods and mythical heroes of the ancient
world, overthrown and flying before the
new divinity. In the lower angle, at right,
a segment of the world, on which is seen
the city of Rome, indicates the place of the
vision, — Salon, 1869.
DD7INO, EL. See Morales, Luis de.
DOBSON, WILLIAM, bom in Holboru
in 1610, died in London, Oct. 28, 1646.
Pupil of Sir Robert Peake, an obscure
painter and picture dealer ; learned to copy
Van Dyck so accurately that the great mas-
ter was attracted by him and introduced
him to Charles I. After Van Dyck's death
he became sergeant-painter and groom of
the privy chamber. He painted Charles L,
Charles H., Prince Rupert, and many other
notable personages. His Beheading of St.
John Baptist is at Wilton House ; portrait of
Milton, Gatton House ; portrait of Cleveland
the poet, Bridgewater House ; portrait group
of himself and wife, Hampton Court ; por-
traits of himself, and of Sir H. Vane, Quarles,
and E. Porter, National Portrait Gallery. —
Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 36.
DOBSON, WILLIAM CHARLES
THOMAS, born in
Hamburg, Ger-
many, in 1817.
History painter,
pupil in London of
Royal Academy,
and of Charles
Eastlake; head
master in 1843-45
of Birmingham
,\ School of Design.
In 1845 visited Italy and Germany for sev-
eral years. Has painted chiefly scriptural
subjects ; many of his works have been en-
graved. Elected an A.R.A. in 1860, and
R. A. in 1872. Works : Hermit (1842); Paul
and Virginia (1843); Italian Goatherd (1846);
Witch of Endor (1848); Madonna (1850);
Christian Pilgrim (1852) ; Charity of Dorcas
(1855); Christ going to Nazareth (1857);
Der Rosenkranz (1859); The Child Jesus in
the Temple (1866); A Crown to her Hus-
band (1872); Paul at Philippi (1873) ; Re-
becca (1876); Waiting (1877); At the Mas-
querade (1878); Venetian Girl (1879); Gold-
en Age (1882) ; Morning, Bianca Capello
(1883).— Art Journal (1860), 137 ; Sandby,
ii. 344.
414
DOBYASCHOFSKI
DOBYASCHOFSKI, FRANZ, born in Vi-
enna in 1818, died there, Dec. 7, 1867. His-
tory painter ; pupil of the Vienna Academy
under Ftihrich and Kupelwieser, and soon
became the most distinguished among Ftth-
rich's followers ; visited Italy and Paris, and
afterwards was made professor at the Vienna
Academy. Works : The Flood (1835); St.
John (1843); St. Boniface preaching the
Gospel to the Germans (1844); Joseph re-
lating his Dream, St. Barbara (1845); Em-
peror Otto hunting with Leopold of Baben-
berg (1846); Duke Albrecht lH. receiving
his Firstborn, Cimabue discovering Giotto's
Talent (1847); The Nun's Dream (1848);
Faust and Margaret in the 19th Century
(1849); Duke Ernest the Iron saving Cym-
burgis (1850), Vienna Museum ; St. Ferdi-
nand, St. Joseph with Infant Christ (1851);
Roman Shepherd-Boy, St. Elizabeth giving
Alms, St. Ulrich. Fresco : Glorification of
Christ, Christ on Mount of Olives, Altlerchen-
feld chapel, Vienna. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v.
277 ; Brockhaus, v. 277.
DOCENO. See Gherardi, Cristofano.
DOES, JACOB VAN DER, the elder,
born in Amsterdam
in 1623, died at The
Hague, Nov. 17, 1673.
Dutch school ; land-
scape and animal
painter, pupil of
Nicolas Moyaert, but
strongly influenced
when in Rome by Pie-
ter van Laar. Ho was
one of the founders of the guild of painters
at The Hague (1656). Works : The Little
Shepherds (1655), Brussels Museum ; Land-
scapes with Sheep (3, two dated 1661, 1668),
Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (1), Cassel Gal-
lery ; Landscape with Cattle, Brunswick
Museum ; Italian Landscapes (2), Old Pin-
akothek, Munich ; do. (1657), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; do., and Antique Fountain
(1662), Vienna Museum ; Replica of latter
in Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg.—
Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise; Krauim, ii. 351.
DOES, JACOB VAN DER, tho younger,
born in Amsterdam in 1654, died in Paris
in 1699. History painter, son of Jacob van
der Does, the elder ; pupil of Karel du Jar-
din and of Gaspard Netscher, and finally
studied in school of Gerard de Lairessc.
DOES, SIMON VAN DER, born in Am-
sterdam in 1653, died at The Hague (?) in
1717. Dutch school ; son and pupil of
Jacob van der Does tho elder, and scholar
of Adrian van de Velde. When young set-
tled at The Hague, and returned there after
visiting Friesland and passing a year in
England. Later he worked at Brussels and
Antwerp. Painted landscapes with shep-
herds and cattle ; also portraits. Works :
Shepherds Reading (1706), Shepherdess
(1708, 1711), Maternal Love (1714), Amster-
dam Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollan-
daise ; Immerzeel, i. 187 ; Kramni, ii. 351.
DOLCI, CARLO (Carlino), born in Flor-
ence, May 25, 1616,
died there, Jan.
17, 1686. Floren-
tine school ; stud-
ied with Jacopo Vig-
nali, a pupil of
Matteo RossellL A
prolific, though very
careful, painter, who
bestowed the great- /'
est labour and pains even upon tho least im-
portant parts of his pictures. His subjects
are always sacred, but his work is marred
by an insipid affectation of religious feeling.
His sweetness is cloying and his devotion
superficial Charles Blanc calls him the
true representative of Jesuitical art. The
tone of his colouring is generally adapted to
41.-
DOLPII
the character of his subjects, being always
soft and harmonious. Some of his female
figures are better than any of his male sub-
jects. He was the last of the Florentine
school, as well in style and taste as in point
of time. Among his best works are : Mar-
tyrdom of St. Andrew, Sleeping St. John,
Madonna, Christ in the Garden, St. Peter
Weeping, Pal. Pitti, Florence ; Magdalen,
and Madonna appearing to a Monk, Uffizi,
Florence ; St. Cecilia, Salome, Dresden Gal-
lery; St. John writing his Gospel, Berlin
Museum ; St. Catherine, St. Cecilia, Magda-
. __ len, Her-
enna Mu-
seum; Madonna, Magdalen, Munich Pinakot-
hek. — Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ; Seguier,
58 ; Wornum, Epochs, 356.
DOLPH, J. H., born at Fort Ann, N. Y.,
April 18, 1835. Genre and animal painter,
pupil in 1870 of Louis van Kuyck in Ant-
werp ; studied in Paris in 1880-82. He
spent several years abroad studying in Rome
and painting on the continent. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1877. Studio in New York.
Works : Knickerbocker Farm- Yard (1869) ;
Parson's Visit, Beggars (1874) ; Landscape
and Cattle, Antiquarian (1876, Philadel-
phia) ; Waiting for the Hunters (1879) ;
Grace before Meat (1880) ; The Antecham-
ber (1882) ; Choice of a Sword, Minstrel
Songs, The Reprimand (1883) ; Cat and Kit-
tens, Rat Retired from the World — La Fon-
taine's Fable (1884) ; A Princess, I can't
Play with You (1885).
DOMENICHINO (Domenico Zampieri),
born in Bologna, Oct. 21, 1581, died in Na-
ples, April 15, 1641. Bolognese school ; son
of a shoemaker ; pupil of Denis Calvaert,
afterward of the Carracci at the same time
with Guido and Albani, who became his in-
timate friend. After studying works of Cor-
reggio and of Parmigiano at Parma and
Modena, went to Rome and aided Annibale
Carracci in the Farnese frescos. He soon
became d i s t i n -
guished as an ac-
curate designer
and a true colour-
ist, and was em-
ployed in paint-
ing frescos by
Cardinals Bor-
ghese, Farnese,
and Aldobrandini.
His increasing re-
putation excited the jealousy of Guido, Lan-
franco, and other painters, who treated him
with so much injustice that he returned to
Bologna, April 18, 1612. A month later he
went to Rome, but he did not settle there
until 1620, when Gregory XV. appointed him
painter and architect of the apostolic cham-
ber. In 1630, after the death of the Pope,
he went to Naples to decorate the chapel of
S. Januarius in the Cathedral with frescos of
events in the Saint's life, but before they
were finished he was so persecuted by the
notorious cabal • — • the painters Corenzio,
Spagnoletto, and Caracciolo — that he wor-
ried himself to death, or, as is suspected,
' died of poison. Domenichino was rated in
j the last century as only second to Raphael,
| but, although a forcible and learned painter,
he was commonplace in invention and want-
ing in ideality. His masterpiece is the
Communion of St. Jerome, in the Vatican,
where it has been ranked as a rival to
: Raphael's Transfiguration. Other examples :
Martyrdom of St. Agnes, do. of St. Peter
Martyr, Madonna del Rosario, Bologna Gal-
lery ; Diana and Actseon, Magdalen, Venus,
Cupid and Satyrs, Pal. Pitti, Florence ;
Portrait of Cardinal Aguccia, Uffizi ; Sam-
son, Lucca Gallery ; Madonna with Saints,
Brera, Milan ; Guardian Angel, St. John
the Evangelist, Naples Museum ; Adam
and Eve, Pal. Barberini, Rome ; Diana and
Nymphs, Cumsean Sibyl, Pal. Borghese,
Rome ; Cumsean Sibyl, Capitol Gallery,
Rome ; Adam and Eve in Paradise, Triumph
416
DOMEKIOO
of David, Pal. Rospigliosi, Rome ; Charity,
Dresden Gallery ; Susannah at the Bath,
Munich Gallery ; Hercules and Achelous,
Hercules and Cacus, Herminia at the Shep-
herd's House, Holy Family, Adam and Eve,
David playing the Harp, Ecstasy of St. Paul,
St. Cecilia, Triumph of Love, Timodea be-
fore Alexander, Rinaldo and Armida, Louvre;
Adoration of the Shepherds, Dulwich Gal-
lery ; Tobias and the Angel, St. Jerome and
the Angel, National Gallery, London; Cupid,
Hermitage. Among his frescos in Rome
are the Death of Adonis, Loggia of the Giar-
dino Farnese ; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian,
S. M. degli Angeli; Four Evangelists, peu-
dentives of the cupola S. Andrea della Valle;
Two from life of St. Cecilia, S. Luigi ; As-
sumption of the Virgin, S. M. in Trastevere.
His finest frescos are, however, those at Grotta
Ferrata near Rome, from the life of St.
Nilus, and scenes from the Life of the Vir-
gin in the Duomo at Fano. — Malvasia, ii.
219 ; Lanzi, iii. 84 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolo-
naise ; Dohme, 2iii.; Kugler (Eastlake), iv.
485; Richter, Cat. Dulwich Gal. (1880),
66.
DOMENICO DI BARTOLO, born at As-
ciano early part 15th century, died after
1444. Sienese school. Vasari errs in call-
ing him a nephew of Taddeo Bartoli, but
he was probably taught in his school His
manner is Umbro-Sienese, deficient in order
and balance, and marked by absence of per-
spective. His earliest picture, Madonna and
Angels, dated 1433, is in the Siena Acade-
my; his latest is of 1444. His best work is
Madonna with Saints, in the convent of S.
Giuliana, Perugia. There are five frescos
by him in the Infirmary of the Hospital,
Siena.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 52; Vasari, ii. 223 ;
Milanesi, Siena, 171.
DOMENICO VENEZIANO, born about
1390, died in Florence, May 15, 1461. Vene-
tian school. Birth and education unknown.
Painted early in Perugia, and from 1439 to
1445 in S. M. Nuova, Florence, where he
executed a series of frescos with the aid of
his apprentice, Piero della Francesca, and his
assistant, Bicci di Lorenzo. Ho used oil as
a medium, but it is certain that ho did not
learn its use from Antonello da Messina, as
asserted by Vasari, since it waa known be-
fore that time, and is mentioned by Cennini
in his Treatise written in the 14th century,
and that he was not assassinated by Andrea
del Castagno, as is stated by the same author,
since he survived him four years. His Ma-
donna with Saints, formerly in S. Lucia de'
Bardi, Florence, now in the Uffizi, is a light-
toned piece, of gay and well-fused colour,
and fair impasto, held by some to be painted
in tempera and by others with an oil vehicle.
— C. & C., Italy, ii. 313 ; Vasari, ed. MiL, ii.
CC7, 683 ; Eastlake, Materials, 218 ; Lubke,
Gesch. ital. MaL, L 283.
DOMINGO, J., born in Spain ; contem-
porary. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of
Meissonier, to whose works his bear strong
resemblance. Works : Halt at Inn, Card
Players, Stable Interior, Guard Room, W.
H.Vauderbilt, New York ; Cavalier and Dog,
J. J. Astor, New York ; During the Battle,
Wm. Astor, New York ; In a Spanish Cafe,
G. I. Seney, Brooklyn; Spanish Stable with
Donkey, J. C. Runkle, New York ; Return
from Pasture, Palette Club, New York ; Scene
in Cabaret ; Antiquary ; Guitar Player. —
Mnller, 139.
DOMINGO Y MARQUfe, Don FRAN-
CISCO, bom in Valencia, Spain ; contempo-
rary. History painter ; began to exhibit in
1866, historical genre scenes and portraits.
Medals: 3d class, 1866; 1st class, 1871.
Works : An Event in the 17th Century ; The
Calabrese (1866) ; St Clara; Last Day of Sa-
guntum (1871).
DOMINGUEZ Y SANCHEZ, Don MAN-
UEL, born in Spain ; contemporary. His-
tory and portrait painter. Medals in 1866
and 1871. Works : Faun (1866) ; Death of
Seneca (1871) ; Maja, Venetian Study ; San-
cho Panza with the Duchess and her Ladies
(1882) ; Agriculture (1884) ; Frescos in San
Francisco el Grande. — La Ilustracion (1882),
i. 3 ; ii 346 ; (1883), L 91; ii. 163 ; (1884), L
336.
417
DOMINICK
DOMINICK, ST., Titian, Palazzo Borghese,
Home ; canvas, half-length, life-size. Stand-
ing, pointing upward with right hand. — C.
& C., Titian, ii. 419.
DONI (Dono, Adone), TJmbrian school,
(1540-1572). Of Assisi, where he painted
in the lower Church of S. Francesco the Le-
gend of St. Stephen and other works. In
Perugia he painted about 1550 the Last
Judgment in S. Francesco ; Adoration of the
Magi, in S. Pietro ; and Julius m restoring
to Perugia its Municipal Government in the
Hall of the Magistrates. An altarpiece by
him in the Duomo, Gubbio. — Lanzi, i. 349 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne ; Burckhardt,
575.
DONI, AGNOLO, portrait, Raphael, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 1 ft. 11 in.x
1 ft. 2 in. Half-length, seated near a balus-
trade, on which rests his left arm ; black
coat, red waistcoat, black cap, long hair fall-
ing on neck. Painted in Florence in 1506 ;
sold, together with the portrait of Maddalena
Doni, in 182G, by their descendants, to Leo-
pold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, for 5,000
scudi. Engraved by Cappelli, by G. Repi,
and in Rosini's History of Italian Painting.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 325 ; C. & C., Raphael,
i. 266 ; Gotti, Gal. di Firenze, 182 ; Gal. du
Pal. Pitti, iv. 92 ; Miintz, 201 ; Passavant, ii.
