3 SO.
This Edition is limited to five hundred
copies, of which Ibis is No.
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
VOLUME III
LAAR— QUOST
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
CHARLES C. PERKINS
Corresponding Member of the French Institute
WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME III
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
M DCCC LXXXVII
/•'"
'
Copyright, 1885, 1887, by
Charles Scribner's Sons
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
To Face
Page
1. LAKE GK()H(iH
JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT
Etching by Thomas Moran ... • 8
2. LAST \\11STF.P
HUBERT HERKOMER
Photogravure by Messrs. Boussod, l/aladon & Co., Paris . 27
$. GLORIFICATION OF LAW
PAUL BAUDRY
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols & Handy, New York 37
4. LOVE AND DEATH
GEORGE FREDERICK WATTS
Lewistype from the original by the Lewis Company, Boston . . .106
?. CATARINA CORNARO AT VENICE
HANS MAKART
Photogravure from flv original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York . 182
6. SPANISH MARRIAGE
MA KM NO FORT UN Y
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Bonssod, l/aladon Sr Co., Paris . 206
7. BEGUILING OF MERLIN
EDWARD BURNE-JONES
Lewistype by the Lev is Company, Boston ....... 248
MILK >N DICTATING PARADISE LOST
MICH Alii. MUNKACSY
e by Messrs. Nichols & Handy, Neic York . 274
'> MONARCH OF THE GLEN
SIR EDWIN LANDSEER
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, l/aladon &• Co., Paris . 283
I0- PAOLO AND FRANCESCA
ALEX AN ORE CABANEL
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, l/aladon 6- Co., Paris 39o
n. PLOUGHING IN NIEVRE
ROSA BONHEUR
Photogravure from the original bv Messrs. Boussod, Valadon Sr Co., Paris .
12.
GEORGE HENRY BOUGHTON
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York . 48}
*** The publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce paintings in this
list to Morris K. Jesup, Esq., New York (for Kensett's LAKE GEORGH) ; to H. W.
Eaton, M.P., London (for Landseer's MONARCH OF THE GLEN) ; to Mrs. R. L.
Stuart, New York (for Bougbton's PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH) ; to the French
Government for copies made in the Luxembourg gallery.
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
1. LAMBTON-. MASTER .......... Sir Thnma* Lawrence ............. Earl of Durham . 10
2. LAX/AS, LAS .............. Vdasqucz ...................... Madrid Museum. 21
Ii. LAST JFIK.MEXT .......... Fra llurtolommco .......... S. M. Nuova, Florence. 24
4. LAST JUDGMENT .......... Mii-hdancjdo ..................... Vatican, Rome. 26
5. LAST JUDGMENT .......... Unbent ......................... Munich GaUery. 27
(i. LAST SI-PPEK ............. Philippe d>- Champaign? ............. Louvre, Paris. 28
7. LAST SUPPER ............. Otto Vaenius ................. Cathedral, Antwerp. 31
8. LAST SiTi'Ei! ............. Leonardo da I'iuci. ....... S. M. delle Grazie, Milan. 32
!(. LAWRENCE. ST., MARTYK- / i\r • i n 11 Q'?
Rubens ............... . ...... Munich Gallery. 37
'
DOM
10. LAWRENCE, ST., MARTYR- ) -]•/-< -,.- -tr • oo
I i/imt .......... S. M. Assunta dei Gesuiti, Venice. 38
11. L\/AKIS, I
12. L\/.\uis, 1
13. L\/Ai:i s, 1
USING OF fjfbaatian dd Pwinlx* National Gallery, London. 41
\IMNG OF llubi'iix Berlin Museum . 42
AISING OF Ol/fi Vwnitix Cathedral, Antwerp. 42
14. LEI i \ .................... C'orrct/r/iii ........................ Berlin Museum . 48
15. LI:I>A .................... Tintoretto ............ Norton Collection, England. 49
Id. Li:o III., OATH OF ........ /,'tijihtirl .......................... Vatican, Koine. C2
17. LEO X., POPE ............ Uiqihacl .................. Palazzo Pitti, Florence. G3
l.S. LKOXIDAS AT TIIEKMOPVI..E . ../an/ncx L/ntis David ............... Louvre, Paris. 65
lit. LION Hi-NT .............. llitbeti* .......................... Munich Gallery. 86
20. LoliEX/o (lirsTINIANT, ST., )
f Chovanm Antonio Pordenone ...... Venice Academy. 1UU
(TLOKY OF ......... i
21. LOT, FLIGHT OF .......... Liica (.iiordano .................. Dresden Gallery. 102
22. LOT, FLIGHT OF .......... Paolo Veronese .................... Louvre, Paris. 103
23. LOVE, BIKTII OF .......... Enxlat-he L/'xueur .................. Louvre, Paris. 107
24. LOVE, SACRIFICE TO ....... Caspar Netscher .................. Uffizi, Florence. 107
25. LOVE, SACKED AND PKOFAXE. Titian .................. Palazzo Borghese, Borne. 108
20. LCCKETIA AND T.\i;yriN ..... Guido C'a'/nacci ...... Accademia di S. Luca, Eome. 110
27. MADONNA WITH ANGELS . . . Ruben* .......................... Louvre, Paris. 127
28. MAIIOXNA DEL BALDACCIIINO .Raphael ................... Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 128
29. MADONNA, BELLE 3xKDim&KE.Ilaphael .......................... Louvre, Paris. 129
30. MADONNA OF BURGOMASTER ) T
, j r Hans Holbein. .Princess Charles of Hesse-Darmstadt. 130
31. MADONNA DEI CAXDELABRI. . .Kaphael ...... Butler-Jolmstone Collection, London. 131
32. MADONXA uw, C.VKDELLI.NO . Raphad ......................... Uffizi, Florence . 132
viii
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
PAGE
33. MADONNA DELLA CASA V'AJLB.\. Raphael Hermitage, St. Petersburg. 133
34. MADONNA DELLA CESTA Correggio National Gallery, London . 134
35. MADONNA DEL COLLO LUNGO . Parmigianino Palazzo Pitti, Florence . 135
36. MADONNA DEL CONIGLIO .... Titian Louvre, Paris . 136
37. MADONNA WITH DIADEM .... Eaphael Louvre, Paris . 137
38. MADONNA DI FOLIGNO Raphael Vatican, Rome . 138
39. MADONNA OF THE GREEN )
.-, r Andrea Solans Louvre, Paris. 140
CUSHION )
40. MADONNA, ORLEANS Raphael Chateau de Cbantilly, France . 142
41. MADONNA DEL PASSEGGIO. . . . Raphael Bridgewater House, London . 143
42. MADONNA DEL PESCE Raphael Madrid Museum . 144
43. MADONNA OF THE ROCKS. . . .Leonardo da Vinci National Gallery, London. 145
44. MADONNA DEL ROSARIO Domenichino Bologna Gallery. 147
45. MADONNA DE' RUCELLAI Cimabue S. M. Novella, Florence . 149
46. MADONNA DEL SACCO Andrea del Sarto.SS. Aununziata de' Servi, Florence. 150
47. MADONNA WITH ST. ANNA. . . Leonardo da Vinci Louvre, Paris. 150
48. MADONNA OF ST. GEORGE. . . Correyyiu Dresden Gallery. 152
49. MADONNA WITH ST. MAH- ) ,
r Parnngwmno Bologna Gallery. 153
GARET )
50. MADONNA or ST. MATTHEW. .Annibale C'arracci Dresden Gallery. 154
51. MADONNA DI SAN SISTO . . . .Raphael Dresden Gallery. 155
52. MADONNA WITH SAINTS Giovanni Bellini S. Zaccaria, Venice. 157
53. MADONNA WITH SAINTS Guido Reni Dresden Gallery . 159
54. MADONNA WITH SAINTS Titian Vienna Museum, Louvre, Paris. 162
55. MADONNA WITH SAINTS Paolo Veronese Louvre, Paris . 162
56. MADONNA WITH SAINTS Paolo Veronese Louvre, Paris . 163
57. MADONNA WITH SAINTS OF ) ,
- Guercino Louvre, Paris . 104
MODENA )
58. MADONNA DELLA SCODELLA . . Correyyio Parma Gallery. 165
59. MADONNA DELLA SEDIA Raphael Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 165
60. MADONNA DELLA VITTOKIA. . .Andrea Mantegna Louvre, Paris. 167
61. MAGDALEN Corregyio Dresden Gallery . 171
62. MAGDALEN Charles Le Brun Louvre, Paris . 172
63. MAGI, ADORATION OF Gentile da Fabriano Florence Academy. 175
64. MAGI, ADORATION OF Raphael (?) Berlin Museum. 176
65. MAGI, ADORATION OF Rubens Brussels Museum . 177
66. MANNA, FALL OF Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 189
67. MARGARET, ST Raphael Louvre, Paris . 196
68. MARK, ST Fra Bartolommeo Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 199
69. MARK, ST., MIRACLE OF. ... Tintoretto Venice Academy. 200
70. MARK, ST., RING OF Pan's Bordone Venice Academy. 201
71. MARRIAGE AT CANA Tintoretto ,S. M. della Salute, Venice. 204
72. MARRIAGE AT CANA Paolo Veronese Louvre, Paris . 205
73. MARTIN, ST., DIVIDING HIS 1 .-,, ,
\ Anton van Dyck Church at Saventhem. 210
MANTLE )
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
PAGE
74. MARTIN-, ST., DIVIDING HIS [ R^^ _ Windsor Castle . 211
MANTLE .'
75. MASS OF BOLSENA Raphael Vatican, Rome. 215
7(5. MASSACRE OF INNOCENTS. . . Gu'uh Item Bologna Gallery. 216
77. MvrniEw, ST., CALLING uv.Lndovwo Gar rued Bologna Gallery. 223
78. MEMCI, MARIA DE, EDU- I ^^ ^ Louvre, Paris. 230
CATION OF )
7!). MEUICI, MAMA I>E', MAK- ) ^^ _ Louvre, Paris. 231
MAGE OF )
80. MEDUSA, RAFT OF THE. . . .Jean Isouis G erica tilt Louvre, Paris. 232
81. MENINAS, LAS Velasquez Madrid Museum. 2-4-4
8i>. MERCY, SEVEN WOHKS OF. .Dacul Tenter*, ijounyer Louvre, Paris. 247
83. MICHAEL, ST Ilaphael Louvre, Paris . 258
81. MICHAEL, ST Raphael Louvre, Paris. 258
85. MISEKS, THE -Ian Massys Windsor Castle. 276
86. MONA LISA Leonardo da Viin-i Louvre, Paris . 282
87. MOM/ADA, FRANCISCO in: . . .Anton ran Dijcl Louvre, Paris. 283
88. MOSES AND THE CROWN OF
PHARAOH )
89. MOSES, FINDING OF Nicola* Pou^in Louvre, Paris. 302
!)0. MOSES, LAST COMMANDS ov . Liica Siynnralli. Vatican, Rome. 303
ill. MOSES STRIKING THE ROCK . Nicolas Pousgin Hermitage, St. Petersburg. 304
!)2. MrsciprLA Kir Jothua Ht'ijnolds. . . .Lansdowne House, London. 319
93. MUSES, DANCE OF THE Giulio liomaiio Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 320
94. MUSES AND PlERIDES, C()N- ) „ . .,.-,,
t II Husso Louvre, Pans. 321
TEST BETWEEN THE . . )
95 MUTIUS SC.EVOLA Charles L<- Jlriin Louvre, Paris. 322
96. NAPOLEON CROSSING THE ) TT .,, ,T oa_
t Louis David .. .. Versailles Museum . 327
ALPS )
97. NATIVITY Lodoviw Carracci Louvre, Paris . 329
98. NATURE Sir Thomas Lawrence . . .V. P. Calmady (?), London. 331
99. NOTTE, LA L'urri'y(/io Dresden Gallery . 355
100. PAX, SCHOOL OF Luca Siynorelli Palazzo Corsi, Florence. 389
101. PARIS, JUDGMENT OF Ruben* Dresden Gallery . 393
102. PARNASSUS Andrea Manteijna Louvre, Paris . 395
103. PAISNASSUS Raphael Vatican, Rome . 396
104. PEACE AND WAR Rubens National Gallery, London. 407
105. PETER, ST., CHRIST'S)
f J letrn Peruqino Vatican, Rome . 424
CHARGE TO )
106. PETEK, ST., MARTYRDOM OY . Filippino Lippi Carmine, Florence. 425
107. PETER MARTYR, ST.,)
-Q t Titian.. . .Formerly in SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. 427
108. PETRONILLA, ST Ouercino Capitol Gallery, Rome . 430
109. PHILOSOPHERS Rubens Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 436
110. PIETA Cormyyio Parma Gallery. 441
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
111. PIETA Anton van Dijck Munich Gallery . 442
112. PIETA Rubens Brussels Museum . 443
113. PLAGUE OF ASHDOD Nicolas Poussitt Louvre, Paris. 450
114. PRESENTATION IN TEMPLE. . Fra Jlartolommeo Vienna Museum. 470
115. PRESENTATION IN TEMPLE. . Guido Eeni Vienna Museum. 471
11C. PRODIGAL SON David Tenierx, younger Louvre, Paris. 470
117. PRODIGAL SON, RETURN or.Jfurillo Stafford House, London. 477
118. PSYCHE AND CUPID . . . . Francois Gerard Louvre, Paris. 481
PORTRAITS OI: PAINTERS.
(liKAWN IJY .IA(\>n:S KEU'll.)
1. Laar, Jan Hendrik van tie 1 35. Lepicie, Nicolas Bernard GG
'2. Laar, Pieter van 1 , 36. Le Poittevin, Eugene Modeste Ed-
3. La Farge, John 4 ' mond GG
4. La Fosse, Charles do 5 37. Lcroux, Hector 68
5. Lairesso, Gerard de 7 38. Leslie, Charles Robert 68
G. Lancret, Nicolas 12 39. Leslie, George Dunlop 69
7. Landseer, Charles 14 40. Leasing, Karl Friedrich G9
8. Landseer, Sir Edwin Henry 14 41. Le Sueur, Eustache 71
it. Lanfranco, Giovanni 15 42. Lethiero, Guillauuie Guillou 71
10. Lansyer, Emmanuel 1!) 41!. Leutze, Eiuaimel 72
11. Lantara, Simon Mathuriu 20 44. Levy, Kiuilc 73
12. Largilliere, Nicolas 22 45. Levy, Henri Leopold 74
13. Lasch, Karl Johann 23 4(i. Leyden, Lucas van 74
14. Lathrop, Francis 33 47. Leys, Hendrik 75
15. Laufberger, Ferdinand 34 48. Lievens, Jan 79
lf>. Laurens, Jean Paul 35 49. Liezen-Mayer, Alexander 80
17. Lavieille, Eugene Antoine Samuel . 30
18. Lawrence, Sir Thomas. . 38
50. Limborch, Hendrik van 81
51. Lindemann-Frommel, Karl August 81
19. Lawson, Cecil Gordon 39 ' 52. Lindenschmit, Wilhelm 82
20. Leader, Benjamin Williams 43 53. Lingelbach, Johannes 83
21. Le Brim, Charles 44 54. Linnell, John 84
22. Le Brim, Marie Louise Elisabeth.. 45 55. Linton, Sir James Drogmolc 85
23. Lefebvre, Jules Joseph 50 50. Liotard, Jean Etienne 86
24. Lefiivre, Claude 51 57. Lippi, Filippino 87
25. Legros, Alphonse 52 58. Lippi, Fra Filippo 88
26. Leibl, Wilhelm 53 59. Loftier, August 91
27. Leighton, Sir Frederick 54 60. Loffler, Ludwig 92
28. Le Jeuue, Henry 55 | 01. Long, Edwin 93
29. Leloir, Alexandre Louis 5fl '' 02. Loo, Charles Audre van 95
30. Lely, Sir Peter 57 i 03. Loo, Jean Baptiste van 90
31. Le Moyne, Francois 59 64. Loose, Basile de. . , 98
32. Lenbach, Franz GO
33. Leon y Escosura, Iguacio 63
34. Leoui, Ottavio G4
65. Lossow, Heinrich 102
GG. Loth, Johann Karl 103
67. Lotto, Lorenzo 104
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
7G.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
8G.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
9G.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques.. 106
Liiben, Adolf 108
Lucas, Seymour 109
Luini, Bernardino 112
Luminais, Evariste Vital 113
Lund, Fredrik Christian 113
Luudbye, Johan Thomas 114
Luti, Benedetto 116
Mabuse, Jan van
Macbeth, Robert William
McEutee, Jervis
Maclise, Daniel
MacNee, Sir Daniel
McWhirter, John
Madou, Jean Baptiste
Madrazo, Rainiuudo de
Maes, Nicolaas
Magnus, Eduard
Maignan, Albert
Makart, Hans
Mander, Karel van
Manet, Edouard
Mannozzi, Giovanni
Mantcgna, Andrea
Manuel, Nieolaus
Maratti, Carlo
Marko, Karl
Marks, Henry Stacy
Marseus van Schrick, Otho
Marstrand, Vilhehn Nikolaj
Martin, John
Masaccio, Tommaso
Mason, George Hemiug
Massys, Quinten
Matejko, Jan B. Aloysius
Mathieu, Lambert Joseph
Max, Gabriel
Mazo, Juan Bautista Martinez del .
Mehus, Lieven
Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest . . .
Melbye, Daniel Herman Anton. . .
Memling, Hans
Mengs, Anton Raphael
Meuzel, Adolf Friedrich Erdmauu
112. Mesdag, Heudrik Willem
117
119
120
121
121
122
168
169
169
179
180
182
186
187
181J
190
192
192
202
202
207
208
209
213
215
217
220
221
224
227
234
235
238
241
243
245
249
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
13(i.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
I '
xiii
PAGE
Metsu, Gabriel 250
Meulen, Adam Frans van tier .... 252
Meyer, Johann Georg 254
Meyerheim, Friedrich Eduard . . . 255
Meyerheim, Eduard Franz 256
Meyerheim, Paul Friedrich 256
Michallon, Achille Etna 259
Michelangelo 260
Micl, Jan 263
Micrevelt, Michiel Janszen van . . 264
Miens, Frans van, elder 265
Mieris, Willem van 266
Migiiard, Xicolas 267
Mignard, Pierre, elder 268
Millais, Sir John Everett 270
Millet, Francis Davis 272
Millet, Francois 272
Millet, Jean Francois 273
Mintrop, Theodor 275
Mola, Pietro Francesco 278
Molyn, Pieter 281
Momper, Jodocus de 282
Moni, Louis do, younger 284
Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste 285
Moor, Karel dc, elder 288
Moore, Albert 288
Moore, Henry 288
Mor, Antonis 289
Moran, Edward 290
Moraii, Thomas 291
Moreau, Gustave 292
Moretto, II 294
Morgenstern, Christian Ernst
Beruhard 295
Moritz, Louis 296
Morland, George 296
Morone, Francesco 298
Morot, Aime Nicolas 298
Morris, Philip Richard 299
Morse, Samuel Fiuley Breese .... 299
Morto da Feltre 300
Moucheron, Isaak de 306
Mulready, William 313
Munkacsy, Mihaly 314
Murillo, Bartolome Esteban 316
Musscher, Michiel van 320
Muziauo, Girolamo 323
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
159. Natoire, Charles Joseph
I'AOE
330 203.
1(!0. Navarretc, Juan Fernandez
332 204.
Kil. Navez, Fran<;ois Joseph
332 205.
162. Xeal, David
333 200.
103. Necr, Eglon Hendrik van der . . .
335 207.
104. Nehcr, Beruhard von
330 208.
105. Xetscher, Caspar
339 209.
100. Xeureuther, Eugen Napoleon . . .
341 210.
107. Xeuville, Alplionsc Mario do . . . .
342 211.
1GS. Xewton, Gilbert Stuart,
343 212.
109. Xicol, Erskine
345 213.
170. Xiss, Thorvald
348 214.
171. Xorthcote, James
352 215.
172. Xoter, Pieter Francois do
354 210.
17.'i. X uven, Wyuand Jan Joseph
350 217.
218.
174. Odevaere, Josepli Dionisius
359 219.
175. Oelnne, Erwiu
300 220.
17(1. Ommeganck, Balthazar Pauwel . .
304 221.
177. Oust. Jacob van, younger
300 222.
178. Opie, John
307 223.
171). Oppenheini, Moritz
3G7
180. Orcagna, Andrea
3GS 224.
LSI. Orcliardson, William Quiller
308 225.
182. Orlev, Bernaert van
309 220.
IS.'!. (),s, Georgius Jacobus Johannes
227.
van
372 228.
184. Os, Jan van
372 229
185. Os, Pieter Gerardus van
372 230.
180. Ostade, Adn'aan van
373 231.
LS7. Ostade, Isaak van
374 232.
188. Ottesen, Otto Uidrik
370 2:!:',.
189. Oudrv, Jean Baptiste
370 234.
190. Unless, Walter William . . .
377 235.
1!)1. Overbeck, Johaun Friedrich ....
378 230.
237.
192. Pacheco, Francisco . .
3SO 23S.
193. I'adovanino, 11
381 239.
194. Paelinck, Joseph
382 , 240.
195. Page, William
382 241.
19(i. Paggi, Giovanni Battista
383 242.
197. Palamedcsz, Autonis .
384 ; 243.
198. Palamedesz, Palamcdes. .
384
199. Pahna, Giacomo, called Veecluo
380 244.
200. Pahna, Giacomo, called Giovane .
386 245.
201. Palmaroli, Vicente
387 240.
202. Pannini, Giovanni Paolo
389
PAGE
Pareja, Juan de 392
Parmigianiuo, II 394
Parrocel, Charles 397
Parrocel, Joseph 398
Passim, Alberto 399
Passerotti, Bartolommeo 400
Passignauo, Domeuico da 401
Passini, Ludwig 401
Paton, Sir Joseph Noel 403
Pauwels, Ferdinand 406
Peale, Rembrandt 408
Pccht, August Friedrich 409
Peeters, Boiiaventura 410
Pelouse, Leon Germain 413
Pencz, Georg 413
Pepvn, Marten 415
Perugino, Pietro 420
Peruzzi, Baldassare 421
Peschel, Karl Gottlieb 422
Pettie, John 430
Philippoteanx, Henri Emmanuel
Felix 435
Phillip, John 435
Pickersgill, Henry William 438
Piencman, Jan W7illem 439
Pieneman, Xicolaas 440
Pierre, Jean Baptiste Marie 440
Pietro da Cortona 443
Pille, Charles Henri 444
Piloty, Ferdinand 445
Piloty, Karl von 445
Pils, Isidore Alexaudre Auguste . 440
Pinturicchio, Bernardino 446
Pionibo, Sebastiano del 448
Pixis, Theodor 449
Plockhorst, Bernhard 452
Poelenburg, Cornells van 454
Pohle, Friedrich Leon 456
Pollajuolo, Antonio 457
Pontormo, Jacopo da 458
Poole, Paul Falconer 459
Pordenone, Giovanni Antonio Li-
cinio da 400
Portaels, Jean Francois 461
Porter, Benjamin Curtis 462
Portman, Christiaau Julius Lode-
wyck 462
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
PAGE |
247. Potter, Paulus 463 256.
248. Pourbus, Frans, younger 465 257.
249. Pourbus, Peeter, younger 4GG 258.
250. Poussin, Nicolas 466 259.
251. Poynter, Edward John 468 260.
252. Preller, Friedrich Jolmm Chris- \ 261.
tiau Ernst 469
253. Primaticcio, Francesco 472 262.
254. Prinsep, Valentine Cameron 474 263.
255. Procaccini, Camillo 474
Procaccini, Giulio Cesare 475
Protais, Paul Alexandra 479
Prout, Samuel 480
Prud'hon, Pierre Paul 480
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre 484
Pynacker, Adam 484
Quartley, Arthur 487
Quelliuus, Erasmus, younger .... 487
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES.
\
1. Laar, Pietor van
2. Lagrenee, Jean Jacques
3. Laurence, Louis Jean Fram/ois. . . .
4. Lairessc, Gerard do
5. Largillii'Te, Nicolas
(!. I/istman, Pieter
7. L-mgc'p, Georges
8. Laurens, Jean Paul
!). Lazergps, Hippolytc Jean Raymond
111. Lebarbier, Jean Jacques Francois.
II. LeBi-un, Charles
1'J. Le Brim, Italic Louise Elisabeth .
13. Lecouitc-tlu-Nouy, Jules Jean An-
toiiie
1 I. LclY'vro, Itobert
1."). Lclionbergh, C'ornelis
10. Leloir, Louis
17. Lely, Sir .Peter
18. Lematfc, Jacques Francois 1'Yr-
nancl
III. Le Moyne, Francois
20. Lo Xain
21. Lengcrich, Heinrich ...
22. Lens, Autlrics Cornells
2ii. Lenthe, Gastou
21. Leonardo, Jose
25. Lcpicie, Nicolas Bernard
20. Le Prince, A. Xavier
27. Lo Prince, Jean Baptiste
28. Leyden, Lucas van
29. Leys, Hendrik ',','.
30. Lhermitte, Leon Augustln
Itl. Liemaeker, Nicolaas
32. Lies, Joseph
•S3. Limborch, Hendrik van
34. Lingelbach, Johannes
2 35.
(1 30.
0 37.
8 38.
22 3!l.
33 40.
35 41.
35 42.
43 43.
44
45 44.
40 45.
47 47.
51 48.
50 41).
57 50.
58 51.
52.
5!) 53.
54.
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo
Loo, Charles Andre van. .
Loo, Jakob van
Loo, Jean Baptiste van . . ,
Looten, Jau
(il 50.
02 57.
02 5H.
00 (il.
07 02.
75 03.
70 04.
70 05.
78 00.
71) 07.
81 08.
84 01).
PAGE
.... 93
.... 95
.... 90
.... 90
.... 98
Loriue, Anton do 101
Lotto, Lorenzo 105
Luminais, Evariste Vital 113
Lys, Jan vau tier 117
Maas, Dirk 117
Mabuse, Jan van 118
Macs, Godfried 109
Maes, Nicolaas 170
Maignan, Albert 180
Maillart, Diogene Ulysse Napoleon 181
Malcliin, Karl Wilhelm Christian . 183
Mander, Karel van 180
Manuel, Nicolaus 192
Maratti, Carlo 193
March, Estcban 193
March, Miguel 194
Martens, Theodor 208
Martinez, Sebastian 211
Massys, Jan 217
Medard, Eugene 229
Meer, Barend van der 232
Meer, Jan van der 233
Melbye, Daniel Herman Anton 238
Memling, Hans 241
Meneses Osorio, Francisco 242
Mesdag, Hendrik "Willeni 249
Metsu, Gabriel 251
Meulen, Adam Frans van der 252
Microvolt, Michiel Janszen van. . . . 264
Micris, Frans van, elder 205
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
70. Mieris, Frans van, younger
71 Mieris Willem van
PAGE
2GG
267
268
269
274
278
278
279
279
280
281
281
2<S1
284
285
2SG
28G
287
288
290
292
o<n
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
13G.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
14G.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
72. Mignard, Pierre, elder
73. Migiion, Abraham
74. Minderhout, Hendrik van
75. Mol, Peeter van . . .
7G Molenaer Cornells ....
77. Molenaer, Jan Miense
78 Molenaer, Nicolaas .
79 Molyn Pieter cle, elder
80 Molyu Pieter younger ....
81. Mommers Heudrik
82 Momper Frans de
83 Moui, Louis de
84 Monnoyer Jean Baptiste
85. Montagna, Bartolommeo
86. Monten, Dietrich
87. Mouvoisin, Raymond Auguste
Quinsac
88 Moor Karel de
89. Mor, Antonis
90. Moreau, Adrien
91 Moreelse Paulus
92 Morland, George
297
298
306
307
308
308
309
318
321
324
325
326
328
330
331
332
333
334
335
335
336
337
338
93 Morone Francesco
94 Moucherou Frederik de ... .
95 Moucheron Isaak de ....
9G Moyaert Nicolaas
97 Mozin Charles Louis . .
98. Miicke, Heinrich
99 Murillo .
100 Musscher Michiel van . . .
101. Myteus, Johannes
102. Naigeon, Jean Guillaume Elzidor.
103 Naldini Battista
104 Nason Pieter ....
105 Natoire Charles Joseph
10G. Nattier, Jean Marc
107 Navez Francois Joseph
108. Neck, Johau van
109 Neefis, Peeter
110. Neer Aart van der
111. Neer, Eglon Hendrik van der. . . .
112. Neher, Michael
113. Nerenz Wilhelm
114. Nerlv. Federitro. . ,
Netscher, Caspar 340
Netscher, Theodoras 340
Neuville, Alphonse Marie de .... 342
Nickele, Isaak van 345
Nieulaut, Willem van 347
Nolpe, Pieter 350
Noort, Adam van 351
Noort, Lambert van 351
Noter, Pieter Francois do 354
Nuvolone, Carlo Francesco 355
Nuvoloue, Giuseppe 355
Oenicke, Clara Wilhelmine 360
Oliver, Isaac 3G3
Oliver, Peter 363
Ommeganck, Balthazar Pauwel . . 364
Oost, Jacob van, elder 3G5
Oost, Jacob van, younger 366
Oosterwyck, Maria van 36G
Opie, John 367
Opstal, Caspar Jacobus van 3G7
Orley, Bernaert van 370
Orrente, Pedro . . . . 371
Os, Jan van 372
Ostadc, Adriaan van 374
Ostade, Isaak van 374
Ott, Johann Neponmk 375
Oudry, Jean Baptiste 377
Paggi, Giovanni Battista.
383
Palamedesz, Antonis 384
Palamedesz, Palamedes 384
Palma, Giacomo 38G
Pannini, Giovanni Paolo 390
Parrocel, Charles 397
Parrocel, Joseph 398
Pasiui, Alberto 400
Patel, Pierre 402
Pater, Jean Baptiste Joseph 402
Pauditz, Christofler 403
Paulsen, Fritz 405
Pecht, August Friedrich 409
Peeters, Jan 411
Pennacchi, Pietro Maria 414
Peuui, Luca 415
Pepyn, Marten 415
Pereda, Antonio de 416
xvii
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
160. Porrault, Leon Bazile 417
1(!1. Perrier. Franeois . .• 418
17G. Potter, Paulus 464
177. Pourbus, Fraiis, elder 465
!<;•>. Peru-'ino, Pietro 421 178. Poussin, Nicolas 467
]<;:!. Pesehel, Karl Gottlieb 422 i 179. Preller, Fricclrich Johanii Cliris-
1(14. Pesno. Antoine 423 | tian Ernst 470
165. Pevron. -lean Franeois Pierre . . . 431 180. Preyer, Joliann "Willielm 472
Kill. Piaxxetta, Giovanni Battista 437 181. Procaccini, Giulio Cesaro 475
Hi7. Pierre, .lean Itaptiste Marie 440
KJS. Piola, Doinenieo 447
182. Protais, Paul Alexandra 479
183. Prud'hon, Pierre Paul . . .481
Id*. Pistorius, lvluar.1 - 44'.) 184. Puvis de Chavanues, Pierre 484
1 70. l'i//nlo. Niceol/. 441) 185. Pynacker, Adam 485
171. Plat/or, Joliann Gcorg 452
172. Poel. Hubert van dor 454 186. Qnast, Pieter 487
173. Poelonbiirif. Cornells van 455 187. Quellimis, Jan Erasmus 488
171. I'oorter. AVillem de 45!) 188. Querfurth, August 489
175. Pose, Ednard Wilhcliii 403
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Acad., Academy.
A.N.A., Associate of the National Academy.
A.R.A., Associate of the Royal Academy.
A.R.H.A., Associate of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy.
A.R.S.A., Associate of the Royal Scottisli
Academy.
C. & C., Crowe and Cavalcaselle.
Cat., Catalogue.
Ch., Church.
Col., Collection.
Gal., Gallery.
H., Height.
ib., ibidem.
id., idem.
Inst., Institute.
L. of Honour, Legion of Honour.
Mus., Museum.
N.A., National Academy or Academician.
Nat. Gal., National Gallery.
Pal., Palace, Palais, Palazzo.
R., Royal.
R.A., Royal Academy or Academician.
R.H.A., Royal Hibernian Academy or
Academician.
ItS. A., Royal Scottisli Academy or Acad-
emician.
S., San, Santa.
SS., Santi, Sante.
S. M., Santa Maria.
St., Saint.
\V. & W., Woltmann and Woermann.
Words in italics indicate the alphabetical place of articles on the subjects specified.
CYCLOPEDIA
OK
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
LAAR, JAN HENDRIK VAN DE, born
at Rotter-
dam, Jan.
1, 1807, died there,
May 15, 1874.
History and genre
painter, pupil of
Cornelia Bakker
(bora in 1771), and
in Antwerp of
Wappers; returned
in 1830 and lived
first at The Hague, afterwards at Rotter-
dam, whence he again visited Antwerp,
spending there two years. Member of Am-
sterdam Academy in 1852, and professor.
Works: Heroic Death of Herman de Ruyter
(1840) ; Daughter craving her Father's Par-
don (1842), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Pil-
grim returning from Holy Land ; Fugitives
Hiding ; Alice (after Walter Scott) ; A Bap-
tism in 1600 ; Salvator Rosa drawing Girl's
Portrait ; Wedding in 17th Century ; Bcnve-
nuto Cellini in his Workshop ; Jacob van
Campen and the Fortune-Teller ; Rem-
brandt's Journey ; Adriaan van Ostade draw-
ing from Nature ; Erasmus in his Study ;
Retreat of the Waldenses ; Protestant Ser-
vice in 17th Century ; Emigrants Ready to
Start ; Patriotic Women at Delft in 1573 ;
Allegory on Engraving (1852); Resurrection ;
Two Allegories on Music representing Rot-
terdam in 1829 and the Netherlands in 1854
(1854); Benvenuto Cellini and Cosmo de'
Medici (1859) ; Divorce Case, Rotterdam Mu-
seum.— Immerzeel, ii. 146 ; Kramm, iii. 929.
LAAR (Laer), PIETER VAN, called Bam-
boccio (cripple),
born at Haarlem
about 1600, died
there after 1658.
Dutch school;
gcnre painter,
pupil of Jan van
Campen (1590?-
1650) ; went with
his brother Roe-
land about 1623
through France to Italy, and remained for
sixteen years in Rome, living in friendly in-
tercourse with Poussin, Claude Lorrain, and
Sandrart, but going his own way in art,
which differed widely from that of those
masters. He avoided the ideal, and treated,
with much humour and truthfulness, realis-
tic subjects, such as scenes from Italian
popular life, markets, jugglers, gypsies, etc.;
also landscapes, finding many imitators, no-
tably Cerquozzi and Jan Miel, so that the
" bambocciate " formed a special branch in
art. His nickname was given him partly on
account of his deformity, partly for his
LABEO
artistic whims. Ho returned to Holland in LABERGE, AUGUSTE CHARLES DE,
103!), first to Amsterdam, but settled after- born in Paris, May 17, 1807, died there,
wards in Haarlem, where he is said to have ! Jan. 26, 1842. Landscape painter, pupil of
committed suicide in a fit of melancholy.
Works : Travellers leaving Inn, Shepherds
with Cow and Goats, Louvre, Paris ; Halt
Victor Berlin in 1824, and of Picot in 1827.
He painted nature in its subtlest details and
yet preserved unity of effect. Medal, 2d
before Inn, Brunswick Museum ; Mounto- class, 1831. Works : Diligence bringing
bank showing his Patent, Brawl among Ital- News of July Revolution (1831); The Coun-
ian Peasants, Rural Frolic, Roman City-Gate, try Doctor (1832); Old Woman with a Sheep
Cassel Gallery ; Landscape with Shepherds (1830); Sunset (1839), Louvre; Milkmaid
and Travellers crossing a Bridge (1057), with Pitcher of Milk; Forest of Viriere ;
Darmstadt Museum; Scenes from Italian Dog and Master ; Interior of Chateau ; Fish-
Life ('2), Monk distributing Food, Man busy ennan with Fish. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran-
with White Horse, Paying the Vintagers, raise, iii. ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 741.
Dresden Museum ; Horseman conversing LABORDE. See Dalaborde.
with Peasant, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Horse- LABOUCHEBE, PIERRE ANTOINE,
man and Bathers by a Ruin, Kunsthalle, born at Nantes, Nov. 2G, 1807, died in
Hamburg ; Two Hordes in a Stall, a Third , Paris, March 28, 1873. History painter,
lieing Saddled, Italian Porters playing under pupil of Paul Delaroche, having first been
the Wall of a Fortress, Old Pinakothek, placed in a commercial house at Antwerp,
Munich; Guard-Room (1040), Oldenburg and visited the United States in 1827, China
Gallery; Bandits playing Morra, National in 1832, and having spent a year in Italy in
Gallery, Pesth ; Travellers' Halt, Hermitage, 183(i. Medals: 3d class, 1843; 2d class,
St. Petersburg ; Smithy in Roman Ruin . 1840. Works : Ulrich von Hutten, Henry
(10.'>5), Italian Peasants' Frolic, in a Grotto, of Saxony, Charles V. in London (1844);
Schwerin Gallerv ; Various Animals with
Luther, Melanchthon, Porneranus, and Cru-
Shepherds, Stuttgart Museum; Landscape ciger translating the Bible (1846); Richelieu
with Ruins, Stockholm Museum; Peasants' and Father Joseph (1847); Albrecht Diircr
Frolic, Boy waiting on Dismounted Peasant, painting Emperor Maximilian (1848); Ge-
Mnseum, Vienna ; A Singer, Halt of Shep- nova Discussion (1850); Erasmus and Sir
herds before Inn, Shepherds with Cows, Thomas More, Luther in Wittenberg, Charles
Robber Scene at Night, Camp at Night, V. crossing the Elbe at Battle of Miihlberg
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Man giving three (1855); Luther at the Diet of Worms (1857);
Dogs to Drink, Landscapes with Figures ' Luther Praying; Incident of War in the
(2), Cottage with Peasants and Horses, Beg- ' Cevennes (1804); Lucas Cranach painting
•Q T *- fl gar Seated, Portrait j Luther's Portrait, Luther's Family at Prayer
\f (J&JCMS <>f Himself, Uffix.i, t (1805); Death of Luther, Charles V. his Son
/ / -7 ft Florence. — Allgem. J Philip and Cardinal Grauvelle in Conference
^/ d. Biogr., xvii. 401 ; ! at Bruges (1806); Olympia Morata in Fer-
Cli. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Engerth, Bel- ' rara (1869); Portrait of Guizot (1863); Pen-
vederc (ialerie, ii. — ; Kramm, iii. 926 ;! serosa (1870).— Bellier, i. 861 ; Larousse.
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 429 ; Riegel, Bcitriige, [ LA BOUKRE, TANCREDE DE (Antoine
Xavier Gabriel de Gazeau, Comte de La
ii. 315 ; Sandrart, ii. 311.
LABEO, TITIDIUS or ATEIUS, amateur
painter at Rome, 1st century A.D. Pliny
says (xxxv. 7 [27]) he prided himself on his
small pictures, which only excited ridicule.
Bruim, ii. 306.
Bouere), born at La Bouere, near Jallais
(Mainc-et-Loire), April 1, 1801. Landscape
and architecture painter, pupil of Brune and
Picot ; served in the army from an early
age, and took part in the campaigns of
LA BOULAYE
1823 in Spain, when he was decorated with
the L. of Honour, and of 1830 in Africa,
after which he took up painting, visited the
East, and studied for several years in Rome ;
also spent two years in Spain. Several of
his works, mostly Eastern subjects, have
been acquired by the State. Works : Au-
tumn Morning (1833) ; Pontine Marshes,
Sacred Isle of Philic— Nubia (1838); Rums
of Karuak at Thebes (1841) ; View from
Villa d'Este at Tivoli (1842) ; Harvest in the
Campagua (1844) ; Wind of the Desert in
Plain of Memphis (184G) ; Villa near Rome
(1864) ; Interior of the Goneralife at Granada,
La Antigua at Valladolid (18GG) ; Sorrento
(18G7) ; The Generalife and the Alhambra
(1868) ; Environs of the Alhambra (1870) ;
Theatre of Taormina in Sicily (18G9 and
1870) ; Sunset in Algiers (1833), Desert of
Suez (1840), Factory of Poussiu (1842), Val-
ley of the Tombs (1848), View of the Alham-
bra (18G7), Augers Museum. — Bellier, i.
861 ; Vapereau (1880), 104!).
LA BOULAYE, PAUL DE, born at
Bourg ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Bonnat. Medal, 3d class,
1879. Works : The Sabbath (1876) ; Beg-
gar Woman (1877) ; Adoration of the Shep-
herds (1878) ; At the Sermon (1879), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Women selling Fowl
(1880) ; Leaving Church (1881) ; Mould
Seller in Brussels (1883) ; A Baptism in
Bourbonnais, Mother Auberger (1884) ; The
Rosary (1885).
LACHENWITZ, SIGMUND, born at
Neuss in 1820, died in Diisseldorf, June 25,
18G8. Animal painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy. Works : Horses pursued by a
Bear (1848) ; Lion Family surprised by Ti-
gers (1850) ; Buffaloes attacked by Pan-
thers ; Eagles fighting in the Air ; Rein-
deers pursued by Wolves ; Marauders with
Stolen Herd ; Young and Old (1861), Kim-
igsberg Museum ; Cavalry Fight (1866) ;
Scenes from Reynard the Fox.- -Blauckarts,
16 ; Kunst-Chronik, iii. 160.
LACROIX, GASPARD JEAN, born in
Turin, Jan. 24, 1810, died in Paris, Oct. 26,
1878. Landscape painter, pupil of Corot ;
a talented and careful painter. Medals :
3d class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1843, 1848. Works:
View of Bonnelles, Campagna at Rome
(1841) ; Catalonian Fishermen at Port Ven-
dres (1842) ; Excursion on the Water (1844) ;
Miser who has lost his Treasure (1847) ; 3
Views of Bougival (1848) ; Women Bathing,
Erigone (1850) ; Mercury putting Argus to
Sleep (1852) ; Banks of 'the Morin (1853) ;
Green Path near Meaux (1855) ; Daphnis
and Chloo (18(51) ; Hay-Stacks, The Banks
of the Manic (18G3) ; View of Romainvillo
(1865) ; The Bell-Flower (18G8) ; A Land-
scape (1869) ; Environs of Palaiseau, Woman
Bathing (1870) ; Landscape (1870) ; Land-
scape (1872); 2 Views of the Park of Gigoux
at Palaiseau (1873) ; The Villa Gigoux,
Avenue des Maronniers (1874) ; View at
Palaiseau (1876); At the Potteries (1877).
— Bellier, i. 866 ; Larousse, x. 41.
LAECK, P. VAN, flourished probably at
Utrecht about 1640. Dutch school; land-
scape and figure painter in the manner of
Poelenburg, although his treatment is hasty
and his figures arc coarse in conception.
Works : St. Magdalen in a Grotto (1G38),
Mentz Museum ; Italian Landscape with
Venus punishing Cupid (1640). — Bode,
Studien, 332.
LAEMLEIN, ALEXAXDRE, born at Ho-
henfeld, Bavaria, Dec. 9, 1813, died at Pont-
levoy (Loire-et-Cher), April 25, 1871. His-
tory painter, pupil of Reguault and Picot ;
went to Paris when ten years old, became a
naturalized Frenchman in 1835. He re-
stored, in 1825-39, with Alaux, the Prima-
ticcio Gallery at Fontainebleau. Medals :
3d class, 1841 ; 2d class, 1843, 1859. Pro-
fessor at the School of Design in 1855.
Works : John the Fearless, Philip the Hardy,
Raymond Dupuy — first Grand-Master of the
Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1842),
Philippe d'Artois, Marshal Boucicault, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Chastity of Joseph (1839);
Awakening of Adam (1841) ; Tabitha re-
vived by St. Peter (1843) ; Charity (1846),
formerly in Luxembourg Museum ; Jacob's
LAENEX
Ladder (1847) ; Vision of Zachariah (1850),
Rochefort Museum ; Music (1852) ; Diana
and Eudymion (1857) ; Job (1859) ; Loves
of the Angels (18G2) ; Orpheus (18CG) ;
Hope (1868). In fresco : Three Episodes
in Life of St. Remy, St. Clotilde's, Paris. —
Bellier, i. 8(57 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iii.
18G; (18G2), xiii. 367, 383; Meyer, Gcsch.,
405 ; Larousse.
LAEXEN. See Lamen.
LA FAEGE, JOHN, bora in Xew York in
1835. Landscape
and figure paint-
er, decorator,
glass painter, and
sculptor, pupil of
William M. Hunt.
Since 185G-57,
' w hen lie fi r s t
went to Europe,
ho has repeatedly
crossed the At-
lantic. His illustrations of Browning's
poems, published in 1859, were followed by
many figure, still-life, and landscape pieces,
and these by a great deal of decorative work.
Latterly he has devoted himself almost ex-
clusively to glass painting. His chief work
in sculpture is the King family monument
at Xewport, R. I. (1878). Member of So-
ciety of American Artists. Elected N.A. in
18(19. Studio in Xew York. Works: St.
Paul (18(51) ; Various Flower Pieces (18(50-
(55) ; Altai-piece for St. Peter's — Xew York
(18(53) ; Xew England Pasture Land (18GG) ;
The Last Valley (18G7) ; Boy and Dog
(18G8) ; The Golden Age (18(59) ; Trinity
Church Decorations — Boston (187G); Chan-
cel of St. Thomas' Church — Xew York
(1877) ; Battle Window — Harvard Memorial
Hall (1880) ; Staircase Windows — William
H. Vanderbilt's House (1881) ; Ceilings for
Cornelius Vanderbilt's House (1882) ; Apple
Orchard in Spring (1884).— Art Journal,
(1885), 261.
LAFAYE (Lafaist), PROSPER, born at
Mont-Saint-Sulpice (Youne), in 180G. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Couder ;
unsuccessful in painting landscapes, he
tried history and genre with better result,
but since 1850 has confined himself chiefly
to glass decoration. Medal, 2d class, 1835.
Works : Village Drum (1833) ; Violence of
Xogaret and Colonna toward Pope Boni-
face VIII. (1834) ; Battle of Bouvines
(1835) ; Louis XIV. departing for the Con-
quest of Franche Comte, Cholera in Paris
(1837) ; Song of Departure (1838) ; Bat-
tle of Ceramo (1839), Versailles Museum ;
Holbein at Court of Henry VHI. (1839) ;
Samson and Delilah ; Bedroom of Louis
XIV. at Versailles (1840) ; Battle of Ascalon
( 1841), Versailles Museum ; Masked Ball,
Brother and Sister (1843) ; The Labourer
(1844) ; Hall of the Crusaders, The Unem-
ployed (1845) ; Josephine (1848); Interior
in Style of Louis XIV., Ravene Gallery,
Berlin ; Child's Slumber (1880) ; Low Mass
at Saiut-Gervais (1881); Complernentaires,
Expulsive Seizure (1882) ; Battle of For-
migny — 1450, Taking of Gray, do. of Chateau
Sainte Anne in 16G8, Six Copies of Battles
by Martin, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, i.
869,
LAFOX, EMILE (JACQUES), born at
IVrigueux (Dordogne), Jan. 27, 1817, died
in Feb., 188G. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Gros and Delaroche. Medal, 3d
class, 1843 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works :
Communion of the Virgin (1843) ; Christ oil
the Waters (1844) ; Holy Family (1846) ;
Death of St. Francis Xavier, do. of St. Pe-
ter of Verona (1848); Denis Auguste Affre,
Archbishop of Paris (1849), Rodez Museum ;
Episode in Massacres in Syria (1861) ; Louis
XVII. and Simon in the Tower of the Tem-
ple (1863) ; Saint Jean de Dieu — Founder
of the Order of that Xame (1865), Christ
among the Doctors (1867), Luxembourg
Museum ; Kiss of Judas (1875, 1877) ; The
Magdalen at the Sepulchre, The Orphans
(1880).— Bellier, i. 871; Meyer, Gesch.,
288.
LAFOXD, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris,
April 24, 1815. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Ingres. His portraits are energet-
LAFOND
ic and expressive, and carefully executed.
Paints also on porcelain. From 18G3 to
1874 he was director of the School of Art
in Limoges. Medals, 2d class, 1857, 1861,
1863. Works : Flagellation (1848) ; Inte-
rior (1852) ; Clouds, Man Drinking (1853) ;
St. Sebastian (1855); Fall of the Rebel
Angels (1857) ; Orpheus charming Wild
Beasts, Grandmother (1859) ; Head of an
Old Man (1861) ; Dancing Fauns (1867) ;
Adoration of Shepherds (1872) ; Good Sa-
maritan (1875) ; Deluge (1876) ; Raising of
Lazarus (1879) ; Evening (1880) ; Poor
Man (1881) ; The 14th of July (1883).—
Bellier, i. 872 ; Larousse.
LAFOND, CHARLES NICOLAS RA-
PHAEL, born in Paris in 1774, died there
Jan. 16, 1835. History painter, pupil of
Barthelemi, Suvoc, audReguault. Medals :
3d class, 1804 ; 2d class, 1808 ; 1st class,
1817 ; L. of Honour, 1831. Works : Good
Samaritan (1804) ; Empress Josephine sur-
rounded by Children (1806) ; Death of Ja-
cob in Egypt (1808); Clemency of Napoleon
towards Mile, do Saint-Simon (1810 J, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Saul (1814) , Dijon Muse-
um ; JEueas on Mount Ida (1817) ; Taking
of Moutereau-Faut-Yonue by Charles VII.
(1819), Meliiu Museum ; Numa Pompilius
and the Nymph Egeria (1819), Versailles
Museum ; Episode in War in Spain, Waking
of Psyche (1819); Due de Bordeaux present-
ed to the People (1822) ; Chaste Susanna,
Love and Discord contemplating their Work,
Homer blind and reduced to Beggary (1824);
Annunciation, Sacred Heart of Christ, Ap-
parition to St. Clotilde, St. Louis in Prayer
before Battle (1824), Chapel of Princess de
Conde, Temple, Paris ; Prodigal Son ; Christ
on Calvary (1831), Ministry of Public Works,
Paris ; Eve seeing herself in a Wave, Sappho
singing her Last Verses, Psyche Abandoned,
Reflexions (1831).— Bellier, i. 871.
LA FOSSE, CHAELES DE, born in
Paris, June 15, 1636, died there, Dec. 13,
1716. French school ; history painter, pu-
pil of Chauveau and Lebruii up to 1658 ;
then studied in Home after Raphael, and for
three years in Venice. On his return he
painted i:i St. Eustache, the choir and roof
paintings in
the Assump-
tion, and ex-
ecuted frescos
in Versailles
*£m*
(XXxtf-TW
w
^-^te
^21r>$
and Meudon.
Went to Lon-
don in 1689
and 1690 io\i_
decorate the
country house
of Lord Montagu, and after his return ex-
ecuted (1692-1707) paintings in the cupola
of the Church of the Invalides. Member
of the Academy in 1G73, professor iu 1674,
director in 1G99, rector in 1702, chancellor
in 1715. Works : Moses saved from the
Waters, Annunciation, Marriage of Virgin,
Rape of Proserpine (1673), Triumph of Bac-
chus, Sacrifice of Iphigenia, Louvre ; Christ
served by the Angels in the Desert, Hope
and Temperance, Faith and Charity, Gren-
oble Museum ; Christ giving the Keys to St.
Peter, Lille Museum ; Aristotle in Love,
Montpellier Museum ; Assumption, Scenes
of the Deluge, Nancy Museum ; Deification
of JEucas, Venus asking Arms of Vulcan,
Jupiter overcoming Callisto, Nantes Muse-
uni ; Pan and Syrinx, Daphne fleeing from
Apollo, Jethro presenting his Daughter
Zipporah to Moses, Orleans Museum ; Coro-
nation of the Virgin, Sunrise, Rouen Mu-
seum ; Clytia changed into a Sunflower,
Apollo and Thetis, Annunciation, Trianon
Palace ; Resurrection, Apsis of Chapel, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Apollo on his Chariot
accompanied by the Seasons, Augustus
causing the Port of Myceue to be built,
Vespasian directing the building of the
Coliseum, Coriolanus raising the Siege of
Rome, Alexander restoring to Poms his
Lands, Salon d'Apollon, ib.; Jason and the
Argonauts landing at Colchis, Alexander
at the Lion-Hunt, Sacrifice of Iphigenia,
Salle de Diane, ib.— Bellier, i. 873; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole Franyaise, i. ; Jal, 724 ; La-
LAFRENSEN
rousso, x. 04; Mcmoires im'dits, ii. 1 ; \il-
lot, C;it. Louvre.
LAFRENSEX (Lavrcince), NICOLAS,
lioru in Stockholm, Oct., 1737, died there,
Dee. (I, 1S08. Genre, portrait, and history
painter, pupil of his father, a Swedish minia-
ture painter ; went to Paris in 1771 ; made \
a member of the Stockholm Aeademy and
court-painter in 17 Hi, but returned to Paris
in 1774, where lie painted many rococo
pieces in the style of Lancret, Pater, and
Fragonard. In Stockholm, after 1791, lie j
painted portraits, small historical scenes,
and rural fetes.— Gn/.. des B. Arts (1809), i.
liSO : Wur/bach, Fr. Maler des xviii. Jahrh..
38.
LAGARDE. PIERRE, born in Paris :
contemporary. History, genre, and land-
sen] >u painter, pupil of Busson, Humbert,
Dubufe, and Mazerolle. Medals: 3d class,
188:2 ; id class, 1885. Works : Valley of
Itethondes (1878) ; Susanna at the Bath
(1879); Education of a Parrot (1880) ; The
Virgin in the Desert (1881) ; Annunciation
to the; Shepherds (1882) ; Christ and the
Woman of Samaria (1883); End of the Day
(1884); Suiicr Fluiniiia Babylonis, The Vigil
(1885).
LAGRFXKE, ANTHELME FRANCOIS,
born in Paris in 1775, died there, April 27,
I8:i2. History, genre, and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Louis Jean Francois La-
grenee and pupil of Vincent ; served in the
army during several campaigns ; went to St.
Petersburg in 1823, painted portraits for
the Emperor Alexander and some excellent
pictures of Russian life. On his return to
France gave up history for miniature paint-
ing.— Bellier, i. 880.
LAG ItKX KE, .IEAX .JACQUES, born in
Paris in 1740, died there, Feb. 13, 1821.
History painter, pupil of his brother Louis
Jean Francois, with whom he went to Rus-
sia in 1700, and to Rome in 17(!3. In 1775 [
he became member of the Academy, and
professor in 1781. Made many designs for
Sevres porcelain, on the manufacture of
which he exercised much influence. Works :
"r It/)
/ O &
Melancholy, Louvre; Winter (1775), Ceiling
in Galerie d'Apollon, ib. ; A Marriage in An-
tiquity (1776), Angers Museum ; Equestrian
Portrait of General Bapp with his Aides-de-
Camp, Colmar Museum ; St. John preaching
in the Desert, Grenoble Museum ; Taurea
/" t Jubellus s t a b-
./ flnlJBWbL- bing Ilimself be-
' fore the Procon-
sul Fulcius
(1799), Mout-
pellier Museum ;
Artemisia at the
Tomb of Mauso-
lus, Orleans Mu-
seum ; Portrait of a General, Strassburg
Museum. — Bellier, i. 879 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
francaiso.
LAGRENEE, LOUIS JEAN FRANCOIS,
born in Paris, Dec. 30, 1724, died there,
.June 19, 1805. History painter, pupil of
Carle van Loo ; won the grand prix ; went
to Rome in 1750, and returned in 1753 ; re-
ceived into the Academy iii 1755, and made
professor in 1758. In 17GO the Empress
Elizabeth Petrovna called him to St. Peters-
burg to replace Le Lorrain as director of the
Academy and court-painter, but he returned
to Paris in 1703, and in 1781 became direc-
tor of the French Academy in Rome. Na-
poleon made him chevalier of the L. of
Honour and rector of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts in 1804. Works: Abduction of De-
janira (1755), Justice and Clemency (17G5),
Louvre ; Alexander visiting the Family of
Darius (1785), Mercury committing Bac-
chus to the Nymphs of Naxos, Angers
Museum ; Genii of the Arts, Bayeux Mu-
seum : Diana at the Bath, Besaiic.on Mu-
seum ; Two Widows of an Indian Offi-
cer (1783), Dijon Museum ; Empress
Elizabeth Petrovna, Museum, Douai ; Res-
urrection, Assumption, St. Peter's, ib.;
Cupid chained by the
Graces, Marseilles / / ^Q fQ4\f >g
Museum ; Alexander /
consulting Oracle at Delphi (1789), Mont-
pellier Museum ; Visitation, of the Virgin,
LAGYE
cession ;
Brussels Museum ;
ert Hoe, New York
Paran Stevens, ib. ;
Madrid Museum. — L' Art (1877), xi. 25,
137, 235 ; Bellier, i. 877 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
fraueaise, ii. ; Jal, 721) ; Lejeune, Guide, iii.
142.
LAGYE, VICTOR, born in Antwerp; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Leys ;
takes his subjects principally from life of
14th and 15th centuries. Lives in Antwerp.
Order of Leopold. Works : Antiquary ;
Mother laying her Child into Cradle ; Sculp-
tor at Close of loth Century ; Bridal Pro-
Gypsies ; Archer ; Enchantress,
Flemish Interior, Rob-
; Fair Amanuensis, Mrs.
Historiographer, H. R.
Bishop, ib. ; Departure, H. L. Dousman,
St. Louis. — Miiller, 316 ; Riegel, Wand-
malerei in Belg., 42.
LAHORIO, LEON, born in Russia in
1827. Landscape painter, pupil of St. Pe-
tersburg Academy, where he won the first
prize in 1850 ; then studied in Italy, and
afterwards became professor in St. Peters-
burg. Works : Well near Rocca di Papa ;
Castello Fusano ; View near Sorrento ; Shore
on Black Sea ; Landscape in the Caucasus
(1870).
LA HYRE. See Hire.
LAIA, painter. See Tula.
LAIRESSE, GERARD DE, the elder
fit Liege in 1640,
buried at Amster-
dam, July 28,
1711. Dutch
school ; history
and allegory
painter, pupil of
his father, Renier
de Lairesse, and
of Bartholet Fle-
mael, but formed
himself chiefly after Nicolas Poussin, whence
sometimes called the Dutch Poussin. Emi-
grated early to Holland, and lived succes-
sively at Bois-le-Duc, Utrecht, The Hague
(where mentioned as member of the guild
in 1684), and Amsterdam ; having become
blind in 1690, he gathered around him a ;
,1.0
: circle of artists and patrons of art, to whom
ho communicated his ideas ; thus originated
the work published by his son, "Hct Groot
Schilderboek." His three brothers, Ernst,
Jakob, and Jan, were all painters, and his
| sons, Abraham, Gerard, and Jan, were bis
' pupils and imitators. Works : Institution
of the Eucharist, Cleopatra landing at Tar-
sus, Dance of Children, Choice of Hercules,
Louvre ; Two Allegories, Mars, Venus and
Cupid (2), Diana and Endymion, Seleucus
ceding his Wife and Sceptre to Antiochus,
Amsterdam Museum ; Death of Pyrrhus,
Brussels Museum ; Achilles recognized by
Ulysses, Bacchus consoling Ariadne, Apothe-
osis of William III., Hague Museum ; Bac-
chus and Pomona with Nymphs, Basle Mu-
seum ; Bacchanale, Musi'e Hath, Geneva ;
Achilles among Daughters of Lycomedes,
Venus Mourning, Dancing Children, Smithy
of Vulcan, Bacchanal, Ulysses and Calypso,
Ariadne and Bacchus, Rape of Sabines,
Brunswick Gallery ; Baptism of Achilles,
Satyr and Nymphs, Berlin Museum ; Achilles
dragging the Body of Hector, Bacchus with
Bacchantes, Death of Germanicus, Male Por-
trait, Cassel Gallery ; Alexander and Roxana,
Jeroboam's Pagan Altar, Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Adoration of the Magi, Darmstadt
Museum ; Apollo and the Muses on Parnas-
sus, Festival of Priapus, Fauns in a Land-
scape, Dresden Museum ; Allegorical Repre-
sentations of an Artist's Life (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Woman and Four Children,
Priestess Offering, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Dido caressing Cupid in the Guise
of Ascanius, Ulysses and the Sirens, Minerva
restoring to Ulysses his Form, Solomon offer-
ing to the Idols, Artist's Portrait, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Seleucus ceding his Wife and
Throne to Antiochus Soter (1673, replicas in
Carlsruhe and Oldenburg Galleries), Hunt-
ing Booty of Diana, Satyrs and Nymphs in
Jolly Combat (1687), Children's Scene in
Italian Park, Children's Round-Dance, Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Venus and Cupid, Stuttgart
Museum ; Artillery Post, Soldiers and Wom-
en Carousing, Neptune and Amphitrite
LAIS
received by Cybele, Museum, Vienna ; Al-
legory, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Portrait
of Himself, Uffizi, Florence ; others in Augs-
burg Gallery.— CL. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise;
Fetis, Les Ar-
tistes beiges a
1'ctranger, i.
.«/; 1(;7; Mich-
rVZ. iels, x. 184;
<w Iinmerzeel, ii.
150 ; Kramni,
iii. 932 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 320 ; Kiegcl,
Beitriige, ii. 307.
LAIS COKIXTHIACA, Huns II<,ll,c.in,
the younger, Basle Museum ; wood, H. 1 ft.
2 in. X 10 in. ; inscribed Lais Corinthiaca,
152(>. Portrait of a young -woman, Doro-
thea Oft'enburg, half-length, elegantly clad,
as Lais. From Auerbach Collection. En-
graved by Frederic Weber. The same lady
figures also as Venus in another picture
by Holbein in the Basle Museum. — Wolt-
mann, Holbein, ii. 100 ; Miuitz, Holbein,
188.
LAKE GEORGE, John Frederick A'en-
xi'//, Morris K. Jcsup, New York ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. x (i ft. At right, an open foreground
of rocks, with a fallen tree ; in background,
high hills ; and between, the placid lake,
with wooded islands and steep forest-clad
headlands. — Philadelphia Exhibition, LS70.
L'ALLEMAXD, FRITZ, born at Hanau
in 1812, died in Vienna, Sept. 20, 1S(J(J.
Battle and military genre painter, pupil of
the Vienna Academy. Attracted general at-
tention in 1840 by an episode from the Span-
ish guerilla-war, and was encouraged by nu-
merous orders from the court and thenobility
to treat the same class of subjects. Was
appointed professor at the Vienna Academy
before 18G5. "Works : Skirmish near Znaim ;
Scenes from Radetzky's Campaign in 1849 ;
Archduke Charles at Stockach ; Skirmishes \
near Oberselk ; Oeversee and Veile in 1804 ;
Banquet at Schimbrunn ; Banquet of Eepre- i
sentatives of the Army in Schonbrunn Park. '
-Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 530 ; Kuust-Chro-
nik, i. 142 ; Wurzbach, xiv. 13.
L'ALLEMAND, SIGMUND, born in Vi-
enna, March 8, 1840. Battle and genre
painter, nephew and pupil of Fritz, and
scholar of Vienna Academy under Ruben ;
exhibited his first important works in 1864,
after the Schleswig-Holstein campaign, in
which lie had taken part. He also followed
the Austrian army to Italy in 18G6. Med-
als : Paris, 2d class, 1867, 1878. Member
of Vienna Academy. Works : Storming of
the Konigsberg, Battle at Oeversee (1864);
Victory of the Austrians at Kollin (1867);
Battle of Caldiero ; Scenes from Italian
Campaign of 1859 ; Battle of Custozza in
1866 ; Mute Cry for Help ; Equestrian Por-
trait of General Laudon (1878); Victory at
Martinestic in 1789 (1879). — Muller, 9;
Wurzbach, xiv. 15.
LAMBDIX, GEORGE COCHRAN, born
at Pittsburgh, Pa,, in 1830. Portrait, genre,
and llower painter, studied with his father,
J. R. Lambdin, portrait painter, and then
in Munich and Paris. Professional life
spent in Philadelphia, with the exception of
two years (1868-70) in New York. Elected
N.A. in 1868. Works: Our Sweetest Songs
arc those which tell of Saddest Thoughts
(1858); Dead Wife (1867); Twilight Reverie ;
Happy Mornings of Life and of May, Mrs.
Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Ask me no
more ; Little Knitter ; June Roses (1880);
Willow Seat (1881); La Pactole and La
France, Roses (1882) ; As Ear as Angels
Ken, Viva (1884) ; Pink and Yellow Roses
(1885); Hesperus (1886).— Tuckerman,
450.
LAMBERT, GEORGE, born in Kent in
1710, died in London, Nov. 30, 1765. Pu-
pil of William Hassel and of John Wooton ;
painted landscapes chiefly, after the manner
of Gaspar Poussin. Some of his figures are
attributed to Hogarth, of whom he was a
convivial friend. Lambert was first presi-
dent of the Society of Artists, and founder
of the Beefsteak Club. With Scott, painted
six large pictures of Eastern settlements
that were in the India House. — Redgrave ;
Taylor, Fine Arts, ii. 94.
LAMBRON DES riLTIERES
LAMBRON DES PILTlfiRES, ALBERT,
born at Saint-Calais (Sarthe), May 13, 1830.
History and genre painter, pupil of Flandrin
andGleyre ; aims at attracting the public by
peculiar, bizarre subjects, treated with great
talent, humour, and technical skill. Works :
A Flaneur (1859); Ash Wednesday, Reunion
of Friends (18G1); Deception (18G4); Ma-
donna (1805), Angers Museum ; An Execu-
tion (18GG) ; Clown, Difference (18G8) ; Cu-
pid and the Widow (1809); Clown and
Dwarf (1872); Sea Swallow, The Victor, Ba-
zile (1875).
LAMBTON, MASTER, Sir Thomas Law-
Master Lambton, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Earl of Durham.
ranee., Earl of Durham. Son of J. G. Lamb-
ton, Lord Durham ; full-length, seated on
the rocky edge of a precipice, overlooking a
landscape. Royal Academy, 1825. Engraved
by S. Cousins '(1827), G. H. Phillips (1839).
— Gower, 45, 73.
LAMEN (Laenen), CHRISTOFFEL
JACOB VAN DER, born at Antwerp or
Brussels about 1G15, died at Antwerp short-
ly after Sept. 22, 1651. Flemish school ;
genre painter, son and pupil of Jacob van
der Lamen (born in 1584) ; master of the
guild at Antwerp in 1036. When not
signed, his pictures usually pass under the
names of Jan le Ducq and Palamedes, as
in the museums of Darmstadt, Frankfort,
Gotha, and Meiningen. His best are in
Italy. Works : Musical Party, Game of
Tric-Trac, Young Man's Portrait, Th. van
Lerius, Antwerp ; Game of Tric-Trac, Dun-
kirk Museum ; Company of Ladies and Gen-
tlemen at Play, Lille Museum ; Soldiers and
Women carousing, Madrid Museum ; La-
dies and Gentlemen dancing, Gotha Muse-
um ; Card Players, Hanover Gallery ; do.
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Soldiers and
Women carousing, Madrid Museum ; Con-
versation-pieces (8), Mansi Collection, Luc-
ca ; Married Couple plundered by Robbers,
and another (both attributed to Eubens),
Palazzo Corsini, Rome. — Bode, Studien, 172;
Rooses (Reber), 383 ; Van den Branden,
1009 ; Van Lerius, Artistes Anversois, ii.
365.
LAMI, LOUIS EUGENE, born in Paris,
Jan. 12, 1800. History and genre painter,
pupil of Gros and Horace Veruet. Gained
his first laurels as a water-colour painter of
scenes in fashionable life ; has since paint-
ed historical subjects and pictures of life
in Russia. Medals : 2d class, 18G5 ; L.
of Honour, 1837 ; Officer, 1862. Works :
Studies of Horses, Battle of Puerto de Mira-
vento (1824), Versailles Museum ; Battle of
Tramaced (1827) ; Fight in the Balkan ;
Charles I. receiving a Rose when on his Way
to Prison (1831); Skirmish at Claye (1831),
Versailles Museum ; Manoeuvres at Corona-
tion of Nicholas I. (1827); Racing to Church ;
Muscovite Courage (1834) ; Masqueraders
in a Wagon (1836) ; Battle of Hondscoote,
1793 (1836), Lille Museum ; do. (1838), and
Fight in Defiles of the Argonne (1835), Bat-
tle of Wattignies, Taking of Maestricht —
1794 (1837), Surrender of Antwerp— 1832
(1838), Versailles Museum ; Reception at
St. James's (1853) ; Ball at the Tuileries ;
10
LAMME
Race at Chantilly ; Capture of Constantino ;
Review of Chasseurs ; Ball at the Opera
(1846); Battle of the Alma (1855, bought In-
State) ; Fete at Versailles ou Visit of Queen
Victoria (1855) ; Via Novissima in Genoa
(1855); Supper in Salle de Spectacle at Ver-
sailles (1857), Church Interior, Luxembourg
Museum ; Abdication of Mary Stuart (18(57);
Last Auto da-F6 in Madrid in 1C70 (1873) ;
Knox preaching before Mary Queeii of Scots
(1877) ; Four pictures from History of
Charles IX. (1878) ; Seven water-colours,
Hertford House, London, Sir Richard Wal-
lace.—Bellier, i. 891 ; Bitard, 7G3 ; Midler,
317.
LAMME, ARIE JOHANNES, born at
Dordrecht, Sept. 27, 1812. Genre painter,
son and pupil of Arnoldus (died, Rotterdam.
1856); then studied in Paris under his cous-
ins, Ary and Henry Scheffer. Gold med-
als : Rotterdam, 1836 ; Paris, 1845. Works :
Family Scene from 16th Century (1836); Ja- '.
cob Simonsz de Ryck returning from Span-
ish Captivity ; Patriotism of Adriaan van dor
Werff ; Guard-Room in 17th Century ; Dan-
gerous Post ; Old Dutch Interior (1845);
Surprise of Spanish Post ; The Water-Gueux
at Dordrecht on June 25, 1572 ; Prince Wil-
lem proclaimed Stadtholder ; Maximilian
van Egmout taking Leave of his Family ;
Ruwaard de Wit compelled to annul Edict
(1853); Mine, de Montigny begging Ann of
Austria for her Husband's Life (1854); In-
terior of Ary Scheffer's Studio, C. C. Per-
kins, Boston. — Innnerzeel, ii. 154 ; Kramm,
iii. 939.
LAMORINlfcRE, FRANCOIS, born in
Antwerp, April 28, 1828. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Antwerp Academy ; studied
much from nature. Medals in Brussels
(1857), Vienna (1873), Paris (1878); Order
of Leopold (1860); Officer(1869); Command-
er Order of Francis Joseph of Austria.
Honorary member of Rotterdam (1864) and
Prague (1877) Academies. Studio in Ant-
werp, and professor at the Academy since
1885. Works : View near Spaa, View near
Edeghem, Brussels Museum ; Rocky Land-
scape (1853), Ghent Museum ; Interior of
Biirnham Forest ; English Snow Landscape ;
Summer Landscape near Antwerp ; Swamp ;
Morning in the Ardennes ; First Autumn
Days (1878) ; Isle of Walcheren (1878), Ant-
werp Museum ; Solitude (1878); Wartburg
near Eisenach ; Four Seasons. — Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xvii. 52(5 ; Miiller, 318.
LAMPI, JOHANN BAPTIST, Ritter von,
the elder, born at Romeuo, Tyrol, Dec. 31,
1751, died in Vienna, Feb. 11, 1830. Por-
trait painter, first instructed by his father,
a village painter, then from 1768 pupil of
Unterberger in Salzburg, and from 1771 of
Lorenzi in Verona, where he became a mem-
ber of the Academy. After his return homo
settled in Trent, became renowned for his
portraits, was called to Vienna in 1783, and
was made professor and councillor of the
Academy in 1786. The following year he
painted in Warsaw the royal family of Po-
land, and in 1791 in St. Petersburg Cather-
ine H. and the whole imperial family. He
returned to Vienna in 1798 and was knighted.
During the French invasion in 1805 he did
much towards the preservation of paintings
and other objects of art. Honorary mem-
ber of the St. Petersburg and Stockholm
Academies. Works : Young Lady Artist,
Darmstadt Museum ; Little Girl feeding
! Bird, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Douauesching-
en ; Artist's and another Male Portrait,
' Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Artist's Portrait,
VieunaMuseum ; Portraits of Archduchesses
Elizabeth and Maria Anna, of Counts En-
zenberg and Auersperg, of Joseph H. (1784),
| Vienna Academy ; Emperor Francis I. ; King
of Sweden ; Canova ; Prince Kaunitz ; Baron
von Sperger ; Lucretia and Tarquin ; Flight
of the Vestal Virgins from Rome. His two
sons, Johann Baptist (1775-1837) and Franz
(1783-1852), also attained to considerable
reputation, the former as a portrait painter,
the latter as marine and landscape painter.
Portraits by the former, of Canova and Field-
Marshal Prince Johann Liechtenstein, are in
the Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.— Allgem.
d. Biogr., xvii. 580 ; Wurzbach, xiv. 57.
11
LAXA
LANA, LUDOVICO, born at Modena (or
at Codigoro, near Ferrara?) in 1597, died in
Rome (or at Modena?) in 104(1. History
painter, pupil at Ferrara of Scarsellino. and
ut Bologna of Guercino ; afterwards became
director of Modeua Academy. Works :
Death of Cloriuda, Madonna, Death of Abel,
Krminia dismounted presents herself to Old
Man who is listening to Children's Singing,
Figures of Saints (2), Galleria Estense, Mo-
dena ; Delivery of Modena from the Plague,
Chiesa nuova, ib. ; Death of Clorinda, Turin
Gallery. — Ladoivhi.
LANCE, GEORGE, born at Little;Easton,
March 24, 1802, died near Birkenhead,
June 18, 1864. Still-life and history painter,
pupil of Benjamin Haydon ; especially noted
for painting fruit and flowers. First exhibit-
ed in 1828. Works : The Brothers (1837) ;
Gil Bias (I8:ii>) ; May I have this? (1840) ;
The Ballad (1841) ; The Microscope (1842) ;
Tillage Coquette (184:!) ; Marechal Due de
Biron (1845) ; Preparations for a Banquet
(184(i) ; From the Garden and from the
Lake (1847) ; The Blonde and the Brunette
(1851) ; The Seneschal (1852) ; Harold
(1855) ; Fair Italy (1857) ; A Sunny Bank
(1861) ; Gleam of Sunshine (18G2) ; Basket
of Fruit, lied Cap. Fruit, National Gallery,
London. — Redgrave ; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Art
Journal (1857), 305.
LANCHARES, ANTONIO DE, born in
Madrid in 158(i, died there in 1G58. Span-
ish school ; history painter, the most note-
worthy pupil of Patrick) ('axes; was cm-
ployed to paint for the Jesuits' convent at
Madrid, and for the Carthusians of Paular,
and, according to Cean Bermudez, who saw
his pictures, ranks among the best painters
of Spain. — Stirling, ii. Gill.
LANCRENON, JOSEPH FERDINAND,
born atLods (Doubs), March 17, 1794, died
in Besan<;on, Aug. 5, 1874. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Girodet-Trioson. Custodian of
the Besan<;on Museum, and corresponding
member of the French Institute. Medals :
1st class, 1817 ; L. of Honour, I860. Works :
Tobias restoring his Father's Sight (1817),
Besancon Museum ; Male Portrait, ib. ;
Apotheosis of St. Genevieve (1827), St. Lau-
rent, Paris ; Peace, Justice, Abundance ;
The River Scamauder (1824), Amiens Mu-
seum ; Alpheusand Arethusa (1831) ; Child
playing with a Dog (1845).— Bellier, i. 895.
LANCRET, NICOLAS, born in Paris,
Jan. 22, 1690, died
there, Sept. 14,
1743. French
school; genre paint-
er, pupil of Dulin
(1069-1748) and
Gillot ; formed him-
self chiefly after
Watteau, who broke
with him in 1719
when both were
admitted to the Academy. The pictures of
the two masters are often confounded from
similarity of subject and treatment, though
Watteau is far the greater artist. Works :
Spring-Time, Summer, Autumn, Winter,
Gascon Punished (1738), Actors of the The-
atre Italian, The Cage, Turtle-Doves, Bird's
Nest, Gallant Conversation, Louvre ; Italian
Repast ; Blind Man's Buff ; Miles. Salle and
Camargo — Danseuses performing in a Gar-
den ; The Maid Justified ; The Five Senses;
Amorous Turk ; Beautiful Greek ; Mill of
Quiquengrogne, The Ages, The Elements,
Women Bathing, Rouen Museum ; Wedding
Dance, Wedding Feast, Summer, Winter,
Angers Museum ; Landscape with Figures,
Fontainebleau ; Game of Four Coins, Min-
uet, Besan<;on Museum ; Walk in Garden of
Marly, Rustic Scene, Bordeaux Museum ;
Masked Ball, Arrival of a Lady, Portrait of
the Danseuse Camargo, Two Cavaliers offer-
ing Flowers to Ladies, Nantes Museum ;
Ham Breakfast, Orleans Museum ; Prome-
nade at Longchamps, Perpignan Museum ;
Turtle-Doves' Nest, Valenciennes Museum ;
Arcadian Scene in a Landscape, Berlin Mu-
• seum ; Dancing in the Open Air, Two sim-
ilar Subjects, Dresden Museum ; Social
Gathering in a Park, Schleissheim Gallery ;
do., Schweriu Gallery ; Musical Assembly
LANDELLE
in a Garden, Love Couples with Birds'
Nests, Girls Bathing, Kitchen Interior, Sim-
ilar Subject, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Infancy, Youth, Manhood, Age, National
Gallery, London ; and many in private col-
lections in England and France. — Bellier, i.
895 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Dohme,
3 ; Houssaye, Gal. du xviii. Siecle, i. 2G3 ;
Jal, 734 ; Larousse ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 219 ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre; Wedmore, 183 ; Wurz-
bach, 24.
LANDELLE, CHAELES, born at Laval
(Mayeune), June 2, 1821. Genre painter, '
pupil of Delaroche and of Ary Scheffer,
whom he vainly tried to approach in depth
of expression. Executed decorative works
in the Elysee Palace and in St. Sulpice,
Paris, and painted many portraits. Medals :
3d class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1845 ; 1st class, ,
1848 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1855.
Works: Fra Angelico (1842); Elegy, Char-
ity (1844) ; Virgin and Holy "\Vomen at
Tomb (bought by State); Fleurette aban-
doned by Henry IV. (1845); Little Gypsies
(1846); Young Egyptian Woman (1847);
St. Cecilia (1848); The Republic (1849);
Christ with St. Peter and St. John, St. Ver-
onica (1850), Pan Museum ; The Antiquary ;
Beatitudes (1852), Laval Museum ; Renais-
sance (1853), Louvre ; The Virgin Resting '
(1855), St. Germain 1'Auxerrois, Paris ; Jew-
ess of Tangiers ; Armenian Woman, Finland
Girl (1857), M. Achille Fould ; Portrait of
Admiral Baudiu (1857), Versailles Museum ;
Presentiment of the Virgin (1859), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Girl with Birds (1859) ;
Emperor and Empress at Glass Works of
St. Gobain ; Captive Jewesses in Babylon
(18G1), Moutauban Museum; Procession of
the Cross at Brest (1861); Idleness (1863) ;
Awakening (1864) ; Meditation (1865) ; Ar-
menian Woman, Fellah Woman, Prison in ]
Tangiers, Child of Aisaom (1867) ; Moorish
Woman (1868) ; Mountaineer of Aragon
(1869) ; Velleda (1870) ; The Almeh (1872) ;
Samaritan Woman, Young Servian Gypsy
(1873), Nantes Museum ; Revery at Sixteen
(1874) ; Angel of Purity, Angel of Grief j
(1875) ; Salmacis (1877) ; Ismenis (1878) ;
Messenger of Storms, Siren (1879) ; Nymph
of Fontana, Venetian Woman (1880) ; Wom-
an of Siloam in Jerusalem, Young Fellah
Woman in Cairo (1881) ; Naiad, Woman of
Boghari (1882) ; Woman of Bethlehem,
Carpet Bazaar, Cairo (1883) ; Country of
Golden Fruit (1884) ; Modern Law, Little
Orphan Girl (1885) ; Roman Girl, Virlan-
dese Girl, Circassian Girl, Robert Hoe, New
York ; Angel's Watch, Israel Corse, ib. ;
Dolce far niente, C. P. Huntington, ib. ;
Greek Girl, G. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Egyp-
tian Fellah Girl, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia ;
Neapolitan Girl, W. B. Bement, ib. ; Paul
and Virginia, B. Wall, Providence ; Egyptian
Girl of Thebes, J. W. Garrett, Baltimore. —
Bellier, i. 89(! ; Bitard, 765 ; Revue des Deux
Mondes, June, 1871 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1878), xvii. 156 ; Larousse ; Hamerton,
Painting in France, 62 ; Meyer, Gesch., 367,
389.
LANDI, GASPARO, Cavaliere, born at
Piacenza in 1756, died in Rome, Feb. 24,
1830. History and portrait painter, pupil
in Rome of Pompeo Battoni and Corvi, and
studied the great masters of the 16th cen-
tury, acquiring a certain purity of style and
excellent colouring. Won the first prize at
the Academy of Parma in 1781 ; at an ear-
ly age became director of the section for
painting in the Academy of San Luca in
Rome, and in 1817 president. He is looked
upon as one of the founders of modern
Italian painting, and is famous for his por-
traits, especially that of Canova. Works :
The Three Marys at the Tomb of Christ,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Burial of the Vir-
gin, Assumption, Piacenza Cathedral ; To-
bias and Sarah ; Christ at Golgotha ; (Edi-
pus in Colonos ; Mary Stuart leaving France ;
Portrait of Canova, Bergamo Gallery ; The
Three Marys at the Sepulchre, Florence
Academy. — Goethe, Wiiikelmanu, ii. 154 ;
Nouv. Biog. univ., xxix. 348.
LANDO, LORENZ DI. See Vecchietta.
LANDON, CHARLES PAUL, born at
Nonaut (Orue) in 1760, died in Paris, March
LANDSEEK
5, 182G. Genre painter, pupil of Regnault ;
won the grand prix in 171)2, and studied in
Rome for five years ; was a better colourist
than draughtsman. He was painter to the
Due de Berri, corresponding member of the
Institute, custodian of the Louvre Gallery,
and knight of the L. of Honour. Published
" Annules da Musc'e " (2!) vols., 1S01-17),
'• Vies et (Envres des Peintres les plus Ce-
IMires" (22 vols., 1803 17), and other works.
Works: Eleazer refusing to cat Forbidden
Meat (171)2) ; Mother's Lesson, Pastoral
(1800) ; Virginia Bathing (1801) ; Leda
with Castor and Pollux (180(1), Louvre;
Venus and Cupid (1810) ; Paul and Virginia
(1812) ; Da'dalus and Icarus.— Bellier, i.
890 ; Biogr. univ., Supplement ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Larousse.
LANDSEER, CHARLES, born in 1799,
died in London, Ju-
ly 22, 1879. History
painter, son and pu-
pil of John Land-
seer, engraver (1769
-1852), and elder
brother of Sir Ed-
win Henry Land-
seer; student also
with Haydon and in
schools of Royal
Academy ; exhibited at Royal Academy his
Dorothea in 1828 ; became A.R.A. in 1837
and R.A. in 1845, and keeper in 1851.
Works : Clarissa Harlowc in the Sponging-
House (18:53), Bloodhound Bitch and Pups,
Pillaging a Jew's House in Reign of Richard
I., Sacking of Basing House, National Gal-
lery ; Cromwell at Naseby, 1045, National
Gallery, Berlin ; Eve of Battle of Edgehill
(1845).— Cat. Nat. Gal. and Royal Acad. ;
Sandby. ii. 170.
LANDSEER, Sir EDWIN HENRY, born
in London, March 7, 1802, died there, Oct.
1, 1873. Animal painter, third son and pu-
pil of John Landseer, engraver ; began to
draw animals when very young, some of his
sketches, made when five, seven, and ten
years old, being preserved at, South Kensing-
ton. When fourteen he became a student
of the Royal Academy, and exhibited the
next year Heads of
a Pointer Bitch and
Puppy. He soon
won an unrivalled
reputation as an
animal painter, and
became A.R.A. in
1826 and R.A. in
1830. In 1850 he
was knighted, and
in 1855 received at
the French Exhibition the large gold medal,
and in 1873 the medal at the Vienna Exhi-
bition. Works : Dogs Fighting (1819) ; St.