39 ; Springer, 85 ; Gruyer, Portraits, i. 97.
DONI, MADDALENA (Strozzi), portrait,
Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H.
1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 2 in. Half-length, nearly
full face, with hands crossed in lap ; dress
red and blue, a gold collar and chain, and
pear-shaped pearl pendant. Same history
as above. Study in Louvre. Engraved by
Delfini.— Gal.du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 93; Mtintz,
141, 201 ; Springer, 60, 85 ; Gruyer, L 105,
and ref. above.
DONI, PAOLO. See Uccelli.
DONNA GRAVIDA (Pregnant Woman),
Raphael (?), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Half-length, in
Florentine costume of 1500, wearing a cap,
and a golden chain about her neck ; one
hand, adorned with rings, resting in her lap,
the other holding gloves. Passavant says
painted about 1507. Engraved by G. Vitta.
— Muntz, 204 ; Springer, 499 ; Passavant, ii.
52.
Donna Gravida, Raphael (?), Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
DONNA VELATA (Veiled Lady), Raph-
ael (?), attributed to Unknown, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. A
beautiful woman, half-length, seated, seen
three-quarters face, turned to left; hair part-
ed and put back behind ears, and head
partly covered with a veil, which falls grace-
fully on each side, enveloping right arm ;
necklace of black stones ; dress, a white
plaited chemise, a low bodice trimmed with
gold, with white damask sleeve. Supposed
portrait of Raphael's mistress, Margherita ;
bears some resemblance to Madonna di San
Sisto and to Fornarina in Palazzo Barberini.
Passavant, Miinder, Springer, Ruland, and
others, consider this a genuine Raphael ;
Gruyer, Burekhardt, and Bode think it a
Bolognese picture, perhaps after an original
by Raphael. Brought to Pitti in 1824 from
Villa of Poggio Reale. Engraved by L.
Griiner; D. Chiossoue; W. Hollar, in reverse,
from a copy. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 355 ; Miintz,
418
DONNEB
536 ; Passavant, ii. 276 ; Springer (Dohme
2ii.), 251; Art Journal (1882), 1.
DONNEB, OTTO, born in Frankfort,
May 10, 1828. History painter, pupil of
the Stildel Institute until 1847, then in
Paris of Delaroche, and in Munich of
Schwind. Visited Italy in 1852, and in 1862
went again to Paris to study under Couture ;
practised for some years portrait painting
there and in London ; assisted in 1866 in the
painting of Schwiud's frescos in the Vienna
Donna Velala, Raphael (?), Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
Opera House, and was then for ten years in
Home, where he painted genre scenes from
Italian life and the antique world ; returned
to Frankfort in 1876. Works : Ltttzow's Men
beside Korner's Body ; Satyr with Nymphs
resting after the Chase (18G3); Vintage at
Ischia ; Interior of Pompeiiau Winter Gar-
den ; The Forsaken, Campanian Tavern ;
Evening Scene before Herculaneum Gate ;
Portraits of Prince and Princess Scherbatoff,
Princess Bariatiusky, Emperor William
(1877).— Mtlller, 139.
DONZELLO, PIETRO DEL, bom in
Florence in 1451, died there, Feb. 24, 1509.
Florentine school ; son of Francesco d' An-
tonio di Jacopo, bailiff (donzello) of the Sig-
noria of Florence. He and his brother Poli-
to, or Ippolito (born in Florence in 1455,
and apprenticed to Neri de' Bicci in 1469-
71) were companions in that painter's studio,
Florence, as kte as 1480. Several panels of
doubtful authenticity in the Naples Muse-
um, as well as the wall paintings in the ex-
refectory of S. Maria Nuova (probably by
an Umbrian master) are attributed to them.
De' Domenici, who makes the Donzelli
Neapolitans and pupils of Colantonio del
Fiore and Andrea Solario, is unreliable. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 485 ; Burckhardt, 613 ;
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 102 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
napolitaiue.
DOPPLER, KARL EMIL, bora at
Schnepfenthal, Gotha, March 8, 1824. Genre
painter ; devoted himself at first, from 1844,
to architectural painting, lived then for sev-
eral years in New York, as illustrator, and
returned in 1859 to study genre painting in
Munich under Piloty. In 1860-70 he was
in Weimar, as costume-draughtsman for tho
theatre and teacher at the art-school, and in
1870 settled in Berlin. Works: Ambus-
cade in time of Henry HI. ; The Widow of
Sadowa ; The Secret, Duchess Maria Anna
and Duke Charles of Zweibrtlcken, National
Museum, Munich ; The Four Main Festivals
of the Year.— Brockhaus, v. 477; Muller,
140 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1870), i. 176.
DORtf, GUSTAVE PAUL, born in Stras-
burg, Jan. 6, 1833,
died in Paris, Jan.
27, 1883. History
painter and de-
signer; original
name Dorer,
changed by him
to French form.
Went to Paris
when fifteen years
old and began by
contributing sketches to illustrated periodi-
cals. Exhibited in Salon in 1848 pen-and-
ink landscape drawings, and in 1855 his first
419
DOEEUR
oil picture, Battle of the Alma, which was
followed in 1857 by Battle of Inkermann ;
but he did not attract notice until 1863,
when his Paolo and Franceses da Rimini
drew the attention of the critics. Though
he executed other ambitious works he too
often yielded to the temptation of multiply-
ing work at the expense of thought and fin-
ish, and failed to win fame as an historical
painter. None deny the wealth of his im-
agination, or the astounding facility of his
hand, but those who best appreciate his
powers regret that they were not better di-
rected. As a sculptor he possessed consid-
erable ability. L. of Honour, 1861 ; Officer,
1879. Works : Tobit and the Angel (1865),
Luxembourg Museum ; Evening in the
Country of Granada, Savoy, Rebellious An-
gels Cast Down, Titans ( 1866) ; Mountebank's
Family, Neophyte, Siesta, Andromeda, Tri-
umph of Christianity (1868); The Alps, A
Valley (1869); Alms, Savoy (1870); Alsace,
Massacre of Innocents (1872) ; Prayers,
Darkness or Night of the Crucifixion, The
Desert (1873); Christian Martyrs, Dream
of Pilate's Wife (1874); Dante and Virgil in
the Seventh Circle, House of Ca'iphas, Vaga-
bonds (1875) ; Jesus Condemned (1876);
Christ's Entry into Jerusalem (1877); Ecce
Homo, Moses before Pharaoh ( 1878) ; The As-
cension, Death of Orpheus (1879) ; Twilight,
Souvenir of Loch Corron (1880); Day Dream,
Vale of Tears, The Garry in Perthshire, Val-
ley in the Alps (1882). Illustrations of
books : Rabelais (1854) ; Wandering Jew
(1855); Balzac's Contes drulatiques (1862);
Dante's Inferno (1861) ; Attala, Don Quixote
(1862); Bible (2 vols., 1865-66); Paradise
Lost (1866); La Fontaine's Fables (1867);
Tennyson's Idyls of the King (1867-68);
Hood's Poems (1870); Baron Davillier's Es-
pagne (1873); Coleridge's Ancient Mariner
(1876) ; Enault's London (1877) ; Ariosto's
Orlando Furioso (1879) ; Poe's Raven (1883).
—Portfolio (1883), 64 ; L'Art (1883), i. 115 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts, Dec., 1883 ; Chronique
des Arts, 1883; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii.
390; Kuust-Chronik, xviii. 320; Hamer-
ton, Painting in France ; Larousse ; Jarves,
Art Thoughts ; Perrier, Etudes, 153 ; Cla-
retie, Peintres, etc. (1884), ii. 105 ; Bruno
Meyer, Studien und Kritiken, 92 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, i. 31.
DOREUR, LE (The Gilder), Rembrandt,
William Schaus, New York ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
5 in. X 1 ft 11 in. ; signed, dated 1646. Por-
trait of a man about forty-five years old, face
seen in a three-quarter view, with dark beard
and moustaches ; wears a large slouched hat
and a brown jacket ; right hand in the breast
of his vest. A masterpiece, of great bril-
liancy of colour. Painted in 1640. From De
Morny Collection.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1863),
xiv. 292 ; Smith, vii. 121.
DORIA, ANDREA, portrait, Sebastian del
Piombo, Palazzo Doria, Rome ; wood, a lit-
tle more than life-size. Standing by a win-
dow, on the stone sill of which are two gal-
leys, symbols of his rank as admiral. Painted
about 1528. One of the finest portraits in
the world. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 576 ; C. &
C., N. Italy, ii. 346 ; Burckhardt, 724.
DORIGNY, LOUIS, bom in Paris in June,
1654, died in Verona in 1742. French
school ; history painter, pupil of his father,
Michel D., and of Lebrun. Dissatisfied
with the verdict of the Academy, which
awarded him the second prize in 1671, he
went to Rome, where he studied four years ;
then painted at Gubbio and Foligno, and, for
ten years, in Venice. Married there, and
settled in Verona ; visited Paris in 1704, and
Naples in 1706, on his return to Verona,
whence he was called to Vienna in 1711 by
Prince Eugene to decorate his palace ;
painted also in Prague. Excelled as a fresco
painter. Works : Susanna at the Bath,
Bordeaux Museum ; Two Miracles of St.
Zeno, Daniel justifying Susanna, Annuncia-
tion, College Church, Verona ; Dream of
Maccabseus, Scenes in Life of Louis de Gon-
zaga, S. Sebastino, ib. ; St. Christopher car-
rying the Child Jesus, S. Eufemia, ib.; Rape
of Sabines, Combat of Horatii and Curatii,
Palazzo Giusti, ib. ; Theological and Cardi-
nal Virtues, Palazzo Pelegrini, ib. ; Feast of
420
DORIGNY
Bacchus, Four Quarters of the Globe, Ve-
nus and the Graces, several others, Palazzo
Allegri, ib.; Frescos in Palazzi Spolvariui,
Murelli, and others, ib.; do. in S. Silvestre,
Venice ; in Jesuits' Church, Palazzi Tron
and Zeuobio, ib. ; do. representing Patron
Saints of Trent and their Martyrdom, Trent
Cathedral. — Bellier-Auvray, i. 440; D'Argen- ;
ville, Abr6ge, v. 271 ; Dussieux, Les Artistes
fran<;ais :\ 1'etranger, 148, 521.
DORIGNY, MICHEL, born at Saint-
Quentin (Aisne), in 1617, died in Paris, Feb.
21, 1665. French school ; history painter,
pupil of Simon Vouet, his father-in-law ; re-
ceived into the Academy in 1663, adjunct
professor in 1662, professor in 1664. Works :
Flora and Zephyr, Louvre, Paris ; Allegory,
Madrid Museum. — Bellier-Auvray, i. 440.
DORINDA WOUNDED, Ouercino, Dres-
den Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 f t 3 in. X 9 ft. 10
in. Dorinda in the arms of Linco, who shows
her wound to Silvio (Guarini's "PastorFido").
Painted for Alfonso de Novellara ; bought in
1744 hi Madrid as a Correggio. Engraved
by L. S. Lempereur.
DORNER, JOHANN JAKOB, the elder,
born at Ehrenstetten, Breisgau, in 1741, died
in Munich, May 22, 1813. German school ;
history and genre painter, pupil in Freiburg
of Rosch, and from 1759 in Augsburg, of
Ignaz Bauer ; visited North Italy and went
to Munich, where, in 1762, he became court
painter, and, after a visit to the Netherlands
and Paris, in 1766-68, inspector, and in 1777
director of the Gallery. Works: Female
Storekeeper (1775), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Portrait of Artist, Augsburg Gallery ;
seven genre scenes, Schleissheiui Gallery. —
Allgem. d. Biogr. , v. 354 ; Broekhaus, v. 493.
DORNER, JOHANN JAKOB, the young-
er, born in Munich, July 7, 1775, died there,
Dec. 14, 1852. German school ; landscape
painter, son and pupil of Johaim Jakob the
elder, but formed himself chiefly through
study from nature ; took Claude Lorrain and
Karel du Jardiu for his models. He visited
Switzerland and France in 1801-3, and after
his return was made restorer, and in 1808
inspector of the Royal Gallery, in 1815 mem-
ber of the Hanau, in 1820 of the Vienna and
Berlin, and in 1824 of the Munich academies.
Works : Views of Laudshut and Munich ;
Environs of Paris ; Rhine- Valley near Frei-
burg ; Rocky Landscape near Kochel Lake ;
The Staubbach near Rtttli ; Waterfall over
Steep Rocks, Storm in Lech Valley, Land-
scape with Mill near Pasing, View of Walchen
Lake, New Pinakothek, Munich Gallery ;
thirty-six Landscapes in Sculeissheim Gal-
lery ; Wood-Path (1817), National Gallery,
Berlin. — Broekhaus, v. 493 ; Nagler, Mon.,
iii. 869.
DORNER, JOHANN KONRAD, born at
Egg, near Bregenz, in 1810, died in Rome
in 1866. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of the Munich Academy
under Cornelius ; went in 1835 to St. Peters-
burg, where he painted mostly portraits, be-
sides altarpieces, and was made member of
the Academy ; returned to Munich and went
in 1855 to Rome, where he acquired repu-
j tation through historical compositions and
genre scenes. Works : Madonna with St.
John ; another picture with Saints, Munich
Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., v. 354 ; Broek-
haus, v. 494.
DOROTHEA. See Fornarina.
DOROTHEUS, Roman painter, 1st cen-
tury A.D. Painted for the Emperor Nero a
copy of the Veiius Anadyomeue of Ajtelle*
after the original had become impaired by
j time.— Pliny, xxxv. 36 [9].
DORPH, ANTON (LAURIDS JOHAN-
NES), born at Horsens, Jutland, Feb. 15,
1831. History, genre, and portrait painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Mar-
I strand ; went to North Italy and Paris in
1854, where he studied for a few months
! under Couture ; visited Holland, France, and
' Italy in 1859. Member of Copenhagen
Academy in 1871. Works : Peasant Girl
knitting (1854), Copenhagen Gallery ; Christ
on the Cross (1858); Fishermen at Sorrento
(1861); Street Scene at Sorrento (1862);
'Christ with Martha and Mary, Si Ste-
phen's, Copenhagen ; Ascension, Trinity
421
DOSSI
Church, ib.; Christ blessing the Children,
HolinensChurch, ib. ; Give unto Caesar! Christ
and Disciples at Emmaus ; Young Wife
awaiting Husband's Return (1867); Little
Girls playing in the Downs (1868), Catch-
ing Homfish (1880), Copenhagen Gallery.—
Sigurd Muller, 79 ; Weilbach, 135.
DOSSI, BATTISTA. See Dossi, Giovanni.
DOSSI, GIOVANNI ( Giovanni di Lutero,
called Dosso Dossi),
born at Dosso, near
Ferrara, about 1749,
died at Ferrara in
1542. Lombardo-Fer-
rarese school ; scholar
of Lorenzo Costa ; be-
came a favourite of
Duke Alfonso I. of
Ferrara, for whom he
painted a large picture, and an altarpiece,
Cathedral of Ferrara, representing St. Bar-
tholomew and St. John at Patmos (1527).