Gothard Dogs finding Traveller in Snow
(1820) ; Two Dogs, Dog and the Shadow
(1822) ; Sancho Panza and Dapple (1824) ;
Highland Breakfast, Suspense (1834),
Drover's Departure (1835), Jack in Office
(1833), Comical Dogs, Old Shepherd's Chief
Mourner (1837), and others, South Kensing-
ton Museum ; Cat's Paw (1824) ; Chevy-
Chace (1820), Duke of Bedford ; Rut urn from
Deer-Stalking (1827), Windsor Castle;
Monkey who had seen the World (1828) ;
Illicit Whiskey-Still (1829), Highland Music
(1830), Loir Life, High Life (1831), Hunted
Stag (1833), Sleeping Bloodhound (1835),
Ditjirilij and Impudence (1839), Defeat of
Comus (1843), Shoeing (1844), King Charles
Spaniels (1845), Peace (1840), War (1846),
Alexander and Diogenes (1848), Dialogue at
Waterloo (1850), Maid and Magpie (1858),
National Gallery, London ; Poachers Deer-
Stalking (1831)/Hermon sale (1882), £840 ;
Sir Walter Scott and his Dogs (1833) ; Bol-
lon Abbey in Olden Time (1834) ; Return
from Hawking (1837); Life'sm the Old Dog
yet (1838) ; Van Amburgh (1839) ; Laying
down the Law (1840) ; Otter and Salmon
(1842) ; Otter Speared (1844) ; Shepherd's
Prayer (1845); Monarch of the Glen, Titania
and Bottom (1851); Children of the Mist
(1853); Rough and Ready, Uncle Tom and
Wife, Brai'.mar (1857), C. F. H. Bolckow ;
Deer-Stalking (1858) ; Doubtful Crumbs
LANFRAJSTCO
(1859) ; Flood in the Highlands (I860) ;
Scenes in Highland Deer Forest, The Shrew
Tamed (1861); Well-Brcd Sitters, Piper and
Pair of Nut-Crackers (1864); The Connois-
seurs, Prosperity, Adversity (1865) ; Lady
Godiva's Prayer, Odds and Ends, The Chase
(1866); Her Majesty at Osborne, Wild Cat-
tle of Chillingham (1807) ; Rent Day iu
Wilderness (1868) ; Swannery invaded by
Eagles, Study of a Lion (1809); Queen meet-
ing Prince Albert on Return from Deer-
Stalking, Doctor's Visit to Poor Relations
at Zoological Gardens (1870) ; Baptismal
Font, Lion and the Lamb (1872) ; Tracker,
Sketch of the Queen (unfinished, 1873) ;
Man Proposes but God Disposes, Holloway
Institute, Egham, near London ; Stag at
Bay, Lord Godolphin ; Dogs and Duck, ex-
Governor E. D. Morgan, New York ; After
the Chase, W. H. Vanderbilt Collection, ib.
More than three hundred engravings have
been made after his works. He designed
the four colossal lions at the base of Nel-
son's column, Trafalgar Square, London. —
Graves, Cat. of Works of Sir E. Landseer,
(London, 1875); Redgrave; Cat. Nat. Gal;
Fraser's Mag., July, 1856 ; Stephens, Early
Works of L. (London, 18(il)) ; do., Sir E. L.
(London, 1880) ; Sandby, ii. 14:5 ; Portfolio
(1871), 165; Athenaeum, Oct., 1873, 440;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), ii. 327 ; Zeitsch. f. b.
K, x. 129, 163.
LANFRANCO, GIOVANNI, Cavaliere,
born in Parma
in 1580 or
1581, died in
Rome, Nov.
29, 1647. Ro-
man school ;
pupil of Agos-
tino Carracci,
then at Fer-
rara ; on his
master's death
(1601) he went to Rome and assisted Anni-
bale Carracci, from whose designs he exe-
cuted frescos in the Palazzo Farnese.
Among his earliest original works are the
Assumption, in a chapel of S. Agostino
(which gave him reputation), and a Virgin
iu the Clouds with Saints (1021-25), cupola
of S. Andrea della Valle. This work had
been promised to Domenichino, who had
already painted the walls, and Lanfranco
was thus brought into direct competition
with that great artist. In 1631 he went to
Naples and executed works in the Gesu, now
destroyed, and in other churches, remaining
there until 1046, when he returned to Rome.
Among his best pictures are St. Louis feed-
ing the Poor, Venice Academy, and Libera-
tion of St. Peter, Palazzo Colonna, Rome.
Other works in public galleries : Mary Mag-
dalen, St. Peter in Tears, do. with Book and
Keys, Artist's Portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; As-
sumption, Ecstasy of S. Margherita da Cor-
tona, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; The Virgin with
Christ liberating a Soul, Virgin in the Clouds
and Saints, Satan enchained by Angels, Re-
pose in Egypt, St. Jerome roused by Trum-
pet of Last Judgment, Infant Christ adored
by Saints, Naples Museum ; History of Mo-
ses, Last Supper, Quiriual, Rome ; Hagar
in the Desert, St. Peter, Separation of SS.
Peter and Paul, Coronation of the Virgin,
Louvre, Paris ; St. John Baptist, Amster-
dam Museum ; Jacob's Dream, Basle Mu-
seum ; Mary Magdalen, Berlin Museum ;
St. Paul in Malta throwing the Adder into
the Fire, Cassel Gallery ; Cimou nursed by
his Daughter Pero, Darmstadt Museum ;
Peter Penitent, Four Old Sorcerers, Dres-
den Museum ; The Angel showing to Hagar
the Spring, Mater Dolorosa, Christ on Mount
of Olives, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Madonna
appearing to Hermits, Vienna Museum ; Ob-
sequies of Julius Ciusar, Roman Soldiers
receiving Crowns, Banquet of Patricians,
Roman Mock Sea-Fight, The Auspices, Ma-
drid Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ;
Burckhardt, 704, 794, 798 ; Baldiuucci, iv.
448.
LANG, HEINRICH, born at Ratisbon,
April 24, 1838. Horse painter, pupil of the
Munich Academy under Friedrich Voltz ;
visited the studs of Wiirtemberg and military
is
LATsG
pageants ; spent eight years (18GO-G8) in
Hungary, the Danubian principalities, and
iu Paris ; took part in the campaign of
1870-71. Works : Hungarian Inn (1801) ;
Horses in the Rushes (1805) ; Csikos driv-
ing Horses back to the Herd (1805) ; Race-
Course of Long-champs (1807) ; Hussar-Pa-
trol, Steeple-Chase, Transportation of Horses
(18(58) ; Hungarian Market-Scene, Attack of
Brigade Bredow in Battle of Vionvillo, Bat-
tle of Sedan (1872) ; Episode in Battle of
"Worth (1875); Bay of Galata ; Second Ba-
varian Army Corps crossing the Seine at
Corbeil (1885) ; Catching "Wild Horses in
Hungarian Puszta, Dresden Museum. — Miil-
ler, 310.
LANG, LOUIS, b:>ni at Waldsee, Wiir-
temberg, March 2!). 18U. Portrait and
figure painter ; studied in Paris and Stutt-
gart in 1834 ; went to America in 1838, and
has since lived in New York, making fre-
quent visits for study to Venice, Rome,
Florence, and Paris. Elected X.A. in 1832.
Works : Asleep in Prayer (1801)) ; Old Mill
at Greenwich, Conn. (1870) ; Blind Nydia,
Jephthah's Daughter (1871) ; Cinderella,
Cleopatra (1875) ; Landing of Market-Boat
at Capri (1870); Mary Stuart distributing
(lifts, Maid of Saragossa, R. L. Stuart Col-
lection, New York ; Country Girl, Museum,
ib.; Fresh Cherries, Neapolitan Fisher Fam-
ily (1878); Romeo and Juliet (1882).— Tuck-
erman, 434.
LANGE, JAN. See I'xu-khorxt.
LANGK, JULIUS, born in Darmstadt,
Aug. 17, 1817, died in Munich, June 25,
1878. Landscape painter, pupil of the Mu-
nich Academy in 1834, then from 1835 of
Schirmer in Diisseldorf. In 1840 he was
attracted to Munich again by Rottmann,
and soon became a favourite for his moun-
tain landscapes. In 1854 he visited Upper
Italy, where he painted studies for the Ven-
ice Academy and two large pictures for the
Milan Academy, and was made a member
of both institutions. Numerous orders
from King Max induced him to return to
Bavaria in 1858. He was appointed court-
painter by Louis H. in 1867. Works : Vil-
lage in Forest (1840) ; Wood in Evening
Light ; View in the Ramsau ; Morning on
the Alp (1848); Partenkirchen (1858); Land-
scape in North Italy (1860), Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Castle Kolovrat in Bohemia, Stutt-
gart Museum ; View near Dachau (1860) ;
Morning Landscape ; Zugspitze ; Part of
Gosau Lake (2, 1865), View near Parten-
kirchen (1871), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Seven Idyls from Amper, Foring on the Isar
(1H74).— Allgem. d. Biogr., xvii. 644 ; Kuiist-
Chronik, xiii. 087 ; Reber, ii. 200 ; Reguet,
ii. 1.
LANGE-PIER. See Aerlzen.
LANGEXDYCK, DIRK, born in Rotter-
dam, March 8, 1748, died there, Dec. 15,
1805. Painter of battles and marine pieces,
pupil of D. A. Bisschop. His pictures are
rich in composition, of striking effect, and
well drawn. Works : A Camp, Cavalry
Fight, Wounded General, Rotterdam Muse-
um.— Immerzeel, ii. 156 ; Kramm, iii. 045.
LANGENHOFFEL, JOHANN FRIED-
RICH, born at Diisseldorf in 1750, died in
Vienna, Dec. 31, 1807. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy ; be-
came court-painter at Mannheim in 1782,
and afterwards director of the gallery in Vi-
enna. Works : Rape of the Sabines (1783) ;
Venus bringing Cupid to Bion, Homer ;
Calliope with Homer, Mannheim Gallery ;
Dancing Bacchantes (1706), Acis, Galatea
and Polyphemus, Dessau Gallery ; Portrait
of Queen Augusta Wilhelmiua of Bavaria,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Wurzbach, xiv. 107 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 316.
LANGENMANTEL, LUDWIG VON,
born on the Michaelsberg, near Kelheim,
April 4, 1854. History painter, pupil of
Munich Academy and of Piloty ; instructed
1 in 1875 the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau.
Medal in Munich in 1876. Works: Capt-
ure of the Chemist Lavoisier in 1704, Miin-
ster Gallery ; Three Pictures with Amor-
ettes, Savonarola's Sermon against Prodi-
gality (1870) —Muller, 310; Leixner, D.
mod. K., ii. 75.
LAXGER
LANGER, JOHANN PETER VON, born
at Kalkum, near Dusseldorf, in 1756, died
in Munich, Aug. G, 1824. History painter,
pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy under
Krahe ; became professor at the Academy in
1784, director in 1789, and in 1801 director
of the Gallery. In 180G was appointed di-
rector of the Munich Academy, which he
reorganized. His antiquated school, which
was extolled immoderately by his contem-
poraries, was superseded by that of Corne-
lius, and subsequently sank into undeserved
oblivion. Works : Six scenes from Fable
of Psyche ; Christ blessing Little Children,
Studieukirche, Munich ; St. Luke painting
Madonna ; David before Saul ; Pliiloctetes
at Lemnos (1814) ; Small Family (1817) ;
Cupid consoling Psyche (1820) ; Christ on
Mount of Olives, Lady Jane Grey in the
Tower (1823); Nativity, Christ blessing Lit-
tle Children (sketch for painting in Studien-
kirche, Munich), Madonna and St. John,
Death of Ananias and Sappbira, Expulsion
from Paradise, Man about to Write, Chem-
ist reading, Artist's Sons, Artist's Wife, Sons
of Spanish Ambassador, Male Portrait, Head
Studies (2), Schleissheim Gallery. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xvii. G78 ; FGrster, iv. 1(58;
Kunstbl. (1825), Jan. G, No. 2 ; Nagler,
Mon., iv. 100.
LANGER, ROBERT VON, born in Diis-
seldorf in 1783, died at Haidhausen, Mu-
nich, Oct. 6, 184G. History painter, son
and pupil of Johann Peter, and studied also
in Dresden, Berlin, and Cassel ; accompa-
nied his father to Paris in 1799, and visited
Italy in 1804. Was professor at the newly
organized Munich Academy in 1806, secre-
tary-general in 1820, and director-general
of the Bavarian picture galleries ; member
of the Vienna, Ghent, and Antwerp Acad-
emies. Works : Christ healing the Lame
and Blind ; Seven Works of Mercy ; Ma-
donna with Saints ; Descent from the Cross ;
Adoration of the Magi, Diisseldorf Gallery ;
Education of Bacchus, Royal Gallery, Stutt-
gart ; Virgil conducting Dante into the Low-
er World, Museum, ib. ; Great Mythological
Cycle of five subjects (fresco), Palace of
Duke Maximilian, Munich. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xvii. G79.
LANGETTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
born in Genoa in 1G35, died in Venice, Sept.
21, 167G. Genoese school ; pupil in Homo
of Pietro da Cortona, and in Venice of Gio-
vanni Francesco Cassanna ; became a good
colourist in the Venetian style. Painted
some historical pieces, but chiefly portraits,
heads of old men, philosophers, and ancho-
rets. Work : Apollo and Marsyas, Dresden
Museum. — Lanzi, iii. 277 ; Ch. Blanc, £colc
genoise.
LANGKO, DIETRICH, born in Ham-
burg, June 1, 1819. Landscape painter,
pupil in Hamburg of Martin and Jakob
Gensler ; painted at first decorations, then
studied after the etchings of Dutch masters.
Removed to Munich in 1840. Works :
Moonlight Night on the Elbe (18G1) ; View
on Chiem Luke, Carf Lake near KiJuigs-
dorf (1862), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; View
near Road to Thalkirchen ; The Elbe below
Hamburg by Moonlight ; Evening Land-
scape in Bavarian Oberland (1863); View in
Isar Valley ; Swamp Landscape ; Sunset in
Moorland. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 533 ;
Muller, 320.
LANGLEY, WALTER, born in England;
contemporary. Genre painter, water-col-
ours. Member of Institute of Painters
in Water-Colours. Works : Wandering
Thoughts, For Men must Work and
Women must WTeep, A Crown of Years, My
Little Friend (1883) ; In Memoriam, Among
the Missing (1884) ; Waiting for the Boats
(1885) ; Fisher's Daughter, Sunny South
(1886).
LANGLOIS, JEAN CHARLES, born at
Beaumont-eu-Auge (Calvados), July 22,
1789, died in Paris, March 24, 1870. Bat-
tle painter, pupil of Girodet, Gros, and
Horace Vernet. Became a colonel in the
army in 1849. Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st
class, 1834 ; L. of Honour, 1814 ; Officer,
1832 ; Commander, 1860. Works : Battle
of Larsobispo ; Capture of the Great Re-
17
LANGLOIS
doubt of Moskowa ; Passage of the Lech iu
1796; Cascade of Mt. Dore (1824); Battle
of Walls ; Passage of the Beresiua (1827) ;
Battle of Benouth, Campillo do las Arenas
(1827), Versailles Museum ; Battle of Na-
varino, Ministry of Marine ; Convent of
Mout-Serrat (1831) ; Battle of Sidi Ferucli
(1834); Taking of Chateau do Moive (183G),
Battle of Castalla, Battle of Polotsk, Battle
of Moskowa (1838), Battle of Smolensk, In-
terview at Navarino (1839), Battle of Mou-
torcau, Battle of Champeaubert (1840), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Battle of Toulouse (1840) ;
Battle of Polotsk (1838), Arras Museum ;
Battle of Krasnoi' (1841) ; Battle of Nacfels
(1842) ; Battle of Hoi't' (1849), Versailles
Museum ; Battle of Wesen (1849) ; Passage
of the Linth (1850); Ituins of Karnac ;
Capture of Smolensk ; Battle of the Mosko-
wa (1855). Also painted several panoramas,
such as Battle of Navarino, View of Algiers,
Battle of Moscow (1835) ; Burning of Mos-
cow (1839) ; Battle of Eylau (1843) ; Battle
of the Pyramids (1849) ; and Capture of
the Malakoff (1858).— Bellier, i. 901 ; La-
rousse.
LANGLOIS, JKUOME MA11TIN, born
in Paris, March 11, 1779, died there, Dec. 8,
1838. History painter, pupil, assistant, and
imitator of David ; won the 2d prix de Home
in 1805 for his Death of Demosthenes, and
the grand prix in 1809 for his Priam at the
Feet of Achilles. Medals : 2d class, 1817 ;
1st class, 1819 ; L. of Honour, 1822 ; Mem-
ber of Institute, 1838. Works : Abduction
of Dejanira (1813), Angers Museum ; Cas-
sandra imploring the Vengeance of Minerva
(1817), Diana and Endymion (1822), Lou-
vre ; Alexander yielding Campaspe to Apel-
les (1819), Toulouse Museum ; Abbe Sicard
teaching the Deaf-Mutes, Asylum for Deaf-
Mutes, Paris ; St. Hillary writing against
the Arians (1822), Cathedral of Bordeaux ;
Portrait of Bishop Belsunce (1824), Mar-
seilles Museum ; Death of Hyrnetho (1827);
Portraits of Marshals Bellegarde, Matignon,
d'Estrees, Breze, Versailles Museum. — Bel-
lier, i. 900 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Larousse.
LANGLOIS DE CHEVREVILLE, LU-
CIEN THtiOPHILE, born at Mortin
(Manche) in 1803, died in Paris in 1845.
History painter, pupil of Gros; painted
few and generally large pictures of religious
subjects. Opened a successful school of
painting at llouen after his return from
Italy, and later became director of the Mu-
seum at Cherbourg, and professor of draw-
ing in the College at Paris. Works : Appari-
tion of the Virgin, Church of St. Patrick,
Ilouen ; Boy with Melon, Berne Museum.
LANINI, BERNARDINO, born at Ver-
celli about 1510, died about 1578. Lorn-
bardo-Milanese school ; pupil and good imi-
tator of Gaudenzio Ferrari ; painted chiefly
in fresco. An altarpiece, dated 1539, in
Church of Borgo-Sesia, is one of his best
works. Other examples : Adoration of Magi,
Cathedral of Novara ; Concert of Angels,
St. Martha, and others, Brera, Milan ; Sac-
rifice to Pan, Academy, ib. ; Holy Family,
Descent from the Cross, Madonna En-
throned, Madonna (15G4), Turin Gallery ;
Holy Family (1543), National Gallery, Lon-
don.— Ch. Blanc, Kcole milanaise ; Lanzi,
ii. 503 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 47(1
LANMAN, CHARLES, born at Monroe,
Mich., June 14, 1819. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of A. B. Durand ; elected A.N.A.
in 1842. Lives in Washington; life chief-
ly devoted to literature. Works : Seaside
Sketches, Brookside and Homestead (1880);
Morning Fog (1881) ; Home in the Woods
(1881), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ;
Salmon River in Canada, Upper Potomac
(1882); Other Days, Harvest Home (1883);
Frontier Home (1884).
LANOUE, FELIX HIPPOLYTE, born in
Versailles, Oct. 14, 1812, died at Ivry, Jan.
21, 1872. Landscape painter, pupil of V.
Bertin, Horace Vernet, and of the I5cole des
Beaux Arts ; won the 2d prix for landscape
in 1837, the grand prix in 1841 ; went a
second time to Italy, as also to Russia and
Holland, and returned to Paris a landscape
painter of the naturalistic school. Medals :
2d class, 1847, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1864.
18
LAN SAC
Works : The Seine at Rouen (1833) ; Aque-
ducts of Buc (1835) ; Sasseimge (1839) ;
Terracina (1844) ; Etruscan Tombs near
Naples (1847) ; Villa of Hadrian at Tivoli,
Souvenirs of the Villa de' Medici (1848) ;
View in Capri (1848), Lisieux Museum ;
Roman Aqueduct (1850), Avignon Museum ;
Chigi Palace, Park at The Hague (1852) ;
St. Benedict at Subiaco (1854) ; Banks of
the Neva, View near Nantes (1855) ; Pine
Forest of Gombo (1801), formerly in Lux-
embourg Museum ; Villa Pallavicini, Roman
Forum, Woods of Fruscati, Villa Conti,
View of Mont Janvier (1801) ; Great Baths
of Albauo, Excavations on Mt. Palatine,
Parasol Pines near the Sea (18G3) ; The
Tiber (1864), formerly in Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Ruins of Villa of the Quintilii (1804) ;
Chateau of St. Privat (18C5) ; Pont du Gard
(1865), Nimes Museum ; Rock of Xazon
(1860), Avignon Museum ; Ravine of Caunet,
Environs of Cannes (1868) ; View of Ariccia
near Rome ; Landscape with Figures, Dijon
Museum ; View in Fontainebleau Forest,
Cambrai Museum. — Bellier, i. 903 ; La-
rousse.
LANSAC, KMILE (FRANCOIS) DE,
born at Tulle (Corivze), Oct. 1, 1803. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Langlois
and Ary Scheffer ; made a special study of
horses, and painted several equestrian por-
traits. Medals : 3d class, 1830 ; 2d class,
1838. Works : Incident of Missolonghi,
Girl at Fountain, Courage of Commandant
Daru (1842) ; Scene from Jean-Jacques
(1846) ; Huntsmen in a Marsh (1852) ;
Regimental Chaplain, Trumpeter of the
Guides (1855) ; Horses let Loose, English
Terrier (1857); Siege of Vallon (1859) ; Cow
in a Meadow, Death of Ravenswood (1861) ;
Dejanira and the Centaur Nessus (1803) ;
Charles U. (1864); St. Gerard de Lunel
(I860) ; The Broken Strap (1808) ; Russian
Team (1869) ; Hunting in Winter, Com-
mander of Pyreueau Mountaineers in 1793
(1876) ; Cha'rles I. of England (1877) ; A
Page (1878) ; Equestrian portraits of Mar-
shal de L:i Palice (1835), and of Couuetable
| Olivier deClisson (1847), Versailles Museum ;
Horse-pieces (2), Bordeaux Museum. — Bel-
lier, i. 904 ; Bitard, 708 ; Larousse.
LANSIL, WALTER FRANKLIN, born
j in Bangor, Me., March 30, 1846. Marine
painter, pupil in Bangor of J. P. Hardy.
Member Boston Art Club, 1877. Medals:
! 1878, 1881, 1884. Judge of awards of fino
arts for Dominion of Canada, St. John,
New Brunswick, 1883. Visited Europe in
1884, and studied in Paris, Venice, and
Holland. Studio in Boston. Works: Fish-
ermen in a Calm (1878), Smith College ;
Steering for Home, Trawlers making Port
(1881) ; Waiting for the Tide (1882), Oli-
ver Ames ; Fishermen Becalmed (1882),
Frank N. Ames ; Calm off Seguin (1882) ;
Twilight — Fishing Boats bound Homo
(1882), John Quincy Adams ; Fleet off Shore
(1883), heirs of Charles W. Slack ; Midnight
Arrival (1883) ; Return of the Fleet, In
Penobscot Bay (1884), George C. Folsom ;
Veteran of the Heroic Fleet (1884), Massa-
chusetts Charitable Mechanics Association ;
Dutch Boats (1885), owned in Pai'is.
LANSYER, EMMANUEL, born in Ile-
de-Bouin (Vendee),
Feb. 18, 1835.
Landscape and
marine painter,
pupil of Courbet,
Violet-lc-duc, and
Harpignies ; usu-
ally paints views of
Brittany and the
neighbourhood of
Bordeaux. A good
draughtsman and colourist. Medals : 1805,
1809 ; 3d class, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1881.
Works: Pine-Trees on the Breton Coast
(1804); September Morning at Douarnenez,
River Elk'e at Faouet (1865) ; River in Brit-
tany, Washing-Place on the Breton Coast
(I860), Tours Museum ; Women at the Foun-
tain (1807) ; Spring in Brittany (1868); Cha-
teau of Pierrefonds (1809), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Walk in Autumn, River Pouldahut at
Low Tide (1870) ; Alps at Mentone, Cistern
LANTARA
among Olive Trees at Mentone (1872) ; Bay
of Treffenk'e at High Tide, Reefs of Kil-
vouarn, View from Pont cles Arts in Paris
(1873) ; Bi-eakers at Stang (187-4) ; Heath of
Kcrlouarneck (1874), Luxembourg ; Rocks
of Arvechen at Low Tide, High Tide at
Ploumanach, Bay of Plomach (1875) ; Death
of an Oak Tree," Coast of Finisterro (187(i) ;
April Blossoms, Windmills near Lille (1877);
Moors in Bloom (1878); Bay of Douarneiipz
at Low Tide, Ocean at Granvillc, (1879) ;
Glare on the Shore at Granville, Park of Mc'-
nars (1880) ; End of Storm, Downs at Don-
ville (1881) ; Fine Morning on the, Breton
Coast, Cloisters of Mont St. Michel (1882) ;
The Reef, Dew (1883) ; October Mist, The
Cliff (1884) ; Vineyards of Marinade, Sunrise
on the Sea (1885).— Bellier, i. 905 ; Bitard,
7(!8 ; Larousse.
LANTARA, SIMON MATHURIX, born in
Onej' (Seinc-
et-Oise), March
24, 172!), died
in Paris, Dec.
22, 1778.
French school;
1 a n d s c a p e
p a i n t e r o f
great talent
but little in-
dustry, who
painted little, was always poor, and died in
the charity hospital. Bernard, Joseph Ver-
net, Casanova, Bern', and Taunay often sup-
plied the figures in his landscapes. Works :
Sunset (1701), Louvre ; Morning, Evening,
Banks of a River, Besanc;on Museum ; Banks
of the Loing, Chuteauroux Museum ; Moon-
light, Nantes Museum ; A Castle, Farm Ex-
terior, Valenciennes Museum ; Two Land-
scapes, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Bellier,
Recherches historiques sur Lantara ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole franchise ; Houssaye, Gal. du
xviii. Siecle, iii. 177 ; Jal, 735 ; Villot, Cat,
Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 291.
LANZANI, POLIDORO, called Polidoro
di Venezia, boru in Venice in 1515, died
there, July 21, 15G5. Venetian school ;
history painter, pupil, or at least follower,
of Titian ; copied his contemporaries so ef-
fectually that his works rarely pass under
his own name. Works : Venetian Noble-
man dedicating to the Madonna his Child,
Betrothal of St. Catherine of Siena with
the Infant Christ, Dresden Museum ; Ho-
ly Family, Vienna Museum ; Last Supper
(1545), Venice Academy.
LANZAS, LAS (The Lances), Velasquez,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x
12 ft. The surrender of Breda : The Mar-
quis de Spinola, accompanied by officers, in
the presence of the Flemish and Spanish
armies, advances to receive the keys of the
city from Justin of Nassau (1625) ; at right,
soldiers with lances, which give the picture
its name ; on extreme right, the soldier with
wide collar and hat with white plumes is
said to be the artist himself. One of the
finest historical pictures in the world.
Painted about 1047 for Palace of Buen Re-
tiro. Copy, partly by H. Regnault, in Ecole
dcs Beaux Arts, Paris. Sketch offered for
sale in Paris in 1859, but returned to Spain.
Etched by Laguillermie ; B. Maura. — Palo-
mino, iii. 335 ; Curtis, 21 ; Madrazo, 599.
LAI* (Lapp), JAN, flourished second half
of Kith century. Dutch school ; landscape
painter in the manner of Moucheron and
Pynacker ; must have studied in Rome.
Works : Italian Landscapes with Figures
(3), Hague Museum. — Bode, Studien, 334.
LAPIERRE, LOUIS EMILE, born in
Paris in 1817, died there, March 28, 1886.
Landscape painter, pupil of Bertin ; an in-
dustrious and painstaking artist of no great
originality. Medals : 2d class, 1848, 1863 ;
L. of Honour, 1869. Works : Daphnis and
Chloe (1845) ; Abbey of Theleme (1847) ;
Of what are the Girls Dreaming ? Boboli
Garden in Florence (1848) ; Fountain of
Egeria, The Seasons (1850) ; Sunset, Under
the Oaks (1855) ; Woods in Springtime,
Woods in Winter (1859) ; Rock of Milly
(1801) ; Sunset, Bar of the Loing (1863) ;
In the Woods (1865) ; Garden of Foil tain e-
bleau (1866) ; Cutting in Woods of Cliam-
2(1
LAPITO
pagne (1868) ; Moonrise (18G9); Poacher in
Ambush (1870) ; Landscape (1872) ; Sunset,
Woods of Fontainebleau, Fountain of Fon-
tainebleau (1874) ; In the Woods (1875);
Twilight (1876).— Bellier, i. 907 ; Larousse ;
Miiller, 321.
LAPITO, LOUIS AUGUSTS, born at
Joinville-le-Pont (Seine), Aug. 18, 1803,
died at Boulogne-sur-Seine, April 7, 1874.
Landscape painter, pupil of Heini and
Watelet ; drawing and composition good,
but colour often inharmonious. Medals :
2d class, 1833 ; 1st
class, 1835 ; L. of
Honour, 1 8 3 C.
Works: The Sim-
plon, In Auvergne
(1 8 2 7) ; C h a 1 e t
(1831) ; Lake Mag-
giore (1833) ; View
near Lake of
Brientz (1833),
Cambrai Museum ;
Andelys (183C);
The Cascatelles
(1842) ; Cemetery
of Sisteron (1852) ;
Gulf of Rap all o
(1855) ; Valley of
Eoyat (1857) ; Tor-
rent of Royat, Men-
tone (1859); River
Tessino, St. Lau-
rent, Town and
Harbour of Bastia
(1861); Genoa, Lillebonne, Hills of Fontana
in Auvergne (1863) ; View of Lisieux (1864);
Ajaccio at Sunset, Valley of Royat (1865);
Pont-Eveque (1866) ; The Somme at Abbe-
ville, Souvenir of Auvergne (1868) ; Vinti-
miglia, King of Holland ; View of Savonne,
Musee Leopold, Brussels ; Italian Land-
scape with Shepherds, Castle Villiers on the
Rhone, Kunsthalle, Hamburg. — Bellier, i.
907 ; Larousse.
LAPORTE, MARCELLIN, born in St.
Geniez d'Olt in 1839. Genre painter, pupil
of Cabanel, Gustavo Boulauger, and of the
£eole des Beaux Arts. Pictures more sat-
isfactory to the public than to the critics.
Medals: Rodez, 1868; Vienna, 1873.— La-
rousse.
LAPOSTOLET, CHARLES, born at Ve-
lars (Cote-d'Or), Sept. 26, 1824. Marine
painter, pupil of L. Cogniet. His pictures
are pleasing in general effect, but superficial
in treatment of detail. Medal in 1870 ; 2d
class, 1882. Works : Canal St. Martin (1870),
Luxembourg Museum ; Low Tide at Trou-
ville (1872) ; The Seine near St. Denis,
Las Lanzas, Ve'asauez, Madrid Museum.
Rouen ; Coast of Villerville ; Canal of the
Giudecca at Venice (1878) ; Port of La Ro-
chelle at Low Water, Port of Nantes (1883);
Environs of Nantes, La Rochelle (1884) ;
, Dunkirk, Bassin de Deauville (1885).— Bel-
lier, i. 909.
LARCHER, JULES, born at Choloy
(Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; contemporary. His-
tory, portrait, and still-life painter, pupil of
Sellier and Bonnat. Medal, 3d class, 1880.
Works : Still Life (1877, 1878) ; Christ in
the Tomb (1880) ; Daphuis and Chloc
(1883).
21
LAEGILLIERE
LARGILLIERE, NICOLAS, born in
Paris, Oct. 10, 1650, died there, March 20,
tiste Tavernier, Count Dehu, Brunswick
Museum ; Madame Adelaide de France as
1740. French Flora, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Count Sinzen-
school; history , dorff, Darmstadt Museum ; Duke de la
and portrait ; Eochefoucauld, Portrait of a Man with a
painter, pupil Wi, Dresden Museum ; Portraits of the
of Ant. Gou-
bau at Ant-
werp, where
his father had
settled; r e -
Paiuters J. Antoine Arlaud and Hyacinthe
Rigaud, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Lady's Por-
trait, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Male Por=
trait, Schwerin Gallery ; Meeting of Pro-
vost and Aldermen of Paris Merchants,
ceived into St. ; Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Portraits of
Luke's Guild Jean Baptiste Rousseau, and of himself,
in 1072. Went /> . Uffizi, Florence;
to England in 1074, where he restored /fj^f Q tOL>O2/*& Female Portraits
pictures of old masters at Windsor, under *J (2), Historical So-
Sir Peter Lely's direction, and also painted I x- > > /. ciety. New York-
some compositions of his own. In 1678 he Jr~ * / * » Bellier, i. 911 ; Ch.
went to Paris and gained great reputation Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Houssaye, Gal. du
as a portrait painter during the next six xviii. Siecle, i. 214 ; Jal, 737 ; Larousse ;
years, after which he returned to England, Dezallier, Peintres ; Van den Branden, 976 ;
where lie painted James II. and his queen. Cat. Louvre.
Member of the Academy in 1680, professor LARIVIERE, CHARLES PHILIPPE
in 1705, rector in 1722, and chancellor in j DE, born in Paris, Sept. 30, 1798, died in
1743. Ch. Blanc says he painted about fif-
teen hundred portraits. Works : Banquet
given to Louis XIV. in 1087 by City of
Paris, Marriage of Duke of Burgundy in
101)7 (destroyed in Revolution) ; An Ex-
Voto, St. Ktienne du Mont ; Erection of
the Cross, Flight into Egypt, Assumption,
Portrait of Charles Le Brun (1080), do. of
Count de la Chatre, Provost and Aldermen
1870. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Giu'rin, Girodet, and Gros ; won 2d prize
in 1819, and grand prix de Rome in 1824.
His works, though meritorious, did not ful-
fil the promise of his youth. He painted
many battle and ceremonial pictures theat-
rical in style, also portraits, and designed
the cartoons for the Cathedral of Dreux.
Medals : 1st class, 1831, 1855 ; L. of Hon-
of Merchants of Paris (1087), Artist with i our, 1836. Works : Prisoner in the Capi-
his Wife and Daughter, An Alderman (1704), tol visited by his Family (1827); The Plague
A Magistrate (1718), Portrait of Du Vaucel
(1724), four other portraits, Louvre, Paris ;
Portrait of himself, do. and Family, Sculp-
tors Nicolas Coustou and Jean Thierry,
three others, Versailles Museum ; Portraits
in Museums at Arras (2), Avignon, Besan-
<;on (2), Chartres, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille
(Jean Forest), Mctz, Nancy, Nantes (2),
Nimes, Niort, Orleans (himself), Rouen (2),
Strassburg, Toulon, Toulouse, Madrid (5) ;
Hercules slaying the Hydra, Aschaffenburg
Gallery ; Portrait of Jean Forest, Young
of Rome (1831), formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; Tasso Sick in the Monastery of
St. Onofrio, Two Monks Meditating (1831) ;
Interview of Francis I. and Pope Clemens
VHI. at Marseilles in 1533, Due d'Orleans
arriving at the Hotel de Ville (1836), Battle
of the Downs (1837), Bayard wounded at
Capture of Brescia (1838), Battle of Coche-
rel (1836), Battle of Castillon (1839), Battle
of Mons-en-Puelle (1841), Raising of Siege
of Malta (1843), Battle of Ascalon (1844),
Capture of Bologna, Entry of French into
Nobleman ('?), Berlin Museum ; Jean Bap- ! Belgium, Return of the Prince-President to
LAItSEN
Paris in 1852, Portraits of Louise do Savoie,
Duchesse d'Angouleme, of Duke of Orleans,
of Jean de La Valette, of Vauban (1834), of
Gerard, Rochambeau, Drouet, Roussin, Bu-
geaud, and several other Marshals and Ad-
mirals of France, Versailles Museum ; Gen-
eral de Rumigny (1833), Amiens Museum ;
Jean Martial Bineau, Minister of Finances
(1856), Angers Museum ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Bordeaux Museum. — Bellici-, i.
911 ; Larousse.
LARSEN, CARL FREDERIK EMAN-
TJEL, borii in Copenhagen, Sept. 15, 1823,
died there, Sept. 24, 1859. Marino painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Kck-
ersberg and Kloss ; visited in 1845 Iceland
and the Faroe Islands, and in 1852 Eng-
land, Holland, and France. Works : View
from the Long Line ; View near Marseilles,
(1854), Before Noon in the Oere Sound
(185G), Copenhagen Gallery ; Nieuwe Diep,
in North Holland.— Weilbach, 402.
LASCH, KARL JOHANN, born iu Leip-
sic, July 1, 1822. Genre - -> ,: .
painter, pupil of Dres-
den Academy and of Ben-
demann ; went in 1844
to Munich, where, under
the influence of Kaulbach
and Schnorr, he painted
several historical sub-
jects ; went to Italy in
1847, and soon after to
Moscow, where for ten years he painted por-
traits with success. In 1857 went to Paris,
studied under Couture, and settled in Diis-
seldorf in I860. Gold medals in Dresden,
1843, Berlin, 1808, 1872 ; medals in Vienna,
1873 ; Philadelphia, 187G. Honorary mem-
ber of Dresden, Vienna, and St. Petersburg
Academies ; professor since 18G9. Works :
King Enzio iu Prison, Count Eberhard the
Rauschebart, Christ at Emmaus (1844-47),
Children on Hay-Cart (18G1), Dresden Mu-
seum ; At the Young Widow's (1802) ; Giv-
ing his Opinion (1803) ; Return from Kir-
mess (1864) ; Village Physician in Perplexity-
Old Teacher's Birthday (I860), National Gal-
f
lery, Berlin; Snabian Wedding Feast (18G8);
Forsaken by his Last Friend ; Punch and
Judy at Suabian Fair (1870) ; Toast at
Wedding Feast (1871) ; Tale of the Wound-
ed, Capture (1873) ; Male Portrait (1880),
Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Bavarian Girl go-
ing to Church, J. H. Warren, Hoosic
Falls, N. Y.— Jordan (1885), ii. 134 ; Miiller,
321 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., is. (Mittheilimgcu,
ii. 56).
LASINSKY, GUSTAV, born in Coblent/,
Oct. 27, 1811, died in Mentz, April 21, 1870.
History painter, brother of Johann Adolf,
pupil of the Diisseldorf Academy in 1829-
38 ; lived afterwards in Cobleutz, Cologne,
Mentz, Diisseldorf, and in Rhenish Prussia
and Westphalia, where he executed numer-
ous orders, chiefly religious subjects. Ho
treated biblical as well as romantic-histori-
cal subjects, besides smaller equestrian and
battle-scenes ; and executed fresco paintings
in the Mentz Cathedral after compositions
by Philip Veit. His works are less known
than they deserve. Works : Liberation of
Peter ; Paul and Jacob ; Crusader ; Toll's
Death ; Gustavus Adolphus taking Leave of
the States at Stockholm (1840) ; Death of
Prince Ludwig iu the Battle of Belgrade,
Mentz Museum. — Allgom. d. Biogr., xvii.
732 ; Blanckarts, 35 ; Merlo, 252.
LASINSKY, JOHANN ADOLF, born at
Simmern, near Coblentz, Oct. 16, 1808, died
in Diisseldorf, Sept. 0, 1871. Landscape
painter, pupil from 1827 of the Diisseldorf
Academy, where, with Lessiug and Schir-
mer, he was among the first to cultivate
landscape independently and to obtain rec-
ognition for this branch of art. Settled in
Coblentz in 1837 ; moved afterwards to Co-
logne, and from 1850 lived again in Diissel-
dorf. Works : Schloss Eltz (1831) ; The
Oberstein (1834) ; replica (1836) ; Old
Watchtower in Moonlight (1835) ; Waterfall
near Pyrmont (1835) ; Narrow Pass, with
Gypsies ; Panorama of Cologne ; Dutch
Landscape (1850) ; Views from Hereditary
Lauds of Hohenzollern.— Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xvii. 732 ; Blauckarts, 52 ; Kuust-Chronik,
23
LAST CARTRIDGES
vi. 189 ; Morlo, 252
seldorf. K, 352.
Wolfe. Miiller, Diis-
LAST CARTRIDGES (Les dernierea car-
touches), Alphonse de Neuuillt; private gal-
lery. Episode of the battle of Sedan. The
marines composing part of the Twelfth
rounded by seraphim and cherubim, presides
over the judgment, to which souls are called
by the trump of angels beneath him ; below
his right is the paradise, to which angels
dancing in a flowery meadow lead the blessed
through a gate ; on his left, the condemned
Corps, which held the village of Bazeilles, : and demons. Painted for Convent of the
two miles from Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870, fought
gallantly until every cartridge was spent.
Angeli, Florence. Repetition, with changes,
iu Dudley House, London ; a third, nearly
The scene represents the interior of a house the same, in Pal. Corsiui, Rome. — Vasari,
in the thick of the battle, its ceiling rent by I ed. Mil., ii. 515 ; C. & C., Italy, i. 586 ; La-
rousse, ix. 1080.
By Fra Bartolommeo, S.
M. Nuova, Florence ; fres-
co, 12 ft. sq., arched at top.
Above, Christ sitting in
judgment, in a glory of
cherubs' heads, with Apos-
tles on clouds on each side ;
middle, a seraph with
in
symbols of the Passion and
Redemption, and on each
side an angel with a trum-
pet ; below, Michael divid-
ing the wicked from the
blessed. Painted in 1498-
99 on wall of the cloister
cemetery of S. M. Nuova ;
lower part, left incomplete
when he became a monk,
finished by Mariotto Alber-
tinelli. The figure to the
right of Christ, looking
downward, is a portrait of
Era Angelico. The picture
Last Judgment, Fra Bartolommeo, S. M. Nuova, Florence.
a shell, its doors unhinged, and furniture
shattered ; at left, several marines are firing
their last cartridges through a broken win-
dow, under the direction of a wounded offi-
cer, who leans for support against a book-
case ; at right, a soldier whose ammunition
is expended stands nonchalantly with his
hands in his pockets ; iu background,
through the open door, is seen the glare
and smoke of battle, with many figures. —
Salon, 1873.
LAST JUDGMENT, Fra A ngdico, Flor-
has been sawed from the wall and placed in
the court, where it is fast decaying. — Vasa-
ri, ed. Mil., iv. 177 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 436.
By Peter von Cornelius, Ludwigs Kirche,
Munich ; fresco, on wall back of high altar,
H. 60 ft. x 40 ft. Above, Christ sitting as
judge, amongst saints and angels, with the
Virgin and John Baptist kneeling at sides ;
on his left are Abraham, Noah, Moses, and
David ; on his right, Peter, James, John,
and Paul ; beneath him, angels sounding
trumpets, and the book of life and death.
ence Academy. The Saviour on high, sur- 1 Below, left, the damned, with hell and
84
LAST JUDGMENT
fiends, and Satan sitting on a throne at the
entrance ; right, the blessed ; between them,
the Archangel Michael ; and at the bottom,
they who are rising from the dead. Among
those whom the angels are bearing to heaven
are Dante and Fra Angelico, the poet and
painter who have most successfully depicted
the nether world. Cornelius' most remark-
able work. Designed in Rome, finished in
1840.— Larousse, ix. 1082.
By Jean Cousin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4
ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. First plane, left, the
dead coming out of their graves and an-
gels holding sickles ; middle, the resurrect-
ed precipitating themselves into a cavern ;
right, demons dragging sinners. Second
plane, a circular temple at which the elect
are received by angels ; middle, the resur-
rected running in opposite directions ; right,
a tower beside a moat and a bridge leading
to a ruined edifice with a gibbet. In back-
ground, a destroyed city. Above, Christ in
glory, surrounded by angels, the elect, etc.
Engraved by Pierre de Jode. — Cat. Louvre ;
Larousse, ix. 1082.
By (Jiolto, S. M. dell' Arena, Padua ;
fresco, on wall above the door. On each
side of three small windows, two warrior
angels seem to hold back a curtain, disclos-
ing the celestial hall of justice ; beneath
them, legions of warriors with swords and
shields, and angels with flags and tapers,
hold guard in three divisions over the maj-
esty of the Saviour, who sits below in a
glory ; at the four cardinal points, archan-
gels sound trumpets, while the Redeemer
blesses the chosen with his right hand and
curses the evil-doers with his left ; on each
side, on thrones, sit the Apostles ; to left
of the Saviour's feet, the Virgin, crowned
and leading St. Anna, heads the procession
of the happy ; amongst them, in a corner,
to left, stand three figures in profile, the
central one of which is said to be Giotto
himself ; the cross, in the centre, separates
the elect from the damned ; between it and
the procession to Paradise, the donor, En-
rico Scrovegno, kneels before a group of
three female figures, presenting to their no-
tice a model of the chapel, held by a priest
in white ; below, left, the resurrection ; and
right, the bottomless abyss, with Lucifer
sitting amidst fire and struggling souls.
Painted in 1305-G ; one of a series of fres-
cos, illustrating the lives of the Virgin and
the Saviour, in the chapel erected in 1303
by Enrico Scrovegno, a rich citizen of Padua
who had been ennobled by the republic of
Venice.— Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 400 ; C. & C.,
Italy, i. 271, 289; Selvatico, Sulla Cappel-
lina degli Scrovegni, etc. (Padua, 183(i) ;
Baldinucci ; Cicognara.
By Micht'lanrjdo, Sistine Chapel, Vatican,
Home ; fresco, on end wall opposite en-
trance, H. 54 ft. G in. x 43 ft. 8 in. In cen-
tre, Christ, sitting on the great white throne,
with the Virgin at his right, surrounded by
angels and apostles ; above, the Holy Ghost
and God the Father, with angels and ser-
aphs on each side bearing the instruments
of the Passion ; below the feet of Christ are
St. Bartholomew, holding in his right hand
the knife with which he was flayed, and in
his left his skin ; St. Lawrence, with the
gridiron on which he was martyred, and
other martyrs, and below them the seven
angels, with their trumpets, and the record-
ing angels ; on each side, the companies of
the blessed are received into glory, while
below them the damned are meeting their
punishment ; in left corner, rent rocks and
opening graves, with angels aiding the elect
and demons dragging down the lost ; at the
right, Charon is crossing the Styx in his
boat, crowded with the condemned, who
pass into the presence of Minos. Contains
314 figures, counting heads, and many of
them are heads and shoulders only. Paint-
ed in 1534-41. Regarded by the critics of
the day as the painter's masterpiece, but
ranks in our time after the frescos of the
ceiling. Greatly deteriorated through time,
smoke, and attempted repairs. Restored
first in 1555-59 byDaniele da Volterra, who
draped certain nude figures ; retouched in
15GG by Giuliano del Fano, and again in
25
LAST JUDGMENT
1762 under Clement XIII, by second-rate Pietro Woeiriot (1570).— Vasari, ed. Mil.,
painters under direction of Gio. Battista vii. 204 ; Divppa, Dissertation on L. J. (Lon-
Pozzi Copy by M. Venusti in Naples Mu- don, 1801) ; Metz, Giudizio universale
scum'- by H. Levoyer (1570), formerly in (Kome, 1808-16) ; Lenoir, Observations sur
collection of Marquis do Las Marismas ; by j le Genie de M. A. (Paris, 1820) ; Guillemot,
Si"-alon (183(5), Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. Jugement dernier (Paris, 1829) ; Eevue des
Engraved by Fr. Bartolozzi, in outline ; do. ! Deux Mondes (1837), 337 ; Blackwood's
in small fo/Duppa's Life of Michelangelo ; Mag. (1839), xlv. 257 ; Journal Speculative
Ch. Albert i, Studies of Figures and Groups; Philosophy (18G9), iii. 73 ; Black, Michael
Nic Beatrizet in 11 plates (1562), retouched. I Angelo (London, 1875), 202; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1876), xiii. 168,
175, 284 ; Grimm (Buu-
nett), Life, ii. 210 ; La-
rousse ; Gotti, Vita, i.
265 ; Reveil, xi. 787.
By Andrea Orcagna,
Campo Santo, Pisa;
fresco. Above, to left,
Christ, enthroned in an
almond-shaped glory,
with one hand raised,
the other pointing to the
wound in his side ; at
his right, the Virgin, in
a similar glory, looks
down with pity on the
condemned; above them,
six angels bear the sym-
bols of the Passion ; be-
low them, the apostles
seated in a row in the
clouds, six on each side ;
immediately beneath the
Saviour and the Virgin
are four heavenly mes-
sengers ; further down,
on the Saviour's right,
the army of the blessed is grouped be-
hind St. John Baptist; on the other side,
angels drive the condemned towards hell,
which occupies the whole right side of the
picture, showing the damned undergoing
torture in four stories, one above another,
with Satan presiding in the middle. Re-
stored in 1379 by Cecco di Pietro, who
probably painted the second circle and ten
Last Judgment, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome.
and reprinted by Thomassin in 1620; Giulio
Bonasoue ; Amb. Brambilla ; Mario Cartari
(1569) ; Niccolo della Casa ; Gio. Battista
Cavalieri (1567) ; Dom. Cunego (1780) ;
Cl. Duchetti ; Heb. Fulearo ; Giorgio Ghisi;
Matteo Greuter ; Ignoto (1556); Michele
Lucchesi ; Corrado Metz (1808) ; Giov. Mit-
terpok for Pistolesi's Vaticano illustrate, viii.
PI. 86; Niccoletto da Modena ; C. Normand
(1803) ; Martino Rota (1569, 1573, and figures by Lucifer's side. C. & C. attribute
1576) ; Jacopo Viuio ; Niccol'» della Volpe ; this fresco, as well as the Triumph of Death,
LAST MUSTER
to a Sienese painter, perhaps Pietro Loren-
zettL— C. & C., Italy, i. 4-47.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
18 ft. 9 in. x 14 ft. 3 in. Above, the three
persons of the Trinity in clouds, at the top
of the composition the Father, beneath him
the Holy Ghost, and beneath it Christ, half
enveloped in a red mantle, with the Virgin,
in a white robe, inclining before
him ; near them the apostles, the
patriarchs, and prophets, seated
upon clouds ; angels sound trum-
pets, and Michael, with thunder-
bolts in his hands, stands at the
feet of Christ ; below, on one
side the elect are rising, 011 the
other the damned are being cast
down. Among the elect is Helena
Forman. Rubens's largest pict-
ure. Painted in 1G17 for Church
at Ncuberg. Sketch in Dresden
Gallery. Engraved by Visscher ;
Ch. Hess.— Riegel, Beitriige, 287;
Larousse, ix. 1081.
By Luca Siyiiordli, Cathedral
of Orvieto ; fresco, one of a series
illustrative of the end of the
world. — DAgincourt, Arts au
moyen Age, Peinture, PI. 15G ;
Larousse, ix. 1080.
By Tintoretto, S. M. dell Orto,
Venice ; canvas, H. GO ft. x 30 ft.
On right wall of chancel. A gran-
diose and colossal work. Painted
about 154G. Ruskin says : "By
Tintoret only has this unimagin-
able event been grappled with in
its verity ; not typically nor sym-
bolically, but as they may see it who shall
not sleep, but be changed." — Ruskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 317 ; do., Mod. Painters, ii.
177 ; Ridolfi, Marav, ii. 184 ; Zauotto, 327.
By Roger van der Weyden, Hospital of
Beaune, France ; H. 7 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 4 in.
Altarpiece in nine compartments, with paint-
ed shutters. The most comprehensive ex-
ample of the master extant. Painted in
1443-47 for the Burgundian Chancellor
Rollin, whose kneeling portrait, with that
of his wife, is on the outside of the shutter.
Illustration in Kugler. — Kugler (Crowe), i.
81 ; Larousse, ix. 1081 ; Forster, x.
LAST MUSTER, Hubert Herkomer, Hol-
loway Institute, Egham. The last act in the
drama of war. A quiet Sunday service in
the chapel of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea,
Last Judgment, Rubens, Munich Gallery.
one old man, the principal figure, evidently
at his last muster ; in background, the vet-
erans of war at rest, with tattered banners
overhead. Royal Academy, 1875. — L'Art
(1875), iii. 252.
LAST PRAYER, Jean Leon Gerome. See
Christian Marti/rn.
LAST REBELS, fl«yam»i-Constant, Lux-
embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x
11 ft. 4 in. The principal chiefs of the re-
27
LAST SUPPEK
James the elder, Andrew, and Peter on his
right, and John Evangelist, Bartholomew,
Matthew, Thomas, Simon, and Thaddeus
on his left ; in front, alone, Judas. Com-
position resembles that of Dom. Ghirlan-
dajo, in S. Marco, Florence, but execution
Peruginesque. Possibly painted by Peru-
gino's pupils, Gerino da Pistoia, Eusebio,
or Giannicola Manni. Was at one time at-
tributed to Raphael. Another Last Supper,
ill fresco, belonging also to this school, but
attributed to Ila'phael, was recovered in 1845
from under a coat of whitewash in the re-
fectory of the Convent of S. Onofrio, Flor-
ence. It has been engraved by Jesi. — C. &
C., Italy, iii. 247 ; Jahrbuch, v. 207.
13y Frans J'onrbint, the younger, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 9 ft. 5 in. x 12 ft. 2 in. ; signed,
dated 1018. The apostles seated two by
two on benches on each side of the table,
leaving in front an opening through which
is seen Christ, with a plate, a glass, and the
bread before him ; at left, Judas, standing,
holds the purse behind him and protests
his innocence. Formerly on high altar of S.
Leu and S. Gilles, Paris. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Nicolas J'onx*in, Louvre ; canvas, H.
10 ft. 8 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. In a hall adorned
with Ionic columns, Christ, standing in
front of the table, distributes the bread to
the disciples, who stand or kneel around
him. Ordered in 1041 by Louis XIII. for
Chapel of St. Germaiu-en-Laye. Engraved
by P. Lombart ; Xormaud. — Cat. Louvre ;
Landon, CEuvres ; Smith, viii. 52.
By Giulio Procaccini, L'Annunziata, Gen-
oa. Considered the painter's masterpiece.
By Raphael, Vatican, fresco on wall of
Loggia. The disciples are seated on all
sides of a square table, those seen from
behind turning their heads so as to show
their faces. Engraved by Sisto Badaloc-
chio, and others. — Grayer, Fresques de
Raphael (Loges), 188 ; Larousse, iii. 704.
By Unbans, Brera, Milan ; canvas, H. 10
ft. x 6 ft. 9 in. Christ, seated with his dis-
ciples around a table, holds the bread in
his hands and lifts his eyes to heaven.
By Andrea del Sarto, Convent of S. Salvi,
near Florence ; fresco on wall of refectory.
Composition similar to that of Leonardo da
Vinci, Christ and the disciples being seated
on the same side of the table ; Judas, at the
right of Jesus, protests his innocence, while
the rest show astonishment or indignation.
—Larousse, iii. 704 ; Lavice.
By Bartolommeo Schidone, Parma Mu-
seum. Christ has his right hand raised
above a large platter containing a lamb, his
left upon St. John's shoulder ; two disciples
arc standing, the rest are seated.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven-
ice ; canvas. Represented like any large
supper in an Italian inn, the figures all un-
interesting ; but the smoke of the lamp
turns as it rises into a multitude of angels,
so writhed and twisted together as to be
at first scarcely distinguishable. — Ruskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 302 ; Zanotto, 631.
By Tintoretto, S. Trovaso (SS. Gervasio e
Protasio), Venice ; canvas. While the rest
of the apostles are intently listening to
Christ's words, one of them (Judas?) is
stooping to help himself to wine from a
flask on the floor. So much repainted as
to be hardly worth notice. A similar pict-
ure, attributed to Tintoretto, in the Louvre.
Engraved by Sadeler ; Lovisa. — Ruskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 3d.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ven-
ice ; canvas. Christ at the end of the table,
which is spread in a sort of large kitchen,
the host being employed at a dresser in the
background ; only eleven disciples, Judas
having gone out ; in front, sitting on steps,
two mendicants wait for the fragments, and
a dog watches earnestly the movements of
the company. A most unsatisfactory pict-
ure.— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 338.
By Titian, Escorial, Spain ; canvas ; thir-
teen full-length figures of life-size ; signed.
Table in a vast hall, with an arched opening
at each side ; Christ seated in middle, with
the disciples grouped behind and around
ends of the table, under which a dog is
gnawing a bone ; on the floor, a vase near
LAST SUPPER
a shallow bowl, out of which a partridge is
drinking. Finished in 15G4, and sent to
Philip II. ; hung in the great refectory, after
the top of the canvas had been cut off to
make it fit the wall. Greatly damaged by
repainting. Probably a replica of the pict-
ure in the refectory of S>S. Giovanni e Pa-
olo, which was burned in 1571. Copy in
Bridgewater House, probably by Andrea
Schiavoue ; small copy in Lord
Overstone's Collection, London.
Engraved by Cort. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., vii. 457 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie,
i. 268 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 337 ;
Northcote, Titian, i. 349.
By Otto Vaenius, Cathedral, Ant-
werp, in the south transept. Christ
seated in the centre of the table,
around which the disciples are
grouped, with his right hand
raised in the act of blessing the
bread and wine before him. Above
are suspended two chandeliers ; in
foreground, a basket of dishes, and
a servant pouring out wine. — R<>
veil, xii. 811).
By Giorgio Vasari, formerly in
Louvre ; wood, H. 3 ft. x 5 ft.
Christ and the apostles seated
around a table ; in front, Judas,
holding a purse ; vases of gold,
silver, and marble are on the floor.
Formerly in S. Luigi dei Francesi,
Home. Another Last Supper
(154G) by Vasari is in S. Croce,
Florence. — Villot, Cat. Louvre;
Larousse, iii. 703.
By Paolo Veronese, Convent of
SS. Giovanni e Pietro, Venice ; fresco on
wall of refectory. Engraved by J. Saenre-
dam.
By Leonardo da Vinci, refectory of Con-
vent of S. M. delle Grazie, Milan ; wall-
painting in oil, H. 14 ft. 10 in. x 28 ft. 3 in.
Christ and the disciples seated behind a
long table in a room, through the open door
and windows at the back of which is seen a
mountainous landscape. Disciples arranged
in groups of three on each side of Christ,
who occupies the middle place ; on his right,
first group, John, Judas, and Peter ; second,
Andrew, James the younger, and Bartholo-
mew, who stands at the end ; on Christ's
left, first group, James the elder, Thomas,
with upraised finger, and Philip ; second,
Matthew, Thaddeus, and Simon, who is
seated at the end. Finished in 1498 ; col-
Last Supper, Otto Vaenius, Cathedral, Antwerp.
ours mixed with a defective oil medium and
faded rapidly ; repainted by Bellotti in
172G, by Mazza in 1770, and by Barozzi in
1853. Lower part of central group de-
stroyed in 1G52, when a door was cut
through wall. In 1796 the refectory was
made into a stable, against Napoleon's or-
ders, and the picture much damaged by dra-
goons. In 1800 refectory was flooded for
fifteen days. Best copy by Marco d'Oggi-
31
LAST TOKEN
onno, in Royal Academy, London ; others in
the Louvre, in the Brera at Milan (formerly
in Convent at Castellazzo di Vigentino), and
at Ponte Capriasco, Switzerland. Picture
best known by Raphael Morghen's engrav-
ing (1800), but it was not made from the
original, as generally supposed. Morghen
engraved it in Florence from a drawing
made by Teodoro Matteini, who was sent
to Milan for the purpose, but who undoubt-
edly took many, details from Marco d'Oggi-
onno's copy, in which the heads are not
closely copied from the original. Bern.
(1859), i.; Bosi, Del Cenacolo (Milan, 1810);
Goethe, Abendmahl von L., xxxix. ; Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 252 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floren-
tine.
Subject treated also by CHambattista
Tiepolo, Louvre ; Jules Elie Delaunay, Lux-
embourg Museum ; Bartolomeo Carducci,
Madrid Museum; Annibale Carracci, Ferrara
Gallery ; Andrea del Castagno, Refectory of
S. Apollonia, Florence ; Benedetto Cagliari,
Venice Academy ; Pablo de Cespedes, Cor-
dova Cathedral ; Hans Holbein, elder, St.
Leonard's, Augsburg : Gerard de Lairesse,
Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci, Convent of S M. delle Grazie, Milan.
Luini is said to have made a copy for Louis
XII. of France, but nothing is known of it.
A copy by Rubens, in his peculiar stylo,
has been engraved by Souttnan. Another
engraved by Thouvenet. In 1884 the French
Ministry of Fine Arts commissioned Gaillard
to engrave it for 70,000 francs. Reputed
studies by Leonardo are in the collection of
the Grand Duchess of Weimar, in the Wind-
sor Collection, in the Brera at Milan, in the
Louvre, and in the Venice Academy ; Leo-
nardo's memoranda concerning the arrange-
ment of the figures, in one of his note-books
in South Kensington Museum. — Vasari, cd.
Mil., iv. 29 ; Delocluze, L. da Vinci (1841);
Stendhal, Hist, de la Peinture en Italie
Louvre ; Francesco Peirai, Naples Museum ;
Alphonse Perin, Notre-Dame de Lorette,
Paris ; Hippolyte Flandrin, Saint-Germain-
des-Prcs, ib.; Pierre Auguste Pichon (1856) ;
Francois Verdier, Caen Museum.
LAST TOKEN, Gabriel Max, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, New York ; canvas, H. 8 f t. x 5 ft.
Scene in the Coliseum in the time of the
persecutions of the Christians. A fair young
girl, exposed in the arena to two lions and
a tiger, which have evidently just come out
of their den beside her, is timidly resting
one hand upon the wall and gazing upward
to see what sympathetic spectator has cast
down a rose lying at her feet. — Art Journal
(1881), 174 ; Art Treas. of Amer., i. 124.
LASTMAN
LASTMAN, PIETER, born in Amster-
dam (?) between 1580 and 1584, died at
Haarlem in 1649 (?). Dutch school ; history
painter, pupil of Gerrit Pieterz, on leaving
whose studio, between 1600 and 1602, he
went to Eome, where for many years he was
one of the Dutch and Flemish artists who
grouped themselves about Elsheimer and
regarded him as their master. Before 1622
Lastmau must have returned to Amsterdam,
as in that year or the next Rembrandt be-
came his pupil there. Three pictures paint-
ed in Italy may be taken as examples of
Lastman's first manner, namely : Repose in
Egypt (1608), Rotterdam Museum; do.
(1608), and Philip baptizing the Eunuch
(1608), Berlin Museum. In his second
transitional manner, under Italian influence,
are Ulysses and Nausicaii (1609), Brunswick
Museum ; replica (1019), Augsburg Gal-
lery ; Massacre of the Innocents, and David
playing the Harp (1618), Brunswick Muse-
um. In his third (style of Caravaggio),
Mauoah and his Wife, formerly in Rotter-
dam Museum ; Adoration of the Shepherds
(1629), Haarlem Museum ; Raising of Laz-
arus (1632), Hague Museum. Other works
in public galleries : Herodias receiving the
Head of St. John, Aschaft'euburg Gallery ;
Ulysses and Nausicaii (1619), Augsburg
Gallery ; Apollo and the Muses, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Tobias (1618), Moltke Collection, Co-
penhagen.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii.
10 ; Bode, Studien, 341, 616 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1878), i. 130 ; Immerzeel, ii.
160 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 245 ; Kramin, iii.
954 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 201 ; Vosmaer,
Rembrandt, ses pn'curseurs, etc. (1863),
105, 177 ; do., Rembrandt, sa vie, etc.,
379.
LATHROP, FRANCIS, born on the Pa-
cific Ocean, near the Sandwich Islands, June
22, 1849. Portrait and decorative painter,
pupil of T. C. Farrer in New York in 1863,
and of the Royal Academy, Dresden, in
1868. In 1870-73 he studied under Madox
Brown in London, and assisted William
Morris, Spencer Stanhope, and Edward
L
Burne-Jones in execution of various works.
Has painted in the United States since 1873.
Member of Society of
American Artists. His
chief decorative works
are in the Metropolitan
Opera House and the
Hoffman House, New
York, and in private
residences in New
York, Albany, and Bal-
timore ; in Trinity
Church and the Bijou
Theatre, Boston ; and the Chapel at Bow-
doin College, Brunswick, Me. He has de-
| signed illustrations for several books.
LATIL, FRANCOIS VINCENT MA-
THIEU, born at Aix, Feb. 2, 1796. His-
tory painter, pupil of Gros and of the
i Ecole des Beaux Arts. A careful and dili-
; gent artist, of no marked originality. Med-
als : 2d class, 1827; 1st class, 1841. Works :
Byranus leaving Olympia (1824); Washing
the Feet (1827) ; Morality of the People
during the Suspension of the Laws in July,
1830, Joseph's Coat (1830) ; The Vet-
eran's Daughter (1838) ; Incident of the
History of Shipwrecks (1841) ; Christ heal-
ing a Possessed Man, St. Paul in Mace-
donia (1845) ; Mission of the Apostles
(1847) ; Portraits of Marshals Puysegur
(1835) and Bercheny, and of Vice-Admiral
Sunren, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, i. 917 ;
Larousse.
LA TOUR, MAURICE QUENTIN DE,
born at Saint-Quentin (Aisne), Sept. 5, 1704,
died there, Feb. 17, 1788. French school ;
portrait painter in pastel, pupil in Paris of
Spoede, an obscure artist ; probably in 1722
he went to Rheims, and thence to Cambrai,
I where, during the Congress of 1724, he rap-
idly won a reputation and the favour of the
English ambassador, who took him to Lon-
don ; equally successful there, he soon re-
turned to Paris, introducing himself as an
English painter, and became so prominent
! in his branch that the Academy, fearing
detriment to all other branches, closed its
LAITDER
doors to pastel-painting in 1740. Member
of the Academy, 1740 ; court-painter, 1750.
Works: Jean Ilestout (1738), Dumout le
llomain (1742), Louis do France, son of
Louis XV. (2, 1745, 1748), Louis XV., Marie
Lecziuska, Marshal de Saxe (1748), Marquise
de Pompadour (1755), Dauphine Marie de
Saxe (17C3), Simeon Chardiu, Sculptor Rene
Firmin, Marquis d'Argenson ('?), and him-
self, Louvre, Paris ; Portrait of himself, MX
Museum ; do., and a Canon of Rheims Ca-
thedral, Marshal de Saxe, Male Head with
Night-cap, Dijon Museum ; The Poet Civ-
billon, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Marie Lec-
zinska, Marshal de Saxe, and thirty-six
others, Saint-Quentin Museum ; Male and
Female Portrait, Valenciennes Museum. —
Bellier, i. 918 ; Desmaze, M. Q. de La Tour
(Paris, 1854) ; Goncourt, L'art du xviii.
su'de (1S80), i. 21!) ; Houssaye, (Sal. du
xviii. siecle, iii. 100 ; Jal, 745.
LAUDER, ROBERT SCOTT, born at
Silver Mills, near Edinburgh, in 1803, died
in Edinburgh, April 21, 1869. History
painter, pupil of Trustees' Academy, Edin-
burgh, whither he returned in 1820 after
three years in London, where he drew at
the British Museum and in a private life
academy. On the erection of the Scottish
Academy, in 1830, he became one of its first
members ; visited the Continent in 1833,
and studied for five years, chiefly at Rome,
Bologna, Florence, and Venice ; after his
return, in 1838, lived mostly in London ;
afterwards returned to Edinburgh, where
he was struck by paralysis in 18(51. Works:
Bride of Lammermuir, Rose Bradwardine
(1839); Trial of Effie Deans (1840); Ruth,
Meg Merrilies and the Dying Smuggler
(1842) ; Hannah presenting Samuel to Eli
(1845) ; Christ walking on the Sea (1847) ;
Mother and Child (1848); Christ teaching
Humility. — Redgrave, 262.
LAUENSTEIN, HELNRICH, born at Hid-
densen, Hanover, in 1836. History painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Bendc-
mann and Deger. Works : St. Vincent de
Paul (1865) ; Christ Crucified (1868) ; do.
(1870); St. Elizabeth commending Orphans
to Divine Protection (1874) ; Portraits of
Artists, Kunsthalle, Sigmaringen. — Midler,
321.
LAUFBERGER, FERDINAND, born at
Mariaschein, Bohemia,
Feb. 16, 1829, died July
16, 1881. Genre and
history painter, pupil of
Prague and Vienna Acad-
emies, at the latter un-
der Ruben ; visited the
Danubian principalities
and Constantinople in
1855, Germany, Belgium,
England, and France in
1862, and Italy in 1863, where he stud-
ied especially the art of the Renaissance.
I Counsellor of Vienna Academy in 1866,
professor at the Industrial Art School in
1868. Works: Architecture (1849) ; Tower-
Watch (1850) ; Wroodland Scene (1851) ;
Scholar observing Solar Eclipse ; Market
in Upper Hungary ; Travellers resting be-
fore Peasant's House ; Old Bachelor ; Cozy
Place ; Gencvieve in the Woods ; Visit
to the Louvre (1862) ; Curtain for Ballet
and Comic Opera (1867), Opera House, Vi-
enna ; Sgraffito -Frieze, Museum, ib. ; Eight
Angels and Four Evangelists, The Four Car-
dinal Virtues, Votivkirche, ib. ; Scene in
the Prater (1881). — Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii.
40 ; Graph. K., iv. 53 ; Kuust-Chronik, xvi.
757 ; xvii. 290 ; Mittheilungen d. osterr.
Mus., xvi. 402 ; xvii. 19 ; N. niustr. Zeitg.
(1881), ii. 718 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 9 ; viii.
! (Mittheilungen, i. 25) ; xvii. 261.
LAUGEE, DESIRE FRANgOIS, bom at
Maromme (Seine-Inferieure), Jan. 25, 1823.
Genre painter, pupil of Picot. He first ex-
hibited portraits of good quality in the Salon
of 1845, and then turned to genre and his-
tory, sacred and profane. Medals : 3d class,
1851 ; 2d class, 1855, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861,
1863 ; L. of Honour, 1865. Works : Van
Dyck at Saventhem (1847) ; Death of Zur-
baran (1850) ; Murder of Rizzio (1850) ;
Siege of St. Quentiu (1851) ; Death of Will-
LAUGEE
iam the Conqueror (1853) ; LeSueur among
the Carthusians (1855), Luxembourg Muse-
um ; Harvester's Breakfast, On the Thresh-
old, St. Elizabeth of France (1857) ; Bob-
bers, Riding Lesson (1859) ; Good News,
Gathering Carnations, Coming out of School
(1861) ; The Infant, St. Louis washing the
Feet of the Poor (18G5) ; Little Inquisitive
(1866) ; Pia dei Tolomei, Little Girl of Pic-
ardy (1869) ; Baptism of Clovis, St. Clotilda
helping the Poor (1870) ; Louis IX. and
his Three Favourites, Hymn to St. Cecilia
(1874) ; Young Housekeeper (1875) ; Au-
gel bearing a Censer (1876) ; Caudle of
the Madonna (1877), Luxembourg Museum ;
Going to Matins (1877) ; Old Man, Old Wom-
an (1878) ; Triumph of Flora (1879) ; Servant
of the Poor, The Truant (1880); The Ques-
tion (1881) ; The Farm's Washing, For the
Soup (1883) ; Pilgrims (1884) ; Day of the
Poor at Nauroy (1885). Has also painted
many portraits and mural pictures in chap-
els of the Madonna at St. Pierre du Gros
Caillou, SS. Peter and Paul at St. Quentin,
and of St. Deuis in the Church of the Trin-
ity, Paris. — Bcllicr, i. 920 ; Bitard, 779 ;
Oh. Blanc, Artistes do Mon Temps, 473 ;
Larousse ; Meyer, Gcsoh., 636.
LAUGEE, GEORGES, born at Monti-
villiers (Seine-Inferieure) ; contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, son and pupil
of preceding, and pupil of Pils and Henri
Lehmann. Medal, 3d class, 1881. Works :
Eepast of Mowers (1877) ; Gleaner Wom-
an of Picardie (1878) ; Beet-Diggers in
Picardie, Picardie Soup (1879) ; In Au-
tumn, The Widow (1880) ; In October,
1863
Poor Blind Man (1881) ; Under Way to
Harvest (1882); First Steps, The First-born
(1883) ; Rest (1884) ; Gleaners, Three Ages
(1885).
LAURATI, PIETRO. See Lorenzetti.
LAURENS, JEAN PAUL, born at Four-
quevaux (Haute-Garouiie), March 28, 1838.
History painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet and
of Bida. Though occasionally defective in
colour, his pictures are
dramatic in style and
spirited in execution.
Medals: 3d class, 18G9;
1st class, 1872; ofhou-
our, 1877 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1874 ; Officer,
1878. Works: Death
ofCatoatUtica(1863);
Death of Tiberius
(1864) ; Hamlet (1865) ; After the Ball
(1866) ; Christ and the Angel of Death,
Beaucaire's Supper (1867) ; Voice in the
Desert (1868), Orleans Museum; Christ
healing a Lunatic, Herod and his Daughter
(1869) ; Jesus driven from the Synagogue,
St. Ambrose teaching Honorius (1870) ;
Death of the Due d'Enghien (1872), Alen-
<;on Museum ; replica, Frank Work, New
York ; Pope Formosa and Stephen VII.
(1872) ; The Fishing at Bethsaida (1873),
Toulouse Museum ; St. Bruno refusing the
offerings of Count Roger of Calabria (1874),
Church of Notre Dame des Champs ; The
Cardinal, Martha (1874) ; Excommunication
of Jlohrrl the Pious (1875), Luxembourg
Museum ; The Interdict (1875), Havre Mu-
seum ; Francis di Borgia before the Body
of Isabella of Portugal (1876) ; Death of
General Marceau (1877), Ghent Museum;
Death of St. Genevieve (1878), Pantheon.
Paris ; Release of those Immured at Carcas-
sonne (1879), Luxembourg Museum ; H<m-
orius (1880), D. O. Mills, New York ; The
Examination (1881) ; Last Moments of the
Emperor Maximilian (1882) ; Pope and In-
quisitor, Walls of the Holy Office (1883) ;
Vengeance of Urban VI. (1884) ; Faust
(1885) ; Portrait of himself, Uffizi, Florence.
Jecxn
1882.
— Bellier, i. 923 ; Montrosier, iii. ; Claretie,
Peiutres (1884), ii. 273; London Daily News,
May 15, 1878.
LAITREKS
LAUREN. S, JULES JOSEPH AU-
GUSTIN, born in Carpentras in 1825.
Landscape painter, pupil of Delaroche. In
1847 he was sent by the State with two
other artists on a journey through Turkey,
Persia, and Asia Minor, during which he
made many sketches for future paintings.
Medals : 3d class, 1853, 1859 ; 2d class, 1801 ;
medal at Exposition of 1807 ; L. of Honour,
1808. Also an engraver and lithographer.
Works : Grande Chartreuse (1840) ; Envi-
rons of Vauclusc~(1845) ; The Danube (1850) ;
Road to Teheran (1855); Country of Teheran
(1857) ; Woman making Butter, Black Sea
at Sinope (1801) ; Station of Tscharvadars
(1803) ; Washerwomen at Teheran (1804) ;
Hoofs of Teheran in December (1805) ;
Turkish Cemetery (1800) ; Winter in Per-
sia (1807) ; Plateau of Auvergne, Fountain
of Fontainebleuu (1808) ; Road along the
Sands, Gilliflowers and Chrysanthemums
(18(i!)) ; Lot's Wife (1870) ; The Bosphorus
(1S74) ; Halt at Gate of Teheran, St. Waast
after Rain (1875) ; Washerwoman of Au-
vergne, Frontiers of Khorassau, Evening
(1870) ; Chrysanthemums (1877) ; Ancient
Temple at Verni'gues, Dahlias in Provence
(1878) ; Daisies in Provence (1879) ; Rock
of Viinn in Kurdistan (1879), Luxembourg
Museum ; Walls of Tauris in Persia (1880) ;
Ravine at Artemare, Street in Persia (1881) ;
Souvenirs of the Bosphorus (1882) ; Coun-
try near Constantinople, Chrysanthemums
(1883) ; Mont Veutoux (1884) "; Souvenir of
Anatolia (1885).— Bellier, i. 923 ; Bitard,
780 ; Larousse.
LAURI, FILIPPO, born in Rome in 1023,
died there in 1094. Roman school ; son
and pupil of Baldassare Lauri (1570-1042),
a landscape painter of Antwerp, and brother
of Francesco Lauri (1010-35), a famous pu-
pil of Andrea Sacchi, but who died young,
after exciting the greatest hopes. Filippo,
who was deformed, had instruction from
Francesco, and afterwards from Caroselli,
who married his sister ; but lie abandoned
the style of the latter, and devoted himself
to painting lively and humorous cabinet
pictures. He executed these with so much
spirit that his works were in great demand
in Rome. He worked sometimes conjointly
with Claude Lorrain, painting the figures in
the latter's landscapes. His largest picture
is Adam and Eve, in S. M. della Pace, Rome.
Other works : Venus and the Seasons, Pa-
lazzo Doria, Rome ; St. Francis of Assisi in
Ecstasy, Offering to Pan, Apollo and Mar-
syas, Louvre, Paris ; Landscape, Hague Mu-
seum ; Flight into Egypt, Vienna Museum;
St. Ann teaching the Virgin to read, Christ
appearing to Magdalen, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Hagar in the Desert, Historical
Society, New York. — Lauzi, i. 501 ; Ch.
Blanc, Kcole ombrienne.
LAUS VENERIS, J!urne-J<mes, private
gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 11 in.
A young queen, in a vermilion robe, with a
golden coronet resting on her knees, is re-
clining in a half-lighted room, hung with
tapestry representing the triumph of Ve-
nus, attended by several lady companions,
grouped a little apart from their mistress,
one of whom is reading a hymn to the glory
of Venus ; through the window are seen six
young knights in armor riding by, all look-
ing eagerly in. Grosvenor Gallery, 1878 ;
bought by John Graham ; at his sale (1880),
£2,400.— Athen. (1870), i. 807.
LAVIEILLE, EUGENE ANTOINE SAM-
UEL, born in
Paris, Nov. 29,
1820. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Corot and Le-
quien. Medals :
3d class, 1849;
Medal, 1804,
1870 ; Legion of
Honour, 1878.
Works : Even-
ing, After the Storm, View on Plateau de
Marlotte (1849); View on Plateau de Belle-
Croix (1850), Lille Museum ; April Morn-
ing, Evening in January (1864); Pierrefonds
in 1858 (2), Pasture in Normandy, Fernery,
(1870) ; September Evening in Fontaiue-
30
LA VILLETTE
bleau Forest (1874), Winter Evening (1875),
Nantes Museum ; October Night on Bridge
of Corbienne (1880), Luxembourg Museum ;
Rise of Corbienne River at Bretoncelles
(1881); Entrance to Forest of Vore, Sandy
Plains near Moret-sur-Loing (1882) ; Sum-
mer Night (1885).— Bellier, i. 931.
LA VILLETTE, Mme. ELODIE (nee
Jacquier), born at Strassburg, April 12, 1843.
Landscape painter, pupil of Coroller. Med-
al, 3d class, 1875. Works : Rising Tide
near Lorient, Low Tide after Rain, ib., Dy-
er's Street at Arras (1875) ; Strand of Lori-
ent and Isle des Souris (187G), Luxembourg
Museum ; Cliffs of Yport (1878) ; Paris in
1878, Mouth of the Seine near Villerville
(1879) ; Kourigans Creek near Lorient, Fog
at Yport (1880) ; Rising Tide, Boulevard
Brune in the Snow (1881) ; Sunshine on Isle
de Groix, Sandy Plain, ib. (1882) ; Calm at
Villers, Storm, ib. (1884).
LAW, GLORIFICATION OF, Paul Han-
dry, grand hall of audience of the Cour de
Cassation, Paris. In the centre, Law, per-
sonified by a female figure, sits enthroned
on a pedestal, while Jurisprudence stands
on the steps of the sanctuary, at left, con-
templating her. Above Law are two aerial
figures, symbolical of Justice (with the sword
and balances) and Equity (with the metric
rule). At the foot of the pedestal, at left,
Authority leans upon the fasces and holds
aloft the tri-colour ; at right, Force reposes
upon a lion, with Innocence (a nude child)
beside her. Beside the pedestal, a figure in
the robe of the President of the Court of
Cassation uncovers his head and salutes the
Law. Salon, 1881 ; awarded the grand med-
al of honour. — L' Artiste (1882), i. 35(i.
LAWRENCE, ST., MARTYRDOM OF,
Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. 3
in. x 5 ft. 10 in. Lawrence, a native of
Spain, was archdeacon in Rome under Pope
Sixtus II., in the reign of Valerian, third
century. After the death of Sixtus, Law-
rence, commanded to give up the treasures
of the Church, distributed them among the
poor, and presenting himself before the
j prefect, accompanied by his beneficiaries,
declared that these were the riches of the
Church. The prefect, Cornelius Secularis,
angered at this reply, ordered him to bo
roasted on a gridiron until he should com-
ply with his orders. In the picture by Ru-
bens, two executioners throw down the Saint
with violence, while a third supplies fuel
to the fire ; in background, at right, statue
of Jupiter, seated ; at left, soldiers and a
horse's head ; above, an angel with the palm
Martyrdom of St- Lawrence, Rubens, Munich Gallery.
and crown of martyrdom. Formerly in the
Elector-Palatine's Gallery at Dilsseldorf.
Engraved by Lucas Vorsterman ; Corn.
Galle. — Re-veil, vii. 495.
By Titian, Escorial, Spain ; canvas, arched,
figures life-size ; signed. Similar to St.
Lawrence of the Gesuiti, Venice ; but a tri-
umphal arch takes the place of the temple,
and there are some other variations. Paint-
ed in 1567 for Philip II. of Spain. En-
graved by C. Cort in 1571.— C. & C., Titian,
ii. 383.
37
LAWSON
Works : River in Rain, Summer Evening
at Cheync Walk (1871); Lament (1872);
Pastoral (1873) ; Hop Gardens of England
(1870) ; View from Don Saltero's (1877) ;
Wet Moon— Old Battersea, Autumn Sun-
rise, Strayed, In the Valley (1878) ; Sun-
down, Old Battersea— Moonlight, Wet Moon,
Morning Mist, 'Twixt Sun and Moon, Kent,
Silver Mist, Golden Mist, Haunted Mill,
Morning After (1879) ; Moonlight Pastoral,
August Moon, Voice of the Cuckoo (1880) ;
The Pool, Bardou Moors, Valley of Desola-
tion, Wharfedale (1881) ; Blackdown— Sur-
rey, Peach Blossom, Doone Valley, Storm
Cloud, September, On Road to Monaco
(1882). Mrs. Cecil (Constance) Lawson
contributed to the Grosvenor Gallery in
1882 Provence Roses ; in 1883 White Chrys-
anthemums, Poppies ; in 1884 Almond Blos-
soms ; and to the Royal Academy in 1884
Peonies, Chrysanthemums, Almond Blos-
soms.— E. W.Gosse, Memoir (London, 1883);
Acad., June, 1882, 439 ; Athen., June, 1882,
770 ; Portfolio (1883), 185 ; Comyns Carr,
Modern Landscape.
LAWSON, F. WILFRID, born in Shrop-
shire, England; contemporary. Elder
brother of Cecil Lawson. Genre painter ; i
began as a designer for periodicals, espe-
cially The Graphic. Exhibits at Royal
Academy and Dudley Gallery. Has paint-
ed a series of pictures illustrative of the
Children of the City. Works : Street Arabs
(187(!) ; Imprisoned Spring (1877) ; Dawn
(1878) ; Jesus at the House of the Phar-
isee (1881) ; A Day in the Country (1882) ;
A Midway Inn (1884).
LAY, 'OLIVER IXGRAHAM, bom in
New York in 1845. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Cooper Institute, National
Academy, and of Thomas Hicks in New
York. Elected an A.N.A. in 1870. Studio
in New York. Works : Window ; Letter
(1877) ; Two Friends, J. H. Sherwood, New
York ; W'atching the Snow (1879). Por-
traits : John Delafield, Winslow Homer, C.
C. Griswold, C. C. Colman, Miss Fidelia
Bridges (property of the National Academy,
New York) ; Miss Genevieve Ward (1882) ;
Edwin Booth as Hamlet (1883).
LAYNAUD, ERNEST, born in Paris;
contemporary. Landscape painter, son and
pupil of Fram;ois Louis Layuaud. Medal,
3d class, 1883. Works : Quai of Treport,
View at Treport Harbor (1878) ; Hocks of
Treport, Harbor of Treport (1879) ; Fish
Market, ib. (1881); Canal Saint-Martin, Tro-
port at Low Tide (1882) ; do. (1883) ; The
Seine at La Briclie, Quai Corner at Hou-
fleur (1884) ; Bassin de la Lieuteuance, ib.
(1885).
LAYNAUD, FRANCOIS LOUIS, born in
Paris ; contemporary. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Picot. Works :
Misery (1835); Male Portrait (1836), Rouen
Museum ; Miracle of Loaves and Fishes
(1842) ; Bishop Saint Brice giving Benedic-
tion at Tours (1844), Ministry of Interior,
Paris ; Saint Hilaire Bishop of Poitiers re-
entering liis Diocese after long Absence
(184(5), ib. ; St. Louis vowing to go to the
Holy Laud (18G4), Town-hall, Poutoise.—
Bcllier, i. 934.
LAYRAUD, (FORTUNE) JOSEPH
(SERAPHIN), born at Laroche-sur-Bois
(Drome), Oct. 13, 1834. History and por-
trait painter, pupil of Loubon and Cogniet
and of Kcole des Beaux Arts. Second prix
de Rome, 1850 ; first, 1803 ; Medal, 2d
class, 1872. Works : Sophocles accused by
his Sons (1850) ; Joseph revealing himself
to his Brethren (1863) ; Brigands and Cap-
tives (1872), British Museum ; Marsyas
(1872), Epinal Museum ; Death of Agrip-
pina, Diogenes (1881) ; Ines de Castro
(1882) ; St. Sebastian (1883) ; Drove of Bulls
at Porta del Popolo— Rome (1885).— Bel-
lier, i. 934.
LAZARUS, RAISING OF, Garofalo, Fer-
rara Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 7
in. An excellent composition, with figures
in two groups, accessories of landscape, and
a sepulchre cut in the rock. Painted in
1534 for S. Francesco, Ferrara. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., vi. 463 ; Ape italiana delle Belle Arti
(Rome), i. 36.
LAZARUS
By Giotto, S. M. dell' Arena, Padua ; help, out of his grave-clothes ; in rear,
fresco oil wall. One of same series as Last Martha and others, offended in their nos-
Judgment by Giotto. — C. & C., i. 271. trils, cover their faces, while the apostles
By Guercijw, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 look on ; near Christ, some fall on their
in. x 7 ft. 8 in. Composition of eight fig- knees and believe ; background, a river and
ures. Christ, standing, extends his arm a bridge, with buildings on a hill, the houses
towards Lazarus, from whose body a yonng like those of the Trasteverc suburb of Rome,
man removes the winding-sheet ; Mary and and the ruin a reminiscence of the Basilica
Martha, sisters of Lazarus, are the
one on her knees beside Christ,
the other near the sepulchre with
two disciples ; at right, a man
leaning over the grave holds his
nose. Collection of Louis XVI.;
acquired in 1785. Engraved by
V. Denon ; J. B. Pasqualini. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, ii.
Gl ; Landon, Musee, vi. PI. 35.
By Jean Jouvcnct, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 9 in. x
21 ft. 9 in. ; signed, dated 1706.
Jesus, with Martha and Mary
kneeling beside him and sur-
rounded by many others, stands
on the steps of the sepulchre
with his left hand stretched out
towards Lazarus, who, aided by
several men, one bearing a torch,
is rising from the tomb at right.
Jouvenet himself, with his daugh-
ters, is among the spectators in
the first plane. Painted for the
Church of Saiut-Martin-des-
Champs ; repetition, made by or-
der of Louis XIV. to be repro-
duced in Gobelins tapestry, now
in Lille Museum ; tapestry given
tO Peter the Great, When he vis- RaisinS of Lazarus' Sebastian dol Pionnbo, National Gallery, London.
ited the Gobelins. Original engraved by of Constantiue. Painted in 1519, in rivalry
Jean Audran ; Duchange. — Landon, Musc-e, • with the Transfiguration of Raphael ; exe-
iv. 61 ; Monteil, Histoire des Franyais des cuted, according to Vasari, under the super-
divers l5tats, vii. ; Larousse, x. 279. intendence, and after the designs, of Michel-
By Sebastian del Piombo, National Gal- angelo. It is probable that the latter gave
lery, London ; wood, transferred to canvas, drawings for several of the figures, but of
H. 12 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 5 in. Mary at the feet his superintendence we have no proof. Or-
of Christ, who stands with a gesture of com- dered by Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, who
mand ; Lazarus leaning against side of sep- sent it to his bishopric in Narbonne, where
ulchre, under a large tree, struggling, with it was hung in the Cathedral ; later in Or-
LAZARUS
leans Gallery, the regent paying 24,000
francs for it, ; bought by banker Angerstein
for 3,500 guineas ; Mr. Beckford offered
Raiding of Lazarus, Rubens, Berlin Museum.
him c'15,000 for it, but he insisted upon
guineas, and the negotiation failed ; sold,
with 37 other pictures, forming Angerstein
Collection, to National Gallery in 1824, for
{.'57,000. One of the noblest pictures in
existence. — Yasari, cd. Mil., v. 570 ; C. &
C., N. Italy, ii. 329 ; Rosini, v. 8 ; Waagen,
Treasures, i. 320 ; Angerstein Gal., PI. 1 ;
Richter, 89, 105 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 514.
By JhibcnK, Berlin Mus. ; canvas, H. 8 ft. C
in. x C ft. 5 in. Christ stands at right, with
extended arms, addressing Lazarus, who is
quitting the tomb, assisted by Peter stand-
ing behind him, and a woman kneeling in
front ; another disciple and another woman
raise their hands in astonishment. A good
work of Rubens' middle period. Formerly at
Potsdam. Taken to Paris ; returned in 1815.
Sketch in Louvre. Engraved by Bolswert.
— Smith, ii. 108 ; Meyer, Muscen, 392 ; Lau-
don, Musee, 2d Col., i. PI. 34.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. Christ, half reclining, half sitting,
at the bottom of the picture, while Lazarus
is disencumbered of his grave-clothes at the
top, on the side of a rocky hill ; the persons
aiding exhibit neither astonishment nor awe.
— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 339 ; Burck-
hardt, 745.
By Otto Vaenius, Antwerp Cathedral,
Eighth Chapel. Christ, standing in centre
surrounded by many people, with women
kneeling in front, raises his right hand ; in
the foreground, Lazarus, who has just been
raised from the grave beside him, is assisted
by two men. Taken to Paris by the French ;
returned in 1815. — Landon, Musee, xiii. PL
37.
Subject treated also by Leandro Bassano,
Venice Academy ; Aliense, Perugia ; Giro-
lamo Muziano, Louvre, and S. M. Maggiore,
Rome ; Mabuse, Brussels Museum ; Lucas
Cranach, the elder, Dresden Museum ; Otto
Vaenius, Ghent Cathedral ; Abraham Bloe-
maert, Munich Museum ; Johann Rotten-
Raising of Lazarus, Otto Vaenius, Antwerp Cathedral.
hammer, Vienna Museum ; Rubens, Turin
Museum ; H. de Hess, All Saints', Munich ;
Bon Boullougue, Church of the Carthusians,
LAZEIIGES
Paris ; Eustache Le Sneur ; Benjamin West;
Eugene Delacroix (1850) ; Verdier, St. Ger-
main-des-Pn's, Paris.
LAZERGES, HIPPOLYTE (JEAN RAY-
MOND), born at Narbonne (Atide), July 5,
1817. Genre painter, pupil of David d' An-
gers and Bouchot. Paints religious pictures
and oriental scenes with care, but without
much grasp of subject. Has executed works
in Notre Dame de Bon Secours, near Rouen,
and in the Nantes Theatre. Medals : 3d
class, 1843 ; 2tl class, 1848, 1857 ; Legion
of Honour, 18G7. Works : Descent from
Cross (1843), Chapel of Chateau d'Eu; Christ
in the Garden (1844), Hospital at Beaune ;
The Virgin interceding for Sinners (1848),
Limoges Museum ; Springtime personified
by Young Girl (1849), Roanne Museum ;
Genius extinguished by Pleasure (1850),
Carcassonne Museum ; Susanna Bathing ;
Descent from Cross (1855), Luxembourg
Museum ; Albani in his Studio (1857), Nar-
bonne Museum ; Napoleon III. aiding the
Inundated at Lyons (1857), Lyons Museum ;
Peter's Denial (1859), Montpellier Museum ;
Kabyles Harvesting (1861), Tarbes Muse-
um ; Dance of the Aissaouas (18(51), Per-
pignan Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross
(1870), Orleans Museum; Eve (1872);
Christ of the 19th Century (1873) ; Stabat
Mater (1874) ; Christ led to Prison, Resur-
rection, Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette
at Versailles (187G) ; Fulma the Singer,
Moors in Court of the Marabout (1877) ; A
Waif (1883) ; Kabyle Women (1884) ; De-
scent from the Cross (1885). — Bellier, i.
935 ; Bitard, 789 ; Vapereau.
LAZERGES, JEAN BAPTISTE PAUL,
born in Paris, Jan. 10, 1845. Genre and
portrait painter, son and pupil of preceding.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Portrait of
Sara Bernhardt (1870) ; The Bath (1875) ;
Banks of the Brook (1877) ; Repose in Al-
giers (1881) ; Arab Marching (1882) ; Story-
teller in Algiers (1883) ; End of Day, i'b.
(1884) ; Caravan, ib. (1885).— Beliier, i. 935.
LAZZARINI, GREGORIO, born atVilla-
nuova in 1G57, died in Venice in 1735 (?).
Venetian school ; history painter, pupil of
Francesco Rosa, of Genoa, whose sombre
style he not only abandoned, but alto-
gether banished from the Venetian school,
of which, for accuracy of design and taste
in composition, he must be pronounced the
leader during that period. Works : Her-
j cules and Omphale, Astronomy, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Venus in a Shell drawn by Dolphins,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Moses strik-
ing the Rock, The Fall of Manna, Abra-
ham's Sacrifice, Charity, Academy, Venice ;
Bacchanale, Portrait of himself, Museo Civ-
ico, ib. ; Male portraits (2), Bergamo Gal-
lery ; Portrait of the Patriarch Lorenzo
Giustiniani. — Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 297 ; Wurz-
bach, xiv. 2G1.
LEADER, BENJAMIN
born in Worcester,
March 12, 1831.
Real name Ben-
jamin Williams ;
assumed surname
Leader as a distinc-
tion. Landscape
painter ; pupil of
Royal Academy
schools. Elected
an A.R.A. in 1883.
Works : Welsh Churchyard (18G3) ; Through
the Glen (18G7) ; Wild Wales (1872);
Thames at Streatly (1874) ; English Hay-
field (1876); Lucerne, Lauterbrunnen
(1877) ; Autumn in Switzerland, Summer
in Worcestershire (1878) ; English Hayfield
(1879) ; In the Evening there shall be Light
(1882) ; Parting Day, Green Pastures and
Still Waters, Autumn Evening (1883) ; The
Rivulet, The Ploughman (1884).— Art Jour-
nal (1871), 45.
LEANDRO, ST., Murillo, Seville Cathe-
dral ; canvas, H. G ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. G in.
WILLIAMS,
LEANDKO
Robed in white and mitred, seated by a ta-
ble, holding a parchment in his hands.
Painted in 1C55. Companion to St. Mdoro.
LEANDKO AND BONAVENTURA, SS.,
Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H. G ft. 1)
in. x 5 ft. 11 in. St. Bonaventura ou left,
leaning against a pedestal, with model of a
church in his hands ; St. Leandro on right,
with pastoral stall' in left hand, and parch-
ment in right ; beside him a boy with a
mitre. Painted about 107(5 for church of
Capuchin Convent, Seville. Companion to
SS. Jn."ta and Ixutina. — Curtis, 258.
LEBARBIKR, JEAN JACQUES FRAN-
COIS, born at Rouen, Nov. 11, 1738, died in
Paris, May 7, 1820. French school ; his-
tory painter and illustrator ; won first prize
of the Rouen Academy in 1750 and 1758 ;
\vent to Paris, where he studied under
Pierre, and after a journey to Rome was
received into the Academy in 1785. Made
illustrations for works of Ovid, Racine,
Rousseau, Delille, and others. Medal, 1st
class, 1808 ; Member of the Institute, 1810.
Works : Siege of Beauvais (1781), Town-
hall, Beauvais ; Crillon receiving Letter of
Henry IV. (1781); Henry IV. and Sully
(1783) ; Jupiter Asleep on Mount Ida (1785),
Courage of Spartan "Women (1787), Lou-
vre ; Henri Dubois entering first into the
Bastille (1789) ; Lycurgus presenting his
Nephew to the Spartans (1791) ; Heroism
of young Desilles at Nancy (1795), Town-
half, Nancy ; Helen and' Paris (1801) ;
Agrippina leaving Camp of Germauicus
(1808) ; St. Louis about to depart for the
First Crusade receiving the Oriflamme at
Saint-Denis (1812), Sacristy of Basilica, St.
Denis ; Henry IV. and Marquis de Ver-
nueil (1814) ; Medias assassinating Mania,
Farewell of Abradatas and Panthea, Pan-
thea expiring on the Body of her Husband
(1817) ; Callisto surprised by Jupiter,
Schwerin Gallery.— Bellier, 93G ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole francaise, iii. ; Larousse, x. 285.
LEBEL, EDMOND, born at Amiens, in
1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Leon
Cogniet. Medal, 2d class, 1872. Works:
A Vow at San Germano (1872), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Street at Cassino (1873) ;
Butcher of Transtevere — Rome (1874), Ponte
Rapido at Cassino (1875), Amiens Museum ;
Entrance to Abbey of Monte Cassino (1875);
Cardinal blessing Family of Pilgrims (1877);
Ecco Fiori ! (1878) ; Street at Belmonte
(1879).— Bellier, i. 939 ; Du Camp, B. Arts,
277.
LE BLANT, JULIEN, born in Paris;
contemporary. History painter, pupil of
E. Girard ; of increasing merit and popu-
larity. Medals : 3d class, 1878 ; 2d class,
1880. WTorks : Assassination of Lepelletier
Saint Fargeau (1874) ; Playing the Game of
Tonneau (,1877) ; Death of General d'Elbee
(1878) ; Henry de la Rochejacquelin (1879);
Skirmish of Fougcres in 1793 (1880) ; Cou-
riers of the Blues (1882) ; Execution of Gen-
eral Charette (1883) ; Diner de 1'Equipage
(1884).
LE BOURGET. See Rourr/ct.
LE BRUN, CHARLES, born in Paris,
Feb. 24, 1019, died
there, Feb. 12, 1690.
French school ; his-
tory and portrait
painter, son of a
sculptor ; pupil of
Perrier, Vouet, and
Poussin. Protected
by the Chancellor
Seguier. At the
age of fifteen he
attracted attention by several pictures
painted for Cardinal Richelieu, and in 1642
was taken to Rome by Nicholas Poussin,
with whom he lived six years, and from
whom he received invaluable advice. Re-
called to Paris in 1648, he was received into
the Academy, protected by Fouquet, pre-
sented to Louis XIV. by Cardinal Mazarin,
and made court-painter. In 1GG2 the king
LE 13 RUN
ennobled him, gave him the general care of
all works of art in royal buildings, and made
him director of the Gobelins, and succes-
sively rector, chancellor, and director of the
Academy of Painting. In 166G Le Brun
induced the king to found the French Acad-
emy at Rome, where, though absent, he was
made prince of the Academy of St. Luke.
After the death of Colbert the fortunes of
Le Brun declined, through the enmity of
Louvois, who brought so much trouble upon
him that he sickened and died. He was an
extremely able and prolific painter, who
belonged to a theatrical and mannered
school. Works : Adoration of Shepherds
(2), Sleep of Infant Jesus (1055), Holy Fam-
ily, Christ served in Desert by Angels,
Christ's Entry into Jerusalem (1689), Christ
bearing his Cross (1G87), Christ on the Cross
(1G85), Crucifix with Angels (1G8G), Christ
dead on Virgin's Knees, Descent of Holy
Spirit, Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1651),
Repentant Magdalen, Fall of Rebellious
Angels, jl/Mct't<.s Scsevola before Porsena
(1G39), Death of Cain, Passage of the Graii-
icus, Battle of Arbcla, Tent of Darius, Alex-
ander and Porus, Alc.mnih'r entering Baby-
lon, Meleager and Atalanta Hunting, Death
of Meleager, Mars and Venus, Portrait of
Charles Le Brun, do. of Charles Alphouse
du Fresuoy, Louvre ; Establishment of the •
Invalides, Founding of the Order of St.
Louis, Baptism of the Dauphin, The King
visiting the Gobelins, Founding of the Ob-
servatory, Louis XIV. apologizing in the
Name of Spain, Giving the Keys of Marsal
to Louis XIV., Renewal of the Swiss Alli-
ance, Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria of
Austria, Versailles Museum ; Descent from
Cross, Renues Museum ; Nymph pursued
by a River, Bordeaux Museum ; Louis XIV.
with Conquered Nations at his Feet, Lyons
Museum ; Baptism of Christ, Daniel in Li-
ons' Den, Last Judgment, Caen Museum ;
Father Eternal in Glory, Nantes Museum ;
Hercules and Cacus, Lille Museum ; St.
John the Apostle in Ecstasy, Nimes Muse-
um ; Christ in the Garden, Crucifixion, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Portrait of Banker
Jabach and his Family, Berlin Museum ;
Prophet Elijah and the Priests of Baal, Mu-
see Rath, Geneva; Repentant Magdalen,
John Evangelist in Patmos, Portrait of Aged
Woman, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Boar-
Hunt, Stuttgart Museum ; Portrait of a Gen-
eral, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Mag-
dalen, Venice Academy ; Horatius defending
the Bridge, The Musicians, Massacre of In-
nocents, Dulwich Gallery ; Centaurs and
Lapiths, Earl of Daruley ; Perseus Rescuing
Andromeda, Earl of Yarborough ; Peace of
Nimwegen, National Gallery, Pesth ; Perse-
us and Andromeda, Lord Nelthorp ; Visita-
tion, Lord Feversham ; Decorations of the
great staircase and ceiling of the great gal-
u
lery (1G79-80), Versailles ; Mural paintings
at St. Germain, and in Castle and Pavil-
ion of Sceaux. — Bellier, i. 944 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran<;aise ; Jal, 751 ; Keaue, Early
Masters, 511 ; Larousse ; Memoires iiu'dits, i.
1 ; Stothert, 91 ; L'Art, xiii. 3 ; xvi. 137, 238.
LE BRUN, Mine. MARIE LOUISE
ELISABETH (IH'O
Vigi'e), born in Paris,
April 16, 1755, died
there, March 30, 1842.
French school ; por-
trait, history, and
landscape painter.
Taught drawing by her
father, portrait painter,
and by Briard, paint-
ing by Doyen and Jo-
seph Veruet ; perfected herself by study of
the old masters at the Louvre, and at the
LEBSCIIEE
age of sixteen had painted many portraits, landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy
In 1774 she was made a member of the under W. von Kobell, Wagenbauer, Dillis,
Academy of St. Luke, and in 1783 of the j and Dorner ; excelled especially in water-
French Academy. Long before this she • colours. Works : Twenty-seven Memorial
had married a picture-dealer named Le ' Leaves from Munich's Past, City Hall, Mu-
Brun, who made a very free use of the I uich ; Ninety-six Views of Bavarian Castles
money which she earned. At the outbreak and Towns, Historical Society of Upper Ba-
of the Revolution Mine. Le Brun went to varia. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 103 ; All-
Italy, painted at Naples Lady Hamilton as 'gem. Zeitg., July 2, 1877, Beilage, 183;
a Bacchante, and was made associate mem- ] Kuust-Chronik, xii. 643 ; xiv. 754 ; Nagler,
ber of the Academies of Bologna and Parma. Mon., i. 939 ; ii. 122.
Before returning to France in 1801 she vis- LECLAIRE, VICTOR, born in Paris,
ited Germany and Russia, and was made , Dec. 21, 1830, died there in Jan., 1885.
associate of the Academics of Berlin, St. Pe- Landscape and flower painter, pupil of his
terburg, Copenhagen, and Geneva. Later brother, Leon Louis Leclaire (born June 4,
she visited England, Holland, and Switzer- 1829). Medals : 3d class, 1879 ; 2d class,
land, and in 1808 painted Mine, de Stacl at 1881. Works : Resting in the Woods,
Coppet. In 1809 she settled at Marly, and Souvenir of the Woods of Meudon (1868) ;
at the age of eighty painted an admirable : Flowers, Persian Armour and Japanese Ar-
portrait of her niece, Mine, von Riviere, tides, Fish and Plums, My Cousin's Studio
In 1835 she published her reminiscences. (1874) ; Winter Flowers (1879) ; Autumn
During her life she painted 662 portraits, Flowers (1879), Luxembourg Museum ;
200 landscapes, and 15 historical pictures. | Field Flowers, Hunting Day (1880) ; Last
Works: Peace bringing Abundance (1780), Flowers of Autumn (1881); Flowers (1882);
Portrait of herself and Daughter (2), Por- Anxiety, Team of Oxen (1883); Chrysanthe-
trait of Paisiello (1791), Portrait of Hubert mums, Summer Flowers (1884) ; Courtyard
Robert (1788), Portrait of Joseph Vernet Interior (1885).
(1778), Louvre ; Hebe, Bordeaux Museum ; I LE CLEAR, THOMAS, born in Owego,
Venus tying the Wings of Love; Modesty N. Y., March 11, 1818. Portrait painter;
and a Vestal (Le Brun sale, 1842, 1,500 fr.); self-taught. About 1832 painted portraits
Marie Antoinette and her Three Children, ' in London, Canada ; in 1839 settled perma-
Versailles Museum ; Portrait of Maria Caro- nently in New York, exhibiting at the Na-
line — Wife of Ferdinand IV. King of Naples ; tional Academy and occasionally at the
do. of their Daughter the Princess Christina, l Royal Academy, London. Elected N. A. in
/l/f'** T 7") Madrid Mu- 18G3. Works: Itinerant; Marble-Players,
fr] I p I)*. seum; Madame Art Union; Young America; Landscape
/ /> >Q rWA, de Stai-1, Musc'e (1881). Portraits : McEntee ; Booth as
,- ' '. \ Rath, Geneva. : Hamlet ; President Fillmore, Dr. Vinton,
/ft)' P — Belli er, i. Daniel R. Dickinson (1870) ; E. W. Stough-
°< • C l/CQeZ oZe 947; G u h 1 ; ton, Bayard Taylor, Parke Godwin (1877) ;
<// Vi'f Gh. Blanc, Ecole \ William Page (1878), Corcoran Gallery,
lAJ/Tl^ /O 0 f r a n 9 a i s e ; Washington ; George Bancroft, Century
Wurzbach, Fr. Mai. des xviii. Jahrh., 11 ; Club, New York ; William Cullen Bryant
Lejeune, Guide, i. 307 ; Larousse ; Wes-
sely, 39,
LEBSCHKE, KARL AUGUST, born at
Schmiegel, Posen, July 27, 1800, died in
Munich, June 13, 1877. Architecture and
(1880) ; S. R. Gifford (1881).
LE CLERC, SEBASTIEN, the younger,
born in Paris, Sept. 29, 1676, died there,
June 29, 1763. French school ; history
and genre painter, son and pupil of the
LECOLNTE
engraver Sebastien Lc Clerc, the elder
(1637-1714), and pupil of Bon Boulogne ;
received into the Academy in 170-4. Works :
Death of Sapphu-a, Louvre ; Purification of
.ZEueas preparatory to Deification (1704),
Trianon ; R;ipe of Europa ; Pictures in Mu-
seums at Aleneon and Stockholm ; Land-
scapes with Castle and Figures (2), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Meaume, Sob.
Le Clerc et son (Euvre, 309 ; Wurzbach,
Fr. Maler des xviii. Jahrh., 31 ; L'Art, xv.
92.
LECOINTE, CHARLES JOSEPH, born
in Paris, Feb. 23, 1824. History and laud-
scape painter, pupil of Picot and Aligny ;
first exhibited in the Salon in 1843, then
went to Italy ; on his return to Paris he
studied in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and
won the grand prix de Rome in 1849. His
earlier works are much inferior to those
painted after his second visit to Italy. Med-
als : 3d class, 1844, 1855, 18G1. Works :
Prodigal Son (1844) ; Good Samaritan, Val-
ley of Chevreuso (1845) ; Flight into Egypt
(1846) ; Shepherd and the Sea (1847) ; The
Heron (1848), Angers Museum ; The Bar-
ren Fig-Tree (1855), Luxembourg Museum ;
Aqme Claudiae (1857); Ruins of Pierrefonds,
Campagua at Rome (1859) ; Temptation of
Christ, Pius IX. walking at Torre di Quinto,
Roman Peasants playing the Ruzzica (1861),
Wine-Shop at Tivoli ; Horace at Tibur (1863);
On the Shore of the Sea (1865) ; Death and
the Woodsman (1866); A Mill (1869) ; Two
Incidents in the Life of St. Genevieve,
Church of St. Roch, Paris.— Bellier, i. 955 ;
Miiller, 325.
LECOMTE-DU-NOUY, JULES JEAN
ANTOINE, born in Paris, June 10, 1842.
Genre painter, pupil of Gmmie, Gleyre,
Signol, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts ;
won the 2d grand prix in 1865. Medals :
1866, 1869 ; 2d class, 1872 ; London, 1862 ;
Vienna, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works :
Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta
in the Infernal Regions (1863) ; Death of
Jocasta (1865), Arras Museum ; Greek Sen-
tinel (1865); Invocation of Neptune (1866),
! Lille Museum ; Job and his Friends (18(57);
Ajax's Madness (1868) ; Love which passes
and Love which remains (1869), Boulogne
Museum ; The Charmer (1870) ; Bearers of
Evil News (1872), Luxembourg Museum ;
A Philosopher without knowing it (1873) ;
Butchers of Venice, Eros (1874), Tours Mu-
seum ; Chosroes' Dream (1875) ; Homer
Begging (1876, triptych) ; Door of the Se-
raglio (1877) ; Christian Women at the Vir-
gin's Tomb (1878) ; St. Vincent de Paul
helping the Alsatians and Lorrainers after
! their Reunion with France (1879), Church
of the Trinity, Paris ; Rabbis commentat-
ing on the Bible on Saturday (1882) ; Toil-
ers of the Sea, Marabout Prophet Sidna-
Ai'ssa (1884) ; Oriental Women, Contem-
plations (1885) ; Pompeian Market Woman,
A. J. Antelo, Philadelphia ; Christian Wom-
en at the Chapel of the Virgin, H. L.
LECOMTE DUNOUy-187/
Dousman, St. Louis. — Bellier, i. 959 ; Bi-
tard; Clarctie, Peintres (1874), 323; La-
rousso ; Miiller, 325 ; Du Camp, B. Arts,
156.
LECOMTE-VERNET, CHARLES HIP-
POLYTE EMILE, born in Paris in 1821,
died there in 1874. Genre painter, pupil
of Horace Veruet and Leon Cogniet. Med-
als : 3d class, 1846, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1864. Works : Farewell (1833) ; Aria Cat-
tiva (1846) ; Aurora, Night, Ugolino, Visita-
tion, Styrian Girl playing with a Panther,
Orpheus and Eurydice, St. Catherine of
Alexandria (1843 to 1853) ; Queen of Na-
varre (1855) ; Amphitrite, Young Roman
Woman (1859) ; Let Little Children come
unto Me (1861), St. John the Baptist, St.
Louis-en-Ile, Paris ; Syrian Expedition
(1863) ; Fellah Woman with her Child
(1864) ; Fellah Woman carrying a Zir, Al-
mch (1866) ; Fellah Girl playing the Daireh
(1868) ; Gypsy Girl (1869) ; Fellah Girl,
Wallachian Girl playing with an Owl (1870);
Penelope, Aliru'li (1874).— Bellier, i. 958;
Larousse ; Miiller, 325.
47
LECTTTTCE
LECTURE CHEZ DIDEKOT (Reading
at Diderot's House), Jean Louis Ernest Meix-
xunier, Baron Edmond de Rothschild, Paris.
The encyclopaedists Helvetius, d'Holbach,
D'Alembert, Grimm, and others are met in
Diderot's study to listen to the reading of
some work. The reader, at left, clad in
gray, is seated at a table around which are
placed three of his companions, one in pale
yellow, another in blue, the third in rosy
gray ; a fifth is standing near the bookcase,
a sixth leans upon the back of a chair, and
.^\^®^--': '
: ;^V:;ife,>;:-
£^7/tw$W;;il7. .x% v
j»JwW. _:'_ -J^r--. ' /•:'?,-'--.,
Le ia, Corrf'fgio Berlin Museu
a seventh is seated apart at right. Exposi-
tion universelle, 18(57 ; purchased by Paul
Demidoff.
LECURIEUX, JACQUES JOSEPH, born
at Dijon, Aug. 13, 1801. Genre painter,
pupil in Dijon of Anatole Devosge, in Paris
of Lethiere, and of the £cole dcs Beaux
Arts (1822-26). Medals : 3d class, 1844 ;
2d class, 1846. Works : Francis I. at the
Tomb of Jean sans Pcur, St. Louis at Dami-
etta, Death of Louis XI., Brigands disguised
as Monks, Girl giving her Hair to the Poor,
Resurrection of Jairus' Daughter, Love of
Flowers, Little Red-Cap, Solomon de Cans
in Bicetre (1827 to 1852) ; Christian Soul
(1864) ; Portrait of Due de Retz, Versailles
Museum. — Bellier, i. 961 ; Larousse ; Miil-
ler, 325.
LEDA, Gorreggio, Berlin Museum ; can-
vas. Leda and her companions surprised
by swans while frolicking in the water in a
wood. Painted in 1530-32, probably by
order of the Duke of Mantua, together with
the Danai', for a present to the Emperor
Charles V. ; afterwards in possession of An-
tonio Perez, fa-
vourite of Philip
II., and sold, after
his fall, to Emper-
or Rodolf II. ; in
*$?~~y: Prague catalogue
of 1621, and prob-
ably carried to
Stockholm when
the Swedes took
Prague in 1648 ;
passed from col-
lection of Queen
Christina, through
several hands, to
Orleans Collection
in 1722. Louis
the Pious, son of
the Regent Due
d'Orleans, insti-
gated by his father
confessor, Abbe de
Saint Genevieve,
cut out the head of the Leda and otherwise
mutilated it. The fragments fell into the
hands of Charles Coypel, the court-painter,
and either he or a painter named Deslyen
repaired it and repainted the head. At
Coypel's sale it was bought by Pasquier for
16,050 livres, and at his sale (1755) it was
bought for Frederick the Great for 21,060
livres. In 1806 the French took it from the
Palace of Sansouci to Paris, where Prud'hon
painted in a new head ; it was returned in
1814, and has been in the Berlin Museum
since 1830. Lately restored by Schlesinger,
48
LEE
who put in a still better head. Replica in | same picture as one in Orleans Gallery,
Palazzo Rospiglioso, Rome, and in Madrid which was sold to Earl Gower for €300. —
Museum. Engraved by Duchange ; Desro- Waagen, Treasures, ii. 132, 4:98.
chers ; Mtiller ; Porporati. — Meyer, Correg- I Subject treated also by Franyois Boucher,
gio, 347, 490 ; Kiinst. Lex., i. 440 ; Laudon,
(Euvres, viii. PI. 55 ; Klas. der Malerei
(group), i. PI. 52 ; Reveil, sii. 859.
By Michelangelo, National Gallery, Lon-
Stockholm Museum ; Frans Grosse, Dres-
den Gallery ; Alessandro Turchi ; Andrea
del Sarto, Brussels Museum ; Pontormo,
Uffizi, Florence ; Jean Briemoud (1845) ;
don. Leda embracing the swan. A large , Narciso Diaz (184C) ; Camille Roqueplan
picture painted in tempera, about 1529. (1850); Hans Makart ; L. E. Rioult (1850);
Given to Antonio Mini, his pupil, who car- Louis Riesencr (1855); Paul Baudry (1857) ;
ried it to France and sold it to Francis I; Nicolas Auguste Galimard (1858) ; Charles
was at Fontainebleau till reign of Louis H. Muller (1801) ; Adolphc Jourdan (1804) ;
XIV. Desnoyers ordered it to be burned, , Charles Edouard Boutibonne (18G4) ; Gas-
but Mariette is said to have
seen it in the 18th century.
A cartoon of it, formerly
erroneously ascribed to
Michelangelo and once in
the Casa Vecchietti, Flor-
ence, is now in the Royal
Academy, London. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 199 ;
Clement, 345 ; Waagen,
Treasures, i. 391 ; Revue
univ. des Arts, xxii. 158 ;
Rosini, v. 65 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (187G), xiii. 155.
By Tintoretto, Norton
Collection, England ; can-
vas. Leda, nude, reclining
on drapery spread upon a
couch overhung with cur-
tains, caresses the swan ; at her foot, a little ton Saint-Pierre (1865) ; Edouard do Beau-
dog barking at the swan ; at side, a woman, mout (1868) ; J. M. Sevestre (1870).
draped, leaning over as if to take from a LEE, FREDERIC RICHARD, born at
coop a duck with which a cat is playing ; Barnstaplc, Devon, in 1799, died at Cape
in background, a bird in a cage. Formerly of Good Hope, June 4, 1879. Landscape
in Orleans Gallery ; sold to Mr. Willett for painter ; served a campaign as a soldier in
£200. Engraved by G. Mondet. — Ch. Blanc, the Netherlands, but returning home in ill
Ecole venitienne. health became a student at the Royal Acacl-
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can- envy in 1818 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1834,
vas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x3 ft. Leda with the and R.A. in 1838. Subjects chiefly English
swan. Acquired in 1744 from Casa Gri- and Scottish scenery. Painted latterly in
mani Calergi, Venice. conjunction with T. S. Cooper. Works :
By Paolo Veronese, Monro-Johnstone Col- Showery Weather (1834), Cover Side (1839),
lection, London ; canvas. Leda with the Evening in Meadows (1854), River Scene
swan. Exquisitely modelled. Probably i (1855), National Gallery, London ; Breakers
Leda, Tir.toretto, Norton Collection, England.
LEENHAEDT
lit Plymouth (1856) ; Buy of Biscay (1858) ; !
Summer (1800) ; Gibraltar (1861) ; Land
we Live iu (18G7) ; Morning in Meadows
(18(59); Laud's End (1872).— Cat. Nat. Gal.;
Saudby, ii. 159.
LEENHAEDT, MAX, born at Moutpel-
lier ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Michel and Cabanel.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Aurora
(1880) ; Ascent of Jacou— Hi'rault (1881) ;
Murder in the Village (1882) ; Martyrs of
the lleformation (1884); Eutro nous (1885).
LEERMANS, PIETER, nourished about
KiTO. Dutch school ; figure painter, sup-
posed pupil of Frans van Mieris, the elder,
according to others, of Gerard Don. Works :
Christ on the Cross, Brussels Museum ;
Gentleman with Gun and Dog, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Huntsman resting, Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Old Hermit kneeling before his Cell,
Dresden Museum ; Old Lady Miser, Vienna
Museum.
LEEUW, GABHIEL VAN DER, born at
Dordrecht, Nov. 11, 1043, died there, June
li, 1G88. Dutch school ; landscape and ani-
mal painter, son and pupil of Sebastian van
der Leeuw (an animal painter and pupil of
Jacob Gen-it se Cuyp). Moved early to Am-
sterdam, visited Rome, and lived fourteen
years at Turin, where he called himself Le-
one and successfully imitated Castiglionc
and Rosa da Tivoli. Works : Italian Land-
scapes (2), Rotterdam Museum ; Bear-Hunt,
Stag-Hunt, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 124 ; Immerzeel,
ii. 1G5 ; Kraium, iv. 9(51.
LEEUW, PIETER VAN DER, born iu
Dordrecht about 1644, died 1704. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, brother of pre-
ceding, pupil of his father, and a zealous
imitator of Adriaan van de Velde, whom, in
his best pictures, he nearly rivals. Entered
guild of St. Luke at Dordrecht in 1GG9.
Works : Landscape with Animals and Shep-
herds, Rotterdam Museum ; Landscapes
with Cattle (2, 1671), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Landscape with Cows and Sheep,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Pictures in
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort. — Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 445 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 261.
LEFEBVKE, CHAKLES, born in Paris,
Oct. 16, 1805, died there, May 19, 1883.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Gros
and Abel de Pujol ; travelled in Spain, Swit-
zerland, and Germany. Medals : 2d class,
1833 ; 1st class, 1845 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L.
of Honour, 1859. Works : Prisoner of
Chillon (1827) ; Magdalen (1831) ; Louis
XI. refusing to pardon Nemours (1833) ;
Miraculous Virgin (1838) ; Souvenirs of
Normandy (1841) ; Christ on the Cross
(1845) ; Death of William the Conqueror
(1851) ; Bacchante (1851), Lille Museum ;
Satan overcome (1852), Nimes Museum ;
Ecce Homo, Wife of Caudaules, Doctor
Adelon (1855) ; Triumph of Amphitrite,
Gypsy Girl, Bretons, Gloria, St. Louis land-
ing at Damietta (1859) ; Festival of Bac-
chus, Magdalen (1861) ; Death of William
the Conqueror, Jacob and Joseph (1863) ;
St. Sebastian (186(5) ; Nereid (18(58), Valen-
ciennes Museum ; David (1869) ; Mehul
teaching Patriotic Songs to the Parisians
(1870) ; Lucretia, Lucien (1873) ; St. Anne
teaching the Virgin (1875) ; Parting of St.
Peter and St. Paul (1876) ; Japanese Daimio
(1877) ; Portraits of Captain Hoche, of Jan-
senius, Cardinal Dubois, and others after
originals by older masters, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Portraits of Henri Litolff, Jules Fa-
vre, etc.— Bellier, i. 965 ; Miiller, 325.
LEFEBVRE, JULES JOSEPH, born at
Tournan, March
14,1834 Genre
and portrait paint-
er, pupil of L6on
Cogniet; won
grand prix de
Rome in 1861 for
his Death of
Priam. Medals:
18G5, 1868, 1870;
1st class, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1870 ; Officer, 1878. Works :
Death of Priam, Christmas Eve (1861) ;
Roman Charity (1864), Melun Museum ;
60
LEFEVRE
Pilgrimage to Sacro Speco (1865), Bene-
dictine Church at Subiaco ; Girl Asleep
(1865) ; Nymph and Bacchus (1866), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Pius IX. at St. Peter's
(1867) ; Woman Eeclining (1868), Alexan-
dra Dumas ; Pascuccia (1869) ; Truth (1870),
Luxembourg Museum ; La Cigale (1872) ;
Portrait of Prince Imperial (187-4) ; Slave
carrying Fruits on a Tray (187-4), Ghent Mu-
seum ; A Dream, Chloe (1875) ; Mary Mag-
dalen (1876) ; Girl Laughing (1876), Amiens
Museum ; Chloi'-, Young Bride (1878) ; Diana
Surprised (1879) ; La Fiammetta, Undine
(1881) ; The Betrothed (1882) ; Psyche
(1883) ; Aurora (1884) ; Laura (1885) ; Mi-
gnon, La Cigale, The Daw (La Rosi'e), Wm.
Astor, New York ; Mignon, W. H. Vauder-
bilt, ib. ; Graziella, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. :
Virginia, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Sposa da Torrente,
C. Vanderbilt, ib. ; Fruit Girl, M. Graham,
ib. ; Truth, S. A. Coale, St. Louis ; Morning j
Glory, La Cigale, D. Catlin, ib. ; Evening, J.
A. Scudder, ib. — Bellier, i. 966 ; Moutrosier,
ii. ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 504 ; Clare-
tie, Peintres (188-4), ii. 345 ; Art Journal
(1883), 148.
LEFEVRE (Lefobvre, Left'bure),
CLAUDE, born
at Fontaine-
bleau, Sept. 17,
1 6 3 2, d i e d in
London, April
26 (or in Paris,
April 5, ?), 1675.
French school ;
portrait painter,
pupil of Lesueur
and Lebrun, hav-
ing begun to form himself by studying the
masterpieces at Fontaiuebleau. He painted
the king, the queen, and the principal per-
sons at court ; was received into the Academy
in 1663, and subsequently went to England,
where his portraits were esteemed almost as
highly as those of Van Dyck. Works : Mas-
ter and Pupil, Male Portrait (1667), Louvre ;
Portrait of Colbert (1663), three others,
Versailles Museum ; Portrait of Olivier —
Grand Auditor of France, Metz Museum. —
Argenville, v. 177 ; Ch. Blanc, Eeole fran-
<;aise, i. ; Jal, 758 ; Memoires inedits, i. 402.
LEFEVRE, ROBERT, born at Bayeux,
April 18, 1756, died in Paris, Oct. 3, 1830.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Rc-
gnault ; best known by his portraits. He
became private painter to Louis XVIII. ; L.
of Honour, 1814. Exhibited in many Salons
from 1791 to 1827. Works: Cupid dis-
armed by Venus (1795), Louvre ; Cupid
sharpening his Arrows ; Abelard and Hrlo-
Yse ; Phocion drinking the Hemlock ; The
Cemetery (1827) ; Portraits of Napoleon I.
(3, one dated 1806), of Pauline Bonaparte
(1806), Marie Julie Clary, Queen of Naples
(1807), of Marshals Augereau and Oudinot,
Ministers Regnier (1808) and Savary (1814),
of General Tharreau, of the Engraver Denon,
the Poet Malherbe, Versailles Museum ; of
General Bonaparte, Lisicux Museum ; of
Louis XVIII., Colmar Museum ; of Jan
Frans van Dael (1804), Antwerp Museum ; of
Madame Letitia, of the Empresses Josephine
and Maria Louisa, Pius VII, Ducliesse d'An-
goulome, Charles X., etc. — Bellier, i. 968 ;
Cat clu Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 233 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Larousso.
LEGILLON, JEAN FRANCOIS, born at
Bruges, Sept. 1, 1739, died in Paris, Nov.
23, 1797. Flemish school ; landscape and
interior painter, pupil at Rouen of Des-
camps ; went in 1767 to Paris, where he def-
initely settled in 1782, having in the mean-
while repeatedly returned to it and to
Bruges after a visit to Rome (1770), and
between travels in Italy and Switzerland
(1776 and 1779) ; was elected member of
the French Academy in 1789, and soon after
made court-painter. Works: Farm Inte-
rior, Bruges Academy ; Ruined Barn with
Women and Animals (1789) ; View of Frei-
burg ; Grotto Interior with Animals Driuk-
51
LEGRAS
ing ; Forest of Fontainebleau, Farm Interior
(1791) ; A Mine, Stable Interior (1795).—
Immerzeel, ii. 10G ; Weale, Cat. Acacl. de
Bruges, 97.
LEGRAS, AUGUSTE, born at Perigueux
(Donlogne), June 2, 1817. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Bonnefond and
of Ary Scheffer. Medal, 3d class, 1857.
Works; Refugium Peceatorum, Mater Do-
lorosa (1857) ; Return of the Holy Women
from Christ's Tomb (1859) ; The Jewels,
Little Charmer (1805) ; The Toilet— time
of Louis XIII. (18(58) ; The Mirror, do.
(18(59) ; Reverie, do. (1870) ; Child's Prayer
(1873) ; Arethusa (1874) ; Cherbourg Mu-
seum ; Mary Magdalen at the Foot of the
Cross (1877") ; The Four Ages (1881) ; Cur-
men (1882) ; Ave Maria (1883) ; Little Vio-
let Seller in Time of Louis XV., An Ama-
teur Rat (1884).— Bellier, i. 977.
LEGROS, ALPHOXSE, born at Dijon,
May 8, 1837. His-
tory, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil of
Lecoq de Boisbau-
dran and Ecole des
Beaux Arts ; exhibit-
ed at Salon of 1857
a notable portrait of
his father, and in
1859 The Angelus
(Seymour Had en,
London), which attracted attention; went in
18(53 to London, where he still resides ; lie-
came professor of etching at South Kensing-
ton Art School, and in 187(5 succeeded E. J.
Pointer as Slado professor of fine arts at
University College, London. Noted also for
etchings and drawings in chalk and sepia ;
has exhibited sculptures and bronzes at
Grosvenor Gallery. Medals : Paris, 1867,
18G8. Works : Ex Voto (18(51), Dijon Mu-
seum ; Messe des Morts (18G3) ; Return of
the Prodigal (18G5) ; Martyrdom of St.
Stephen (I860), Avranches Museum ; Cupid
and Psyche (18G7) ; Amende honorable
(18G8), Luxembourg Museum ; Demoiselles
du mois de Marie (18G8), M. Mi6"ville ; Pil-
grimage, Liverpool Gallery ; Chantres es-
paguols, Benediction of the Sea, Eustace
Smith, London ; The Coppersmith (1875),
C. A. lonides, London ; The Baptism (1877),
Sir George Howard ; Repose of Day, Repas
des Pauvres (1878) ; Jacob's Dream (1879) ;
LTucendie (1880) ; Old Wood-Burner, St.
Jerome (1881) ; Rocky Landscape, Women
praying in Church Porch (1884) ; Portraits
of Browning, Huxley, Burne-Jones, Gam-
betta, etc.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 500 ;
(187(5), xiii. 5G9; Portfolio (1875), 114;
Athenaeum, 1873 ; Miiller, 326 ; Art Jour-
nal (1881), 294 ; Univ. Mag. (1880), v. 198.
LKHMANN, (KARL ERNST RUDOLF)
HEIXRICH, born at Kiel, Schleswig, April
14, 1814, died in Paris, March 31, 1882.
History and portrait painter, son and pupil
of Leo Lehmann, then pupil of Ingres in
Paris. In 1837 he visited Munich, in 1838
Italy ; then settled in Paris, became natu-
ralized (1847), and took rank among the most
distinguished painters of the capital. Med-
als : 2d class, 1835 ; 1st class, 1840, 1848,
1855 ; L. of Honour, 1846 ; Officer, 1853 ;
Member Institute, 18G4 ; Member superior
council of the Beaux Arts, 1875 ; professor
in Ecole des Beaux Arts. Works : Tobias
and the Angel (1835) ; Jephtha's Daughter
(183G) ; Don Diego, father of the Cid (1836),
Lyons Museum ; The Fisherman (1837) ;
Death of Robert-le-Fort at Brisserte in 886,
Battle of Beauge in 1421 (1837), Charles VH.
(2), Louis VHI., Hugues de Payens — first
Grandmaster of the Templars, Gabrielle
d'Eshves, Versailles Museum ; St. Catherine
borne to the Tomb by Angels, Virgin with
Infant Jesus (1840) ; Flagellation of Christ,
St. Nicholas, Boulogne ; Maruccia, Women
near the Water (1842) ; Faustina, Jeremiah
(1842), Angers Museum ; The Creditors,
Hamlet, Ophelia (1846) ; At the Foot of
the Cross, Sirens (1848) ; Leonidas (1848),
Nantes Museum ; Consolation of the Afflict-
ed, Assumption, Grief of the Oceanidea
(1850), Luxembourg Museum ; The Dream
(1852) ; Infant Jesus and Magi, Undine,
Venus Anadyomeue, Dream of Erigone
LEIIMAXN
(1855) ; Adoration of the Magi and Shep-
herds (1855), Reims Museum ; Saint Agnes,
Education of Tobias (1859) ; Rest (1864),
Luxembourg Museum ; Sarah's Arrival at the
Homo of Tobias (18G(i) ; Moss-grown Rocks
at Cauterets, Sea Rocks at Biarritz (1867) ;
Calypso (1870) ; ceiling of the great Hall in
(he Palais do Justice, and of the Ecole de
Droit, mural paintings in the Throne Hall,
Luxembourg Palaco, etc. ; Portrait of him-
self, Uffizi, Florence. — Appleton's Art Jour.,
Feb., 1870 ; Bellier, i. 982 ; Bitard, 804 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 360, 374, Gil ; Larousse ;
L'Art (1883), i. 79 ; Gourrier de 1'Art (1882),
107, 221 ; Art Journal (1874), 169 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xvii. 494.
LEHMANN, RUDOLF, born at Otten-
sen, near Altona, Aug. 19, 1819. Genre
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Leo
Lehmann, and pupil of his brother Hem-
rich ; travelled in Germany, lived for some
time in England, settled in Rome, and in
1866 removed to London. Medals : 3d
class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1845, 1848. Works :
Women of Procida in a Boat (1841), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Spinning Woman (1842) ;
Pilgrim Woman in the Campagna (1845) ;
Sixtus V. blessing the Pontine Marshes
(1847), Lille Museum ; Carnival Scene,
Sibyl, Graziella (1854) ; Morning in the
Pontiue Marshes (I860) ; Tasso returning
to Sorrento ; Roman Serenade, Collection I
of Prince of Wales ; Foundling Hospital at i
Rome ; Fortune-Teller, Favour of an Answer
requested (18G8); After the Fire (18G9); Out
of the World (1870) ; May wo come in ? (1871) ;
Confessions (1872); Ave Maria (1874); Alma
and her Pet Kittens (1875) ; After the Sit-
ting (1876); Dolce far Niente (1881); Plait-
ing her Golden Hair, Roman Flower Girl
(1883); Homewards (1884); Portraits of Earl
of Stair, Duchess of Northumberland, Lady
Herries, Lord Houghton, etc. — Meyer,
Gesch., 540 ; Forster, v. 553 ; Miiller, 327.
LEHNEN, JACOB, born at Hinterweiler,
Rhenish Prussia. Jan. 17, 1803, died at Cob-
lentz, Sept. 25, 1847. Still-life painter,
pupil of Diisseklorf Academy ; painted es
pecially kitchen pieces with different kinds
of vessels, also hunts and landscapes.
Works : Breakfast (1830), Still Life (1831).
Pantry (1854), National Gallery, Berlin; Still
Life (1839), Ravene Gallery, ib. ; do. (1836),
Konigsberg Museum.
LEHOUX, PIERRE AURIEN PASCAL,
born in Paris, Aug. 9, 1844. History paiiii-
er, pupil of Cabanel. A vigorous and ef-
fective painter, who won the Salon prize on
its first bestowal, 1874. Medals : 2d class,
1873 ; 1st class, 1874. Works : Mercury
and Argus (18G9) ; Hemon beside the Body
of Antigone (1870) ; Bellerophon conquer-
ing the Chimera (1872), Valenciennes Mu-
seum ; David and Goliath, An Oceanidc
(1873) ; St. Lawrence the Martyr (1874),
Luxembourg Museum ; Samson breaking
his Bonds (1H75) ; The Constellation of
Bootes (1876) ; St. Stephen the Martyr
(1877); Surprise, The Wrestlers (1878); St.
John the Baptist (1879) ; The Miraculous
Draught of Fishes (1880) ; The Baptist,
Mars (1881); The Suicide, In Flight (1882);
Shepherd choking a Lion (1883) ; Calvary,
Baptism of Christ (1884). — Larousse.
LEIBL, WILHELM, born in Cologne,
Oct. 23, 1844.
Portrait and genre
painter, pupil in
Munich of Piloty ;
took Van Dyck for
his model ; went
to Paris in 1869,
where he took up
genre painting ;
received a medal,
and returned to
\ i :
Munich in 1870.
Works : Portrait of his Father (1866), Co-
logne Museum ; Female Portrait (1870) ;
Lady in Old German Costume (1873) ;
Smoking Woman ; Female Head (1879),
Dresden Gallery ; Conversation in a Tav-
ern, Peasant Politicians, At Church (1882),
Vienna Exposition. — Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii.
343 ; Miiller, 328 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882), ii.
9 ; N. ill. Zeitg. (1882), i. 30.
53
LEICKERT
LEICKERT, CHARLES, born at Brus-
sels in 1817. Landscape and city-views
painter, pupil of Bartholomeus van Hove
anil Wynand Xuyen, then of Sehelfhout ;
travelled in the Netherlands and Germany,
and in 185C became member of the Amster-
dam Academy. Works : Winter Landscape
(1807), Amsterdam Museum ; City View in
Winter (2), Rotterdam Museum ; Dutch
City, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Winter Land-
scape, Stettin Museum. — Inimerzeel, ii. 1G7 ;
Kramm, iv. 1)01.
LEIGHTON, E. BLAIR, born in Eng-
land ; contemporary. Genre painter. Ex-
hibits at Royal Academy. Works: Until
Death do Us part (187!)) ; Gossip, Uu Gage
d'Amonr (1881) ; The Foreign Bride, In-
teresting Strangers (1882) ; Duty (1883) ;
Gladiator's Wife, Abelard and Helo'ise,
Conquest (1884) ; The Secret (1885) ; The
Confessional, Too near to be pleasant
(1880).
LEIGHTON, Sir FREDERICK, Bart, I
born at Scarborough,
England, Dec. 3, 1830.
History and portrait
painter ; when eleven
years old studied draw- j
ing in R o in e under
Francesco Meli ; stu-
dent in Berlin Acad-
emy, Florence Acad-
emy, under E. Steinle
at Frankfort, at Brus-
sels, and the Louvre Life-School, Paris; then,
until 1853,again under Professor Steiule, and
finally for three years in Rome. Sent to Royal
Academy, in 1855, The Procession of G'ima-
bnr's Madonna (Buckingham Palace), which
attracted great attention and was bought by
the Queen. After this success he resided four
years in Paris, studying part of the time un-
der Ary Scheffer, and sending pictures nearly
every year to the Royal Academy ; was elected
an A.R. A. in 1804, R. A. in 1809, and president
in 1878, when he was knighted. Created a
baronet of the United Kingdom in 1885.
Medal, 2d class, Paris, 1859 ; Officer L. of
Honour, 1878 ; Corresponding Member of
Institute of France ; Member of Academies
of St. Luke and Florence ; Medal of Honour,
Antwerp Exposition, 1885. Sir Frederick
has a splendid studio at Kensington, filled
with art treasures. He has travelled exten-
sively in Europe, Egypt, and the East ; is a
fine sculptor and musician. Works : Tri-
umph of Music (1850) ; Fisherman and Sy-
ren, Romeo and Juliet (1858) ; Pavonia,
Sunny Hours, La Nanua (1859) ; Capri at
Sunrise (1800) ; Paolo and Francesca, A
Dream, Lieder ohne Worte, Capri — Paga-
nos (1801) ; Odalisque, Michelangelo nurs-
ing his Servant, Sea Echoes, Star of Beth-
lehem (1802) ; Jezebel and Ahab, Girl feed-
ing Peacocks (1803); Orpheus and Eurydice,
Dante in Exile, Golden Hours (1804); David,
Widow's Prayer, Helen of Troy (1865) ; Paint-
er's Honeymoon, Syracusan Brides (1800) ;
Venus Unrobing, Roman Mother, Spanish
Dancing Girl (1807) ; Ariadne Abandoned,
Acme and Septimius, Actsea (1868); Electra
at Tomb of Agamemnon, Helios and Rho-
dos, St. Jerome (1809) ; Hercules wrestling
with Death (1871) ; After Vespers (1872) ;
Weaving the Wreath, Industrial Arts of
Peace (1873) ; Old Damascus (1874) ; Lit-
tle Fatima (1875) ; Daphnepkoria, Teresina
(1870) ; Music Lesson, Study (1877) ; Nausi-
caii, Winding the Skein (1878) ; Elijah in
the Wilderness, Amarilla (1879) ; Sister's
Kiss, lostephane Light of the Harem, Psa-
inathe, Crenaia (1880) ; Elisha Idyl, Whis-
pers (1881) ; Day Dreams, Wedded, Phryne
at Eleusis, Antigone, Melittion (1882) ; A
Dance, Vestal, Kittens, Memories (1883) ;
Letty, Cymon and Iphigenia, A Nap, Sun
Gleams (1884) ; Reconciliation of Montague
and Capulet at Tomb of Juliet, Mrs. Joseph
Harrison, Philadelphia. Sir Frederick is
engaged (1880) on mural paintings in South
Kensington Museum and on a mythological
triptych illustrating Music, for the ceiling
of the music-room of Mr. Marquand's house,
New York.— Meynall, 1 ; Portfolio (1870),
161 ; (1879), 1 ; Univ. Mag. (1879), iii. 49 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 372.
LEISTEN
LEISTEN, JAKOB, born in Dusseldorf
in 1845. Genre painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy ; lived in Munich in 1869-73, but
returned to Diisseldorf. Medal in London
(1877). Works : Love-Letter ; Disturbed
Politician ; First Mitrailleuse ; Werther and
Charlotte ; Buried ; Two Widows ; Pros-
elytes ; Marriage Contract ; Weekly Visit at
the Landlord's ; Last of his Name ; Bava-
rian Wrestling ; Castle in the Woods ; Start-
ing for the Wedding Dance (1880).— Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xix. 591 ; Mailer, 329.
LEITNER, HEINRICH, born in Vienna
in 1812. Marine painter, pupil of Melbye ;
made extensive journeys in the East and in
Italy, and accompanied the German Crown-
Prince in 18G9 to the opening of the Suez
Canal. Works : Embarking of German
Crown-Prince at Jalt'a ; Man-of-War Vic-
tory ; Embarking of Emperor of Austria at
Jaffa ; Corvette Hertha leaving the Golden
Horn ; Corvette Hertha in Heavy Storm
(1879).— Miiller, 329.
LE JEUNE, HENRY, bom in London in
1820. Genre paint-
er, pupil in 1834 of
the Royal Academy,
where, in 1841, he
received a gold
medal for his Sam-
son bursting his
Bonds. In 1845 he
became head-mas-
ter at the govern-
ment school of de-
sign, and in 1848 was appointed curator of
the painting school of the Academy ; be-
came an A.R.A. in 18G3. Works : Una and
the Lion (1842) ; Prince Arthur's Dream
(1843) ; Prospero and Miranda (1844) ; Ruth
and Boaz (1845) ; Liberation of the Slaves,
Bassanio choosing the Casket (1847) ; Hush!
(1848) ; Ophelia (1849) ; Hour-Glass (1850);
Anglers, Archers (1851) ; Rush-Gatherers
(1852) ; Christ blessing Little Children
(1854) ; See-Saw (1855) ; Little Gretchen
(1856) ; Children gathering Lilies ; Master,
what shall I do ? (1858) ; Sisters of Lazarus
I (18(51) ; Early Flowers (1863) ; Wounded
Robin (1864) ; The Ride (1867) ; Rather Shy
(1869); Great Expectations (1872) ; Much
Ado About Nothing (1873) ; Innocence
(1874); Stepping-Stones, Water-Lilies
(1879) ; Happy Thoughts (1880) ; Little Bo-
Peep, Golden Flags (1881) ; Little Angler
(1882) ; The Burn, Shelter, Golden Treas-
. ures (1883) ; By the Cool Stream, Murmur
! of the Shell (1884).— Art Journal (1858), 265.
LELAND, HENRY, born in Walpole,
Mass., in 1850, died Dec. 5, 1877. Portrait
and figure painter, pupil of Boimat in Paris,
1874-77. Exhibited his first portrait at the
Salon of 1875 ; visiting Boston the same
year, he painted two portraits which were
exhibited in Philadelphia in 1876. His
short professional life was passed in Paris.
He sent to the Salon in 1876 a portrait of
Mile. D'Alembert; in 1877, Chevalier of Time
of Henry III., and an Italian Girl. His Ex-
pectation is owned in Boston. In Italy,
1877, he painted his own portrait, A Court-
yard in Venice, and Court Lady of Time of
Henry III. (unfinished).
LELEUX, ADOLPHE, born in Paris,
Nov. 15, 1812. Landscape painter, self-
taught ; has painted chiefly scenes in Brit-
tany and Normandy, but at times subjects
taken from the Spanish Pyrenees and Al-
geria. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d class,
1843 and 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works :
Bretons (1841) ; Breton Dance, Spanish
Smugglers (184(5) ; Arab Story-Teller, Arab
Women of the Desert, Djinns Dancing,
Night-Patrol in Paris (1848); Pass- Word
(1849) ; Bedouin Family attacked by Wolves
(1851) ; Market in Dieppe (1852) ; Treading
out Corn in Algeria (1853), Lille Museum ;
Courtyard of a Breton Tavern (1857) ; Wed-
ding in Brittany (1861) ; Wedding in Brit-
tany (1863), Luxembourg Museum ; Festi-
val in Brittany (1865) ; Breton Winnowers
(1866) ; Breton Funeral (1867) ; Market-
Day at Finisterre (1875) ; View of Crenille
(1876) ; Clog-Maker's Family (1877) ; De-
parture (1878) ; Woods of Crenille (1879) ;
Babies (1880) ; View of Chaumet (1881) ;
55
LELEUX
Vintagers, Wine-Press (1882) ; Wrestlers,
Hunters Resting (1883) ; Watering-Place in
Brittany, The Ass-Driver (1884); Excavators
in Paris, Mussel-Beds at Mers (1885).— Bel-
lier, i. 986 ; Bitar.l, 807 ; Mailer, 329 ; Va-
pereau (1880), 1131.
LELEUX, ARMAND, born in Paris in
1818, died there in June, 1885. Genre j
painter, brother of Adolpho Leleux, and pu-
pil of Ingres. His pictures of monastic life
in Italy show great skill in the treatment of
interiors, in regard to play of light and
shade. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class,
1847, 1848, and 1857 ; 1st class, 1859 ; L.
of Honour, 1800. Works : Breton Scene,
St. Jerome (1839) ; Return from Hunting
(1840) ; Interior of Stable (1841) ; Studio
(1842) ; Washerwoman at Fountain (1844);
Gypsies (1845); Swiss Dance, Alpine Hunt-
er (184(5) ; Spanish Beggar Woman, Span-
ish Interior (1847) ; Smuggler, Haymaking ;
(1848), Grenoble Museum ; Washerwomen
(1849) ; St. Gothard Guide (1850) ; Swiss
\Vomau Knitting (1853, bought by Napo-
leon III.) ; The Manola Dance, Swiss Foun-
tain, Lovers in the Woods (1855) ; Harvest-
IJouquet, Grandfather (1857) ; Girl Asleep,
The Message ( 1S.V.)) ; Spoiled Child (bought
by the State) ; Interior of a Studio, Musi'c
Rath, Geneva ; The Painter's Maid-Servant,
Convalescent Girl, Marguerites, The "Wheel-
wright's Family (1801), Lyons Society of
Art ; Wandering Singers in Rome, Dead
Capuchin (18(53) ; Interior of a Capuchin
Pharmacv in Rome (1803), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Game of Chess, Kitchen of Franciscan
CoiivcntinRomc(18G4); Confession inaCon-
vent(18C5); The Notary (18GG); Locksmith
(1809) ; Consultation (1873) ; Protestant
Marriage in Switzerland (1874), Luxembourg
Museum; Duel without Witnesses (1874);
Swiss Tavern (1875) ; Priest's Servant (1870) ;
Letter of Recommendation (1878) ; Village
School, Italian Maid (1880); Singing Lesson,
Sunday Morning in Switzerland (1881) ; An-
dalusia, Tasting (1882); Two Friends, Covet-
ousness (1883). — Bellier, i. 987; Bitard,
807 ; Miiller, 330 ; Vapereau (1880), 1132.
LELIE, ADRL1AN DE, born at Tilburg,
May 19, 1755, died at Amsterdam, Nov. 30,
1820. Genre and portrait painter, pupil at
Antwerp of Peeters, a painter of ornaments,
and of Querteuinout ; also studied at the
Academy, then for some time in DUsselOorf,
and settled in Amsterdam. Works : Morn-
ing Visit (1790), Museum, Amsterdam. —
Immerzeel, ii. 1G7.
LELIENBERGH, CORNELIS, flourished
at The Hague about 1050-72. Dutch school ;
still-life painter ; master of the guild at The
Hague in 1046, and one of the founders of
the new guild Pictura there in 1056. Works :
Dead Birds, Hague Museum ; Still Life
(1052), Berlin Museum ; Partridge and Tur-
tle Dove (1054), Dresden Museum ; Dead
Rooster and Small Birds in a Pantry, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Hunting Booty (4,
two dated 1601), Poultry for the Kitchen,
Schwerin Gallery; Still Life (1071), Wei-
Oo o r p /^mar Museum-—
Jpft&nDefulv r JW Kramm, iv. 902 ;
\J> ^ Meyer, Gemalde
der kongl. Mus. (1883), 236 ; Schlie, 341.
LELIO DA NOVELLARA. See 0;-.si,
Lelio.
LELOIR, ALEXANDRIA LOUIS, born in
Paris, March 15, 1843,
died Jan. 28, 1884.
Genre painter, son
and pupil of J. B.
AugusteLeloir. Com-
position ingenious,
and colouring excel-
lent ; later style not
unlike that of Meis-
s o n i e r . Medals:
18G4, 1868, 1870 ; 20.
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works :
Massacre of Innocents (1863) ; Daniel in
Lions' Den (1864) ; Jacob and the Angel
(1805) ; Christening of Savages in the Ca-
nary IslanOs (1868) ; Temptation of St. An-
thony (1869, Johnston sale, New York, 1876,
for $2,100) ; Rallying (1870) ; Christening
(1873) ; Slave (1874) ; Grandfather's Birth-
day (1875) ; Betrothal (1878) ; Fishery
56
LELOIR
(1880) ; Fisherman's Wife (1883) ; Rebecca
and Eleazar ; Rutli and Boaz ; Snakc-
Charmer ; Counting his Gains, Too Much
Burgundy (water-colours), Cook's Bargain,
Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York; After the
Supper one must Pay, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ;
Return from Hunting, J. J. Astor, ib. ;
Grandfather's Birthday, O. D. Muun, ib. ;
Spanish Lady and Canaries (water-colours),
F. Harper, ib. ; Lady playing the Flute
(water-colours), Charles Stewart Smith, ib. ;
Dressing the Dog (G. I. Seney sale, ib., 1S85) ;
Grandfather's Pet, G. Whitney, Philadel-
phia ; Playing the Guitar, W. B. Bemeut,
ib. ; Temptation of St. Anthony, H. L. Dous-
man, St. Louis ; Odalisque (water-colours),
S. A. Coale, ib. ; Kitten-Merchant, Charles
Parson, ib. ; Bouquet, Daniel Catlin, ib. —
Claretie, Peintres, etc-. (1884), ii. 225 ; Mont-
rosier, i. ; Larousse ; Miiller, 330.
LELOIR, (JEAN BAPTISTE) AU-
GTJSTE, born in Paris, July 1, 1809. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Picot and
of the ficole des Beaux Arts. His earlier
works (before 1842), which rival David's in
excellence of design, and Gros' in beauty
of colour, are superior to later ones. Has
executed decorative works in St. Germain
1'Auxerrois and St. Merri, Paris, at St. Jean,
Belleville, and St. Leu, Tavernay. Med-
als : 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1841 ; L. of
Honour, 1870. Works : Ruth and Naomi,
Parable of the Virgins (1835) ; Good Angel, St.
Cecilia, Marguerite in Prison (1839); Young
Peasants at the Foot of the Via Sacra, Ho-
mer (1842); Lord's Supper (bought by State);
Christian Family delivered to Wild Beasts ;
Christ and Samaritan Woman ; All-Hallow
Eve ; Christians in Catacombs, Athenian
Captives in Syracuse, Virgin and St. John
after Death of Christ (1855) ; Departure of
Young Tobias (1857) ; Daplmis and Chlou
(1863) ; Sappho at Cape Leucadia (18G4) ;
Joan of Arc in Prison (18G5) ; Magdalen at
the Tomb (I860) ; Saint Vincent (1808) ;
Joan of Arc as a Child (18G9); Nysa (1870);
Young Lady of the Castle (1872) ; Spring-
time (1873); Marriage of the Virgin (1874);
Martyr in Coliseum (1876) ; Holy Family
(1877) ; Horace at Tibur (1878) ; Riualdo
and Armida (1879); Silenus (1880); Mignon
(1881) ; Maiden Martyr, Lcland Stanford,
San Francisco. — Bellier, i. 988 ; Miiller,
330 ; Vapereau (1880), 1133.
LELOIR, MAURICE, born in Paris, Nov.
1, 1853. Genre painter, pupil of his father,
J. B. Auguste, and of his brother, Louis Le-
loir. Medal, 3d class, 1878. Works : The
Marionettes (1876); Robinson Crusoe (1877);
Voltaire's last Journey to Paris (1878), Will-
iam Astor, New York ; Last Sheaf (1882) ;
In the Fields (1883) ; Toilet of the Fields,
S. A. Coale, St. Louis.
LELY, Sir PETER, born at Soest in
1617, died in
London, Nov. 30,
1680. Real name
Peter van der
Faes. Flemish
school ; portrait
painter, pupil of
Pieter do Grab-
ber in Haarlem,
but on coming '
to England with
William of Orange, in 1643, he so closely
studied the manner of Van Dyck, who had
just died, that his earlier portraits often
approach the great master's style. For
thirty years he was the most popular por-
trait painter in England, and amassed a
large fortune ; nominated court-painter and
knighted by Charles II. His portraits are
of elegant conception, clear and warm col-
ouring ; hands especially finely drawn. In
his later period he degenerated ; his treat-
ment grew superficial, his colouring cold
and heavy, the female portraits mannered,
with the languishing expression of the
eyes affected by the ladies of the time.
Works : Dukes of Albemarle and Buck-
ingham ; Duchess of Cleveland, May Da-
57
LEMAIEE
vis, Sir H. Grimston, Nell Gwynn, Lord
Jermyn, Duke of Ormonde, Lord Ossory,
Priuce Rupert, Countess of Shrewsbury, T.
Stanley, Sir W. Temple, Duchess of York,
Charles II., Countess of Grammont, Duke
of Monmouth, Lord Sandwich, Mrs. Mid-
dleton, National Portrait Gallery, London ; !
Windsor Beauties, Hampton Court ; Prince
Rupert, Magdalen, Sleeping Venus, Wind-
sor Castle ; Children of Charles I, and
three others, Colonel Wyndham's Collec-
tion, Petworth ; Lady Morton, Blenheim
House ; Charles I. on Horseback, One of
the Windsor Beauties Sleeping, Hamilton
Palace ; Duke of York, Jocelyn Earl of
Northumberland, Duchess of Richmond,
Castle Howard ; Duke of Gloucester, Went-
worth House ; Rape of Europa, Chatsworth ;
Susannah and the Elders, Burleigh House ;
Portraits of a Dutch Admiral and his Wife,
Family Group, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Cromwell, Stockholm Museum ; do., Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; Portrait of himself,
and two others, Uffizi, ib. ; Equestrian Por-
trait, Brunswick Gallery ; Meleager pre-
senting to Atalanta the Head of the Boar
of Calydon, Male Portrait, Louvre, Paris ;
•f"x T Young Lady's Portraits (2), Yi-
•^ I enna Museum ; Lady's Portrait,
J. L_» Museum, New York ; do., and Dr.
•y*- Bainbridge and Daughter, His-
torical Society, ib. — Art Journal (1805), 7 ; j
Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemando ; Kramm, ii.
473 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 308 ; Scharf, 423 ;
Riegel, Beitrilge, ii. 120 ; Walpole, Anec-
dotes, iii. 26.
LEMAIRE, LOUIS, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Flower and landscape painter,
pupil of Jules Dupre and Boulard. Medal,
3d class, 1884. Works : Pasture in Pas-de-
Calais (1876) ; Mill in Downs of Merlimon
(1877) ; Sunset on the Oise (1878) ; Even-
ing at Villerville (1879) ; Pasture atVasony,
Sunset near Trouville (1880) ; Sunset at Vil-
lerville (1881) ; Peonies and Lilacs, Le Petit-
Val (1882) ; Rose-bush, Hut at Veulettes
(1883) ; Group of Peonies (1884) ; Huts
near Veulettes, Bunch of Poppies (1885).
LEMAIRE-POUSSIN, JEAN, born at
Dammartin, near Paris, in 1597, died at Gail-
Ion (Eure) in 1659. French school ; his-
tory, portrait, landscape, and architecture
painter, pupil of Claude Vignon ; went in
1613 to Rome, where he executed large
works in fresco; returned to Paris in 1623,
and, having been employed by Cardinal
Richelieu, went to Rome again with Poussin
in 1642, and after his second return to Paris
was appointed first painter to the king in
1647. Lodged in one of the pavilions in
the Tuileries, he lost all his possessions
in a conflagration, and, barely escaping with
his life, retired to Gaillon. His surname
was given him on account of his intimacy
with Poussin. Works : Views of Ancient
Monuments in Rome (2), Louvre. — Jal, 763;
Siret (1833), i. 541.
LEMAN, JACQUES EDMOND, born at
L'Aigle (Orne), Sept, 15, 1829. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Picot. Honorable
mention, 1855. Works : Leisure of Virgil
(1852), Alencon Museum ; Death of Vittoria
(,'olonna (1853), Rouen Museum ; Duel be-
tween Coligny and Guise (1855) ; Louis
XIV. and Mine. Montespan (1861) ; Cor-
neille before Louis XIV. ; Petit Lever du Roi
(18G3), Arras Museum ; Louis XIV. and the
Embassy from Siarn (1867) ; Agnes and Ar-
nulph (1874), Nantes Museum ; The Joy of
France in 1638 (1876) ; Taking of Cahors
by the English (1880).— Bellier, i. 993;
Miiller, 330 ; Vapereau (1880), 1135.
LE MARIE DESLANDELLES, EMILE,
born at Poutorson (Manche); contemporary.
Landscape painter, pupil of Gerome, Ra-
pin, and Pelouse. Medal, 3d class, 1881.
Works : Farm of Kerin (1875) ; Banks of
the Aven (1877) ; Source of the Aven (1878) ;
Snow in December (1880); Foot- Bridge at
Mesnil, Glaise (1881); Oak-Trees of Bernay-
sur-Orne (1882) ; Haut Chateau de la courbe
(1883); Rush Cutter, Willows of Father
Pierre (1884) ; Partridge Cover, Mesnil-Jean
(1885).
LEMATTE, JACQUES FRANCOIS FER-
NAND, born at Saint Queutin (Aisne), July
58
LEMBKE
26, 1850. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Cabanel and of the ficole des Beaux
Arts ; won the grand prix de Home in 1870.
Medals : 3d class, 1873 ; 1st class, 1876.
Works : Death of Messalina, Girls Playing
(1870) ; Dryad (1872), Nantes Museum ;
Child with Thistle (1873) ; Rape of Dejanira
(1874), Nice Museum ; Orestes and the Fu-
ries (1876), St. Quentin Museum ; The
Widow (1877) ; Nymph surprised by a Faun
(1878) ; The Family (1879) ; Eruption of
Vesuvius, Victoria (1880) ; Woman Fishing
(1881) ; Citizen of Reims, Restoration of its
Charter to Reims (1882) ; Peter de Reims
ELELAVATTE.
after Battle of Bovines (1883) ; Destruction
of Chateau of Archbishop of Reims in 1595
(1884) ; St. Magdalen (1885).— Miiller, 331.
LEMBKE, JOHANN PHILIPP, born in
Nuremberg in 1631, died in Stockholm in
1713. German school ; military painter, pu-
pil of Matthiius Meyer and Georg Strauch ;
went to Rome and Venice (1653), and imi-
tated Bourguignon and Pieter de Laar,
though not slavishly. He was afterwards
called to Stockholm as court-painter. His
compositions are full of life, well drawn,
and broadly treated. A Cavalry Skirmish
by him is in the Vienna Museum. — Andre-
sen, Deutsche Peintre-Graveur, v. 193 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), ii. 532.
LEMETTAY, PIERRE CHARLES, born
at Fecamp (Seine-Iufcrieure) in 1726, died
in Paris in 1760. French school ; laud-
scape painter, pupil of Boucher ; won the
grand prix de Rome. After his return from
Italy he became member of the Academy
and painter to the king. His marine pieces
resemble those of Joseph Verne t. Works :
Roman Shepherds, Bay of Naples.
LE MOYNE, FRANCOIS, born in Paris
in 1688, died there, June 14, 1737. French
school ; genre painter, pupil of Galloche for
twelve years ; won the grand prix in 1711,
and made member of the Academy in 1718 ;
went to Italy in 1723, and after his return
made professor of the Academy. Spent
seven years in painting the ceiling of the
Church of s-
Saint Sulpice
and the Salon
of Hercules at
Versailles; was
named first
painter to the
king, with a
p en si o n o f
4,000 livres.
Became insane
after the death of his wife in 1735, and com-
mitted suicide. Works : St. Louis on his
Knees (St. Louis, Paris) ; Flight into Egypt
(Church of the Assumption); Hercules and
Cacus (1718), Hercules and Omphale (1724),
Education of Cupid, Louvre ; Apotheosis of
Hercule*, Toulouse Museum ; Laban and
Rachel, Angers Museum ; Tancred recog-
nizing Clorinda, Besanyon Museum ; Mar-
riage at Cairn, Montpellier Museum ; Con-
tinence of Scipio (1727), Nancy Museum ;
Louis XV. giving Peace to Europe (1729),
X,
/ .
Versailles Museum ; Hunting Party at
Luncheon, Old Pinakothek, Munich. — Bel-
lier, i. 997 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franchise, ii. ;
Jal, 765 ; Houssaye, Gal. du xviii. Siocle,
ii. 260 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Maler des xviii.
Jahrh., 18.
LEMPENZEDER, BALTHASAR, born
at Haidhausen, Oct. 29, 1822, died in Mu-
nich, Nov. 27, 1860. History painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy under Schlotthauer ;
formed himself after the model of Cornelius,
who, on a visit to Munich in 1852, embraced
the young artist on seeing his works. In
1854-60 he designed many cartoons for
"lass of church windows. Works : Christ-
O
mas Eve (1848) ; Expulsion from Paradise
(1850) ; Cain and Abel (1852) ; Madonna
LEMUD
(1853).— Allgom. d. Biogr., xviii. 241 ; Funs-
ter, Cornelius, ii. 331.
LEMUD, FRAN(,'OIS JOSEPH AIME
DE, born at Thionvillc, Lorraine ; contem-
porary. History painter, pupil of Ecole des
Beaux Arts at Met/. Medals : 3d class,
1844, 1803 ; L. of Honour, 1865. Works :
Infancy of Callot (18:50) ; Helene Adelsfreit
(1843)'; The Swallows (1844) ; Moses (18(54);
Fall of Adam (1805), Nancy Museum ; Holy
Family (1809) ; The Prisoner, Metz Muse-
um.
LE NAIX (the Brothers), ANTOINE,
LOUIS (called tlie Roman), and MA
THIEU, l>orn at Laon (Aisne) about 1508,
1503, 1007. French school; they painted
domestic and rural scenes. When Antoino
became master in St. Germain des Pri's, ]iis
brothers were his apprentices. In 1G33
Mathieu came to Paris, where the three
brothers lived together for many years. In
1(!48 they were all received into the Acad-
emy. Antoino and Louis died two months
Liter, May 20th and May 2:id. Mathieu, who
especially excelled in portraiture, died April
20, 1077. Works : Procession in Interior
of Church (attributed) ; Blacksmith in his
Smithy, Adoration of Shepherds, Interior of
Farm-House, Village Scene, Peasant's Re-
past (1042), Louvre ; Birth of the Virgin,
St. Etienne du Mont, Paris ; Visitation, St.
Laurent ; Presentation in Temple, Convent
of the Temple ; Eating Oysters, Body-Guard,
M. George, Paris ; Harvesters, M. de St. Al-
bin ; Interior of Farm-House, M. de Monta-
livet ; Visitation, St. Denis, Libourne ; Ru-
ral Interior, Rouen Museum ; Men playing
Cards, Valenciennes Museum ; St. Michael
ottering his Weapons to the Virgin, Nevers
Museum ; Nativity, Angers Museum ; Por-
trait of Sieur de Marqucglise, Chartres Mu-
seum ; Children quarrelling, Douai Museum ;
Interior Scene, Nancy Museum ; The Vir-
gin, St. Ann and Infant Christ with Angels,
Rennes Museum ; Rustic Scene, Interior of
Peasant's Cottage, Vegetable Seller, Gotha
Museum ; Five Peasant Children Singing
and Playing, Leipsic Museum ; An Artist
J
painting Lady's Portrait, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Entertainment of People of Lower
Classes, Count Peter Sclmvaloff, St. Peters-
burg ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Uffizi,
Florence ; Mendicants, New York Museum ;
Portrait of Marie de Medicis, Adoration of
S h ep h erds,
Florence Gal-
lery ; The Fife-
Pi ay er, Staf-
/7MV ford House;
nl J) Le Nain's Stu-
dio, Luton House. — Ch. Blanc, ficole fran-
yaise, i. ; Champfleury, Nouvelles recherches
sur la vie et 1'oeuvre des fri-res Le Nain
(Laon, 1862) ; Gaz. des Beaux Arts (1860),
viii. 173, 200, 321 ; (1801), xi. 542 ; (1865),
xviii. Ill ; xix. 43 ; Jal, 767.
LENBACH, FRANZ, born at Schroben-
hausen, Bavaria,
Dec. 13, 1836.
Portrait painter
of rare excellence,
pupil of Munich
Academy and of
Griifle, then of
Piloty, whom in
1858 ho accom-
panied to Rome ;
painted at first
genre scenes, and on his return to Munich
exhibited his Forum Romanum, which at-
tracted attention. In 1860 he became
professor at the Weimar Art-School, but
resigned in 1862 and went to Italy and
Spain, where he studied and copied, for
Baron Schack's Gallery in Munich, after the
old masters. After his return to Munich
he devoted himself exclusively to portrait
painting, imitating Rembrandt, and had
many orders, especially from Vienna, where
he worked in 1872-74 ; visited Morocco,
and with Mnkart and Leopold Miiller spent
the winter of 1875-76 in Egpyt. Member
of Berlin Academy, 1883. Medals: Paris,
3d class, 1867 ; Munich, 1870 ; Vienna,
1882 ; Spanish Order of Charles, 1860.
Works : Peasant Family in approaching
LENEPVEU
Storm (1857) ; Forum Komamim (1858) ;
Portrait of Physician (1859) ; Portrait of L.
von Hagn (1865) ; Emperor of Germany
(1873) ; Emperor of Austria (1873) ; Bis-
marck, Moltke, National Gallery, Berlin ;
Bismarck (1879), Kuusthalle, Hamburg ;
Gladstone, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner,
Franz Lachner, Helmholtz, Diilliiiger, Lip-
hart, Paul He3-se and Wife, Baron von
Schack, Bismarck, King Louis II. of Bava-
ria, Countess Marie von Schleinitz (1880),
Dollinger (1872), Bismarck (1884), Pope
Leo Xin. (1885), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
A Shepherd Boy, Artist's portrait, A Fran-
ciscan Monk, Male portraits (2), Female
portrait, Head Study, View of the Alhambra,
do. of Vega of Granada, The Tocador de
la Reina in the Alhambra, Schack Gal-
lery, ib. ; Portrait of the Poet Lenthard,
Zurich Gallery.— Allgem. K. Ch., x. 354 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xv. 409 ; xx. 444, 524 ; Miil-
ler, 331 ; Nord uiul Siid, i. 113 ; Pecht, D.
K., ii. 110 ; Eeber, iii. 256 ; Schack, Meinc
Gemaldesammlung (1884), Id ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K., iv. 1C ; vi. 303 ; ix. (Mittheilungen),
ii. 45 ; xvii. 340 ; Graph. K, iii. 29.
LENEPYEU, JULES EUGENE, born
at Angers, Deo. 12, 1819. Genre and
history painter, pupil of Picot and of the
JCcole des Beaux Arts. Made a brilliant
beginning at the Salon in 1843 ; won the
grand prix de Rome in 1847, and went to
Italy for six years. Has since been a very
successful artist. Medals : 3d class, 1847 ;
2d class, 1855, 1801 ; L. of Honour, 1802 ;
Officer, 1876 ; Member of Institute, 1809 ;
director of French Academy in Rome, 1872
to 1878. Works : Joseph's Coat given to
Jacob (1841), Samuel anointing David
(1842), Cincinnatus receiving Delegates of
the Senate (1844), Christ in the Pr;etorium
(1845), Sickness of Alexander (1840), Mar-
tyrdom of St. Saturuinus (1847), Antigone
and Polynices (1850), Portrait of the Painter
Jean Michel Mercier (1847), Angers Muse-
um ; Idyl (1843); Death of Vitellius (1847);
Martyrs in the Catacombs (1855), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Pius IX. in the Sistine
Chapel (1855), Laval Museum ; Festival in
Venice (1855) ; Venetian Wedding (1857),
M. Emile Pereire ; Moses saving the Daugh-
ters of Midian (1859) ; Virgin on Calvary,
(1801), Nantes Museum ; Hours of the Day
and Night, Paris Opera House ; also deco-
rations in St. Anne's Chapel in St. Sulpice,
Paris, as well as in other public buildings.