Many of his works, in the Ducal Palace at
Ferrara, were destroyed by fire in 1718.
His brother Battista (died 1548), a noted
landscape painter, assisted him in painting
the Labours of Hercules, in the Cortile of
this palace, a Madonna with Saints (1522),
Cathedral at Modena, and frescos in the
Castle at Trent, now destroyed. Ariosto, in
the Orlando Furioso (xxxiii. 2), mentions
the brothers together with Leonardo da
Vinci, Mantegna, and Gian. Bologna. Dosso
Dossi is said to have spent six years in Home
and five in Venice. Other works : Annun-
ciation, Madonna with Saints, Ferrara Gal-
lery ; Bacchanal, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Justice, Diana and Endymion, One of the
Hours, Peace, the Four Doctors of the
Church, a Dream, and Judith, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Circe, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome ; St.
Sebastian, Brera, Mi-
lan.— Vasari, ed. Mil.,
v. 96 ; Baruffaldi, Vite
degli Artifici Ferraresi
(Taddei, 1844); Seguier, 59 ; Rio, Art. Chre-
tien, iii. 445 ; Cittadella, Notizie relative a
Ferrara (1864), 530, 605; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. 387 ; Lermolieff, 136 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, x. 264, 269.
DOU (Dov, Dow, Douw), GERARD, born
at Leyden, April 7,
1613, died there,
buried, Feb. 9,
1675. Dutchschool;
received first in-
struction in draw-
ing in 1622 from
the engraver Bar-
tholomeus Dolen-
do, in 1 624 appren-
ticed to the glass
painter Kouwenhoven, and in 1628 entered
Rembrandt's studio, where he remained
three years. To Rembrandt he owed his
harmonious treatment of the chiaroscuro
and depth of colour, but his careful and
delicate touch, which, especially in his por-
traits, is incalculably minute, precluded the
free and energetic treatment of his master.
Choosing his subjects mainly from the nar-
row circle of the family life of the middle
and lower classes, he frequently represented
them at dusk or by candlelight, with mas-
terly skill "Works : Poulterer's Shop, Ar-
tist's Portrait, Artist's Wife, National Gal-
lery, London; Girl scouring Pan, Girl
chopping Onions, Grocer's Shop, Old Woman
! watering Flowers, Portrait of Old Man,
| Buckingham Palace ; Violin Pkyer (1637),
Artist's Portrait, Bridgewater Gallery ; Vil-
lage Lawyer, Old Couple with Hurdy-Gurdy,
Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther Castle ; Hermit
Praying, Old Man in a Cellar, Ashburton
Collection ; Young Girl at Window convers-
ing with Boy, Man teazing with a lighted
\ Candle Old Woman asleep, Hope Collection;
Painter in his Room writing, Baring Col-
lection, London; Lady playing Virginal, Dul-
wich Gallery ; Dropsical Woman, Reading
the Bible, Cook-Maid, Greengrocer, Tram-
peter and 7 others, Louvre; Le Menage,
Young Woman with a Lamp at Window (2),
Hermit (2), one dated 1664, Portrait Fig-
ures in Landscape by Berchem, Old Woman
422
DOUCET
fishing (1053), Evening School, National
Museum, Amsterdam ; Old Lady in Fur,
Old Warrior, Cassel Gallery ; Artist's Por-
trait, Astronomer (1657), Old Man reading,
Brunswick Museum ; Penitent Magdalen
(1638), Old Woman, The Store Koora, Ber-
lin Museum; Artist drawing in a Book, Ar-
tist before Easel, Girl plucking Grapes,
Artist playing Violin, Schoolmaster cutting
Pen, Dentist, Hermit Praying, Young Girl
watering Plant, Still Life, and 11 others,
Dresden Gallery ; Painter before Easel
(1649), Charlatan (1652), Maid with Lan-
tern at Window (1658), Artist's Portrait
(1663), Herring Seller (1667), Hermit in
Prayer (1670), ten others, Old Pinakothek,
Munich; Physician (1653), Old Woman
watering Flowers, Vienna Museum ; Man
Beading, Woman examining Money, Physi-
cian and Old Woman, Herring Seller, Wo-
man winding Yarn, Artist with Violin, Her-
mit, Young Man Reading, Nude Girl beside
Water, Young Woman about to Bathe,
Young Man about to Bathe, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Artist's Portrait, Evening
5> '
G. Oov
/<O<?
School, Cake Seller, Uffizi, Florence. At Nar-
ischkine sale (1883), Fish Merchant, 50,000
fr. ; Frugal Re-
past 13000
fr.— Kugler
(Crowe), ii. /•
205; Ch. Blanc, C£>(?V,
Ecole hollan-
daise ; Schnaase, Niederlandische Briefe ;
Allgein. d. Biogr., v. 336; Dohme, liL; Im-
merzeel, L 190 ; Kramm, ii. 359 ; Art Jour-
nal (1881), 102 ; Wedmore, 152.
DOUCET, LUCIEN, born in Paris; con-
temporary. Figure and portrait painter, pu-
pil of J. Lefebvre and G. Boulanger. Medal,
3d class, 1879. Works: Adam and Eve
(1877); Atala, Portrait (1878); Portraits
(1879) ; do. (1880, 1882) ; Hagar (1883).
DOUFFET (Doufeet, Doofeet, Duffeit),
GERAERT, born at Liege, in 1594, died
there in 1660. Flemish school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil of Rubens. Wont
in 1614 to Italy, where he devoted himself
so entirely to tho study of the great Italian
masters that the influence of Rubens is trace-
able only in the warm flesh-tones of his well-
drawn portraits. He returned home in 1622.
Works : Pope Nicholas V. at Grave of SL
Francis, Finding of Cross by Empress He-
lena, Two Portraits (one dated 1624), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ appearing to
; Apostles, Augsburg Gallery. — Biog. nai de
Belgique, vi. 150 ; Michiels, x. 118.
DOUGHTY, THOMAS, born in Philadel-
phia, July 19, 1793, died in New York, July
1 24, 1856. Landscape painter, self-taught
Began the practice of art in 1820, after which
he painted successfully in London, Paris,
and the United Statea Works : Scene on
the Susquehanna ; Old Mill ; Delaware
Water-Gap ; Peep at the Catskills ; View
near Paris ; View on the Hudson ; Land-
scape (Boston Athenaeum) ; Landscapes
(Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia) ; Wind
Storm, Departure of Columbus from Palos,
Mrs. J. Harrison, Philadelphia.
DOUILLARD, ALEXIS MARIE LOUIS,
born at Nantes, June 28, 1835. History
and portrait painter ; pupil in Paris of
Hippolyte Flandrin, Gleyre, and Gerome.
Medal, 3d class, 1H78. Works : Christ on
the Cross (1875), Palais de Justice, Paris ;
Death of St. Louis (1881) ; Death of tho
First-born (1883) ; Education of the Virgin
(1884), Church of Paimlxjeuf ; Portraits
(1885).
DOUVEN, JAN FRANS VAN, born at
Roennoude in 1655, died in Dftsseldorf in
1727. Flemish school ; portrait painter,
pupil of Gabriel Lambertin. Called to D(ls-
seldorf by the Elector Johann Wilhelm, who
took him to Vienna and recommended him
to the Emperor Leopold. Having success-
fully painted the portraits of the Emperor
and Empress, he received many orders from
royal personages and nobles. His portraits
of 3 emperors, 3 empresses, 5 kings, 7 queens,
DOUW
and many princes are distinguished for col-
ouring, conception, and likeness. Works :
Susanna at the Bath, Bathsheba Bathing,
portrait of Elector of Cologne, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Portraits in Augsburg and Munich
Galleries, in the Uffizi (5), and in Pal. Pitti
(5), Florence.
His son Barthol-
omeus (born
1688) painted
many portraits in his manner. Works :
The Three Graces, female portrait, Cassel
Gallery. — Immerzeel, i. 193.
DOUW. See Dou.
DOUZETTE, LOUIS, born at Triebsees,
Pommerania, in 1834. Landscape painter,
pupil in Berlin of Eschke ; was at first a
house painter for five years, then painted
flowers and small landscapes. In 1864 he
visited Rtigen and the Baltic coast, and in
1865 Sweden. Works : Miller's Farm by
Moonlight, Midnight Sun at Tornea, Moon-
light Night in Winter (1865); Village Smithy
in Winter, Landscape near Soderham, Swed-
ish Coast by Moonlight (1866) ; Farm-House
after Storm, Moonlight on Ruins, Landscape
in the Mark, At Forester's House (1867-68) ;
Winter Evening in the Woods (1875); Moon-
light on Mill-Pond, Dutch Canal by Moon-
light, Wood-Hut at Moonrise. — Meyer,
Con. Lex., xviii. 252 ; Miiller, 142.
DOW (Douw), SIMON VAN, born in
Antwerp about 1630, died there after 1677.
Flemish school ; landscape and animal
painter ; master of the guild in 1654.
Works : Cavalry Skirmish in a Landscape,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Horse and
Cattle Show, Schwerin Museum ; Landscape
with Figures and Cattle (1671), Lille Muse-
um.— Van den Branden, 1036.
DOYEN, GABRIEL FRANCOIS, born
in Paris in 1726, died in St. Petersburg,
June 5, 1806. French school ; history
painter, pupil of Carle van Loo ; obtained
the grand prize in 1746, and in 1750 went
to Rome, where he studied the works of
Annibale Carracci, Lanfranco, and Pietro da
Cortona, and thence to Naples, to study
Solimena. Returned to France in 1755, be-
came member of the Academy in 1759, and
professor in
1776. In
1791 Catha-
rine H. called
him to St.
Petersburg,
where he was
nominated
professor at
the Academy
andcontinued
in favor under Paul I. Works : Le Miracle
des Ardents, St. Roch, Paris ; Death of St.
Louis, St. Eustache, Paris ; Triumph of Am-
phitrite, Louvre ; Portrait of Crebillon,
Rouen Museum ; Study of a Head, Nantes
Musem ; Adoration of the Magi, Darmstadt
Museum ; Virginia killed by her Father in
the presence of Appius Claudius, Parma
Museum : Andromache and Astyanax, in
Parma ; Triumph of Metellus, Andromache,
D i o m e d
Fighting
(Prince Yous-
soupof) ; and
others in Rus-
sia.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole f ranjaise, ii. ; Bellier
de Chavignerie, i. 445 ; Lejeune, Guide,
iii. 82.
DOYEN, GUSTAVE, born at Festieux
(Aisne), Dec. 29, 1837. Figure and por-
trait painter, pupil of Bouguereau and of
Reverchon. Medal, 3d class, 1882. Works :
Interrupted Reading (1875); Jealousy (1876);
Contemplation (1878); The Lesson (1879);
Musical Matine'e, Portrait (1880); Joan of
Arc, Bather (1881); The Old Woman (1882);
On the Bank of a Brook (1883).
DOYLE, RICHARD, born in London in
1826, died there in 1883. Water-colour
painter and caricaturist ; son and pupil of
John Doyle (1797-1868), caricaturist. Is
best known as a contributer of drawings to
Punch and as a book-illustrator, but has
also exhibited many water-colour drawings
at the Grosveuor Gallery. Among those in
.
Y
J '
DRAEGEB
1877 were : Dame Blanche, Ariel, Return of |
Dragon Slayer, Witch's Home, Enchanted j
Tree, Haunted Park, Fairy Rings, Kelpie
Stone, and Ha worth Rectory. Other works :
Rose-Red and Snow- White, Fish out of
Water (1878); Pied Piper of Hamelin, (
Peace or War (1879) ; Battle of Elves and !
Frogs (1880) ; Sailor and Monkeys, Tri- '
umphal Entry of the Queen (1881) ; Welsh ;
Legend (1882); Home of Charlotte Bronte,
Schwein-General of Nassau (1883).
DRAEGER, JOSEF ANTON, bora at
Treves in 1800, died in Rome in 1843.
History painter, pupil in Dresden of Ku-
gelgen ; went in 1821 to Italy and settled in
Rome, where he painted religious and his-
torical subjects with unusual glow and bril-
liancy of colour, in imitation of the Vene-
tian masters. Works : St. Matthew (1820);
St. Cecelia ; The Shepherds ; The two Ro-
man Women ; Moses at the Well, National
Gallery, Berlin. — Brockhaus, v. 519.
DREBER, FRANZ, born in Dresden,
Jan. 9, 1822, died at Articoli di Campagna,
Rome, Aug. 3, 1875. Landscape painter,
pupil of the Dresden Academy and of
Ludvvig Richter ; went in 1841 to Munich
and later to Rome, where he settled, visit-
ing Germany only temporarily in 1850-51
and 1866. His name was really Karl Hein- j
rich, but he called himself Franz after his
uncle and signed his pictures with that
name. Works: Ravine with bathing Nymph ;
Wood-Landscape ; Four Seasons, View in
the Campagna ; Sea-Shore with Nymphs ;
Psyche crowned by Eros ; Ulysses by the
Sea ; Group from Saturn iau Age ; Land-
scape with Diana's Chase, Autumn in Sabine
Mountains, Nationtd Gallery, Berlin ; Good
Samaritan (1848), Dresden Gallery; Sappho,
Schack Gallery, Munich.— Allgem. d. Biogr.,
v. 385 ; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 681.
DRESSLER, ADOLF, bom at Breslau,
March 14, 1833, died there, Aug. 7, 1881.
Landscape painter, pupil in Breslau of Ko-
nig and of Resch, and in Frankfort of the
Stadel Institute under Jacob Becker ; after
a trip to the Tyrol, settled in Breslau in
1862. Honorary member of the Socivtu
beige des Aquarellistes in 1866. Professor
in 1880, at the newly-created Art-school at
Breslau. Works : Ideal Landscape ; Sylvan
Solitude ; View of Capri ; Rothwasser Val-
ley in the Riesengebirge ; View in the Eulen-
gebirge ; River Landscape in Silesia ; Flat
Country on the Oder with Landing ; River
Landscape in Midsummer. — Kunst-Clirouik,
xviii. 362.
DREUX, ALFRED DE, bora in Paris
in 1812, died in March, 1860. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet.
Became known chiefly through his hunting-
pieces and animated though exaggerated rep-
resentations of horsea Medals: 3d class,
1834; 2d class, 1844, 1848; L. of Honour, 1857.
Works : Interior of a Stable, Colt jumping
a Ditch (1831) ; Alone at the Rendezvous;
Race for a Kiss ; Lady of the Castle (1847);
Rich and Poor, Breakfast too Hot, Dog and
Cat, Intimacy, The Return, The Death, Mar-
tyrdom of St. Hippolytus, Battle of Baugu,
Hunting with a Falcon, Time of Charles
VH., Imperial Guard (1855) ; Portrait* of
the Duke of Nemours on horseback, of
Napoleon HL and others. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
fran<;aise ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 82 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1860), v. 26.
DROLLING, MARTIN, born at Ober-
bcrgheim, near Colmar, baptized Sept 19,
1752, died in Paris, April 16, 1827. Genre
painter ; formed himself without a teacher
by studying the pictures of Dutch mas-
ters, and painted a great number of fam-
ily and conversation scenes in the style of
Greuze, which were very popular. Works:
Interior of a Kitchen (1815), Louvre ; Brok-
en Pitcher ; Curious Treasure ; Village Fam-
ily hearing a Letter Read ; Good Samaritan,
Lyons Museum ; Little Commissionaire, and
others, M. Burat, Paris ; Little Girl Draw-
ing ; Going to Market ; The Farmer ; The
Good-Morning, Village Interior, Quilting
425
DROLLING
(1795); Repentant Girl; Little Boy with
Violin (1800).— Ch. Blanc, tfcole fra^aise ;
Jal., 507 ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 386.
DROLLING, MICHEL MARTIN, born
in Paris, March 7, 1786, died there, Jan. 9,
1851. History and portrait painter, son
and pupil of Martin D. ; then studied with
Dropsical Woman, Gerard Dou, Louvre.
David, and after obtaining the grand prize,
studied in Rome. Returned to Paris, he
painted scenes from sacred and profane his-
tory, graceful in composition, and correct
in drawing. Member of the Institute in
1833. He formed many excellent pupils —
such as Breton, Chaplin, and Henner. His
later and larger pictures are inferior to his
earlier ones. Medals : 2d class, 1817 ; 1st
class, 1819 ; L. of Honour, 1837. Works :
Death of Abel (about 1810, one of his best);
Orpheus and Eurydice (gold medal, Salon,
1819); Good Samaritan (1824), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Ulysses carrying off Polyxena (1827);
St. Surin (St. Andrew, Bordeaux) ; Death of
Richelieu (1831); Marie- Antoinette taking
Communion (Expiatory Chapel in the Con-
ciergerie); A large ceiling in the Louvre
representing Law spreading its benefits over
the Earth ; Christ among the Doctors,
Notre Dame de Lorette. — Bel-
lier de la Chavignerie, i. 447 ;
Jal., 508 ; Larousse.
DROOCH-SLOOT (Droech-
Sloot, Droogsloot), JOOST
CORNELISZ, born in Utrecht
(?) end of 16th century, died
after 1666. Dutch school. Ad-
mitted to St. Luke's guild,
Utrecht, 1616, its dean in
1623. Painted historical and
biblical subjects and land-
scapes, but principally village
festivals, which he enlivened
with a great number of figures.
Works : Troops passing
through a Village (1645), Lou-
vre ; Kirmess (1649), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Duel between
Lieutenant Gerhards and M.
Briautes (1630), Vienna Mu-
seum; Pool of Bethesda (1643),
Brunswick Museum ; Replicas
in Antwerp and Berlin Muse-
ums ; Kirmess (1652), Dutch
Village (1652), National Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Frozen
Canal in Holland, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; others in Museums of Ber-
lin, Dresden, Cassel, and Madrid. — Archief.
f
v. nederl. Kunstgesch., ii. 254;
Burger, Musees, ii. 275 ; Im-
merzeel, i. 197; Kramm, ii
371;DeStuers, 33.
DROPSICAL WOMAN (Femme hydro-
pique), Gerard Dou, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft.
426
DROST
7 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. In a lofty, handsomely
furnished apartment, with a piece of rich
tapestry suspended from the ceiling and
draped to one side, a group of four figures, in
front of an arched window ; a sick lady
seated in a chair, her weeping daughter
kneeling at her feet and holding one of her
hands, a female attendant offering refresh-
ment with a spoon, and a physician in purple
silk robe, standing in foreground examining
a urinal. Purchased for 30,000 florins by
the Elector Palatine, who presented it to
Prince Eugene ; after his death passed to
House of Savoy and placed in Turin Gallery,
whence transferred by French to the Louvre;
on restoration of pictures in 1815 the French
government redeemed it by payment of 100,-
000 fr. Engraved by Fosseyeux ; Claessens ;
Chataigner. — Mus6e fran9ais ; Filhol, vi. PL
367; Smith, i. 32 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan-
daise.
DROST, GERAERT, born about 1638,
died about 1690. Dutch school ; pupil of
Rembrandt, and painted in his manner, al-
though somewhat exaggeratedly. Studied
also in Rome. Works : Decollation of John
Baptist, Amsterdam Museum ; Noli me Tan-
gere, Cassel Gallery ; Man in Brown Coat,
Old Man instructing Boy (?), Argus and
Mercury (?), Dresden Gallery ; Argus and
Mercury, Vienna Museum. — Kramm, ii. 372;
Vosmaer, Rembrandt, (1868), 163.
DROUAIS, FRANCOIS HUBERT, born
in Paris, Dec. 14, 1727, died there, Oct. 21,
1775. French school ; portrait painter, son
and pupil of Hubert D. ; continued his stud-
ies under Nonnotte, Carle van Loo, Natoire
and Boucher, was received into the Academy
in 1758, and later became court painter.
He painted the royal family and many of the
famous men and women of his time. Works:
Portraits of Comte d'Artois, afterwards
Charles X., and of Marie- Adelaide Clotilde,
afterwards Queen of Sardinia (1763), Louvre;
portraits of Louis de Bourbon, Louis XVIH.,
Louis XV., Mine. Dubarry, Comte d'Artois,
Mme. Clotilde, and the sculptor Edine Bou-
chardon, Versailles Museum ; portrait of
. Couston, Kcole des Beaux Arts ; portrait of
; Prince Dimitri Galitzin (1762, engraved by
; J. Tardieu) ; portrait of Gen. Duhamel (en-
graved by Moitte); portrait of Beaudieu de
Laval, dancing teacher of the royal family ;
I Mme. de Pompadour, Orleans Museum. —
I Ch. Blanc, ficole francaise ; Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i. 448 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881);
: Villot, Cat Louvre.
DROUAIS, HUBERT, born at La Roquo
(Eure), May 5, 1699, died in Paris, Feb. 9,
1767. French school ; portrait painter ; first
instructed by an obscure artist in Rouen,
j then by De Troy in Paris, and after the
latter 's death was much employed by Jean
B. van Loo, Alexis Simon La Belle, Oudry,
and Nattier. He painted the Marquise de
i Pompadour several times, and benefited by
her patronage. Works : Portrait of the
painter Christophe, Kcole des Beaux Arts ;
portrait of the sculptor Lorrain, Versailles.
— Jal, 508 ; Lejeune, ii. 286.
DROUAIS, GERMAIN JEAN, born in
Paris, Nov. 25,
J1763, died in
Rome, Feb. 13,
1788. French
school ; history
painter, sou and
pupil of Fran-
9ois Hubert D,
then studied
withBrenet,and
in the school of
David, where in 1784 he obtained the first
' prize and aroused enthusiasm by his Christ
and the Cauaanite Woman. Went to Rome
1 with David and studied the antique and
Raphael, but died suddenly after a few years.
Works : Christ and the Canaanite Woman,
Marius in Prison at Minturnie, Louvre ;
Wounded Gladiator, Rouen Museum ; Phil-
octetus in the Island of Lemnos, M. Goupil,
Paris ; Departure of Tiberius Gracchus to
demand the Execution of the Agrarian Low;
portrait of Buffon, Narischkine sale (1883),
14,300 fr.; portrait of the Countess de Buf-
fon, do., 15,600 fr.— Ch. Blanc, tfcole fran-
427
DROUGHT
$aise ; Villot ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 82 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts, Chronique, 1883.
DROUGHT IN EGYPT, Jean Frangois
Fortaels, Corcoran Gallery, Washington; can-
vas, H. 9 ft. x 7 ft. 3 in. Illustration of Psalms,
Ixxviii. 44. Painted in 1873. Awarded
the gold medal, Exhibition at Crystal Palace,
Sydenham, for the best picture, without re-
gard to school or subject. — Art Journal
(1874), 30.
DEOVE AT THE FORD, William Hart,
Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. A drove of cattle leav-
ing a dusty road, at close of day, to cross a
stream overarched by trees. Painted in
1874.
DRUMMOND, JAMES, bom in Edin-
burgh in 1S1G, died there, Aug. 12, 1877.
History painter, pupil of Sir Wm. Allan ; ex-
hibited first at Scottish Academy in 1835 ;
became an A.S.A. in 1846, and S.A. in 1852 ;
curator of National Gallery, Edinburgh, in
1868. Works : Return of Queen Mary to
Edinburgh after Surrender at Carberry Hill,
James I. of Scotland seeing his Future Wife
at Windsor, Porteous Mob, Montrose on
Way to Execution, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; Peace, War, Queen Victoria ; Old
Mortality, Cromwell in Edinburgh ; Claver-
house and Duke of Gordon (1865). — Red-
grave.
DRUMMOND, SAMUEL, bom in Lon-
don, Dec. 15, 1763, died there in August,
1844. History painter, pupil of Royal
Academy ; became an A.R.A. in 1808 ; after-
wards curator of painting school. Works :
Woodman (1801); Drunken Seaman Ashore,
Crazy Jane (1804); Battle of Trafalgar;
Death of Nelson ; Admiral Duncan receiving
Sword of Admiral De Winter, Greenwich
Hospital ; Portrait of Sir Isambard Brunei,
do. of Mrs. Fry, National Portrait Gallery ;
Portrait of Charles Mathews, elder. — Red-
grave.
DUBBELS, HENDRIK, second half of
17th century. Dutch school ; marine painter,
of whose life so little is known that he alter-
nately passes for the master and the scholar
of L. Backhuysen. Painted sea-coasts, calms,
and storms with great truth, masterly aerial
perspective, beauty of lighting, and breadth
and softness of execution. His sea-pieces
are frequently attributed to Backhuysen.
Works : River Landscape, Coast Scene, Na-
tional Museum, Amsterdam ; do., Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Marine View, Duke of Bed-
ford, London ; Calm, Cassel Gallery ; Dutch
Men-of-War, Copenhagen Gallery ; Ship-
wreck and
Stockholm
Museum;
Marine
Views (2)
Dresden Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 500 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 424.
DUBOIS, AMBROISE, born in Antwerp
in 1543, died at Avon, near Fontainebleau,
Jan. 29, 1614. Flemish school ; history
painter ; went to Paris in 1568, already an
able artist, and was extensively employed by
Henry IV. at Fontainebleau, in the Louvre,
and the Luxembourg. Works : Charicles
enduring the Test of Fire, Louvre ; The-
agenes and Charicles, Fontainebleau ; 14
pictures in the Oval Room at Fontainebleau,
in which Louis XHI. was born (dated 1600).
— Ch. Blanc, Ecole franijaise ; Fetis, Les Ar-
tistes beiges, a 1'etranger, i. 359 ; Jal, 509 ;
Lejeuue, i. 408.
DUBOIS, CHARLES EDWARD, born
in New York ; contemporary. Landscape
painter, pupil of Gleyre and Francais in
Paris. Sketched in Venice and Rome.
Works : Cottages of Zeelaud, Village of
Auvernier (1873); Windmill near Dordrecht
—Netherlands ; Willows at East Hampton
(1876); Morning on the Prairie, Autumn,
Morning in Venice, Evening at East Hamp-
ton (1878); Under the Olives at Mentone
(1884); At the Foot of Monte Pelegrinc
428
Palermo, Ruins of Greek Theatre at Taor-
mina— Sicily (1885).
DUBOIS, FRANgOIS, born in Paris, May
11, 1790, died there, Feb. 8, 1871. History
painter, pupil of Regnault and of the Ecole
des Beaux Arts ; won the 2d grand prix in
1817, and the 1st grand prix in 1819. He
was a careful painter in a style now out of
fashion, but he received many orders for
pictures from the Government iu his day.
Medal, 1st class, 1831. Works : Theinisto-
cles with Admetus (1819); Clovis when a
Child found by a Fisherman (1822), SL
Louis lauding at Damietta (1827), Amiens
Museum ; Marguerite d'Anjou taken by
Brigands (1833), Angers Museum ; St. Luko
releasing the Prisoners (1827), St Leu,
Paris ; Death of Manlius, Young Woman of
Albano (1831); Distribution of Colours to
the National Guard (1831), Coronation of
Pepin the Short (1838), two portraits of
French Marshals, Versailles Museum ; The
Annunciation, Notre Dame de Lorette ; Bap-
tism of Clovis, The Ascension of Christ (1859),
ordered by the State. — Bellier de la Cha-
vignerie, i. 454 ; Larousse.
DUBOIS, GUILLAM, died in Haarlem,
buried July 7, 1G80. Dutch school ; laud-
scape painter, whose manner is a mixture of
that of Ruysdael and Everdingen. Master
of the guild at Haarlem in 1C46. His jour-
ney through the Rhine provinces with Vin-
cent Laurensz van der Vienne, in 1652-53,
gave him subjects for numerous pictures.
Works : Mountain Landscape, Berlin Mu-
seum ; another, Czernin Gallery, Vienna ;
another, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Village
on Seashore, Baron Speck von Sternburg,
Lutschena, near Leipsic ; View on Rhine,
Dulwich Galley. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 481.
DUBOIS, LOUIS, born in Brussels in
1830, died there, April 28, 1880. Genre,
landscape, and animal painter, among the
most prominent followers of Courbet, though
not his pupil, and the foremost representa-
tive of the realistic school in Belgium.
Works strongly resemble those of Jacob
Jordaeus. Works : Trinitarian Monk, Priest
preparing for Mass (1857); The Storks (I860),
Brussels Museum ; Roulette, Choir-Boy
(1860); Solitude, Landscape with Dead Roe
(1863); Rice-Eater (1872); Eva, Healthy
Country (1875); Billiard Player, The Scheldt,
Landscape (1878); Flemish Interior, The
Mill, Autumn in the Ardennes, Cranes and
Ducks, Sunset, Sunrise on a Swamp, The
Meuse near Dordrecht — Brockhaus, v. 606 ;
Meyer, Con. Lex., xix. 243.
DUBOULEAU, JEAN AUGUSTE, called
Dubouloz, born in Paris, Feb. 20, 1800, died
there, Aug. 23, 1870. History painter, pu-
pil of Gros, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts,
where he made eight unsuccessful attempts
to win the grand prix. Medals : 3d class,
1838 ; 2d class, 1840. Works : Louis XL
| Hunting, Quentin Durward and Master
Pierre, Louis XI. 's Breakfast, Crillon's Pi-
ety, the Preacher of Poutoise, The Courage
of a Peasant of Pontoise during King John's
Captivity, Christ on the Mount of Olives
(1824 to 1840); The Temptation, May (1857);
The Invasion (1861); The Tempters, The
Call to Wake Up, Blind Man's Buff (1863);
The Pirates (1864); Vive les Brunes ! Vivo
les Blondes ! License destroying Liberty
(1865); The Swing, A Rural Offence (1866);
Sick Child, Jugglers (1868); Group of Chil-
dren (1869); Little Bathers (1870); and a
number of portraits. — Bellier de la Chavig-
iierie, i. 458 ; Larousse.