— Bellier, i. 1002 ; Miiller, 332.
LENG ERICH, HEINRICH, born in
1 Stettin in 1790, died in Berlin in 1805.
History painter, pupil in Berlin of Wach ;
then studied in Italy in 1817-21 after Raph-
ael and Correggio, and became professor
at the Berlin Academy. Works : Descent
from the Cross, St. Jacob's, Stettin ; Twelve
Christian Mar- f | T
'tyrs, Chapel 4— J 14 ''XJ J L
; Royal Palace, ^ * | „ , — ' »—
'• Berlin ; Entombment. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
. xviii. 250 ; Raczynski, iii. GO ; Rosenberg,
Berliner Malerschule, 55.
LENOIR, PAUL MARIE, born in Paris
about 1850, died in Cairo in 1881. Genre
painter, pupil of Gc'rmne and Jalabert.
Medal, 1st class, 187(5. Works : Cantbi/xex
at Pelusium (1807); Japanese Brook (1872);
Trained Elephant ; Japanese Festival ; Cairo
(1879) ; Races at Osaka in Japan (1880).—
L'Art (1881), xxxv. 72.
LENS, ANDRIES CORNELIS, born in
Antwerp, March 31, 1739, died in Brussels,
March 30, 1822. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter, pupil of Karel Eyck-
ens and Balthasar Beschey ; studied in Rome
(1704-09), after Raphael and the antique.
Professor in Antwerp Academy in 1703-81.
A degenerate scion of a once famous school ;
composition feeble, flesh false in tone, exe-
cution uncertain. Works : Annunciation,
Portrait of the Engraver Marteuaise (1702),
Art Triumphant over Ignorance (1703), Mu-
seum, Antwerp ; Presentation in the Tem-
ple, St. Augustine's, ib.; Samson and De-
lilah, Ariadne and Bacchus, Offering to
Bacchus, Brussels Museum ; Annunciation,
St. Michael's, Ghent ; Departure of St.
Rumbold, Murder of St. Rumbold, Cathe-
61
LENTHE
dral, Mechlin : Zeus Asleep on Mount Ida,
Pallas-Athene striking down Aphrodite, Vi-
enna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamaude ;
frescos in Schwerin (1830-33) under Schu-
macher ; visited Italy in 1834, and Paris in
1835 ; became court-painter at Schwerin
Cat. du MUP. d'Anvers (1874), 234 ; Immer-
zeel, ii. 1G!) ; Kramin, iv. 963 ; Kugler
i*y
in 1838. Works: Crucifixion (1843-44),
Cathedral, Schwerin ; Sketch of this and
Gothic Triptych (1857), llepose in Egypt
(1859), Hermann and Dorothea (1860), Phy-
Oath of Leo III., Raphael, Stanza dell1 Incendio del Borgo, Vatican.
(Crown), ii. 535 ; Michiels, x. 524 ; Kooses
(Hcl)cr), 442 ; Tan den Brandon, 1223.
LENTHE, GASTON, born at Dresden,
Aug. 9, 1805, died at Sehwerin, Dec. 27,
1800. History and genre painter, son of,
and first instructed by, Friedrich Christoph
Georg Lenthe (1774-1851, whose portrait,
by himself, is in the Schwerin Gallery), then
pupil of Dresden Academy under Ketsch,
sician feeling Lady's Pulse (copy after
Netscher's picture in Dresden Gallery). —
Schlie, 40.
LEO III., OATH OP, Raphael, Stanza
dell' Incendio del Borgo, Vatican ; fresco.
Leo HI. (portrait of Leo X.) clearing him-
self by oath at the altar, in presence of
Charlemagne and church dignitaries, from
accusations made by the nephew of the de-
•\vhithcr he returned in 1826 after having I ceased Pope Adrian I. ; behind him, a young
studied in Berlin in 1825 ; was in Carls- ' priest carries the triple crown ; at left, in
ruhe and Munich in 1829, then painted , front of a group of bishops, Charlemagne in
LEO
the costume of a Roman senator ; behind
the bishops, a great crowd ; and on steps of
altar, guards and mace-bearers in Italian
costume of ICth century. Typical of the
dogma that the Pope is not amenable to
any earthly tribunal. Painted in 1517,
probably by pupils after Raphael's designs.
Engraved by Fr. Aquila ; Aloisius Fabri. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 361 ; Passavaut, ii. 15G ;
Miintz, 428.
LEO X., Pope, portrait, Raphael, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 3 ft. 11 in.
The Pope, dressed in a loose white robe
Pope Leo X., Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
•with fur-trimmed sleeves and red velvet
collar and cap, sits at a table on which are
an illuminated breviary and a silver bell,
holding an eye-glass in his left hand ; be-
hind his chair, his two nephews standing,
at right, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici (Clem-
ent VII), at left, Cardinal Luigi de' Eossi,
his secretary. A masterpiece uf portraiture.
Painted about 1517-19 ; became the prop-
erty of Ottaviauo de' Medici ; was seen in
Florence by Federigo II., Duke of Mantua,
who, coveting it, asked Clement VTL for it.
The Pope ordered it sent to Mantua, but
Ottaviano substituted a copy by Andrea del
Sarto (1525). This copy, which deceived
even Giulio Romano, who had taken part
in the execution of the original, is now in
the Naples Museum, where it passes as the
original. The Pitti picture was carried to
Paris in 1797 ; returned in 1815. Engraved
by Samuel Jesi, Marri, F. Morel, F. Liguon,
Chataignier, and Landon. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 352 ; v. 41 ; Kuglcr (Eastlako), ii. 40:!,
400 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 91 ; Filhol,
ii. PI. 107 ; Springer, 254 ; Musc'e royal, i. ;
| Landon, Musi'e, xiv. PL 29 ; Passavaut, ii.
209 ; Perkins, 143.
LEON, painter, known only as the paint-
er of a Sappho. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [141J.
LEON Y ESCOSURA, IGNACIO, born
at Orviedo, Spain; con-
temporary. Genre
painter, pupil in Paris
of Gi'rc'ime ; paints
interiors and garden
scenes with historical
persons of 17th or 18th
centuries. Orders of
Isabella the Catholic,
of Charles III. of Spain,
and Christ of Portugal.
Works : The Breakfast, \Valk in Aranjuez,
Philip TV. presenting Rubens to Velasquez
(1807) ; Murillo with the Capuchins, Gallery
of Philip IV. in the Prado (1808) ; Studio of
Velasquez, Lucrezia Borgia in Venice (1809);
The Implacable Enemies, Artist's Friends in
Time of Louis XIII. (1870) ; Convalescent
Prince (1872), Morgan sale, New York,
1886 ; Reception of an Ambassador ; Unex-
pected Visit ; Going to the Audience ; Fight
in Rue de Rivoli, Paris ; Charles V. at Ti-
tian's (1882) ; End of the Game (1884), Mor-
gan sale, New York, 1880. Works in Tin ited
States : Arriving at the Chateau, William
Astor, New York ; The Heir, W. H. Vander-
' bilt, ib. ; Gallants playing Cards, M. Gra-
ham, ib. ; Convalescent Prince, T. R. But-
ler, ib.; Castle of Blois, Visit, R L. Stuart,
LEON
ib.; Mary Stuart in Prison, F. Harper, ib.;
Quarrel "of the Pets, J. T. Mai-tin, Brook-
lyn ; Visit to the Chateau, D. W. Powers,
Rochester ; Appointment, C. H. Wolff, Phila-
delphia ; In the Library, Boric Collection,
ib. ; Interior of a Studio, T. Dolau, ib. ; Sans
Invitation, W. B. Benient, ib. ; After the
Audience, J. W. Bates, ib. ; Five Minutes
too Late, Fairman Rogers, ib. ; Mario An-
toinette at Versailles, Charles Crocker, San
Francisco ; Reception of the Ambassador,
T. Wigglesworth, Boston ; Introduction, W.
Mason, Tauutou ; Hardwick Castle, R. C.
Tuft, Providence ; Fencing Lesson, D. T.
Buzby, Baltimore ; Ancient Regime, G.
Hoadly, Cincinnati ; Return from the Hunt,
H. B. Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland.— Mul-
ler, 102 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii. 281.
LEON LEAL, SIMON DE, born in Ma-
drid in 1010, died there in 1687. Spanish
school ; pupil of Pedro do las Cuovas, but
improved his style by copying Van Dyck.
Painted altar-pieces and other religious com-
positions. — Stirling, ii. 720.
LEONARDO, JOSE, bom at Calatayud,
Aragon, in lOlfi, died at Saragossa iu 1650.
Spanish school ; pupil of Pedro do las Cue-
vas, but imitated the manner of Velasquez ;
became one of the king's painters, and gave
promise of a brilliant future, when he lost
his reason from the effects of poison, ad-
ministered, it is said, by a rival. Works :
Surrender of Breda, Episode of the Thirty
]
J
Years' War, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, ii.
721 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Cean
Bermudez ; Madrazo, 426.
LEONARDO DA VINCI See Vinci.
LEONE. See Leoni.
LEONHARDI, AUGUST EDUARD, born
at Freiburg, Saxony, Jan. 19, 1826. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Dresden Academy
under Ludwig Richter ; spent some years in
Dusseldorf, and settled at Loschwitz, near
, Dresden. Works : Trout-Fishing ; Spring ;
Forest Border ; Solitude ; View in Saxon
Switzerland ; German Wood Landscape
(1803), Dresden Museum ; Swampy Country
iu Autumn ; Moourise in the Woods. — H-
lustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 479 ; Miiller, 333.
LEONI (Leone), OTTAVIO, Cavaliere,
born in Rome about
1575, died after June,
1628. Roman school ;
son of Lodovico Le-
oni, a painter of Pa-
dua, whence Ottavio
was sometimes called
II Padovauino. He
was one of the ablest
portrait painters of
his time, popes, car-
dinals, and the nobility being among his
sitters. He also engraved many heads of
painters and others. Among his figure-
pieces are : Annunciation, S. Eustachio,
Rome ; Madonna with St. Hyacinth, S. M.
Sopra Minerva, Rome. He was prince of
the Academy of St. Luke, and was made a
knight of the Order of Christ by Gregory
XV. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienue.
LEONIDAS, painter, of Anthedon, pupil
of Euphraiwr, 4th century n.c. Brunn (ii.
104) thinks him identical with the architect
who wrote on proportion mentioned by
Vitruvius (vii. Prtef. 14). — Steph. Byz., v. ;
Eust. Ad. Horn. II., ii. 271, 38.
LEONIDAS AT THERMOPYLAE,
Jacques Louis David, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 12 ft. 10 in. x 17 ft. 6 in. ; signed,
dated 1814. Leonidas, holding his arms,
is seated upon a rock near the altar of Her-
cules ; beside him, at right, Agis, brother
of his wife, is putting on his helmet, while
two young Spartans take their arms, which
are suspended from a tree ; at left, a soldier
and the blind Eurytus ; a troop of Spartans
advance to the sound of trumpets ; a sol-
dier upon a rock engraves an inscription
with his sword ; a sentinel on the steps of
a temple signals the approach of the Per-
sians. The last picture painted by David
64
LEONTISCUS
in France ; acquired in 1819 with the Sabine
Women for 100,000 fr.— Villot, Cat, Louvre ;
Landon, Musee, i. PI. 27, 28.
LEONTISCUS, Greek painter, Sicyonic
school, about 232 B.C. According to Pliny
(xxxv. 40), he painted a Singing Girl, and
an Aratus with the Trophies of Victory won
in the battle of that year between him and
Aristippus, Tyrant of Argos.
LEPANTO, ALLEGORY OF, Titian,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 9 f t. ;
lat. Medal, 3d class, 1877. Works : Pilier de
Halle (18G8), Grenoble Museum ; Spring-
time, Deluge (3 views, 1874) ; Fishing for
Dog-Fish, Boat of Boulogne (1875) ; Calm
in Bay of the Somme, Inundation of the
Bercy Quay (1870) ; Broken Boat, Tempest
(1877) ; Departure at High Tide, Eeturn at
Low Tide (1878) ; Scotch Herring Fishery,
Virgin of Grosfliers in Berck (1879) ; Ice-
Gorge on the Loire, Returning (1880) ; ()u
the Watch, Beach at Berck (1881) ; do.,
fcrv-T : • .
. •"» I > / - • '**» --7 •.,
I 5& !' ! Jr -'
i '•" - - ' . . •" •
,»^\\
Leonidas at Thermopylae, Jacques Louis David, Louvre, Pari
signed. Philip II., in armour, stands at an
altar holding aloft a naked babe, his son
the Infante Don Fernando (born two months
after Lepauto), who stretches his hands
towards the Angel of Victory bearing a
crown and palm ; at foot of altar kneels a
half-naked Turk, with arms bound, and
a kettle-drum, flag, and the crescent and
star of the Ottomans at his feet. Painted
about 1574 for Philip II. of Spain.— C. &
C., Titian, ii. 396.
LEPIC, LUDOVIC NAPOLEON, Vi-
comte, born in Paris, Dec. 17, 1839. Marine
painter, pupil of Cabauel, Wappers, and Ver-
[ Amiens Museum ; Calm Sea at Boulogne,
Fog in Arctic Ocean (1882) ; Inundation
of the Seine, Departure of Fishing Boats
' (1883) ; Phantom Ship, Battle of Onessant
in 1778 (1884) ; Return of the Pilot, Ready
to put About (1885).— Bellier, i. 1012.
LEPICIE, NICOLAS BERNARD, born
in Paris, June 16, 1735, died there, Sept. 14,
1784. French school ; history and genre
painter, pupil of Carle van Loo ; became
painter to the king and professor in the
Academy. His style was formal and correct;
his works, admired in their day, were en-
graved by Levasseur and others. Works :
I',.-,
LE POITTEVIN
Education of Achilles (1769), Chateau of Vin- j
ceuues ; Visitation (1769), Bayonne Cathe-
dral ; Narcissus
changed into the
Flower (1771),
Trianon ; St.
Louis rendering
Justice under an
Oak at Viucenues
(1773) ; Piety of
Fabius Dor so
(1781), Chartres
Museum ; Resur-
rection (1781), Cathedral, Chalon-sur-Saone;
Zeal of Mathathias (1783) ; Farm Yard, for-
merly in the Louvre ; Spinning Woman,
Portrait of a Young
Painter, Orleans Muse-
um ; Female Head, Nan-
tes Museum ; The Sister,
Historical Society, New
York.—
f L ' A r t
' (1876),
iv. 211; Bcllicr, i. 1013; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
franchise, ii.
LE POITTEVIN, EUGENE (MODESTE
EDMOND), called Poi-
devin born in Paris, July
31, 1806, died there, Aug.
6, 1870. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of
Ecole des Beaux Arts and
of Louis Hersent. Trav-
elled much on the Con-
tinent and in England.
His first picture, The
Harvesters (1826), was
bought by the Duchesse de Bcrri. Medals :
2d class, 1831 ; 1st class, 1836 ; 2d class,
1848 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1843 ;
member of the Antwerp and Berlin Acad-
emies. Works : Normandy Courtyard
(1830), Orleans Museum ; The Thames, A
Stable (1831) ; Low Tide, On the Scotch
Coast (1833) ; Rescuing Scene (1834), Nan-
tes Museum ; Battle at Wertingen — 1805
(1835), Versailles Museum ; Fishermen sav- ,
ing a Wreck (1836), Leipsic Museum ; Nor-
mandy Fishermen, Flemish Cottage (1836);
Souvenir of Belgium, Return of the Fisher-
men (1837) ; Ice, Behind the Downs, Red
Cap (1838) ; Shipwreck (1839), Amiens Mu-
seum ; Adrian van der Velde landing at
Blankenberg (1840) ; Gulf of Naples (1841) ;
Naval Battle at Embro— 1346 (1841), Taking
of Baruth— 1109 (1844), Versailles Museum;
Villa d'Este, Blue Grotto at Capri (1842) ;
Adriaan Brouwer painting Sign at an Inn
(1843), New Piuakothek, Munich ; Van der
Velde sketching during a Battle, Fossoyeur
and his Children (1843) ; Stroke of the Spur
(1845) ; Education of Achilles (1846), Ra-
venii Gallery, Berlin ; First Wound (1847) ;
No Smoke without Fire, Honeymoon (1848) ;
The Party-Wall (1849) ; The Shepherd and
the Sea, The Cask of Cider (1850) ; Pirates,
Friends of the Farm (1852) ; Right of the
Strongest, Monks of the Cape (1853) ; Win-
ter in Holland (1855); Winter, Hedge School
(1857) ; Dutch Pilots, Cottage in Normandy
(1859) ; Pleasures of Summer (1861), Carn-
brai Museum ; Country Doctor, Fishing on
the Ice, Future Painter of Still Life (1861) ;
Cinderella's Dream (1864) ; Monks of the
Cape (1865) ; Souvenir of Scheveniugen
(1866); Shipwreck in Polar Sea (1867);
Delicate Attention, Gathering Potatoes
(1868) ; Breaking Ice (1868), Angers Mu-
seum ; Environs of Etretat(1870), formerly
in Luxembourg Museum ; Fort de 1'CEuf,
Marseilles Museum ; Landscape, J. J. As-
tor, New York ; Seaside Life, C. H. Wolff,
Philadelphia ; Dutch Market on the Ice,
W. Mason, Taunton. — Art Journal (1870),
308 ; Bellier, i. 1014 ; Hamerton, Painting,
52.
LE PRINCE, A. XAVIER, born in Paris,
Aug. 28, 1799, died at Nice, Dec. 24, 1826.
Genre and landscape painter ; studied Cuyp,
a\/ Adrian van de
, - J(^ Velde, and ua-
/ f ture. Works :
C^^C/CtU Al/Cfc_ Embarkation of
Cattle at Honfleur (1823), Pass of Susten
in Switzerland (1824), Louvre ; Landscape,
66
LE PRINCE
Bordeaux Museum ; Cows in a Pasture. —
Cb. Blanc, ficole fran<;aise ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 330.
LE PRINCE, JEAN BAPTISTE, bom at
Metz, in 1733, died at St. Denis du Port,
Sept. 30, 1781. French school ; genre
painter, pupil of an unknown painter in
Metz, and of Boucher ; spent five years
(1760-65) in llussia, and painted peasant
life successfully. Member Academy, 1765.
Many of his works are engraved. Works :
The Body-Guard (177G), Louvre ; Baptism
by the Greek Rite (1705), Ministry of Jus-
Golden Age (1801) ; Joan of Arc (1802) ;
Triumph of Virtue (1863). — Art Journal
(I860), 265; (1876), 176; Dioskuren,
1868.
LEROLLE, HENRY, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History and genre painter, pu-
pil of Lamothe. Medals : 3d class, 1879 ;
1st class, 1880. Works : Baptism of SS.
Agaard and Aglibert (1874) ; The Tears of
Mary Magdalen (1875) ; The Toilet (1876) ;
At the Fountain, Druidic Ceremony (1877) ;
Communion of the Apostles (1878) ; Jacob
and Laban (1879) ; In the Country (1880),
tice ; Two Landscapes, View near Tobolsk, Luxembourg Museum ; At the Banks of the
Rouen Museum; Walk in the Park, Nancy River (1881); Arrival of the Shepherds
Museum ; Mountainous Landscape, Orleans (1883) ; At the Organ (1885).
Museum ; Place Louis XV., Besauyou Mu- : LEROTJX, CHARLES (MARIE GUIL-
„ LAUME), born at Nantes, April 25, 1814.
fj /J SJ //*) Landscape painter, pupil of Corot. Medals :
J J~\ Q/0 /7 ' _ 3d class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1846, 1848, 1859 ;
•*' ^ ° ** ^ C L. of Honour, 1859 ; Officer, 1868. Works :
Souvenir of Fontainebleau, Marshes of the
Scvre, Avenue of Elms (1834-42) ; Festi-
, val in uPPer Poitou (184:i) ; Downs of Es-
coublac, Prayer of the Young Elms, View of
seum ; Russian Concert (1770), Angers Mu- Croisic (1848) ; Castle of Batz, Souvenir of
seum ; Ceilings in several Russian palaces. — Pornic (1853) ; Marsh of Rnbiniere, Vallon,
L'Art (1880), xxi. 193 ; Bellier, i. 1016 ; Vil- Edge of the Woods (1855) ; The Erdre in
lot, Cat. Louvre; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 151 ; Winter, The Loire in Spring (1857), Nantes
Ch. Blanc, Ecole franeaise. Museum ; Islands of the Lower Loire, The
LERCHE. See Stvlti'iibny-'Lerclic. Erdre (1859) ; Souvenir of Poitou (1869) ;
LERIUS, JOSEPH HENRI FRANCOIS j Mouth of the Loire (1870) ; Souvenir of
VAN, born at Boom, near Antwerp, Nov. Poitou (1873) ; The Loire near Paimbceuf
23, 1823, died at Mechlin, Feb. 28, 1876. , (1874) ; Castle of Batz in Storm (1875) ;
History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil High Tide at Pivfailles (1876) ; The Loire
of Brussels and Antwerp Academies, then at Low Tide (1877) ; Avenue of Chestnuts
assistant of Wrappers in 1841-44 ; visited (1878) ; Mist rising near Paimbceuf (1879) ;
Germany and Italy in 1852-54, and became Village near Soulliers (1880) ; Overflowed
professor at Antwerp Academy in 1854, Meadows near Nantes, Marshes of the Low-
member of Dresden Academy in 1858, and j er-Indre (1882) ; Pond of Thau, Environs of
of Amsterdam Academy in 1863. Gold i Narbonne (1883) ; Road near St. Bivvin,
medal; Order of Leopold, 1861; Bavarian Dunes of Chi-nes Verts (1884); Marsh of the
Order of St. Michael, 1869. In his latter Lower Loire, Champ du Coteau-aux-Soul-
years became insane. Works : Scene from Hers (1885). — Bellier, i. 1022; Larousse;
Kenilworth, Milton dictating to his Daugh- 1 Mailer, 334.
ters, Paul and Virginia, Esmeralda (1848) ; ' LEROUX, EUGENE, born in Paris, Sept.
Adam and Eve, Four Ages (1851) ; The , 28, 1833. Genre painter and lithographer,
First Born (1852) ; Joy and Sorrow (1857) ; pupil of Picot ; paints chiefly life in Brit-
67
LEKOUX
tany. Medals : 1864 ; 3d class, 1873 ; 2cl
class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1871. Works :
New-Born Baby (1864), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Death-Bed (18G8) ; Watching a
Corpse, Sleepy, The Bill (1872) ; Private
Ambulance (1875) ; Czar Alexander H. giv-
ing an Audience (1880); Elder Sister (1882);
River Isole (1883); Summer Evening (1885);
Orphans, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York.—
Bellior, i. 1022 ; Miiller, 334.
LEKOUX, HECTOIt, born at Verdun
(Meuse), Dec. 27,
1829. Genre painter,
pupil of Picot and of
Ecole des Beaux Arts ;
won the 2d grand prix
in 1857. Paints an-
tique scenes with skill
and archaeological
knowledge. Medals :
3d class, 18G3, 1S(I4 ;
2d class, 1874 ; 3d
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1877. Works :
A New Vestal (1803), Verdun Museum ;
Funeral in the Columbarium of the House
of the Cicsars (18G4), Luxembourg Muse-
um ; Slave of Horace (1865), J. P. Morgan,
New York ; Ancient Serenade (I860), St.
Germain Museum ; Improvisator with Sal-
lust (1866); Messalina, The Sorceress (18G8);
Miracle in House of the Bona Dea (1869) ;
The r^tul Tuccia (1874), Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; Obsequies of Themistocles
(1876); Trial of a Vestal (1876), C. P. Hunt-
ington, New York ; Dana'ides, William As-
tor, ib. ; The Vestal Claudia Quinta (1877) ;
Little Orphans, Descent of Minerva Polias
on the Acropolis (1878) ; School of Vestal*
(1880), J. J. Astor, New York ; Vestals
Asleep (1880); Hcrculanenm on Aug. 23, A.D.
70 (1881), John G. Johnson, Philadelphia ;
The Fishermen (1882); Sacrarium, The
Tiber (1883) ; Seat in the Amphitheatre,
College of Vestals flying from Rome (1884);
Mysterious Stone of Pompeii, Se'ila, Daugh-
ter of Jephtha (1885) ; Trial of Aurelia and
Pompouia, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Prayer
to .iEsculapius, M. Brimmer, Boston ; Sup-
plicants to Hygieia, W. Richmond, Provi-
dence.— Montrosier, i. ; Miiller, 334.
LE SENKCHAL DE KERDREORET,
GASTON EDOUARD, born at Hennebout
(Morbihan), Oct. 9, 1860. Landscape and
marine painter, pupil of Jules Noel. Medal,
3d class, 1883. Works : Cliffs of Treport
at Low Tide (1878) ; Sea Baths of Port-
Louis, Low Tide at Veules-en-Caux (1879) ;
Fishery, ib. (1880) ; Low Tide at Treport
(1881) ; November, ib. (1882) ; Departure
of Fishermen in Rough Weather (1883) ;
Preparations for Herring Fishing, Street at
Mers-les-Baius (1884).
LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT, born in
Clerkenwell, Lon-
don, Oct. 11, 1794,
died in London,
May 5, 1859. His
father, a watch-
maker of Philadel-
phia, returned to
America in 1800,
and on his death
(1804) Charles was
apprenticed to a
bookseller ; but in a few years he was en-
abled to go to London, where he became a
student at the Royal Academy (1813). Al-
though his first pictures were meritorious,
it was not until his return from the Couti-
' neiit in 1817 that he displayed his special
talent, in the picture of Slender and Anne
Page. Two years later he exhibited his Sir
Roger de Coverley (Marquis of Lansdowne),
which left him without a rival in this class
of subjects. He became an A.R.A. in 1821,
and R.A. in 1826. In 1833 he accepted the
professorship of drawing at West Point, but
held the position only a few months. On
his return to England the same year he
painted several pictures from the great po-
ets, and two historical pieces for the Queen,
her Coronation (1838), and the Baptism of
] the Princess Royal. From 1847 to 1852 he
was professor of painting at the Royal Acad-
, emy. His somewhat formal and theatrical
compositions are enlivened by a vein of
LESLIE
humour which shows itself especially in his
treatment of Shakespearean subjects. He
was a good draughtsman and colourist,
though he had a tendency to blackness in
his shadows, and a want of feeling for those
transparent and harmonious middle tones
which should unite them with the higher
lights. Among his best known works are :
Uncle Toby and Widow Wadman (1831),
Sancho Paiiza and the Duchess, National
Gallery ; Florizel and Perdita (1837), Tam-
ing the Shrew (1832), Autolycus (1830),
Queen Catherine and Patience (1839), Le
Bourgeois Geutilhomme (1841), Les Fem-
mes Savantes (18-15), Who can this be ?
(1839), Who can this be from ? (1839), Le
Malade imaginaire (1843), South Kensing-
ton Museum ; Dinner at Page's House
(1831), Lady Lawley (?) ; Murder of Rutland
by Lord Clifford, Sterne and the Chaise
Vamper's Wife, Uncle Toby and Widow
Wadman, Olivia (Twelfth Night), Musidora,
Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. — Au-
tobiographical Recollections, with essay by
Tom Taylor (London, 1860) ; Redgrave,
Century ; Art Journal (185G), 73, 105 ;
Sandby, ii. 39 ; Hamertou, Thoughts about
Art, 304.
LESLIE, GEORGE DUNLOP, born in
London, July 2, 1835.
Subject painter, son
and pupil of C. R. Les-
lie ; student in schools
of Royal Academy in
1854 ; exhibited two
pictures in Royal
Academy in 1857;
elected A.R. A. in 1868,
and R.A. in 1876.
Works : Reminiscences of the Ball (1859) ;
Meditation, Matilda, Bethlehem (1860); Fast
Day at the Convent (1861) ; Summer Song
(1862) ; Lost Carcanet, War Summons (1863) ;
Flower and the Leaf (1864) ; Defence of
Lathom House (1865); Clarissa (1866); Wil-
low Willow, Country Cousins, Ten Minutes
to Decide, Rose Harvest (1867) ; Home
News, Empty Sleeve (1868); Cupid's Curse,
Celia's Arbour (1869) ; Nausicaii and her
Maids (1871) ; Lavinia, Elopement, Lucy
and Puck (1872) ; Nut-Browu Maid, Five
o'Clock (1874) ; School Revisited, Banks of
the Thames in A.D. 200 (1875); Roses, Violet,
Lavender (1876) ; Cowslips, Lass of Rich-
mond Hill(1877); Home, Sweet Home(1878);
Alice in Wonderland (1879) ; Hen and Chick-
ens (1881 ) ; Molly, Pique, Daughter of Char-
ity (1882); Daughters of Eve, Wayside Rest
(1883); Benson Ferry, Thames Roses (1884).
— Meynell, 124 ; Portfolio (1870), 177.
LESSEE, ALEXANDER, born in War-
saw in 1812, died there, March 7, 1884.
History painter, pupil of Warsaw, Dresden,
and Munich Academies, at the latter under
Cornelius and Schuorr ; returned to War-
saw and attained great popularity among
his countrymen by painting scenes from
Polish history. Works : David's Thanks
for his Victory over Goliath ; Daughters of
the Cid (Villa Rosenstein, near Stuttgart);
Young Boleslav III. begging his Father's
Permission to fight against the Moravians ;
Defence of Trembowla against the Turks,
(iotha Gallery ; Kadlubek, Heinrich von
Liegnitz taking Farewell of St. Hedwig ;
Finding of Heinrich's Body on Battlefield of
Liegnitz ; Finding of Wanda's Body ; Prus-
sia's Allegiance ; Ascension ; Magdalen ;
portraits of all the Polish kings. — Dioskur-
en (1873), 464 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 396 ;
Mailer, 335.
LESSING, KARL FRIEDRICH, born in
Breslau, Feb. 15, 1808,
died in Carlsruhe, June
5, 1880. History and
landscape painter, pu-
pil at Berlin Academy
of Rosel and Diihling,
then of Schadow, whom
in 1826 he followed to
Dusseldorf, where he
rapidly established his
reputation. His first works, exhibited in
Berlin in 1828 and 1830, which created
great interest, were followed by an excel-
lent series of historical and landscape paiut-
LESTANG-PARADE
ings. On Schadow's departure for Italy
in 1830, lie became director of the Acad-
emy, and exercised a great influence over
the Diisseldorf school. In 1858 he became |
director of the Carlsruhe Gallery. Member
of Berlin Academy, 1832 ; Knight of Order
of Merit ; Medal : 1st class, Paris, 1837.
Works : Convent Churchyard (182G) ; Me-
dieval Castle (1828), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Mourning Royal Couple (1828) ; Con-
vent-Yard in Snow (1828), Cologne Museum;
Barbarossa at Iconium (1829) ; Ravine with
Ruins (1830) ; Burg Rheinstein (1832) ;
Mountain Landscape, Great Rocky Land-
scape, The Robber, Leonore (1832); Convent
Church-Yard in the Snow (1833), Landscape
in the Eifel (1834), Hussite Sermon (183G),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Landscape (183G),
Confession in the Woods (1837), Raczynski
Gallery, ib. ; Evening on the Moselle (1837),
Darmstadt Museum ; Landscape with Ruins
of Fire (1835), Millennial Oak (1837), Ezze-
lino in Prison (1838), Oakwood (1839), Sta-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Frederic Barbarossa
(1839), Service in Old Chapel (1839), Land-
scape on the Havel (1841), National Gallery,
Berlin ; //«.« before Council of Constance
(1842), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Henry V.
before Priifeningen (1844), Hanover Gallery;
Mountain Landscape at Noon, Landscape in
Hailstorm, Wood Landscape with Brook
(1844) ; Mountain Landscape at Evening
(1845) ; Wood Landscape with Burning
Couve?it (184(1), Dresden Museum ; Hunts-
man on Stand (184(5), Ravene Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Mountainous Landscape (1847), View
in the Eifel, Leipsic Museum ; Arquebu-
siers defending Height (1848), Head of a
Knight, Diisseldorf Gallery; Martyrdom of
7/Kss (1850), Defence of a Pass (1851), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; Westphalian Land-
scape (1852), Ravene Gallery, ib. ; Wood
Landscape with Figures, Basle Museum ; Lu-
ther burning the Pope's Bull (1853) ; Land-
scape with Soldiers (185G) ; Seizure of Pope
Paschal by Henry V. (1858) ; Monk at Coffin
of Henry IV. (1859), Ki'migsberg Museum ;
Rhine - Landscape (1859), Christiauia Gal-
lery; Crusaders in the Desert (1863), Luther
and Eck at Leipsic (1867), View in the Hartz,
Landscape with Charcoal Burners, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Evening Landscape (1868),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Landscape, Stettin
Museum ; do., Wiesbaden Gallery ; Morn-
ing Landscape with Gypsies (1870) : Laud-
scape in the Hartz, Milan Gallery ; Landscape
in the Eifel during Storm (1875), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Landscape with Accesso-
ries from Thirty Years' War (1877), Dres-
den Museum ; Landscape in Franconian
Switzerland, Stuttgart Gallery ; Lorettsberg,
near Freiburg, Cologne Museum. Works
in United States : Landscape, T. A. Have-
meyer, New York ; Monks' Repose, Mrs. W.
P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Mountains of
Eifel, J. D. Lankenau, ib. ; Moonrise, Fair-
man Rogers, ib. ; Martyrdom of ffuss, After
a Summer Shower, Landscape with Poach-
ers, Sunrise in Hartz Mountains, Hymn of
the Ages, /fuss before Council of Constance,
J. Longworth Collection, Cincinnati ; Am-
bush, G. Hoadly, ib. His sons Koiirad
and Heiurich have also made a name for
themselves as landscape painters. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xviii. 450 ; Allgem. Zeitg., June
12, 1880; 'Furster, v. 351; Frankfurter
Zeitg., June 13, 1C, 17, 1880; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1878), i. 123 (1880), i. 513 ; Jordan
(1885), ii. 135 ; Karlsruher Zeitg., June 20,
1880 ; Kunst-Chrouik, xv. 601 ; Wolfgang
Mflller, Diisseldorf. K, 89 ; Nord und Slid,
xv. 312 ; Pecht, D. K., iii. 294 ; Raczynski,
iii. 370 ; Reber, ii. 13G ; Ueber Land u.
Meer (1868), i. 223 ; Westermaun's Monats-
hefte, xlviii. 729 ; Wiegmann, 102 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., xvi. 33, xvii. 185, 224.
LESTANG-PARADE, LEON DE, born
at Aix in 1812. History and portrait paint-
er. Medals : 2d class, 1835 ; 1st class, 1838.
Works : Death of Camoens (1835), Aix Mu-
seum ; Last Moments of the Painter San-
terre (1835), Lyons Museum ; Titian and
Aretino at Venice (1838), Arras Museum ;
Samson and Delilah (1840) ; Calling of St.
James (1843), Last Interview of St. Bene-
dict and his Sister St. Scholastica (1847),
70
LE SUEUK
Prefecture tie la Seine, Paris. — Bellier, i.
1031.
LE SUEUB, EUSTACHE, born in Paris,
Nov. 19, 1(516, died
there, April 30, 1655 ;
French school. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Simon Vouet, with
whom he quarrelled
in 1641, and began an
independent career.
Taking his three
brothers and his
brother-in-law, M.
Gousse, into his studio, he with their help
painted many pictures, whose chaste sim-
plicity of style and deep though unex-
aggerated expression entitle him to be
ranked as one of the chief glories of the
French school. He was one of the first
members of the French Academy of Paint-
ing on its foundation in 1618. Most of his
pictures have been engraved. Works : An-
gel appearing in Desert to Hagar, Father of
Tobias giving Orders to his Son, Angelic
Salutation, Christ bearing his Cross, Descent
from the Cross, Jesus appearing to Mary
Magdalen, St. Gervais and St. Protais refus-
ing to sacrifice to Jupiter, St. Paul preaching
at Ephesus, Martyrdom of St. Lawrence,
Apparition of St. Scholastica to St. Benedict,
Mass of St. Martin of Tours, History of St.
Bruno, St. Bruno examining the Plan of the
Chartreuse Church in Home, Plan of the
Old Chartreuse Church in Paris, Dedication
of the Chartreuse Church, Birth of Cupid,
Venus presenting Cupid to Jupiter, Cupid
reprimanded by his Mother taking refuge
with Ceres, Cupid receiving the Homage of
the Gods, Cupid orders Mercury to announce
his Power to the Universe, Cupid taking
away Jupiter's Lightning, Phaeton asking
Apollo for the Chariot of the Sun, Clio, Eu-
terpe and Thalia, Melpomene, Erato and
Polymnia, Urania, Terpsichore, Calliope,
Rape of Ganymede, Reunion of Artists, In-
stitution of the Eucharist (attributed), Christ
at the Column (attributed), Louvre, Paris;
Urania, Bordeaux Museum ; Family of To-
bias thanking God after Departure of the
Angel Raphael, Grenoble Museum ; Martyr-
dom of St. Gervais and St. Protais, Faith,
Religion, Lyons Museum ; Presentation in
the Temple, Christ with Martha and Mary,
Marseilles Museum ; Sacrifice of Manoah,
Montauban Museum ; First Night of Wed-
ding of Tobias, Montpellier Museum ; Rise
of Aurora, Nantes Museum ; Woman in Sur-
prise, Monk in Meditation, Rouen Museum;
Christ Blessing, Brussels Museum ; St. Bru-
no in his Cell, Berlin Museum ; Christ in
the House of Martha, St. Louis of France
at Mass, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Burial
Scene, Stuttgart Museum ; Funeral of Cu-
pid, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Martyr-
dom of St. Stephen, Exposure of Moses,
Darius Hystaspes causing the Grave of
Queen Nitocris to be opened, Birth of Mary
the Virgin, Presentation of Christ in the
Temple, Presentation of Mary in the Tem-
ple, Death of tho Virgin, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg.— Bellier, i. 1132 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fraii(;aise ; Jal, 780 ; Memoires in-
c'dits, i. 147 ; Stothert, 87 ; Cat. du Louvre.
LETHIKRE, (JUILLAUME GU1LLON,
born at St.
i A line, Guada-
' loupe, Jan. 10,
1760, died in
Paris, April 21,
1832. Genre
painter, pupil
in Paris of Doy-
en. His father,
Guillon, being
ashamed to have
him work under
the family name, he took that of Lethiere.
He won the 2d grand prix in 1784, and
after spending four years in Italy returned
to Paris ; accompanied Lucien Bonaparte
to Spain, and was engaged there several
years in collecting pictures for him. In
1812-20 he was director of the French
Academy in Rome ; in 1825 he became a
member of the Institute, and soon after pro-
71
LEU
fessor in the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Works :
Woman of Cana at the Feet of Christ
(1784), Angers Museum ; Nero causing Ab-
duction of Juuia (1790), Montpellier Mu-
firtttus condemning his Sons to
scum
Death (1812), Death of Virginia (1828),
Louvre ; The Preliminaries of Loeben
(1800), Versailles Museum ; View of the
Plain of Rome and of the Dominican Church
(1807) ; View of St. Peter's and the Vatican
(1807) ; View of the Villa Medici (1807) ;
TKneas and Dido surprised by a Storm
(1819), Amiens Museum ; View of the Cha-
teau of Genezano (1819) ; Venus Anadyo-
mene (181!)) ; St. Louis visiting a Plague-
stricken Man near Carthage (1822), Bor-
deaux Museum ; jEsculapius fed by a Goat
(1822) ; Romulus and Remus fed by the
Wolf (1822) ; Coast of England near Brigh-
ton (1822) ; Felucca in Danger near Genoa
(1822); Foundation of the College of France
by Francis I. (1824), College do France ;
Heroic Firmness of St. Louis at Damietta
(1827), Council of State ; Philoctetes climb-
ing the Rocks of Lemnos (1827), Chamber
of Deputies ; Mary Magdalen at the Feet
of Christ, St. Roch, Paris ; Homer Singing,
Judgment of Paris, both in London ; Plior-
bus releasing (Edipus when a Child, Mass
in the Catacombs, Departure of Adonis,
Death of Adonis, Duke d'Alba, Madrid ;
Portraits of Empress Josephine and of Elise
Bonaparte, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, i.
1035 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole framjaise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Larousse.
LEU, AUGUST (WILHELM), born in
Minister, March 24, 1818. Landscape
painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under
Schirrner ; visited Norway (1843, 1847),
Switzerland (1847, 1805, 1871), Italy (1802-
03), and Tyrol (1873) ; settled in Diissel-
dorf, and in 1882 removed to Berlin. Mem-
ber of Berlin, Vienna, Amsterdam, and Brus-
sels Academies ; royal professor ; gold med-
als in Berlin ; Belgian Order of Leopold.
Works : Waterfall in High Plain of Nor-
way (1844), Konigsberg Museum ; Norwe-
gian Waterfall with Fir- Wood (1849), Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Sogne Fjord (1849), Bremen
Gallery ; Waterfall in the Mountains (1847),
Hardanger Fjord (1851), Swiss Landscape
(1851), Great Norwegian Landscape (1852),
Gallery Raveue, Berlin ; Norwegian Water-
fall, Vienna Museum ; High Plain in Norway
(1857), Konigsberg Museum; The High Goll
near Berchtesgaden (1859), Stuttgart Mu-
seum ; Engstler Alp ; The Konigsee with the
Watzmauu, Gotha Museum ; The Dachstein ;
View on Chiem Lake ; Eiger and Mouch ;
View of Capri ; View near Chiavenna ; Sun-
set near Nice ; Handeck in Switzerland ;
Anacapri ; Sogne Fjord (1874), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; German Wood Landscape, Pro-
vinzial Museum, Hanover ; Coast of Monaco,
Stettin Museum ; Lake Oeschinen in Berne
(1870), National Gallery, Berlin ; Rocca
Bruiia near Nice (1876). — D. Kunstbl.
(1855), 310; (1850), 407; (1857), 105;
(1858), 197 ; Miiller, 335.
LEUCIPPIDES, RAPE OF. See Castor
and Pollux.
LEUTZE, EMANUEL, born at Gmiind,
Wiirtemberg, May 24,
1810, died in Washing-
ton, July 18, 1808. His-
tory painter ; taken to
America as a child by
his parents, who settled
in Philadelphia, where
lie was first instructed
by John A. Smith ;
went in 1841 to Diis-
seldorf, and studied under Lessing. Also
studied in Munich, Venice, and Rome ;
visited America in 1851 and settled there
; permanently in 1859, living alternately
j in New York and Washington. Elected
N.A. in 1800. Works : Hagar and Ishmael,
Indian looking towards Setting Sun, Colum-
bus before Council of Salamanca (1841) ;
Columbus' Third Return from America
(1842) ; Sir Walter Raleigh's Farewell of
his Wife (1842); Cromwell at his Daughter's
' Deathbed (1842) ; King Ferdinand taking
1 the Chains from Columbus (1843) ; First
Landing of Norsemen in America, Pennsyl-
LEUX
vania Academy, Philadelphia ; Columbus at
Gate of La Rabida Monastery (1844); John
Kuox and Mary Stuart (1845) ; Sir Walter
Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth on a Walk
(1845) ; English Iconoclasts, Torquemada
persuading King Ferdinand to dismiss Em-
bassy of the Jews (1846) ; Henry VIII. and
Anna Boleyn in the Park, Puritan surpris-
ing his Daughter before a Madonna, Festive
Reception of Columbus on his First Return
from America (1847) ; Storming of the Teo-
calli (1848) ; Charles I. signing Stratford's
Death Warrant (1849) ; Washington crossing
the Delaware (1850, Gold medal in Berlin),
Bremen Gallery ; replica (1851) ; Battle of
Moumouth (1852-54); Departure of Colum-
bus from Palos (twice), Rose of Alhambra
(1855) ; Last Soiree of Charles II., Light
and Shade (185G) ; Wood Nymph, Crom-
well's Visit to Milton (1857), Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington ; Titian's Sail on the La-
goon, Defeat of General Braddock, Return
of Frederick II. from Spandau (1857); Anna
Boleyn persuading Henry VIII. to dismiss
Cardinal Wolsey, Scene from Paradise and
Peri, Sergeant Jasper saving the American
Flag (1858); Slar of Empire (1859), Capi-
tol, Washington ; Maid of Saragossa, Ve-
netian Masqueraders (1860) ; Lafayette in
Prison at Olmiitz visited by his Relatives,
Settlement of Maryland by the English
under Leonard Calvert (1861) ; Elizabeth
visited in Prison by Archbishop Crantner
(1862) ; First Landing of Columbus in
America, Emigrants attacked by Indians
(1863) ; Venice Victorious, Departure of
Moors from Alhambra, Merry Wives of
Windsor, Margaret of Branksome, Mary
Stuart hearing First Mass on Return to
Scotland, Cromwell examining State Docu-
ments, Lady Godiva, Elaine, Bride of Christ,
Scene from Bulwer's Richelieu (1864-68) ;
The Poet's Dream, Pennsylvania Academy,
Philadelphia ; Portraits of Washington, Lin-
coln, General Grant, General Burnside, Louis
Lang, Colonel Lottuer, of himself, New York
Academy. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 500 ;
Blanckarts, 18 ; Kunst-Chronik, iii. 188 ;
Wolfg. Miillcr, Diisseldf. K., 135 ; Reber,
iii. 194, 323 ; Springer, 158 ; Tuckerman,
333 ; do., Artist Life (New York, 1847), 171;
Laud mid Meer (1870), i. 94 ; Wiegmann,
240.
LEUX. See Luycx.
LEVY, EMILE, born in Paris, Aug. 29,
1826. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of
Abel de Pujol, Picot,
and of the Kcole des
Beaux Arts ; won the
grand prix de Rome in
1854. Since 1877 he has
chiefly devoted himself
to portrait painting.
Medals : 3d class, 1859,
1864, 1866, 1867; 1st
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works :
Noah cursing Canaan (1855), Aurillac Mu-
seum ; Supper of the Martyrs (1859), Ami-
ens Museum ; Ruth and Naomi (1859), Rou-
eu Museum ; Haymaking (1861) ; Verciuge-
torix surrendering to Crosar, Venus putting
on her Belt, Holding Mass in the fields
(1863) ; Idyl (1864) ; Diana (1865) ; Death
of Orpheus (1866), Luxembourg Museum ;
Rainbow, Lilacs (1868) ; Music, Hesitation
(1869); Midas' Decision (1870), Montpellier
Museum ; Scene in the Fields (1870) ; The
Letter, Girl carrying Fruit (1872) ; A Path,
A Child (1873) "; Love and Folly (1874) ;
The Brook, The Boat, Willow Tree, Woman
Bathing (1876) ; The Meta Sudans (1877) ;
Caligula (1878) ; Young Mother nursing her
Child (1881) ; Infancy (1885) ; The Foun-
tain Basin, Laon Museum ; Love of Money,
Nantes Museum ; Idyl, Pau Museum ; The
Stars, The Elements, Salon of Ministry of
State, Louvre ; Presentation of the Virgin,
Trinity Church, Paris.— Bellier, i. 1042 ;
Revue des Deux Mondes (1866), Ixiii. 703 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 498 ; Claretie,
Peintres (1874), 324 ; Miiller, 335.
LtiVY, (HENRI) LEOPOLD, born at
Nancy, Sept. 23, 1840. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Picot, Cabanel, and Fromentin. His
dramatic and brilliantly colored mythologi-
73
LEWIS
oal subjects are treated in the style of De-
lacroix. Medals: 1805, 1867, 1869; 1st
class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1872. Works: He-
cuba (18G5) ; Joash
saved from the Slaugh-
ter of the King's Sons
(18G7), bought by the
State ; Hebrew Captive
weeping over the Ruins
of Jerusalem (18G9) ;
Herodiax (1872) ; Christ
at the Tomb (1873) ;
Sarjirdon (1874), Luxembourg Museum ;
Christ on the Mount (1879). — llevue des
Deux Mondes, 1871! ; Miiller, 336.
LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK, born in
London, July 14, 1805, died at Walton, Aug.
15, 187G. Figure painter, son and pupil of
F. C. Lewis, engraver and landscape painter;
began as an animal painter, and in 1825 pub-
lished a collection of etchings. Became an
associate of Society of Painters in Water
Colours in 1828 ; travelled in Germany,
Spain, Italy, Turkey, and the East, living in
Egypt ten years ; returned to England in
1851, and in 1855 was elected president of
Water Colour Society. Began to paint in
oils in 185G, and frequently exhibited East-
ern scenes ; elected an A.R.A. in 1859,
and II. A. in 1866. Works in oil : Love Mis-
sive (1855) ; Frank Encampment in the
Desert of Mt. Sinai, Greeting in the Desert,
Street Scene in Cairo (1856) ; Syrian Sheik
(1857) ; Waiting for the Ferry-Boat — Upper
Egypt (1859); Door of a' Cafe' in Cairo
(186(i) ; Armenian Lady (1868) ; Prayer of
Faith (1872) ; Midday Meal— Cairo, On the
Banks of the Nile (1876). Works in water
colour: Christine Spy before Zumalacarregui
(1834) ; Easter Day at Rome (1840) ; A
Harem (1850) ; Arab Scribe (1852) ; Halt
in the Desert, Camels and Bedouins, Ro-
man Pilgrims (1854) ; Well in the Desert
(1855). Frederick C. Lewis (1813-1875),
his brother, spent many years in the East,
especially in India, where he painted nu-
merous pictures. — Saudby, ii. 339 ; Wilmot-
Buxtou, 180 ; Art Journal (1858), 41 ; (1876),
329.
LEYBOLD, KARL, bom at Stuttgart in
1786, died there in 1844. History and
portrait painter, son of the engraver Johann
Friedrich Leybold ; pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy under Wilchter, lived in Rome in 1807-
15, and removed in 1821 from Vienna to
Stuttgart, where he became professor at the
Art-school in 1829, and inspector of the Gal-
lery in 1842. Honorary member of Vienna
Academy in 1836. Works : Beneficence of
Cimon ; Education of Bacchus, Nymphs
resting by a Spring, Portraits of Dannecker
(2), Stuttgart Museum ; Portraits of King
William and Queen Pauline of Wiirtemberg,
Queen Sophie of the Netherlands, Heinrich
von Cotta.— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1845), 169.
LEYDEN, LUCAS VAN, born in Leyden
in 1494, died
there in 1533 ;
Dutch school.
Real name Lu-
cas Jacobaz ; pu-
pil of his father,
Huig Jacobaz,
and of Cornells
Engelbrechts-
zen. Historical
and genre paint-
er, and one of the great masters of the Dutch
school. Friend of Albert Diirer, who men-
tions him in his Diary. Patronized by
Charles V. and by the Archbishop Margaret,
he had a vessel splendidly fitted up, in which
he sailed about the Dutch coasts and rivers.
Master of Antwerp guild in 1522. His pict-
ures are rare, but his admirable engravings
are numerous and highly valued. Works
characterized by realistic treatment of sacred
subjects, and thoroughly original as to in-
vention and execution. He never idealized ;
even in his altar-pieces the heads are por-
traits of living persons ; as a rule, their type
is ugly but expressive, and he often shows
considerable dramatic power ; besides, we
meet in his works with a great variety of
dramatis personae, such as saints, gods of
74
LEYPOLD
Olympus, noblemen and beggars, warriors
aud peasants, gentlewomen as well as tooth-
less hags, monks, fools, and pilgrims.
Works : Last Judgment (1532), Leyden
Museum ; The Engagement King, David
playing the Harp before Saul, St. Luke and
St. Mark, St. Matthew, Adoration of the
Magi (?), Triptych with Adoration in cen-
tre, Antwerp Museum ; Game of Chess, St.
Jerome doing Penitence, Berlin Museum ;
Madonna aud Angels, Darmstadt Museum ;
Temptation of St. Anthony (replica in Vi-
enna Museum), Mary Magdalen, Dresden
Museum ;. Surgical Operation, Gotha Muse-
um ; Madonna with Mary Magdalen (1522),
Annunciation, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Christ and the Blind Man of Jericho (1531),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; The Tiburtine
Sibyl and Emperor Augustus, Academy,
Vienna ; Antouius and Hilarion, Triumphal
Entry of David, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
Pieta, St. Sebastian, Bergamo Gallery ; Ma-
donna with Angels, Galleria Estense, Mode-
na ; Christ Crowned with Thorns, Uffizi,
Florence ; A Card Party, Earl of Pembroke,
Wilton House ; The Dentist, Duke of Dev-
onshire, Chatsworth ; Calvary (triptych),
Turin Gallery ; Last Judgment, Historical
Society, New York ; Portrait of himself,
Brunswick Museum ; Count Edzard I. of
East Friesland, Olden-
burg Gallery ; Emperor
Maximilian I., Vienna
Museum ; do., Naples
Museum ; Portrait of a
Young Knight, Liverpool
Institution ; do. of him-
self, and another, Uffizi,
Florence. Bartsch men-
tions 174- engravings by
him. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 338 ; Cli.
Blanc, £cole hollandaise, i. ; Engerth, Bel-
vedere Galerie, ii. 239 ; Fitrster, Gesch., ii.
137 ; do., Denkmale, xi. iii. G75 ; Immer-
zeel, ii. 171 ; Keane, Early Masters, 231 ;
Kramm, iv. 970; Kugler (Crowe), i. 121;
Michiels, v. 95 ; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 11 ; ii.
145 ; Van den Brauden, 119.
LEYPOLD, (KAKL) JULIUS VON, born
at Dresden, July 24, 1800, died at K<>(/.-
schenbroda, near Dresden, Dec. 31, 1874.
Landscape painter, honorary member of
Dresden Academy. Works : View of Ger-
man Town on a lliver (185(5), Mercury Bas-
tion in Dresden, do. (1873), Winter Land-
scape with Ruins of Old Castle (18(55), Dres-
den Museum.
LEYS, HENDRIK, Baron, born in Ant-
werp, Feb. 18, 1815,
died there, Aug. 25,
1809. History and
genre painter, pupil
of his brother-in-law,
F. de Braekeleer, and
of Antwerp Academy
under Wappers ; at
first adhered to the
style of the former,
but afterwards imitated the French romanti-
cists aud the old Flemish masters. In 1835
-39 he visited Paris and Holland ; in 1852,
1859, and 1803, Germany ; in 1855, Paris ;
in 1802, London. Great gold medal in
Brussels, 1835 ; Paris, 1855 and 1807 ; Or-
der of Leopold, 1840 ; Officer, 1850 ; Com-
mander, 1807 ; L. of Honour, 1802 ; made
Baron in 1802. Member of the Brussels
Academy in 1845. Works : Little Musician
by Peasant Cottage (1832) ; Fight between
Grenadier aud Cossack, Skirmish between
Citizens of Ghent and Bruges (1833) ; Strand
of Antwerp (1834) ; Furie espagnole, The
White Caps under Philip the Bold (1835) ;
Defence of Gueux Family against Spaniards,
Fortune-Teller, Massacre of Magistrates of
Louvain (1830) ; Rembrandt's Studio (1837);
Family Festival in Brittany (1838) ; Inte-
rior in 17th Century, Amsterdam Museum ;
Gypsies and Robbers, Flemish Wedding
(1839) ; Dutch Village Street (1841), New
Piuakothek, Munich ; Courtyard of an Inn
(1842), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Flemish
Interior (1845), Wuydts Collection, Ant-
werp ; Family Festival (1845), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Restoration of Divine Service in Ant-
werp Cathedral (1845) ; Wealth and Poverty
75
LEYVA
(1837), Entry of Charles II. into Antwerp,
Muss in Honor of Bertall tie Haze (1855),
Studio of Frans Floris (1868), Oath of
Charles V. (1809), Brussels Museum ; Flem-
ish Church in 17th Century (1844-50),
Dutch Company in 17th Century (1847).
Diirer painting Erasmus (1857), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Armourer, Musical Party
(1847) ; Frans Floris going to a Festival
(1850), Archers' Festival in Honor of Rubens
(1851), Antwerp Museum ; Louis XI. and
Tristan the Hermit, Synagogue in Prague,
Kums Collection, Antwerp ; Artist's Studio
(1851), Two Flemish Fishermen Scenes,
Huybrechts Collection, Antwerp ; Flemish
Inn, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ; Burgo-
master Six in Rembrandt's Studio (1849),
Artist's Studio (1850), Prince Gortschakoff,
St. Petersburg; Feast of Otto Vaenius (1852) ;
Erasmus in his Study (1853) ; Walk outside
the Gate, New Year's Day in Flanders, Dii-
rer looking at Procession in Antwerp (1855);
Grietje, Bagpipers (185G) ; Plantiu and
Family going to Church, Episode from Ref-
ormation (1857) ; Mary of Burgundy giving
to the Poor of Bruges, Sermon of Haem-
stedes, Luther as Chorister in Eisenach,
Luther's Homo in Wittenberg (1858) ; In-
stitution of the Golden Fleece (1859) ;
Declaration, Portrait of Quinten Massys
(1803), Calvary (1857), Kirmess Scene in
Antwerp (1858, fresco in Leys Mansion,
Antwerp) ; Four Scenes from History of
Antwerp, Allegorical Figures and Portraits
of twelve Princes (1864-69), City Hall, Ant-
werp. Works in United States : Halt at
the Tavern, Historical Society, New York ;
Marguerite Leaving Church, August Bel-
mont, ib. ; Revival of Catholic Worship in
the Low Countries in 1599 by Albert of
Austria, D. O. Mills, ib. ; Lucas Cranach
painting Portrait of Luther, Education of
Charles V., Conferring Citizenship on Pala-
vicini, Soldiers' Amusements, W. H. Van-
derbilt, ib. ; Luther, G. I. Seney sale, ib. ;
Interview, B. Wall, Providence ; The Mes-
sage, H. C. Gibson, Philadelphia ; Guard-
Room, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, ib. ; Edict of
Charles V. (1859), W. T. Walters, Baltimore.
— Annuaire de 1'Acad. roy. de Belgiquo
(1872), 201 ; Art Journal (1866), 197 ; Ch.
Blanc, Art. d. m. Temps, 209 ; Dioskuren
(1869), 253 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1856), xx.
297 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 211 ; Immer-
s . 783*
zeel, ii. 173 ; Kramm, iv. 970 ; Reber, iii.
84 ; Riegel, Wandmalerei in Belgien, 62 ;
Rooses (Reber), 408 ; Rossetti, F. A., 120 ;
Van den Branden, 1403 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xv. 333, 370.
LEYVA, DIEGO DE, Fray, born at
Haro, Old Castile, about 1580, diedatMira-
flores, Nov. 24, 1037. Spanish school ; Sup-
posed to have studied in Rome ; settled at
Burgos and married ; after death of his
wife became a monk in the Chartreuse of
Miraflores (1634), where he spent the rest
of his life in religious duties and in paint-
ing devotional subjects.— Stirling, ii. 732 ;
Cean Bermudez.
LHERMITTE, LEON AUGUSTIN, born
in Mout-Saint-Pere (Aisne), Jan. 31, 1844.
Genre painter, pupil of Lecoq de Boisbau-
dran. Medals : 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class,
1880 ; L. of Honour, 1884. Works : The
Harvest (1874); New Wine ; Washing Sheep;
Market in Lauderneau ; Ploumanach's Par-
don (1879); The Grandfather (1880) ; Party
of Four (1881) ; Harvesters' Wages (1882),
Luxembourg Museum ; Harvest-Time, Girl
L -LKermHte
Sewing (1883) ; The Vintage (1884), William
Schaus, New York ; Wine (1885).— Bellier,
i. 1045.
LIBER, ancient pictures. See Echion,
Nicias.
LIBERALE DI JACOPO DA VERONA,
born in Verona in 1451, died there, Aug. 12,
1530. Venetian school ; history painter, pupil
of Stefano dai Libri, a miniaturist of Verona,
76
LIBERATOEE
by whom he was taught the art of illuminat-
ing. The choir-books in the cathedrals at
Chiusi (1467-09) and Siena are examples of
his skill as a miniature painter. After his re-
turn to Verona, about 1745, he took up fresco
and oil painting, carrying into them those
habits of excessive detail and minuteness
which were derived from his early training.
The Adoration of the Magi (1480-90) in the
Duomo, Verona, shows this ; but the Pre-
della in the Episcopal Palace is more broad- j
ly treated, and plainly executed under the '
influence of Mantegna. This is yet more
evident in the Madonna di Casa Scotti, Mi-
lan, which has been attributed to Mantegna.
Among the works of Liberale are : Angels
with Instruments of the Passion, Casa Gra-
deuigo, Padua ; Glory of St. Anthony, S.
Fermo, Verona ; Entombment, S. Leone,
Venice ; Assumption of the Magdalen, Sac-
risty of S. Anastasia, Verona ; St. Sebastian,
Brera, Milan ; replica, Berlin Museum. The
frescos of St. Catherine in Glory, Christ in
the Garden bearing his Cross, and the De-
position, S. Anastasia, Verona, have been at-
tributed to Liberale. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v.
274 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 404 ; Lermolieff,
6, 55, 104, etc. ; Bernasconi, Studii, 244 ;
Liibke, Gesch. d. ital. Mai, i. 479.
LIBEEATOEE, NICCOLd DI. See
Alunno.
LIBERI, PIETRO, Cavaliere, born in
Padua in 1605 (?), died in Venice, Oct. 18,
1687. Venetian school ; pupil of Alessandro
Varotari ; afterwards studied at Homo the
works of Raphael, Michelangelo, Correggio,
and Titian, and formed from them all a
style of his own. He became famous both
in Italy and in Germany, and, though orig-
inally poor, won wealth and titles. He is
considered one of the best designers of the
Venetian school ; his touch is free and mas-
terly, and his colouring agreeable and ten-
der ; and few artists have greater variety of
style. His pictures may be divided into
two classes : those executed with a free and
rapid pencil, and those finished with great
care and attention to details, the former
being the best. He was noted for his nudo
Venuses and other subjects, which were
treated so freely as to win him the surname
of Libertiuo. Among his works in Venice
are : Battle of the Dardanelles, Palazzo Du-
cale ; Annunciation, S. M. del Pianto ; S.
Proculo, Virgin and St. Joseph, Assumption,
S. Proculo ; S. Mose, Finding of the Cross,
S. Mose ; Massacre of the Innocents, Ognis-
santi ; Annunciation, Venice Suppliant, Sa-
lute ; Crucifixion, S. Agostino. Other ex-
amples : Cupid adorned by Nymphs, Venus
visiting the Smithy of Vulcan, Susanna at the
Bath, Bathsheba leaving the Bath, Venus
bandaging the Wounded Vulcan, Hercules
and Omphale, Dresden Museum ; Judgment
of Paris, Youth protected by Wisdom, Dres-
den Museum ; Mars and Venus playing at.
Chess, Oldenburg Gallery ; Medor and An-
gelica with Cupids in a Landscape, Schleiss-
heim Gallery; /Vllegory on Motto of Emper-
or Leopold I. : Consilio et Industria, Venus
and Cupid, Vienna Museum. Liberi had a
son, Marco, who imitated his father's style
almost to caricature. — Ch. Blanc, Ecolo ve-
nitienne.
LIBEL See (rirolanw dai Libri.
LI CH ERIE DE BEURON (Bevron),
LOUIS, born at Houdan (Seine-et-Oise),
July fi, 1029, died in Paris, Dec. 3, 1687.
French school ; history painter, pupil of
Louis Boulogne, the elder, and of Le Brun.
He decorated the Church of the Invalides,
became a teacher in the Gobelins, Member
of the Academy in 1679, and adjunct pro-
fessor in 1681. Many of his works are en-
graved. Works : Abigail and David (1679),
Louvre ; Christ on the Cross, Besanyon Mu-
seum ; Ecstasy of St. Joseph, Nantes Muse-
um.— Bellier de Chavignerie, Eecherches sur
Licherie (Paris, 1860).
LICHTENFELS, EDUARD PEITHNEE
VON, born in Vienna, Nov. 18, 1833. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy
under Steiufeld and Thomas Ender ; went
in 1857 to Diisseldorf, where he was much
influenced by Lessing ; took part in the
Italian campaign of 1859 ; Member of Vi-
77
LIGHTEN HELD
enna Academy in 1808, and professor in
1872. Medal, Munich, 2d class, 1883.
Works : Farm-House near Meran ; Alt-Aus-
sce ; Oak Landscape ; Castle Liechtenstein ;
View near Mataun ; View near Sessana (1868); \
View near Lundeiiburg (1873), Vienna Mu-
seum ; View near Pitten ; Danube near
Weissenfels ; Landscape in Venetian Moun-
tains ; Coast View near Quarnero ; Hunter's
Hut in the Mountains ; Sketch from Top of
Etna (1880) ; Five Views in Nether Austria
(1883), Baron Albert Rothschild, Vienna ;
Eight Views in Austria-Hungary (1884),
Museum of Natural History, ib. — Miiller,
330 ; Zcitsc-hr. f. b. K, vii. (Mittheilungen,
i. 39); ix. 200 ; xviii. 41)2 ; xix. 508 ; Kuust-
Chronik, xvii. 200 ; xviii. 293, 492, 511 ; xix.
511 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 117 ; ii. 121.
LICHTENHELD, WILHELM, born in
Hamburg in 1818. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy ; paints almost ex-
clusively moonlight landscapes, both in oil
and water-colours. Works : Rest during
the Chase (1844), Leipsic Museum ; Treas-
ure Digger (1858), Moonlight on the Heath
(1859), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Thun-
derstorm, Convent Hall by Moonlight (1800);
Moonrise over Dachauer Moos, Moonlight
Night (1801); Morning Dawn (1802); Clois- j
tor in Brixon, Moonlight Night on the Am-
mer (1800) ; Foggy Morning, Moonlight
Night on Chiem Lake ; eighteen water-col-
ours in Holzschuher Collection, Augsburg.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 541 ; Miiller,
330.
L1CINIO. See Pordenone.
LIEBEUMANN, MAX, contemporary.
Genre painter in Berlin ; since 1873 has at- j
tracted attention by Ins exaggerations of
realism, represented in its sound principle
by Gussow ; but has changed, of late, to a
more pleasing style. Works : Geese Pluck-
ers (1873) ; Turnip Field Gossip (1877) ;
Brother and Sister, Wood-Chopper's Fam-
ily, Artist's Studio (1878) ; Christ in the
Temple (1879) ; Orphanage in Amsterdam
(1882) ; Shoemaker's Workshop, Courtyard
of Orphanage at Amsterdam (1882); Women
at the Bleachery (1883) ; Munich Beer Gar-
den, Setting in the Loaves (1884). — Leix-
ner, Mod. K., i. 53 ; ii. 98 ; Mliller, 337 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., viii. 120 ; xvii. 370 ; xix.
200 ; D. Rundschau, xiii. 33G ; xvii. 307 ;
xx. 458 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 399, 747.
LIEHM, ANTON, born at Janegg, Bo-
hemia, Jan. 25, 1817, died there, May 27,
1800. Landscape painter, pupil in Prague
of Max Haushofer ; lived then in Teplitz in
1852-00. Works : View in the Erzgebirge
(1842) ; do. (1843) ; Castle Sternberg, View
near Ossegg (1844) ; Mill near Steruberg,
Wolfgang Lake, View on Lake Eben (1845);
Giant's Spring, Mountain Landscape, View
near Salzburg (1840) ; Views near Eichwald
and Dux (1847); Other Views in Erzgebirge
Mountains (1848-52) ; Sunday Morning,
Wood in Storm, Summer Noonday in Ap-
proaching Storm (1853) ; Summer After-
noon, Autumn Landscape (1854) ; Autumn,
Sultry Summer-day (1858) ; Autumn Land-
scape with Moonrise (1800). — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xviii. 027.
LIEMAEKEll (Liemackere), NICOLAAS
(dc), called Rooso or Roze, born in Ghent
in 1575, died there in 1040. Flemish school ;
history painter, pupil of Marcus Geerards
and of Otto Vaenius ; for some time at the
court of the Prince of Paderborn, returned
to Ghent, where he was president of the
guild in 1023-30. Works: The Trinity,
St. Bernard, St. Norbert, Holy Family (2),
Bust of Christ (2), Apotheosis of the Virgin,
Ghent Museum ; Virgin in Glory, Cathedral,
Ghent ; Fall of the Angels (masterpiece),
Good Samaritan, Consecration of St. Nicho-
J/J
las, St. Nicolaas, ib.; Institution of the Ro-
sary, Bruges Cathedral. — Immerzeel, ii. 175 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 293.
LIER, ADOLF, born at Herrnhut, Sax-
ony, May 21, 1820, died at Vahrn, near
Brixen, Tyrol, Sept. 30, 1882. Landscape
painter, pupil in Basle of Siiffert and in
78
LIES
Munich of Richard Zimmermann ; studied
from nature in the Bavarian Alps, visited
France in 1861 and 1864, studying and copy-
ing in the Louvre. Especially attracted by
Jules Dupre he followed him to Isle-Adam
in the winter of 1864-65, then visited Eng-
land, and returned via North Germany and
Dresden. In 1869 he opened a special
school for landscape painting and soon held
a position similar to that of Piloty in history
and genre ; in 1873 he abandoned teaching,
visited Holland, and in 1870 the Scotch
Highlands. Honorary Member of Dresden
(1868) and Munich (1877) Academies ; med-
als in Vienna and Berlin. Works : Village
near Habach (1855) ; Evening Landscape in
Approaching Storm (1856) ; Stone Image
with Chapel (1857) ; Starnberg Lake (1858);
View near Dachau (1859) ; Summer Morn-
ing (1860) ; Evening on the Isar (1862) ;
Coast near Etretat — Normandy, Evening on
Canal near Schleissheim, Summer on High
Plain (1863) ; Evening Landscape in Meck-
lenburg (1866); Autumn Morning, Avenue
in a Fog, Village Street by Moonlight (1807); |
Moonlight on the Oise (1867), Dresden Gal-
lery ; View on the Elbe, View near Schleiss-
heiin (1868) ; Morning, Noon, Evening,
Night, View on the Isar (1869) ; Potato Har-
vest (1870) ; Four Seasons (1871) ; Highway
in Rain, Foggy Morning on Chiem Lake
(1872); Strand at Scheveningen (1873); Win-
ter Evening (1875); Beech Wood (1876);!
Evening on the Isar (1877), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Evening Landscape (1878), Munich
Art Union; View near Giggenhausen (1881);
Sunset on Scotch Coast, Stuttgart Gallery ;
Theresa Meadow (1882, last work), New!
Pinakothek, Munich. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xviii. 631 ; D. Kunstbl. (1882), 20 ; Illust.
Zeitg. (1882), ii. 364; Kuust-Chronik, xvii.
480 ; xviii. 23, 364 ; Vom Fels zum Meer
(1883), 433.
LIES, JOSEPH, born at Antwerp, July
8, 1821, died in 1865. Historical genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Nicaise de Key-
ser, and of Hendrik Leys, whom he took, in
every respect, for his model ; while not at-
taining the same brilliancy of colouring, his
works attract more directly than those of
his master, through vividness of expression.
Studied also in Italy. Works : The Enemy
is near (1857), Prisoners of War, Antwerp
Museum ; Justice of Boudewyn Hapkin,
The Trials of War, Brussels Museum ; Eras-
mus reproaching his Friend Holbein with
FLORENCE
his Mode of Life. — Rooses (Reber), 471 ;
Reber-Pecht, iii. 87.
LIESKE, KARL, born in Gross Schimau,
near Zittau, in 1816, died in Munich, March
21, 1878. Animal painter, pupil of Dres-
den Academy ; removed about 1839 to Mu-
nich, where he was much benefited by the in-
tercourse with Theodor Horschelt. Works :
Horse Stable, Leaving the Alp (1843) ; Em-
barking of Horses on the Inn (1845) ; Re-
turn to Alp-Cottage (1847); Sumpter-Horscs
at the Well (1854) ; From Hunter's Life
(1859) ; From the Bavarian Alps (1865) ;
Horses on the Inn (1871); Peasant's Horses
at Watering Place (1873) ; Landscape with
Animals and Figures, Saint Gall Museum.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 638.
LIEVENS (Livens, Lyvins), JAN, born
at Leyden, Oct. 24,
1007, died at Am-
sterdam, buried
June 8, 1074. Dutch
school ; history and
portrait painter,
pupil of Joris Ver-
schooten, and at
Amsterdam of Pieter
Lastman, afterwards
greatly influenced by
Rembrandt ; in 1631 was called to England,
where, during a residence of three years, he
painted the royal family and many persons
of distinction ; after his return settled at
79
LIEZEN-MAYER
Antwerp, was received into the guild in
103.'), and took the freedom of that city
in 1640 ; still living there in 1643, he is
heard of at Amsterdam as early as 1652, and
lived temporarily (1652-54 and 1661-71) at
The Hague, where he was registered in
the guild in 1661. Works : Visitation of
the Virgin, Louvre, Paris ; Christ on the
Cross (1671), Nancy Museum ; Allegory on
Peace, Portraits of Admiral Tromp and his
"Wife, Amsterdam Museum ; St. Peter, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Scipio Africanus, Town
Hall, Leyden ; Abraham's Sacrifice, Bruns-
wick Museum ; St. Luke, Schwerin Gallery ;
Hustle Interior, Turin Gallery ; Portrait of
a Boy, Berlin Museum ; Male Portraits (2),
Dresden Museum ; do., Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; others in Bergamo, Cassel, Copen-
hagen, and Oldenburg (2) Galleries, Cologne,
Vienna, and Weimar Museums, Czernin Gal-
lery, Vienna. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 21 ;
Ch. Blanc, foole hollandaise ; Engcrth,
Belvedere Galerie, ii. 243 ; Imnierzeel, ii.
181 ; Kramm, iv. '.198 ; Kuglcr (Crowe),
ii. 3D1 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 253 ; Van
Zeitschr. f. 1>. K., iv. 5,
ALEXANDER, born
den Brandon, <S
•2 60.
LIE/KN-MAYER,
in Raab, Hungary, Jan. 24,
1831). History and por-
trait painter, pupil of Vi-
enna and Munich Acad-
emies, then of Pilot y ;
made his first success in
1S67 with Maria Theresa
nursing a Poor Child ;
then illustrated Schiller
and Goethe, and in 1870
went to Vienna, where he painted the Em-
peror. After his return to Munich he paint-
ed scenes from Cymbeline and Faust, made
illustrations for Scheffel's Ekkehard, Schil-
ler's Lay of the Bell, and Goethe's Faust.
Director of Stuttgart Art School in 1880 ;
professor at Munich Academy in 1883.
Works : Coronation of Charles of Durazzo
(1862) ; Canonization of Elizabeth of Thu-
riugia, Maria Theresa nursing Poor Child
(1867) ; Imogen and Jachimo, Faust and
Margaret, Elizabeth signing Mary Stuart's
Death- Warrant (1875) ; Irmgard and Ingo
(1877) ; Portrait of Emperor Francis Jo-
seph ; Chorus of Nereids (1880), Mira-
cle of Roses (1883), National Museum,
Pesth ; First Love (1884). — Dioskuren,
1865 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), i. 9 ; (1875), i.
238; ii. 9 ; (1877), ii. 531 ; (1880), i. 454 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xv. 467 ; xvii. 261 ; xviii.
60 ; La Ilustracion (1880), i. 363 ; Miiller,
337 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 97 ; xv. 60 ; xix.
230.
LIFE, CIRCUIT OF, Hans Canon, Muse-
um of Natural History, Vienna ; canvas, on
ceiling. One of the largest canvases ever
painted, the figures being three times
life-size. Allegorical illustration of the
birth and death of organic matter. In fore-
ground, Thought trying to solve the riddle
of life ; in middleground, a bridge with
many persons of all ages, their movements
expressing the struggle for existence and
the strife for fame and power ; at left, a
precipice and scenes of death ; in the shad-
ow of the bridge's arch, the sphinx. Paint-
ed in 1884-85.— Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 491 ;
xx. 284; Illustr. Zeitg. (1885), ii. 363.
LIFE'S IN THE OLD DOG YET, Sir
Edwin Lamheer, John Naylor, London ;
canvas. An old deer-hound, over-eager in
pursuit of a deer, has followed his prey in
a desperate leap from a high cliff ; an an-
cient sportsman, let down by a rope, sus-
tains the head of the dog and announces to
his companions above, in the words which
give a title to the picture, that he is still
alive. Royal Academy, 1838 ; Manchester
Exhibition, 1857.
LIGHT AND DARKNESS, SEPARA-
TION OF, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel,
Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
LIGHT OF THE WORLD, William Hoi-
man Hunt, Keble College, Oxford ; canvas.
The Saviour standing, with a lantern in his
hand, at a closed door, under a star-lit sky.
Painted in 1854. Presented by Mrs. Thom-
as Combe to Keble College.
LIJS.
LIJS. See Lys.
LILITH, Dante Gabriel liosfteiti, Mr. Al-
exander Stevenson, Tjnemoutli, England ;
canvas. Illustration of Rossetti's sonnet,
Lilith. According to ancient legend, the
witch Lilith, Adam's first wife, who was as
cruel as she was lovely, is immortal, and
still lures men into her snares. In the
picture she is lolling back in a chair, con-
templating her features in a mirror held in
her left hand, while she draws her right
hand through her pale golden hair which
falls in masses about her throat and shoul-
ders. Painted in 1864.— Athenaeum (1873),
407.
LIMBORCH (Limborgh), HENDRIK
VAN, born at The
Hague in 1G80, died
in 1758. Dutch
school ; history, land-
scape, and portrait
painter, pupil of
Adrian van der Werff,
of whom he was a
faithful but feeble
imitator. Works :
Repose in Egypt,
Golden Age, Louvre
Cupid and Psyche, Shepherds, Amsterdam
Museum ; Achilles recognized by Ulysses,
Rotterdam Museum ; Venus and Cupid,
Dresden Gallery ; Musical Company (?),
I i . Liechtenstein
b Qy Cfl t Gallery, Vienna.
— Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel,
ii. 178 ; Kramm, iv. 984 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 539.
LIN, HERMAN VAN, called Stilheid,
flourished in Utrecht about 1G59-70, when
he appears there as member and several
times as dean of the guild. Dutch school ;
genre and battle painter. Works : Battle
near Rome (1658), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Cav-
alry Combat under the Walls of a Fortress
(1650), Horseman and Horse laden with
Deer following Huntsmen, Woman and
Child on a Donkey, Dresden Museum ;
Dead and Wounded Soldiers plundered on
Blind Man's Buff,
\l\ 71 '
n V LJ I m
Battlefield, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cav-
alry Combat in the Mountains (1058), Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Cavalry Combat (1664), Vienna
Museum. — Schlie, 346.
LINDAU, DIETRICH WILHELM, born
in Dresden in 1799, died in Rome in 1862.
Genre painter, pupil of Dresden Academy
under Christian Ferdinand Hartmann ; went
as royal pensionary to Italy, and settled in
Rome in 1821 ; his truthful scenes from
Italian popular life met with great favor.
Works : Thorvaldsen with his Pupils in an
Italian Inn, Thorvaldseu Museum, Copen-
hagen ; October Festival near Rome (1832),
! Leipsic Museum ; Italian Peasants return-
ing from Harvest, Villa Rosenstein near
Stuttgart,— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1840), 15.
LIXDEGREX, AMALIA, born in Stock-
holm in 1814. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy ; went in 1850
to Diisseldorf and thence to Paris, where
she studied until 1854 under Cogniet and
Tissier ; then visited Munich and Rome,
and Paris again in 1855-56. Member of
Stockholm Academy since 1856. Works :
The Pilgrims; Mother and Child, Grand-
father and Granddaughter (1853), Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Girl with Oranges, Break-
fast, Dance in Peasant's Cottage, Stockholm
Museum ; Pifferari.— Miiller, 338.
LIXDEMAXN-FROMMEL, KARL (AU-
GUST), born at Mar-
kirch, Alsace, Aug. 19,
1819. Landscape paint-
er, nephew and pupil of
Karl Ludwig Frommel
in Carlsruhe, where ho
studied after the old
masters in the gallery
and from nature ; about
1840 he visited North
Italy, and after a year's stay in Munich,
where he was inspired by Rottmann and
also influenced by Olivier, returned to Carls-
ruhe, whence he went to Rome in 1845 ;
then to England in 1849, where his water-
colours were in great demand. Newly at-
tracted to Munich, he went thence to Paris,
81
LINDENSCHMIT
where Ingres showed especial interest in bis I (1840), Castle Landsberg, Meiningen. His
compositions, and in 1855 settled in Rome, brother Ludwig (born in Mentz, Sept. 4,
Professor and member of Accademia cli San 1809), pupil in Munich of Cornelius, also
Luca since 1878. Works : Temple at P;es- distinguished himself as a history painter,
turn ; Puzzuoli with Procida and Ischia ; but afterwards took up archaeology. — All-
Mount /Etna ; Poutine Swamps ; Villa Mat-
tei ; The Palatine Hill ; Strand of Viareg-
gio ; Convent Yard of Albano, Duke of Co-
burg, Vienna ; Bay of La Spezia, Carlsruhe
Gallery ; View of Rome (1869), View of
Naples, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Douaucsch-
ingeu.— D. Kuustbl. (1851), No. 37 ; (1852),
No. 13 ; (1853), 198 ; (1858), 25 ; Kugler,
Kl. Schriften, iii. 715, 731, 736 ; Laud und
Meer (1873), ii. 890.
LINDENSCHMIT, WILHELM, the
elder, born in Mentz,
March 12, 1806, died
there, March 12, 1848.
History painter, pupil
of Munich and Vienna
Academics ; studied also
the masterpieces in the
Belvedere Gallery ; re-
turned to Munich and
assisted Cornelius in the
fresco cycle in the arcades of the royal gar- j of Liitzow's Corps (1860) ; Death of Franz
den, and, with Philip Foltz, in the decora- von Sickingen (1861) ; Assembly of Reform-
tiou of the new palace. Called to Meinin- : ers at Marburg and Institution of Order
gen, he painted in Castle Landsberg a cycle ' of Jesus (1862, cartoons) ; Waldbilder (The
from Saxon history, then returned to Mentz. ! Dream, The Duel, etc., 1862) ; German Hall
Works : Artist's Family ; Fight of Cimbriau of Fame (1863, cartoon) ; Luther as a Scholar
Women against Romans, Munich Art Union ; singing for Bread ; Fisherman and Mermaid
Heroism of Duke Erich of Brunswick, Han- (1868), Schack Gallery, Munich ; Institution
over Art Union ; Battle of Arminius (1839), of Order of Jesus (1868) ; Young Luther
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Old German Huntsmen with Andreas Proles (1869) ; Ulrich von Hut-
camping beside a Hill ; Battle of Sendling— j ten fighting French Nobles (1869), Leipsic
1705, Death of Duke Luitpold in Battle near Museum ; Knox and the Iconoclasts ; Mur-
Pressburg, New Piuakothek, Munich ; En- der of William of Orange (1872) ; Venus
try of Otto the Great into Augsburg. Fres- beside Body of Adonis ; Narcissus ; Walter
gem. d. Biogr., xviii. 695 ; Allgem. K. Ch.,
ix. 609 ; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1831), 400 ; (1846),
46 ; D. Kunstbl. (1857), 263 ; Fdrster, v. 64,
82 ; Raczynski, ii. 265.
LINDENSCHMIT, WILHELM, the
younger, born in Munich, June 20, 1829.
History painter, son of Wilhelm, the elder,
pupil of Munich Academy, then of Stiidel
Institute in Frankfort, and of Antwerp Acad-
emy ; continued his studies in Paris, and in
1853 settled in Frankfort ; removed in 1863
to Munich, where he became professor at
the Academy (1875). Member of Berlin
Academy. Gold medal, Berlin, 1870. In
1885 he restored successfully his father's
fresco painting — Victory of Louis the Rich
at Giengen, in the Arcades of the Royal
Garden at Munich. Works : Harvest, Ham-
burg Gallery ; Alva and the Countess of Ru-
dolstadt ; Seizure of Francis I. in Battle of
Pavia (1858, cartoon) ; Episode from History
cos : Victory of Louis the Rich over Albrecht
Achilles of Brandenburg, Arcades, Royal
Raleigh in the Tower visited by his Family
(1873), KOnigsberg Museum ; Luther's Con-
Garden, Munich ; Battle of Sendliug, Scenes versatiou with Cardinal Tommaso de Vio,
after Poems by Schiller, Royal Palace, Mu- j Wiesbaden Gallery ; Faust in Auerbach's
nich ; Two Scenes from Life of Leonardo ! Cellar (1880) ; Tetzel's Sale of Indulgences
da Vinci, Loggia, Munich Gallery ; Cycle (1881) ; Episode in Youth of Elizabeth of
from History of Bavaria, Castle Hohen- England (1881) ; The Civic Virtues (fres-
schwaugau ; Cycle from History of Saxony , cos, 1883), Town-hall, Kaeufburen ; Alaric
L1NDLAR
in Rome (1886).— AHgem. K. Ch., ix. GOO ;
x. 384 ; Dioskuren, 1870, 2G5 ; Mailer, 338 ;
Reber, iii. 247 ; Reguet, ii. 22 ; Kuust-
Chronik, xii. 97 ; xvi. 435 ; xvii. 9, 490, 613 ;
xix. 125 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 156 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, ii. 97 ; vi. 145 ; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 70).
LINDLAR, WILHELM, born at Bergisch-
Gladbach, Rhenish Prussia, in 1816. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Diissclclorf Academy
under Schinner. Member of Amsterdam
Academy. Works : The Jungfrau seen from
the Wengerua Alp (1848) ; Mill near Mei-
ringeu (1852); Lago Maggiore (1856) ; Vier-
waldstiitter Lake (1857), Fodor Museum,
Amsterdam ; Mountainous View with Water-
fall, Wiesbaden Gallery ; View of Monte
Rosa (1858) ; Primeval Forest in Kieu Val-
ley, Waterfall in Val Anzasca.— Miiller, 339 ;
Wiegmann, D. Kunstakad. r/.n Diisseldorf.
LINDSAY, Sir COUTTS, Bart., born in
England ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
founder (1877) and proprietor of the Gros-
venor Gallery, London. Works: Dower
House at Balcarres, Sheep returning from
Pasture, Daphne (1877) ; An Idyl, Golden
Fetters, Shepherd's Farewell (1878) ; Ari-
adne, Knight and his Daughter (1879) ;
Portrait Study, Evening, Venetian Senator
(1880) ; Boat of Charon (1881) ; The Fates
(1882) ; Venice Fisherman, Japanese Girl
(1883) ; In Maiden Meditation (1884). His
wife, Lady Lindsay, of Balcarres, paints
flowers and still-life, and is a frequent ex-
hibitor at the Grosvenor Gallery.
LTNGELBACH, JOHANNES, born in
Frankfort-on-
the-Main in
Oct., 1622, died
in Amsterdam
in Nov., 1674.
Dutch school ;
painted Italian
seaports, land- ,
scapes, hunts,
and fairs. Went
to Amsterdam
in 1637, was in Paris in 1642, then returned
to Frankfort, and in 1644 went to Rome,
where he remained till 1G52, when he re-
turned through Germany to Amsterdam.
His style was influenced by Wynants, to
whose pictures he often supplied figures and
animals, and by Wouvermans, whom he suc-
cessfully imitated. The cool, delicate, sil-
very tone of his pictures sometimes degen-
erates into coldness and want of harmony.
His composition is skilful, the drawing
good, the execution careful. Works : Hay
Harvest, National Gallery, London ; Vegeta-
ble Market (1670), Seaport, and two others,
Louvre ; Dentist on Horseback (1651), Two
Italian Harbours (one dated 1664), Riding-
School, Camping, Thoroughfare (Landscape
by Wynants), Hunting, Return from the
Chase, Amsterdam Museum ; Building of
New Town Hall, City Hall, Amsterdam ;
Charlatan on Piazza del Popolo in Rome
(1658), Brussels Museum ; Port in the Le-
vant (1670), Hay-Making, March of Prince
William II. on Amsterdam in 1650, Depart-
ure of Charles II. from Seheveningeii —
1(560, Hague Museum ; Country People by
a Spring, Rotterdam Museum ; Wanderers
resting at the Foot of a Hill, Aschaffenburg
Gallery ; Naval Battle between Christians
and Turks, Brunswick Museum ; Public
Square in Italian Town (1669), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Turkish Galley engaged in a Sea-
Fight, Copenhagen Gallery ; Landscape by
the Sen, Christiana Gallery ; Vessels in Port
with many Figures, Dresden Museum ; Por-
trait of himself, and others, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Hunting Party, Kuusthalle,
Hamburg ; Harbour of Leghorn, Ferdinan-
deum, Innsbruck ; Muleteers by the Sea-
shore, KOnigsberg Museum ; Hay Making,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Hunting Party
Resting, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
Hay Harvest (2), Rest in the Campagnn,
Italian Seaport (2), Queen Christina of Swe-
den, King Charles X. of Sweden, Schwerin
Gallery ; Merchants in Italian Harbour,
Market Square of Italian Town (1666), Gui-
tar Player and Listeners, Italian Harbour
with Figures, Assembly on Horseback, Hunt-
ing Party, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Peas-
LINNELL
ants conversing, Seaport, Vienna Museum ;
Halt of Hunting Party, Uffizi, Florence ;
Sobieski defeating the Turks before Vienna,
Hawking Party assembled at Country Man-
sion, Dance of Peasants, Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York ; Sea, Fight, Figures in
66
I
Landscapes by Jan Both (2), Verboom and
Isaac Moucheron, Historical Society, ib. —
(1 winner, 11)0 ; Havard, A. <t A. holl., i. 113 ;
ii. 182 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 381 ; Immer-
zeel, ii. 179 ; Kramm, iv. 987 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 454 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollan-
daiso ; Burger, Musc'es, i. 141, 208.
LINNELL, JAMES THOMAS, contem-
porary. Landscape painter, sou of John
Linnell ; first exhibited at Royal Academy
in 1850, Temptation in the Wilderness, and
in 1851, Job and the Messengers. Works :
Haymakers (1802) ; South Coast (1804) ;
Ploughing (1808) ; Heaping (1870) ; Coun-
try Road (1873) ; Sunset over the Moors
(1875) ; Dartmoor (1870) ; Cherry Blossoms
(1877) ; Redstone Wood (187!)) ; Clearing
up over Snowdon (1884).
LINNELL, JOHN, born in London, June
10, 1792, died at
Redhill, near Lon-
don, Jan. 20, 1882.
Landscape painter ;
pupil of Benjamin
West, of John Var-
ley, and of Royal
Academy, where he
first exhibited in
1807, Study from
Nature, and View near Reading. Began by
painting portraits, and had among his sit-
ters Rev. John Martin (1812), Lord Inges-
tre, Samuel Rogers, Lady Lyndhurst, Lord
Lansdowne, Sir Robert Peel, Malthus,
Whately, and Carlyle. Later painted laud-
scapes with figures, combining great skill
' in execution with a close study of nature.
'His Quoit Players (1811) belongs to Mr.
Simpson, of Redhill, who gave £1,000 for it.
Mr. Linnell was noted as an engraver in
line and mezzotint ; he was also a writer,
chiefly on biblical subjects. Works : St.
John preaching in Wilderness (1828-33) ;
Wood Cutters (1840), Windmill (1847), Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Eve of the Deluge
(1847) ; Last Gleam before the Storm
(1848) ; Flight into Egypt (1849, sold in
1883 for £945) ; Return of Ulysses, Sum-
mer Evening (1849) ; Crossing the Brook
(1850) ; Farm Evening (1851) ; Boar-Hunt
in England in the Olden Time, Sere Leaf,
Barley Harvest, Timber Wagon (1852);
Weald of Kent, Forest Road (1853) ; Har-
vest Home, Disobedient Prophet (1854) ;
Country Road (1855) ; Sand Pits, Harvest
Sunset (1850) ; Gravel Pits (1857) ; Shep-
herds (1858) ; Midday Rest (1805, sold in
1883 for £1,585) ; Wayfarers (1800, sold in
1883 for £819) ; Crossing the Brook (1808);
Sleeping for Sorrow (1870) ; The Ford
(1872) ; Coming Storm (1873) ; Hollow Tree
(1870) ; Autumn (1877); The Heath (1878);
Wood Cutter (1881). Collection of his
works exhibited at Royal Academy, winter
of 1882-83. His son William is also an able
landscape painter, and has been a regular
contributor to the exhibitions in the Royal
Academy since 1801. — Art Journal (1859),
105 ; (1882), 201, 293 ; (1883), 37 ; Portfo-
lio (1872), 45 ; (1833), 41 ; Acad., Jan. 28,
1882, 74 ; Athen., Jan., 1882, 131 ; Jan.,
1883, 125; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Dublin Univ.
Mag. (1877), xc. 535.
LINNIG, WILLEM, the elder, born in
Antwerp in 1819. Genre painter, pupil of
Leys ; became professor at the Weimar Art-
School. Works : Interior of Tavern in 17th
Century, Stuttgart Museum ; Old-Flemish
Bowling Game ; Gypsy Fortune-Teller ;
Spanish Soldiers playing Cards ; Robbers
84
LIN NIG
dividing Booty ; Consultation. — D. Kunstbl.
(1855), 300 ; Kramm, iv. 991.
LINNIG, WILLEM, the younger, born
in Antwerp in 1849. History and genre
painter, son and pupil of Willem, the elder,
and of Antwerp Academy ; painted at first
marines and landscapes ; professor at "Wei-
mar Art-School in 187G ; resigned in 1883,
and returned to Antwerp. Works : Faring
Musicians ; Day after Wedding ; Fashion
Waltz ; Small Favours thankfully received ;
Three Scenes from Life of Luther, Wartburg
Castle, near Eisenach.— Mailer, 340 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K., xvii. 132 ; xviii. 30.
LINT, HENDRIK VAN, called Studio,
born at Antwerp, Jan. 20, 1084, died after
1720. Flemish school ; landscape and ani-
mal painter, son of Peeter van Lint, pupil
of Peeter van Bredael, then studied in Rome.
Works : Two Landscapes, Augsburg Gal-
lery ; Return from the Chase, Brunswick
Museum ; Seaport in a Calm, Weimar Muse-
um ; Landscape with Bull-Sacrifice (1720),
Turin Gallery. — Van den Branden, 912.
LINT, PEETER VAN, born in Antwerp,
baptized June 28, 1009, died there, buried
Sept. 25, 1090. Flemish school ; history,
genre, and portrait painter ; master of the
Antwerp guild in 1032. Then went to Rome
to complete his studies, and painted the
chapel S. Croce in S. Maria del Popolo and
three altarpieces for Ostia. In 1044 he re-
turned to Antwerp, and in 1002 became
court-painter to Christian IV. of Denmark,
without, however, leaving Antwerp. Works :
Portrait of Cardinal Ginnasio (1039), Mira-
cle of St. John of Capistran, Pilgrims cross-
ing a Ford, three others, Museum, Ant-
werp ; Separation of SS. Peter and Paul,
St. James's, ib. ; Artist's Portrait (1040),
Brussels Museum ; Marriage of Alexander
and Eoxana, Copenhagen Museum ; Christ
at Pool of Bethesda, Vienna Museum ; Tri-
umphs of Love, Triumph of Cybele, Madrid
Museum ; St. Jerome, Portrait of Luther's
Wife, Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia.
—Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 479 ; Van
den Branden, 908.
LINTON, Sir JAMES DROGMOLE, born
in London in 1840. History and genre
painter ; studied in St.
Martin's School of Art,
and witli Mr. Leigh ;
member of Institute
of Painters in Water
Colours in 1807 ; sue-
ceeded Louis Haghe
as president in 1884,
when he was knighted.
Exhibited in Phila-
delphia in 1870, and in Paris in 1878. For-
merly painted in water-colour entirely, but
since 1878 has changed his medium for oil
without changing his method. Works :
Haymakers (1802); Ploughing (1808); Em-
peror and Empress of Austria washing the
Beggars' Feet on Maunday Thursday (1874);
Lotus Eaters, Off Guard (1875) ; Cardi-
nal Minister (1870); Ave Maria (1877); Emi-
gres (1878) ; Victorious (1880) ; The Bene-
diction (1881) ; The Banquet (1882) ; The
Surrender (1883) ; Declaration of War
(1884) ; Marriage of the Duke of Albany
(1885).
LINTON, WILLIAM, born in Liverpool,
April 22, 1791, died in London, Aug. 10,
1870. Landscape painter ; early subjects
taken from English scenery, but after ex-
tensive Continental tours in 1828-29, 1840,
and 1843-44, painted Italian and Eastern
scenes treated ideally. Works : View of
Naples and Vesuvius (1829) ; Marias at
Carthage (1831) ; Embarkation of Greeks
for Trojan War (1839) ; View of Corinth
(1841) ; Acropolis of Corinth (1842) ; Tem-
ple of Picstum (1847), National Gallery,
London ; Grand Canal — Venice (1851) ;
Ruins of the Castellum of the Julian Aque-
duct—Rome (1855); The Tiber with Church
of St. Andrew and the Vatican (1850). Mr.
Linton was a fine engraver on steel, and
published, in 1850, Scenery of Greece and
its Islands, containing fifty plates by him-
self.—Art Journal (1850),' 252; (1858), 9 ;
(1870). 329.
LIONARDO DA VINCI. See Vinci.
85
LION
LION AT HOME, Rosa Bonhcur, private
gallery. A grand old lion and lioness lie side
by Hide, while three tiny cubs press sleep-
ily against their mother. Painted in 1882.
Engraved by "NY. H. Simmons and T. L. At-
kinson.— London Times, Jan. 25, 1884.
LION HUNT (Chasse au Lion), Eugene
Fromi'ittiii, Collection Verdc'-Delisle, Paris.
Two horsemen in a rocky defile attacked by
a male lion, advancing from left ; one of the
riders, overthrown and caught under his
prostrate horse, is aiming a pistol at the
lion ; the second, near whom is an Arab on
foot, is reining back his horse ; in back-
ground, a third horseman is aiming his gun
at something behind the rocks. Etched by
E. L. Montefiore. — Gonse, Fromentin, 234.
LION HUNT, Jliiben*, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 8 ft, -4 in. x 12 ft. 4 in. Several
mounted men engaged in a savage contest
with lions, one of which has pulled from his
horse one of the huntsmen and is tearing him
m vr KJJS jM v ',^ P/- \
^^^ip:Hi>r- . Ill
Lion Hunt, Rubens, Munich Gallery.
into pieces, though himself transfixed with
spears. Formerly in Gallery of Due de
Richelieu. Engraved by Bolswert.
LION'S BRIDE, Gabriel Max, private
gallery. Illustration of Uhland's poem of
same name (Die Liiwenbraut). A young
woman, daughter of the menagerie keeper,
who has been accustomed to go into the
lion's den with impunity, enters it to bid
her friend farewell just before her wedding-
day, and is killed by the melancholy brute,
who recognizes that it is her last visit. The
lion lies crouching on her prostrate form
and glaring with glassy-green eyes at her
lover, who is seen through the bars of the
cage with a pistol in his hand. — Benjamin,
130.
LIOTAED, JEAN ETIENNE, born at
Geneva in 1702, died there
in 1789. French school ;
portrait and genre paint-
er, pupil of Jean Baptiste
Masse, and of Lemoyne in
Paris, whither he went in
1725 ; the Marquis Puy-
sieux took him to Naples,
whence he went to Rome
to paint the Pope and the
Stuart family. In 1738-
42 he painted in Constantinople many dig-
nitaries and foreign ambassadors ; in 1749
he went to Vienna, where he was munificent-
ly rewarded by the Empress Maria
Theresa for her and her family's por-
traits, and thence to France and
England. In 1772 he visited Lon-
don again, to remain two years,
carrying with him a precious collec-
tion of paintings by famous mas-
ters, which he sold successfully.
His portraits in pastel are especially
remarkable, and preserve to this day
their brightness of colour. Works :
La belle Liseuse (1740), Marshal
Maurice de Saxe, Empress Maria
Theresa, do. (17GO), Louis de Bour-
bon— son of Louis XV., Marie Jo-
sephine de Saxe — wife of preceding,
Countess of Marlborough, nine other por-
traits, The Three Graces, Gamin of Geneva,
Amsterdam Museum ; Artist's portrait in
Greek Costume, Marshal Maurice de Saxe,
Vienna Chocolate Girl, La belle Lyonnaise
(1746), Dresden Museum ; Prince Frederic
of Saxe-Gotha Altenburg, Gotha Museum ;
Old Woman fallen asleep over the Bible
(17GO), Vienna Museum; Empress Elizabeth
Christine, Empress Maria Theresa, Emperor
V-V-A'
"^
i<-(^
LIPIXSKI
Francis I., Joseph II., Marie Antoinette,
Prince Charles of Lorraine, Marshal Maurice
de Saxe, A Princess, Weimar Museum ; Male
portrait, Berne Museum ; St. Peter, Em-
press Maria Theresa, Portraits of himself
(2) and his wife, four other portraits, Mu-
see Rath, Geneva ; Portrait of himself, Uf-
fizi, Florence. — Fiorillo ; Fiissli, iii. 101 ;
Nagler, vii. 546 ; Cat. du Musee Itath (1882),
34.
LIPINSKI, HIPPOLYT, born at Neu-
markt, Prussian Silesia, in 184G, died Juno
28, 1884. Genre painter, pupil of Cracow
Art-School under Matejko, then studied in
Munich (1871). Works : Palm Sunday, In
Autumn ; Bathing Children ; Grain Market
in Cracow ; Procession of Corpus Christi in
Cracow (1883).— Laud uud Meer (1885), lv.
59 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 88.
LIPPARINI, LUDOVICO, born at Bo-
logna, Feb. 17, 1800, died at Venice, March
10, 185G. History and portrait painter, had
attained such a reputation at the age of
twenty-five that the Academy of Bologna
elected him an honorary member ; lie then
studied in Venice after the works of Jacopo
Bussano, Tintoretto, Giorgione, Veronese,
and Titian, and at the Academy under Mat-
teiui, whose daughter, also a skilful artist,
he married. Invited to Home and Naples,
he painted many portraits of distinguished
persons ; then studied in Florence the works
of Fra Bartolommeo, and several years after
in Parma those of Corregio, having mean-
while lived again in Bologna. In 1838 he
became professor at the Venice Academy.
Works : Pisani's Oath not to take Revenge
on his Enemies, Vienna Museum ; As-
sumption, Cathedral at Gran, Hungary ;
Achilles ; Erigone (1827) ; Bacchus and
Ariadne ; Youth of Jupiter ; Byron's Oath
on the Grave of Bozzaris ; Portraits of
Popes Pius VII. and Leo XII., Marshal
Marmont, Cauova, Eossini, and Thalberg.
— D. Kuustbl. (185G), 129, 133 ; Wurzbach,
xiv. 225.
LIPPI, FILIPPFNO, born at Prato in
1457-58, died iu Florence, April 18, 1504.
Florentine school ; called by Vasari the nat-
ural son of Fra Filippo Lippi by Lucretia
Buti, but per-
haps an adopted
son (C. & C.).
Vasari says he
was a pupil of
Sandro Botticel-
li, but he was
probably taught
first by Fra Dia-
mante. He shows
high power of ex-
pression and composition in the Vision of
St. Bernard, in the Badia, one of the most
charming pictures in Florence, painted when
he was only about twenty years old. His
style, though founded upon that of Fra Fi-
lippo, is modified by the influence of Botti-
celli. Though he occupies a lower place in
the scale of art than Masaccio, as regards
ability in composition, verity, and individu-
ality of type, he excels him in charm and
grace. Ho executed frescos in the Bran-
cacci Chapel of the Carmine, Florence ; in
the Strozzi Chapel, S. M. Novella ; and in
the Caraft'a Chapel, Minerva, Rome. He
also completed some frescos in the Brancacci
Chapel left unfinished by Masaccio at his
death. Those now attributed to him arc :
A/lam and Eve, Peter in Prison, Martyrdom
of Peter, Liberation of Peter. Among the
best of his easel pictures are Jlfadnima with
Saints (1485), Adoration of Mcuji (149G), Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Death of Lucretia, Palazzo
Pitti, ib. ; Madonna and Angels, Palazzo Cor-
sini, ib. ; Jfadunna with Saints, S. Spirito,
ib.; Altai-piece, S. Michele, Lucca; Christ
appearing to the Virgin, Resurrection,
(1495), Deposition from the Cross, Old Pi-
uakothek, Munich ; Mmlonna with Saints,
Adoration of Magi and St. Francis in Glory,
National Gallery, London ; Madonna (2),
Christ on the Cross, Berlin Museum ; St.
Joachim and St. Ann, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Madonna, Dresden Gallery. — C. & C., Italy,
ii. 431 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 242 ; Se-
guier, 84; Burckhardt, 545; Ch. Blanc,
87
LIPPI
licole florentine ; Dohme, 2i. ; Liibkc, Gesch.
d. ital. Mai., i. 358.
IJPPI, Fra FILIPPO, born in Florence
about 140G,
died at Spole-
to, Oct. 9,1469.
Florentine
school ; son of
a butcher, Tom-
inaso Lip pi,
• whose death in
1414 left him
an orphan.
When eight
years old he was received into the Commu-
nity of the Carmine, Florence, where Masac-
cio afterwards painted (1423-28) frescos in
the Brancacci Chapel ; and he either had
lessons from that master or studied his
style. Filippo left the convent in 1432,
and led for a time, it is said, a wandering
life. Vasari represents him as a man of
loose habits, and accuses him of the seduc-
tion of Lucretia Buti, a novice in the con-
vent of S. Margherita, Prato, who became
the mother of Filippino Lippi ; but late re-
searches seem to cast some doubt upon this
.story. It is certain that ho bore the title of
Fratc until his death, that he was poor,
with six nieces dependent upon him, and
that he was chaplain to the nuns of S. Gio-
vannino, Florence, in 1452, and rector of '
S. Quirico, Legnaia, in 1457. Fra Filippo
was the greatest colourist and the most com-
plete master of the technical difficulties in
art of his time. Though inferior in compo-
sition to Masaccio, his arrangement of fig-
ures is always graceful ; and none before j
him expressed attitude and motion of living
figures under draperies as he did. Ho was
among the first to introduce the element
of sensuous beauty into sacred pictures, by
taking the prettiest faces around him as
models for his madonnas. His sacred sub-
jects, too, are often treated in a realistic style
that detracts from their dignity, saints and
even angels being painted in the Florentine
costume of the time, and low, vulgar types
selected for the representation of holy per-
sonages. His best frescos are the Histories
of John the Baptist and of St. Stephen in
the choir of the Cathedral at Prato. Those
in the apse of the Cathedral of Spoleto were
not finished at the time of his death. Fra
Diamante was his assistant in these works.
Among the best of his many easel pictures
are : Coronation of the Virgin, Nativity,
Florence Academy ; Madonna, Palazzo Pitti ;
Madonna with Angels, St. Augustine, Uffizi ;
Nativity, S. Domenico, Prato ; Annuncia-
tion, Palazzo Doria, Rome ; Annunciation,
Naples Museum ; Madonna in Adoration,
M^adonna della Misericordia, Berlin Muse-
um ; Crucifixion, Stiiclel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Madonna, Annunciation (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Madonna, Konigsberg Mu-
| seum ; Nativity, Madonna with Saints,
Louvre ; Annunciation, John Baptist with
Saints, Madonna Enthroned, Madonna and
Angel, Vision of St. Bernard, National Gal-
j lery, London.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 319 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Dohme, 2i. ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 114; Seguier, 84;
Burckhardt (Clough), CO; Baldinucci, i.
507 ; Liibke, (resell, d. ital. Mai., i. 301.
LIPPINCOTT, WILLIAM H, born in
Philadelphia, Pa. ; contemporary. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of Leon Bonnat
in Paris. Exhibits in Salon and National
Academy. Studio in New York, where he
is professor in National Academy schools.
Elected A.N.A. in 1885. Work's: Duck's
Breakfast (1876); Lolotte, Portrait of Miss
Ethel, Little Prince (1878) ; Comer of a
Farmyard — France (1880) ; Pont Aven —
Bretagne, Light of the Harem (1881); Loan
Collection, Two Good Friends, T. B. Clarke,
New York ; At the Gate— Waiting (1882) ;
Eeuee, Helena (1883) ; Happy Hours (1884).
LIPPO DALMASIO (di Dalmasio di Ja-
copo Scannabecchi), bom about 1376, died
about 1410. Bolognese school ; pupil prob-
ably of Vitale de Bologna. Painted figures
of a broad instead of slender form, with
marked and deep outline and sharp colour,
and a tendency to profusion in ornament.
LIS
A Virgin by him is in the Ercolani Collec- : Gallery ; Man with Glass of Wine (17G7),
tion, a Madonna del Baraccano in S. Do- Louvre, Paris.
inenico, and another over the portal of S. LISCEWHKA, ANNA ROSINA, born in
Procolo, Bologna.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 209 ; Berlin in 171G, died in 1783. German
Burckhardt, 518 ; Gualaudi, Guido, 25, CG, school ; history and portrait painter, daugh-
7G, etc. ; Malvasia, i. 33. ter and pupil of Georg ; painted when four-
LIS (Lys), JAN, called Pan, born at Hoorn ' teen the portrait of the Princess of Anhalt-
in 1570, died in Venice in 1G29. Dutch Zerbst in Stettin, whither she had accom-
school ; history and genre painter, pupil panied her father ; mamed the painter David
in Haarlem of Hendrik Goltzius, whose Matthieu (died in 1755), and in 17GO H, von
manner he imitated most successfully ; then Gasc in Berlin ; was called as court-painter
went to France and Home, where he was to Brunswick in 17G4, visited Holland in
influenced by antique and Italian art, and i 176G, and became member of Dresden Acad-
paiuted many pictures for the Cardinals , emy in 17G9. Works : Moninie tearing off
Aretino and Pamphilio ; removed to Venice, her Diadem ; Artemisia ; Female Portrait
and formed himself after Titian, Veronese, (1770), Brunswick Gallery ; Forty Female
and Tintoretto. Works : St. Jerome in the Beauties.
Desert, Tolentini Church, Venice; Adam LISCEWSKY, CHRISTIAN FRIED-
and Eve bewailing Abel ; Raising of Ta- RICH REINHOLD, born in Berlin in 1725,
bitha by Peter ; Fall of Phaeton ; Prodi- died at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg, June 12,
gal Son ; Bishop and Monks at Devotions 1794. German school ; portrait painter, son
in Subterranean Vault, Aschaffenburg Gal- and probably pupil of Georg Liscewsky ;
lery ; Skippers in Tavern, Game of Mora, A . went as court-painter to Dessau in 1752,
Bout, Cassel Gallery; Shepherdess with- and in the same capacity to Ludwigslust in
holding Letter from Shepherd, Darmstadt 1779, having lived at Dresden in 17(i8 and
Museum ; Lute-Player, Penitent Magdalen, j removed to Berlin in 1772. Works : Eiuies-
Dresden Gallery; St. Benedict in a Laud trian Portrait of Duke Eugene of Anhalt,
scape, Vienna Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., and many other portraits of the Ducal Fam-
xviii. 748; Immerzeel, ii. 181; Kramm, iv. ily, Dessau Gallery ; The Painter Paul Chris-
995. tiau /ink drawing (1755), Leipsic Museum ;
LISCEWSKA, ANNA DOROTHEA, born : Portrait of Frederic the Great, Schleissheim
in Berlin, July 19, 1722, died there, Nov. 9, Gallery ; Artist's Portrait by Candle-light,
1782. German school ; history and portrait Schwerin Gallery. His daughter and pu-
painter, daughter and pupil of Georg Lis- pil, Friedrike Julie (born at Dessau in 1772,
cewsky (1G74-174G), a Polish portrait paint- died after 1838), was also a skilful portrait
er of some renown who had settled in Ber- painter. Member of Berlin Academy. —
lin. In 17G1 she went to Stuttgart, where Schlic, 353 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xiv. 310.
she painted many portraits, and later be-
came court-painter at Mannheim ; returned
LISCHKA, JOHANN CHRISTOPH, born
iu Breslau in 1G38 or 1G39, died in Prague
to Berlin, and in 17GG went to Paris, re- about 1729. German school ; history paint-
turning home in 1770. Member of Paris er, pupil of his stepfather, Michael Willmann;
and Vienna Academies in 17G7. Was mar- enjoyed great reputation in Prague as early
ried to one Therbusch, therefore also called as 1GGO. Works : Stigmatization of St. Fran-
by that name. Works : Ariadne in Naxos ; cis of Assisi, Kreuzherren Kirche, Prague ;
Diana's Return from the Chase ; Portrait of Glorification of St. Ursula, St. Ann, St. Ur-
herself (1773), Brunswick Gallery ; Mag- sula's Church, Prague ; St. Teresa, St. Wal-
dalen Penitent (1781), Two Vestals at the purgis, Minorites Church, Prague ; Achilles
Altar, Young Girl kissing Dove, Schwerin bringing to Julius Ctesar the Head of Pom-
89
LISETTE
pey, Dresden Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xviii. 754.
LISETTE OF BERANGER, Hugues
jl/ir/c, Mrs. Puran Stevens, New York ; can-
vas, H. 2 ft. x 3 ft. Lisettc recounting the
poet's virtues, after his decease, to a com-
pany of blooming grisettes. Replica, Mrs.
W. H. Aspinwall, New York.
LISSE, DIEDERICK (Dirck) VAN DER,
died at The Hague in IGG'J. Dutch school ;
history and landscape painter, pupil of Poc-
lenburg ; entered the guild at The Hague
in 1G44, was one of the founders of the new
guild 1'ictura there in 1G5G, and Burgomas-
ter in 1GGO-G9. Works : Landscape with
Ruins and Bathers (?), Brunswick Museum ;
Landscape with Diana and Nymphs (?, last
two attributed to Jan van dor Lys), Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Pan and Companions danc-
ing in a Landscape, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Sleeping Nymph, Schleisshcim Gal-
lery ; Lot and his Daughters, Landscape
with Herd and Herdsmen, two other land-
scapes, Schwcrin Gallery ; others in Berlin
Museum ('2) and Mannheim Gallery. — Archief
v. ned. K., iv. 7S, 82, 127, 132 ; 'Bode, Stu-
dicn, 32(> ; Nedcrlandsche Kunstbode (1881),
iii. T.Hi ; Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 747 ; Schlie,
354
LITSCHAUER, KARL JOSEF, born in
Vienna, March 1, 18150, died in Dilsseldorf,
Aug. 8, 1871. Genre painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy and of Robert Waldmiiller,
then of Diisseldorf Academy and of Tide-
mand ; settled in Diisseldorf ; great gold
medal and honorary member of Amsterdam
Academy in 18(14. Works : Flight from
the Convent ; Scene from Thirty Years'
War ; Cheap Model ; Humorous Studio
Scene, Austrian Art Union, Vienna ; Am-
buscade (1857); Morning and Night (18(55),
In the Laboratory ; Counterfeiters, Wies-
baden Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xviii. 783 ;
Blanckarts, 50 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 199 ;
Wurzbach, xv. 279.
LTVERSEEGE, HENRY, born in Man-
chester in 1803, died there, Jan. 30, 1832.
Began by painting portraits at cheap rates,
but in 1827 exhibited at Manchester several
subject pieces which brought him into no-
tice. Went to London and exhibited at
the Academy in 1828, his Wildrake present-
ing Colonel Everard's Challenge to Charles
II, and, in 1830, his Black Dwarf. Other
works : Grave-Diggers, Hamlet and his
Mother, Catherine Seyton. — Redgrave ; Rec-
ollections of Liverseege (London, 1832-35).
LIX, FREDERIC THEODORE, born at
Strasburg, Dec. 18, 1830. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Drolling and Bien-
noury. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works :
Misfortune to the Conquered (1870) ; Fare-
well to Mother Country (1872); Evening in
Dalecarlia (1874) ; Where there is enough
for two there is enough for three (1875) ;
St. Margaret (1877) ; Camille Desmoulins
at the Palais Royal (1880) ; Fatherland
(1883) ; Andromeda (1884) ; At Golgotha
(1885).— Bellier, i. 1050.
LLORENTE, Don BERNARDO GER-
MAN DE, born in Seville in 1G85, died
j there in 1757. Spanish school ; pupil of
Cristobal Lopez, a painter for the India
traders, and became a tolerable imitator of
Murillo. Won some reputation as a painter
of the Virgin as a Shepherdess, whence
called El Pintor de las Pastoras. One of
these is in the Madrid Museum, where it
was formerly ascribed to Tobar. The Due
de Montpensier Gallery, Seville, has a small
St. Rosalia by him. — Curtis, 347 ; Madrazo,
434 ; Washburn, 173.
LLOYD, THOMAS, born in England ;
contemporary. Landscape painter, associ-
ate of Society of Painters in Water Colours
in 1878. Works : A Pastoral, Nearly Home
(1877) ; Taking Home the Cow and Calf,
Primrose Gatherers, Spring (1880) ; Milk
for the Calves, Blackberry Gatherers, Ap-
proach of Winter (1881) ; Sons of the Soil,
Hurt (1882) ; Great Excitement (1883) ; A
Curious Fish, Golden Grain (1884).
LOBRICHON, TIMOLF.ON, born at Cor-
nod (Jura), April 26, 1831 ; contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Picot.
Medal in 1808 ; 2d class, 1882 ; L. of Hon-
90
LOCATELLI
our, 1883. Works : Mud Pies ; First Love ;
Little Sinner ; One Year Old ; Red Ghost ;
Bagage de Croqmitaine, E. D. Morgan sale,
New York, 1885 ; Going to be Washed
(1879) ; Seeing Punch and Judy, Tantaliz-
ing Situation (1880); Box of Letters, Au-
rora (1881) ; Warblings (1884); Variations
on a well-known Theme (1885). — Bellier, i.
1051 ; Montrosier, i. ; Hamerton, Painting
in France, 38.
LOCATELLI. See Lucatelli.
LOCHNEE, ANDREAS, born at Main-
burg, Bavaria, May 5, 1824, died in Munich,
Feb. 13, 1855. History painter, pupil of
Munich Academy while earning his liveli-
hood at night as a silversmith ; soon assist-
ed Professor Johaun Schraudolph, and as
early as 1851 exhibited his first picture,
David robbing King Saul's Goblet. Other
works : Altai-pieces for St. Nicholas, Laud-
shut ; Interior of a Chapel (1852) ; St. Jo-
seph with the Infant Christ ; St. Weude-
lin ; Madonna ; Two Scenes from Goethe's
Faust (1852, 1854).— Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xix. 64.
LOCHNER, STEPHAN. See Meish-r
Stephan.
LOCKHART, W. E., born in Dumfries-
shire, Scotland, 1846. Genre and landscape
painter, pupil at the Trustees' Academy,
Edinburgh, under Robert Scott Lander ;
went in 1863 to Sydney, and in 1867 to
Spain, which he afterwards visited re-
peatedly. Elected A.R.S.A. in 1871, and
R.S.A in 1878. Studio in Edinburgh.
Works : Lovers' Quarrel (18G8) ; Orange
Harvest (1875) ; Muleteers' Halt ; The
Queen's Entry into Edinburgh in 1876 ;
Scene from Legend of Moutrose ; Interior
of Roslyn Chapel ; Bride of Lammermoor ;
Gil Bias and the Archbishop of Granada,
Sunset at St. Andrew's (1878); The Cid and
the Five Moorish Kings, National Gallery,
Edinburgh ; Cardinal Beaton, Alnaschar's
Fortune (1883) ; Gil Bias relates his Advent-
ures (1884).
LOCUSTA AND NERO, Joseph Noel
Sylvestre, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 12 ft. 9 in. Locusta testing
on a slave, in the presence of Nero, the poi-
son prepared for Britannicus. The two,
seated at left, are watching the writhings
of the slave, who has fallen in agony on the
marble floor. Prix du Salon, 1876. — L'Art
(1876), iii. 263 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1876),
xiii. 695, 708.
LODI, CALISTO DA. See Piazza, Ca-
listo.
LOE WE-MARCH AND, FREDERIC,
born in Paris ; contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of Pils. Medals : 3d
class, 1883 ; 2d class, 1885. Works : A
Brave Man (1878) ; Abdication of Mary
! Stuart (1879) ; Little Peter, Reading of
| Rabelais (1880) ; Pythoness (1881) ; Lucre-
| tia and Tarquin (1882) ; Belisarius (1883) ;
The First Murder (1884) ; Punishment of
'Prisoner of War (1885).
LOFFLER, AUGUST, born in Munich,
May 5, 1822, died
there, Jan. 12, 18(56.
Landscape painter,
pupil of Heinrich
Adam and of Julius
Lange, but was led
by copying Rott-
mann's frescos to
take that painter for
a model. In 1844
he visi ted Istria, then,
after studying in Munich (1846) under
Schorn, Trieste and Upper Italy, in 1849 the
East ; executed in 1851-53 in Berlin paint-
ings for the Kings of Prussia and Wiirtem-
berg, and then went to Greece, whence he
returned to Munich. In 1856 he visited
Milan and Venice, painted in 1857 again
for the King of Wiirtemberg, and in 1864
in Brussels in Baron Hirsch's palace.
Works : Amphitheatre at Pola (1845) ; Je-
rusalem and the Source of the Lycus, Palm
Grove near Cairo (1852) ; Ruins of Jerusa-
lem (1853), Stuttgart Museum ; Damascus,
Bethlehem, Dead Sea, Cloister Saba, Sand
Storm in Desert (1853) ; Bay of Navariuo
(1856); Delphi with Parnassus, Pyramids of
91
LOFFLER
Ghizeh (1857) ; Two Landscapes from Pal-
estine (1859) ; Lake Genesareth (1800) ;
Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Plain of Jer-
icho (1857) ; Egyptian Landscape with
Finding of Moses (18G1); Memphis, Athens,
Rome, Jerusalem (1864-65) ; Athens from
the Road to Eleusis, Temple Ruins of Baal-
bee, Athens from Hymettus, Beirut on the
Lebanon, Athens from the Grove of Colo-
niius (1864) ; Lago di Garda, Lake Kochel
(1861) ; Jerusalem from Mount of Olives
(1863); Greek Landscape, Leipsic Museum ;
Twenty-two oil sketches (Views in the East),
New Pinakothek, Munich. — Allgem. d. Bi-
ogr.,xix. 101 ; Andresen, iv. 262 ; Kunstblatt
(1857), 389 ; (1S58), 224 ; Regnet, ii. 31 ;
Zeitsrhr. f. b. K, i. 153.
LOFFLER, LUDWIG, born in Frankfort
on the Oder in 1819,
died in Berlin in 1876.
History painter, pupil
of Berlin Academy, of
Hensel, and of Wag-
ner ; went in 1843 to
Paris, where he studied
from nature and after
the old masters in the
Louvre ; visited Italy in
1844, and returned to Berlin in 1845.
Works : Cromwell at the Execution of
Charles I. ; Charles IX. on Night of St. Bar-
tholomew ; Illustrations to Sterne's Senti-
mental Journey.— D. Kunstbl. (1852), 257 ;
(1853), 319; Land und Meer (1876), ii.
854.
LOFFLER-RADIMNO, LEOPOLD, born
at Rzeszow, Galicia, in 1828. Genre paint-
er, pupil in Vienna of Waldmiiller ; visited
Germany and Paris. Member of Vienna
Academy. Works : Interrupted Betrothal
(1852), Emperor Rudolf I. in Peril of his
Life at Murten, Vienna Museum ; Last Mo-
ments of Polish General Szarniecki ; Ee-
turn from Slavery ; Duke Alva at Castle Ru-
dolstadt ; Reunion after Devastations by the
Tartars ; Refreshing Potion ; Children eat-
ing Fruit ; Temptation ; The Present ; Un-
expected Return ; Recommendation ; Lan-
guage of Flowers ; The Schoolmaster , Last
Ornament.— Miiller, 341.
LOFFTZ, LUDWIG, born in Darmstadt,
June 21, 1845. Genre painter, pupil of
Nuremberg Art-School under Kreliug and
of Munich Academy under Wilhelm Diez ;
became assistant professor, in 1874, and after-
wards professor at Munich Academy. Med-
als in Vienna (1873) and Munich (1883).
Works: The Walk (1873); Cardinal play-
ing Organ (1876); Avarice and Love (1879),
Win. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Money
Changers (1884, Morgan sale, New York,
1886, $4,100) ; Pieta (1883), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Dutch Lacemaker (1884). —
Meyer, Couv. Lex., xxi. 589 ; Miiller, 341 ;
Illust. Zeitg. (1880), i. 365 ; N. ill. Zeitg.
(1881), i. 278; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 28;
xix. 131 ; xx. 148.
LOHDE, MAX, born in Berlin, Feb. 13,
1845, died in Naples, Dec. 18, 1868. His-
tory painter, son of the architect Ludwig
Lohde, pupil in Dresden of Julius Schnorr,
then in Berlin of Cornelius and at the
Academy, where in 1866 he obtained a
prize ; devoted himself to sgraffito painting,
for which he discovered a new process, and
in 1868 went to Italy to study old sgraffito
paintings. Works: Bride of Messina (1866);
Rape of Helen , Return of Helen, Return of
Agamemnon, Return of Ulysses (1867), So-
phieu. Gymnasium, Berlin ; Fight between
Centaurs and Lapiths, Horse-Race at Olyin-
pia (1867-68), Riding-School, Ministry of
War, Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 115 ;
Illustr. Zeitg., 1868 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 60 ;
Bruno Meyer, Studien u. Kritiken, 354 ;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 118.
LOHR, EMIL LUDWIG, born in Berlin
in 1809, died in Munich, April 21, 1876.
Landscape painter, pupil of Kupelwieser in
Vienna, where he devoted himself to relig-
ious subjects, but, attracted during his fur-
ther studies in Rome by Josef Anton Koch,
abandoned them for landscape painting.
After ten years returned to Germany in
1840, spending his winters in Munich and
seeking relief from gout during the summer
LOIR
at Gastein, where bis pictures of the sur-
rounding scenery were eagerly sought. Vis-
ited Hamburg in 1849. — Allgem. d. liiogr.,
xix. 136; Allgem. Zeitg., May 2, 1870;
Hamburger, K. Lex. (1854), 152.
LOIR, LUIGI, born at Goritz, Austria ;
contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil
of Parma Academy arid of Pastolet. Medal,
3d class, 1879. Naturalized Frenchman.
Works : In the Avenue do Neuilly on a
Winter Day (1875) ; Porte des Ternes, Ki-
osk in the Snow (187G); Corner at Neuilly
(1877) ; Quai National at Puteaux (1878) ;
Corner at Bercy during Inundation (1879) ;
The Seine in December, 1879 (1880); Show-
er (1881); End of Autumn (1882); Dawn at
Auteuil (1883); Paris as a Seaport (1885).—
Bellier, i. 1053.
LOMAZZO, GIOVANNI PAOLO, born
in Milan in 1538, died there in 1GOO. Lom-
bard school ; pupil of Gio. Battista della
Cerva. Lanzi mentions several pictures bv
him. His portrait, by himself, is iu the
Brera, and there are frescos by him in S.
Marco. Painted but little, as he became
blind about 1571 ; best known by his "Trat-
tato della Pittura, Seoltura et Architettura "
(Milan, 1584), and "Idea
del Tempio della Pit-
tura" (Milan, 1590).—
Lanzi, ii. 500 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 275 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Burckhardt,
628, 709.
LOMBARD (Lombardus), LAMBERT,
born at Liege in 1505, died there, August,
1566. Flemish school ; erroneously called
Lambert Suavius or Sustermann ; painter,
archaeologist, and poet ; pupil of Arnold do
Beer and of Mabuse, and afterwards in
Italy, where he accompanied Cardinal Pole
(1538), of Andrea del Sarto. On his return
to Liege he opened a school which was nu-
merously attended. Vasari calls him a judi-
cious painter and excellent architect. Col-
our, chiaroscuro, and drawing good, but his
pictures are never quite free from Flemish
stiffness. Among his works, now very rare,
are : Deposition from Cross, National Gal-
^ T
J /
• -•— ' '
lery, London ; Martyrdom of St. Barbara,
St. Bartholomew's, Liege ; Vision, Collec-
tion of King of Holland, Hague ; fast Sup-
per (1531), Scourges of the Almighty, Brus-
sels Museum ; Madonna, Berlin Museum ;
Death of Lucrctia, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg ; Adoration of the Magi, Hermit-
1 age, St. Petersburg ; Adoration of Shep-
herds, Vienna Museum ; Portrait, Antwerp
Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xix. 140 ; Ch.
Blanc, Efole ttamande ; Fetis, Cat. du Mus.
roy., 129 ; Immerzcel, ii. 183 ; Kramm, iv.
1004; Kugler (Crowe), i.238 ; Michiels, v. 252.
LOMI, ARTEMISIA and ORAZIO. See
Gentileschi.
LON, GERT VAN, flourished at Geseke,
near Paderborn, about 1505-21. German
school ; an able representative of the West-
phalian school, most probably studied in
Soest ; has only recently been identified as
; the master of the following works : Altar of
j Willebadesscn (1521), Triptych with Holy
Family and Saints, Triptych with Cruci-
fixion and Saints, Art-Union Museum, Mini-
ster ; Altai-piece with Last Judgment, Ado-
ration of Magi, Resurrection, Ascension,
Paderborn Cathedral ; Triptych with Cruci-
fixion, Angels and Saints, Catholic Church,
Lippstadt, Westphalia ; Crucifixion, Ahrens-
burg Collection, near Rinteln, Westphalia ;
Crucifixion, Chapel in Castle Wilhelinshiihe,
near Cassel. — Liibke, D. mittelalt. Kunst in
Westfalen, 353 ; Schnaase, viii. 367 ; W. &
W., ii. 98 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 297.
LONG, EDWIN, born at Bath, July,
1829. History and
portrait painter, pu-
pil in London of J.
Phillip; went in
1857 to Spain to
study Velasquez,
and made an ex-
tended tour in
Egypt and Syria iu
187 4-7 5, since
which time his prin-
cipal works have been painted. Elected an
A.R.A. in 1876, and R.A. in 1881. Works :
7
LONGK
La Posada (18G4) ; Gypsy Schools going to
Vespers (18(58, sold in 1883 for £1,050);
Lazarilla and the Blind Beggar (1870) ;
The Suppliants (1872, sold in 1882 for
.£4,305) ; Jlahi/lonian Marriage Market (1875,
Hermon sale, 1882, £6,615); Egyptian Feast,
An Ancient Custom (1877) ; The Gods and
their Makers (1878, Taylor sale, 1883,
.C'2,725) ; Henry Irving as Duke of Glouces-
ter (1878) ; Esther, Vashti (187!)) ; Assyrian
Captive, Henry Irving as Hamlet (1880) ;
Diana or Christ, Martyr of Antioch (1881) ;
Why do his Chariots stay (Judges v. 28),
The New Fugue, Nouzhatoul-tiouadat (1882) ;
Merab, Michal (1883) ; Judith, Thisbe, Anno
Domini or Fliyht into Egypt (1884) ; Ques-
tion of Propriety (Taylor sale, 1883, .£1,200);
Easter Vigil in Cathedral of Seville (sold,
1883, £1,15;".).— Art Journal (1881), 254.
LONGE, ROBERT DE, born at Brussels
about 1G35 (?), died at Piaceuza in 1707
(1709 ?). Flemish school ; history and
landscape painter, pupil of Jacques de Pot-
ter in 1658 ; went to Italy and studied at
Cremona under Agostino Bonisoli, probably
visited Venice, Home, Florence, and Bo-
logna, and finally settled at Piacenza. By
Italian writers ho is quoted as Roberto La
Longe or Uberto Da Longe, and surnamcd
II Fiamniingo, the frequent application of
which surname to Flemish painters make
it all but certain that many of his works,
painted during his long residence in Italy,
are attributed to other masters. He paint-
ed in a variety of styles, at times imitating
Guido Reui, at others approaching Guer-
cino, without ever abandoning the Flemish
style. Works in fresco : Resurrection, St.
Francis, Groups of Children, Cathedral at
Piacenza ; St. Anthony and St. Victor, First
Bishop of Piacenza, St. Anthony's, ib. — Fe-
tis, Les Artistes beiges a 1'etranger, ii. 345.
LONGFELLOW, EHNEST W., born in
Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 23, 1845. Land-
scape and figure painter ; pupil of Couture
in Paris in 18G5. Sketched in Europe in
18G8-69. Studio in Cambridge. Works:
Coast Scene— Nahaut (1871) ; View in Es-
sex County, Mass. ; John and Priscilla
(1875) ; Old Mill at Manchester (1876) ;
Italian Pines — Cannes ; Esneh on the Nile
(1880) ; Evening on the Nile (1881). Day
Dream, Love me Love my Dog (1882) ;
Misty Morning — Cambridge, Mass. (1883) ;
Dana Beach — Manchester, Mass. (1884). —
Benjamin, 10G.
LONGHI, LUCA, born at Eavenna, Jan.
14, 1507, died there, Aug. 12, 1580. Bo-
lognese school ; history painter ; bred un-
der a mixed Umbrian and Venetian influ-
ence ; probably pupil of Nicolo Rondinelli ;
inclined to the old manner of Francia's
school, but instead of the deep feeling of
that master we find only an expression of
affected devotion. His chief works are :
Marriage at Cana, Refectory of Camaldo-
lensian Convent, Ravenna ; Madonna with
Saints, Brera, Milan ; Madonna Enthroned
(1542), Berlin Museum ; Holy Family, Dres-
den Museum ; The Virgin nursing the In-
fant Christ, Ki'migsberg Museum ; St.
Catherine, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xiii. 14 ; Burckhardt,
G03, 7G2 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 477 ; Siret,
540.
LONGHI, PIETRO, born in Venice in
1702, died after 17G2. Venetian school ;
genre, landscape, and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Balestra and in Bologna of II Spag-
nuolo. Painted pictures of Venetian life,
conversazioni, and landscapes. Works : Do-
mestic Group, Exhibition of a Rhinoceros,
Portrait, National Gallery, London ; Por-
trait of Cimarosa, do. of Senator Pisani,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. His son
Alessandro (1733-1813), a good portrait
painter, is the author of " Compendio delle
Vite de' Pittori Veneziani . . . del presente
Secolo " (Venice, 1762).— Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 510.
LOO, CHARLES AMET)EE PHILIPPE
VAN, born in Turin, Aug. 29, 1719, died
after 1790. French school ; history painter,
son and pupil of Jean Baptiste ; accom-
panied his uncle Carle and his brother Louis
Michel to Rome, and after his return was
LOO
called to Berlin, where he executed a num- ]
ber of works as court-painter to Frederick
the Great. Received into Paris Academy in
1747, professor in 1770, adjunct rector in
1790. Works: Portrait of Frederick the
Great, Hampton Court Gallery ; Procession
of Silenus, Nancy Museum ; others in San
Souci and Potsdam. — Bellier, ii. ; Jal, 797;
Nagler, xix. 303.
LOO, CHARLES ANDRE VAN (Carle
Vanloo), born at ^sa».
Nice, Feb. 15, 1705,
died in Paris, July
15, 17G5. French
school ; history
painter, son of
Louis van Loo and
pupil of his brother
Jean Baptiste, who
took him to Home
and placed him un-
der Benedetto Luti and the sculptor Lc
Gros. After Le Gros' death (1719) he re-
turned to Paris, o,ud won the first prize for
drawing in 1723, and the grand prix de
Rome in 1724 ; was in Rome again in
1727, became Member of Academy of St.
Luke, and was knighted by the Pope in
1731. Member French Academy, 1735 ;
professor, 1737 ; director of Royal School of
Art, 1749; Order of St. Michael, 1751 ; rector
of Academy, 1754; director of Academy and
first painter to the king, 17G3. Works :
.33neas carrying Auchises from Troy (1729),
Marriage of the Virgin (1730), Apollo flay-
ing Marsyas (1735), Repose from the Chase
(1737), Portrait of Marie Lecziuska (1747),
Louvre ; Jacob purifying his House (1724) ;
Apotheosis of St. Isidore (1727), St. Isidore,
Rome ; St. Francis, St. Martha (bought by
Franciscans of Tarascon) ; Woman with
Bracelet (owned in England) ; Resurrection,
Cathedral of Besanyon ; Portrait of Louis
XV. (1763), Grand Trianon ; do. (2), Archi-
tect Soufflot, Male portrait (1759), Versailles
Museum ; Bear-hunt, Ostrich-hunt, Augus-
tus closing Temple of Janus, Amiens Mu-
seum ; Wisdom trampling upon Vanities of
the World, Man between Vice and Virtue,
Cambrai Museum ; Marshal de Brancas,
Rennes Museum ; Equestrian portrait, Mar-
seilles Museum ; Portraits of Louis XV.,
Marie Lecziuska, and a Marshal of France,
Orleans Museum ; Martyrdom of St. An-
drew, St. Clotilda at Tomb of St. Martin,
xEueas and Anchises, Ecstasy of St. Augus-
tine, Angers Museum ; Theseus overcoming
the Minotaur, Besanc;on Museum ; Augus-
tus receiving Ambassadors of Barbarous
Nations, Bordeaux Museum ; St. George,
Martyrdom of St. Denis, Portrait of Louis
XV., Dijon Museum ; Drunken Silenus,
Portraits of Louis XV. (2), Nancy Museum ;
Portraits of himself and of his mother, Nimes
Museum ; Madonna, Rouen Museum ; Ma-
donna, Uffizi, Florence ; Apotheosis of St.
Gregory, Juno with Venus and Cupid, Per-
seus and Andromeda, Portrait of himself
(17(i2), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Portrait
of Luisa Isabel de Bourbon, Madrid Muse-
um ; Roman Charity, Musi'c Rath, Geneva.
— L'Art (1875), i. 289 ; Bellier, ii. (526 ; Ch.
Blanc, Kcole fran<;aise, ii. ; Houssaye, Gal.
du xviii. Siecle, ii. 250 ; Jal, 797 ; Larousse,
xv. 76(5 ; Michiels, x. 47 ; Revue des Deux
Mondes (1842), xxi. 500; Wurzbach, Fr.
Mai. des xviii. Jahrh., 29.
LOO, JAKOB VAN, born at Sluys, Flan-
ders, in 1614, died in Paris, Nov. 26, 1(570.
Dutch school ; portrait painter, son and
pupil of Jan van Loo, then pupil of Abra-
ham van den Tempel. Lived in 1652-60
in Amsterdam, where he painted portraits
and small figures in the landscapes of Wy-
nants the elder and Hobbema ; went thence
to Paris, became naturalized, and was re-
ceived into the Academy in 1663. Works :
Regent Pieces (2, 1658, 1659), Haarlem
Museum ; Portrait of Michel Corneille the
95
LOO
u
older (1GG3), Female figure, Louvre, Paris ;
Diana and Nymphs (1048), Berlin Muse-
um ; do., Brunswick Museum ; Glass Coral
Factory, Copenhagen Gallery ; Women
Bathing, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Paris and
(Euoue, Dres-
den Gallery;
Concert in the
Open Air, Old
Woman Spin-
ning, Hermi-
tage, St. Peters-
burg.— Bellier,
ii. 024 ; Jal, 79G ; Michicls, x. 22 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 289.
LOO, JAN VAN, born at Sluys, Flanders,
about 1585, died at Delft after June 27,
1GG1. Dutch school ; the first painter of
his name ; registered in guild of Delft,
March 19, 1G57. Works : Interior of Glass-
Works, Copenhagen Gallery ; Reunion of
Drinkers (engraved by Houbraken). —
Kramm, ii. 1009 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 579 ;
Michiels, x. 2<>.
LOO, JEAN BAPTLSTE VAN, born at
Aix, Jan. 11, 1084, died
there, Sept. 19, 1745.
French school ; history
and portrait painter,
sou and pupil of Louis
van Loo; went to Homo
about 1717, taking
with him his brother
Carle, studied with
Benedetto Luti, and in
1719 accompanied his
patron, the Prince de Carignan, to Paris,
where his works were soon in great demand.
Received into the Academy in 1731; adjunct
professor, 1733. He restored the gallery
of Francis I. at Fontainebleau, painted by
II Rosso and Primaticcio, and executed
works for the Hotel de Villo and for many
churches ; was in England in 1738-42.
Works : Institution of Order of Holy Ghost
in 1578, Diana and Endymion (1731), Lou-
vre ; Replica of last, Brussels Museum ; Por-
traits of Louis XV. (3), Stanislas Lecziuski,
Marie Leczinska, and the Engraver Tardieu,
Versailles Museum ; Portrait of a Magis-
trate, Aix Museum ; Portrait of Louis XV. ,
Amiens Museum ; do., Nancy Museum ;
Rinaldo and Armida, Angers Museum ;
Woman on a Couch, Montargis Museum ;
Portrait of Victor Amadeus H. of Savoy —
first king of Sardinia, Montpellier Museum ;
Holy Family, Dominican Church, Toulon ;
Portraits of Louis XV. and Marie Leczinska,
Massacre of Zedekiah's Children, Darmstadt
Museum ; Allegory on Happiness, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Triumph of Galatea (1722),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Torment of St.
Joseph ; Raising of Lazarus ; De Mailly —
Archbishop of Aries ; Assembly of the Gods
(ceiling) ; Portrait of Prince de Cariguan ;
Portrait of the Prince of Piedmont (about
1715) ; Holy Family, Christ giving Keys to
St. Peter (1718) ; Allegory on Birth of the
.. , Dauphin. — Ar-
// /} V&/^X//OO chives de 1'Art
^ fraucais, Abece-
dario, v. 381 ; Argenville, v. 385 ; Bellier,
ii. G24 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole fran<;aise, iii. ; Dan-
dre-Bardon, Vie de J. B. V. (Paris, 1779) ;
Larousse, xv. 7GG ; Michiels, x. 37 ; Revue
des Deux Mondes (1842), xxi. 494.
LOO, (JULES) CKSAR (DENIS) VAN,
born in Paris in 1743, died there, July 1,
1821. French school ; landscape painter,
son and pupil of Carle ; received into the
Academy in 1784, and became adjunct rec-
tor in 1790. Works : Tempest, Moonlight
(1784); Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli (1785);
Sunset (1800) ; Conflagration (1802) ; Snow
Landscape (1804), Louvre, Paris ; do., Cher-
bourg Museum ; Road from Tivoli to Subi-
aco, Similar view, Fountain of Aqua Autosa,
Ponte Molo ; Campagna, Toulouse Museum ;
Two landscapes, Turin Gallery. — Bellier, ii.
628.
LOO, LOUIS VAN, born at Amsterdam
about 1641, died at Aix in 1713. Dutch
school ; history painter, son and pupil of
Jakob van Loo ; went early to France, won
first prize in Academy, of which he would
have become a member had he not been
96
LOO
obliged to leave Paris, whence he retired to
Nice oil account of a duel ; travelled after-
wards in the south of France and settled at
Aix, where he married iu 1G83, and became
the father of Jean Baptiste and Carle van
Loo. There is a St. Francis by him in the
Chapel of the Black Penitents at Toulon,
and a fresco at Aix. — Archives de 1'Art fran-
9ais, Documents, vi. 1C2 ; Michiels, x. 30 ;
Revue des Deux Mondes (1842), xxi. 487.
LOO, LOUIS MICHEL VAN, born at
Toulon, March 2, 1707, died in Paris, March
20, 1771. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Jean Bap-
tiste ; won in 1725 the grand prix de Rome,
and on his return to Paris was received into
the Academy in 1733, and became adjunct
professor in 1735. On the death of Bane
he was appointed court-painter by Philip
V. of Spain, who bestowed many honours
upon him. On Philip's death he returned
to Paris, and succeeded his uncle Carle as
director of the Royal School of Art. Order
of St. Michael, 1748. Works : Apollo pur-
suing Daphne (1733), Louvre ; Portrait of
Infante Don Felipe, Family of Philip V.,
Young Infanta as Venus, Portrait of Philip
V., Madrid Museum ; Portraits of Louis
XV. (2), Louis Philippe d'Orh'ans, Due de
Choiseul, Due de Praslin, Louis XVI.,
Comte de Provence (afterwards Louis
XVIII), Comte d'Artois (afterwards Charles
X.), Philip V. of Spain, Elizabeth Faruese, |
Queen of Spain, Philip V. and his Family
(sketch to picture in Madrid Museum), Due
de La Vrilliere (1769), Carle van Loo (1764),
do. and his Family (1757), Portrait of him-
self, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 625 ;
Larousse, xv. 767 ; Nagler, xix. 373 ; Revue
des Deux Mondes (1842), xxi. 510 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Madrazo.
LOON, THEODORUS VAN, the young-
er, born in Brussels about 1595, died about
1678. Flemish school ; history painter.
Lived for a long time in Rome and Flor-
ence, and formed his style after Carlo Ma-
ratti. Colouring often black in the shad-
ows. Works : Assumption, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Adoration of Shepherds, Assump-
tion, Brussels Museum ; Marriage of St.
Catharine, Infant Christ offered to God, An-
nunciation, Bi'guinage, Brussels. — Kramm,
iv. 1010 ; Michiels, x. 346 ; Siret (1883), i.
564.
LOOP, HENRY A., born at Hillsdale,
N. Y., in 1831. Figure and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Henry Peters Gray and of Cou-
ture. Visited Europe in 1856, and again
in 1867, studying in Paris, Rome, Venice,
and Florence. Elected N.A. in 1861. Stu-
dio in New York. Works : Undine (1863) ;
Clytie (1865); Italian Minstrel (1868); Lake
Maggiore (1870); Venice (1875); Aphrodite,
(Enone (1877) ; Hermia, Marina (1878) ;
Echo (1879) ; At the Spring (1880) ; Idyl
of the Lake (1881) ; Love's Crown (1882) ;
Awakening (1883) ; Summer Moon (1884).
Portraits : J. M. Ward ; Dr. Reisig ; J. P.
Townsend (1876); W. Whittredge ; Portrait
(1879), St. Luke's Hospital, New York ; Pro-
fessor E. Loomis (1882). Mrs. Henry A.
Loop paints portraits and genre pictures ;
pupil of Professor Louis Bail, of New Haven;
studied two years in Rome, Paris, and Ven-
ice. Elected an A.N.A. in 1875. Studio
with her husband. — Sheldon, 215.
LOOS, FHIEDRICH, born in Gratz,
Styria, Oct. 2!), 1797. Landscape painter,
pupil of the Vienna Academy ; afterwards
travelled in the Alps (1821), in Hungary
(1823-26), Salzburg (1826-29), Istria (1840);
visited Rome in 1846, Naples in 1847. In
1851 finished a panorama of ancient and
modern Rome in 17 pictures, equally poetic
in conception and truthful. He then went
via Berlin to Bremen, Oldenburg, and Co-
penhagen, and in 1853 settled iu Kiel ; vis-
ited Norway in 1856, and was appointed
professor of drawing at the University of
Kiel in 1863. He painted also a few good
portraits, among them his own (1837).
Works : Three Views around Salzburg,
Saw-Mill in Styria (1830) ; Two Views of
Salzburg (1831) ; The Ramsau near Berch-
tesgaden (1836), Vienna Museum ; River-
Bank with Birch-Trees (1837), Alpine Fes-
97
LOOSE
tival near Salzburg (1837), Iron-Works in
Austrian Alps (1838), View on the Kahlen-
berg near Vienna (1842), Klosterneuburg
(1843), View on the Danube (1844), Castle
near Ybbs (184(i), Hungarian Village (1844),
Vienna Art Union ; Mill in the Valley (1838);
View of Jormannsdorf (1839) ; Evening on
the RGthelstein (1840) ; Mountain Land-
scape near Vienna (184(5) ; Views near Ter-
racina (1848, 1849); Vico near Naples (1854);
Pirano in Istria (1855) ; Destroyed Giant's
Grave on Baltic Coast (I860), Oldenburg-
Art Union ; Hum of Stor-Hamar Cathedral
(1857), Christiania Gallery ; Cow-Stable in
Austria (I860), Kiel Art Union ; Strand of
Sorrento (18G4) ; Old Church in Schleswig
(18(16). -Andresen, ii. 19S.
LOOSE, BASILE DE, born at Zeele,
Flanders, Dec. 17,
1809. Genre paint-
er, son and pupil of
Joannes Josephus de
Loose, and pupil of
Antwerp Academy ;
went in 1835 to
study in Paris, set-
tled in Brussels;
imitatesTerburgand
kindred masters of
the 17th century. Medal, Paris, 3d class,
1841. Works: Maiden at Toilet-Table;
The Present ; The Swing ; Boys' Tricks ;
Flemish Kirmess ; Children's Festival at
School, Lace Maker with Child (1858), Leip-
sic Museum ; Company in Tavern (184G),
Dutch Family Scene (184(5), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Girls' School in the Country,
Stettin Museum. — Innnerzecl, ii. 18(5 ; Miil-
ler, 342 ; Kramm, iv. 1011.
LOOSE, JOANNES JOSEPHUS DE,
born at Zeele, Flanders, Nov. 22, 1770.
History painter, pupil of Ghent Academy,
where in 1794 he obtained the first prize ;
studied then in Mechlin under Herreyns, and
afterwards became professor at the Academy
of Design at St. Nicolaas, East Flanders.
Works : St. Cornelia blessing Children, St.
Jacob's, Ghent ; Martyrdom of St. Apollo-
nia ; Martyrdom of St. Barbara ; Christ
driving the Venders from the Temple (1822);
Entry of Christ into Jerusalem (1828); Fes-
tive Scene with sixteen portraits. — Imnier-
zeel, ii. 185 ; Nagler, viii. 48.
LOOTEN (Loten), JAN, born in Amster-
dam about 1G18, died in London in 1681.
Dutch school ; landscape painter. Seems
to have worked first in Switzerland, then in
Holland, and to have gone to England about
1662 and painted for Charles H. His usual
subjects were rocky scenes, dark oak-woods,
rushing torrents, and wild solitudes. An
inky colouring detracts much from the ef-
fect of his finely composed, well-drawn, and
truthful pictures. Was an imitator of Hob-
bema. Works : River Scene, National Gal-
lery, London ; Sportsmen in a AVood (1658),
Rotterdam Museum ; Three landscapes,
Dresden Gallery ; Stag-Hunt (1659), Berlin
Museum ; Consecration of a Church, View
//" across a River
/ f> (1656), Copenha-
cV ^00//?^gen Gallery;
Landscape with
Travellers,Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Rocky Landscape (1675),
Beech-wood, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 481 ; Kramm, iv.
1012.
LOPEZ Y PORTAXA, VICENTE, born
in Valencia in 1772, died in Madrid in 1855
(1850?). History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of the Franciscan monk Villanueva, and
in Madrid of Maella ; became director of
Valencia Academy, made court-painter in
1802, and called to Madrid in 1814 to in-
struct the second and third queens of Fer-
dinand VII. ; appointed director-general of
Madrid, Saragossa, and Valencia Academies.
Works : Charles IV. and his Family, Charles
HI. instituting his Order, Adoration of San-
ta Forma, Death of Abradates, Portraits of
Queen Maria Christina de Bourbon, Queen
Maria Amalia, Queen Maria Isabel de Bra-
ganza, Queen Maria Antonia of Naples, In-
fante Don Antonio, Francisco Goya, Felix
Maximo Lopez, Madrid Museum ; SS. Au-
98
LOEEDAXO
gustine and Kufus, Tortosa Cathedral ; Ceil-
ing paintings (fresco), Royal Palace, Madrid.
His sou and pupil, Bernardo Lopez y Piquer
(1801-74), was noted for pastel portraits. —
Madrazo.
LOREDANO, LEONARDO, Doge, por-
trait, Giovanni Bellini, National Gallery,
London ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 5 in. ; signed.
Painted about 1505 ; long an heirloom of the
Grimani family. One of the best of Bellini's
portraits. Originally in Palazzo Grimani,
Venice ; then owned by Lord Cawdor and
Beckford, from whom bought in 1844 for
£600.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 181 ; Richter,
79, 105 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 420.
LOREDANO, LEONARDO, Doge, por-
trait, Catena, Lochis-Carrara Gallery, Ber-
gamo ; wood, nearly life-size. Painted about
1503 ; attributed to Gentile Bellini. Copy
at Dresden attributed to Giovanni Bellini ;
replica of latter in Correr Museum. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 250.
LORENTZEN, CHRISTLVN AUGUST,
born at Souderburg, Isle of Alsen, Aug. 10,
1749, died in Copenhagen, May 8, 1828.
Portrait, genre, and animal painter, pupil
of Copenhagen Academy ; studied in Ant-
werp the works of Rubens and Van Dyck,
visited Paris, and after his return became in
1803 professor at, and in 1809 director of,
Copenhagen Academy. He was a member
of the Paris and Copenhagen (1784) Acad-
emies. Works : Portrait of Count Reci-
vusky (1794), Copenhagen Gallery ; Rural
Smithy, From the Zoological Garden, At-
tack of Gunboats on Roadstead of Copen-
hagen in 1807, Burning of Shipping Store
at Copenhagen, Siege of Wismar, Battles of
Femern and Volmer, Cycle of Scenes from
Holberg's Comedies. — Nagler, viii. 55 ; Rac-
zynski, iii. 549 ; Weilbach, 416.
LORENZETTI, AMBROGIO, Sienese
school, first half of 14th century. Son of
one Lorenzo, and younger brother of Pietro
Lorenzetti ; first heard of in 1324 ; earliest
productions frescos in S. Francesco, Siena
(1331), so highly praised by Ghiberti in his
second Commentary, but of which only two
fragments remain. Other injured frescos
by this painter are to be seen in S. Agostiuo,
Siena, and in the Florence Academy. In
1335 he aided his brother in painting the
front of the Spedale, Siena, and in 1337-39
he decorated the Sala della Pace in the Pa-
lazzo Pubblico, Siena, with three vast alle-
gories in fresco, illustrative of the advantages
of justice and peace, and of the evils of
tyranny. In this work the Sienese school
reaches its zenith, and Ambrogio proves him-
self a far abler composer than his contempo-
rary, Simone di Martino. Indeed, ho and
his brother Pietro are the only Sienese who
nearly approached the high excellence of
Giotto in this respect, and their works are
so nearly alike in some cases that they are
with difficulty to be distinguished from each
other. In 1342 Ambrogio completed a Pres-
entation in the Temple (1342), Florence
Academy, which has been so restored as to
give little idea of his talent as a colourist
and draughtsman. His Annunciation (1344)
is in the Siena Academy. The latest record
of Ambrogio is in 1345, and both he and his
brother are supposed to have perished in the
plague of 1348.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 134 ; iii.
75 ; Vasari, ed. Le MOIL, i. 33 ; ii. (15 ; Burck-
hardt, 315, 3G2 ; Baldinucci, i. 222 ; W. &
W., i. 4GG ; Ghiberti, 2d Commentary ; Rio,
i. 48; Dohme, 2i.; Sienesisehe Malcrschule,
i.;Liibke, Ital. Mai., i. 171.
LORENZETTI, PIETRO, born latter part
of 13th century, died about middle of 14th
century. Sienese school ; called, by Vasari,
Pietro Laurati. Elder brother of Ambrogio
Lorenzetti ; appears in Siena in 1305 as the
painter of an altarpiece, after which no trace
of him is found until 132G, when ho exe-
cuted several pictures in the workshop of the
Siena Cathedral. The earliest picture signed
by him is a Virgin Enthroned, dated 1329,
in S. Ansano, outside the Pispiui gate of
Siena, in which the figure of the Virgin is de-
servedly considered the finest of the Sieneso
school. The execution shows that Pietro had
already abandoned the dark Sienese colour-
ing for the light flesh tints and warm shadows
89
LOEENZINO
of the Florentines. In 1333 Pietro painted
a Madonna above the portal of the Siena
Duomo, which Luca di Thomu afterwards
restored, and in 1335 an altarpiece for the
Duomo. In the same year he executed in
company with his brother a now destroyed
masterpiece — the Marriage of the Virgin, on
the front of the Hospital of Siena — which is
highly eulogized by Vasari, who says it was
in the manner of Giotto. In 1340 Pietro
finished for S. Francesco of Pistoja a picture
supposed to bo that now in the Uffizi, Flor-
ence, and two years later painted the Na-
tivity of the Virgin, in the Sacristy of the
Duomo, Siena. His altarpiece in the parish
church of Arezzo, which is in better preser-
vation though inferior to Giotto, is a more
powerful and able work, both in conception
and execution, than any produced by his
pupils. Other remarkable works by Pietro
are the frescos of the Crucifixion, the Pas-
sion, and St. Francis receiving the Stigmata,
in the lower church of S. Francesco at As-
sisi, assigned by Vasari to Pietro Cavallini,
and those in the Campo Santo, Pisa, repre-
senting the life of the hermits in the desert
of the Thebaid.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 117 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., i. 471 ; ed. Le Mon., ii. 26;
Burckhardt, 51G ; W. & W, i. 4GG ; Rio, 42;
Dohme, 2i. ; Sienesische Malerschule, i. ;
Liibke, Ital. Mai., i. 171.
LOIIENZINO DA BOLOGNA. See Hab-
batini, Lorenzo.
LORENZO GIUSTINIANI, ST., APO-
THEOSIS OF, Gentile Bdlini, Venice
Academy ; canvas, tempera, figures nearly
life-size ; signed, dated 14G5. St. Lorenzo,
born in 1380, was bishop of Castello and
first patriarch of Venice ; canonized by Alex-
ander VIII. Painted for S. M. dell' Orto,
Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 122.
LORENZO GIUSTINIANI, GLORY OF,
Giovanni Antonio Pordenonc, Venice Acad-
emy ; canvas, arched, H. 13 ft. 6 in. x 10
ft. G in. ; signed. St. Lorenzo standing in
a niche, with several monks of his order
around him ; in foreground, SS. Augustine,
Francis of Assisi kneeling, and John Bap-
tist. Painted about 1537 for the Renieri
altar in S. M. dell' Orto, Venice ; taken to
Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815 and placed
in Academy.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 284 ;
Landon, Musoe, xi. PI. 47.
LORENZO MONACO, Don, born near
end of 14th century, died aged fifty-five.
Florentine school ; a Camaldolensian monk
in Florence. His style as a painter is that
Glory of St. Lorenzo Giustiniani, Giovanni Antonio Pordenone,
Venice Academy.
of a disciple of Agnolo Gaddi, but while he
shows more religious sentiment than his
master, as a draughtsman he is no better.
In general tone his work is soft and trans-
parent like that of a miniature painter, and
his flesh tints are carefully fused. The only
picture bearing his name is a Coronation of
the Virgin, dated 1413, formerly in the ab-
bey of his order at Ceretto, and now in the
Uffizi, Florence. Its peculiarities enable us
100
LORENZO
to identify him as the painter of such nn- '
signed pictures as a Madonna, dated 1404,
at Empoli ; Madonna and Saints, dated
1410, church of Monte Oliveto, Florence ;
Annunciation, S. Trinita, Florence ; and
Adoration of the Kings, Uffizi, Florence. —
C. & C., Italy, i. 551 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
ii. 209 ; Burckhardt, 534 ; Baldmucci, i.
314 ; Liibke, Ital. Mai, i. 1C5.
LORENZO DA PAVIA. See Fasolo, Lo-
renzo.
LORENZO DA SAN SEVERING, born ,
in 1374, died in (?). Umbrian school ; ear-
liest example, a much injured Marriage of
St. Catherine, dated 1400, in San Severino.
In 1416, with the aid of his brother Jacopo,
Lorenzo decorated the oratory of S. Giovanni
Battista, Urbiuo, with a Crucifixion, and in-
I
cidents in the Baptist's life. The figures in :
these frescos are exaggerated in action, lean
to excess, and ill drawn — interesting chiefly
as a link in Urnbriau art between the works
of Ottaviano Nelli and Gentile da Fabriano.
— C. & C., Italy, iii. 109 ; Vasari, ed. Le '
Mon, viii. 69.
LORME, ANTON DE, flourished in Rot-
terdam about 1640-60. Dutch school ; ar-
chitecture painter, whose rare works are
masterpieces as regards lighting and per- j
spective. Style of Pieter Neefs ; perhaps
worked also at Delft, as Antonis Palamedesz
painted accessories in several of his pictures.
Works : Interior of a Church by Caudle-
light, Warwick Castle ; Interior of a Church,
Lord Northwick, Thirlestaiue House ; do,
Berlin Museum ; do. (1649 ?), Darmstadt
Museum ; do. (1642), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; do. (1641, 1658), Schwerin Gallery ;
A-DE. LORME. I65S
7<>4I j£. <k Come.
do. (1662), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do.
Metropolitan Museum, and Historical Soci-
ety, New York. — Kramm, iv. 1011.
LORRAIN, CLAUDE. SeeCTuurfeLorrain.
LORY, GABRIEL, the elder, born at
Berne in 1763, died there in 1840. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Aberli (172,1-80) and
Kaspar Wolf (1735-98) ; lived alternately in
Geneva, Berne, St. Gall, and Herisau (Can-
ton Appenzell) ; fled during the revolution-
ary disturbances of 1798-1803 to Lindau,
and after a sojourn at Neuchatel returned
in 1812 to Berne, where he was one of the
founders of the Artists' Union. Works:
View of the Wellhorn and Wetterhorn
(1817), View of the Jungfrau (1818), Beruo
Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr, xix. 207.
LORY, GABRIEL, the younger, born at
Berne, June 11, 1784, died there, Aug. 25,
1840. Landscape painter, son and pupil of
preceding, whose changes of abode ho
shared ; visited Paris in 1808, Rome and
Naples in 1811, and after settling for a
short time at Neuchatel, in 1812, started out
again on extended travels ; spent the win-
ters of 1834-30 in Berlin, where he was in
favor at court, and received the title of pro-
fessor. Worked chiefly in water-colours.
Works : View of La Cava near Naples, View
near Albano (1810), Grotta Ferrata near
Rome, Old Devil's Bridge on St. Gotthard
Road (1827), City and Castle Esa between
Genoa and Nice (1840), Berne Museum. —
Allgem. d. Biogr, xix. 208.
LOSSEXKO, ANTON, born in (?), died iu
1773. History painter, pupil of St. Peters-
burg Academy ; then studied in Paris and
Rome (about 1770); on his return became
professor, and soon after director of St. Pe-
tersburg Academy. Works : St. Peter's
Draught of Fishes, St. Andrew, Sacrifice of
Isaac, Grand Duke Vladimir and Princess
Rogueda (Hermitage, St. Petersburg), Hec-
tor's Farewell. — Raczynski, iii. 535.
LOSSOW, FRIEDRICH, born in Munich,
June 13, 1837, died there, Jan. 19, 1872.
Animal painter, son of the sculptor Arnold
Hermann Lossow, pupil of Munich Academy
under Piloty. Since 1800 has painted a
series of animal pictures full of humour.
Works: Watch Dog (1800); Bitch with
Puppies (1801) ; Rat Hunt (1801) ; Rat
and Terrier (1802); Rural Scene by the
Oven (1805) ; Travelling Company of Dogs
101
LOSSOW
and Monkeys (1866); Badger Dog in Baby
Carriage (1870). — Allgeni. d. Biogr., xix.
222 ; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 203.
LOSSOW, HEINEICH, born in Munich,
March 10, 1843.
Genre painter, broth-
er of preceding, pu-
pil of the Munich
Academy ; paints
rococo scenes, often
strongly realistic.
Works : The Hunch-
backed Beau ; Mu-
sical Entertainment ;
I do as I like ; Lady
in .1 Park ; Honeymoon; Milliner. — Miiller,
842.
LOSSOW, KAltL, born in Munich, Aug.
0, 1835, died in Home, March 12, 1801.
History painter, brother of preceding, pu-
pil of Munich Academy under Foltz ; much
influenced by Andreas Miiller and the works
of Schwind ; visited Italy in 185G,
where he was induced by the hered-
itary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen to
settle iu Meiningcn. Works : Hor-
aud's Wooing for Hilde in the Name
of King Hettel, Hagen carried off
by the Griffin, Hagen 's Fight with
the Griffin, Villa Carlotta, Lake
of Como ; Conquest of City of the
Malians by Alexander the Great
(1858, Cartoon).— Allgeni. d. Biogr.,
xix. 223 ; D. Kunstbl. (1857), 2G4,
2i)G ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 115.
LOT, FLIGHT OF, Luca Gior-
dano, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 4 iu. x 7 ft. 2 in. Lot reclin-
ing, cup in hand, with his two
daughters beside him; in distance, Sodom
and Gomorrah burning and Lot's wife turned
to salt. Engraved by J. F. Beauvarlet. —
GaL roy. de Dresde, ii. PL 37 ; Reveil, v. 344.
By Guercino, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 4 in. Acquired in 1744
for 4,500 livres from Polignac Collection.
By Guercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 7
in. x 7 ft. 3 in. At left, Lot, seated between
his two daughters, drains the cup which one
of them has tilled ; in background, his wife
changed to salt and Sodorn burning. Paint-
ed in 1650 for Girolamo Pavese, of Pavia, and
acquired by Luigi Manzini, who presented
it (1G51) to the Duke of Modena ; sold at
sale of Comte de Vaudreuil in 1784 ; ac-
quired by Louvre in 1817. Engraved by
Fr. Providoni ; Raphael Morgheu.
By Gmdo Reni, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9£ in. x 4 ft. 10^ in.
Three half-figures of life-size. Bought in
1844 from Penrice Collection ; formerly in
Palazzo Lancellotti, Borne. Engraved by
D. Cunego for the Scuola Italica. — "Waageu,
Treasures, ii. 338.
By Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
7 ft. 1 in. x 8 ft. Lot, with his wife and
daughters, conducted by two angels from
Sodom. One of the choicest works of the
artist's middle period. Presented by city
of Antwerp to Duke of Marlborough. Eu-
Flight of Lot, Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery.
graved by Vorsterman. — Waageu, Art Treas-
ures, iii. 124.
By Rubens, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 2 ft.
6 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. ; signed, dated 1G25. At
right, an angel leads Lot from Sodom ; in
centre, another angel hastens the steps of
his wife ; at left, one of the daughters,
with a basket on her arm and holding the
bridle of an asa laden with gold and silver
10*
LOT
vessels ; behind, just leaving the city gate,
the other daughter ; above, four demons
launching thunderbolts on the city. Paint-
ed after the Blenheim picture, from which
it differs in composition. Engraved by W.
Swaenenburg. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Velasquez, Northwick Park, Worcester-
shire, England ; H. 4 ft, C in. x 5 ft, 10 in.
Lot asleep, with head in lap of one daugh-
ter, who points to Sodom in flames at left ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 17;
Pilhol, x. PL G50 ; Landon, Musi'e, xi. PI. 17.
LOT, HENRY, born in Gendringen, May
22, 1822, died in Diisseldorf, May 12, 1878.
Dutch school ; animal and landscape paint-
er, pupil in Cleve of Blass and B. C. Koe-
koek ; afterwards taught drawing at the
Gymnasium in Wesel and settled in Diis-
seldorf in 1853. Works : Ehine Landscape
with Cartmeu ; Landscape with Cattle ;
t ^>^Cj-^ ^£3 '^^f-^ &"'3. sA^-~^~^js-^ ^rO . c "K/v.AX^. fWseiP'^ , - ^^i T-
^^y-^* |,;,;is,^»^^
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w/iftjt •- ("- :
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m .-r^^'^-^y :\ ' •• ^ •"-'•-->;•. •.:•,.>•-•, •>-...?:
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Flight of Lot, Paolo Veronese, Louvre.
the other daughter seated at his feet, with
back to spectator. Authenticity doubtful.
From Orleans Gallery ; sold to Mr. Hope in
1799 for £525 ; Hope sale (181(5) to Lord
Northwick ; Lord Northwick sale (1859) to
present Lord Northwick for £147. En-
graved by Ph. Trii'TO, in Couche, Gal. du
Pal. Royal.— Curtis, 1.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3
ft. x 3 ft. 11 in. An angel conducts Lot's
daughters out of Sodom, which is burning '
in background ; behind, a second angel with
Lot ; and further back, Lot's wife, changed
into a pillar of salt. In collection of Due
de Liancourt ; then in Orleans Gallery.
Engraved by B. Audrau ; J. Lallemaud —
Wood near Newburg ; Inundated Meadow.
— Kunst-Chrouik, xiii. G29.
LOTEN. See Loolen.
LOTH, JOHANN KARL, called Carlotto,
and Carlo Lotti,
born in Munich in
1632, died in Ven-
ice, Oct. C, Ki98.