DUBOURCQ, PIERRE LOUIS, born in
Amsterdam, April 25, 1815, died there in
1873. Landscape painter, pupil at Hilver-
sum of Jan van Ravenswaay, and at The
Hague of Andreas Schelfhout ; visited in
1836-37 Belgium, Germany, Switzerland,
North Italy, and France, in 1844-45 Italy
and Sicily, and in 1846 Holland, England,
j France, and Germany. Works : View near
Orleans ; Inundation ; Lake Albauo ; Ro-
' man Campagna ; View on Isle of Jersey ;
1 Cemetery at Baden, National Museum, Am-
sterdam ; View near Rome, Museum Fodor,
ib.— Mailer, 145.
DUBREUIL, TOUSSAINT, born in Paris
in 1561, died there, Nov. 22, 1602. French
DUBUFE
school ; history painter, pupil of Freminet ;
worked for many years in Paris, Fontaine-
bleau, and St. Germain en Laye. Works :
Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalen ; Descent
of the Holy Spirit ; The Earth ; Fire. The
History of Ulysses, at Fontainebleau, begun
by Primaticcio, was finished by Dubreuil. —
Ch. Blanc, ficole franchise ; Larousse.
DUBUFE, CLAUDE MAEIE, born in
Paris in 1790, died there, April 24, 1864
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of David.
He was the last of David's school, having all
its faults with few of its good qualities ; but
was as popular with the public as he was
abused by the critics. Medal, 1st class,
1831; L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Achilles
protecting Iphigenia ; Roman Family dying
of Hunger (1810) ; Christ allaying the Tem-
pest (1819, St. Leu, Paris) ; Release of St.
Peter (Chaillot) ; Apollo and Cyparissa
(1822) ; Passage of the Bidassoa (1824) ;
Birth of Due de Bordeaux (1824), Orleans
Museum ; Regrets, Memorials (1837) ; The
Surprise (1828), National Gallery, London ;
Nest of Tomtits (1831) ; Republic (1849) ;
Bull and Cows (1852) ; Village Girls of Nor-
mandy, Girl Bathing, Birth of Venus (1859) ;
portraits of Louis Philippe, Queen of the
Belgians, General Montesquiou-Feseuzac,
Versailles Museum. — Bellier de la Chavig-
nerie, i. 461.
DUBUFE, EDOUARD, born in Paris in
1818, died in Ver-
sailles, Aug. 11,
1883. History and
portrait painter,
son and pupil of
Claude Marie, stud-
ied afterwards un-
der Paul Delaroche ;
between 1841 and
1846 he painted re-
ligious pictures, but
later confined him-
self to portraits. Medals : 3d class, 1839 ;
2d class, 1840, 1855, 1878 ; 1st class, 1844 ;
L. of Honour, 1853 ; Officer, 1869. Works :
Annunciation (1839); Miracle of Roses (1840) ;
Poetry and Music (1840); Tobias (1841),
Lisieux Museum ; The Three Cardinal Vir-
tues (1842); Bathsheba (1844); Morning
Prayer (1844), Tuileries, Paris ; Prisoner of
Chillon (1846), Aix Museum ; Sleep (1866);
Prodigal Son (1867); Death of Adonis (1877).
Portraits of his Wife (1842) ; Jules Janiu and
Paul Gayrard (1846); Empress Eugenie
(1855); Rosa Bonheur (1857); Congress of
Paris (1857), Versailles Museum ; Princess
Mathilde, Duchess de Medina Creli, Marquise
de Gallifet, Princess Ghika (1861) ; Robert-
Fleury (1863); Gounod (1867); Gen. Fleury,
Comte de Nieuwerkerke (1869); Medje
(1872) ; Alexander Dumas, Jr. (1873) ; Phil-
ippe Rousseau (1876), Emile Augier (1876),
Luxembourg Museum. — Bellier de la Chav-
ignerie, i. 461 ; Larousse, vi. 1,320 ; Miil-
ler, 145; Meyer, Gesch., 390; Kunst-Chronik,
xviii. 696 ; Vapereau.
DUBUFE, GUILLAUME, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
son and pupil of fidouard Dubufe ; student
also of Mazerolle. Medals : 3d class, 1877 ;
2d class, 1878. Works : Study (1877) ;
Saint Cecilia (April, 1878) ; Music, Sacred
and Profane (1882) ; A Nest (1884).—
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 376.
DUC. See Ducq.
DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA, born in
Siena about 1260, died after 1339. Sienese
school ; the earliest great painter of Siena,
where he is first heard of in 1282. In 1285
he was in Florence, as records show that he
then contracted to paint an altarpiece of the
Madonna for S. M. Novella, probably never
executed, and in the autumn of that year at
Siena, where he was appointed to fill an
office, which he held until 1291. In 1301
he began a Majesty for the chapel of the
Public Palace of Siena, of which no record
remains, and seven years later commenced
for the Duomo the famous altarpiece by
which he is best known. In 1310 it was
carried by the rejoicing people in procession
through the streets to be installed in its
i destined place. The panel, on one side of
which was painted the Virgin enthroned
430
DUCIIATEL
with Saints, Bishops, and Angels, and on the
other the Passion in twenty-eight subjects,
was afterwards divided, and the parts hung
one at each end of the transept Preserving
traditional types, Duccio gave the Madonna
the hitherto unknown and afterwards char-
acteristic grace of Sienese Madonnas, and
treated attitudes, draperies, and proportions
with a then novel approach to correctness.
The scenes from the Passion show the same
clinging to past forms, the same effort to
follow nature, and convey a like impression
of life and power imperfectly realized. The
few other works of this remarkable painter
are two pictures of the Madonna with Saints
in the Siena Academy ; a Crucifixion, Ma-
donna, and other subjects, belonging to the
Queen of England ; a Madonna with Angels,
Prophets, and Saints, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; and the Preaching of St. John Bap-
tist, and SS. Peter and Paul, Kambona Col-
lection, Cologne. — C. & C., Italy, i. 40 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., i. 653; Burckhardt, 491;
Dohine, 2i. ; Sienesische Malerschule ; L'Art
(1878), iii. 151; Liibke, Gesch. ital. MaL, i. 99.
DUCHATEL (du Chastel), FRANS, born
in Brussels in
1616 or 1625,
died there in
1694. Flemish
school; genre
and portrait
painter, pupil
and imitator of
Teniers the
younger. A so-
journ in France
brought him un-
der the influence of Van der Meulen. Good
draughtsman and colourist. Works: Por-
traits of a Cavalier and two other Persons,
Louvre ; Charles H of Spain receiving
'
f ^>
Homage (1668), Ghent Museum ; Panorama
of Valenciennes (1656), Antwerp Museum
(attributed to Teniers) ; Portrait of Flem-
i ish Nobleman, Berlin Museum. — Biog. nut.
de Belgique, vi. 224 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
' flamande ; Gaz. des B. Arts (18G2), xiL 5,
J24Z
DUCHET. See Dughet.
DUCIS, LOUIS, born in Paris, NOT. 1,
1773, died March 2, 1847. French school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of David ;
also studied in Italy. Medal, 1st class,
1808 ; L. of Honour, 1832. Works : Hero
and Leander, Orpheus and Eurydice, Origin
of Painting (1808) ; Pyramus and Thisbe
(1810, 1812); Tasso reading his Jerusalem
Delivered, Captivity of Tasso (1814) ; Death
of Tasso (1817); The Arts influenced by Love
(4), Mary Stuart, Sculpture (1822); Bianca
Capello and her Lover in Flight (1824);
Captivity of Jeanne d'Arc (1831); View of
Paris from Pontneuf (1838); Mary Stuart
and Rizzio, Portraits, Aix Museum ; Van
Dyck painting his First Picture, Lyons
Museum. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, L 465.
DUCK (Due, Le Due, Van Duck), A J.,
flourished about 1630-50, probably at Haar-
lem. Dutch school; genre and portrait paint-
er; formed himself under the influence of Dirk
Hals ; hitherto erroneously identified with
Jan le Ducq, the animal painter. Works :
Guard-room, Marauders, Louvre ; Stable,
Portrait of an Officer (attributed to A. Pala-
medes), National Museum, Amsterdam ;
five pictures, Gotha Museum ; three, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Foraging Soldiers,
Berlin Museum ; two portraits, Dresden
Gallery ; do., Worlitz Gallery ; Portrait of
J. Asselyn, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Pict-
ures in Carlsruhe, Cassel, Stuttgart, Wei-
mar, Meiningen (2), Aschaffenburg, Schwe-
riu (2), Copenhagen (2), Hamburg Galler-
ies ; do., Museum and Academy, Vienna ;
Trictrac Players, three others, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.; one at each, Czerniu and
Schonborn Galleries, ib. ; do., National Mu-
seum, Pesth ; four, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg.— Bode, Studien, 133 ; Burger, Mu-
sees, ii. 245 ; Kramm, ii. 377 ; Meyer, Ge-
malde kongL Mus., 127.
431
DtfCKER
DUCKER, EUGEN (GUSTAV), born at
Arensberg, on the Isle of Oesel, Livonia, Feb.
10, 1841. Landscape and marine painter,
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy; obtained
in 1862 the great gold medal, travelled
through Germany, Holland, Belgium, France,
and Italy, and settled in Diisseldorf, where,
in 1872, he was appointed professor at the
Academy. Works : "Wood near Diisseldorf,
Mill, Strand on Baltic Sea, View on Isle of
Biigen, Konigsberg Museum ; After the
Rain, Swamp, Dry River-Bed, Storm, St.
Petersburg Academy ; Evening Twilight in
Rligen, National Gallery, Berlin. — Brock-
haus, v. 612 ; Miiller, 14.6.
DUCORNET, LOUIS CESAR JOSEPH,
born at Lille, Jan. 10, 1806, died in Paris,
April 27, 1856. Born without arms, like
Felu. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Guillon-Lethiere and Gerard. In spite
of his deformity he painted creditable pict-
ures. Medals : 2d class, 1820 ; 1st class,
1822. Works : Slave-Merchant (1833), Ar-
ras Museum ; Marguerite consulting a Flow-
er (1834); Apparition of Christ to Magdalen
(1835); Death of Mary Magdalen (1840), St.
Andre, Lille ; Repose in Egypt (1841) ;
Christ in the Sepulchre (1843); St. Denis
preaching to Gauls (1846), St. Louis de 1'He,
Paris ; Vision of St. Philomela (1846); Nest
of Tomtits (1848), Portrait of Gen. Regner,
(1849), Lille Museum ; Gloria in Excelsis
(1850), Church of Auxy-le-Chuteau ; Fair
Edith finding Body of Harold (1855), Com-
piegne ; Parting of Hector and Andromache,
St. Louis administering Justice, Lille Mu-
seum.—Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 467 ;
Larousse.
DUCQ, JAN LE, born at The Hague in
1636 or 1638, died there in 1695. Dutch
school ; animal and landscape painter, sup-
posed pupil of Paul Potter ; joined painters'
guild at Hague in 1658, and painted for it a '
Shepherdess and Cows ; also (1662) a Land-
scape with Herd and Herdsmen is in the
Cassel Gallery. — Westrheene, Life of Paul
Potter, 123.
V> DUCQ, JOSEPHUS FRANCISCUS, bora
at Ledeghem, West Flanders, Sept. 10,
1762, died in Bruges, April 9, 1829. Flem-
ish school ; history and genre painter, pu-
pil of Bruges Academy and of Suvee in Paris,
where he obtained the first prize in 1792,
and another later ; went in 1807 to Rome,
six years later returned to Paris, and in
1815 became professor at Bruges Academy,
afterwards its director ; court painter, mem-
ber of Antwerp and Ghent Academies ; Or-
der of Lion. Works : Night and Daybreak,
Meleager entreated by his Allies to save
Calydon (1804) ; Devotion of a Scythian
(1810) ; Antouello da Messina in Jan van
Eyck's Studio (1820); Angelica and Medoro
(1820); Scipio receiving Envoys of Anti-
ochus ; Esther and Ahasuerus ; School-
master after Biou's Idyl ; Engraver Meule-
meester at the Vatican, Artist's Portrait ;
Birth of Venus, Brussels Museum ; William
I. of Netherlands, Van Gierdergom, Bruges
Academy. — Biog. nat. de Belgique, vi. 238 ;
Immerzeel, i. 201.
DUCREUX, JOSEPH, born at Nancy,
1737, died on the road from St. Denis to
Paris, July 24, 1802. French school ; por-
trait painter, pupil of De Latour, and inti-
mate friend of Greuze ; sent to Vienna in
1769 to paint Marie Antoinette, to whom he
became court painter. Member of Vienna
and Paris Acad-
emies. Excelled
in pastel. Works:
Portraits of Jo-
seph H. and of Maria Theresa, copies of
pictures by other artists, miniatures. — Ch.
Blanc, J^cole franqaise ; Bellier de la Chavig-
nerie, i. 468.
DUEL AFTER THE MASQUERADE
(Duel au sortir d'un Bal masque), Gerome,
William T. Walters, Baltimore ; canvas, H.
1 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. A quarrel has taken
place at a ball in Paris, and the masquers,
without waiting to change their costumes,
have adjourned at dawn to the Bois de Bo-
logne to fight under the trees. It is winter,
and the ground is covered with new-fallen
snow. Pierrot has received a death-wound
438
DFEZ
and has fallen into the arms of a friend
dressed as the Due de Guise, whilst two
others, a Doge of Venice and a Black Domi-
no, are offering consolation and aid. At
the right, the Iroquois Brave, who has slain
Pierrot, hurries with Harlequin toward the
carriages in the background. Salon, 1857.
pard Poussin, or lo Guaspre. Landscape
painter, pupil and follower of his cousin
and brother-in-law, Nicolas Poussin, whoso
name he adopted. Later he became more
individual in style. He worked very rap-
idly, sometimes painting a large picture in
a single day. Works : Subjects from Life of
Replica, with changes in composition and • Prophet Elias (frescos in S. Martino & Monte,
costumes, Due d'Aumale, Chantilly. — Art ' Rome); 6 Landscapes, Louvre; 2 others
Treas. of Amer., i. 88. claimed for him by Ch. Blanc, but attributed
DUEZ, ERNEST ANGE, born in Paris,
March 8, 1843.
Genre painter, pu-
pil of Carolus Du-
ran. Medals : 3d
class, 1874; 1st
class, 1879; L. of
Honour, 1880.
Works : Honeymoon
(1873); Splendour
and Misery of Cour-
tesans (1874); Whit-
suntide Roses (1876); Si Cuthbert (1879),
to Van Bloemen by the authorities of the
Louvre ; Mercury, St. Mary in Egypt, For-
est, Flight into Egypt, Palazzo Doria, Rome ;
Landscape with Fishermen, Uffizi, Florence ;
several landscapes, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Cascades of Tivoli, Turin Gallery ; View of
Lake, Dresden Gallery ; View of Tivoli,
Mountain Landscape, two others, Old Pin-
akothek, Munich ; Tomb of Cecilia Metella,
Storm, Bathers, Wood Landscape, Vienna
Museum ; 4 Landscapes, Cassel Gallery ;
Sacrifice of Abraham, Dido and .SSueas, Na-
tional Gallery, London; 5 landscapes in
Madrid Museum ; 11 do. in Montpellier
Museum ; two in Douai ; one in Bordeaux
Museum. In the Palazzo Borghese, Rome,
Luxembourg Museum ; Evening (1881);
Around the Lamp (1882); Miracle of the
Roses (1884).
DUFRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSE, j are walls entirely painted by Dughet, and in
born in Paris in 1611, died at Villiers-le- the Palazzo Colonna, several friezes by him.
Bel, Jan. 16, 1668. French school ; history
painter, pupil of Perrier and Vouet. Went
to Rome in 1633 and copied the finest paint-
ings of the Farnese Gallery. His Latin di-
dactic poem, De Arte Graphica, translated — Ch. Blanc, £cole francaise ; Burckhardt,
into several languages, brought him more I celebri freschi di Gasp. Possino ; Larousse ;
into repute than his pictures. Went to Ven- Villot, Cat. Louvre,
ice in 1653, and returned to Paris in 1656
to paint many nltarpieces, a Salon in the
Chateau du Raincy, and 4 landscapes on the
ceiling of the Hotel d'Hervart. Works : St.
Margaret, The Naiads, Louvre ; Armida de-
serted by Rinaldo ; Drunkenness of Noah, ' originality. Medals : 3d class, 1857 and
Caen Museum ; Nymph seated near a River, 1861 ; 1st class, 1863. Works : Parting of
£pinal Museum ; Portrait of Himself, Co-' St. Peter and St. Paul (1853), Luxembourg
penhagen Gallery ; Death of Socrates, Flor- Museum ; Devotion of Abbe Bouloy, Holy
ence Museum ; Christ. Women at Tomb, Mater Dolorosa (1857);
DUGHET (Duchet, Duche), GASPARD, Disciples at Emmaus (1859), Church of St
born in Rome in 1613, died there, May 25, Louis d'Antin ; Our Saviour (1861); Glorifi-
1675. French school ; generally called Gas- cation of St. Denis (1866), Notre Dame of
DUJARDIN. See Jardin.
DUMARESQ. See -drmam/-Dumaresq.
DUMAS, MICHEL, bora in Lyons, June
18, 1812. History painter, pupil of Ingres ;
a skilful and intelligent painter, but lacking
433
DUXCAN
Clignancourt ; Temptation of Christ (1872);
Our Lady of the Seven Troubles (1878).
DUNCAN GRAY, Sir David WiUde, South
Kensington Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 1 in.
x 1 ft. 9 in. Called also The Refusal. Scene
from Burns's " Duncan Gray." Meg, seated
beside a table at left, refusing Duncan Gray,
who is seated at right ; behind her is her
mother sitting, and her father standing.
Exhibited at Royal Academy in 1814 ; bought
by Lord Charles Townshend, who sold it to
Mr. Sheepshanks. Mulready is said to have
sat for Duncan Gray, and his father for the
father of Meg. Meg herself is Wilkie's sis-
ter. Engraved by F. Engleheart. — Heaton,
Works of Sir D. W.
DUNCAN, THOMAS, born at Kinclaven,
Perthshire, May 24, 1807, died in Edinburgh,
May 25, 1845. Student in 1827 in Royal
Scottish Academy, of which became a mem-
ber in 1830 ; exhibited in Royal Academy,
London, his Prince Charles Edward entering
Edinburgh after Preston Pans (1840); Auld
Robin Gray (1841), and Deerstalkers (1842);
and elected A.R.A. in 1843. The first-named
picture and his Prince Charles Asleep after
Culloden, which are well engraved, are his
best works. — Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise ; Sandby, ii. 213.
pUNTZE, JOHANNES (BARTHOLO-
MAUS), born at Rablinghausen, near Bre-
men, May 6, 1823. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy, then in Berlin of
Krause and in 1851-55 in Geneva of Calame;
studied then in Paris. In 1845, and again
later, he visited Norway, Switzerland, Tyrol,
and the Netherlands, and in 1856 settled in
Dflsseldorf. '"' Works : Sogne Fjord (1860);
Winter Landscapes with Architecture (1860) ;
Lake in Norwegian Mountains. Others in
Galleries of Hanover, Stuttgart, Berne, and
Sidney, Australia. — Dioskuren, 1860, 146 ;
Muller, 147.
DUN WEGGE, HEINRICH, and VICTOR,
16th century, in Dortmund about 1521.
German school. Two able but second-rate
painters of religious pictures. Works: Holy
Kith and Kin, Antwerp Museum ; Triptych,
Dominican Church, Dortmund (1521); Cru-
cifixion, Munster Museum ; Do not Bear
False Witness, Town Hall, Wesel ; Predella,
Parish Church, Calkar ; Crucifixion, Munich
Gallery ; Bewailing Christ, St. Maurice
Chapel, Nuremberg ; Madonna, Darmstadt
Gallery.— Ltlbke, Kunst in Westfalen, 360 ;
W. & W., ii. 500 ; Fiirster, ii. 164 ; Kunst-
blatt (1841), 102 ; (1843), 90.
DUPAIN, EDMOND (LOUIS), born at
Bordeaux, Jan. 13, 1847. Genre painter,
pupil of Cabanel and Gue. Medals : 3d
class, 1875 ; 1st class, 1877. Works : Death
of the Nymph Hesperis (1870); In the Arbor
(1872); The Aged Hunter (1873); A Hunt-
ress (1874); Youth and Death (1875); Sleep
(1876); Good Samaritan, St. Gervais and St.
Protais led out to Martyrdom (1877); Ex-
port Duty at Bordeaux (1878); The Giron-
dists Petion and Buzot (1880); Springtime
driving away Winter (1881); The Choice of
Weapons, Adrift (1882); The Hard Road, A
Parisian Woman (1883).— Montrosier, ii.
DtiPPEL AFTER THE STORMING,
Wilhelm Camphauaen, National Gallery,
Berlin ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 2 in. x 9 ft. 4 in.
The German Crown Prince, with his staff,
rides upon the field after the storming of
Diippel in the Schleswig-Holstein war,
April 18, 1864, and congratulates Prince
Frederick Charles on his victory.
DUPRAY, HENRI LOUIS, born at Sedan
(Ardennes), Nov. 3, 1841. History painter,
pupil of Pils and of L£on Cogniet; ranks
with Detaille and De Neuville as a leader of
the new school of military painters. Medals:
2d class, 1872; 3d class, 1874; L. of Honour,
1878. Works: Cuirassier (1865); Marshal
Ney at Waterloo (1869); Battle of Waterloo
(1870) ; Marines of the Pothuan Division
(1872); Visiting the Advanced Posts (1874);
Regiment of Hussars going to the Front of
a Convoy, Troops in the Market-Place of St.
Denis (1876); Great Autumn Manoauvres,
Light Artillery going into Position (1877);
Arrival of the Staff (1878); A Capitalist
(1879); A Horse Unshod (1880); Departing
Incognito (1884). — Montrosier, ii.
434
DUPIJE
V
DUPR15, JULES, born at Nantes in 1812.
Landscape painter, one of the most orig-
inal and power-
ful of the mod-
ern French
school, and
among the orig-
inators of the
so-called Pay-
sage intime.
Medals: 2d
class, 1833 and
1867 ; L. of
Honour, 1849 ;
Officer, 1870. Works : 5 landscapes (1831);
Interior of a Farm- Yard, Views near Abbe- •
ville, Creuze, Indre, Corroze, and several
English views (1835 to 1839) ; A Pasture, !
Entrance of a Village on the Moors, Sunset
(1849 to 1852) ; Animals crossing a Bridge
in Berry, Forest of Compiegue, The Gorge
of Eaux-Chaudes, Sheepfold in Berry, Wind- j
ing Road in the Forest of Compiegne, The
Sluice, Souvenir of the Moors, A Marsh in
Sologne, Road on the Moors, The Willow-
Trees, Return of the Herd, Water-course in
Picardy (1867) ; Morning, Evening, Luxem-
bourg Museum. Works in the United States :
Landscape, Samuel Hawk Collection, New
York ; Hay Wagon, Old Oak, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, New York ; Evening, A. Belmont, New
York; Cows in the Pool, Scene near Fontaine-
bleau, J. H. Warren, Hoosac Falls, N. Y. ; j
Meadows with Stream, R. Hoe, New York ;
Landscape, W. Rockefeller, New York ; Land-
scape, D. W. Powers, Rochester; Landscape,
J. A. Brown, Providence ; Washerwomen, B.
Wall, Providence ; Landscape, H. P. Kidder, '
Boston ; do., Mrs. H. E. Maynard, ib.; Mead- 1
ow, Mrs. J. G. Fell, Philadelphia; Three'
Landscapes, Marine, J. C. Runkle, New York;
Landscape, J. D. Lankenau, Philadelphia ;
Cows and Landscape, French Village, D. O.
Mills, New York ; Landscape on the Seine,
C. S. Smith, New York ; Pond, R. L. Cut-
ting, New York ; River Scene, Autumn Sun-
set, Midday, Shepherd Boy, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York ; Shqiherd by Roadside,
Landscape, Marine, A. R Borie Collection,
Philadelphia ; Landscape, H. C. Gibson,
Philadelphia ; At Sea, Old Oak, Bright Day,
W. T. Walters, Baltimore.— Gaz. desB. Arts
(1873), vii. 190 ; L'Art (1879), ii. 311; iv. 241;
Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1884), iL 177 ; La-
rousse, vi. 1415 ; Meyer, Gesch., 745.
DUPRfi, JULJEN, born in Paris, March
17, 1851. Landscape and genre painter,
pupil of Pils, Lehmann, and Laugoe. Medals:
3d class, 1880; 2d class, 1882. Works:
Harvest (1876) ; Rye Mowers (1877) ; Sheaf
Binders (1878); Aftermath, Gleaners (1879) ;
Lucerne Grass Mowers, Gleaners (1880) ;
Hay Harvest, In the Meadows (1881) ; In
JULIEN DUPRE 1884
the Pasture (1882), William Schaus, N. Y.;
Shepherd (1883); Field in Normandy (1884);
Escaped Cow, Mowing (1885).
DUPRE, LEON VICTOR, born at Limo-
ges (Haute-Vienne), June 18, 1816. Land-
scape painter, brother and pupil of Jules.
Medal of 3d class, 1849 ; Philadelphia Ex-
hibition, 1876. Works: View in Berry
(1870) ; Fay River, View near Argenton,
Animals Drinking (1874) ; Banks of the
Marne, Swamp in Picardy, Willows (1875) ;
Pool in the Landes, Banks of the Oise (1876);
Pool in Berry, Landscape (1878) ; Environs
of Nemours, Chartres Museum ; View in the
Marshes, Douai Museum.
DUPRESSOHt, JOSEPH FRANCOIS,
born in Paris, April 3, 1800, died March 6,
1859. Landscape painter of moderate abil-
ity. Medal, 2d class, 1838. Works : View
near Chateaudun ; Tower of Maurepas ;
Views in Dauphinfi ; Montfort 1'Amaury ;
/ y
Battle of the Clan Quhele ; View of Oisan in
thelsere ; Battle of Rethel (1843), Versailles
Museum.
DUPUIS, PIERRE, born at Orleans, July
436
DUKAN
9, 1833. History, figure, and portrait
painter, pupil of H. Vernet and L. Cogniet.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Last Mo-
ments of Francis H. (1865), City Hall, Or-
leans ; Zenobia rescued by the Shepherds
(1867), Young Girl bitten by Reptile and
rescued by her Brother, Orleans Museum ;
Children surprised by Storm (1868) ; Dis-
ciples at Emrnaus (1869); Joseph and Poti-
phar's "Wife (1874) ; Christ on the Cross
(1875) ; Entombment, Meditation (1876) ;
Bashi-Bazouks abducting Woman (1877) ;
The Wave (1879); The Cup is Empty (1880) ;
Portraits (1880, 1881, 1882) ; Mother play-
ing with her Child (1883) ; Bathing Woman,
Eepose (1884) ; Rape of Psyche, Portrait of
Henri Mercier (1885).
DURAN. See Carolus-Duran.
DURAND, ASHER BROWN, born in
South Orange, N.
J., Aug. 21, 1796.
Landscape paint-
er ; prominent as
an engraver until
1835, when he
turned his atten-
tion to painting ;
studied in Europe
in 1840. One of
original members
of National Academy, and its president
from 1845 to 1861. His earliest works were
portraits. Works : Wrath of Peter Stuy-
vesant ; Capture of Andre ; Harvey Birch
and Washington ; Forest Primeval ; Fran-
conia Mountains ; Dance on the Battery ;
Alpine View, near Meyringen; In the Woods
(1867), Jonathan Sturges, New York ; Tryst-
ing Tree (1869), Benjamin H. Field, ib.;
August Afternoon, L. Tuckerman, ib. ;
Sketcher (1870) ; Close of Day (1871) ; Har-
bour Island — Lake George (1873);Franconia
Notch (1874)— Pemigewasset River, Scene
in the Woods, R. L. Stuart, New York ;
Thanatopsis, J. P. Morgan, ib. ; Landscape,
M. K. Jesup, ib.; Berkshire Hills, Hurlbut
Collection, Cleveland ; II Pappagallo, Brook
Study, Studies from Nature (1876) ; Recol-
lection of Adirondack Scenery (1880). — Shel-
don, 128.
DURAND, SIMON, born in Geneva ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of
Barthelemy Menn ; subjects original, and
mostly humourous. Medal, Paris, 3d class,
1875. AVorks : Barber Shop, Permit to Stay
(1873); Conjugal Dispute, Perplexed Brazier
(1874) ; Marriage at the Mayor's Office,
Band of Vagabonds (1875) ; Marriage at
Church (1876) ; A Market, Between Fruit
and Cheese (1877) ; Acrobat's Wounded
Child (1878) ; An Alarm, Blacksmith's Lei-
sure (1879) ; Bonhomme Noel (1880) ; Birds
of Passage, An Apprentice (1882) ; A Scan-
dal (1883) ; Sentimental Tinker (1885).
DURAND-BRAGER, JEAN BAPTISTE
HENRI, born at Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), May
21, 1814, died in Paris, April 27, 1879.
Marine painter, pupil of Gudin and Eugene
Isabey ; accompanied the fleet which carried
Napoleon's remains from St. Helena (1840),
the expeditions to Tangiers, Mogador, Mada-
gascar, and the Crimea, making many stud-
ies and pictures. In 1865 he accompanied
Napoleon ILL to Algiers as artist, and in the
same year painted the review of the united
French and English fleets near Cherbourg,
Brest, and Spithead. Medal, 3d class, 1844 ;
L. of Honour, 1844 ; Officer, 1865. Works :
Fight between French Frigate Niemen and
English Frigates Arethusa and Amethyst
(1844), Bordeaux Museum ; Conquest of
Mogador (1845), Views (21) of Sebastopol
during the Siege, 1854-55, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Entry into Harbour of Marseilles,
Battle of Lissa. — Bellier de la Chavignerie,
i. 497 ; Meyer, Gesch., 753.
DURCK, FRIEDRICH, born in Leipsie,
in 1809, died in Munich, Oct. 25, 1884.