Venetian school ;
history painter, son
and pupil of Johann
Ulrich Loth (1590-
1662, by whom are
several pictures in
the Augsburg Gal-
lery). Went early to Italy, where he soon
103
LOTTI
ranked among the best masters ; thought
by some to be a pupil of Pietro Liberi ; in-
fluenced by the works of Caravaggio, al-
though his colouring is often sombre. He
was much employed for the Emperor Leo-
pold II., and in Italy for churches and pri-
vate collections. Works : Mercury Seat-
ed, Jupiter with the Thunderbolt, Vulcan,
Saturn, lleturn of Prodigal Son, Cassel
Gallery ; Jupiter brought up in Crete, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Ecce Homo, Fiirsten-
berg Gallery, Donaueschiugeu ; Job with
his Friends ('2), Lot and his Daughters,
Christ crowned with Thorns, Dresden Mu-
seum ; St. Dominick, The Angel Eaphael
with a Boy points towards Heaven where
the Trinity appears, Agrippina borne to
the Shore, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Holy
Family, Death of Seneca, Male Portrait,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Jacob blessing the
Sons of Joseph, Jupiter and Mercury with
Philemon and Baucis, Vienna Museum ;
Adam bewailing the Death of Abel, Artist's
Portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; Death of Abel,
Adam and Eve, Pennsylvania Academy,
Philadelphia ; others in Augsburg, Bruns-
wick, and Christiania Galleries. — Nagler,
viii. 77 ; Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 25(5.
LOTTI, CARLO. See Loth.
LOTTIER, LOUIS, born at La Have du
Puits (Manche), Nov. 9, 1815. Marine
painter, pupil of Gudin. Medal, 3d class,
1852. Works : Sunset in Egypt (1850),
Avignon Museum ; View of Cairo (1850),
View of Constantinople (1852), Ministry of
Interior ; Harbor of Smyrna (1865) ; Banks
of the Nile (18G7) ; Sunset in Roadstead of
Smyrna (18G7), Pcrpignan Museum ; Views
around Constantinople and in South of
France (18G8-80) ; Conflagration at Sea,
View of St. Raphael (1882) ; Environs of
Beirut (1885).— Bellier, i. 1059.
LOTTO, LORENZO, born at Bergamo
or Treviso (?) about 1480, died at Loreto
about 1554. Venetian school ; sometimes
called II Bergamasco, from his long resi-
dence in Bergamo. Went early to Venice,
where, according to Vasari, he was Pal-
ma's friend and assistant, and studied the
works of Giovanni Bellini, and later those of
Giorgione.
He was one
of the best of
the second-
rate artists of
his time. The
oldest extant
picture by
him, a Ma-
donna with
St. Onofrius,
Palazzo Bor-
ghese, Rome, is dated 1508, the date 1500
of the S. Jerome in the Desert, Louvre, be-
ing an obvious duplicate. A larger pro-
duction of 1508 is the Madonna of St. Dom-
inick, S. Domenico, Recauati, in which the
drawing is precise and minute, the perspec-
tive correct, and the colours clear and pure.
Of similar characteristics and of about the
same time are : Madonna and Saints, S.
Cristina, near Treviso ; Marriage of St.
Catherine, Munich Gallery ; and Madonna
and Peter Martyr, Naples Museum. His
pictures after this period show a bolder
approach to the manner of Palma and of
Giorgione, e. g. : Madonna and SS. Anthony
and Basil (150G), Duomo, Asolo ; St. Jerome,
Louvre ; Madonna and Four Saints, Bridge-
water Collection ; and the Tiiree Ages, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence. Other examples are
the Entombment (1512), S. Floriauo, Jesi ;
Transfiguration, Collegiata, Castelnuovo ;
Death of Peter Martyr, S. Pietro Martire,
Alzauo ; Family Group, Portraits of Agos-
tino and Niccolo della Torre (1515), Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Throned Madonna
(1516), S. Bartolommeo, Bergamo ; Ma-
donna (1521), S. Bernardino, Bergamo ;
Madonna and Saints (1521), S. Spirito,
Bergamo ; Christ parting from his Mother
(1521), SS. Christopher and Sebastian (1531),
Berlin Museum ; Marriage of St. Catherine
(1523), Adoration of Sleeping Christ (1533),
Bergamo Gallery ; Portrait of Andrea Odoni
(1527), Hampton Court ; Glory of St. Mch-
104
LOTZ
olas (1529), S. M. del Carmine, .Venice ;
Glory of St. Antoninus, S. Giovanni e Paolo,
Venice ; Madonna with Saints, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Crucifixion (1531), Church of Monte
S. Giusto ; Holy Family (1534), Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Dead Christ, Brera, Milan ; Mystic
Marriage of St. Catherine, Old Piuakothek,
Munich ; Santa Conversazione, Dresden
Gallery ; A Betrothal in the 15th Century,
Madrid Museum. In his last years Lotto
came so much under influence of Titian
that some of his pictures, especially por-
traits, have been ascribed to that master.
About 1548 his powers began to wane, and
he then resolved to retire to Loreto. His
pictures at San Giacomo dell' Orto, Venice
(1646), at S. M. della Pace, and in the Gov-
ernor's Palace, Aucona, give sad evidences
of his de- i .
dine.— C. U UOTUj
*G.-.*J- LLoto
aly, u. 494;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 87, N. 2 ; ix. 115,
146; ed. Mil., v. 249; Burckhardt, 725;
Ch. Blanc, licole vi'nitienne ; Rio, Art Chn'-
tien, 271 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 519 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xix. 421 ; Liibke, Ital. Mai., ii. G25.
LOTZ, KARL, born in Hessen-Homburg
iu 1833. History and genre painter, pupil
in Vienna of Rahl, whom he assisted in dec-
orating the Greek Church, the Arsenal, and
the Heinrichshof. Honorary member of
Vienna Academy. Works : Scenes from
Hungarian Legends, Children's Groups
(fresco), Redouten Sad, Pesth ; Scenes [
from Hungary's Civilization, National Mu- 1
seum, ib. — Mailer, 342.
LOUBON, (CHARLES JOSEPH)
F,MILE, born at Aix, Jan. 12, 1809, died in
Marseilles, March 1, 18C3. Genre painter,
pupil of Granet, whom he accompanied to
Rome in 1829. A skilful painter, with lit-
tle originality. About 1845 he went to
Marseilles, became director of the School
of Practical Design, and painted many suc-
cessful pictures. Medal, 3d class, 1842 ;
L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Prisoner's
Communion (1833); Christ and the Samari-
j tan Woman, Genoese at a Fountain (1840) ;
Incident of the Cholera (1850), Montpellier
, Museum ; Camp in South of France (1855),
Aix Museum ; Pass of Gineste, Mule-Driver
of the Var, Soumabre Farmer's Wife (1855);
Souvenir of Roman Campagna (1859); Gas-
cony Women carrying Fish to Bayonne
(1861) ; Autumn Afternoon (18G3) ; Land-
scape in a Storm, Chalon-sur-Saone Mu-
seum ; View of Marseilles, Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Animal Piece, Perpignan Museum.
— Bellier, i. 10GO ; Larousse.
LOUIS XIV. AND THE GRAND CON-
DK, Jean Leon Gcrume, W. H. Vauderbilt,
New York ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 6 in.
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America.
— Art Treas. of Amer., iii. 9G.
LOUIS, HUGO, born in Berlin, Feb. 17,
1847. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Acad-
emy under Julius Schrader, then studied
for three years in Italy. Awarded in 188G
2d prize of 10,000 marks for designs of fres-
cos for the staircase of the Berlin Town
Hall. Works : Margaret's Jewels ; Junius
Brutus inciting the Romans against the
Tarquins (1877) ; Portrait of an Officer
(1879); In Good Humour (1882).— Illustr.
Zeitg. (1883), ii. 439 ; Mailer, 342 ; Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 251 ; D. Rundschau,
xiii. 330 ; xvii. 300 ; xx. 459.
LOUIS, ST., GLORIFICATION OF,
Alexaudre Cabancl, Luxembourg Museum,
Paris ; canvas, H. 14 ft. 8 in. x 14 ft. 2 in.
Around the monarch's throne are grouped
the distinguished persons who aided him in
the accomplishment of his work : the Sire
de Joinville, Philippe de Beaumanoir, Pierre
Fontaine, St. Thomas of Aquinas, Guillaume
d'Auvergne, Bishop of Paris, Geoffroi de
Boileau, Robert de Sorbonne, Sire de Nesle,
Etienue Boileau, etc. Salon of 1855.
LOUSTAUNAU, LOUIS AUGUSTS
GEORGES, born in Paris, Sept. 12, 184G.
Genre painter, pupil of Vibert, F. Barrias,
and Gurorne. His spirited and humorous
pictures are painted in a strong, broad style
and carefully finished. Works : That Bread
was not well cut, Brother Fisherman ; After
105
LOUTIIERBOURG
Marriage, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ;
Married for Convenieuce (1879); Wolf in
the Fold (1880); General's Wife, Waiting
(1881); Woman Reading (1882); Betrothed
(1883) ; Hide and Seek (1884) ; Fencing
Lesson (1885).
LOUTHEEBOUEG, PHILIPPE
JACQUES, born at
Fulda, Hesse-Cassel,
about 1740, died at
Chiswiek, England,
March 11, 1812.
Landscape, marine,
and battle painter,
pupil of his father,
a miniature painter,
and in Paris in
1755 of F. Casano-
va, battle painter; member of Academy,
1767 ; also Academy of Marseilles. Settled
in England in 1771, became A.K.A. in 1780,
and R.A. in 1781. Exhibited 155 works in
Royal Academy. Works : Hagar and her
Son after discovering the Spring (1771),
Augers Museum ; Two Landscapes with
Figures, Bordeaux Museum ; Landscape by
Moonlight, Epinal Museum ; Shepherd with
Donkey and Sheep, Nantes Museum ; Shep-
herd and Flock, Orleans Museum ; Land-
scape with Figures, Queen Victoria ; Lord
Howe's Victory. Greenwich Hospital ; Cum-
berland Lake, National Gallery, London ;
Several Landscapes with Figures, Dulwich
Gallery ; Avalanche in the Alps, Wyndham
Collection ; The Departure, Interior of a
Stable, Burat Collection ; Burning of Lon-
don in 1666 (1797), Sir Thomas Baring;
Destruction of Spanish Armada ; Siege of
Valenciennes ; Huntsman meeting Lady in
the Woods, Darmstadt Museum ; Storm at
Sea (17G7), Oldenburg Gallery ; Tower on
Seashore, Rocky Plateau with Herd and
Herdsman, Schleissheim Gallery ; Surge on
Rocky Coast with Shipwrecked People by
an old Palace (1761), Museum, Vienna ;
Landscape after Storm (17G5), Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fraucaise ;
Bellier, i. 1063 ; Jal, 808 ; Larousse ; Cat.
Nat. Gal. ; Sandby, i. 191 ; Peintre-graveur
franyais, ii. (1861).
LOUVRIER DE LAJOLAIS, JACQUES
AUGUSTS GASTON, born in Paris; con-
temporary. Landscape painter, pupil of
Jules Noel and of Gleyre. L. of Honour,
1876. Works : September in Belgian Ar-
dennes (1861); Winter Evening in the Sa-
hara (1864); Willerzies in the Ardennes
(1865); Summer Morning, Village of Saint
Germain-sur-Morin, Willows of Villiers-sur-
Morin (1875); For a Festival, Difficult Pas-
sage (1876).
LOVE AND DEATH, George Frederick
}\'altn, London ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 7 in. x3 ft.
9 in. Death, represented by a tall figure
draped in white, whose back alone is seen,
relentlessly forces his way into the portal of
a house, thrusting back Love, who vainly
seeks to bar his entrance, crushing his wings
against the garlands of roses which grow at
the side. Begun about 1869 ; exhibited at
Grosvenor Gallery, London, 1877 ; at Me-
tropolitan Museum, New York, in 1884-85.
LOVE AND LIFE, George Frederick
Wall*, London ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x4 ft.
Companion picture to Love and Death.
Love, represented by the winged figure of a
youth, is leading the way up a steep ascent
and guiding over the rough places Life, a
young girl, nude, who clings to him for
support. The half-extended wings of Love
shade the delicate figure of Life from the
rays of the sun, and his footsteps can be
traced by the daisies which have sprung up
in his path. Painted in 1884 ; Grosvenor
Gallery, 1885 ; replica at Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York, 1884-85.
LOVE, EDUCATION OF. See Cupid.
LOVE, GARDEN OF, Rubens, Madrid
Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 3 in.
A company of ladies and gentlemen in a
flower garden, near the entrance of a pal-
ace, engaged in conversation and music ;
several cupids are playing with the ladies,
others are sporting in the air or among the
flowers and fountains. The figures are por-
traits of Rubens, Van Dyck, De Vos, and
106
LUCA
Bequest ; Apple Thieves (1882); At the Inn
(1883); Wood Chopper (1884); Second Hand
Dealer's Shop (1885).— Meyer, Coiiv. Lex.,
xix. 610 ; Mtiller, 3-12 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1872),
ii. 388 ; (1875), i. 118 ; (1880), i. 10, 318 ;
(1883), i. 335.
LUCA DA COKTONA. See Signorelli,
Luca.
LUCA DA REGGIO. See Ferrari, Luca.
LUCA DI THOME (Tome), latter half
of 14th century. Sienese school ; third-
rate artist. Called by Vasari a pupil of
Barna, though his painting shows rather
the influence of Simone. His name is the
third on the register of the Sienese Guild
of St. Luke, which was confirmed as a guild
iu 1355. He restored in 1357 a Madonna
painted by Pietro Lorenzetti in 1333 above
the portal of the Siena Cathedral, and he j
was living in 1392. Among his extant
works are a Crucifixion, dated 1366, Pisa
Academy, and an altarpiece, dated 1377, in
the Capuccini of S. Quirico in Osenna. — C.
& C., Italy, ii. 112 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii.
163 ; Milanesi, Siena, 1G7.
LUCAS, SEYMOUR, born in England in
1851. Historic genre
painter, pupil of St.
Martin's Government
Schools and of the
Royal Academy, where
he won the gold medal.
First exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1870 the
Apothecary from "Ro-
meo and Juliet."
Elected A.R.A. in 188G. Works: Inter-
cepted Despatches, Danger, The Burgomas-
ter (1877) ; Gordon Riots (Melbourne Gal-
lery), Uubreathed Memories (1879) ; The
Armada in Sight (1880) ; Reckoning with-
out his Host, Charles I. before Gloucester
(1881) ; The Favourite, Disputed Strategy,
Spy in the Camp (1882); Whip for Van
Tromp (1883) ; You don't say so ! After
Culloden (purchased by Royal Academy
under Chantrey Bequest, 1884) ; From the
Field of Sedgemoor (1885) ; Old Cronies
(1886). His wife, Marie Cornellisscn Lucas,
is also an artist of some repute. — Illus.
News (1886), i. 487.
LUCATELLI (Locatelli), ANDREA, born
in Rome in 1695, died there in 1741. Ro-
man school ; pupil of Paolo Anesi ; became
noted as a landscape and genre painter. In
landscape he was a pleasing imitator of
Claude Lorrain ; in genre he was the rival
of Zuccarelli. His small pictures are some-
times highly finished, and the figures are
painted with great care. Works : Mercury
and the Woodchopper, Cassel Gallery ; Mer-
cury and Argus, Another Mythological Sub-
ject, Landscape, St. Petersburg Academy ;
View of Castle San Angelo — Rome, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Fishermen put-
ting out to Sea, Ray Fishing, Snow Scene,
Pushing Off, Pennsylvania Academy, Phila-
delphia.— Lanzi, i. 535 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
ombrienne.
LUCCARDI, VINCENZO, born at Ge-
mona, North Italy, in 1811, died in 1876.
History painter, pupil of Venice Academy,
settled at Rome. Professor in Academy of
San Luca and other institutions in Italy.
Medals, Venice (9), Florence, and Vienna.
Works : (3ain ; The Deluge ; Raphael and
the Fornarina ; Hagar and Ishmael ; Cleo-
patra ; Ai'da ; Venus ; Four Seasons.
LUCCHESE, IL. See Rio -hi.
LUCCHESINO, IL. See Twta, Pietro.
LUCHETTO DA GENOVA. See Cam-
biaso, Luca.
LUCIANI, SEBASTIANO. See Piombo.
LUCIDEL. See Newhatel
LUCKX, CHRISTIAAN, born at Ant-
werp, Aug. 17, 1623, died there after 1653.
Flemish school ; still-life painter, pupil in
1640 of Philips de Marlier ; master of the
guild in Antwerp in 1645, having spent
about a year at Lille. Was employed by
the King of Spain. Works : Flower Piece,
Madrid Museum ; Still Life, Brunswick Mu-
seum ; do. (2), Professor Wilhelm Sohn,
Diisseldorf. — Kunst-Chrouik, xix. 581 ; Rie-
gel, Beitrage, ii. 126 ; Van den Branden,
1314.
109
LUCRETIA
LUCRETIA, Alexanclre Cabanel, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas, H. 7 ft.
x 4 ft. Lucretia, seated at her loom, is sur-
prised at the return of Sextus Tarquinius,
who, leaning upon the back of her chair,
asks her hospitality. — Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America, ii. 27.
By Albrecbt l>i'ircr, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 5 ft. 2 in. X 2 ft. 4 in. ; signed,
dated 1518. Lucretia, nude, life-size, stands
at the foot of a bedstead furnished in burgher
style with a red coverlet and blue bolster,
about to plunge the dagger into her heart
with her right hand. Several studies, dated
Lucretia and Tarquin, Guido Cagnacci, Accademia di S. Luca, Rome.
1508, in Albertiua Collection, Vienna. One
in British Museum. — Thausing (Eaton), ii,
35, 132 ; Ephrussi, 157.
By Guido Reui, Turin Gallery ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 2 in. X 2 ft. 1 in. Lucretia, half-
length, nude, holding in her hand the dag-
ger with which she has stabbed herself.
Engraved by Lasinio. — Gal. di Torino, ii.
PI. 05.
By Filippino Lippi, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 1 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Ac-
tion divided into two parts : 1. The death
of Lucretia ; 2. The exposure of her body,
in the Forum, with Brutus inciting the
people against Tarquin. — Cat. Pal. Pitti.
By Palma Vecchio, Vienna Museum ;
wood, H. 2 ft. G iu.x2 ft. 1 in. Half-
length ; Lucretia, with the dagger in her
right hand ; in the gloom behind, her hus-
band Collatinus, who grasps her arm and
strives to prevent her suicide. Copy at-
tributed to Paris Bordone, at Hampton
Court ; another by Varotari, in Uffizi. — C.
& C., N. Italy, ii. 47G.
By II Sodoma, Turin Gallery ; wood, H.
3 ft. 3 in. x 2 f t. G in. Lucretia in act of
killing herself. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
224.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft, 4 in. Half-length, about
to kill herself with a dagger. Probably of
Titian's later time, but not a very
attractive picture. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 42G.
LUCRETIA AND TARQUIN,
Guido Cagnacci, Accademia di S.
Luca, Rome. Lucretia, nude, on a
couch, resists Tarquin, who holds
her with his left hand and threatens
her with a dagger in his right ; in
background, an old slave as sentinel.
Formerly in secret Museum of the
Capitol. Cagnacci's masterpiece.
Many copies, and often engraved.
By Luca Giordano, Dresden Gal-
lery ; canvas, H. 4. ft. 3 in. x 5 ft.
11 in. Lucretia, nude, upon a
couch ; Tarquin has one hand upon
her shoulder, and points with the other to a
black servant beyond. Engraved by P.
Tanjo.— Gal. Roy. de Dresde, i. PL 37.
By Titian, Hertford House, London ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. X 4 ft, 8 in. ; signed. Lu-
cretia, nearly nude, on a couch, resists the
assaults of Tarquin, in green doublet and
crimson hose, who threatens her with a dag-
ger ; to left, a man peeps from behind a
curtain. Painted about 1571 (?) ; passed
from collection of Joseph Bonaparte to Lord
Northwick, thence to Mr. Conyngham, at
whose sale it was bought for 520 guineas by
Marquis of Hertford. Perhaps the picture
in the Louvre in 1752-54, which was bought
by Louis XIV. of Jabach, who obtained it
from the collection of Charles I. of England ;
no
LUCY
and this in turn may possibly be the canvas
sent iu 1571 by Titian to Philip II. of Spain.
Much damaged by patching and repainting.
Engraved by C. Cort,— C. <fc C., Titian, ii.
392 ; Waageu, Treasures, ii. 152.
LUCY, CHARLES, born at Hereford in
1814, died at Netting Hill, May 19, 1873.
History painter ; studied at Kcolc des Beaux
Arts, Paris, and also under PaulDelaroche ;
afterwards pupil of Royal Academy, London.
First became known by a series of large his-
torical cartoons exhibited in 1844 at the
Westminster Hall Competition, where he
was awarded a premium of £100 for his
Caractacus. His works are important on
account of their subject and the scale on
which they are painted, rather than for their
originality. Many of them have been en-
graved. Works: Interview between Milton
and Galileo (1840); Departure of the Pilgrim
Fathers (1847) ; Landing of the Pilgrim
Fathers (1848) ; Mrs. Claypole's Deathbed
(1849) ; Parting of Charles I. and his Chil-
dren (1850) ; Parting of Lord and Lady Rus-
sell (1852), Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Phila-
delphia ; Shakespeare before Sir Thomas
Lucy, Nelson in the Cabin of the Victory,
Lord Saye and Sele before Jack Cade (18(!0);
Reconciliation of Gainsborough and Rey-
nolds (1863) ; Garibaldi at Tomb of Foscolo
(1865) ; Intercepted Embarkation of John
Hampden (18G7) ; Abdication of Mary Stu-
art (1868) ; Charlotte Corday (1871) ; Co-
lumbus at La Rabida (1872) ; Portraits of
Gladstone, Cobden, Bright, Hume, Gari-
baldi, and Nelson, South Kensington Muse-
um.— Redgrave ; Athenaeum (1873) ; Art
Journal (1873), 208.
LUDIUS, Roman painter, time of Augus-
tus. He was the first, according to Pliny
(xxxv. 37 [116]), to introduce the style of
mural decoration known to us as Pompeiau.
LUDWIG, AUGUSTS, born at Grafeu-
thal, Saxe-Meiningen, in 1834. Genre paint-
er, pupil in Weimar of Martersteig, in
Dresden of Julius Scholz, and in Diisseldorf,
where she settled, of Jordan and Stever.
Works : Children's Breakfast (1862); Young-
Love (18C5) ; Surprise (1866) ; Student's
Return (1867) ; First Walk to School,
Mother's Joy (1868) ; Hard Separation, The
Widower, Involuntary Sentry, Ungrateful
Audience, Domestic Happiness, Palatable !
(1872) ; Boys gathering Shavings (1875).—
Miiller, 343.
LUDWIG, KARL, born at IlOmhild, Saxe-
Mciuingen, Jan. 18, 1839. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Munich Academy and of Piloty;
visited the Bavarian and Bohemian mount-
ains and North Italy, settled in Diisseldorf
in 1868, became professor at Stuttgart Art-
School in 1877, and removed to Berlin in
1880. Medal, Berlin, 1883. Works : Di-
lapidated Park-Gate, Schack Gallery, Mu-
nich ; Spring, Summer, and Autumn ; Olive
Grove on Garda Lake ; Lake in Bohemian
Forest ; Old Park Gate in Winter (1868) ;
Landscape in Hartz Mountains ; Smugglers'
Path in High Mountains ; St. Gothard Pass,
National Gallery, Berlin ; Village View in
the Eifel ; Mountain Road in Thuriugian
Forest ; Alpine Landscape (1882), Dresden
Museum. — Kunst-Chronik, xv. 467 ; Miiller,
343 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K., xiv. 160.
LUGARDON, JEAN LEONARD, born at
Geneva, Oct. 1, 1801, died there, Aug. 17,
1884. History painter, first instructed at
the school of design of the Societd des Arts
at Geneva, then in Paris (1819) pupil of
Gros ; two years later in Florence he was
much influenced by Ingres, and in 1826-29
studied in Rome ; lived then in Geneva,
excepting three years (1835-38) in Paris,
where he had many commissions and brill-
iant success. Works : Deliverance of Boni-
vard at Chillon, Arnold von Melchthal
defending his Bulls, The Oath on the Riitli,
Portrait of Engraver Scheuker-Scheener,
Musee Rath, Geneva ; Taking of Castle
Rossberg ; William Tell saving Baumgar-
ten ; Prisoner of Chillon ; Calvin denying
Communion to the Libertines ; Ruth and
Boas ; Christ on the Cross ; Hagar iu the
Desert ; John H., and Louis XI. of France,
Comic-tables Montniorency and Jean de
'Bourbon, Marshal d'Estampes, Duke of
LUGO
Orleans in the Trenches at Siege of Antwerp,
1832, Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury
(after Holbein), Versailles Museum. -
Tscharner, Die bildeu den Kiinste in der
Schweiz ini Jahre (1884), 55.
LUGO, EMIL, born at Stockach, Baden,
June 20, 1840. Landscape painter, pupil of
Carlsruhe Art-School under Schirmer, then
studied after the old Italian, Dutch, and
German masters in the Dresden and Munich
Galleries, and from nature in the Brisgow ;
was in Italy 1871-74, chiefly at Rome, inti-
mate and much influenced by Franz-Dreber.
Works : Waterfall in Bavarian Alps ; Land-
scape with Mythological Figures ; Storm in
Autumn ; Solitude ; Morning in Black For-
est, Late Autumn, ib. (1884), National Gal-
lery, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 140.
LUIGI, ANDREA. See Inyeyno.
LUINI, AURELIO. See Luini, Bernar-
dino.
LUINI (Lovino), BERNARDINO (Ber-
nardo), born at
Luino between
1475 and 1480,
died in Milan, af-
ter 1533. Lom-
bard-Milanese
school ; called by
Vasari, del Lupi-
no. Pupil of Ci-
verchio and of
Leonardo da Vin-
ci, whose manner
he imitated so closely that many of his pict-
ures pass for the work of his master. His
faces wear the Leonardesque smile, though
it has not the same depth of meaning, and
his manner of painting is similar to that of
Leonardo, though it does not reach that al-
most superhuman degree of finish which
distinguishes the Gioconda among pictures.
A Pieta in S. M. della Passione, Milan, is an
early painting by Luini, but his most im-
portant works in that city are the frescos in
the Monastero Maggiore, among which the
Martyrdom of St. Catherine is justly cele-
brated for composition and expression ; the
71 fragments of frescos in the Brera, in-
cluding the famous St. Catherine borne by
Angels, the Madonna with SS. Anthony and
Barbara (1521), the Marriage of the Virgin,
a Madonna with St. Elizabeth, the Birth of
Adonis, and the Flagellation, Ambrosian
Library. Other important frescos by Luini
are those in the Church of the Pilgrims at
Sarouno, Marriage of the Virgin, Christ
among the Doctors, Adoration of the Magi,
Presentation in the Temple (1525), Sibyls,
Evangelists, and Fathers of the Church ;
and those in S. M. degli Angeli, Lugano —
a colossal Passion over the entrance to the
Choir, a fresco lunette of the Madonna with
the Infant St. John, and a Last Supper.
Among Lmni's easel pictures are : large
altar-piece, Church at Leguano ; several
small easel pictures, Ambrosian Library,
Milan ; Madonna, Brera, Milan ; Adoration
of Shepherds, Adoration of Magi, etc., Du-
omo, Como ; Salome, Madonna and St. John,
Uffizi, Florence ; Modesty and Vanity, Pa-
lazzo Sciarra, Rome ; Virgin and Infant
Jesus, Naples Museum ; Christ among the
Doctors, National Gallery, London ; Salome,
Hull/ Family, Sleep of Jesus, Forge of Vul-
can, Adoration of Magi, Nativity, and oth-
ers, Louvre, Paris ; Madonna, St. Sebastian,
St. Catherine, La Culombine, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; St. Catherine, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Infants Christ and St. John Kiss-
ing, Holy Family, Daughter of Herodias
receiving Head of St. John, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Herodias, St. Jerome Penitent, Vi-
enna Museum ; Madonna, The Three Marys,
Historical Society, New York. Bernardo's
sons, Aurelio (1530-93) and Evangelista, are
mentioned by Lomazzo in 1584 as among
the best painters of their time. Pictures
by Aurelio are in the Brera and in Milan
churches. — Vasari, ed. Mil, vi. 519 ; ed. Le
Mon., vii. 43 ; viii. 217 ; xi. 276 ; Lanzi, ii.
492 ; Burckhardt, 165, 182 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
milanaise ; Dohme, 2iii. ; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 363 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (18G9), ii.; (1870),
iii. 47 ; Ltibke, Ital. Mai., ii. 450 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xiii. 41.
LTTLVfiS
LULVES, JEAN, born at Miilhausen, Al-
sace, in 1834 History and genre painter,
pupil of Steffeck in Berlin, and of Moller
iu Moscow. Was a civil engineer, but
turned to painting, and decorated the Cor-
onation Hall of the Kremlin, and the danc-
ing hall of the banker Krause at Berlin,
where he resides. He now paints histori-
cal scenes and mythological genre with
much success. Works : The Painter Clouet
in the Louvre ; Secret Reunion ; Murder of
Riccio ; Historical Scene of Murder. — Miil-
ler, 344; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
319.
LUMINAIS, EVARISTE VITAL, born at
Nantes, Dec. 14,
1822. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Leon
Cogniet and Troy-
011 ; has devoted
himself chiefly and
with success to
painting scenes
from Breton life.
Medals : 3d class,
1852, 1855, 1857,
1861 ; L. of Honour, 18(iO. Works : Scenes
from Civil War under the Republic (184:$) ;
Breton Fair, After the Fight (1847); Defeat
of the Germans at Tolbiac (1848), Nantes
Museum ; Siege of Paris by the Normans,
The Pirates (1849) ; Return from the Fair
(1850) ; Lobster Fishermen in Brittany
(1852), Langres Museum ; Breton Shepherd
(1852) ; Gathering Sea-Weed, Reading the
Will (1853) ; The Great Racket (1855), La-
val Museum ; Hunting for Sea-Birds' Nests,
Lesson iu Singing (1855) ; Pasture of Ker-
lat (1857) ; Cry of the Owl (1859) ; Return
from the Hunt (1861), Nantes Museum ; A
Consultation, Tenderness (1863); Two Guar-
dians (18G4), Augers Museum ; Under the
Hedge (1865) ; The Pirates (1866) ; Two
Rivals (1868) ; Gallic Revenge (1869) ;
Gauls in Sight of Rome (1870), Nancy Mu-
seum ; Scouts (1870), Bordeaux Museum ;
The Invasion, Return from the Hunt (1873);
Brunhild (1874) ; King Morvan, Herd car-
ried off by Enemy (1875) ; Consequences of
a Duel (1876) ; Firing at Random, Prisoner
! Escaping (1877) ; Death of Chramm, Hunt-
ing under King Dagobert (1879) ; Lcs
Enerves de Jumieges (Sydney Museum), Dis-
pute over a Female Captive (1880) ; Rapt,
j During the War (1882);
Last Merovingian, Chil-
dericm. (1883); Flight
of King Gradlon, A Mad-
man (1884) ; Death of Chilperic I., Escaped
Prisoners (1885). — Bellier, i. 1067; Larousse ;
Miiller, 344.
LUNA AND THE HOURS, Tinlwll,,,
Berlin Museum ; canvas. Luna, in a cha-
riot, attended by three Hours.
LUND, FREDRIK CHRISTIAN, born in
Copenhagen, Feb. 14,
1826. Battler, genre,
and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy, where he received
medals in 1849 and 1852;
took part as volunteer in
the battles of Bau (1848)
and Fredericia (1849),
where he was severely
wounded. Was in Italy
in 1862-04 and 1874-75. Danebrog Order
in 1876 ; member of Copenhagen Academy
iu 1877. Works: Episode from Battle of
Fredericia (1852), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Christ at Emmaus (1857) ; Judith (1803) ;
Jacob's Dream, Storming of Copenhagen
(1869) ; Swedes at Kronborg (1873), Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Swiss Guard (1872) ;
Caroline Mathilde, In the Convent Kitchen
(1877) ; Collector of Engravings ; Chancel-
lor Niels Kaas handing to King Christian
IV. Keys to Crown Jewels ; Ceiling Paint-
ings (1876), Viborg Cathedral.— Sig. Miil-
ler, 218 ; Weilbach, 421.
LUND, JOHAN LUDVIG GEBHARD,
born in Kiel, Oct. 16, 1777, died in Copen-
hagen, March 3, 1867. History painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy under Abild-
gaard ; went in 1799 to Dresden, in 1800
to Paris, where he studied under David,
113
LUXDBYE
and in 1802 to Florence and Eomo ; re-
turned to Copenhagen ill 1810, and became
member of the Academy in 1814 ; was in
Koine again in 181G-19, and in 1818 be-
came professor at Copenhagen Academy.
Tainted also portraits and small landscapes.
Officer of Order of Danebrog. Works :
Andromache beside Hector's Body (1807),
Copenhagen Gallery ; The Greeks leaving
Troy (1810) ; Habor's and Alger's Be turn
from Battle (1814) ; Apparition of Christ
(1815) ; Besnrrection (1818) ; Five Scenes
from Introduction of Christianity in the
North, Cliristiansborg Palace ; The Three
Nornes (1844), Copenhagen Gallery. — Weil-
bach, 424.
LUXDBYE, JOHAX THOMAS, born in
Copenhagen, Sept. 1,
1818, died near Bes-
ted, April 20, 1848.
Animal painter, pupil
of Copenhagen Acad-
emy, but studied chief-
ly from nature ; went
to Italy in 1845, en-
tered the Danish army
as a volunteer in 1848,
and \vas killed only a week after, in the
skirmish near Bested. Works: Coast View
on Ise Fjord, Open Country in Xeeland
(184-2), Interior of Cow Stable (1844), Oxen
in the Campagna, Landscape with Sheep
(1845), View in Zeeland, Horse Study,
Coast View (1847), Gallery, Copenhagen ;
Old Grave in Zeeland, Thorwaldsen Muse-
um, ib.— Sig. Mailer, 227 ; Weilbach, 432.
LUXDEXS, GEHBIT, flourished about
1052-73. Dutch school ; genre painter in
the manner of Metzu. Works : Fiddler in
Peasant's Room (1(550), Dresden Museum ;
Surgical Operation, Dusseldorf Academy ;
do., Hausmann Collection, Herreuhausen,
Hanover ; do. (1C52), Friesen sale, Cologne,
March, 1885 ; Cako-baker, School-room
(both attributed?), Amsterdam Museum. —
Krainin, iv. 1022 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 581 ;
xx. 505 ; Nederlandsche Kuustbode (1881),
93.
LUNDGBEN, EGRONT SELLIF, born
in Stockholm, Dec. 18, 1815, died there,
Dec. 12, 1875. Genre painter, pupil of
Stockholm Academy, and in Paris of Cog-
met ; visited Switzerland and Italy in 1844,
Spain in 1849, working especially in Seville
until 1852, when he went to England and
there painted illustrations to Shakespeare
and court festivals for Queen Victoria ; went
to India in 1858, visited Sweden and Nor-
way in 1860-G1, Egypt, Spain, and England
in 1862, Italy in 18G5, England in 1871 ;
mostly in Sweden since 1807. Works: Feast
of Corpus Domini in Borne, Royal Palace,
Stockholm ; S. Vitale in Ravenna, Library
of Siena, Stockholm Museum ; Pilgrim's
Festival in Valencia; The Forsaken Ones.
— Illustr. Zeitg. (1870), ii. 337; Kuust-
Chronik, xi. 243.
LUXDH, HENRIK TEODOR, born in
Stockholm, Oct. 3, 1812. History painter,
pupil of his uncle, Westin, and of Stock-
holm Academy ; went to Paris in 1843, and
at the outbreak of the revolution returned
to Stockholm, where he was director of the
Museum in 1851-58. Works : Iris visiting
the God of Sleep ; Reception of Hercules
in Olympus ; Eve at the Death of Abel ;
Rebecca at the Well ; Landing of Gustavus
Adolphus in Germany ; Entry of Gustavus
Adolphus into Augsburg ; Gustavus Adol-
phus before Battle of Brcitenfeld. — Mailer,
344.
LUNTESCHUTZ, JULES, born at Besau-
n, in 1822. Genre and history painter,
pupil of Philipp Veit at the Stiidel Institute
in Frankfort, whither he returned in 1845,
having meanwhile studied under Alaux in
Paris. Usually paints religious pictures.
L. of Honour, 1800. Works : Portrait of
Schopenhauer, Germanic Museum, Nurem-
berg ; A Drop of Venus's Blood tinting the
Boses (1855).
LUPINO. See Luini.
LUTE PLAYER, Michelangelo da Cara-
vaggio, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. A young
man in a white shirt, and with a fillet about
his head, sits singing to the accompaniment
114
LUTE KO
of a lute behind a table, on which are a vio-
lin, music-book, a vase of flowers, and fruit.
Good picture iu first manner. Formerly in
the Giustiuiaui Gallery. Engraved by Po-
dolinsky ; lithographed by H. Robillard. —
Gal. Imp. do 1'Hermitage.
By Michelangelo da Caraucigrjio, Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna. Young woman play-
ing a lute. Good picture of first period.
Engraved by Fr. John ; J. Bernard ; L.
Beyer. — Meyer, Kiinst-Lex., i. G22 ; Perger,
Kunstschdtze Wiens, 4.
By Caspar Netscher. See Sacrifice to
Love.
LUTEKO, GIOVANNI DI. See Dosvi.
LUTHER BEFORE THE IMPERIAL
DIET, August van Hi'i/th'n, Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 3 in. x
7 ft. 5 in. A broad stone-staircase leads to
the door of the assembly-hall at Worms, at
the foot of which a crowd of people are
kept back by two lanzkncclits ; on the laud-
ing meet Luther and Fruudsberg, the lat-
ter addressing the former while laying his
hand on his shoulder ; above, at the en-
trance, is a herald, at the head of other
persons, announcing the Elector of Saxony,
Frederick the Wise, who is just issuing from
within ; at the left, beside the stone balus-
trade, a large banner. Painted in 18GG. —
Kunst-Chronik, ii. 20 ; Bruno Meyer, Stu-
dien u. Krit, 104, 228.
LUTHER BURNING THE POPE'S
BULL, Karl Friedrich Lessiny, Mr. Notte-
boom, Antwerp. Luther, surrounded by
students and his colleagues, before the El-
ster Gate of Wittenberg, committing to the
flames (Dec. 10, 1520) the bull of excom-
munication which Pope Leo X. had issued
against him, together with the canon law
and the books of Eck and Emser, his oppo-
nents. Painted in 1853.
LUTHER AND ECK, DISPUTE BE-
TWEEN, Julius Hubner, Dresden Gallery ;
canvas, H. 10 ft. 9 in. x 20 ft. 3 in. Johann
Mayr von Eck, canon of Eichstiidt, and vice-
chancellor of the University of Ingolstadt,
was an adversary of Luther and wrote notes
upon the Reformer's theses. He met Lu-
ther in the conferences at Augsburg and
Leipsic, and failing to convince him went to
Rome and obtained a papal bull against
him. The picture represents the conference
at Leipsic in 1519. Painted in 18G3-GG.
Purchased in 18G7 for 9,000 thalers.
By Karl Friedricli Li'sxiiiy, Carlsruhe
Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 14 ft. 8 in. A
room at the Pleisseuburg in Leipsic : in the
middle George, Duke of Saxony, the oppo-
nent of the Reformation ; at his right, Bar-
uim, Duke of Pomerauia, then Rector of
Wittenberg University; to the right, Eck
and his adherents, among whom is the
court-jester of Duke George ; to the left,
Luther ; behind him, his friend Bugcnhagen
and the adherents of the Reformation,
among whom are Melauchthon and Profes-
sor Karlstadt. Painted in 18G7.
LUTHER TRANSLATING THE BIBLE,
Gustav Adolf Spanyenbery, National Gallery,
Berlin ; canvas, II. G ft. 3 in. x 8 ft. 4 iu. ;
signed, dated 1870. In his stud}' at Wit-
tenberg the Reformer is seated at a table,
pointing with his right hand to a passage of
the book before him, while, demonstrating
with his left, he is looking at an old rabbi
who talks to him with lively gesticulations ;
between the two, Johann Bugenhageu looks
into Luther's text, and opposite to him,
Justus Jonas, seen iu profile, is ga/.ing at-
tentively at Luther ; behind the latter, Me-
lauchthon and Riircr stand listening to the
conversation, while in front of the table,
Mathesius is seated, pen in hand, and turned
towards the window, in the niche of which
another Hebrew scholar is reading in a co-
(lcx._Jordan (1885), i. 130.
LUTI, BENEDETTO, Cavalicre, born in
Florence iu 16GG, died in Rome in 1724.
Florentine school ; pupil of Domeuico Gab-
biani ; formed his style by study of many
masters ; became one of the first painters of
his time, and is called the last of the Flor-
entine school. Clement XL entrusted him
with important commissions and ennobled
him. He painted in oil and fresco, made
115
LUTKE
many pastel drawings, and was a great col-
lector of drawings and engravings. Among
Ms works are : Mo-
ses saved from the
Waters, Uffizi ; Peni-
tent Magdalen, Mag-
dalen in Meditation,
Louvre ; The Virgin
-, Heading, Cassel Gal-
,.' } lory ; Moses receiv-
ing the Tablets on
Mount Sinai, Darm-
stadt Museum; Head
of Christ, Head of the Virgin (1722), Dres-
den Museum ; St. Borromco giving Ex-
treme Unction to the Plague-stricken (1712),
Schleissheim Gallery ; Holy Family with St.
John and Elizabeth, Boy playing the Flute,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg; James Stuart,
Hampton Court; Vestment of S. Ranicri,
Pisa Cathedral.— Lauzi, i. 250, 498; Cli.
Blanc, Ecole florentine.
LUTKE, PETEH LTD WIG, born in Ber-
lin, March 4, 175!), died there, May 19,
1831. Landscape painter, pupil in Home of
Philip Hackert ; visited Switzerland, Na-
ples, and Sicily, returned to Berlin in 1787,
became honorary member of the Academy,
and in 1789 professor and senator. Works :
Castle of Balm, National Gallery, Berlin ;
Italian and German Landscapes in the royal
palaces at Berlin and Potsdam. — N. Necr.
d. D. (1831), 435.
LUTTEHOTH, ASC AN, born in Hamburg
in 1842. Landscape painter, pupil in Ge-
neva of Calame, then in Diisseldorf of Os-
wald Achenbach ; spent three years in Home,
went to Berlin in 1871, revisited Italy sev-
eral times, and settled in Hamburg in 1877.
Works : Views of Capri ; Spring at Villa
Albani ; Lake of Nemi ; Summer at the Ri-
viera ; Autumn about Naples ; Winter in
the Campagna ; Punta di Sorrento ; Villa
Doria ; Wood Interior. — Miiller, 344.
LtJTTGENDOEFF, FERDLNAND VON,
Baron, born in Wiirzburg, Jan. 24, 1785,
died there, April 28, 1858. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Munich Academy
under Seidel and Hauber, and of Vienna
Academy in 1805-9 ; lectured on art at Er-
langen University in 1812, lived then in
Prague, Vienna, and Presburg, where he
painted thirteen large altar-pieces for differ-
ent churches in Hungary ; visited Munich
in 1840, and returned to his native city.
Works : Portrait of General Moreau ; 125
portraits of Legates to Hungarian Diet. —
Nagler, MOD., i. 348 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 142.
LUYCX (Leux), FRANS, born at Ant-
werp, baptized April 17, 1G04, died at
Prague after 1G52. Flemish school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Remakel
Siiia (1018), then of Rubens ; master of the
guild in 1020 ; went to Italy and painted in
Rome portraits and allegories, and after his
return home was called to Prague by Em-
peror Ferdinand III., who made him court-
painter and ennobled him, whence his name
appears also as Lcux de (or von) Leuxeu-
steiu. Visited Antwerp in 1G52, but re-
turned to Austria in the same year. Works :
Allegory on Vanity, Portraits of Archduke
Leopold William, Infant Cardinal Chai'les
Ferdinand, and a Lady of Distinction, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Christ appearing to the
Holy Women, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
Portrait of Archduke William, Stockholm
Museum. — Engerth, Belvedere Galerie, ii.
235 ; Van den Brandon, 804.
LUZZI, PIETRO. See Morto da Feltre.
LYMAN, JOSEPH, JR., born in Raven-
na, Ohio ; contemporary. Landscape and
marine painter, studied in Europe in 1804-
60 ; afterwards pupil of J. H. Dolph and
Samuel Cohnan, New York. Exhibited in
National Academy first in 187(3. Elected
A.N.A in 1886. Studio in New York.
Works : Summer Night, Evening (1880) ;
Perce Rock— Gulf of St. Lawrence (1881) ;
Moonlight at Sunset, On the Maine. Coast
(1882); Waiting for the Tide (1883); Street
in St. Augustine — Florida, View in do.
(1884); Under her own Fig Tree (1885).
LYS, JAN VAN DER, born in Breda in
1600, died in Rotterdam in 1657. Dutch
school ; history and landscape painter, pu-
LYSAllDE
pil of Cornells Poelenburg, whom he imi-
tated successfully in choice of subjects, neat-
ness of treatment, and colouring. Works :
Soldiers and Women, Diana Bathing, Mr.
Bisshop, Amsterdam ; Landscape with Ro-
man Ruins and Bathing Shepherdesses (by
Dirck van der Lisse ?), Mountainous Valley
with Fishermen
and Shepherds,
Wood Landscape jryr
with Bathing J/? ,
Nymphs, Bruns-
wick Gallery. — Immerzeel, ii. 191 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 189 ; Burger, Musi'e, ii. 282.
LYSARDE (Lyzardi), NICHOLAS, Eng-
lish painter of IGth century, died in Lon-
don, April, 1570. In the service of Henry
VIII. and Edward VI; sergeant-painter to
Queens Mary and Elizabeth. Painted his-
torical subjects. — Redgrave.
LYTRAS, N., born in Athens, Greece ;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Munich Academy. Works : Anti-
gone ; Death of Patriarch Gregorius ; After
Pillage by Pirates ; Oriental Kitchen ; Dis-
obedient Grandson. — Miiller, 345.
LYVERSBERG PASSION. Cologne Mu-
seum ; a series of eight pictures, by an un-
known master, on wood, each H. 3 ft. x 2 ft. 3
in. Subject : The Passion of Christ. 1. Last
Supper ; 2. Betrayal ; 3. Christ before Pilate ;
4. Mocking of Christ ; 5. Christ bearing the
Cross ; G. Crucifixion ; 7. Entombment ; 8.
Resurrection. Painted about 14G3-90 ; for-
merly attributed to Israel von Meckenem.
Belonged to the Collection of Hcrr Lyvers-
berg, Cologne, then to Mine. Baumeister,
his daughter, from whom passed in 1864
to the Museum. — Cologne Cat.; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 132 ; do., Kl. Schrifteu, ii. 301 ;
W. & W., ii. 95.
MAAS (Maes), DIRK, born in Haarlem,
Sept. 12, 1G56, died there, Dec. 25,
1717. Dutch school ; pupil of Hen-
clrik Mommers, of Nicolaas Berchem, and
of Hughteiiburgh, whose style he adopted.
He painted landscapes with animals in the
manner of the former, but especially horses
and battle-pieces in the latter's style. Spent
some time in England during the reign of
William HI, and painted the Battle of the
Boyne for the Duke of Portland. Works :
Battle of the Boyue, Colonel Wyndham,
Petworth, England ; Camp with Horsemen,
Rotterdam
Party Rest-
ing, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Cavalry Skir-
mish, Pillage on Battlefield, Moltke Collec-
tion, Copen-
hagen ; A
Camp, Her-
mitage, S t .
Petersburg.
—Immerzeel, ii. 192 ; Kramm, iv. 1031 ;
Van der Willigen, 205.
MAAS, NICOLAAS. See J/m-x.
MABUSE, JAN VAN (Mabnsius, Malbo-
dius, Mabog-
gio,Mobugius),
born at Man-
be u g c ( H a i -
nault), about
1470, died in
Antwerp in
1541. Flem-
ish school.
Real name Jan
Gossart or Gos-
saert. History painter, admitted in 1503
to guild in Antwerp, where he practised till
1507, when he went to Italy, the first artist
of the Netherlands who visited that coun-
try ; was in Rome, 1508-13, ill suite of
Philip, natural son of Philip the Good, in
whose service he remained until Philip's
death at Utrecht in 1524. Before he went
to Italy he painted chiefly religious subjects
in the style of the later Van Eyck school,
and his pictures show great knowledge of
composition, warm colouring, and solidity
of execution. Among his works of this
period are : Adoration of Magi, Castle How-
117
MACALLUM
aril, England ; Legend of Count of Tou-
louse, Scawby, Lincolnshire ; Four Marys
returning from Tomb of Christ, Righteous
Judges, Antwerp Museum. After 1512 his
style changed, and he painted mythological
and allegorical subjects and introduced nude
figures into his pictures. In his second man-
ner are : Neptune and Amphitrite (1510),
Madonna (2), Girl weighing Gold Pieces,
Berlin Museum ; Madonna (1527), DanaO
(1527), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Ecce
Homo, Antwerp Museum ; Children of
Christian II., Adam and Eve, Hampton
Court (replica in Berlin Museum) ; Jesus
lit Simon the Pharisee's, Brussels Museum ;
Adoration of Magi, Dresden Gallery ; St.
Luke painting the Virgin, Prague Cathe-
dral ; Portrait of Jean Carondelet (1517),
Madonna (1517), Louvre ; Madonna, Ma-
drid Museum ; Christ in the Prn:torium
(1527), Madonna (2), Historical Society,
New York. Other works in public gal-
leries : Madonna, Portrait of Margaret of
Austria, Young Lady's Portrait, Antwerp
Museum ; Ecce Homo, Ghent Museum ;
Altai-piece with Trinity, Prophets, Saints,
etc., Cassel Gallery ; Madonna, Fiirstenberg
Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Portrait of Mother
and Child (Marchioness van Vere?), Dres-
den Gallery ; Adoration of the Magi, Kr>-
nigsberg Museum ; Madonna in Landscape
with Flight into Egypt, Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Madonna at a Window, Olden-
burg Gallery ; Madonna, St. Luke painting
the Virgin, Circumcision, Vienna Museum ;
Madonna, Wiesbaden Gallery ; do. (2), Ber-
gamo Gallery ; Male Portraits (2), National
Gallery, London. —
Allgem. d. Biogr.,
ix. 404 ; Biog. nat.
MALBODIUS Jo Belgique, viii.
124; Ch. Blanc,
tfcole flamande ; Engerth, Belved. Gal., ii.
251 ; Fetis, Cat. du Mus. roy, 119 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1861), xi. 34 ; Immerzeel, ii.
193 ; Kramm, iv. 1034 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
118, 232 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 485 ; Law,
Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 137, 198 ; Mi-
chiels, iv. 425 ; v. 7, 4GG ; Riegel, Beitriige,
i. 5 ; Rooses (Reber), 63 ; Scharf, Archa>
ologia, xxxis. 245 ; Van den Branden, 95 ;
Woltrnann, Aus vier Jahrhuud., 28 ; W. &
W., ii. 517 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 304.
MACALLUM, HAMILTON, born in Ar-
gyllshire in 1843. Marine and genre paint-
er, pupil of Royal Academy, London. Sub-
jects mostly drawn from the Highlands of
Scotland and the north coast. Works in
oil : Bracken Boat (1870) ; Slack the Main-
sheet (1873) ; Saithe Fishing in the Kyles
of Bute (1874) ; Eight Bells, Setting the
Storm Jib (1875) ; Shearing Wraick on the
Sound of Harris (1876) ; Caught by the
Tide, Beetling (1877); Waiting for the Ebb,
Shrimping (1878) ; Nutting, Water Frolic,
Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep (1880) ;
Prawning (1881) ; Music o'er the Waters
(1882) ; Fledglings (1885) ; Kiss from the
Sea (1886). Works in water-colour : Cut-
ting Peats (1872) ; Catching Sprats (1875) ;
Burning Kelp (1876); Yo ! Heave Yo ! (1877).
1 —Art Journal (1880), 149.
MACBETH, BANQUET SCENE IN,
Daniel Maclise, Frederick W. Cosens, Esq.
A vaulted hall with tables spread with bar-
baric splendour ; the guests, nearly seventy,
startled at the apparition of Banquo, whose
figure is indicated in shadow on a chair in
foreground ; near it, Macbeth, seated, starts
back in terror, while his wife, standing, tries
to calm the guests with an affectation of
bold assurance. Painted in 1840 for Earl
of Chesterfield, from whom passed to pres-
ent owner. Small replica, T. Williams, St.
John's Wood. Engraved by C. W. Sharpe.
—Art Journal (1879), 36.
MACBETH AND THE WITCHES, Sir
Joshua Reynolds, Lord Leconfield, Petworth
House. The witches dancing around the
cauldron, as Macbeth approaches. — Waagen,
Treasures, iii. 37.
MACBETH, NORMAN, born at Port Glas-
gow, Scotland ; contemporary. Portrait and
figure painter in Glasgow many years. Went
to Edinburgh in 1860 ; elected R.S.A. in
1880. Exhibits frequently at the Royal
118
MACBETH
Academy, London. Has painted the por-
traits of many distinguished clergymen,
among them Drs. Guthrie, Cunningham,
Begg, and John Brack. Ideal work : Four-
score Years (1885), Thomas Oliver, Bors-
ham, Kent. He is the father of Robert
Walker Macbeth ; of James Macbeth, laud-
scape and portrait painter ; and of H. R.
Macbeth, genre and portrait painter, who
calls himself, for distinction's sake, H. Mac-
betli-Raeburn.— Portfolio (1886), 25.
MACBETH, ROBERT WALKER, born
in Glasgow in
1848. Landscape
and genre paint-
er, son and pupil
of Norman Mac-
beth, portrait
painter, and stu-
dent iu London
of Royal Acad-
emy ; elected as-
sociate of the So-
ciety of Painters iu Water Colours in 1871,
and A.R.A. in 1883. Is also an etcher of
ability. Works : A Lincolnshire Gang
(1876); Potato Harvest in the Fens (1877)';
Sedge-Cutting, Early Morning (1S7S) ; Tho
Ferry (1881) ; Betrothed, Ferry Inn, Wait-
ing (1882); Sacrifice, Betrothed, Tho Signal
(1883) ; Feu Farm, Pied Piper of Hamelin
(1884); Ripe October (1885); A Sodden
Fen (1886).— Art Journal (1883), 95.
MicCALLUM, ANDREW, born in Not-
tingham, England, in 1828. Landscape
painter, pupil of the Nottingham School of
Art, and in 1849 of the Somerset House
School of Design, London. Was a teacher
in Manchester in 1851-53, when he went to
Italy to select examples of mural paintings
for the South Kensington Museu m. Opened
a studio iu London in 1858. Works : Ap-
proach of Malaria, Ancient Rome (1868) ;
Moorland Queen (bought by John Phillip,
RA.); Views near Balmoral (painted for the
Queen) ; Sultry Eve (1876), Centennial Ex-
hibition, Philadelphia ; Glassalt Sheil— Glen
Muich (1877).
MACCARI, CESARE, born in Siena, May
9, 1840. History painter, pupil of Siena
Academy, then in Florence of Luigi Mus-
sini ; continued his studies in Rome, whence
he visited Assisi and Venice, acquired repu-
tation especially with fresco paintings exe-
cuted by order of Victor Emmanuel in the
Chapel del Sudario and in the Quirinal.
Gold medals in Siena and Parma, 1809 ;
medal in Philadelphia, 1876 ; great prize in
Turin, 1880. Professor at Accademia S.
Luca in Rome. Member of Rome, Venice,
Bologna, and Genoa Academies. Order of
Italian Crown. Works : Rebecca and Ele-
azer ; Leonardo da Vinci painting Mona
Lisa (1865) ; Vittoria Colouna meditating
over Michelangelo's Poems (1868) ; Sira
sacrificing herself for Fabiola (1869); Fond
Memories, Music hath Charms, Descent
from Cross (1870-73) ; In the Triclinium,
Flower on Raphael's Grave (1879); Deposi-
tion of Pope Sylverius (1880) ; Aristocratic
Pastime, Two Dandling Venetian Women,
Day of First Communion in Venice ; For-
tune Teller, Corcoran Gallery, Washington.
Frescos: Four Evangelists (1864, Marquis
Pieri Nerli's Villa at Quinciano) ; Ceilings
in Chapel del Sudario ; Tobias burying the
Dead (Chapel at Campo Veramo) ; Triumph
of the Three Graces, Quiriual. — Meyer,
' Com: Lex., xviii. 621, 629 ; Miiller, 345.
MACCHIAVELLI, ZANOBI, flourished
in 1474. Florentine school ; called by Va-
sari a pupil of Benozzo Gozzoli, but his
manner is that of one who also studied in
the school of Fra Filippo. His Coronation
' of the Virgin, dated 1473, Louvre, is not
one of his best works. Better is the Ma-
donna and Saints, signed but undated, Pisa
' Academy.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 517 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., iv. 191.
McCORD, GEORGE HERBERT, born
in New York in 1840. Landscape painter,
pupil of Professor Morse. Has made many
sketches in New England, Canada, Florida,
and the West. Exhibited first at the Na-
tional Academy iu 1868. Elected an A.N.A.
iu 1880. Studio in New York. Works :
119
MACCULLOCH
Sunnyside— Home of Washington Irving ;
Cave of the Whuls— Niagara (1878) ; Near
Biddeford — Maine, T. B. Clarke, New York ;
Napanock Mills ( 1879 ) ; Hunting Days (1880) ;
Winter Evening on the Hudson (1881); Mar-
ket-Place—Montreal (1882) ; Vesper Hour,
Where Swallows Skim (1883) ; Memory of
June, Ice Harvest, Cross-Road Bridge (1884);
Old Mill-Race on Whippauy River — New Jer-
sey, November Day, il>. (1885) ; Long Pond
— New Hampshire, Late Autumn (1886).
M vcCULLOCH, HORATIO, born in Glas-
gow, Scotland, November, 1805, died in Ed-
inburgh, June 24, 1807. Landscape paint-
er, pupil in Glasgow of John Knox, a locally
known landscape painter. Exhibited fre-
quently at the Royal Scottish Academy,
Edinburgh, of which ho was elected an as-
sociate in 18:54 and a member in 1838.
Removed to Edinburgh in 1847. Painted
chielly Scottish scenery with great freshness
and truth. Works : Deer Forest in Skye ;
My Heart's in the Highlands ; Druid Stones
by Moonlight ; Bridge over the Avon near
Hamilton. — Redgrave.
MACEDONE, IL. See Clorio, Giorgio
Giulio.
McENTEE, JKRVIS, born iit Rondout,
N. Y., July 14, 1828.
Landscape painter, pu-
pil of F. E. Church. In
181!'.) visited Europe,
studied in the principal
art galleries on the Con-
tinent, and sketched in
Italy and Switzerland.
Elected an A.N.A. in
18(10, and N.A. in 1861.
Studio in New York,
in 1863 (1807) ; Venice,
October Snow (1870); Scribner's Mill (1871),
Robert Gordon ; Autumn, Robert Hoe, New
York ; Old Mill in Winter, R. L. Stuart, ib.;
Autumn Day, Charles Stuart Smith, ib. ;
Wood Path, Henry James ; Cape Ann (1874);
Song of Summer (1870) ; Winter in the Moun-
tains (1878); Clouds (1879); Edge of a Wood,
November (1880) ; Kaatskill River (1881),
Works : Virgin in
Joseph Cornell, New York ; Indian Summer,
Valley of the Humboldt (1882) ; Uplands in
Autumn, Wintry River, Autumn Memory
(1883) ; Kaatskills in Winter, Yellow Au-
tumn Woods, Shadows of Autumn (1884) ;
Christmas Eve, Sundown in Winter (1885) ;
Ashokan — November, Glimpse of Hunter
Mountain, Shadows of Autumn, Winter
Morning (1880).— Sheldon, 51.
MACHARD, JULES LOUIS, born at
Sampans (Jura), Sept. 22, 1830. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Bailie and
Signol, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts.
Won the grand prix de Rome in 1865.
Paints gracefully drawn and poetically com-
posed mythological scenes, and much-ad-
mired portraits. Medals : 1st class, 1872 ;
2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works :
A Fancy (1865); Angelica chained to a Rock
(1809), Dole Museum ; Narcissus and the
Spring (1872) ; Silenus (1874) ; Psyche sur-
rendered to Cupid (187(5), Transit of Venus
(1877), Duke of Bucclcuch ; Young Woman
wearing a Hood (1880) ; Death of Medusa,
Bcsancon Museum. — Bellier, ii. 6 ; Claretie,
Peintres (1874), 225, 320, 368 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1805), xix. 280.
MACHEATH, CAPTAIN, Gilbert S. New-
Inn, Marquis of Lansdowne, Bo wood House,
near Chippeuham. Scene from Gay's Beg-
gar's Opera (1727). Captain Macheath in
Newgate, upbraided by Polly Peachum, to
whom he is married, and by Lucy, whom
he has promised to marry. Painted in
1820. Bought by Marquis of Lansdowne
for 500 guineas.
MACHEK, ANTON, born at Podlaschitz,
Bohemia, in 1771, died at Prague, Nov. 18,
1844. History and portrait painter, pupil
in Prague of Wenzel Bluma (died in 1794),
and of Ludwig Kohl, then of the newly
created Academy (1800), where he won the
second and soon after the first prize ; finally
of the Vienna Academy. Having painted
several members of the Imperial family
with great success, he rapidly acquired pop-
ularity as a portrait painter, especially after
his return to Prague in 180G ; also painted
120
MACHOLD
many altarpieces for country churches in '
Bohemia. Works : Portrait of King Wen-
ceslaus II., Gallery, Prague ; Portraits of
Archbishops Chlumczansky and Kolowrat,
Karolinum, ib. ; Several other Archbish-
ops, Archiepiscopal Palace, ib. ; Professors
Kroinbholz and Johann Fischer, Slavophiles
Jungmaim and Schafarschik, etc. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xx. 5 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 202.
MACHOLD, JOSEF, born at Benisch,
Silesia, Dec. 24, 1821 History painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy, but mostly self-
taught ; spent three years in Munich, be-
friended and influenced by Julius Sclmorr,
whom he followed to Dresden ; entered the
army in 1848, fought in twelve battles and
skirmishes during the campaign in Hun-
gary, and in 1857 became professor at the
military academy in Wiener - Neustadt.
Works : Roland Cycle (13 water-colours
after Uhland's ballad) ; Singing and Song
(6) ; Three Paintings after Polish Epic Ma-
rya ; Harold (after Uhland's Poem, 1860) ;
Scenes from Myths of Bacchu s, Ceres, and Ve-
nus; Scene from Midsummer-Night's Dream
(1867).— Miiller, 340; Wurzbach, xvi. 200.
MACIP, VICENTE JUAN. See Joan,*.
McLACHLAN, T. HOPE, born in Eng-
land ; contemporary. Landscape painter ;
exhibits at the Royal Academy and the
Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Head of Tees-
dale, Scene from " Ancient Mariner " (1881);
Wilderness of the Dead Sea (1882) ; In the
Border Country (1883) ; On Bowes Moor —
Teesdale (1884); Barden Beck, When Leaves
fall in Russet Woods, Nightfall (1885).
MACLISE, DANIEL, born at Cork, Jan.
25, 1811 (Feb. 2, 1800 ?), died at Chelsea,
April 25, 1870. History painter, student
of the Cork Society of Arts, and of the Roy-
al Academy, London, where he won the gold
medal in 1831 for the best historical com-
position, the Choice of Hercules ; became
an A.R.A. in 1835, and R.A. in 1840. He
painted a few excellent portraits, among
them Charles Dickens (1839), but his chief
works are subject and historical pictures.
The later years of his life were much en-
grossed by his compositions for the dec-
oration of the Houses of Parliament, espe-
cially by his two largo
water-glass paintings
—Meeting of Welling-
ton and Bliicher after
Waterloo (46 ft. long),
and Death of Nelson
(1850-04). He exe-
cuted also a series of
designs — The Story of
the Norman Conquest
— for the Art Union,
and many book illustrations. Works : Puck
disenchanting Bottom (1832) ; All-Hallow Eve
(1833); Installation of Captain Rock (1834);
Chivalric Vow of Ladies and Peacock (1835);
Macbeth and the Witches (1830) ; Olivia
and Sophia fitting out Moses for the Fair
(1838) ; Banquet Scene in Jfa<-Mh (1840) ;
Malvolio and the Countess (1840), Play
Scene in JfnmM. (1842), National Gallery ;
Ordeal by Touch (1840) ; Gross of Green
Spectacles (1850); Caxton showing his Print-
ing-Press to Edward IV. (1851) ; Marriage
of Strongbow and Eva (1854), National Gal-
lery, Dublin ; Origin of the Harp, Alan Pot-
ter, Esq. ; Scene from Midas, The Queen.
In fresco : Spirit of Justice, Spirit of Chiv-
alry (1850), House of Lords; Marriage of
Strongbow and Eva, Alfred in the Danish
Camp, Royal Gallery, Parliament House ;
Comus, pavilion of Buckingham Palace. —
O'Driscoll, Memoir (1871) ; Redgrave ; Ott-
ley ; Cat. Nat. Gal.; Sandby, ii. 161.
MAcNEE, Sir DANIEL, born at Fintry,
Stirlingshire, Juno
4, 1800, died in
Edinburgh, Jan.
17, 1882. Portrait
painter, pupil of the
Trustees Academy,
Edinburgh, under
Sir William Allan.
Noted as a portrait
A r^i^*)' painter, and had
many distinguished sitters, among whom
were Lord Brougham, Viscount Melville,
181
MACRBSTO
Marquis of Lome, Dnlco of Bucclcugh, Hugh
Blair, and Norman McLeod. He was a mem-
ber of the Royal Scottish Academy, of which
he was elected president in 1870, and he was
knighted by the Queen the same year. —Acad-
emy (1882), i. 71 ; Athenaaim (1882), i. 132.
MACBINO D'ALBA, born at Alba, died
before 1528. Real name Giovanni Jacopo
(Giangiacomo) Fava ; also called de Alladio.
Piedmontese school, history painter ; prob-
ably studied in Milan, flourished about 1500
and -worked at Alba, Asti, and Turin. An ex-
cellent painter, of great expressiveness in his
countenances, brilliant colouring, masterly
treatment of details, tine feeling for chiaro-
scuro, and solid impasto ; the first Pied-
montese artist who made advances towards
the realistic style of the Paduaus. Works :
Altai-piece in six panels with Madonna En-
throned (149(i), Certosa, Pavia ; Madonna
with Saints and Angels (1498), Altar "\Viug
with SS. Louis and Paul (150(5), do. with
St. John the Baptist, St. Lawrence and St.
Rose, Descent from the Cross, Several other
Altar Wings with Saints, Gallery, Turin ; St.
Agatha, Academy, ib.; Madonna and Saints,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort. — Lanzi (Roscoe),
iii. 2!>3 ; Liibke, Gescli. ital. Mai., i. 502 ;
Meyer, Kiinstl. Lex., i. 1(59.
McWHIRTKR, JOHN, born at Inglis
Green, near Edin-
burgh, March 27,
1839. Landscape
painter ; pupil of
art-school of Board
o f Manufacturers,
E d i n b u r g h ; has
travelled in N o r -
way, Belgium, It-
aly, the Tyrol, and
other countries in
search of subjects.
Became an A.R.S.A. in 1804, and A.R.A. in
1878 ; has resided in London since 1809.
In 1877 he visited the United States, spend-
ing considerable time in California, making
studies in the Yosemite Valley. Works :
Arch of Titus, Campagua (1804) ; Temple
of Vesta at Rome (1805) ; Old Edinburgh
(1808); Loch Coruisk— Isle of Skye (1809) ;
Daybreak, Depths of the Forest (1870) ;
Isle of Skye (1872) ; Fisherman's Haven
(1873) ; Laud of the Mountain and the
Flood (1875) ; Lady of the Woods (1870,
Taylor sale, 1883, £043) ; Over the Border,
Source of a River (1877) ; The Vanguard,
Three Graces (1878); Last Days of Autumn,
Valley by the Sea (Lee sale, 1879, £1,155),
Highland Solitude, Highland Pastoral (1879);
June, Lord of the Glen, May (1880) ; Roses
and Rabbits, Mountain Tops, Sunday in High-
lands, Summer Evening — Venice (1881) ;
Ossian's Grave, Highland Auction, Rainy
Day— Venice (1882); Sunset Fires, Nature's
Mirror, Highland Harvest (1883) ; Ser-
mon by the Sea, Windings of the Forth,
Home of the Grizzly Bear, Forest Solitude
(1884); Track of a Hurricane (1885); Three
Witches (1880).— Portfolio (1879), 93 ; Art
Journal (1879), 9.
MACY, WILLL1M STARBUCK, born in
New Bedford, Mass., Sept. 11, 1853. Land-
scape painter ; pupil of National Academy.
Studied in Munich four years, two of them
under Professor Velten. Sketched in Da-
kota and Minnesota in 1879. Studios in
New Bedford and New York. Works: Lake
Starnberg, Early Winter (1877) ; Meadows
near Munich, Landscape (1878) ; Early Sum-
mer (1879); Bavaria near Tyrol, Forest Scene
(1880) ; Edge of the Forest— Bavaria (1881);
On the Westport River (1882) ; Still Water
on the Seine (1883) ; Old Forest in Winter,
Early Winter, Winter Sunset (1884) ; Old
Mill (1885); January in Bermuda, Somerset
Bay, ib. (1880).— Sheldon, 204.
MADARASZ, VICTOR, born at Fiinf-
kirchen, Hungary, about 1828. History
painter, pupil in Vienna of Waldmuller ;
went in 1857 to Paris, where he met with
success. Gold medal, Paris, 1801. Works :
Episode in History of Hungary (1855); Clara
Zach ; Helen Zrinyi ; Meeting of Zrinyi and
Frangepan, Pesth Museum ; Beheading of
LadislausHunyadi. — Gaz. desB. Arts(1861),
xi. 191 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 237.
128
MADDERSTEG
MADDERSTEG, MICHIEL, born at Am-
sterdam in 1659, died there in 170',). Dutch
school ; marine painter, the best pupil of
Ludolf Backhuyzen, whom he often ap-
proached in the treatment of water, while
his skies and aerial perspective are inferior ;
was especially skilled in the representation
of ships, of which he was also a builder.
Spent most of his life at the court of Fred-
erick I. of Prussia, and after his return to
Amsterdam became a picture dealer. Works :
Fleet of Frederic I. on the Spree, Whalers,
Berlin Museum (not exhibited); Others in
Royal Palaces at Potsdam and Saus-Souci ;
Roadstead of Amsterdam with many Ves-
sels, Kunsthalle, Hamburg. — Kramm, iv.
1039 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 505.
MADEB, GEORG, born at Steinach, Ty-
rol, Sept. 9, 1824, died at Gastein, May 31,
1881. History painter, pupil in Innsbruck
of Hans Mader (179(5-1848, by whom is an
Allegory on Sacred Music in the Ferdinan-
cleum at Innsbruck); then at Munich Acad-
emy of Heinrich Hess, and continued his
studies under Kaulbach, Storch, and Johann
Schraudolph ; assisted the latter in the
frescos in Speyer Cathedral, returned to
Tyrol, where in 1858-73 he painted cycles
in fresco in churches at Bruneck and Stei-
nach, spending his winters at Munich. He
greatly promoted glass painting in his coun-
try, and was one of the founders of the in-
stitute for this branch of art at Innsbruck.
Works : Prophecy of Simon, Jesus in the
Temple (1852), Vision of David and Abra-
ham (1853), Speyer Cathedral ; Cycle from
Life of Mary (1858-GG), Bruneck, Tyrol;
Cycle from Life of Christ (1867-73), Stei-
nach, ib. ; Scenes from Life of the Magdalen,
Martyrdom of St. Victor, Four Evangelists ;
Death of St. Joseph, Court Chapel, Inns-
bruck ; Cycle in Paris Church at Ischl, Up-
per Austria. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 30 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 670 ; Miiller, 347 ;
Wurzbach, xvi. 239.
MADONNA, Mariotto Albertinelli, Fitz-
william Museum, Cambridge ; wood, signed,
dated 1509. The Virgin, with a pomegra-
nate in her hand, holds the Child standing
on a parapet ; John Baptist, with the reed
cross, looks on ; a bird pecks food ; vase of
flowers on wall. Much repainted. — Meyer,
Kunst. Lex., i. 222 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 487.
By Fra Uartolommeo, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; wood, signed. The Virgin, sit-
ting on the ground, holding Jesus to her
bosom ; four angels, two of whom play on
the mandolin. Painted in 1515. Engraved
by Simonneau ; Sanders. — C. »t C., Italy,
iii. 4(>3 ; Hermitage Cat.
By Giovanni Jit'llini, Brera, Milan ; wood,
H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. ; signed, dated 1510. The
Virgin, seated, with Jesus standing on her
knees, before a green curtain ; background,
a landscape, with a horseman and a shep-
herd and flock. Formerly in Saimazaro
Gallery, Milan. Finely modelled and richly
coloured.— C. & C., N. Italy i. 184 ; Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., iii. 411, 418.
By Lodovico Carrai'fi, Louvre ; canvas
upon wood, round, 3 ft. diam. The Virgin,
seated, seen to knees, supports Jesus, stand-
ing, with her left hand, and has the right
upon a book. Bought by Louis XV. of
Prince de Carignan for 800 livres. En-
graved by Bart. Roger ; Bettelini. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Musee royal, i. ; Filhol, vii.
PI. 452.
By (riuliii Romano, Uffizi, Florence; wood.
The Virgin holds a book in her left hand
and gives flowers with the other to Jesus,
who smiles at her. The shadows have black-
ened.— Paris, Gal. di Fireuze, PL 53; La-
vice, 45.
By Fra Fllippo Lippi, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, round, 4 ft. 3 in. diam. The
Virgin, seated in a chair, holding a pome-
granate, which Jesus, on her knee, grasps
with his right hand ; in distance, to left,
St. Anna ill bed, and infant Virgin in arms
of a nurse, a figure at bedside announcing
the coming of a servant ; to right, two
women and a child, with presents, ascend
steps ; in distance, Joachim and Anna meet-
ing. Head of the Virgin said to be a por-
trait of Lucrezia Buti. Engraved by G.
123
MADONNA
Rossi. — C. it C., Italy, ii. 333 ; Vasari, cd.
Mil., ii. G30.
By Bernardino Luini, Brera, Milan ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. The Virgin, seen to
knees, seated, with Jesus in her lap ; back-
ground, a trelliswork with roses. Group
finely conceived ; great smoothness of finish.
Bought from Convent of the Certosa, near
Pavia, by Signor G. Bianchi, from whom ac-
quired in 1825. —Brera Cat,
By Andrea Mnnti'ijn/i, Ullizi, Florence ;
canvas, small figures. The Virgin, sitting
on a stone, with Jesus asleep on her lap ;
background, a rock tunnelled by quarry-
men, a road with shepherds and their flocks,
and a castle on a distant hill. Painted
about 14S9. A beautiful little picture.— C.
it C., X. Italy, i. 403.
By Murillo, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H.
5 ft. (i in. x 3 ft. 9 in. The Virgin, seated
on a stone bench, holds Jesus on her lap ;
his head rests on his hand, which is on her
breast. By tradition, the Virgin is a por-
trait of Dona Maria do Leganes, an ances-
tress of the Counts of Altamira. Engraved
by A. Semmler, D. J. Pound, F. Seiffert. —
Curtis, 151 ; Gal. roy. do Dresde ; Bilder
Brevier, 1858.
By Murillo, Pulaz/o Pitti, Florence ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. x 3 ft. 5 in. The Virgin, full-
length, seated on a stone bench, holds Jesus,
standing with both feet on her lap. En-
graved by G. Ballero, L. Martelli, A. Per-
fetti, M. Steinla ; lithographed by Prat,
Nap. Thomas.— Curtis, 153 ; Gal. du Pal.
Pitti.
By Murillo, Hague Museum ; canvas, H.
(i ft. 3 in. x 4 ft, G in. The Virgin, seated
on clouds, supports Jesus on her left knee.
Formerly in monastery at Ypres ; bought
by William I. in Antwerp. Engraved by J.
Bemme in the Recueil Steengracht, No. 95.
Lithographed by V. Peemans, in reverse ;
F. B. Waanders in Kunstkronijk of 1847.—
Curtis, 150 ; Musee royal a la Haye ; De
Stuers, 288.
By MnriUo, Duke of Bedford, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 f t. 5 in. The Vir-
gin, in lilac robe, blue mantle, and brown
scarf, seated, holds the Child on her lap ;
her cheek touches his head, which rests on
her left shoulder ; his left hand rests on the
bosom of her dress. Caloune sale (1795),
205 guineas ; Bryan sale (1798), to H. Hope,
C304. Repetitions : Comtesse Robert cle
Pourtales, Paris ; Henry Mason, New York ;
Aguado sale (1843), 2,460 francs. Old copy
in S. Isidore, Seville. • — Curtis, 157.
By Murillo, Lord Overstone, London ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Vir-
gin, seated on a stone bench, three quarters
right, tenderly looks at Jesus, who is seated
on her lap, looking front, with both hands
on the neck of her dress. Formerly an
altarpiece in house of Marques de Santiago,
Madrid, where considered finest small pict-
ure of the master ; carried to England in
1809 by Mr. Wallis, and sold to Lord Ber-
wick for $2,500 ; sold at Lord Berwick sale
in 1825; bought by Lord Overstone in 1832.
—Palomino, iii. 421 ; Buchanan, Memoirs,
ii. 221 ; Curtis, 154.
By Murillo, Lord Overstone, Lockinge,
Berkshire, England ; canvas, arched, H. 7
ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, in crimson
robe, blue mantle, and light blue veil on
head, standing on clouds, in a glory of
cherubs, with the Child on her right arm.
Altai-piece of a church in Seville, whence
taken by Soult. Before it left Spain, thieves
cut out the centre part, containing the Vir-
gin (half-length) and Child, which was sold
iu England to Mr. Gray of Harringhay
House, from whom Lord Overstone acquired
it. Soult took mutilated remainder to
Paris, where centre was replaced by a copy
by Lejeune. At Soult sale (1852) the pict-
ure, then called La Vierge Coupee, was bid
in at 5,000 francs. In 1885 Lord Overstone
purchased it of Soult's heirs, and the two
parts were skilfully reunited after a separa-
tion of more than forty years. Considered
by Wornum one of the most beautiful of
Murillo's pictures of this class. Engraved
by Leroux ; lithographed by Maggi, in re-
verse. Lord Overstoue owns also a study
184
MADONXA
for it. — Wornum, Epochs, 393 ; Curtis,
149.
By Murillo, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; can-
vas, "H. 5 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Virgin,
seated on a stone bench beside a broken
•wall, holds Jesus seated on her lap. — Cur-
tis, 153 ; Sterling, ii. 910 ; Cunningham,
Life of Wilkie, ii. 257.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas,
arched, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. G in. The Vir-
gin, seated on a stone bench, holds Jesus
seated on her lap. Painted about 1(>41 ;
from Convent of Mercenarias Descalzos de
S. Jose. Engraved by A. Boilly. Repeti-
tion or copy, Berlin Museum. — Curtis, 154.
By Pietro Perwjino, Nancy Museum,
France ; wood. The Virgin, kneeling, with
her right arm on the shoulder of the boy
Baptist, who adores Jesus lying on a cush-
ion ; two angels kneeling in prayer beside
the Virgin ; background, landscape. Paint-
ed about 1504. In Collection of M. de
Brissac in time of Louis XVI. Much in-
jured and restored. — C. <fc G., Italy, iii. 225.
By Sassqfermto, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
G in. x 2 ft. The Virgin, seated, half-length,
holds in her arms Jesus asleep, and bends
her head over him ; above, on each side, a
cherub's head among clouds. Collection of
Louis XVIH. ; acquired in 1816 of M. 1'Abbi'
de Sambucy. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Tintoretto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. The Vir-
gin, a glory of stars around her head, stand-
ing in clouds on the crescent moon, holding
Jesus in her arms ; under her right hand, a
book. Engraved by Marcucci. — Gal. du
Pal. Pitti, iii. PI. 91.
MADONNA IN ADORATION, Francesco
Francia, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 5 ft. 4
in. x 4 ft. ; signed. The Virgin standing,
adoring the infant lying on ground before
her in a garden of roses. Painted about
1500 ; in Mantuan collection till 178G ; be-
longed, about 1800, to Baron St. Saphorin,
Danish envoy at Vienna ; afterwards in gal-
lery of Empress Josephine at Malmaison,
•whence bought in 1815. Copies in Berlin
Museum and in Bologna Gallery. — C. it C.,
N. Italy, i. 5G3 ; Pinakothek zu Miinchen.
By Ouido Reni, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, oval, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x2 ft, 11 in. The
Infant Christ asleep, adored by his mother.
Purchased by Prince Xaver and Count Bose,
17G4, for 8GO thalers.
By Pietro 1'cruyino, National Gallery,
London ; wood, altarpiece in three divis-
ions ; H. 4 ft. 2 in. ; centre 2 ft. U in.
wide, sides each 1 ft, 10£ in. wide ; signed.
Centre, the Virgin, kneeling, adoring the
Infant, who is supported on a white cushion
by an angel in a landscape! ; above, throe
angels singing ; left, Archangel Michael in
armour ; right, Archangel Raphael and To-
bias. Painted about 1503 for the Certosa,
near Pavia ; purchased from it by a Mclxi
in 178G, and bought from Duke Melzi of
Milan in 185G for National Gallery. Passa-
vant thinks Raphael must have assisted in
this meritorious composition. Richter calls
it the finest altarpiecc painted by Perugino.
— Richter, Nat. Gal. 50 ; Rumohr, It. Forsch.,
iii. 27 ; Passavant, Rafael, i. 51).
MADONNA, ALBA or ALVA. See ,1/a-
donna della Casa d'Alba.
MADONNA, ALDOBIIANDINI or GAR-
VAGH, EupJiad, National Gallery, London ;
wood, H. 15 in. x 13 in. The Virgin seated
on a bench under an arcade with Jesus on
her knees, who lias just received a pink
from St. John, standing at right ; back-
ground, a hilly country with houses. Paint-
ed in Rome in 1510-11 ; formerly in Aldo-
brandiui (Borghese) Collection, Rome ;
bought by Lord Garvagh, of London, of
Mr. Day for £1,500 ; purchased in 18G5 for
National Gallery for .£9,000. Many copies
in Bergamo, Milan, Urbino, London, Berlin,
etc. Engraved by Al. Mochetti, in d'Agin-
court ; A. Bridoux. — Passavant, ii. 107;
Miiutz, 377, 380 ; Grayer, Vierges de Raph-
ael, iii. 211 ; Richter, 55 ; Liibke, Raphael,
54, 104.
MADONNA, ALFANI, Raphael (?), Casa
Fabrizi, Terni ; wood, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 13 in.
The Virgin seated on a bench, holding Je-
125
MADONNA
sus, who stands in her lap and clings to her
veil ; above, on each side, a cherub's head.
Painted in Perugia (1500). Took its name
from former owner, Countess Anna Alfani,
Perugia, on whose death it passed to her
heiress, Countess Beatrix Fabri/.i. Rumohr
ami Passavant assign it to llaphael, but C.
& C. seek in vain for evidences of his hand-
ling. Not engraved. — Passavant, i. 55 ; ii.
11 ; Miint/, 58 ; Ilumohr, Forschungen, iii.
74 ; C. & C., llaphael, i. 02 ; Gruyer, Vierges
de Raphael, iii. 9 ; Liibke, llaphael, 1(5.
MADONNA, ANCAJANI. See Magi, Ad-
oration of, Raphael, Berlin Museum.
MADONNA OF ANCONA, Titian, S. Do-
menico, Ancona ; wood, arched at top, H.
10 ft. 5J in. x (! ft. 8.V in.; signed. The Vir-
gin and Child on a bank of clouds floating
in the sky, with Gabriel kneeling to lift the
hem of her mantle ; below, St. Francis with
a cross, and St. Blaise, with his hand on the
shoulder of a kneeling patron, pointing
heavenward ; in the background, the la-
goon, with Venice in the distance. Painted
in 1520 for S. Francesco, but removed
about 1880 to S. Domenico.— C. & C., Ti-
tian, i. 233.
MADONNA DEGLI ANGELI. See Ma-
donna del ('olio Lungo.
MADONNA WITH ANGELS, Gimabue,
Florence Academy ; wood, H. 12 ft. x 8 ft.
2 in. The Virgin, with Jesus on her arm
iu the act of benediction, on a throne sup-
ported by eight angels ; the throne rests on
niched supports, in which stand the four
prophets who foretold Christ's coming.