Portrait and genre painter, pupil in Munich
of his uncle, Joseph Stieler, and of the
Academy; travelled in 1836-37 in Italy,
studying after the old masters in Florence
and Rome. Since 1867 has been honorary
member of the Munich Academy. Works :
Portraits of Leuchtenberg Family, Louis I.
of Bavaria, Oscar of Sweden (1849) ; His
436
DriJKU
Family, Emperor of Austria (1852) ; Louis
II. of Bavaria (1865) ; Count YOU Seinsheim,
Baron von der Tann, New Pinokothek, Mu-
nich ; Hebe with the Eagle, Aurora, Chil-
dren in the Alps, South Kensington Museum;
General Summons to Arms, Violin Solo
(1855); Little Republican; Meran Shepherd-
Boy ; Little School-Mistress ; Songs without
Words ; Evening Devotion. — Brockhaus, iv.
668 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 106.
DURER, ALBKECHT, born in Nurem-
berg, May 21,
1471, died
there, April 6,
1528. German
school; history
and portrait
painter and en-
graver. Son of
a goldsmith,
who first in-
structed him in
his trade, and
then apprenticed him to the painter Michael
Wolgemuth for three years and a half, after
which (1490) he visited Strasburg, Colrnar,
Basle, and Venice, where he was much im-
pressed by the works of Andrea Mantegna.
Returning home about 1494, he married
Agnes Frey, and probably worked in Wolge-
muth's studio until 1497, when he removed
to an atelier of his own, where during the
succeeding eight years he produced a large
number of pictures, wood-cuts, and engrav-
ings. From 1505 to 1507 he lived at Venice,
where he was much esteemed as a painter,
and though he lost none of his German
spirit, felt the charm of the Italian Renais-
sance masters, Bellini and Mantegna, whose
influence he showed in his subsequent
works. Then followed his most active years
at Nuremberg. From 1512 he worked for
the Emperor Maximilian, who made him his
court painter, and whom he waited on at
Augsburg in 1518 as deputy for his native
city to the assembled Diet. In 1515 Nu-
remberg assigned him a yearly pension of
100 gulden. His visit to the Netherlands
| in 1521-22, undertaken for the sale of Ins
engravings, brought him into contact with
Lucas van Leyden, Jacopo do' Barbari, and
other artists, and introduced him to the
Archduchess Margaret, for whom he worked,
but whose favour ho somewhat lost tlirough
his pronounced advocacy of Luther's doc-
trines. He attended the coronation of
Charles V. at Aix-la-Chapelle, and obtained
the appointment of court painter before his
return to Nuremberg, where he continued
to work until his death. DOrer never dealt
with fresco, though he furnished the designs
for the mural decorations of the City Hall at
Nuremberg — the Calumny of Apelles, and
the Triumph of Maximilian — probably
painted by George Pencz. The works iu
oil and distemper from his hand are reli-
gious subjects and portraits. Those in
water-colour are Hercules and the Birds of
Stymphalis (1500), iu the German Museum
at Nuremberg, an allegorical head (1507) in
the Vienna Museum, and a Lucretia (1518)
in the Munich Gallery. Works : Altarpiece
with wings, except centre picture ; Chrixt
on the Cross (1506), Christ bearing his
i Cross (1521), Dresden Gallery; Dead Christ,
2 Baumgartner portraits (pendants belong-
ing to an altarpiece), Christ bearing his
Cross, SS. Paul and Mark, SS. Peter and
John the Evangelist, Assumption of the Vir-
gin, Munich Gallery ; Job, Stadel Institute,
Frankfort ; Drummer and Fifer, Cologne
Museum ; Saint with Glass Glol>e, Eugeu
Felix, Leipsic ; Saints, landscape back-
ground, Bremen Gallery ; Virgin (1503),
Vienna Museum ; Adoration of Magi (1504),
Madonna (1526), Uffizi ; Feast of Rose-Gar-
lands (1506), painted for the Church of
St. Bartholomew, Venice, Norbertine Stra-
how Convent, Prague (copies in Ambras
Collection, Vienna, and Lyons Museum) ;
Christ among the Doctors, Pal. Barberini,
Rome; Madonna (1506), Marquis of Lothian,
Scotland ; small Crucifixion (1506), Dresden
Gallery ; Adam and Eve, Florence (Pitti),
Mentz, and Madrid Museums ; Martyrdom
of the 10,000 (1508), Vienna Museum ;
437
DftKK.
Wings of the Heller altarpiece (1509), Frank-
fort Museum ; The Trinity (1511), Madonna
(1512), Vienna Museum ; Madonna, Prague
Gallery; Madonna Cappani(1518),Berlin Mu-
seum; portrait of Dttrer's father (1495?); do.,
Duke of Northumberland, England ; portrait
of Dttrer (1493), Eugen Felix Collection, Leip-
sic ; do. (1498), Madrid Museum ; do. (1500),
do. of Hans Dttrer, of Wolgemuth, of Os-
wald Krell (1499), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
do. of Hans Imhoff (1523), Madrid Museum ;
of Joh. Kleberger, Vienna Museum ; copies
of Diirer's portrait of Jakob Fugger, Berlin
and Munich Galleries ; male portrait, Pal.
Brignole Sala, Genoa ; Bernard von Kepen
(1521), Dresden Gallery ; Male portrait
(1515), Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; do. of
Emperor Maximilian, Vienna Museum ; Em-
perors Charlemagne and Sigismund, German
Museum, Nuremberg; Praying Virgin (1497),
Augsburg Gallery ; bust portrait of a Sena-
tor (1514), National Gallery, London ; por-
trait of Senator Muffel (Narischkine sale,
1883, 78,000 fr.).— W. & \V., ii. 390; Dohme
(Keane), 89 ; \V. B. Scott, A. Durer (1869) ;
Grimm, A. Durer (1873); M. Thausiug
(Eaton), Durer (London, 1882); Ch. Ephrus-
si, A. Durer (Paris, 1882); Mrs. Heaton,
Life (1869, 2d ed. 1881) ; Woltmaun, Aus
vier Jahrhund., 28 ; Portfolio (1877), 2—
182; Eastlake, Five Great Painters (London,
1883) ; L'Art (1878), xiv. 151 ; Gaz. des B.
If/o
Arts, vi. 193 ; vii. 24, 74, 228 ; viii. 5 ; xi.
196 ; xiii. 49 ; (1876), xiv. 255, 519 ; Art
Journal (1883), 50 ; Forster, Gesch., ii. 275;
do., Denkmale ,VI. iii. 3, 13, 21; VHI iii. 19;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 81 ; viii. 284, 350 ; ix.
254, 321 : xii. 283, 382 ; xiv. 41.
DURR, WILHELM, born at Villingen,
] Baden, May 9, 1815. History painter, pu-
pil of the Vienna Academy and of Kupel-
wieser ; went in 1840 to Italy, where, after
a short stay in Venice and Bologna, he re-
mained in Rome until 1843. After his re-
turn he painted a series of large religious
subjects, besides portraits and humourous
genre scenes. Since 1852, Baden court
painter ; lives in Freiburg. Works : Ser-
mon on the Mount ; Christ blessing Little
Children ; Ascension ; Four Evangelists ; St.
Lawrence on Way to Martyrdom ; Baptism
of Josiah ; Sermon of St. Gallus on Lake
Constance (1865), Carlsruhe Gallery and
Cologne Museum ; Christ and the Children ;
St. Boniface Baptizing ; Children's Joys ; The
Almandin; Governor of Schopfheim. — Brock-
haus, v. 674 ; Miiller, 150.
DURST, AUGUSTE, born in Paris in 1842.
Genre, landscape, and still-life painter, pu-
pil of E. Hebert and Bonnat. Medal, 2d
class, 1884. Works : Table Service, Still-
life (1868); Kitchen Maid (1869); Rising of
the Seine, Flowers (1874); The Seine at Pout
de Neuilly (1880); Visit to the Farm (1881);
Hens (1882); Turkeys (1883); The Siesta
(1884); The Awakening, Spring Morning
(1885).
DUSART, CORNELIS, born in Haarlem,
April 24, 1660, died there, Oct. 1, 1704.
Dutch school ; genre painter, excellent pu-
pil and faithful imitator of Adrian van
Ostade. His colouring is usually cooler in
tone and also more varied than that of his
master. Admitted to painter's guild, Haar-
lem, Jan. 10, 1679. Works : Wandering
Musicians, Village Inn, Fish Market Scene
(1683), Amsterdam Museum ; Peasant Fam-
ily, Antwerp Museum ; Company of Peas-
ants, Vienna Museum ; do., Brunswick Mu-
seum ; Peasant Family, Peasants by the
Fireside, Mountebank, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Woman and Child (1679), Nine-Pin
Players (1688), Peasants Fighting (1697),
Dresden Gallery ; Peasants Carousing, Vi-
438
DUTZC8OHHOLD
eniia Museum ; Drinkers, Venice Academy ;
Peasant Family, Duhvich Gallery, and Mr.
Baring, London ; Donkey (1681); Grocer's
Shop, Peasant Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.— Gool, ii. 457 ; Journal des B. Arts
(1861), 107, 188 ; Kramm, ii. 383 ; Van der
Willigen, 123.
DUTZCSCHHOLD, HENRI, bora in
Paris, Jan. 4, 1841. Landscape painter,
pupil of Gfer6me and Vuron. Medal, 3d
class, 1882. Works : Inundation on Banks
of the Loire (1872); Angling (1874); La
Chartreuse and Fort Saint-Andro (1876);
Return from the Spring (1877); In the Park
of Arcueil (1878); Belle Rive, Fort Saint
Andre (1879); Roman Ruins between Aries
and Martignes, A Street at Villeneuve-les-
Avignon (1880); At Meudon, At Villeneuve-
les-Avignon (1881); The Marne (1882); Old
Tree (1883); The Marne near Champigny
(1884); The Marne from the Heights of
Chennevi6res, The Marne and the Heights
of Chennevieres (1885).
DUVAL-AMAURY. See Amaur,j.Dava.l
DTTVAL LE CAMUS, JULES ALEXAN-
DRE, born in Paris, Aug. 5, 1814, died there
in 1878. History and genre painter, son of
Pierre ; pupil of Drolling and Deluroche.
Medals : 3d class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1845 ; L.
of Honour, 1859. Works : Tobias and the
Angel (1842); Lost Hunter, Breakfast at
Marly, One of Rousseau's Happy Days,
Rousseau writing Hdloise (1846); Happy
Lovers, Bear and two Hunters (1853); Mac-
beth and the Witches, Entombment (1855);
Flight into Egypt, Manon Lescaut (1857);
Mail Forwarded (1859); Jacques Clement
planning Murder of Henri HI. (1861), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Macbeth with the
Witches, Alms of the Sea, Farewell, Three
Pitchers at a Well (1861); St. Elizabeth of
Hungary distributing Alms (1863); Martyr-
dom of St. Lawrence (1867). — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, i. 506 ; Larousse, vi. 1452.
DUVAL LE CAMUS, PIERRE, born at
Lisieux (Calvados), Feb. 14, 1790, died
at St. Cloud, July 29, 1854. Portrait and
genre painter, pupil of David ; imitated
the old Flemish masters, especially Jan
Steen ; was for several years Mayor of St.
Cloud and painter to the Duchesse de Bern.
Medals: 2d class, 1819 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L.
of Honour, 1837. Works : Game of Piquet
(1819) ; Interrogatory, Signing the Contract
(1822); Saying Grace, Little Peasants, The
Little Sweeper (1824) ; Starting for the
Chase, Blessed Bread (1827) ; Return from
School. Lying in Wait for Ducks (1831);
Return from the City (1835), Orleans Mu-
seum ; Prayer during Storm, First Love
(1836); Halt in the Chase, Love in the Vendee
(1837); Wolf-Hunt (1838); Little Maraud-
ers, Children Playing on Shore (1839); Wed-
ding Presents, Departure of the Conscripts
(1840) ; Benediction of Orphans (1842) ;
Storm, First Step, the Hermit (1843); First-
lings of the Crop (1844); Pifferaro giving
Lesson to his Son (1845) ; Improvisatore,
Hermit of Mont Cassin (1846); Travelling
Saleswoman (1848) ; Fishmonger (1852) ;
Baths of Trouville (1853) ; Answering a
Letter, Cherbourg Museum ; Fishermen at
Trouville, male portrait, Lisieux Museum ;
Interior, Bordeaux Museum. — Bellier de la
Chavignerie, L 505 ; Larousse, vL 1452 ;
! Meyer, Gesch., 160.
DUVAUX, JULES ANTOINE, born in
Bordeaux in 1818, died in Paris in July, 1884.
Military, genre, and battle painter, pupil of
Charlet ; he contributed many sketches
and lithographs to illustrated papers. Medal,
2d class, 1848. Works : Charge of Cuiras-
'siers at Valmy (1848); Battle of Monte-
Legino (1849) ; Assault of Plateau of Haie-
: Saiute (1850) ; Battle of Velisy (1852), Inci-
! dent of Storming of Sebastopol (1857), Ver-
! sailles Museum ; Prince Jerome at Assault
of Chateau of Hougoumont (1859); Souve-
nirs of Sicily, Little Stable Boy, Return
from Market (1863); The Fan, Arquebusier
of Time of Louis XHL (1864); Muff, Lady
(1865); Battle of Borrego (1866); Dogs Har-
nessed (1868) ; Dying Cuirassier (1869) ;
Battle of Col de Maya in 1813, Death of
Col. S. at Magenta (1870); Battle of Grave-
lotte (1874); Battle of Loiguy, Passing the
439
DUVEAU
Ford, Arquebusier (1875) ; Interior of Sta-
ble (1877); Citizen Chief of a Demi-Brigade
(1878); Incident of Aug. 6, 1870, Souvenir
of Italy in 1860 (1879); Incident of Battle
of Eivoli (1882); Regiment passing through
Forest (1883); Au Information (1884).
DUVEAU, LOUIS JEAN NOOL, born
at St. Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine), Dec. 25, 1818,
died in Paris, May 26, 1867. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Cogniet. Medals: 3d class,
1846 ; 2d class, 1848 ; medal, 1864. Works :
Day after Storm in Brittany (1846); Breton
Emigrants stopped by Republicans (1848);
Abdication of Doge Foscari (1850) ; Wrecked
Fishermen (1852) ; Death of Agrippina
(1853); The Vacant Cradle (1855); Return
of the Pardon of St. Anne (1859); Death of
Claudius (1863), Mass at Sea (1864), Rennes
Museum. — Bellier de la Chavignerie, i. 507.
DUVENECK, FRANK, born at Coving-
ton, Ky., Oct. 9, 1848. Figure painter,
pupil of Diez and of the Munich schools for
ten years. Studio in Venice. Works : A Cir-
cassian (1875) ; portrait of Chas. Dudley
Warner, Turkish Page (1877) ; Coming
Man, Interior of St. Mark's — Venice, Italian
Girl, The Professor (1878); Portrait (1879);
Head of Young Man (M. Brimmer, Boston).
—Am. Art Review (1881), 3.
DUVERGER, THEOPHILE EM-
MANUEL, born at Bordeaux, Sept. 17,
1821. Genre painter. Medals : 3d class,
1861, 1863 ; medal, 1865. Works : Insanity
of Charles VI. (1848) ; Said in Jest (1853) ;
Tears at the Fireside (1855); The Visit,
Party at Grandmother's (1857) ; Nurse's
Visit, Washerwoman (1859) ; Grandfather's
Platter, Waiting, Charitable Ladies (1861) ;
Last Sacraments, Gypsies (1863) ; Hide-
and-Seek, Reticence (1864) ; Paralytic, La-
bourer and his Children (1865), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Penitent Girl (1866); Con- '
firmation in Church of Villiers-le-Bel(1867);
Empty Cradle, First Frolic (1868) ; Mater-
nal Solicitude, Filial Care (1869) ; Vice and
Misery, Labour and Happiness (1870) ; The
Whippet-snappers (1872) ; Silence (1873) ;
When the Cat is away the Mice will Play
' (1874); Returning from Market (1875); Too
Much Gratitude (1876) ; Grandmother's
Party, Orphans (1879); In Reserve, Clown
(1880); Poacher, Before Mass (1881); Little
Bears (1882) ; Whoever Seeks shall Find
(1883) ; Market Scene, The Dolls (1884) ;
The Nest, In Receipt (1885).
DUYSTER (Duster), W. C. Dutch school ;
genre painter ; in his best works approach-
ing Pieter Codde. Works : Brawl between
Soldiers, Dresden Gallery; Game of Trictrac,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Brawl in a
Barn, Stockholm Museum. — Bode, Studien,
161.
DYCE, WILLIAM, born at Aberdeen in
1806, died at Streatham, Feb. 15, 1864.
Son of a physician and graduate of Mari-
schal College ; in 1823 entered schools of
Royal Scottish Academy, and afterwards
studied in Rome and Florence. In 1827 ex-
hibited at Royal Academy his Bacchus
nursed by the Nympha After his second
visit to Italy, settled in Edinburgh in 1830,
and won success as a painter of portraits
and historical subjects. In 1836 his De-
scent of Venus attracted much notice ; he
removed to London in 1844, and in the
same year was elected an A.R.A., and in
1848 R.A. In 1848 he was chosen to deco-
rate the Queen's Robing-Room in the Houses
of Parliament, and began, but did not finish,
a series of frescos illustrating the legend of
King Arthur. He also executed a series of
frescos in All Saints, Margaret Street, Cav-
endish Square. He was a well-trained mu-
sician and a scholarly writer on art and sci-
entific subjects. Among his other easel
pictures are : King Joash shooting the Ar-
row of Deliverance (1844) ; Jacob and Rachel
(1853) ; St. John leading Home the Virgin
(1860) ; and George Herbert of Bemerton
(1861). — Redgrave ; Art Journal (1860),
293 ; Frescos in Houses of Parliament (8vo,
London), from Br. Quarterly. July, 1864 ;
Sandby, ii. 183.
DYCK, HERMANN, born in Wurzburg,
Oct. 4, 1812, died in Munich, March 25, 1874.
Architecture and genre painter ; studied
440
DYCK
from 1835 in Munich, was for years a re-
nowned contributor to the Fliegende Bliit- j
ter, and in 1854 was appointed director of
the Art School of Industry. Works : Forti-
fication of Kehlheioi, Convent Kitchen,
Destroyed Village, At the City Wall of
Erding (1857) ; Cashier's Room (1858) ;
Writing Room (1860) ; In the Granary
(1860) ; In the Studio (1861) ; Church In-
terior (1863) ; Delegation (1864) ; Burgo-
master's Return Home (1868). — AUgein. d.
Biogr., v. 508 ; Brockhaus, v. 686 ; Kunst-
Chronik, ix. 464.
DYCK, ANTON VAN (Sir Antony Van-
dyck), born in Ant-
werp, March 22, 1599,
died in London, Dec.
9, 1641. At ten years
of age he was appren-
ticed by his father,
Francis Van Dyck,
linen draper, to Heu-
drik Van Baleii, and
at sixteen he entered
the studio of Rubens
as his pupil and assist-
ant. Employed by this great master to pre-
pare black and white drawings from his pic-
tures for the use of the engravers who worked
under his eye, and to make cartoons from
his sketches, of which the history of Darius
in the Liechtenstein Gallery at Vienna may
be taken as an example, Van Dyck's talent
developed with astonishing rapidity. The
esteem in which Rubens held him showed
itself in numerous acts of kindness, as in
1620, when he procured him a commission
from the Jesuits to paint an altarpiece for
their church ; in 1621, when he presented
him to the Countess of Arundel, through
whom he obtained access to James L, whose
portrait he painted at Windsor ; and in the
autumn of the same year, when he sent the
Chevalier Varni with him to Italy, and gave
him a horse for the journey. Van Dyck
reached Rome in February, 1622, but it was
not until the following year, after he had
visited Florence, Bologna, Venice, and Man-
,
tua, that he took up his residence there, and
made himself known by painting the admir-
able portrait of Cardinal Bentivoglio, now
one of the gems of the Pitti Gallery. Its suc-
cess, and Van Dyck's love of display, excited
the jealousy of his brother artiste, who made
Rome so intolerable to him that ho left it
for Genoa in June, 1624, and remained there
i until the next year, when he returned home.
At Antwerp he found enemies who decried
him, and waited for commissions, until Ru-
, bens bought several of his pictures and set
• the tide running in his favour. To tliis time
belong the Crucifixion, in the Church of
Notre Dame at Terrnonde, the St. Sebastian,
at Munich, and the portrait of the Arch-
duchess Clare Eugenie, in the Gallery at
Turin. After an unsuccessful visit to Eng-
land (1627), where he failed to obtain pres-
entation at court for want of favour with
the Duke of Buckingham, Van Dyck lived
for three years at Antwerp and Brussels,
painting many religio-historical pictures and
portraits, and etching ten admirable por-
traits of painters, which are yet unsurpassed.
Meanwhile, one of his friends had given his
Rinaldo and Armida to Charles I., who was
j so delighted with it that in 1630 he invited
the painter to England. In April, 1632, Van
Dyck obeyed the summons, and after he had
been presented to the King by Sir Kenehn
Digby, painted his portrait, that of the
, Queen, and the great picture of the Royal
Family, now at Windsor. In July he was
knighted, aud appointed court painter, and
in October, 1633, had a pension of £200 a
year assigned to him. During the next nine
years he painted 19 portraits of the King,
17 of the Queen, as well as many of their
children, at a fixed price of £50 for half, and
£100 for full-length figurea Living in a
style of splendour far beyond his means, Van
Dyck became more and more embarrassed
as the troubles of Charles' reign thickened,
until, in 1638, he presented his unpaid claims
to the King, including his pension for the
past five years, payment for many portraits,
and for four cartoons prepared for tapestries
441
DYCK
at Whitehall, which he valued at the enor-
mous sum of £80,000. These claims were but
partially satisfied when he went to France
in 1641, hoping to obtain the commission to
paint the galleries at the Louvre, which was
given to Poussin through the influence of
the Cardinal de Richelieu. Disappointed,
and in broken health, he returned to Eng-
land via Antwerp. On the 1st of December,
the birthday of his daughter, Giustiniana,
he made his will, and on the 9th he expired.
He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. For
noble use of colour, high-bred elegance of
style, and facility, Van Dyck ranks as one of
the first of painters. In portraiture he was
not surpassed by any great master north or
south of the Alps, though in historical and
sacred subjects by many ; for in such, as a
rule, his conceptions are superficial and
scenic, rather than profound and natural.
Works : portrait of Charles I., do. of Rubens,
do., of C. van der Geest, do. of himself, Am-
brose and Emperor Theodosius (copy of
Rubens), Miraculous Draught of Fishes,
National Gallery, London ; portrait of Charles
I, Children of Charles I. (2), Charles I. and
Family, Henrietta Maria, Sir Kenelm Diyby,
Lady Venetia Diyby, Charles IL, Countess
of Carlisle, Duke of Buckingham, Thomas
Carew and Sir William Killigrew, Duke of
Gloucester, and others, Windsor Castle ;
Christ healing the Paralytic, Pieta, St. Se-
bastian, Charles I., Hampton Court ; Earl of
Pembroke, Madonna, Dulwich Gallery ; St.
Sebastian, Lomellini Family. Nobleman in
Armour, Study, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; Pembroke Family, Wilton House ;
Riualdo and Armida, Duke of Newcastle ;
Daedalus and Icarus, portrait of Duke of
Newcastle, do. of Lady Venetia Diyby, do.
of Earl of Bristol, do. of Countess of Bed-
ford, Earl Spencer ; Bolingbroke Family,
Earl of Morley ; Charily, Earl of Lonsdale ;
Madonna with St. Catherine, Grosvenor
House, London ; Sir Kenelm Digby, Wing-
field Digby, Esq., Sherborne ; Madonna,
Madonna and Donors, Venus and Vulcan,
Rinaldo and Armida, portrait of Charles L,
\ Children of Charles I., Francisco de Monsada,
Charles Louis of Bavaria, Isabel of Austria,
Duke of Richmond, himself, and others,
Louvre ; St. Jerome, Christ crowned with
Thorns, Virgin of Sorrows, Betrayal of Christ,
Diana and Endymion, portraits of David
Ryckaert, Don Fernando of Austria, Count-
ess of Oxford, Prince of Orange, Princess
of Orange, Charles I, and others, Madrid
Museum ; Christ on the Cross (2), Entomb-
ment, Antwerp Museum ; Crucifixion, St.
Jacques, Antwerp ; St. Augustine in Ecstasy,
St. Augustine, ib.; Crucifixion, Cathedral at
Mechlin ; Crucifixion of St. Peter, Satyr,
portrait, Brussels Museum ; Children of
: Charles I., portrait, Amsterdam Museum ;
; portraits, Hague Museum ; Christ crowned
with Thorns, Pieta, Descent of Holy Ghost,
Repentant Sinners, Two Saints, John, St.
Peter, portrait of Prince Thomas of Ca-
rignan, Berlin Museum ; Madonna, portrait,
Brunswick Gallery ; Family Group, six por-
traits, Cassel Gallery ; St. Jerome, Danae,
Silenus, portraits of Charles I., Henrietta
Maria, Children of Charles I, Martin Ryck-
aert, Thomas Parr, and others, Dresden
Gallery ; Holy Family, Madonna with St.
John, St. Sebastian, Field (2), Christ on the
Cross, portraits of Maria de' Medici, Ales-
sandro Scaglio, Count John of Nassau, Gus-
tavus Adolphus, Wallenstein, and others,
Munich Gallery ; Christ on the Cross, Ma-
donna with Saints, Venus and Vulcan, Sam-
son and Delilah, Holy Family, Virgin and
Donor, Magdalen, and many portraits, Vienna
Museum ; Pieta, portraits of Wallenstein,
Duke Albrecht of Austria, and others, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Holy Family, In-
credulity of Thomas, St. Sebastian, portraits
of Charles I., Henrietta Maria, William of
Orange, Archbishop Laud, Earl Danby, In-
igo Jones, and others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Cardinal Eenlivoglio, Charles I. and
Henrietta Maria, Repose in Egypt, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; portrait of Charles V., do.
of John Montfort, Uffizi, ib. ; Brignoli Fam-
ily, Palazzo Brignoli, Genoa ; Madonna and
St Anthony of Padua, portraits, Brera, Mi-
442
DYCK
Ian ; Holy Family, Accademia di S. Luca,
Rome ; Christ on Cross, Entombment, Pa-
lazzo Borghcse, ib. ; Madonna, Palazzo Cor-
sini, ib. ; Children of Charles I, Princess
Isabel of Spain, Prince Thomas of Savoy,
Holy Family, Turin Gallery ; Crucifixion,
portrait of Charles L, do. of a Lady, Histori-
cal Society, New York. — Guiflrey.Vau Dyke,
A'
sa vie et son ceuvre (Paris, 1882) ; Michiels,
Van Dyck et ses cluves (Paris, 1882) ; Car-
penter, Memoirs (London, 1844) ; Wibiral,
Iconographie de Van Dyck (Leipsic, 1877);
Dohme ; Bendell, Van Dyck (London, 1881);
Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1881), xxiv. 504 ; Graph. K, i. 69 ; iv. 89 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 712 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
v. 304, 366 ; vi. 2G4 ; xi. (Mittheilungen, iv.
8); xii. 388 ; xvii. 193 ; xviii. 316.
DYCK (Dijk), PHILIP VAN, called the
Little Van Dyck, born in Amsterdam, Jan.
10, 1683, died at The Hague, July 2, 1753.
Dutch school ; portrait and genre painter,
pupil of A. Van Boonen. Ho worked for
some time at Amsterdam, The Hague, Mid-
dleburg, and as court painter to Landgraf
of Hesse in Cassel, where he founded the
gallery. Painted also mediocre biblical
pictures. His genre pieces in the manner
of Gerard Dou and Mieris are very pleasing.
Works: Ju-
dith (1726),
Lute-Player, '
The Toilet, Bookkeeper, National Museum,
Amsterdam ; Lady at Toilet, Brussels Muse-
um ; Lute-Player (1727), Drawing Lesson
(1728), Berlin Museum.— Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 540 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollaiidaise ; De
Stuers, 27.
DYCKMANS, JOSEPH LAURENS, born
at Lier, Belgium, Aug. 9, 1811. Genre
painter, pupil of Thielemaus and Vervoort,
then of Wappcrs ; his pictures, mostly on a
small scale, together with the similarity of
subjects, won him the surname of the Bol-
gian Gerard Dow. In 1841-54 he was pro-
fessor at the Antwerp Academy, and in 1870
was made member. Works : Declaration of
Love (1834); Paternal Lesson (1835); Play-
ing at Chequers (1836); Piano Lesson (1837);
Household Account (1838); Lace Maker
(1839); Vegetable Market (1840); Grand-
mother's Fairy Tale (1841); Spinning Maid-
en (1842); Embroideress (1843); Old Wo-
man Sewing (1843); Old Woman plucking
a Hen (1844), Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ;
Reading the Bible (1845); Lady of Fashion
(1846); Rigolette (1847); Old Lace-Maker
(1848), Blind Beggar (1852), Antwerp Mu-
seum; The Marchioness (1854); Dressing
the Bride, Sailor's Widow (1855); Motherly
Love (1856); Expectation (1858); Occasion
makes Thieves (I860); Magdalen at the
Cross (1862); Spring (1870); Grandmoth-
er's Birthday (1871), South Kensington Mu-
|seum; Old Woman Praying (1872); Magda-
len Penitent (1873); The Divided Breakfast,
Child Lost in the Woods (1874); Street-
Singer, Good News, Siesta, Young Shep-
herdess (1X78); The First Born (1879).—
Brockhaus, v. 686 ; Mdller, 150.
DYER, CHARLES GIFFORD, born in
Chicago, III, in 1846. Landscape painter,
pupil of Jacquesson de la Clievreuse in
Paris, of the Royal Bavarian Academy in
1871, and of David Neal in Munich in 1876.
Has sketched ami painted in Rome, Venice,
j Egypt, and Syria. Studio in Munich.
Works : St. Mark's, Venice (1874); On Liu-
den when the Sun was Low ; Venice at
Birth of Day ; Morning on the Riva at Ven-
ice ; Historical Still-Life of the 17th cent-
ury (1878).
443
JUN 1 4 1972
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