Painted for the Badia of S. Trinita, Flor-
ence. One of Cimabue's earliest extant
works ; style still closely Byzantine. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., i. 250 ; C. A; C., Italy, i. 206 ;
Gal. dell' Accad. di Firenze, PI. 1 ; Riepen-
hausen, Gesch. der Malerci, i. 6.
By Cimabuc, Louvre ; wood, H. 13 ft. 10
in. x 9 ft. The Virgin, enthroned, with
Jesus on her lap ; on each side are three
angels, placed at equal distances one above
another ; on the border, forming part of
the picture, are twenty-sis medallions of.
saints and apostles. Painted for S. Fran-
cesco, Pisa. — Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 251 ; C. &
C., Italy, i. 206.
By Francesco Francia, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 6 in. The Virgin sup-
ports Jesus who is standing, on a table and
holding a bird ; in rear, two angels. Paint-
ed about 1490 ; obtained by Maximilian II.
from Zambeccari Collection, Bologna, and
given by him to Gallery in 1832.— C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 561 ; Piuak. zu Miinchen, PI.
By Raffaellino del Garbo, Berlin Museum ;
wood, round, tempera, small. The Virgin
standing, with Jesus in her arms, before a
balustrade in a landscape ; at each side an
angel, with musical instruments. A notably
graceful composition, almost Raphaelesque
in conception. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 417.
By Fra Filippo Lippi, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, figures life-size. The Virgin, half
life-size, seated at left, adores Jesus held
up to her by two angels. A very fine ex-
ample. Sketch in the Uffizi. Similar com-
position, with but one angel and the Virgin
in act of taking the Child, in the Chiesa
degli Innocenti, Florence. — C. & C., Italy,
ii. 347 ; Molini, Gall, di Firenze, iii. 84.
By Andrea Manlegna, Brera, Milan. The
Virgin seated on clouds, in a glory of sing-
ing angels' heads, holding the Infant Christ
standing on her lap, his arms around her
neck. This picture was attributed to the
school of Giovanni Bellini until 1885, when
it was discovered that the face of the Virgin
had been reduced in size by some restorer
in the 17th century, who had painted a
white cloth enveloping the head. It is be-
lieved to be the picture painted in 1485 for
Eleonora d'Aragona, Duchess of Ferrara,
afterwards taken to Venice, where it was
placed in the Church of S. Maria Maggiore,
and whence it was brought to Milan in the
time of Napoleon I. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
394; Gaz. des B. Arts (1866), xx. 482;
Kunst-Chronik, xx. 436 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xxi. 101.
By Michelangelo, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, tempera, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 6
120
MADOXXA
iu. The Virgin, seated, holding an open
book, on which Jesus, standing by her side,
has placed his right hand ; behind him is
the infant St. John, and on each side are
two angels, one of whom is reading from a
scroll. Unfinished. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
By Rubens, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. G in.
x 3 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, with Jesus in her
arms, is borne upon clouds and sustained
by groups of wingless angels ; above, two
Madonna with Angels, Rubens, Louvre.
suspend a crown over her head while others
hold palms. Copy at Potsdam by a pupil
of Eubens. Engraved by Visscher ; by
anonymous, with changes. — Cat. Louvre ;
Landon, Musee, v. PL 57 ; Smith, ii. 116.
MADONNA DI ANSIDEI, Raphael, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; wood, H. 9 ft. x 5
ft., figures full-length, less than life-size ;
dated 1506. The Virgin on a high throne
with Jesus on her knees, both reading from
a book ; on the left stands John Baptist ;
on right, Bishop Nicholas of Bari, with cro-
zier and book. Painted at Perugia for An-
siilei family, as an altarpieee for chapel of
S. Niccola da Bari in S. Fiorenzo ; bought
in 1764 by Lord Robert Spencer, who placed
in the chapel a copy by Niccola Monti, and
presented to his brother, Duke of Marlbor-
ougli, whence sometimes called Blenheim
Madonna ; bought for National Gallery
(1884) for £70,000. Engraved by L. Gru-
nor (1850).— C. & C., Raphael, i. 222 ; Pas-
savant, ii. :!1 ; Miintz, 214 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, iii. 127 ; Grayer, Viergcs do Raphael,
iii. 447 ; Liibke, Raphael, 31, 95 ; Portfolio
(1884), 204.
MADONNA, APPARITION OF, Anni-
bale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 1
in. x 7 ft. 5 in. ; signed, dated 1592. At
left, St. Luke, kneeling, implores the Virgin,
who, with Jesus in her arms and surround-
ed by the other Evangelists, appears in
glory ; at right, St. Catherine, her foot upon
the wheel. Painted, according to Malvasia,
for the chapel of the notaries in the Cathe-
dral of Reggio. From Musee Napoleon. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musi'e, ii. PL
46.
MADONNA OF THE APPLE, Murillo,
Sir William Eden, Bart., London ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in. The Virgin holds the
Child seated on her knee ; he has an apple
in one hand and with the other clasps one
of her fingers. Second manner. Bought
in 18o4 from Julian Williams. — Curtis, 155;
Atlienauim, Aug. 18, 1877.
MADONNA DELLE ARPIE (of the Har-
pies), Andrea del Sarto, Uffizi, Florence ;
signed, dated 1517. The Virgin (said to be
a portrait of Lucrczia Fede, wife of Andrea),
with Jesus in her arms, standing supported
by two boy angels on a pedestal, on which
harpies are sculptured ; on the left, St.
Francis ; on the right, St. John Evangelist.
Painted for S. Francesco, Florence ; bought
by Ferdinando de' Medici, who placed in
the church a copy by Francesco Petrucci.
One of the best of Andrea's easel pictures.
Engraved in 1832 by J. Felsing ; Lasinio ;
Loreuziui. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 20 ; C. & C.,
137
MADONNA
Italy, iii. 5(51 ; Cli. Blanc, Kcolo floreiitiiie ; Pescia. The original was earned to Paris
Lavice, 52. iu 179G, and given by Napoleon to the Mu-
MADONNA DEL BACINO. See Holy
Familj' del Bacino.
MADONNA DEL I3ALDACCHINO (of
the Canopy), Uaphad, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 10 ft. x C ft. The Virgin,
enthroned, with Jesus on her knees ; at
left, SS. Augustine and James ; at right,
seum of Brussels, but restored to Italy in
1815. Much injured by cleaning and by
the retouching of Agostino Cassana. Stud-
ies in the Louvre, at Chatsworth, and iu the
Lille Collection. Engraved by Lorenzini ;
Nicolet (1802); G. Morghen ; Biondi ; and
Landon.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 328 ; C. & C.,
SS. Peter and Bernard ; in front, two boy I Eaphael, i. 3G9 ; Passavant, ii. 90 ; Miintz,
19C ; Gruyer, Vierges de Eaphael,
iii. 477 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PI. 33 ;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 90 ; Liibke,
Eaphael, 35, 101.
MADONNA DEL BAEACCANO
(of the Shed), attributed to Lippo
Dalmaxio, church of same name, in
Bologna. The Virgin and Child en-
throned within an archway ; angels
hold candelabra at sides, and, lower
down, a male and female look up to
Virgin's face. Eepainted in 1472
by Francesco Cossa, who added the
figures below, the male being sup-
posed to be a portrait of Giovanni
Bentivoglio, and the female of Maria
Vinciguerra. The church was es-
tablished in 1403, in honor of the
miracles performed by the picture,
which was painted on a bastion of
the city walls.— C. & C, N. Italy, i.
524 ; Gualandi, Guida, 139.
MADONNA OF THE BASKET.
See Madonna della Cesta.
MADONNA OF THE BAS-EE-
Madonna del Baldacchmo, Raphael, Paiajzo Pitti, Florence. LIEF, attributed to Leonardo da
angels singing, and above, two others rais- Vinci, Collection of Lord Monson, Gatton
ing the curtains of the canopy over the Park, England. The Virgin, seated, hold-
throne. Begun in 1508, for chapel of Dei ing Jesus, who reaches forward to greet St.
family in S. Spirito, Florence, but left in- John ; Joseph and Zacharias standing be-
complete when Eaphael went to Borne, hind, looking at Jesus ; the bas-relief is seen
After Eaphael's death bought by Baldas-
sare Turini for the Cathedral of Pescia,
whence sometimes called Madonna di Pes-
in the lower corner of the picture, under St.
John. Similar in composition to the Holy
Family of the Hermitage. Probably painted
cia ; sold in 1G97 to Ferdinando de' Medici, in Milan about 1490. Eeduced copy in Fitz-
son of Grand Duke Cosmo III., who placed william Museum, Cambridge ; copy in Melzi
it in the Pitti. A copy, made at the time Collection, Milan. "Waagen attributes this
by Pietro Daudiui, is still in the cathedral at picture to Marco d'Oggione, Passavant to
128
MADONNA
Saliiino, and Miindler to Cesare da Sesto.
Engraved by Forster.— Heaton, 76, 238 ;
Rigollot, Hist, des Arts, etc., i. 274 ; Miind-
ler, Essai, 114 ; Ch. Blanc, £colc floreutine ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 356.
MADONNA DE BELEN, Mnrillo, Seville
Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 2 in.
The Virgin, seated, holds the Child, who
lies across her lap on a white cloth ; with
his right hand he seizes the neck of her
dress ; his left hangs down in front. From
Jardiniere Madonna, Raphael, Louvre.
Capuchin Convent, Seville. Probably paint-
ed about 1676.— Curtis, 155.
MADONNA OF THE BELL. See Ma-
donna del Campanello.
MADONNA, BELLE JARDINIERE
(Bella Giardiniera), Eaphael, Louvre ; wood,
arched at top, H. 4 f t. x 2 ft. 8 in. ; dated
1507 or 1508. The Virgin is seated in a
meadow with landscape in background ;
Jesus, with his hand in her lap, stands by
one knee, and St. John, holding a cross,
kneels at the other. Supposed to be the
picture ordered by Filippo Scgardi of Si-
ena ; loft incomplete in Florence by Raph-
ael, when summoned to Rome, and finished
by Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, who painted the
blue mantle of the Virgin. Segardi sold it
to Francis I., from whose collection it passed
to the Louvre. Passavaut notes many copies ;
the best one is in the Townshend Collec-
tion, Kensington Museum, London. An-
other belongs to Lord Ashburton, Bath
House, London. Engraved by E. Rousselet
(1656); Chereau; N. Poilly ; B. Desnoyers;
Audouin ; Laugier ; G. Levy ; J. Bal ; Mas-
sard ; Sasso ; N. Aurelio. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 328 ; C. £ C., Raphael, i. 361 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 67 ; Miintz, 185 ; Cab. Crozat, i. PL
6 ; Filhol, vi. PL 427 ; Kellogg, Researches
in the History, etc., of La Belle Jardiniere
(London, 1860); Gruyer, Vierges do Raph-
ael, iii. 155 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PL 13 ;
Musee fran<;ais, i. ; Perkins, 73; Liibke,
Raphael, 34, 101.
MADONNA DEL BELVEDERE, Otta-
viano Nelli, S. M. Nuova, Gubbio ; tempera
on wall, now under glass ; dated 1403.
Virgin, seated, holding Jesus on her lap,
surrounded by saints and angels of different
sizes arranged symmetrically against a blue
diaper ground. Their faces are sweet,
though neither mystic nor elevated in char-
acter. The system of highly contrasted
colours, abundant ornament, and minute
design is characteristic of the earlier Uui-
briau school, which developed on a Siencse
basis. Chromo-lithograph in collection of
Arundel Society. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 88.
MADONNA, BLENHEIM. See Madonna
di Ausidei.
MADONNA DEL BORDONE. See
Coppo di Marcovaldo.
MADONNA, BORGHESE. See Madonna
dei Candelabri.
MADONNA, BRIDGEWATER, Raphael,
Bridgewater House, London ; wood, trans-
ferred to canvas, H. 2 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.
The Virgin sitting, with Jesus lying on her
knees grasping her veil. Painted in Rome
iii 1511-12 ; passed from Seiguelay Collec-
IS'J
MADONNA
tion to M. de Montarsis, thence to M. Rondo
<lu Roy, from whom bouglit by Due d'Or-
li'ans ; transferred to canvas by Hacquin ;
bouglit by Duke of Bridgewater for £3,000.
Old copies in museums of Berlin and Na-
ples, National Gallery, London, and Histori-
cal Society, New York. Engraved by Bou-
langer ; Larmessiu ; Romanet ; F. Poilly ;
G. HeLnzmann ; Giudetti (1827) ; Scliuller
(1827); Loriclion (1832); C. Cattaneo; Dul-
iner ; Landon. — Passavant, ii. 110 ; Spring-
Madonna of Burgomaster Meyer, Hans Holbein, Darmstadt
cr (Dohme, 2ii.), 74; Cab. Crozat, i. 21;
Gower, Hist. Gal. of England ; Gruyer,
Yierges de Raphael, iii. 82 ; Liibke, Raph-
ael, 55, 105 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 27, 493.
MADONNA, BURGHLEY HOUSE, Jan
van Eyck, Marquis of Exeter, Burghley
House, near Stamford, England. The Vir-
gin with Infant Christ in her arms, and St.
Barbara presenting the donor, an ecclesias-
tic in white robes, who is kneeling. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, iii. 406.
MADONNA OF BURGOMASTER
MEYER, Hans Holbein, the younger, Col-
lection of Princess Charles of Hesse Darm-
stadt ; wood, H. 4 ft, 9 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. The
Virgin, as Queen of Heaven, standing in a
niche, holding Jesus, who extends one hand
in benediction ; on left, kneeling, are Jacob
Meyer, burgomaster of Basle, and a youth,
the latter holding a nude infant standing ;
on right, kneeling, are Meyer's first wife,
Magdalen Ber, his second wife, Dorothea
Kannengiesscr, and Dorothea's daughter
Anna. Painted about 1525-26. Bought in
Paris in 1822 from M. Delehante by Prince
"VVilhelm of Prussia for 2,500 thalers. Rep-
lica in Dresden Gallery. — Mantz, Hans Hol-
bein, 54 ; W. & W., ii. 469 ; Kugler (Crowe),
i. 206 ; Forster, v.
MADONNA OF BURLEIGH HOUSE,
Titian, Burleigh House, England ; half-
length, half of life-size. The Virgin, seated
on a stone bench in front of a landscape,
looks fondly at Jesus, who smiles as he lies
full-length in her lap. Painted about 1508.
— C. & C., Titian, i. 111.
MADONNA OF CADORE, Titian (?),
parish church of Cadore ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x
4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin (Titian's last wife ?)
bends over Jesus, to whom she gives the
breast ; to the right, St. Andrew (Francesco
Vecelli), bending under a large cross ; to
the left, St. Titian of Oderzo (said to be
Marco Vecelli) kneeling in prayer, with an
acolyte (Titian himself) bearing a crozier.
Painted about 1560, after death of bis
brother Francesco Vecelli, probably by
Orazio Veeelli, though Vasari assigns it to
Titian. The part containing the Madonna
and St. Andrew was cut out by a thief, but
recovered and restored to its place. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 442 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 297 ;
Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 265 ; Gilbert, Cadore,
96, 98.
MADONNA DE' CALZOLARI (of the
Shoemakers), II Sodoma, fresco on a house,
corner of the Piazza de Tolomei, Siena.
The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms, between
SS. John, Francis, Roch, and Crispin, the
130
MADONNA
last with a shoe in his hand. Painted in
1530 for the Guild of Shoemakers ; now
nearly destroyed by fumes from a metal-
founder's furnace. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 391 ;
Jansen, Lebeii uud Werke des Soddoma
(Stuttgart, 1870), 102 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
221.
MADONNA WITH THE CAMEE-
LENGHI, Tintoretto, SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
Venice ; canvas, H. about 7 ft. x 18 ft. The
Madonna, seated in a Venetian loggia, at-
tended by SS. Sebastiauo, Roeco, Marco,
and Teodoro ; in front, the three Camer-
lenghi (chamberlains) in their official dress,
kneel or bend before her as the three Ma"i ;
Madonna del Candelabn, Raphael, Butler-Johnstone Collection.
behind them, three Venetian servants with
offerings in a sack. Absurd as an Adora-
tion of the Magi, but perfect as a piece of
portraiture and artistical composition. For-
merly in the ex-Magistrato de' Camerlenghi.
— Euskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 300 ; Za-
notto, 289 ; Boschini, 205.
MADONNA DEL CAMPANELLO (of the
Bell), Bartolomrneo Schidone, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; wood, H. 10 in. x 8 in. The Vir-
gin, seated, with Jesus in her lap ; he reaches
forward to take a bell from her hand.— Gal.
du Pal. Pitti, iii. PI. 98.
MADONNA DEI CANDELABEI (of the
Candelabras) or DEI FIACCOLE (of the
Torches), Raphael, Butler-Johnstone Collec-
tion, London ; round, wood, 2 ft. 14- in.
diameter. The Virgin, with Jesus on" her
knees, her eyes downcast, is looking tow-
ard the spectator. On each side an angel
holding a torch. These are Liter additions,
not by Raphael. The principal figures have
been much restored, but show admirable
drawing ; the Virgin is noble and dignified,
and the Child full of life and action. Paint-
ed in Eome in 1510-17 ; the latest of Raph-
ael's Madonnas which represent only the
Virgin and Child. In Home, in last century,
in Palazzo Borghcse, whence sometimes
called Borgheso Madonna ; passed thence to
Lucicn Bonaparte, then to Maria Louisa,
daughter of Charles TV. of Spain and Queen
of Etruria, from whom inherited by her son
Charles Louis, Duke of Lucca, who sent it
to London, where it was bought in 1841 by
Mr. H. A. J. Munro, of Novar ; bought in
at his sale (1878), for .£20,000, by his
nephew, Mr. H. A. Munro-Butler-Johnstone,
who brought it to New York in 1882 and
deposited it in the Metropolitan Museum,
where it was offered for sale at $200,000.
Returned to England in 1884. Engraved
by Ern. Moraces ; Bettellini ; Blot ; Fabri ;
Folo ; Bridoux ; Gustavo Levy. — Gruyer,
Vierges do Raphael, iii. 97 ; Passavant, ii.
243 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 132 ; London
Times, Juno 3, 1878 ; London Telegraph,
June 3, 1878 ; Liibkc, Raphael, 50, 109.
MADONNA, CANIGIANI. See Hobj
Family, Canigiaui.
MADONNA OF CANON VAN DER
PAELE, Jan van Eijck, Bruges Academy ;
wood, H. 4 f t. x 5 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated
1430. The Virgin enthroned, under a
canopy in a Roman church, holding Jesus,
who has a parrot in his hand, in her lap ;
to right, St. George, standing, raising his
helmet, and Canon Van der Paele, the donor,
kneeling ; to left, St. Donatian, standing.
Painted for St. Donatian, Bruges. Old copy
in Antwerp Museum. — Dohme (Keaue),
227 ; W. & W., ii. 20 ; C. & C., Flemish
Painters, 108 ; Le Beffroi, ii. 28.
131
MADONNA
MADONNA OF THE CANOPY. See
Madonna del Baldacchino.
MADONNA DEL CAPPUCCINO, Fra
llartolummao (?), Galerie Abel, Paris ; round,
4 ft. diameter. Virgin and Child, St. Fran-
cis kneeling between angels and the young
Baptist giving fruits to the Saviour. Said
to have been begun by Fra Bartolommeo
and finished by Raphael ; but Passavaut
says Raphael had nothing to do with it.
Belonged to collection of Cardinal Bonzi,
who took it to France in 1671. — Marchese,
Madonna del Cardellino, Raphael, Uffizi, Florence.
ii. 47 ; Passavaut, Raphael, ii. 413 ; C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 477.
MADONNA DELLA CARAFFA (of the
Bottle), attributed to Leonardo da Vinci,
Palazzo Borghese, Rome. So called because
a bottle containing flowers is one of its ac-
cessories. Painted in Florence about 1472 ;
belonged to Clement VII., who greatly prized
it. D'Argenville speaks of it as in the Vati-
can in 17(52. It is probably by Lorenzo di
Crcdi.— Heaton, 281; Rigollot, Hist, des
Arts, etc., i. 2G4 ; Clement, 341 ; Richter,
Leonardo, 8.
MADONNA DEL CARDELLINO (of the
Goldfinch), Eaphael, Tribune of the Uffizi,
Florence ; wood, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 2 f t. 5 in. ;
figures full-length, under life-size. The
Virgin, seated in a meadow, holding a book,
looking at infant St. John, who is offering a
goldfinch to Jesus ; in distance the city of
Florence. Painted in 150G as a wedding
present for Lorenzo Nasi of Florence. In
1547, when the Casa Nasi was crushed by a
landslip from Monte S. Giorgio, the picture
was broken into pieces, which have been
cleverly joined. Copies in Geneva Museum,
in Consiglio di Stato at Florence, and in
possession of Mr. Verity in London, but
none by Raphael. Engraved by R. Morghen
(1814) ; Martinet ; P. Nocchi ; A. Kriiger
(1830) ; J. Pavon ; Reipeuhausen. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 322 ; Passavaut, i. 34; Miintz,
180 ; C. & C., Raphael, i. 25G ; Gruyer,
Vierges de Raphael, iii. 140 ; Molini, Gal.
di Firenze, i. 121 ; Perkins, 73 ; Liibke,
Raphael, 34, 9G ; Rosini, iv. 48.
MADONNA OF THE CARTHUSIANS,
Antonio da Murauo and Bartolomeo Vimrini,
Bologna Gallery ; wood, tempera. In centre,
the Virgin enthroned adoring Jesus asleep
in her lap ; on one side, in a niche, a bishop
with book and crozier ; on the other, SS.
Jerome, John Baptist, and Nicholas of Bari ;
upper course, centre, Christ between angels;
in niches, SS. Peter, Gregory, Augustine (?),
and Paul, in half-length. Painted in Venice
in 1450, by order of Pope Nicholas V., to
commemorate the services of Cardinal Al-
bergati. One of the most tasteful combina-
tions of architectural carving and panel
painting of its period in N. Italy. The fig-
ures show the influence of the Paduan school
as affected by Donatello.— C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 30 ; Rosini, PL 61.
MADONNA DELLA CASA D' ALBA
(of the Alva Family), Raphael, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; wood, round, 9^ in. diam.
The Virgin, in a fine landscape, leans her
back against the trunk of a tree, while Jesus,
138
MADONNA
on her knees, takes a cross offered him by
St. John kneeling. Painted in Home iu
1508-9 ; formerly in the Church of Monte
Oliveto at Nocera dei Pagani, near Naples,
and bought by the Marehese del Carpio,
Viceroy of Naples, for about 1,000 scudi.
Later in gallery of Duke d' Alba, Madrid ;
Duchess d' Alba said to have loft it in 1801
to her doctor, who sold it to Count Bourke,
Danish Ambassador at Madrid ; sold by him
for £4,000 to the banker Cocsvelt, who sold
it in 183G to Nicholas I. of Russia for .£14,-
000. Ancient copies numerous. Engraved
by Desuoyers (1823); Fr. von Stadler ; Yi-
Madonna della Casa d'Alba, Raphael, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
tali; autotype by Ad. Brauu & Co., Paris. —
Passavant, ii. 105 ; Miintz, 377 ; Springer,
193 ; Gaz. des B. Arts, xvii. (1804), 321 ;
xix. (1879), 187 ; Gruyer, Yierges de Raph-
ael, iii. 193 ; Liibke, Raphael, 54, 103 ; Re-
veil, i. 49.
MADONNA DI CASA PESARO, Titian,
S. M. de' Frari, Venice ; canvas, arched at
top, figures larger than life. The Virgin,
with Jesus in her lap, enthroned iu the por-
tico of a temple ; SS. Peter, Francis, and
Anthony of Padua implore her intercession
in favor of Jacopo Pesaro and other mem-
bers of the Pesaro family, who kneel at the
foot of the throne ; a man in armour with
the standard of the Church and a captive
Turk symbolize the victory over the Turks
at Santa Maura. Painted in 152G ; still in
its original place, near which is Titian's
tomb. One of the finest art creations of
any age (C. & C.).— C. & C., Titian, i. 305 ;
Moschiui, Guida di Venezia, ii. 194.
MADONNA DI CASA SCOTTI, Liberal,;
da Verona, Casa Scotti, Milan. Formerly
,' ascribed to Mantegua.
MADONNA DI CASA TEMPI, L'npha,-!,
Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft.
7 in. The Virgin, half-length, standing,
i pressing Jesus tenderly in her arms ; back-
ground, landscape with town. A master-
piece which shows an almost absolute aban-
donment of ITmbrian for Tuscan principles
(C. & C.). Painted in Florence in 1500.
Long unnoticed, covered with dust in Casa
Tempi, Florence, where it was as early as
1G77 ; sold iu 1829 to Louis I. of Bavaria
for 1(!,000 scudi. Much damaged sketch,
of doubtful authenticity, in Museo Fabre,
Montpellier. Engraved by B. Desnoyers ;
Ant. Morghen ; S. Jesi ; S. Amsler ; Wag-
ner ; Th. Kisling.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 2C9 ;
Passavant, ii. 37 ; Miintx,, 170 ; Gruyer,
Vierges de Raphael, iii. 43 ; Liibke, Raph-
ael, 33, 97 ; Piiiak. zu Miincheu, PL ; Ci-
velli, Bell, di Fircnze, 282.
MADONNA OF THE CASIO FAMILY,
Giovanni Antonio Jlcllraffio, Louvre ; wood,
0 ft. 1 in. square. The Virgin, seated in cen-
tre, with infant Jesus on her knees, receiving
the homage of two kneeling donors, Giaco-
mo and Girolamo Casio ; the latter, a poet,
crowned with laurel, presented by S. John
Baptist ; near him is S. Sebastian attached
to a tree. Painted in 1500 for the chapel
of the Casio family in the Church of the
Misericordia, near Bologna, in commemora-
tion of the deliverance of Girolamo Casio
de' Medici, the poet, from captivity by the
Turks. Passed from the chapel to the
Brera, Milan, whence it was acquired by
the Musee fraucais by exchange in 1812. —
Ch. Blanc, I5cole milanaise ; Miindler, 39.
MADONNA, CASTELFRANCO. See
Madonna with Saints, Giorgione.
133
MADOXXA
MADONNA OF THE CAT. See Madon-
na del Gatto ; Jfoli/ Family.— La Perla.
MADONNA DELLA CATINO. See Holy
Family del Baciuo.
MADONNA, CECILIA GALLERANL
See (lul/crani.
MADONNA A LA CEINTURE (do la
Faja, of the Swathing-Baud), Murillo, Due :
do Montpcusier, Seville ; canvas, H. 4 ft. G j
in. x 3 ft. 8 in. The Virgin, seated on a ,
stone bench, swathes the Child with linen j
while lying in her lap ; on each side, an
Madonna dclla Cesta, Correggio, National Gallery, London.
angel, one playing a guitar, the other a vio-
lin ; above, six heads. Second manner.
Painted for the Marques del Aguila ; re-
mained at Seville until 1840, when sold for
00,000 francs to King Louis Philippe, at
whose sale bought by Due de M. for £1,500.
Exhibited in Boston, U. S., in 1871 Copy
by Tobar in Cadiz Museum. Repetitions :
William H. Smith, Greenlands, Henley-on-
Thames, Buckinghamshire ; Pesth Gallery.
Lithographed by M. Lavigne, Geoffrey,
Coquardou, Ricaud, Vayrou, and others. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espaguole ; Curtis, 15G.
MADONNA DELIA CESTA (of the
Basket), Gorreggio, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, 1 ft. 1£ in. x 15 in. The Vir-
gin, seated, with a basket of linen near her,
is putting a shirt on Jesus, who sits in her
lap ; in background, Joseph at work, car-
pentering. Painted about 1520. In Royal
Collection, Madrid ; given by Charles IV.
to his minister, Don Manuel Godoy ; passed
to France during French invasion of Spain ;
brought to England by the painter Wallace,
who offered it for sale for £1,200 in 1813,
and sold to Lapeyriere, at whose sale in
1825 it was bought for 80,000 francs by M.
Nieuweuhuys, who sold it to National Gal-
lery for £3,800. A work of the rarest deli-
cacy. Several copies, by G. Carpi, A. Car-
racci, and others. Replica, attributed to
Correggio, in Bridgewater House, bought
from Orleans Gallery for £1,200. Copy in
Madrid Museum. Engraved by Ghisi ;
Aquila ; Fuccioli ; Doo ; Freeman ; and
Wright. — Meyer, Correggio, 32G, 283 ;
Kiinst. Lex., i. 433 ; Waagen, Treasures, i.
329 ; Richter, G3.
MADONNA OF THE CHAIR. See Ma-
donna della Sedia ; Madonna della Silla.
MADONNA OF THE CHERRIES, at-
tributed to Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 2 in. The Virgin, seated,
with Jesus iipon her knees ; at left, St. Jo-
seph offering cherries. Probably a school
piece. Musoe Napoleon. Engraved by J.
Boulanger. Copy in Berlin Museum.— Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; wood, trans-
ferred to canvas, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 1 in.
The Virgin sits behind a parapet, on which
Jesus stands holding with both hands a
bunch of cherries, which he offers to her ;
infant St. John looking up with longing
eyes ; on one side is St. Joseph with a staff,
on the other St. Zacharias. Painted about
1508. In collection of Archduke Leopold
Wilhelm in middle of 17th century. Copy
by Teniers at Blenheim, England ; others
in Prague, Venice, and Padua. Engraved
by Lefebre.— C. & C., Titian, i. 105.
13-1
MADONNA
MADONNA DEL COLLO LUXGO (of
the Long Neck), Parmigianino, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; wood, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. ;
signed. Called also M. degli Angeli (of the
Angels). The Virgin, seated, gazing on iu-
faut Jesus asleep in her lap ; on one side a
group of angels, one bearing a vase. Paint-
ed by order of Elena Bajardi-Tagliaferri
(1534) for the Cappella dei Tagliaferri in
Madonna del Colio Lungo, Parmigianino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
S. M. de' Servi, Parma ; sold in 1074 to
Cosimo III. de' Medici, and placed in Pitti.
Carried to Paris in 1799 ; restored in 1815.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 231 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
lombarde, Parmigianino ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti,
iii. 76 ; Lavice, 66 ; Landon, Musee, v. PI.
39.
MADONNA, COLONNA (della Casa Co-
lonna), Raphael, Berlin Museum ; wood, H.
2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. ; figure to the knees ;
unfinished. The Virgin, sitting, has a book
in one hand and holds Jesus in her lap with
the other ; lie clings to her dress with one
hand and tries to rise. Painted in Perugia
(?) about 1508 ; belonged to the Salviati fam-
ily, Florence, whence passed by inheritance
to the Colonna ; bought in Rome of Maria
Colonna, wife of Duke Giulio Zaute della llo-
vere, by Chevalier Bunsen for Prussian gov-
ernment. Probably mostly the work of
Doiuenico Alfani. Many copies. Engraved
by Masquelier (1820); Barocci (1827); Cas-
par ; Reveil ; P. Lightfoot (1849); Ed. Man-
del (1855).— C. it C., Raphael, i. 349 ; Pas-
savant, ii. (!0 ; Miintz, 17G ; Gruyer, Vierges
de Raphael, iii. 71 ; Liibke, Raphael, 33,
100.
MADONNA DEL CONIGLIO, Correg-
gio. See Zingarella.
MADONNA DEL CONIGLIO (of the
Rabbit, Yierge au Lapin), Titian, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 3.} in. X 2 ft, 9 in.; signed.
The Virgin, seated on the grass, with her
hand OH a white rabbit, which St. Catherine,
with Jesus in her arms, stoops to look at ;
in background, St. Joseph fondles a black
lamb near a hut ; a summer landscape with
distant hills. Painted in 1530 for Federico
Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua ; belonged to
Louis XIV. No copies known. — C. it C.,
Titian, i. 338 ; Filliol, vii. PI. 493 ; Landon,
Musi'e, xiii. PI. 8.
MADONNA, CONNESTABILE or
STAFFA, Raphael, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; wood transferred to canvas, (5f in.
sq. The Virgin, standing in a landscape,
holds Jesus on her left arm and reads from
a book, which the Child is trying to grasp ;
in background, hills covered with snow, a
boat on a lake, and a man on a white horse.
"A genuine and almost priceless master-
piece " (C. <t C.). Picture formerly a round
in a square, the panel of one piece with the
frame. Painted in Perugia about 1502-3
for Alfano di Diamante, uncle of Raphael's
friend, Domenico di Paris Alfani, from whom
it descended to the collateral branch of the
Counestabile Staft'a family, Perugia. Sold
by Count Scipione Connestabile of Perugia
135
MADONNA
in 1871 for 3130,000 francs to the Emperor knees, whose infant, lies dead at her feet. —
of Russia, and given by him to the Empress,
who bequeathed it to the Hermitage. Orig-
inal sketch in Berlin Museum shows the
Salon, 1877.
MADONNA, COWPER (the little), Raph-
ael, Panshanger House, near Hertford, Eug-
Virgiu with a pomegranate instead of a book ' laud ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 5 in. The Vir-
in her hand ; when the picture was trans- 1 gin, half-length, sitting ; Jesus, with one
ferred to canvas in St. Petersburg the out- ' foot placed on her outstretched palm, has
line of the hand and the pomegranate was •, both arms round her neck ; background,
found, showing that Raphael changed the landscape with a church. Painted in Flor-
design on the panel and substituted the ence in 1505 ; preserved there until bought
book, from which the picture was formerly by Lord Cowper, when ambassador at Court
named Madonna del Libro (of the Book). ' of Tuscany. Copy in Lombard! Collection,
Copy in Perugia Gallery ; several others , Florence. — C. <k C., Raphael, i. 250 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 2G ; Miintz, 1G9 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raph-
ael, iii. 37.
MADONNA OF THE
CUP. See Madonna della
Scodella.
MADONNA OF THE
CURTAIN. See Madonna
della Tenda.
MADONNA DE LA D£-
LIVRANCE, Ernest ffibert,
Church at Grenoble. The
Virgin, seated, with Jesus,
nude, in her lap, his right
hand raised to his chin.
Engraved by A. Huot. —
Book Buyer, Dec. 1884.
MADONNA WITH DIA-
DEM (Vierge au Diademe),
Raphael, Louvre ; wood, H.
2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Called also Madonna
del Velo or Vierge au Voile (Veil), Vierge au
Lingo (Linen), Sommeil de Jesus, and Si-
lence de la Sainte Vierge. The Virgin,
crowned with a diadem, stooping over Jesus
asleep, raising the veil which covers him to
show him to St. John, who kneels at right.
Painted in Rome (1508-13); tradition says
once split in two and used to cover casks in
a cellar at Pescia, but an amateur bought
the pieces and had them skilfully joined.
Formerly in Chateauneuf Collection, Paris ;
Madonna del Coniglio, Titian, Louvr
mentioned by Passavant. Engraved by P.
Mocchi ; Ant. Kruger ; S. Amsler ; engraved
from copies by P. Caronni ; Th. Richomme.
— C. & C., Raphael, i. 171 ; Passavant, ii.
15 ; Liibke, Raphael, 1C, 02 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1878), xviii. 209 ; (1879), xix. 188 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 18 ; Gior-
nale di Erudiziono artistica, vi. ; Graphic
(London), May 20, 1883.
MADONNA OF CONSOLATION (Vierge
Consolatricc), William Adolphe Jiouyuereau,
Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; canvas, H. 6
ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. The Virgin enthroned,
thence to Prince de Cariguan, at whose
with both hands upraised, offers consolation death in 1743 bought by Louis XV. Old
to a mother, lying in despair across her | copies numerous. Engraved by Ingouf ;
136
MADONNA
A. Poilly ; J. Frcy ; Da Flos ; F. Borsi ; M.
Desuoyers ; J. J. Massard ; L. C. llecotti ;
P. Metzmacher ; Girard (1845). — Passavant,
ii. 108 ; MUntz, 375 ; Cab. Crozat, i. PI. 2'.) ;
Klas. der Malerei, i. PI. 33 ; Gruyor, Vierges
de Raphael, iii. 220 ; Liibke, Raphael, 55,
104 ; Landon, Musee, ii. PI. 25 ; Musee
franyais, i. ; Filhol, iv. PI. 217 ; R6vcil, i. 13.
MADONNA, DIOTALEVI, Raphael (?),
Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft. 2 in. X 1 ft.
Madonna with Diadem, Raphael, Louvre.
6 in. Virgin supports Jesus on her lap,
with one hand on the shoulder of tho wor-
shipping St. John ; Jesus extends hand
in benediction. Distinctly Peruginesque.
Bought for 980 thalers (*735) in 1841-42
of Marquis Diotalevi, Rimini, in whose fam-
ily the picture, assigned to Perugino, had
been an heirloom. — C. & C., Raphael, i. 94;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 121 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 334.
MADONNA WITH DOGE BARBERI-
GO, Giovanni Bellini, S. Pietro Martirc,
Murano ; canvas, figures nearly life-size ;
signed, dated 1488. The Doge Agostiuo
Barberigo, introduced by SS. Mark and Au-
gustine, kneels before the Madonna. In
Palazzo Barberigo till the Doge's death
(1501), when placed on the high altar of S.
M. degli Angeli, Murano ; removed thence
to S. P. Martire. Injured by restoration. —
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 109 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 408, 417 ; Zanetti, Monastero di S.
M. degli Angeli (Venice, 18G3), 57.
MADONNA WITH DOGE LOREDANO,
Vincenzo Catena, Palazzo Ductile, Venice ;
canvas, signed. The Doge, Leonardo Lore-
dano, under the protection of SS. Mark and
John Baptist, kneels before the Madonna,
exactly as in Bellini's altarpieee, Jfadunna
and Doge Barberigo, Murano. Painted
about 1503 for Pregadi Chapel in Palazzo
Ducale.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 250.
MADONNA AND DONORS (Vierge aux
Donateur.s), Anton van !>>jck, Louvre ; can-
vas, H. 8 ft. 2 in. x 0 ft. The Virgin, seated
upon a rock, holds Jesus on her knees ; be-
fore her, a man and his wife, clad in black,
kneel with hands joined ; above, two little
angels hover, holding flowers. Collection
of Louis XIV.— Villot, Cat, Louvre.
MADONNA DEL DUOMO. See Madonna
della Rosa, Spinelli.
MADONNA, DUSSELDORF. See Holy
Family, Canigiani.
MADONNA, ESZTERHAZY, liaphael (?),
Eszterhazy Collection, Buda-Pesth ; wood,
H. 10.} in. x 8| in. Jesus, sitting on a rocky
ledge, is held with both hands by the Vir-
gin, who kneels before him ; St. John, kneel-
ing at left, reads from a scroll ; background,
a landscape with ruins and a mountain. As
a composition, a gem without a flaw, but
probably finished by a pupil (C. & C. ).
Sketch for it in the Uffizi, but different
background. Given to Empress Elizabeth
by Pope Clement XI., and presented by her
to Kaunitz, from whom it passed to the Esz-
terhazy family. Copies in Wendelstadt
Collection, Frankfort-on-the-Main ; in the
Casa Thiene, Vicenza ; and in the Ambrosi-
ana, Milan.— Miintz, 199 ; Gruyer, Vierges
137
MADONNA
de Raphael, iii. 273 ; C. & C , Raphael, i. ,
;5li7 ; Liibke, Raphael, 35, 102 ; Gaz. ties
Beaux Arts, i. (1870), 187.
MADONNA, FABRIZI. See Madonna,
Alfani.
MADONNA DE LA FAJA. See Madonna
a la Ceinture.
MADONNA DELLE FIACCOLE. Sec
Mtulmna dei Candelabri.
.MADONNA OF THE FISH. Sec Ma-
donna del Pesce.
>(.
Madonna di Foligno, Raphael, Vatican, Rome.
MADONNA DI FOLIGNO (also Vicrge
au Donataire), liapJuu'l, Vatican, Rome ;
wood transferred to canvas, H. 9 ft. 5 in. x
G ft. 2 in. Virgin, seated on clouds, and
surrounded by half-length angels, embraces
Jesus beside her ; Loth look down on a
kneeling votary, Sigismoudi Conti, first
secretary to Julius II., who is presented by
St. Jerome on right ; on left, St. Francis,
kneeling, and behind him, St. John Bap-
tist, standing ; between the groups, a naked
angel standing, with a tablet. Painted in
Rome in 1511 for S. Conti, and placed over
high altar of church of Ara Cosli on Capito-
line Hill ; removed in 15G5 by Anna Conti,
a descendant of the donor, to Convent of S.
Anna, Foligno ; carried in 1799 to Paris,
where transferred to canvas in 1802 by
Hacquin, and restored by Roser, of Heidel-
berg ; returned to Italy in 1815, and placed
in the Vatican, in room with the Transfigur-
ation. Engraved by Beisson ; Desnoyers
(1810) ; Devilliers ; Pazzi ; Tosetti ; St.
Evre (1848) ; Pavon ; Marchetti (1850) ;
Landon. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 342 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 110 ; Miintz, 377 ; Springer, 211 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 499 ; Liibke,
Raphael, 56, 105 ; Rapport sur la Restora-
tion, etc., de la Madonna di Foligno (Paris,
An. x. 1813) ; Musc-e royal, i. ; Landon, Mil-
see, vii. PL 45 ; Filhol, ix. PL G07 ; Spring-
er, 211 ; Perkins, 133.
MADONNA OF THE FOUNTAIN, Jan
van Eyck, Berlin Museum ; H. 1 ft. 9 in. x
1 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, with Jesus in her
arms, standing beside a fountain within a
hedge of roses, oranges, and cypresses.
Formerly in Suermondt Collection, Aix-la-
Chapelle. Ascribed by Hotho to Hubert
van Eyck, by "\Vaagen to Jan van Eyck ;
genuineness doubted by C. &, G. — Zeitschr.
(18G7), ii. 103 ; (1868), iii. 127 ; Dohme
(Keane), 222 ; C. <fc C., Flemish Painters,
115.
MADONNA OF FRANCIS I. See Holy
Family of Francis I.
MADONNA, GARVAGH. See Madonna,
Aldobrandini.
MADONNA DELLA GATTA. See Holy
Family — La Pcrla.
MADONNA DEL GATTO. See Holy
Family del Gatto.
MADONNA IN GLORY, Paolo Morando,
Verona Gallery ; canvas (?), H. 14 ft. G in.
x 8 ft. 9 in. ; dated 1522. The Virgin and
Child in heaven amidst angels and virtues,
and adored by SS. Francis and Anthony ;
below, SS. Elizabeth, Buenaventura, Louis,
Ivo, Louis of Toulouse, and Elcazar. Paint-
ed for S. Bernardino, Verona. The finest
138
MADONNA
production of the Veronese school in the
first quarter of 16th century. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 504 ; Aleardi, PI. 26.
MADONNA IN GLOEY, AND SAINTS,
Francesco Albani, Bologna Gallery ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 2 in. x G ft. 3 in. The Virgin and
Child in glory, surrounded by boy angels ;
below, SS. John Baptist, Matthew, and
Francis, and an angel. From church of the
Capuchins in S. Giovanni in Persiceto. En-
graved by A. Marchi. — Pinac. di Bologna,
PI. 54.
By Anuibale Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. The Vir-
gin and Child in glory, attended by angels ;
below, SS. Clara, Louis, Alexis, John Bap-
tist, Francis, and Catherine. Painted for
monastery of SS. Louis and Alexis, where it
was kept almost unknown in an inner chapel
until 1757, when it was placed in the outer
church. Engraved by G. Tomba. — Pinac.
di Bologna, PI. Gl.
By Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. G ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. G in. The Vir-
gin with the Child in her arms, standing on
the crescent moon, in a glory of angels ; at
sides, SS. Jerome and Francis. Formerly
over the Bentivoglio altar in the Madonna
degli Scalzi. Engraved by F. Torre ; G.
Asioli.— Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 39.
By Giacomo Cavedone, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x G ft. 10 in. The
Virgin and Child seated in clouds sur-
rounded by boy angels ; below, SS. Petro-
nius and Alo kneeling, and attendants.
Painted for church of the Mendicanti, Bo-
logna ; carried to Paris in 1796, returned in
1815. Engraved by Mitelli ; Trabelesi ;
Kosaspina. — Lanzi, iii. 122 ; Piuac. di Bo-
logna, PL 4.
By Guido Reni, Vatican. The Virgin and
Child in glory ; below, SS. Thomas and Je-
rom& A good picture. — Pistolesi, Vaticano,
vi. PL 65 ; Lavice, 314.
By Pietro Peruyino, Bologna Gallery ;
wood, H. 8 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. The Virgin
seated, with Jesus in her arms, in an almond-
shaped glory of cherubs' heads, with an an-
gel on each side ; below, standing, SS.
Michael the Archangel, Catherine, Apollo-
: nia, and John Evangelist. Formerly in S.
Giovanni in Monta ; carried to Paris in
1796 ; returned in 1815. Engraved by Ko-
saspina.— Piuac. di Bologna, PL 14.
By Tintoretto, Berlin Museum ; canvas.
The Virgin and Child in glory, with SS.
Mark and Luke.
MADONNA IN GLOKY, AND SAINTS
OF BOLOGNA, Guido Reni, Bologna Gal-
lery ; silk, H. 11 ft. 4 in. x G ft. 10 in. The
Virgin and Child seated in glory ; above,
two boy angels about to crown her with a
wreath, while others scatter flowers ; below,
the patron saints of Bologna, three of whom,
kneeling, ask the intercession of the Madon-
na for the cessation of the plague, while four,
standing, gaze upwards. Used as a banner
in processions. Third manner. Engraved
by F. Torri ; F. llosaspina.— Pinac. di Bo-
1 logna, PL G9 ; Lavice, 13.
MADONNA OF THE GOLDFINCH.
See Madonna del Cardellino.
MADONNA DEL GRAN' DUCA (of the
Grand Duke), Kuplm-l, Pala/xo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 2 ft, 3 in. x 1 ft, 9 in. The
Virgin, half-length, standing, holding Jesus
on her left arm. Painted in Florence about
1504-5. Belonged to Carlo Dolci ; said to
have been owned, end of last century, by a
poor widow, who, ignorant of its value, sold
it to a bookseller for 12 scudi ; bought in
1799 for 571 scudi for Grand Duke Ferdi-
nand HI. of Tuscany, who took it with him
wherever he went ; whence sometimes
called Madonna del Viaggio (of the Jour-
ney). Placed in the Pitti in 1859. Dam-
aged by restorations. Engraved by R. Mor-
gheu (1823); della Bella; Fr. Stober ;
Lorichon ; J. Serz ; A. Martinet. — C. & C.,
Raphael, i. 248 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Ra-
phael, iii. 2G ; Passavaut, ii. 24 ; Miintz,
165 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PL 92 ; Liibke,
Raphael, 33, 93.
MADONNA OF THE GRAPES, Lucas
Cranach, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 1 ft. 10
in. x 1 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1512. The
139
MADONNA
Virgin, half-length, sitting, presents to Je-
sus, standing on a cushion before her, a
bunch of grapes ; behind, boy angels and a
curtain.— Cat. Munich Gal.
Bv Pierre Mifjnard, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas/ H. 4 ft, x3 ft. 1 in. (Vierge a la
Grappe). The Virgin, seated near a table
with fruit upon it, holds Jesus upon her
knees on a cushion ; he raises her veil and
takes a grape which she gives him. Collec-
tion of Louis XIV. ; was at Versailles in
170D-10.— Filhol, iv. PL 260 ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Larousse, xv. 1029.
'SSl-J
''
Madonna of the Green Cushion, Andrea Solario, Louvre
By Martin Schonyauer, Vienna Museum ;
wood, H. 10 in. x(H in. The Virgin,
seated on a wooden bench, holds in her left
hand a bunch of grapes, from which she is
picking one for Jesus, who stands on her
lap embracing her neck ; in background,
Joseph with an ox and an ass. Acquired
in 1806 from Bohm Collection. — Dohme
(Keane), 81.
MADONNA IN THE GREEN. See Ma-
donna in the Meadow.
MADONNA OF THE GREEN CUSHION
(Vierge au Coussin vert), Andrea Solario,
Louvre ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. ;
signed. Called also Vierge a 1'Oreiller vert
and Vierge allaitant Jesus. The Virgin, her
head covered with a white veil, is giving the
breast to the infant Jesus, who is lying on a
green cushion upon a marble parapet.
Painted in France in 1507-9 for the convent
of the Cordeliers at Blois ; given to Mario
de Medicis, in exchange for a copy by Mos-
nier ; passed thence to Cardinal Mazarin,
then to the Due de Mazarin, then to Prince
de Carignan, from whom bought for Louis
XV. ; appears in 1784 in royal cabinet at
Versailles. Copy in Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. Engraved by Demeulemeester ; C.
Ulmer ; M. L. Butavand ; N. Lecompte. —
C. & C , N. Italy, ii. 56 ; Miindler, 203 ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musoe royal ; Filhol,
ix. PI. 16 ; Landon, Musee, ii. PL 35.
MADONNA DELL' IMPANNATA (of
the Sun-Shade), Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Flo-
rence ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. The Virgin,
standing, about to receive Jesus from arms
of St. Elizabeth, who is sitting at left ; be-
hind her, a woman (Mary Magdalen ?)
touches Jesus with her finger ; on the right,
John the Baptist, seated on a panther's skin,
points to Jesus. Behind is a window with
a sun-shade (impannata). Painted in Rome
about 1514 for Biutlo Altoviti of Florence ;
afterward an altarpiece in chapel of Duke
Cosmo's palace ; carried to Paris in 1799 ;
returned in 1815. Authenticity doubted ;
probably mostly painted by Giulio Romano,
but a drawing in Royal Collection, England,
proves that the design is Raphael's. En-
! graved by Fr. Villamena (1602) ; R. Guidi
(1604) ; C. Mogalli ; Crispin de Pas ; Bal-
zer (1818) ; E. Esquivel de Sotomayor
(1825) ; Dissard ; Bertonnier ; Landon ; also
when in Paris by Lorichon, after design by
Ingres. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 351 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 327 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 374 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii 336 ; Gal.
du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 94 ; Liibke, Raphael, 78,
113.
140
MADONNA
MADONNA ADORING JESUS, Correg-
gio, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. G in.
x 2 ft. The Virgin, on her kucss, bending
over Jesus, who lies on straw placed on a
stone ; background, a landscape with ruins.
Faulted about 1519 (?). A present from
Duke of Mantua to Cosmo II. de' Medici ;
placed in Uffizi in Kil7. Engraved by De-
lignon ; Audran ; Gregori. — Meyer, Correg-
gio, 325, 484 ; Gal. de Florence, ii. PL 18.
MADONNA HUSHING JESUS, Corn-ri-
gid, probably the one owned by Prince Tor-
Ionia, Rome ; canvas. The Virgin in the '
act of quieting Jesus, while St. John offers
him fruit. Engraved by Spiere. Copy,
canvas, with variations, in Eszterlmzy Collec-
tion, Pesth ; another, on wood, in Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Meyer, Correggio,
329 ; Waagen, Hermitage, 57.
MADONNA OF THE LADDER. See
Pieta, Correggio.
MADONNA OF THE LEGEND. See
Madonna della Rosa, Raphael.
MADONNA DEL LIBRO. See Madonna
Connestabile.
MADONNA WITH LILY OF VALLEY, \
Hans Holbein, Herr Schmitter Hug, Ragatz.
The Virgin, half-length, behind a balustrade,
on which she holds Jesus on a cushion ; in
his right hand is a rosary, while his left
is touching a peach held by his mother ;
on the balustrade, right, a vase containing
lilies of the valley. Painted in Augsburg.
Restored by Eiguer. — Woltinanu (Buuuet),
Holbein, 89.
MADONNA LISA DEL GIOCONDO.
See Nona Lisa.
MADONNA OF THE LONG NECK.
See Madonna del Collo Lungo.
MADONNA DI LORETO. See Uobj
Family of Loreto.
MADONNA DI LUCCA, Jan van Eyd;
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; wood, H. 1 ft.
11^ in. X 1 ft. 5J- in. The Virgin, giving
the breast to Jesus, is enthroned beneath a
dais, before which is spread out a rich car-
pet ; to right, an oil-flask and a basin in a
niche ; to left, fruit on a window-sill. From
collection of King of Netherlands for 3,000
florins. Formerly in gallery of Duke of
Lucca, whence its name. — C. it C., Flemish
Painters, 112 ; Dohme (Keaiie), 227 ; W. &
W., ii. 21.
MADONNA DELLA LUCERTOLA.
See Holy Family — del Lagarto.
MADONNA, MANCHESTER, Michelan-
gelo, National Gallery, London ; tempera
on wood, H. 3 ft. 4£ in. x 2 ft, G in. The
Virgin, seated, holding in her right hand
an open book, on which Jesus, standing by
her side, has placed his right hand ; beside
him stands the Infant St. John ; on each
side are angels, one of whom is reading
from a scroll. Seven figures, two unfin-
ished. Exhibited at British Institute in
1847 by Mrs. Bonar, who sold it Mr. La-
bouchi-re, afterwards Lord Taunton, from
whose executors purchased for National
Gallery in 1870 for €2,000. Manchester
Exhibition, 1857. Formerly attributed to
Domenico Ghirlandajo. Etched by A. Fran-
(;0is._W. & W., ii. 590 ; Richter, Ital. Art
in Nat. Gal., 44, 109 ; do., Academy (1881),
205 ; Springer ; Black, Michael Augelo,
196,
MADONNA IN THE MEADOW (Ma-
donna dclla Verdura, Juugfrau im Griinen),
liaphai'l, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 3 ft. 9
in. x 2 ft. 10 in. ; dated 150(5. The Virgin,
seated in a flower-strewn meadow, leans to-
wards the Infant Jesus, and turning her head
to the left looks at the little kneeling St. John
who offers him a cross. Painted in Florence
for Taddeo Taddei, whose heirs sold it in
the 17th century to Archduke Ferdinand of
Austria. In Palace of Innsbruck until 1GG3,
when taken to Schloss Ambras in Tyrol ;
transferred in 1773 to Imperial Collection,
Vienna. In good preservation. Old copy
on canvas, by Carotto or Garofalo, in sac-
risty of S. Tomrnaso Cantuariense, Verona.
Engraved by P. Antlerloni (1810) ; C. Agri-
cola (1812); C. Kotterba ; M. Vogler ; Stein-
miiller ; J. Halm.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 259 ;
Passavaut, ii. 35 ; Miintz, 178 ; Baldinucci,
Notizie (Milan, 1811), vi. 229 ; Gruyev,
141
MADONNA.
Vierges de Raphael, iii. 130 ; Liibke, Raph-
ael, 34, 9G.
MADONNA, MEYER. See Madonna of
Burgomaster Meyer.
MADONNA DELLA MISERICORDIA
(of Mercy), Fra Jiartolommeo, Lucca Gal-
lery; canvas, arched, H. 12 ft. -1 in. x8 ft.
G in. ; signed, dated 1515. The Virgin,
robed in crimson drapery, the ends of her
azure veil borne by two angels, stands on a
pedestal ; her right hand is raised above
her head, as if in supplication to Christ,
who is visible in the clouds above, and her
left points to groups of adorers around her
throne. Painted for the Convent of S. Ro-
mano, Lucca ; lately removed to gallery.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 192 ; Marcheso, ii.
109, 144 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 401 ; Dohme
(Keane), 413.
By Fra Filippo Lippi, Berlin Museum.
The Virgin, with many figures under her
cloak, which is held up by two angels. — C.
k C., Italy, ii. 349.
MADONNA OF THE NAPKIN. See
Madonna do la Servilleta.
MADONNA DELLA NEVE (of the
Snow), Matli'o di Giovanni, S. M. della
Neve, Siena ; dated 1477.
By Alessaudro Turchi, Brera, Milan ; can-
vas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. The Virgin
and Child seated upon clouds, surrounded
by many angels ; below, Pope Liberius and
several orders of Roman clergy. Formerly
in S. M. della Neve, Verona.— Brera Cat.
MADONNA, NICCOLINI (della Casa
Niceolini), Itaphad, Panshanger House, near
Hertford, England ; H. about 2 ft. 3 in. x 1
ft. G in.; dated 1508. Virgin, seated, with
Jesus on a white cushion on her knees.
Painted in Florence ; described by Cinelli in
1G77 ; bought of Niccoliui family, Florence,
by Earl Cowper when ambassador to court
of Tuscany. Engraved by Perfetti (1831) ;
Nic. Hoff ; G. T. Doo (1835); J. Bein (1835);
G. Scharf.— C. k C., Raphael, i. 357 ; Pas-
savant, ii. G5 ; Miintz, 174 ; Cinelli, Bellezze
di Firenze, 409 ; Thore, Tresors d'Art ex-
poses ii Manchester en 1857, 57 ; Gruyer,
Vierges de Raphael, iii. G5 ; Liibke, Raph-
ael, 33, 100.
MADONNA, NOVAR. See Madonna dei
Candelabri.
MADONNA OF THE OAK. See Holy
Family — del Lagarto.
MADONNA, ORLEANS (Vierge de la
Maisou d'Orleans), Raphael, Chateau de
Chautilly, France; wood, H. 11£ in. x 8£
in. The Virgin, seated on a cushioned
chair with one foot on a stool, bends over
Jesus seated in her lap ; he grasps the hem
Orleans Madonna, Raphael, Chateau de Chantilly, France.
of her dress with both hands, and looks
towards the spectator. In the background,
a shelf on which are earthen vessels and a
straw-plaited flask. These accessories are
attributed by some to David Teniers. Prob-
ably painted in Urbino (150G ?) for Duke
Guidobaldo I.; disappeared at the breaking
up of the ducal establishment in 1G31 ;
owned by Due d'Orleans, brother of Louis
XP7. ; passed in 1701, by inheritance, to the
collection of the regent, Due d'Orleans ;
sold in London in 1798 to Mr. Hibbert for
£500 ; bought at Hibbert sale (1829) for
142
MADONNA.
£300 by Mr. Nieuwenhuys, of Brussels, who
sold it in 1831 to M. Delaliante ; afterwards
ill the Aguado Collection, Paris, on the sale
of which, in 1843, bought by M. Delessert,
Paris, for 27,250 francs ; bought at Deles-
sert sale in 18G9 for 150,000 francs for Due
d'Aumale, then living at Orleans House,
Twickenham ; returned to France, and ex-
hibited in 1874 in Palace Bourbon, Paris,
with other pictures of the duke's collection,
and finally placed at Chautilly. It is in per-
fect preservation. Engraved by C. du Flos ;
H. Dupont ; J. J. Huber ; Landon ; J. P.
Seiter ; B. Hofel ; E. Forster (1838) ; F.
Gaillard (1869).— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 322 ;
Passavant, ii. 45 ; Miintz, 171 ; C. & C.,
Raphael, i. 283 ; Gaz. des Beaux Arts (18G9),
i. 10G, 322 ; (1876), xiii. 200 ; (1878), xviii.
209 ; Paillard, Petite Madone d'Orluans
(Paris, 1878); Cab. Crozat, i. PL 24 ; Gruy-
er, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 53 ; Liibke,
Raphael, 33, 98 ; New York Evening Post,
March, 188G.
MADONNA, OTTOBON, Giovanni An-
tonio Pordfnonc, Venice Academy ; canvas,
H. 8 ft, 8 in. x. 'J ft. G in. The Virgin, her
mantle held up by angels, is on a pedestal,
with two saints at her sides ; in a gallery
fronting the pedestal is a monk in prayer,
and seven members of the family of Ottobon
kneel and stand. Painted about 1525 for
Ottobon family at Pordenoue ; bought in
Rome by Cauova, and placed in his chapel
at Possaguo, whence acquired for academy
by exchange.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 265;
Zanotto, Piuac. Ven.
MADONNA, PAELE. See Madonna of
Canon van der Paele.
MADONNA, PANSHANGER. See Ma-
donna, Niccoliui ; Madonna, Cowper.
MADONNA WITH THE PARTRIDGES,
See Repose in Egypt, Anton Van Dyck, Her-
mitage.
MADONNA DEL PASSEGGIO (of the
Promenade), Raphael, Bridgewater House,
London ; wood, transferred to canvas, H. 2
ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 11 in. The Virgin, standing
in a field, clasping the arm of Jesus, who
stands in front of her ; beside them, St. John
with the cross, with his face close to that of
Jesus ; at right, St. Joseph behind a bush.
Painted for Duke of Urbino, who gave it to
the King of Spain ; he sent it to Gustavus
Adolphus of Sweden, whence it passed to
Queen Christina and the Orleans Gallery ;
bought in 1798 by Duke of Bridgewater for
.£3,000. Considered a copy, by Giovanni
Francesco Penni, of the original, which is lost.
Many other copies. Engraved by Anderlo-
Madonna del Passeegio, Raphael, Bridgewater House, London.
ni ; N. de Larmessin ; J. Pesnc ; H. Gutten-
berg ; A. Legrand ; J. Head and S. Middi-
man ; Tomkins ; Landon. — Cab. Crozat, i.
PI. 20 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii.
377 ; Passavant, ii. 331 ; Liibke, Raphael,
78, 114 ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PI. 32 ; Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 28, 403 ; Reveil, vii. 487.
MADONNA OF THE PEOPLE. See
Madonna del Popolo.
MADONNA DEL PESCE (Virgcn del
Pez, of the Fish), Raphael, Madrid Museum;
wood, transferred (1815) to canvas, H. 6 ft.
143
MADONNA.
1 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, on a throne,
holding Jesus, who is luilf rising from her
knees ; at left, Angel Raphael presents young
Tobias, who holds in his hand the miracu-
lous lish which has restored his father's
sight ; on right, St. Jerome reading. Paint-
ed in Home al>out 1514 for S. Domenico,
Naples ; removed, in spite of the resistance
of the monks, in 1(138, by the Duke of Me-
dina do las Torres, then Spanish viceroy of
Naples, who took it to Spain in 1(544. In
1G5G became property of Philip IV., and
Madonna del Pesce, Raphael, Madrid Museum.
placed in Escorial ; carried in 1813 to Paris,
where transferred to canvas by M. Bonne-
maison ; restored to Spain in 1822. En-
graved by Fr. Selrna (1782) ; Bartolozzi ;
Boucher-Desnoyers (1822) ; P. Lignon
(1822) ; P. Peree (1852) ; J. M. Enzig-
Muller ; Steinla (1856).— Passavant, ii. 124;
Miintz, 381 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 348 ;
Grayer, Vierges do Raphael, iii. 533 ;
Springer, 214 ; Madrazo, 184 ; Liibke,
Raphael, 5G, 107.
MADONNA DI PESCIA. See Madonna
del Baldacchino.
MADONNA DELLAPIETA, GmWoReni,
Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 20 ft. 10 in. x
10 ft. 5 in. Above, the Virgin, between two
angels, standing, laments over the dead body
of Christ, which is stretched on a bier cov-
ered with a yellow drapery ; below, Sail
Carlo Borromeo with a crucifix, St. Proculus
in armour, St. Francis, St. Petronius kneel-
ing, and St. Dominick ; beneath them, city
of Bologna, in relief, and at sides four boy
angels. Painted by order of Senate of Bo-
logna, and placed in S. M. della Pieta ; car-
ried to Paris in 17!)G ; returned in 1815.
Admirable in drawing and colour, this pict-
ure is regarded as Guide's masterpiece.
Engraved by Trabalesi ; F. Rosaspina. — Pi-
nac. di Bologna, PI. 23 ; Lavice, 14.
MADONNA DEL PILASTRO (of the Pi-
laster), Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H.
9 ft. 2. in. x 5 ft. 9 in. The Virgin and Child
enthroned on a pilaster, attended by SS.
Jerome, John Baptist, Francis of Assisi, and
Anthony of Padua ; with a portrait of a lady
of the Trotti family, the donors. Formerly
in S. Francesco, Ferrara. — Cat. Ferrara Gal.
MADONNA WITH THE PINK, Raphael,
no original known. Virgin giving a pink to
Jesus, who is seated in her lap. Many
copies by Raphael's subordinates exist, the
best of which is in the collection of Count
Luigi Spada, Lucca. Others at Alnwick,
Leipsic, Rome, Urbino, Stockholm, Basle,
Geneva, and Wurzburg. Engraved by J.
Boulanger; J. Wolff; De Poilly ; J. Con-
vay ; Povelato (1780) ; Duthe ; Gio. Far-
rugia (1829) ; Lehman and Chevron (1852).
— Passavant, ii. G3 ; C. & C., Raphael, i.
343 ; Gruyer, Vierges do Raphael, iii. 60 ;
Liibke, Raphael, 35, 99.
MADONNA DEL POPOLO (of the Peo-
ple), Federigo Barocci, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, figures life-size, signed, dated 1579.
The Virgin interceding with Christ to give
his blessing to several gentlemen who are
bestowing alms upon the poor. Painted
for the parish church at Arezzo, whence re-
moved to Uffizi in 1787. — Bellori, Vita dei
Pittori, 105.
144
MADONNA
MADONNA DEL POZZO (of the Well),
Raphael (?), Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence.
The Virgin, seated, with arm about Jesus,
who stands in her lap ; he turns his head
towards St. John, who stands holding the
cross and a scroll inscribed Ecce Agnus
Dei ; background, landscape with ruins of a
castle and figures about a well. Attributed
by Lermolieff to Bugiardini or Francia Bi-
gio. — Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 89 ; Soc.
ed. and Paris, Gal. di Firenze, PL 47 ; Ler-
molieff, 386.
MADONNA AND PRIESTS, Murillo,
Pesth Gallery, figures life-size. The Vir-
gin, seated on clouds, supports Jesus, who,
standing on clouds, takes bread from a
basket held by an angel and gives it to
three aged priests seen at half-length be-
low ; above, seven heads. Painted in 1078
for refectory of Hospital de los Venerables
Sacerdotes ; carried off by Marshal Soult
and passed to Prince Eszterhazy, whose gal-
lery was sold in 1870 to the kingdom of
Hungary. Copies : Cadiz Museum ; Hospi-
tal de la Sangre, Seville ; Dean Lopez Ce-
pero. Engraved by J. Ballin ; J. Axiuann ;
etched by C. Rauscher ; lithographed by
Folger. — C. Bermudez, ii. 53 ; Carta, 94 ;
Ponz, Viage, ix. 124 ; Curtis, 103.
MADONNA DELLA QUERCIA. See
Holy Family — del Lagurto.
MADONNA OF THE RABBIT. See
Madonna del Coniglio.
MADONNA DI REGGIO. See Nolle, La.
MADONNA, RIPALDA. See Madonna
of St. Anthony of Padua.
MADONNA DEL RIPOSO (of the Rest),
Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H. 7 ft.
10 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. The Virgin seated on the
ground, with Jesus beside her, with St. Jo-
seph near by sleeping, and beside him a
kneeling figure, Leonello del Pero, in adora-
tion ; above, a glory of angels ; background,
architecture and landscape. Painted in
1525 for the Cappella del Pero in S. Fran-
cesco, Ferrara. — Cat. Ferrara Gal. ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., vi. 524.
MADONNA OF THE ROCKS (Madonna j
delle Rocce, Vierge aux Rochors), Leonardo
da Vinci, Louvre ; wood, transferred to can-
vas, H. G ft. 0 in. x 4 ft. Jesus, seated, and
sustained by an angel, is giving his blessing
to the Infant St. John, who is presented
by the Virgin ; background, a grotto, with
rocks piled fantastically. From collection
of Francis I. ; said to have belonged for-
merly to Marquis de Sourdis. Authenticity
disputed, some claiming that it is a copy by
Leonardo's scholars of the original in the
National Gallery, London. Copy in Nantes
Museum. Engraved by Boucher-Desnoy-
ors. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 59 ; Clement, 181,
303 ; Rigollot, Hist, dcs Arts, etc., 229 ;
Richter. Leonardo, 100 ; Heaton, Leonardo,
09, 228.
By Leonardo da Finn, National Gallery,
London ; wood, arched top, H. G f t. x 3 ft. 9
>':lXYjY;
it ^
Madonna of the Roiks, Leonardo da Vinci, National Gallery,
London.
in. Composition same as preceding. Paint-
ed, according to Lomazzo, for the Chapel of
the Coucezioue, S. Francesco, Milan ; sold
145
MADOKNA
in 1790 to Gavin Hamilton for 30 ducats, it
being supposed to bo a copy ; afterwards in
collection of Earl of Suffolk, of whom bought
for National Gallery in 1880 for £9,000.
Thought by English critics to be the orig-
inal of the picture in tho Louvre, but Eich-
tcr considers it a copy. — Lomazzo, Tratta-
to, ii. 171 ; Art Journal (1881), 30 ; (1884),
113 ; Waagcn, Treasures, iii. 108 ; Eichter,
Leonardo, 99 ; Ital. Art. in Nat. Gal., 101 ;
Heaton, Leonardo, 228.
MADONNA, EOGEES, Raphael, Mrs. E.
J. Mackintosh, London ; wood, H. 2 ft. 8 in.
X '2 ft. 1 in. The Virgin sitting behind a
parapet on which Jesus stands ; he has his
arms around her neck, and she supports
him with one arm while the other clasps
one of his feet. Painted in Eome about
1511. In Orleans Gallery ; sold for 150
guineas to Mr. AVillet ; passed to Henry
Hope and to Samuel Eogers, the poet ; sold
in 185G to E. J. Mackintosh. Copies in
Bergamo, Pcstli, and Eome. Study for the
heads in British Museum. Engraved by J.
C. Flipart, and others. — Cab. Crozat, i. PI.
22 ; Waagcn, Treasures, ii. 70, 194 ; Gruyer,
Vicrges de Eaphael, iii. 91 ; Passavaut, ii.
120 ; Miintx, 377.
MADONNA DELLA EONDINE (of the
Swallow), Carlo Cricdli, National Gallery,
London ; wood, tempera, 4 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft.
0 in. The Virgin and Child enthroned, with
SS. Jerome and Sebastian. Enriched with
fruit and flowers, and with a swallow. In a
predella below are : St. Catherine ; St. Je-
rome in Wilderness ; Nativity ; Martyrdom
of St. Sebastian ; St. George and Dragon.
Painted after 1490. Formerly in Church
of Franciscans, Matelica ; acquired in 1802
from Count L. de Sanctis, Matelica. — Cat.
Nat. Gal. ; Eichter, Italian Art in Nat. Gal.,
83, 108.
MADONNA DELLA EONDINELLA (of
the Swallow), dncnino, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 3 ft, 10 in x 4 ft. 7 in. The
Virgin, seated in clouds, turns her head
mournfully towards an angel, who presents
her a rose ; Jesus, in her lap, holds a swal-
low on his finger. The group of Virgin and
Child is identical with that in the upper
part of St. William taking the Monastic
Habit, in the Bologna Gallery, excepting
that in the latter picture Jesus has in his
hand a cross instead of a swallow. En-
graved by Bonafede. — Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii.
PL 17.
MADONNA DELLA EOSA (of the Eose),
Parmigianino, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H.
4 ft. x 3 ft. 2 in. The Infant Jesus reclin-
ing and resting one hand upon the globe
of the earth, holds in the other a rose
apparently just received from the Virgin.
Painted, according to Vasari, for Pietro Are-
tino, the poet, but presented to Clement VII.
on his visit to Bologna (1529) to crown
Charles V.; afterwards in hands of Zaui fam-
ily of that city. Affo says it was originally
a Venus and Cupid, and thinks it was sold
to Zani. It was bought in Eome in 1752
by Crespi of the prelate Dion. Zani for Au-
gustus III, King of Poland, for 5,000 scudi.
Engraved by G. C. Veneuti ; Dom. Pelle-
grini.—Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 228 ; Affo, Vita
. . . Parmigianiuo, 71 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
lombarde, Parmigiauiuo ; Gal. roy. do
Dresde, ii. PL 3.
By Raphael, Madrid Museum ; wood,
transferred to canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft.
(Virgen de la Eosa). The Virgin, seated,
with Jesus on her knees, with John Baptist,
at left, offering a scroll inscribed Ecce Ag-
nus Dei ; behind, St. Joseph, in contempla-
tion. Painted about 1517 ; placed by Phil-
ip IV. in Escorial. Sometimes called Holy
Family of the Legend ; but more commonly
as above, because a rose was painted in the
lower part when the picture was restored
(about 1852). Many copies, with variations.
Engraved by Forster ; Sirain. — Gruyer,
Vierges de Eaphael, iii. 372 ; Passavant, ii.
533 ; Liibke, Eaphael, 79, 115 ; Madrazo,
193.
By Sassoferrato, Turin Gallery ; canvas,
H. 2 ft, 4 in. x 1 ft. 11 in. The Virgin,
seated, half-length, in front of a curtain in
a landscape, with Jesus lying in her lap ;
146
MADONNA
she holds a rose in her loft hand. Engraved Temple ; 2d group, at right, the five Dolorous
by Lasinio, Jr.— Gal. di Torino, i. PI. 22.
The Virgin
Mysteries— Christ in the Garden, Flagella-
tion, Crown of Thorns, Procession to Calvary,
By Spinello Spinelli, Arezzo.
behind a parapet on which
stands Jesus, whom she
supports with both hands ;
background covered with
a rosebush with numerous
blossoms. Called also Ma-
donna del Duomo. Paint-
ed for the now destroyed
Church of St. Stefano, Ar-
ezzo ; removed to a little
church in the Via delle
Derelitte, where it now is.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., i. C85 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), ix.
114.
By Leonardo da Vinri.
See GaUerani.
MADONNA DEL RO-
SARIO (of the Rosary),
Michelangelo da Caravafj-
gio, Vienna Museum ; fig-
ures more than life-size.
Virgin enthroned ; SS.
Domiuick and Peter Mar-
tyr distributing crowns of
roses to people. Van Dyck
is said by Rosa (Pictures of
Vienna Gal., 179G, i. 108)
to have painted in the head
of the donor.
By Domenichino, Bologna
Gallery ; canvas, H. 14 ft.
8 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. Called
also II Rosario. The Vir-
gin, seated in clouds in a
glory of cherubs' heads,
supporting the Child, who
stands beside her scatter-
ing roses on those who in-
voke his mother's aid. She
is surrounded by angels, in
three groups, symbolical of the fifteen myste- ! Crucifixion ; 3d group, top, the five Glo-
ries of the rosary : 1st group, at left, the five rious Mysteries — Resurrection, Ascension,
Joyful Mysteries — Annunciation, Visitation, ! Descent of Holy Ghost, Assumption, Coro-
Nativity, Purification, Christ found in the ! nation. At the left, kneeling 011 a cloud, is
, . ^i^^-x" -•.-. ,3
' '—::.»•, ^^^MW
Madonna del Rosario, Domenichino, Bologna Gallery.
147
]\IADOXXA
St. Dominick, who instituted the rosary in
its present form, interceding with the Vir-
gin ; below, a pope (Leo X.) praying, with
an old man bearing his tiara behind him,
two children playing with a rosary, and
other figures symbolical of the persecutions
of the blessed who invoke the Virgin rosary
in hand. Painted by order of the Cardinal
Agucohi about 1(537 for the Cappella Eatta
in S. Giovanni in Monto, Bologna ; carried
to Paris in 179(5 ; returned in 1815. En-
graved by Oh. Audran ; F. Rosaspina ; C.
Normand (outline). — Malvasia, ii. 227 ; Lan-
don, Musee, xi. 1 ; Pinac. di Bologna, PL 33 ;
Lavicc, 19 ; Viardot, Musee d'ltalie, 10G.
By Miirlllo, Duhvich Gallery, England ;
canvas, H. (5 ft. 5 in. x 4 f t. 2 in. The Vir-
gin, seated on clouds, with Jesus on her
knee ; he holds in both hands a rosary,
which the Virgin also holds with her right
hand in his lap ; beneath, four cherubs.
Brought from Spain in 1790 by the English
ambassador, Mr. Fitzhcrbert, afterwards
Lord St. Helens. Engraved by Groser ; W.
Say ; It. Graves ; in part, by J. Somerville, R.
Graves, J. Rogers, A. Feai-t, H. B. Hall, Le-
couturier, Cottrel; several lithographs. Pict-
ure repainted in many parts. — Curtis, 119 ;
Passavant, Tour in England, i. G4 ; Eichter,
Duhvich Cat.
By Murilln, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Virgin,
seated on a stone bench, with Jesus on her
lap holding a rosary with both hands ; she
also holds it with her right hand. Pur-
chased by Ferdinand ITT. from painter Fe-
dele Acciaj, who had it from a Roman deal-
er, Cartoni, for 900 scudi. Engraved by P.
Mancion.— Curtis, 151 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Virgin, wearing
a yellow veil which falls to her waist, sits
on a stone bench embracing Jesus, who
stands naked, one foot on the bench, the
other on her lap ; both hold a rosary with
their right hands. Second manner. From
the Escorial, collection of Charles TTT.
Etched by B. Maura. Repetition, without
rosary, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London ;
engraved by E. Boix. — Curtis, 152, 154 ;
Madrazo, 477.
By Sassoferrato, S. Sabina, Rome. The
Virgin and Child, with SS. Dominick and
Catherine of Siena. One of the painter's
best works.
MADONNA WITH ROSARY, Murillo,
Sir William Eden, Bart., Windlestoue House,
Durham, England ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x
3 ft. G in. The Virgin, full-length, seated,
with the Child in her lap ; both hold the
rosary. Formerly in Convent of Shod Car-
melites, Seville ; bought from Julian Wil-
liams in 1834.— C. Bermudez, Carta, 98 ;
Curtis, 252 ; Athenaeum, Aug. 18, 1877.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, figure three-quarters
length, life-size. The Virgin, red dress,
seated on a bench holding the Child, who
stands with right foot on bench, left foot in
her lap ; both hold the rosary with their
right hands. Sold at Hope sale (1849),
£609.— Curtis, 152.
By ^fitriJlo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. G in.
x 4 ft. 1 in. (Vierge au Chapelet). The
Virgin, seated on a stone bench, with the
Child on her lap playing with a rosary.
Probably an early work. Randon de Boissy
sale (1777); Comte de Voudreuil sale (1784),
to Louis XVI., 9,001 livres. Engraved by
Henriquez ; J. Balliu ; lithographed by M.
Lavigne ; Ch. Vallet ; Weber. — Curtis, 151 ;
Musee frauyais ; Landon, Musee, xvi. 65.
MADONNA OF THE ROSE. See Ma-
(hmna della Rosa.
MADONNA OF THE ROSE ARBOUR
(Rosenlaube), Meister Stephen, Cologne Mu-
seum. The Virgin, crowned, seated with
Jesus in her lap in front of a rose-hedge,
under which are angels ; in foreground, two
angels on each side playing musical instru-
ments ; above, God the Father with the
Dove. Probably his earliest extant work. —
W. & W., ii. 89 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 126 ;
Forster, ii.
MADONNA IN THE ROSE HEDGE
(in der Rosenhecke), Francesco Francia,
148
MADONNA
Munich Gallery. The Virgin, with hands examples ; stippling is practised instead of
crossed on her breast, standing within a shading by lines, and there are blendino-
hedge over which roses are trained, looking half-tones instead of a sharp contrast bo-
down at Jesus, who lies on a cloth spread twcen extremes of light and shade. From
on the ground at her feet ; background, a this picture the Florentine school dates its
landscape.— W. & W., ii. 310. advance, and it is therefore of great in-
MADONNA OF THE ROSE HEDGE terest— Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 251; C. & C,
(am Rosenhaag), Martin Ki.'h<uiya«t'r, St. Italy, i. 203 ; lliepenhausen, Gesch. der
Martin's, Colmar ; H. 7 ft. x 3 ft. 10
in. The Virgin, with Jesus in her lap,
seated on a grass-bank in a bower
of roses, among which birds are
nestling ; above, two angels sus-
pending a crown over her head.
His most important picture. — W. &
W., ii. 100 ; Dohme (Keanc), 80 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 137 ; Kunstblatt,
Aug. 25, 1846 ; Gontzwiller, Musc'e
de Colmar, 30 ; F<">rstcr, ii.
MADONNA WITH ROSES, Ti-
tian, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, half-
length, a little less than life-size.
The Virgin, seated, with Jesus in
her lap ; he stoops to take the roses
which St. John offers him ; at one
side, St. Anthony, white-haired and
bearded, leans on his staff. Painted
about 1508. —C. & C., Titian, i. 108.
MADONNA DE' RUCELLAI,
Cimabue, S M. Novella, Florence ;
wood, gabled, H. 13 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft.
11 in. The Virgin, with Jesus on
her lap, sitting on a chair which is
borne by six angels kneeling, three
on each side, one above another ;
frame ornamented with 30 small
medallions with heads of saints.
Painted about 1207 for the Cap-
pella de' Rucellai, in S. M. Novella. It was I Malerci, i. 7 ; D'Agincourt, Peinture, PL
the largest altarpiece ever painted, in its 108 ; Etruria Pittrice, i. PI. 8 ; Rc'veil, xiv.
901.
MADONNA DEL SACCO (of the Sack),
Andrea del Sarto, SS. Aununziata de' Servi,
the faces have a softer expression than we Florence ; fresco, in a lunette over a door
see in the given Byzantine madonnas ; the in the cloisters ; dated 1525. The Virgin,
Child is not lifeless, and the adoring angels j seated, with Jesus in her arms ; beside her,
are devotional. There is also a decided ; St. Joseph, leaning on a sack, reading from
advance in drawing and colour over Greek a book. Painted for a lady who had it ex-
Madonna de' Rucellr
S. M. Novella, Florence.
time, and was so much admired that it was
carried to the church in a festive procession
of people and trumpeters. In this picture
149
MADONNA
ecuted in commutation of a vow. Vasari ler, Essai, 113 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole florentine ;
says that for drawing, grace, and beauty of Heaton, Leonardo, 84, 230 ; Kugler (East-
colour, for liveliness and relief, no artist
had ever done the like. Now much deteri-
lake), ii. 300 ; A. Marks, St. Anne of L. da
V. (London, 1883, reprinted from Transac-
tions of R. Soc. of Litera-
ture) ; He-veil, vi. 3G7.
MADONNA OF ST. AN-
THONY OF PADUA, Jla-
2/had, ex-King Francis H. of
Naples ; wood, in two parts,
main panel 5 ft. 8 in. sq.,
lunette 2 ft. G in. high. Virgin
enthroned, under a canopy,
with Jesus seated on her
knee ; beside them kneels St.
John ; on the sides, to the
Madonna del Sacco, Andrea del Sarto, SS. Annunziata de1 Servi, Florence. ri^llt St Mai'*raret and St
orated. Engraved by /ucclierelli ; Chiari ; ' Paul, to the left St. Catherine and St.
II. Morghen ; Lazzarini. — Vasari, ed. Mil., Peter. In the lunette, the Heavenly Father,
v. 45 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 572 ; Klas. der
Malerei, i. PI. 29 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floren-
tiue ; Dohme, 2iii. 2 ; do. (Keane), 438 ;
Ri'veil, ix. 019.
MADONNA WITH ST. ANNA, Leonardo
da Vint:!, Louvre ; wood, H. 5 ft. G in. x 4
ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated on St. Anna's
knees, leans forward to take Jesus, who is
caressing a lamb ; background, a mountain-
ous country. Said to have been bought by
Francis I., who had it Imng in his oratory.
If so, it found its way back to Italy, for it
was purchased there in 1G29 by Cardinal
Richelieu, after whose death it passed into
collection of Louis XTV Though its au-
thenticity has been doubted, it is unhesitat-
ingly affirmed by some of the best judges.
A copy, attributed to Salai, formerly in S.
Celso, Milan, now in Leuchtenberg Gallery,
Munich ; another in Brera, Milan, with va-
ried background, attributed to Bernardino
Luini ; a third in Uffizi, Florence, attributed
to Salai. Cartoon, differing in composi- Madonna wlth St- Anna' Leonardo da Vlnci' Louvre'
tion, in Royal Academy, London. Engraved with two seraphs behind and a winged
by Laugier ; G. Cantini. — Vasari, ed. Mil., ' angel on each hand. Painted in Perugia
iv. 58 ; Musc'e franeais, i. Part 3 ; Villot, • in 1504-5 as an altarpiece for Convent
Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Must'«e, x. PI. 68 ; of St. Anthony of Padua ; sold in 1077
Clement, 217, 374 ; Rigollot, Hist, des Arts, ! to Count Antonio Bigazziui, of Perugia, for
etc., 208 ; Richter, Leonardo, 100 ; Miind- 2,000 scudi ; transferred soon after to the
150
MADONNA
Colonna family, Rome, who sold it iu 1802
to the King of Naples. On the expulsion
of the Bourbons (1860) it fell into the hands
of the Duke de Ripalda, who sent it to Ma- :
drid. In 1869 sent to Paris, and offered to
French Government for 1,000,000 francs ;
exhibited in Louvre in February, 1870, when
war with Germany ended the negotiations ;
packed in a box during siege of Paris, and
sent in June, 1871, to London, where it was
offered for sale at .£40,000. Remained in
the storeroom of the National Gallery, Lon-
don, until death of Duke de Ripalda (1883),
who bequeathed it to ex-King Francis II. of
Naples. Engraved by T. A. Juvara. The
five panels which once formed the predella
of this picture were sold in 1663 to Queen
Christina of Sweden, for 600 scudi, and
passed thence to the Orleans Collection.
They are now scattered as follows : Christ's
Agony on the Mount, Lady Burdett-Coutts,
London ; Christ on Road to Golgotha (Leigh
Court sale, 1884, 520 guineas), Lord Wind-
sor ; Pieta, Mr. M. H. Dawson, London ;
St. Francis of Assisi, and St. Anthony of
Padua, Dulwich Gallery. — Vasari, cd. Mil.,
iv. 324 ; C. & C., Raphael, i. 218 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 25 ; Miintz, 205 ; Gioruale di Erud.
lose., iii. 305 ; Gaz. dcs Beaux Arts, xvi.
(1877) 259; Art Journal (1872), 28, 94;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 4(51.
MADONNA WITH ST. BRIDGET, Ti-
tian, Madrid Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft. 10 in.
x 4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated, with Jesus
in her lap ; he bends forward to take the
flowers which St. Bridget offers in a basin,
but turns his face inquiringly towards his
mother ; saint iu armour at left, supposed
to be St. Hulfus, husband of St. Bridget,
but may be portrait of a donor. Painted
about 1508 ; originally in the Escorial ;
still wrongly catalogued as by Giorgione.
Copy at Hampton Court, not by Titian. —
C. & C., Titian, i. 110.
MADONNA WITH ST. CATHERINE,
Anton van Dyck, Grosveuor House, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. ; figures seen to j
knees. The Virgin, seated under a tree,
gazing upon the Child in her lap, who is
worshipped by St. Catherine kneeling, and
with her hands crossed holding a palm.
From collection of W. A. Ellis. Engraved
by Blooteliug ; Bolswert ; Guzzi ; Ragot. —
Waageu, Treasures, ii. 165 ; Guiffrey, 245 ;
Smith, iii. 3 ; Head, Van Dyck, 34.
By Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. The Virgin and Jesus
with St. Catherine ; in front, a Venetian ad-
miral kneeling. From the reserved pict-
ures in 1853. Restored by Schirmer.
MADONNA OF ST. DOMINICK, Lo-
renzo Liitlo, S. Domenico, llecanati ; wood,
middle panel 7 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 5 in. ; dated
1508. The Virgin, enthroned tinder a pan-
elled arch, and attended by SS. Urban and
Gregory, holds the Child iu benediction,
while two seraphs play the viol and rebec
on the throne steps ; to the left, St. Domi-
nick bends in devotion before accepting the
dress of his order presented by an angel ;
on sides, SS. Thomas Aquinas and Flavian
and Peter Martyr and Vitale. Painted in
Venice ; sent to Recanati about 1525. — C. &
C , N. Italy, ii. 41)8 ; Vasari, cd. Mil, v. 250;
Ricci, Mem. dell' Artc, etc , della Marca d'
Ancona, ii. 92.
MADONNA OF ST. FRANCIS, CVm/-
<ji<>, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 9 ft. 8 in.
x 7 ft. 10 in. ; signed. The Virgin, with
Jesus on her lap, sits on an elevated throne
under a vaulted canopy ; above her head is
a glory and a ring of angels' heads, and on
each side two angels float in space ; on one
side of the throne are SS. Francis and An-
thony of Padua, and on the other SS. John
Baptist and Catherine. Painted in 1514-15
for Francescans at Correggio ; afterwards in
Modena Gallery ; bought about 1745 from
Duke Francesco di Estc-Modena by Augus-
tus III., Elector of Saxony and King of Po-
land. Restored by Palnmroli in 1827. En-
graved by Mitelli ; Fessard ; Lutz ; Levy.
—Meyer, Correggio, 304, 478 ; Kiinst. Lex.,
i. 428 ; Gal. Roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 1 ; Lan-
don, (Euvres, viii. PI. 19 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 499.
151
MADONNA
MADONNA AND ST. FRANCIS, Cm-
do Reni, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. The
saint, kneeling, with bis bands crossed on
bis breast, adores tbe Infant Jesus who
stands on bis mother's knees ; above them,
a violet-coloured drapery held up by three
angels. Formerly at Malmaison.
MADONNA OF ST. GEORGE, Correy-
i/io, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 10 ft. 1 in.
X 0 ft. 8 in. Tbe Virgin, with Jesus on her
lap, enthroned in a chapel, through the arch
Madonna of St. George, Correggio, Dresden Gallery
of which is seen a landscape ; below, on one
side, St. George in armour, with bis foot on
the dragon's head, and behind him St. Peter
Martyr ; on tbe other side, St. John Baptist,
and behind him St. Geminiauus receiving
the model of the church from an angel ;
cherubs in foreground. Painted for broth-
erhood of S. Pietro Martire, Modena, and
placed in their church about 1530-32 ;
came in 1G49 into possession of Francesco
I. of Modena, whence passed to Dresden
Gallery in 1745-40. Copy by Cesare Are-
tusi in S. Barnaba, Mantua. Engraved by
Bertelli, Giovannini of Bologna (1699), and
by Beauvais. Restored by Hartmann, and
Schirmer (1858). — Meyer, Correggio, 315,
479 ; Gal. Roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 2 ; Landon,
(Euvres, viii. PI. 24 ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii.
504 ; Hiibner, Dresden Gab, i. 9 ; Reveil,
ix. 001.
By Giacomo Francia, Bologna Gallery ;
wood, H. 8 ft 1 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. ; signed,
dated 1520. The Virgin, seated, holding-
Jesus, who reaches for the reed cross held
by the kneeling St. John ; at right, St.
George, in full armour, holding his banner
by the staff; at left, St. Sebastian tied to
a tree and pierced with arrows ; behind,
SS. Francis and Bernard kneeling ; above,
three angels with palms and flowers. For-
merly in the suppressed Church of S. Fran-
cesco, Bologna. Engraved by G. Rosaspina.
— Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 34 ; Lanzi, iii. 20.
MADONNA OF ST. JEROME. See Gi-
onw, II.
MADONNA WITH ST. JOHN, Anton
van Jiijck, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 4 ft.
7 iu. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Virgin, half-length,
standing, holds Jesus standing on an archi-
tectural fragment ; at left, St. John, half-
length, offers a scroll. — Munich Gal., PI. 55;
Eastlake, Notes, 08.
By Ginlio Romano, Louvre ; wood, H. 11
in. x 10 in. Tbe Virgin, seated, with Jesus
in her arms ; behind, to right, Infant St.
John, with reed cross, pointing with left
hand to Jesus. Supposed to have been
painted for Cardinal Gonzaga. — Filhol, v.
355 ; Landon, vi. PL 7 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; copper, H. 10
in. x 8 in. The Virgin, seated, holds on her
knees the Infant Jesus, who blesses the
young St. John embracing his feet ; at right,
in window, a vase of flowers. Collection of
Louis XTV. Many old and well-executed
copies. Engraved by Vallet ; Bloemaert ;
Locbon. — Filhol, i. PL 02 ; Landon, Musi-e,
vi. PL 53.
By Guido Reni, Uffizi, Florence ; copper.
The Virgin (half-figure) near Jesus (seated
152
MADOKNTA
on two cushions), one of whose feet St. John
kisses. Original sketch also in Uffizi. — Mo-
lini, Gal. di Firenze, ii. 84 ; Soc. Ed., Gal.
di Firenze, PL 117 ; Lavice, 47.
By Bernardino Luini, TJffizi, Florence ;
wood. The Virgin, kneeling ; at left, Infant
Jesus ; at right, St. John Baptist playing
with a lamb. — Soc. Ed. and Paris, Gal. di
Firenze, PL, 30.
By Pietro Peruyino, National Gallery,
London ; wood, tempera, H. 2 ft. 2^- in. x 1
ft. 5j in. Bought by the late Mr. Beckford
at Perugia, and of him for the National Gal-
lery in 1841 for £800. Has been attributed
to Lo Spagna, though signed by Perugiuo.
An unimportant though original work. —
Kichter, Ital. Art in Nat. Gal, 52, 105.
By Andrea Solaria, Leuchtenberg Gallery,
St. Petersburg ; wood, H. 1 ft. G in. x 10 J
in. The Virgin, holds Jesus in the crenel-
lated opening of a parapet, behind which the
Baptist stands with a reed cross and fruits ;
Jesus holds a bird with a string. Painted
about 1515. A forged signature on this
panel has led to much controversy. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. GO ; Moschiui, Mem. della Vita
di And. Solario (Florence, 1832) ; Kuust-
blatt (1832), No. 38.
MADONNA DI S. LUCA (of St. Luke),
attributed to Raphael, Accademia di S. Luca,
Home ; wood. St. Luke, kneeling on afoot-
stool before an easel, painting the Virgin,
with the Child in her arms, who appears
beside it sustained by clouds ; behind the
saint, an ox lying down and a youth stand-
ing, supposed to be Raphael himself. Prob-
ably by Timoteo Viti (C. & C. ) or Francesco
Penni (Gruyer). Formerly in S. Martino,
Rome, where is now a copy by Ant. Gram-
matics. Engraved by J. Langlois ; M. Pic-
cioni.— C. & C , N. Italy, i. 581 ; Miintz,
511 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 570 ;
Jameson, Sacred and Leg. Art, i. 5GG.
MADONNA WITH ST. MARGARET,
Parmiyianino, Bologna Gallery ; wood, H.
6 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. The Virgin, seated
under a tree, presents Jesus to St. Marga-
ret, who is kneeling with the head of the
dragon beside her ; behind, at left, St. Au-
gustine ; at right, an angel and St. Jerome.
Formerly in S. Margherita, Bologna ; car-
ried to Paris in 179G ; returned in 1815.
Small replica in Louvre, where St. Augus-
Madonna with St. Margaret, Parmigianino, Bologna Gallery.
tino is called St. Benedict. Engraved by
G. Ant, Belmondo ; G. Trabalesi ; F. Rosa-
spina ; F. Bonassone. — Pinac. di Bologna,
PL 18 ; Musi'e fran<;ais, i. ; Landon, Musi'e,
v. PL 29 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Reveil, vii.
494.
MADONNA OF ST. MATTHEW, Anni-
bale C'arracci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H.
13 ft. 7 in. x 9 ft. ; signed, dated 1588. The
Virgin, with Jesus on her knees, enthroned
at right between two pillars, from which
two angels are drawing back curtains ; at
right, St. Matthew, standing, with tablet,
pen, and inkhoru in hand ; at left, St. John
Baptist pointing to the Child, whose foot a
monk is kissing ; in front, an angel reclin-
ing ; and above, in clouds, three boy angels.
153
MADONNA
Painted for S. Prospero, Reggio ; afterwards
in Gallery of Modena, thence to Dresden.
Madunna of St. Matthew, Annibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery.
Engraved by J. M. Mitelli ; N. Dupuis. —
(ial. Koy. do Dresde, i. PI. 20; Rcveil, viii.
512.
MADONNA DI SAN NICCOLo, Titian,
Vatican ; wood, formerly arched at top, but
squared in time of Pius TIL; H. 13 ft. x8
ft. 8 in.; signed. The Virgin on a dome of
cloud with Jesus in her lap ; both bend and
look downwards at a group of six saints
standing in the curve of a roofless temple ;
to right, St. Sebastian ; to left, St. Nicho-
las and St. Catherine ; and between them,
SS. Peter, Francis, and Anthony of Padua.
Painted in 1523 for S. Niccolo do' Frari,
Venice, where Sir Joshua Reynolds saw it
in 1752 ; Clement XP7. bought it by the
advice of Hamilton and Volpato, and hung
it in the Quirinal, whence removed to Vati-
can under Pius VII. Damaged by time and
smoke. — C. it C., Titian, i. 288 ; Leslie, Life
of Reynolds, i. 76 ; Yasari, ed. Mil., vii. 43G.
MADONNA WITH ST. ONOFRIUS,
Lorenzo Lotto, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
wood, H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 1 f t. 8 in. ; signed,
dated 1508. The Virgin, half-length, hold-
ing the Child, between St. Onofrius and a
bishop in episcopal robes, who presents the
transfixed heart of the Redeemer to the In-
fant Christ. In good preservation. — C. &
C., N. Italy, ii. 497.
MADONNA WITH ST. ROSALIE, Mu-
rillo, Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, England ;
canvas, H. about C ft.xS ft. The Virgin,
seated, holding in her lap Jesus, to whom
St. Rosalie, kneeling, offers roses ; on left,
four maidens in white with palms ; on right,
a street scene with a friar preaching ; above,
cherubs and heads. Carried to England by
Mr. Stanhope (Lord Harrington) on return-
ing from his embassy to Madrid in 1729. —
Davies, Murillo, xci.; Waagen, Treasures,
iii. 398 ; Curtis, 1G3.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, half-length, less than life-
size. The Virgin, seated, with Jesus in her
lap ; on left, St. Rosalie (?) offers him two
roses. — Curtis, 103.
MADONNA OF ST. SEBASTIAN, Cur-
reyyio, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 9 ft. 6
in. x 5 ft. 7 in. The Virgin, with Jesus in
her lap, enthroned on clouds, surrounded
by cherubs ; below, St. Sebastian, a maiden
holding the model of a cathedral, St. Gem-
inianus in his bishop's cloak, and St. Roch
sleeping. Painted in 1525 for brotherhood of
St. Sebastian, an archery company at Modena.
Cleaned and restored probably by Ercole dell'
Abbate in 1611, and certainly by Flaminio
Torre ; later by Palmaroli, and finally by
Schirmer in 1858. Engraved by Bertelli,
Kilian, and Lefevre. Bought for Dresden
Gallery in 1745. — Scanelli, Microcosmo, 287 ;
Meyer, Correggio, 310, 478 ; Gal. roy. de
Dresde, i. PI. 3 ; Pongileoni, ii. 198 ; Lan-
don, (Euvres, viii. PL 25 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 504.
MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (of St, Six-
tus), Raphael, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H.
9 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 5 in. The Virgin, with
154
MADONNA
the Child in her arms, standing on clouds,
within a glory of cherubim, between two
green curtains which are looped back at
the sides ; at the left, St. Sixtus (Pope Six-
tus IT.), in a white tunic and gold-coloured
pallium turned back with purple, kneels in
supplication ; on the right, St. Barbara,
kneeling and looking downwards ; behind
her is her attribute, the tower ; below, a
balustrade, upon which two angels loan,
both looking upwards ; at left, on
the balustrade, is the tiara of St.
Sixtus. A rare example of a pict-
ure of Raphael's later time, painted
entirely by his own hand. No study
known to exist. Every form of eu-
logy has been exhausted on this
incomparable masterpiece. The Ma-
donna's beauty is a human beauty,
but the Child's is something more
— the divine nature shines through
the mortal frame and illumines it.
Here Raphael's work is above all
other work. Painted in Rome in
1518 for the Church of the Monas-
tery of S. Sisto, Piacenza, where
Vasari saw it ; in 1754 the monks
sold it for 4:0,000 Roman crowns to
Augustus III., Elector of Saxony
and King of Poland, who presented
to the monastery an old copy by
Paris Nogari, which still hangs in
the place of the original. Restored
by Palmaroli in 1826. Engraved
by Miiller ; Tosetti (1821) ; W. Say
(1826) ; J. Pavon ; Dessart ; Tliou-
venin ; P. W. Meyer ; Nordheim ;
Schultz; Boucher-Desuoyers (1841); Steinia
(1858) ; Keller. Lithographed by Bodmer ;
Hanfstiingl ; Noul ; A. Maurin ; L. Maurin
(1842); L. Zoellner ; A. Lecompte. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 365 ; Rumour, iii. 131 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 278 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Raph-
ael, iii. 595 ; Klas. der Malerei ; Gal. roy.
de Dresde, iii. PI. 1 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 459 ; Springer (Dohme, 2ii.), 291 ;
Mtintz, 518 ; Ch. Blanc, I5cole ombrienue ;
Perkins, 188; Hiibner, Dresden Gal., i.
1 ; Liibke, Raphael, 78, 112 ; Ri'veil, x.
739.
MADONNA OF SAN ZENO, Andrea
Manletjna, S. Zeno, Verona ; large altarpiecc
in six parts, figures life-size. The Virgin
and Child, enthroned in a classic portico ;
to the left, SS. Peter, Paul, John Evangel-
ist, and Augustine ; to the right, SS. John
Baptist, Lawrence, and Benedict ; about
steps of throne, angels dancing, singing,
Madonna di San Sisto, Raphael, Dresden Gallery.
and playing instruments ; below, iu pre-
della, Christ on Mount, Crucifixion, and
Ascension. Painted between 1457 and 1459
at the expense of the prothouotary Gregorio
Conaro. Taken to Paris in 1797 and re-
turned in 1815, excepting the predella, one
panel of which (Crucifixion) is iu the Lou-
vre, the two others iu Museum of Tours.
Predella in S. Zeno is a copy. — C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 379 ; Burckhardt, 578 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts, May 1, 1866 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 394.
155
MADONNA
MADONNA WITH SAINTS, Francesco
Albani, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3
in. x 3 ft. 4 in. ; dated 1599. The Virgin,
with Jesus in her anus, enthroned, between
SS. Mary Magdalen and Catherine. For-
merly in SS. Fabiano e Sebastiauo, Bologna.
Engraved by Kosaspiiia. — Piuac. di Bologna,
PL 5.
By Mariotto Albi'rlinclli, Florence Acad-
emy ; wood, oil, figures life-size ; signed.
The Virgin and Child, enthroned, between
SS. John Baptist and Julian standing, and
SS. Domiuiek and Nicolas of Bari kneeling.
Painted about 1510 for S. Giuliano, whence
removed to the Academy. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 222 ; C. & C , Italy, 'iii. 488.
Bv Mariotto Albi'iiindli, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 11 in. x5 ft. 8 in.; signed, dated
150G. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms,
standing on a pedestal ; at sides, SS. Jerome
and Zanobius, Bishop of Florence, kneel-
ing ; in distance, scenes in lives of those
saints. Painted about 150G for Zanobi del
Maestro, who placed it in S. Trinita, Flor-
ence ; carried to Paris before 1813. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. 22-4 ; Landon, Musee, 2d
Col., iv. PL 34 ; C. £ C., Italy, iii. 487 ;
Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 222.
By Fra Amjelico, Florence Academy ;
wood. The Virgin and Child enthroned in
a niche ; at sides, SS. Peter Martyr, Fran-
cis, Cosmo, Daniian, John Evangelist, and
Lawrence. Painted for Annalena Monas-
tery, Florence. Engraved by Chiossone. —
Gal. di Firenze, PL 23.
By Fra Aur/elli-o, Florence Academy.
The Virgin and Child enthroned, with an
angel at each side, between SS. Francis,
Peter Martyr, Anthony, Cosmo, Damian,
and Louis. In pediment : Pieta, SS. Peter,
Paul, Bernard, and three others. Painted
for Convent del Bosco a Frati, Mugello. —
C. & C., Italy, i. 585; Gal. Accad. di Fi-
renze, PL 32.
By Fra Bartolommeo, S. Martino, Lucca ;
wood, figures under life-size ; signed, dated
1509. The Virgin, with Jesus on her knees,
enthroned, between SS. John and Stephen ;
above, two angels in act of* crowning her ;
below, in front, an exquisite boy angel
singing, with a lute. Sketch, made with
pen, in Uffizi. Engraved by S. Jesi ; H.
Steiula. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 191 ; Marchese,
ii. GO ; C. & C, Italy, iii. 449 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole florentine ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PL
28.
By Fra Bartolommeo, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 11 ft. G in. x8 ft. 9 in.;
dated 1512. The Virgin, enthroned under
a canopy the curtains of which are sustained
by angels, supports Jesus, who offers the
ring to St. Catherine kneeling before him ;
at sides, St. George, in armour, and St. Bar-
tholomew, with other saints around the
throne ; in front, two boy angels with lyre
and lute. Painted for S. Marco, Florence ;
given in 1588 to Bishop Milanesi ; trans-
ferred in 1690 to apartments of Prince Fer-
dinand, son of Grand Duke Cosmo III.,
thence to the Palazzo Pitti. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iv. 18G ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 454.
By Giovanni Jlellini, formerly in SS. Gio-
vanni e Paolo, Venice ; wood, tempera ;
signed. The Virgin, enthroned, supporting
Jesus erect on her knee ; on one side, SS.
Thomas Aquinas, Gregory, and Jerome ; on
the other, St. Catherine of Siena, the Mag-
dalen, and others ; between them, three
boys singing from a book. Painted about
1472 for a chapel in SS. Giovanni e Paolo ;
burned with Titian's Peter Martyr, Aug. 16,
1867. Vasari calls it one of the best crea-
tions up to its time in Venice. It was Bel-
lini's masterpiece. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 155;
C. & C., N. Italy, i. 154.
By Giovanni Bellini, Louvre ; wood, H. 2
ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. ; signed. The Virgin stands
behind a balustrade, on which Jesus stands
in the attitude of blessing ; at sides, SS.
Peter and Sebastian ; above, three cherubim
on clouds. Acquired in 1859 of M. Van
Cuyck for 15,000 francs ; previously be-
longed successively to M. Nieuwenlmys, the
Prince of Orange, Mr. Brentano, and Lord
North wick. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 185.
156
MADONNA
By Giovanni Bellini, Venice Academy ;
wood, H. 15 ft. x 8 ft. 4 in. ; signed. The
Virgin, with Jesus seated on her lap, en-
throned under the semi-dome of a vaulted
chapel ; at foot of throne, three angels play-
ing instruments ; on one side, SS. Francis,
Job, and John Baptist ; on the other, SS.
Sebastian, Domiuick, and Louis. Painted
about 1480 for S. Giobbe, Venice. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 155 ; Sausovino, 155 ; C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 163.
By Giovanni Bellini, S. Zaccaria, Venice ;
wood, transferred to canvas, arched, figures
life-size ; signed, dated 1505. The Virgin
and Child, enthroned under the semi-dome
of a vaulted chapel, between SS. Peter and
Madonna with Saints, Giovanni Bellini, S. Zaccaria, Venice.
Catherine and St. Jerome and the Magdalen;
in front, an angel seated on a step of the
throne, playing a viol. Taken to Paris in
1797, transferred to canvas, and badly re-
stored ; returned in 1815.— C. & C., N. It-
aly, i. 173 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 162 ; Lau-
don, Musee, xv. PI. 10.
By Annibalo Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. .11 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. The
Virgin, enthroned in a niche, with Jesus
and Infant St. John ; at left, St. John Evan-
gelist, holding a chalice from which a ser-
pent is emerging ; at right, St. Catherine of
Alexandria. According to Lauzi, Aunibale
imitated Paolo Veronese in the figure of the
Virgin, Correggio in Jesus and St. John,
Titian in St. John Evangelist, and Parmigi-
auino in St. Catherine. Painted for S. Gi-
orgio, Bologna. Engraved by A. Marchi.
— Lanzi, iii. 71 ; Piuac. di Bologna, PL 3(5.
By Ludovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 5 f t. 7 in. ; signed,
dated 1588. The Virgin, with Jesus in her
lap, enthroned under a portico at right ;
above, angels with a crown, censers, and
flowers ; below, SS. Francis, Domiuick,
Monica, and Mary Magdalen ; behind, two
angels playing and singing. Engraved by
Gio. Fr. Xadius ; F. llosaspiua. — Piuac. di
Bologna, PI. 20.
By Cima da Couegliano, Louvre ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 0 in. x 3 ft, 4 in. ; signed. The Vir-
gin, enthroned in front of a balustrade,
with Jesus upon her knees, receives the
homage of SS. John and Mary Magdalen,
who stand one on each side, the latter pre-
senting a vase of perfume ; background, a
landscape, with view of Conegliano. From
Musee Napoleon. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Cli.
Blanc, Ecole vcnitienue.
By Cima da Couegliano, Parma Gallery ;
wood, figures two-thirds life-size ; signed.
The Virgin, enthroned, lays her right hand
on the head of St. Damian ; Jesus, on her
knee, turns to bless St. Apollonia ; on sides,
SS. Cosmo and John, SS. Catherine and
Paul ; at foot of throne, an angel. Painted
about 1500 for Cathedral of Parma. — C. &
C., N. Italy, i. 238.
By Cima da Conegliano, Parma Gallery ;
wood, figures two-thirds life-size ; forged
signature — "Leonardo Vinci, 1492." The
Virgin, resting on a stone near a ruined
temple, with Jesus beside her on a broken
pillar ; St. Andrew, with his cross ou his
157
MADONNA
shoulder ; St. Michael, weighing souls in a
pair of scales. Long in Sanvitale Collec-
tion, where attributed to Leonardo. — Aino-
retti, Mem. Stor. di Leo. Vinci, 41 ; C. «fc C.,
N. Italy, i. 238.
By Francesco Cotta, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, figures life-size ; signed, dated 1474.
Virgin and Child enthroned under an arch ;
on left, St. Petronius and Alberto de' Cata-
nei kneeling ; on right, St. John Evangelist.
Painted for Domenico d'Amorini and Al-
berto de' Catanei.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 523;
Bim-khardt, 579.
By Lorenzi di Gredi, Louvre ; wood, 5 ft.
3 in. sq. The Virgin enthroned, with Jesus
on her knees in the attitude of benediction ;
at left, St. Julian ; at right, St. Nicholas,
Bishop of Myra, reading. Painted for Mon-
astery of Cestcllo, Florence ; carried to
Paris in 1812. Called by Vasari the best
work of the master. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv.
507 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musce,
2d Col., iv. PL 19.
By Domenu-hino, Brera, Milan; canvas,
H. 13 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. '.) in. The Virgin en-
throned, with the Child standing on a crim-
son-velvet cushion ; four angels make music
for them ; other angels in the sky ; below
are SS. John the Evangelist and Petronius,
with two angels. The picture is fine, but
somewhat cold. Formerly in S. Petrouio
de' Bolognesi, Homo. — Lavice, 15G.
By Doxno Dossi, Ferrara Gallery ; wood,
H. 1(5 ft. 5 in. x 1(5 ft. The Virgin and
Child, with Infant John Baptist, on a lofty
throne under a canopy ; above, a glory of
angels ; below, SS. John Evangelist, Jerome,
Andrew the Apostle, and others ; on sides,
in compartments, SS. Sebastian and George
below, and SS. Gregory and Ambrose above.
A sumptuous picture, called by Burckhardt
one of the greatest treasures of art in North
Italy.— Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 488.
By Francesco Francia, Bologna Gallery ;
wood, H. G ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The Vir-
gin enthroned, with Jesus on her lap ; be-
low, SS. Augustine, George, John Baptist,
Stephen, and an angel. Painted for Church
of the Misericordia, Bologna ; sent to Milan,
where it remained some time in the gallery,
but finally returned to Bologna. Engraved
by G. llosaspina. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 59.
By Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H.
8 ft, x 5 ft. ; signed, dated 1514. The Vir-
gin and Child seated upon clouds in a glory
of angels ; below, SS. Jerome and Francis
of Assisi, with two members of the Suxena
family praying. Painted for S. Spirito, Fer-
rara. Eestored by Palmaroli in 1826. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vi. 4G3.
By Domeuico Ghirlandajo, Florence Acad-
emy. The Virgin and Child between two
angels, with flowers ; on right, St. Thomas
Aquinas ; on left, St. Denis Areopagite ; in
front, SS. Clement and Dominick kneeling.
In predella, the Pieta between four episodes
of the saints' lives. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 437.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; wood, figures life-size. The Virgin
and Child enthroned ; at sides, two angels
and St. Michael, two angels and St. Gabriel ;
in front, SS. Zeuobius and Justus kneeling
in adoration. Painted about 1485 for S.
Giusto, near Florence ; transferred in 1529
to S. Giovanni Battista, called della Scalza ;
acquired by government in 1857. A noble
picture. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 487 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 257 ; Ciuelli, Belezze di Firenze,
126.
'By Giorgione, Church of Castelfranco ;
wood, H. G ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The Virgin
enthroned, with Jesus on her lap ; on one
side, St. Francis ; on the other, St. Liberale
in armour. According to some, the two
saints are likenesses of Giorgione and his
brother ; according to others, St. Liberale
is a portrait of Matteo Costanzo, a captain
of lances, who died at Ravenna in 1504.
Painted after 1504 ; much repainted. Copy
in Stafford House, London ; study for St.
Liberale, called Knight in Armour, National
Gallery, London.— C. &. C., N. Italy, ii. 129;
Eidolfi, Maraviglie, i. 123; Richter, 86;
Art Journal (1884), 247.
By Beuozzo Gozzoli, National Gallery,
London ; wood, tempera, H. 5 ft. 2 in. x 5
158
MADONNA
ft. 7 in. The Virgin and Child, enthroned,
between SS. John Baptist and Zenobius on
left, and SS. Peter and Dominick on right ;
in front, kneeling, SS. Jerome and Francis.
Painted in 1461 for the Compagnia di S.
Marco, Florence ; passed to Spedale de'
Pellegrini, Florence ; thence to Riuuccini
family, of whom purchased in 1855 for £137
16s. 8rf.— Nat. Gal. Cat. ; Eichter, Ital. Art
in Nat. Gal., 20, 106.
By Guido Reni, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 11 in. The Virgin and
Child seated on a platform, at the foot of
which, left, is seated St. Jerome reading ;
at right, St. Crispin presents his brother,
St. Crispiauus, whose attributes are seen on
Madonna with Saints, Guido Reni, Dresden Gallery.
a block behind him. Painted for chapel of
the shoemakers' guild in S. Prospero, Eeg-
gio. Obtained from gallery of Duke of
Modena. Engraved by Fr. Curti ; P. L.
Surugue, fils.— Gal. roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 23 ;
Ruveil, viii. 523.
By Filippino Lippi, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; wood, tempera, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 6 ft.
The Virgin and Child between the kneeling
SS. Jerome and Dominick ; on the predella
(Sin. x 7 ft. 9 in.), the dead Christ support-
ed by Joseph of Arimathea, S. Francis, and
the Magdalen, half-lengths. Painted for S.
Pancrazio, Florence ; removed to Palazzo
liucellai on suppression of church ; sold in
1857, by G. Rucellai, to National Gallery for
£627 8.s.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 464 ; C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 451 ; Richter, Ital. Art iuNat. Gal.,
29, 106.
By Filippino Lippi, S. Spirito, Florence.
The Virgin enthroned, with Jesus on her
knees, who takes a cross from Infant Bap-
tist ; on left, St. Martin in episcopals intro-
ducing the patron Tanai de' Nerli kneeling ;
on right, St. Catherine introducing the wife
of Nerli ; in distance, city of Florence. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iii. 467 ; C. & C., Italy, ii.
440.
By Filippino Lippi, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, figures life-size ; dated 1485. Tho
Virgin, enthroned, holding Jesus, who grasps
a book ; at right, SS. Victor and John Bap-
tist ; at left, SS. Bernard and Zenobius ;
above, two angels with garlands. Painted
for the Sala dcgli Otto in Palazzo Pubblico.
Long ascribed to Domenico Ghirlandajo. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 474 ; Gaye, Carteggio,
i. 581 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 440.
By Lorenzo Lotto, Vienna Museum ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. The Virgin,
seated under a tree in a landscape, presents
the Child to the adoration of SS. Cather-
ine and James, who are kneeling ; behind,
an angel holding a crown over her head.
Painted about 1530.— C. & C, N. Italy, ii.
522 ; Gal. do Vienne, i. PI. 41.
By Andrea Mantegna, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, tempera, H. 4 ft. 6£ in. x
3 ft. 9i in. The Virgin, enthroned under a
canopy in a landscape, holding Jesus, who
stands on her knee ; at left, St. John ; at
right, the Magdalen ; both standing. Ad-
mirably preserved. Acquired in 1855, for
£1,125 12s., of Roverselli ; formerly in Pa-
15'J
MADONNA
lazzo Monti, Milan.— W. & W., ii. 273 ;
Eichter, Ital. Art in Nat. Gal, (i5, 10G.
By Bartolomineo Jfonlaynu, Brera, Milan ;
canvas ; figures size of life ; signed, dated
1499. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms,
enthroned in a vaulted portico ; on one side,
SS. Andrew and Monica ; on the other, SS.
Ursula and Sigisuiond ; on the pediment,
three angels with musical instruments.
Tainted for the Squarzi chapel in S. Michele,
Yicenza.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 429 ; Ilidolfi,
Maraviglie, i. 141.
By Murillo, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cam-
bridge ; canvas, arched, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft.
2 in. The Virgin and Child, surrounded
by cherubs and accompanied by SS. Francis
and Thomas Aquinas, appear to a Francis-
can monk who has been reading the theol-
ogy of St. Thomas ; she hands to each of
the saints a crown, while St. Francis admon-
ishes the monk to follow the doctrine he
has read. Painted about 1G39 ; one of the
earliest of Murillo's works. Until first part
of present century in Dominican Convent
of La Eegina Angelorum ; presented to Mu-
seum about 1852 by representatives of W.
G. Clarke. — Curtis, 1G4.
By Mtirilh, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, H. 2 ft, 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in.
The Virgin, with Jesus on her left arm,
seated on clouds, surrounded by angels and
cherubs ; beneath, St. John Baptist stand-
ing, and SS. Justa, Kufina, and Frances
kneeling, all looking up. Aguado sale
(1843), 17,900 francs. Engraved by Nar-
geot.— Gal. Aguado, PI. 8 ; Curtis, 1G3 ;
Art Journal (1875), 208.
By Pietro Perugino, S. Agostino, Cre-
mona; wood, H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft.; signed,
dated 1494. The Virgin and Child, en-
throned, between SS. James and Augustine,
the latter in canonicals. Painted for the
altar of the Boncadelli family ; taken to
Paris in 1797; returned in 1815. Well
preserved. Engraved by Normand. — C. &
C., Italy, iii. 194 ; Landon, Musee, PI. 54.
By Pietro Peruyino, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
round, diam, 5 ft. The Virgin, with Jesus
in her lap, seated in a landscape ; at left,
St. Eosa, at right, St. Catherine, both stand-
ing ; behind, two angels, standing in ado-
ration. Acquired at sale of King of Neth-
erlands in 1850 ; formerly in Lapeyriere
Collection.— W. & W., ii. 240 ; Cat. Louvre.
By Pietro Perugino, National Gallery,
London ; wood, H. G ft. x4 ft. 11 in. The
Virgin, with Jesus in her arms, stands on a
pedestal in a landscape, while two angels
suspend a crown over her head ; at sides,
SS. Jerome and Francis. A masterpiece,
combining fine proportions with natural
movement, and graceful outlines with bright
warm colour. Painted in 1507 for the ex-
ecutors of one Giovanni, a carpenter ; later
in Palazzo Penua, Perugia. Acquired in
1879 from Baron de la Penua, Koine, for
£3,200.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 231 ; Eichter,
Ital. Art in Nat. Gal., 52, 110.
By Pietro Perugino, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, figures size of life ; dated 1493. The
Virgin and Child, enthroned, between SS.
John Baptist and Sebastian ; in background,
a temple and landscape. Painted for S.
Domenico, Fiesole ; in Uffizi since 1786. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 585 ; C. k C., Italy, iii.
191 ; Gall, illus. di Firenze, PL 32 ; Lavice,
52.
By Pietro J'crurjino, Vatican, Borne ; can-
vas ; signed. The Virgin and Child en-
throned in front of a colonnade, on a ped-
estal, between the four patron saints of
the city — Lorenzo, Herculanus, Constantius,
and Louis of Toulouse. Painted in 1496
for the Sala del Magistrate, Perugia ; dis-
membered and taken to Paris by the French,
who left behind the frame and a Pieta form-
ing the pediment, now in the Perugia Gal-
lery ; the Madonna returned in 1815 and
placed in Vatican. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 200;
Pistolesi, Vaticano, vi. PI. 89 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 580.
By Pietro Perugino, Vienna Museum ;
wood, figures life-size ; signed, dated 1493.
The Virgin and Child, enthroned, between
SS. Peter and Jerome, and SS. Paul and
John Baptist.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 191.
1HO
MADONNA
By Girolamo Romanino, S. Francesco,
Brescia ; wood, arched ; signed, dated 1502,
but probably not finished until 1512. The
Virgin and Child enthroned in an open
archway, the sky being intercepted by a
green cloth held up by two dancing cher-
ubs ; at sides, SS. Francis and Anthony,
standing ; in front, SS. Bernardino, Louis
of Toulouse, Bonaventura, and another,
kneeling. Ordered by the executors of Fra
Sansone (died 1-199), general of the Fran-
ciscan order. Formerly the centre of a
great triptych, on the doors of which were
compositions from the life of St. Francis.
Much injured. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 371 ;
Eidolfi, Marav., i. 350.
By II Rosso, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
wood, H. 11 ft. 5 in. x 8 ft, 5 in. The Vir-
gin and Child, enthroned in a niche, between
saints ; at right, SS. Sebastian, Bernard
(kneeling), Augustine, James, and another ;
at left, SS. Peter, Paul, and two others ; in
front, St. Catherine, kneeling, with a book
in her hand, and near her a cimeter and a
broken wheel. Engraved by Clerici. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil, v. 158 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv.
PI. 84
By llubeiix, Casscl Gallery ; canvas. The
Virgin, sitting in a landscape, holding Jesus
in her arms ; near her, St. John, standing ;
before her, the Magdalen and St. Ixoch,
kneeling ; at left, SS. Dominick, Francis,
and George, King David, and a bishop,
standing. — Zeitschr., v. 202 ; Cat. Cassel
Gal.
By fiubcns, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
wood, H. 13£ in. x 9i in. The Virgin,
seated, holds Jesus, who is caressing a
lamb, across the neck of which St. John is
leaning, holding its ear ; behind the latter,
St. Elizabeth. Formerly in Houghtou Col-
lection. Engraved by Earlom. — Smith, ii.
156.
By Rubens, Duke of Rutland, Belvoir Cas-
tle ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. The Virgin,
seated, with the Child in her lap, about to
place a crown on the head of St. Catherine,
kneeling with a palm-branch in her hand ;
on the other side, SS. Christina and Mar-
garet, and four angels. One of Rubens'
most attractive pictures. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, iii. 399.
By Andrea Salai, Brera, Milan ; wood, H.
6 ft. G in. x -4 ft. 10 in. The Virgin and
Child, to whom St. Peter delivers the keys ;
behind, St. Paul, standing. Formerly in S.
Andrea alia Pusterla, Milan. — Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 306 ; Brera Cat.
By Andrea del Sarlo, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x G ft. (5 in. ; dat-
ed 1540. The Virgin in glory, adored from
below by SS. Giovan Gualberto, Caterina,
Fedele, and Bernardo degli Uberti, Bishop
of Parma ; rocky background. Ordered in
1529 for Abbey of Poppi in Casentino ; paid
for in 1531, though unfinished, and com-
pleted in 1540, after Andrea's death, by Vin-
cenzo Bonelli, who added the date. Ac-
quired in 1818 by Ferdinand III. Only
upper part is Andrea's. — C. & C, Italy, iii.
518 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, v. 49 ; Benci, Lettere
sul Casentino (Florence, 1821), 17.
By II Sodnma, Pisa Academy ; canvas, fig-
ures life-size. The Virgin, with Jesus in
her arms, sits on a stone bench in front of
a tree ; on one side, SS. Sebastian and Jo-
seph ; on the other, SS. John Baptist and
Peter with book and keys ; in front, SS.
Mary Magdalen and Catherine, kneeling.
Painted in 15-42 for S. M. della Spina, Pisa.
—Vasari, ed. Mil, vi. 398 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex, iii. 216, 226.
By II Kodoma, Turin Gallery ; wood, H. 7
ft. 4 in x 5 ft. The Virgin, seated, holding
Jesus, who stands in front of her, enthroned
on a pedestal under a canopy, the curtains
of which are held back by two flying cher-
ubs ; at left, SS. Catherine and Jerome ;
at right, SS. Lucy and John Evangelist.
Painted about 1512-13 ; formerly at Colle
di Val d'Elsa. Engraved by A. Lauro.—
Gal. di Torino, iv. PI. 125 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex, iii. 224.
By TintoreMo, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 15 ft. x 7 ft. 8 in. The Virgin and Child,
surrounded by angels, enthroned in a nim-
ifii
MADONNA
bus on a half-moon, adored by SS. Barbara,
Catherine, and two bishops.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 4
ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. The Infant Christ on
the Virgin's knee is supported on the left by
St. John the Baptist, and presented to the
adoration of St. Paul, Mary Magdalen, and
St. Jerome ; background, left, a green cur-
t;iiu ; centre, a cloudy sky ; right, a plinth
and colonnade. The Magdalen is splendid-
ly dressed in white, whence the picture is
sometimes called Madonna with the White
Lady. Obtained in 1747 from Casa Grima-
ni dei Servi, Venice. Engraved by Jacob
Folkema ; lithographed by Hanfstiingl. — C.
,t C., Titian, ii. 447 ; Morelli, 172 ; Hiibner,
Dresden Gal., i. 12.
By Titian, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 2 in.
x 5 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, with Jesus stand-
ing on her lap, sits to right, in front of a
building with columns, looking round at St.
Agnes, who presents her a palm with one
hand, and with the other caresses the lamb
led in to left by Infant Baptist. Collection
of Louis XIV.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 422 ;
Filhol, x. PI. G74 ; Laudou, Mus6e, xi. PL
32.
By Titian, Vienna Museum and Louvre ;
wood, H. i! ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin,
sitting in front of a building, with Jesus in
Madonna with Saints, Titian, Vienna Museum and Louvre.
her lap ; on right, St. Jerome, bareheaded,
holds a book ; behind him, St. Stephen
with a palm and St. George in armour.
Painted about 1508. Engraved by Lisebe-
tius. From collection of Archduke Leopold
Wilhelm ; taken to Vienna in 1657. Dupli-
cate (canvas) in Louvre, finer and better
preserved ; but St. Jerome wears a red cap
and is called St. Ambrose, while St. George
is named St. Maurice. In collection of Louis
XIV.— C. & C., Titian, i. 107 ; Filhol, ix. PL
589 ; London, Musee, xii. PL 38 ; Miindler,
Essai, 207 ; Cli. Blanc, jficole veuitienne.
Madonna with Saints, Paolo Veronese, Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. G ft. x 14 ft. 9 in. The Virgin, with
Jesus iu her arms, in a recess behind two
pillars, attended by SS. John Baptist and
Jerome and an angel, has presented to her,
by Faith, Hope, and Charity, a Venetian
family ; in background, a palace on a canal
with gondolas in front. The palace is the
one constructed by Palladio for the Cocina
family ; hence supposed its members are
represented in the picture, although Rus-
kin calls it Veronese himself and his family.
From Modena Collection. Restored by Pa-
len in 1827, and by Schirmer in 1856. En-
graved by Kilian. — Gal. roy. de Dresde, i.
PL 15 ; Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 226.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre ; convas, H. 1
ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 1 in. The Virgin, seated in a
splendid apartment, with Jesus on her lap ;
102
MADONNA
the Magdalen holds the Child's hand to be
kissed by a kneeling Benedictine nun, who
is presented by Joseph ; behind the Virgin,
St. Elizabeth weaves a crown of flowers.
From collection of Louis XIV. ; belonged in
1GG2 to Conite de Brieuue. Engraved by
Boutroi. — Musee royal, ii. ; Landon, Musee,
2d Col., ii. PI. 59.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3
ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 11 in. The Virgin, enthroned,
supporting Jesus standing on her knees ; on
Madonna with Saints, Paolo Veronese, Louvre.
right, St. Catherine of Alexandria presents
St. Benedict, on his knees ; on left, St.
George in armour, with his lance. From
collection of Louis XPV. ; belonged in 1GG2
to Comte de Brienne. Engraved by Brebi-
ette. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, CEuvres,
xxi. PL 15 ; Musee, iii. PI. 34.
By Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy ;
canvas, H. 11 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. The Vir-
gin, enthroned in a semicircular niche, with
Jesus in her arms ; beside her is St. Joseph,
and below him St. Jerome ; on the other side,
SS. Catherine (or Justina?) and Francis;
all apparently listening to St. John Baptist,
who stands on a balustrade in front of the
throne. Painted for S. Zaccaria, Venice ;
taken to Paris in 1797, but returned in 1815
and placed in the Academy. — Filhol, vii. PI.
481 ; Landon, CEuvres, xxi. PI. 12 ; Musee,
xii. PI. 17.
By Luigi Viuarini, Berlin Museum ; wood,
oil. The Virgin, enthroned in a portico,
with Jesus on her lap ; to the left, SS.
John Baptist and Jerome ; to the right,
SS. Augustine and Sebastian. Painted for
S. Cristoforo, Murano.— C. <fe C, N. Italy,
i. GO.
By Bartolommeo }~irarini, Naples Muse-
um ; wood, tempera, half life-size ; signed,
dated 14G5. The Virgin, enthroned, ador-
ing Jesus asleep in her lap ; on each side,
two saints, full-length, and above them,
other saints, half-length, issuing from clouds.
Painted for church at Bari.— C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 41 ; Itosini, PI. 07.
By Luigi I'ti-arini, Venice Academy;
wood, figures under life-size ; signed, dated
1480. The Virgin enthroned, with Jesus
standing on her lap ; on one side, SS. Ber-
nardino, Anthony, and Anna ; on the other,
SS. Joachim, Francis, and Buenaventura.
Formerly in S. Francesco, Treviso. — C. &
C., N. Italy, i. 5G ; Kidolfi, Maraviglie, i. 50 ;
W. & W.,ii. 29G.
MADONNA WITH SAINTS AND AN-
GELS, Francesco Francia, S. Jacopo Mag-
giore, Bologna ; wood, figures life-size ;
signed. The Virgin and Child enthroned,
with adoring angels at sides and playing
angels in front ; at right, SS. Florian and
Augustine ; at left, SS. John Evangelist and
Sebastian. Painted in 141)9 for Giovanni
Bentivoglio. Well preserved. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 537 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 5G1 ; Gua-
laudi, Guido, 94.
By Luigi Vimrini, Berlin Museum ; wood,
life-size ; signed. The Virgin enthroned,
with Jesus on her lap ; to left, SS. George,
Peter, and Catherine ; to right, SS. Mary
Magdalen, Jerome, and Sebastian ; at foot
of throne, two angels, one playing the lute,
the other the flute. Lermolieff calls it one
of the most remarkable of the 15th century
Venetian works. Painted in 1501 for S. M.
dei Battuti, Belluuo. In 1815 owned by
Count Marino Pagaui, of Bell uno.— Vasari,
163
MADONNA
ed. Mil., iii. ICO ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 67 ;
Lermolieff, 398.
MADONNA WITH SS. JEROME AND
FRANCIS, Raphad, Berlin Museum ; wood,
H. 14 in. x 11J in. The Virgin, her head
covered with a blue mantle, holds Jesus on
a cushion on her knees, looking lovingly
at him ; he, clasping her hand in his left,
raises his right hand in benediction ; St.
Jerome, in a cardinal's hat, kneels on left,
and St. Francis, in ecstasy, on right ; in
background, a town and high mountains.
Painted about 1503 ; belonged successively
to the Borghese and Aldobrandini families ;
then passed into Germany to collection of
Count Von der Ropp, and in 1820 to Berlin
Museum. — Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii.
43(> ; Passavant, ii. 11 ; Miintz, 59 ; Lermo-
lieff, 305 ; Liibke, Raphael, 15, 92.
MADONNA WITH HS. JOHN AND
CATHERINE, Titian, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 31 in. x 4 ft. 71 in.:
signed, dated 1533. The Virgin, stopping
near Bethlehem to rest, wits with Jesus in
her lap, and takes a bunch of flowers from
the Infant St. John, whilst St. Catherine
gazes in rapture ; behind, a beautiful vista
of undulating country, at evening ; in dis-
tance, the angel appearing to the shepherds.
Belonged to the Cocsvclt Collection, and
in 1720 to the Due de Noailles in Paris ;
thence to the Baucousin Collection, from
which bought for National Gallery in I860.
Copy by Pietro da Cortona in Capitol Gal-
lery, Rome. Engraved by Audrau. — C. &
C.,' Titian, i. 20G ; Gilbert, Cadore, 3G ;
Richter, 8(5.
MADONNA WITH SAINTS OE MODE-
NA, Guercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 10
in. x 7 ft. G in. The Virgin, seated upon
clouds, and accompanied by two angels,
holds in her arms Jesus, who is in the act
of blessing ; at left, St. Geminianus receiv-
ing from an angel a model of the city of Mo-
dena ; behind him, another angel bears his
cross ; St. John Baptist, kneeling ; at right,
SS. Peter Martyr and George, patron saints
of the city. Ordered in 1G51 by Duke of
Modem for S. Pietro Martire, but not put
in place until 1668, after Guercino's death ;
taken to France in 1796. — Malvasia, ii. 269;
Landon, Musee, ii. PL 59 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 5.
MADONNA DELLA SCALA (of the
Stairs), Corrcggio, Parma Gallery ; fresco,
figures above life-size. The Virgin, sitting,
with Jesus in her lap ; both in a most affec-
Madonna with Saints of Modena, Guercino, Louvre.
tiouate attitude. Painted about 1520 over
the Porta Romaua, or eastern gate of the
town, or in a room in the gateway. Wall
used in 1554 as a back wall to a church
which was built against it, and as the pict-
ure was high up, steps were erected to reach
it, whence its name. Demolished in 1812,
and picture placed in gallery. Much in-
jured by weather and restorations. En-
graved by Fritz ; Biot ; Leroux ; Toschi. —
Meyer, Correggio, 303, 473 ; Kiinst. Lex.,
MADONNA
i. 427; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 114; Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 503.
MADONNA OF THE SCALES (Vierge
aux balances), school of Leonardo du Vinci,
Louvre ; attributed by Waagen to Marco
d'Oggiono, by Passavaut to Salai, and by
Mtludler to Cesare da Sesto ; canvas, H. 3
ft. x 2 ft. 3 in. Virgin, seated, holding In-
fant Jesus, to whom Archangel Michael,
kneeling, presents a pair of scales, symbol
of justice ; near the Virgin arc St. Eliza-
beth and Infant St. John holding a lamb.
Formerly in collection of Louis XIV. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. GO ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Rigollot, Hist, des Arts, etc., i. 281 ; Miind-
ler, 114 ; Landon, Musi'c, v. 1.
MADONNA BELLA SCODELLA (of the
Cup), Corregyio, Parma Gallery ; wood.
The Virgin, with Jesus by her side, sitting
under a palm-tree, holds in one hand a
plate ; Joseph pulls down a branch with
ass to a tree. Scene from the apocryphal
gospel, representing the rest in Egypt.
Painted in 1527-28 for S. Sepolcro, Parma,
clla Sedia, Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Flo
Madonna della ScodeMa, Correggio, Parma Gallery.
one hand, and gives the Child fruit with the
other, while angels above appear to aid him ;
in background, an angel or cherub tying the
where it remained until carried to Paris by
the French ; when restored, placed in the
gallery. Engraved by Briccio ; Toschi ;
Masse. — Meyer, Correggio, 311, 47G ; Kiinst.
Lex., i. 429 ; Landon, CEuvres, viii. PL :i ;
Klas. der Malcrei, i. PL 50 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 503 ; llosiui, iv. 2(51.
MADONNA DELLA SEDIA (of the
Chair) or Seggiola (Little Chair), Raphael,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, round, 2 ft. G
in. diameter. The Virgin, seated in a chair,
clasps Jesus to her bosom with both arms,
leaning her head against his ; at right, In-
fant St. John, with hands clasped in adora-
tion. Painted in Rome in 151G-17, entirely
by hand of Raphael. In Pitti Gallery since
1539 ; mentioned ioi catalogue of 1589 ; car-
ried to Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815. A
masterpiece of indescribable charm ; per-
haps the most popular picture ever painted.
Two sketches in Wicar Collection, Lille.
Engraved by R. Morghen ; B. Desnoyers ;
J. G. Muller ; F. Bartolozzi ; Ch. Schuler ;
S. Raeven ; Sadeler ; Picchianti ; Lorenzini ;
Ferd. Gregori (17G8) ; V. Vanni ; Preisler
(1784) ; M. S. Carmona (1795) ; Lasinio ;
Dupouchel ; 11. U. Massard ; J. Calendi ;
MADONNA
Weber ; A. Karacher ; Zancon ; Yedovato ;
J. Eissen ; Carattoni ; Lizzi ; Cecclii ; Gui-
dotti ; A. Schleich ; C. Schulcr ; A. Perfetti ;
E. Schaft'er ; H. Pctcrsen ; A. Coutarcli. —
Passavant, ii. 240 ; Miintz, 512 ; Grayer,
Vierges de Raphael, iii. 240 ; Springer
(Dohine, 2ii.), 210; Liibke, Raphael, 55,
108 ; Gal. <lu Pal. Pitti, i. PL 90 ; Musc'e
franrais, i. ; Lamlon, Musee, ii. PI. Cl ; Fil-
hol, ii. PI. 103 ; Art Journal (London,
1875), 284 ; Larousse, xv. 1028.
MADONNA DELLA SEGGIOLA. See
Madonna della Sedia.
MADONNA OF SERRAVALLE, Titian,
S. Andrea, Serravalle ; canvas, arched at
top, H. 14 ft. x7 ft. ; signed. The Virgin
and Child on clouds, surrounded by cheru-
bim in a glory ; below, SS. Peter and An-
drew ; in the distance, Christ in a fishing-
boat, calling Peter and Andrew from their
nets. Painted in 1547. Somewhat injured
by cleaning and retouching. — C. <fc C., Ti-
tian, ii. 145 ; Burckhardt, 720.
MADONNA DE LA SERVILLETA (of
the Napkin), Murillo, Seville Museum ; can-
vas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. The Virgin,
half-length, holds Jesus on her left arm ; lie
is in lively action, apparently struggling out
of her arms. Painted about 1G7G for al-
tar of Capuchin Church, Seville. Doubtful
story that it was painted on a dinner-nap-
kin for a lay-brother who served Murillo as
cook, the artist having used all his canvas.
Similar story told by Davies concerning a
Head of Christ. Engraved by Bias Amett-
ler ; A. Boilly ; lithographed by L. Maurin.
—Stirling, ii. 879; Davies, Murillo, 35;
Curtis, 159.
MADONNA OF THE SHELL. See
IMij Family, Domenichino.
MADONNA DELLA SILLA (of the
Chair), Guido Reni, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. x 4 ft. C in. The Virgin, seated,
with Jesus standing on the floor leaning
upon her knees. Brought by Philip FV.
from the Escorial. — Madrazo.
MADONNA, SISTINE. See Madonna di
San Sisto.
MADONNA, SOLLY, Raphael, Berlin
Museum ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 4 in. Vir-
gin, reading, holds in her left hand one foot
of the Child, who is playing with a gold-
finch. Painted probably about 1500 in Pe-
rugia ; shows, strongly, influence of Peru-
gino. Acquired in 1821 from the Solly
Collection, Milan, to which it had passed
from a noble family of Modena. Not en-
graved ; outline in Eastlake's Kugler. —
Passavant, ii. 10 ; Lermolieff, 3G4 ; C. & C.,
Raphael, i. 107 ; Liibke, Raphael, 15, 91 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 13 ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 329.
MADONNA DELLO SPASIMO. See
J Spasimo di Sicilia.
MADONNA, STAFFA. See Madonna,
Connestabile.
MADONNA OF THE STAIRS. See
Madonna della Scala.
MADONNA DELLA STELLA, Fra An-
f/elico, S. Marco, Florence. Properly a Cor-
onation of the Virgin. A small picture
under glass, a work of great beauty, fin-
ished like a miniature. Formerly in S. M.
Novella.
MADONNA, TEMPI. See Madonna di
Casa Tempi.
MADONNA DELLA TEND A (of the Cur-
tain), Eapliael, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 2
ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. The Virgin seated, her
right arm around Jesus, who sits on her
knees ; Infant St. John behind, with his reed
cross, in adoration ; green curtain in back-
ground. Similar in composition to M. della
Sedia. Sometimes called Vierge a la Croix.
Painted in Rome about 151G. A doubtful
story is, that the picture, formerly in the
Escorial, was taken to France in 1813, and
thence to England, where Sir Thomas Bar-
ing bought it for £4,000, and in 1814 sold
it to the Prince of Bavaria for £5,000. Such
a picture was owned by Mr. J. Purling in
1789. Many copies ; one of best in Tu-
rin Gallery. Original sketch in possession
of Duke of Devonshire. Engraved by P.
Toschi ; Tomkins ; Hopwood ; Vedovato
(1790) ; J. C. Thevenin (1852).— Piuak. zu
IBS
MADONNA
Miinchen, PI. ; Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael,
iii. 232 ; Ltibke, Raphael, 56, 108 ; Gal. di
Torino, i. PL 29 ; Passavant, ii. 212 ; Bu-
cliauan, Mem., ii. 242.
MADONNA DI TERRANUOVA, liaplMel,
Berlin Museum ; wood, round, 2 ft. 10 in.
diameter. Virgin seated, Jesus lying on her
knees ; on left, Infant St. John ; on right,
another child (St. John Evangelist ?). Taint-
ed in Florence in 1505 for Terranuova fam-
ily of Genoa, afterwards of Naples ; in their
possession until 1854, when sold to King of
Prussia for 30,000 scudi. Fairly preserved,
and but little retouched. In it the genius
of Raphael may bo seen struggling between
the tendencies of the Umbrian and Floren-
tine schools (C. & C.). Studies in Berlin
Museum and Venice Academy. Engraved
by J. Scotto (1823) ; Ed. Schaffer.— C. & C.,
Raphael, i. 172, 193, 231 ; Passavant, ii. 25;
Mfintz, 176 ; Liibke, Raphael, 33, 93 ; Gruy-
er, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 121 ; Lemiolieft',
378.
MADONNA DEL TRONO (of the
Throne), Fra Jiartolomnwv, Uftizi, Florence.
The Virgin enthroned, with Jesus iu her lap
and Infant St. John kneeling at her feet ;
behind her, St. Anna, standing, gazing up-
wards at a choir of angels and cherubs ; on
each side of the throne, the ten patron saints
of Florence, and on the steps in front, two
angels seated. Fra Bartolommeo's last pict-
ure, left unfinished at his death in 1517.
Ordered for the grand saloon of the Repub-
lic of Florence, but placed, in time of the
Medici, in S. Lorenzo, whence removed to
Uffizi. — Lasinio, i. PI. 86 ; Vasari, ed. Mil. ;
Soc. Ed. and Paris, Gal. di Firenze, PL
24.
MADONNA DEL VELO. See Madonna
with Diadem.
MADONNA DELLE VESTIGHE. See
Margaritone.
MADONNA DEL VIAGGIO. See Ma-
donna del Gran' Duca.
MADONNA DELLA VITTORIA (of Vic-
tory ; Vierge de la Victoire), Andrea Man-
tegna, Louvre ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 1 in. x 5 ft.
4 in. In an artificially constructed bower,
the Virgin enthroned, with Infant Jesus
standing on her knees ; her mantle held on
one side by Archangel Michael, on other
by St. Maurice ; in background, SS. Andrew
and Longinus, protectors of Mantua ; in
front, near Virgin, stands Infant St. John,
and below him St. Elizabeth ; opposite her,
kneeling, is Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of
Mantua, in full armour. Painted for S. M.
della Vittoria, Mantua, in honour of the vie-
Madonna della Vittoria, Andrea Mantegna, Louvre, Paris.
tory of Fornova, which the Marquis claimed
to win in 1485 over Charles VIIL of France,
though he was really defeated. Carried to
Paris in 1797. — Ch. Blanc, T5cole lombarde,
Mantegna ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 410 ; Gaye,
Carteggio, i. 328 ; Handler, 135 ; Rosini,
iii. 196 ; Mantz, Peiuture italienne, 140.
107
MADONNA
MADONNA WITH THE WHITE LADY.
See Madonna with Saints, Titian, Dresden
Gallery.
MADONNA OF ZOPP^, Titian, Church
at Zoppo ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. Madonna
enthroned between SS. Joachim and Jerome,
and St. Anna in prayer in front. Painted iu
1528, during a visit made while a pestilence
was raging in Venice, for an altarpiecc in
the chapel founded there by Matteo Pala-
tini. The arms of the Palatini family ap-
pear on the pedestal at the left of St. Anna's
head. Injured by damp while concealed in
the wood behind the village during the
French invasion and by injudcious restora-
tion.—C. &. C., Titian, i. 324 ; Gilbert, Ca-
dore, 79.
MADOU, JEAN 15APTISTE, born in
Brussels, Jan. 2G,
1790, died there,
April 3, 1877. Genre
painter, pupil of P.
J. C. Francois ; one
of the most origi-
nal among modern
Belgian artists. He
was at first a lithog-
rapher, and from
1821 to 1840 pub-
lished a number of valuable collective works,
such as "Picturesque; Views in Belgium,"
" Scenes of Society," etc. His genre scenes
from 18th century are often humourous.
Member of Brussels and Antwerp Acad-
emies. Medal, and L. of Honour, 1855 ; Or-
der of Lion ; Commander of Order of Leo-
pold, 18G3. Works : Ambulant Musicians,
Jeweller (1835) ; The Outlaw, Pages on a
Farm, Much Ado about Nothing, Peasants
in Admiration ; Scenes from Lives of Flem-
ish and Dutch Painters (1840) ; Flemish
Festival in 18th Century; Rat-Hunt, The
Driveller, Brussels Museum ; Gallant Feat,
Artist's portrait, Antwerp Museum ; Poach-
ers stopped by Forester, Museum Fodor,
Amsterdam ; Huntsman, Stettin Museum ;
Importunate Acquaintance, William Astor,
New York ; Scolding Wife, W. H. Vauder-
bilt, ib. ; Flemish Cabaret, C. Vanderbilt,
ib. ; Latest News, Old Friends, Aug. Bel-
mont, ib. ; Pinch of Snuff, J. J. Martin,
Brooklyn.— Art Journal (1866), 37 ; (1877),
176 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 468 ; Im-
merzeel, ii. 193 ; Kramrn, iv. 1039 ; Kunst-
bl. (1855), 145 ; (1856), 7 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xii. 531.
MADRAZO Y AGUDO, Don JOSfi DE,
born at Santander, April 22, 1781, died in
Madrid, May 8, 1859. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Madrid Academy, and in
Paris of David, and finally studied in Rome.
Became court painter, and in 1818 director
of the Madrid Academy, and later also of the
Museum. He did much towards the reform
of the Academy, and through numerous pu-
pils greatly influenced modern art in Spain.
Member of Accademia di S. Luca in Rome,
and in 1832 honourary member of Dresden
Academy. Works : Jesus at House of Ana-
nias, Death of Viriathus, Triumph of Divine
over Worldly Love, Allegory of Spring, do.
of Winter, do. of Morning, do. of Noon (1819),
Equestrian portrait of Ferdinand VII., Ma-
drid Museum ; Death of Lucretia, Fight of
Greeks and Trojans over Body of Patroclus,
Quirinal, Rome ; Sacred Heart of Jesus with
Glory of Angels, Salosian Convent, Madrid;
Madonna with Angels, Battle of Cerignola,
Conquest of Breda ; Portraits of Charles IV.
and Maria Louisa. — Kunstbl. (1855), 215 ;
Passavaut, Christl. K. iu Spanieu, 118 ; Un-
scro Zeit (1859), 462.
MADRAZO Y KUNT, Don FEDERICO
DE, born in Rome, Feb. 12, 1815. History,
genre, and portrait painter, son and pupil of
Joso Madrazo, and student in Paris of Win-
terhalter. In 1835 he founded, with his
brother-inlaw, Eugenio de Ochoa, the art
journal El Artista. Court painter and pro-
fessor at Madrid Academy. Medals : Paris,
3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1839 ; 1st class,
1845, 1855, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1846; Offi-
cer, 1860 ; Commander, 1878 ; Member of
Paris Academy in 1873. Works: Godfrey de
Bouillon proclaimedKingof Jerusalem (1839),
Versailles; Museum; Maria Christina as a Nun
168
MADRAZO
at the Bed of Ferdinand VII. (1843); Wom-
en at the Sepulchre, Portraits of Queen Isa-
bella (1845), King Francisco, Duchesses of
Alba and Medina-Cceli, and many others ;
New Song ; Cigarette ; In her Boudoir ;
Matinee Musicale ; Portrait of Count Eac-
zynski (1850), Eaczynski Gallery, Berlin.
His brother Luis, pupil of his father, took
the grand prize for Eonio in 1848, and is
especially known through his Burial of St.
Cecilia in the Catacombs (1855), Madrid
Museum. — Kunstbl. (1855), 215 ; Larousso,
x. 900 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. Gil ; Mai-
ler, 347 ; Passavant, Christ!. K. in Spanien,
118 ; Unsere Zeit (1859), 402.
MADRAZO, Don IIAIMUNDO DE, born
in Eome, July 24,
1841. Genre and
portrait painter, son
and pupil of Feder-
ico, and student in
Paris at the E c o 1 e
des Beaux Arts, and
later of Loon Cogniet.
Medal : 1st class, Par-
is, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our in 1878. Works :
After Vespers ; Andalusiau Singer ; La
Aventurera ; Playing Guitar ; The Gypsy ;
End of a Masked Ball (1878), Mrs. A. T.
Stewart, New York ; The Comic Newspaper,
Fair Masquerader, William Astor, ib. ;
Masqueraders, Fete during Carnival, Wil-
liam H. Vauderbilt, ib. ; El Men, Henry
C. Gibson, Philadelphia ; Dindon Tendre,
A. J. Drexel, ib. ; Pierrette (1878), Inte-
rior of S. Maria della Pace at Home,
Alexander Brown, ib. ; My Model, La Sou-
brette (1882); Notturno, The Domino (1883).
His brother, Don Eicardo, has acquired repu-
tation as a painter in water-colours : Story-
Teller of Algiers, Alexander Brown, Phila-
delphia ; Venders of Fire- Arms in Morocco
(1879) ; Riva degli Schiavoni (1882) ; Study
of a Head (1884).— La Ilustraciou (1879),
i. 122 ; (1880), i. 76, 342 ; (1882), i. 3, 99,
402 ; (1884), i. 115, 378 ; Mag. of Art (1884),
10.
MADEUZZO, CEISTOFOEO, Cardinal,
portrait, Titian, Salvador! Collection, Trent ;
canvas, figure full-length, life-size. In the
black robes and hat of a prince-bishop.
Painted in 1548. Injured by time and res-
toration. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 445 ; C. &
C., Titian, ii. 18(3.
MAECHSELKIECHNER, G A B E I E L,
flourished about 1400-80. German school ;
history painter who, from 14G7, painted,
conjointly with Ulrich Fiiterer, for Kloster
Tegernsee and Duke Albrecht IV. of Ba-
varia. His works are characterized by a
fantastic realism in representing bad or
noble characters with great ugliness or
beauty respectively. Works : Christ bear-
ing the Cross, Crucifixion, Schleissheim Gal-
lery. — FOrster, Gesck, ii. 252 ; Sighart, 509.
MAES, GODFEIED, the younger, born
in Antwerp, Aug. 15, 1049, died there, May
30, 1700. Flemish school ; history painter,
son of Godfried the elder (designer and en-
graver, died in Antwerp, 1079), pupil of
Peeter van Lint ; entered the Antwerp
guild in 1004, became master in 1072, and
dean in 1082. Works : Martyrdom of St.
George (1084), Antwerp Museum ; St. Nich-
7<f&4
olas (1089), Ghent Museum. — Cat. du Mus.
d'Anvers (1874), 238; Kramm, iv. 1041;
Eooses (Eeber), 335 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1801), xi. 347 ; Van den Brandon, 955.
MAES (Maas), NICOLAAS, born at Dor-
drecht in 1032,
died iu Amster-
dam in Decem-
ber, 1093. Dutch
school ; genre and
portrait painter,
pupil of Eem-
brandt, in whose
manner he at first
painted warmly
coloured portraits
of a reddish tint,
but gradually came under influence of Flem-
16'J
MAES-CANINI
ish masters at Antwerp, where he was inti-
mate with Jordaens, and executed his much
prized genre pictures, treating domestic
scenes, and seldom containing more than
one or two figures. Settled in Amsterdam
iu 1G78. Painted many portraits, especially
of children. Works : Cradle, Dutch House-
hold, Idle Cook, National Gallery, London ;
Girl Peeping, Buckingham Palace ; Girl
threading Needle, Bridgewater Gallery ;
Family Group, Stafford House ; Woman
with Three Children, Mr. Munro ; Woman
Asleep by a Cradle, Mr. Baring ; Servant
on the Stair, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.;
The Listener, Lacemaker at Work, Mr. La-
bouchere, Stoke, ne:ir Windsor Castle ; Say-
ing Grace (1648), Louvre, Paris ; Portraits
of Willem Nieuwport, Dutch Ambassador
at London, and his Wife (1(572), Portraits
of Lady and Gentleman, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; The Dreamer, Old Woman Spinning
(2), Portrait of Marten Meulenaer (1G75),
three other portraits, Museum, Amsterdam ;
The Toad, Six Collection, ik; Milkmaid,
Van Loon Collection, ik; Old Woman say-
ing Grace, Felix Meritis Institution, ik ;
Portrait of Young Man (1G60), Rotterdam
Museum ; Old Woman Reading, Male Por-
trait, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of Hein-
sius (1G5G), Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ;
Male Portrait, Diana and Nymphs (1650),
Hague Museum ; A Scholar, Brunswick
Gallery ; Slaying Pigs, A Bishop Reading,
Berlin Museum ; Kitchen Interior, Males
Portrait (1G7G), Dresden Gallery ; Woman
Nursing and Three Girls, Old Woman
Asleep, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Por-
traits of Man and Wife, do. of two Children
in a Park, Schwerin Gallery ; Portrait of
Rembrandt, do. of a Burgomaster, Turin
Gallery ; Girl Praying
(erroneously under
CasPar Netscliei'). Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Duch-
ess of Mazarin, New
York Museum ; Por-
traits in Munich (2), Oldenburg, Schleiss-
heim, and Copenhagen (2) Galleries ; do.,
Rothau Gallery, Paris. — Allgem. d. Biog.,
xx. 47 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Bur-
ger, Musees, i. 53, 221 ; ii. 23, 184 ; Immer
zeel, ii. 191 ; Kramm, iv. 1032 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 384 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 281 ;
De Stuers, 72 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 267 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), vi. 303 ; (1873),
vii. 282.
MAES-CANINI, JAN BAPTIST LODE-
WYCK, bora in Ghent, Sept. 30, 1794, died
in Rome, April, 1856. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy under his
father, received numerous prizes and medals
from the Art Unions in the Netherlands, and
in 1821 went to Rome. Member of Ghent
Academy. Works : Vaccination Room(1819);
Hagar and Ishmael, Alexander and Diogenes
(1821) ; Infant Christ and St. Ann (182G) ;
Good Samaritan (1825), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Apollo and the Muses, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Roman Girl at a Shrine (1832), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Roman Woman and
Child Praying (1833), Konigsberg Museum ;
do. (1839), National Gallery, Berlin ; Street
Scene in Rome (1833), Fruit-seller with Girl
(1849), Roman Woman (1855), Kuusthalle,
Hamburg ; Mary Magdalen (1841), Villa
Rosenstein near Stuttgart, Juno, Ghent Mu-
seum.—Cotta's Kuustbl. (183G), 18 ; D.
Kunstbl. (1857), G6 ; Inimerzeel, ii. 195;
Kramm, iv. 1041.
MAFFEI, GUIDO VON, born in Munich,
July 1, 1838. Animal painter, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy under Otto Gebler. Medals :
Vienna, 1873 ; Munich, 1883. Works : Con-
tested Booty (18G9) ; Stag stirred up by
Boars (1873) ; Wounded Fox attacked by
Badger Dogs (1877) ; Buck pursued by
Dogs (1879), Dresden Gallery ; Partridges
and Badger Dog, WeU Hit ! Tid-Bit, Bad-
ger attacked by Dogs (1882), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Wounded and giving Tongue,
Reynard Fugitive (1883).— Allgem. K. Chr.,
ix. 507 ; Kunst f iir Alle, i. ; Miiller, 347 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 321 ; xviii. 497 ; Schor-
er's Familienblatt, vi. 724.
MAGAUD, DOMINIQUE ANTOINE,
born in Marseilles, Aug. 4, 1817. Genre,
170
MAGDALEN
landscape, and portrait painter, pupil of Baldinuoci describes a similar work in col-
Marseilles Academy, then in Paris of Co- lection of Cavaliere Niccolo de Gaddi, Flor-
gniet. Many of hispictures are in the pub- ence, about KSOO, which was copied by Cris-
lic galleries of Marseilles and other French tofauo Allori. In 18th century it was kept
cities. Director of Marseilles Academy since , in the so-called golden chamber of the C'as-
1869. Medals : 3d class, 1801 and 18G3. j tie of Modena, set in a silver frame orna-
Works: Environs of Marseilles (1841) ; In- merited with precious stones, enclosed in a
cideut of the Massacre of the Innocents case opened only on state occasions. Sold
(1842) ; Christian Captives (1844) ; Descent ' to Augustus III., Elector of Saxony, in 1745
from the Cross (1845) ; Women at the Spring
(184G) ; Mater Dolorosa (1852) ; Scene from
-46, when it was valued at 27,000 scudi.
Stolen in 1788 from Dresden Gallery by one
Dante's Purgatory; Plague in Marseilles Wogaz, but recovered from his house. Many
(I860) ; St. Bernard preaching the Crusade copies ; one, bought from Vallati, Rome,
(1864) ; Condo on Battlefield of Ito-
croy ; Paul in Athens; Modesty
(1874); Diogenes (1882).— Bellier,
ii. 7 ; Mailer, 347.
MAGDALEN, Pompeo Jlaltoni,
Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x
6 ft. 1 in. Reclining in the obscurity
of a cave, the mouth of which is seen
at right ; she leans upon her elbows,
her hands clasped, and reads from a
book which rests upon a skull at her
left side ; drapery blue, leaving bare
her feet, arms, and right shoulder.
A favourite picture, often copied. En-
graved by J. S. Bach ; Gius. Came-
rata; C. Krueger. — Hiibner, Dresden
Gal., i. 3.
By Annibale Garrai'ci, Louvre ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 10 iii.X 3 ft. 4 in. Standing at entrance
to a grotto, looking toward a cross at right ;
below the cross, an open book on a rock.
Collection of Louis XVIII. ; acquired in 1821
from M. Scitivaux. — Yillot, Cat. Louvre.
By CTawrfeLorrain, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 8 in. Kneeling in a
beautiful valley, in a mountainous and bro-
ken country ; dawn effect. — Madrazo.
By Correggio, Dresden Gallery ; copper,
H. 1 ft. x 1 ft. 3 in. Reclining at the mouth
of a cave under dark foliage ; she supports
her head on one hand, and with the other
holds the book from which she is reading on
the ground. Clad in a blue garment, leav-
ing feet and shoulders bare. Early history
unknown ; painted probably about 1530-33.
Magdalen, Correggio, Dresden Gallery.
which passed as the original in Lord Ward's
Gallery, London; another by C. Allori in the
Uffizi. Engraved by Daullc ; Basan ; Con-
tius ; Niquet ; Longhi (1809) ; Bottcher ;
Bartolozzi; Stadler. — Meyer, Correggio, 330,
487 ; Gal. roy. de Dresde, i. PI. 4 ; Landon,
CEuvres, viii. PI. 17 ; Klas. der Malerei, i,
PI. 48 ; Hiibner, Dresden Gal. i. 8.
By Carlo Jtolci, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas,
life-size. Bust of a beautiful woman, with
her hair falling over her shoulders, clad in
silk embroidered with silver and gold, and
wearing pearls and diamonds ; in her hand
an ointment vase. — Wicar, iii. Part 29 ; Lasi-
nio, i. PI. 59 ; Soo. Ed. and Paris, Gal. di
Firenze, 148 ; Baldinucci, xviii. 111.
By Domenichino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 0 in. Half-
171
MAGDALEN
length, with hands clasped and eyes up-
raised, leaning on a stone balustrade. Her
blonde tresses fall in curling masses upon
her shoulders. Colour fresh, drawing and
effect of light good. Bought in 1819 by
Grand Duke Ferdinand III. of Count Cesar
Bianchetti of Bologna. Engraved by P. Sup-
pi,ii._Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 124.
By Anton van 7>//c/>', Vienna Museum.
Half-length, with cyos raised to heaven.
Engraved by A. de Jode ; A. L. Kriiger ;
Blooteling ; Van der Does ; L. Vorsterman ;
Marinus. — Smith, iii. 32 ; Guiffrey, 251.
Bv Giii'i'i'ino, Naples Museum ; canvas.
Half-length, loaning on left arm, contemplat-
ing the crown of thorns which she holds.
Head resembles that of the Sibyl at the
Capitol, though more tender and less sad.
Engraved by Lasinio tils. — Museo Borbo-
nico, vii. PI.' 17 ; Lavicc, 200 .
By Gttcrcino, Vatican, Rome. The Mag-
dalen kneeling ; above, two angels showing
the nails and crown of thorns. Painted for
Church of the Convertite, in the Corso.
Restored by Camuccini. — Pistolesi, Vatica-
110, vi. PL (Hi ; Lavice, 312.
By Gnidn Eeni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
7 iu. x 3 ft. 1 in. The Magdalen in a grotto,
with hands clasped and eyes turned towards
a crucifix. From collection of Louis XIV.,
who bought it in 1G70. Engraved by
Schmutzcr. — MUSL-C francais, i. Pt. 1 ; Lan-
don, Must'e, xv. PI. 71.
By Gtiido Reni, Louvre ; copper, H. 2 ft.
2 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Bust ; she raises her eyes
to heaven and clasps her hands on her
breast, over which her long hair falls. Col-
lection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Stoel-
zel in MusL'O franyais. — Landon, Musee, 2d
Col., iii. PI. 18.
By Guiilo Reni, National Gallery, London;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. Half-length,
size of life. From Orleans Gallery ; sold to
Mr. Hope for £400 ; purchased in 1840 from
Sir Simon Clarke for £430 lO.s. Engraved
by J. Bouillard in Galerie du Palais Royal,
and by W. Sharp. — Waagen, Treasures, ii.
337 ; llichter, ltd. Art in Nat. Gal, 105.
By Gutiln Reni, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 11 in. Half-length,
draped, leaning upon the left arm, the right
on the heart ; in contemplation before a
crucifix. Engraved by Ig. Krepp. — Gal. de
Vienne, ii. PL G7.
By Jean Jacques Ifenner, Toulouse Mu-
seum ; canvas. Full-length, draped below
the hips, seated on ground in a cave, with
knees drawn under. Replica, Miss Hitch-
cock, New York. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America.
By Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris ; can-
Magdalen, Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Pans.
vas, H. 8 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft, 7 in. Full-face,
seated before a table on which is a mirror,
rending her clothes and lifting her eyes filled
with tears towards heaven. At her feet, a
casket of jewels overturned ; in background,
an open window. Ordered by M. de Camus
for the Church of the Convent of the Car-
melites, where it remained until the Revolu-
tion. Said erroneously to be a portrait of
Mme. de La Valliere. Engraved by G. Ede-
liuck ; Carmona. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Murillo, Adolph Carstansen, Cologne;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. In red
172
MAGDALEN
and blue robes, kneeling, with hands joined
in prayer, in a cavern, looking up to three
augels, one of whom plays a violin, another
a flute, while the third sings from a sheet
of music ; on ground, a cross, book, vase,
and skull. Bought in 1871 from Mr. Nieuw-
enhuys; Walsh-Porter sale (1810), £420.—
Curtis, 259.
By Hurillo, Academia S. Fernando, Ma-
drid ; canvas, figure full-length, life-size. In
white chemise and brown robe, with red
drapery over limbs, seated front, with hands
clasped, looking to her right ; in her lap, an
open book. Engraved by S. Brieva. — Cur-
tis, 260.
By school of Sfurillo, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. Partly draped in
gray robe and red mantle, seated nearly
front, on a rock in a cavern, looking up, her
cheek resting on her right hand, her loft
holding an open book against her body ;
beneath her elbow is a skull, and on the
rock beside it a cross. From Palace of II-
defonso (?). Lithographed by H. Blanco. —
Curtis, 259 ; Madrazo, 489.
By Rubens, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H.
C ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. Seated at left, in a
white satin robe and blue vest, with clasped
hands and streaming eyes turned upwards,
trampling her casket of jewels under her
feet ; the tranquillity of a religious life rep-
resented by a female figure in black seated
in background. Engraved by Vorsterman.
—Smith, ii. 90.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Kocco, Venice ;
canvas. The Magdalen in a beautiful land-
scape, with a laurel tree near a brook in
foreground. Companion picture to St.
Mary of Egypt, the two being painted to
fill narrow spaces between windows. — Rus-
kin, Stones of Venice, iii. 330.
By Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. ; signed.
Figure, seen to the hip, scantily clad in a
white garment striped with red and black ;
well-developed bosom and throat covered
by long, wavy hair ; skull and open book
to right, little vase to left. Painted about
15G1 ; passed in 1581 from Pomponio Ve-
celli to the Barberigo family, and thence to
the Hermitage. Replicas, with variations,
in Naples Museum and Palazzo Durazzo,
Genoa ; another lately in Ashburtou Collec-
tion, London. Numerous late copies. — C.
& C., Titian, ii. 313 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii.
454 ; Cat, Hermitage.
By Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. ; signed. A young
woman, nude, half-length, her shoulders
partly covered with golden tresses which
she presses to her breast ; her upturned
face and eyes and falling tears imply a pen-
itence which her form belies. Probably
painted about 1531 for Francesco Maria,
Duke of Urbino. Original, painted for
Marquis of Mantua to be presented to
D'Avalos del Vasto, has disappeared. Many
copies by Titian's disciples and others : two
in Palazzo Doria, Rome ; two at Hampton
Court ; fine one, with variations, in Naples
Museum. — Vasari, cd. Mil, vii. 454 ; C. it
C., Titian, i. 348 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI.
108.
By Alessaudro Tun:hi, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, 4 ft. 8 in. sq. The Magdalen in
prayer before a rock, on which are two
books, a crucifix, and a skull. — Cat. Musco
del Prado.
By Paolo ]'errine^/', Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft, x 3 ft. 4 in. The Magdalen in
the desert, kneeling with arms crossed and
eyes turned towards heaven, from which rays
of light proceed ; at left, on a rock, a cruci-
fix and an open book, and at her feet a skull.
Formerly in Palazzo do S. Ildefouso. Re-
plica in Capitol Gallery, Rome (?). — Cat.
Museo del Prado ; Righetti, Campidoglio,
ii. PI. 319.
By Timoteo Viti, Bologna Gallery ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. C in. The Magdalen,
with hands clasped, standing before a grot-
to ; she wears a short red mantle, beneath
which her long hair is seen reaching to her
bare feet. Ordered by Lodovico Amaduzzi
about 1508 for the Chapel of S. Cipriano, S.
Martiuo, Urbino. Engraved by F. Rosas-
173
MAGES
pina ; L. Martelli. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 497 ;
Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 42 ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 484.
Subject treated also by Cristofano Allori,
Uffki, Florence ; Andrea del Sarto, Palaz-
zo Torrigiani, Florence ; Fra Bartolonimeo,
Siena Museum ; Angelo Bronzino, Palazzo
Mozzi, Florence ; Sebastiano Brunetti, Bo-
logna Museum ; Silvestro Buono, Naples
Museum ; Guido Cagnacci, Museums of
Dresden, Berlin, Munich, and Madrid ; II
Calabrese, Munich Museum ; Lnca Cambi-
aso, Palazzo Doria, Genoa ; Andrea Carlone,
Uffizi, Florence ; Annibale Carracci, Palazzo
Doria, Home, and Louvre ; Andrea del Cas-
taguo, Florence Academy ; Giucomo Cave-
doue, Modena Gallery ; Carlo Cignani, Mu-
nich Museum ; Ludovico Cigoli, Uffizi, and
Madrid Museum ; Francesco Curradi, Uffizi ;
Carlo Dolci, Munich Gallery ; Luca Ferrari,
Modena Museum ; Marco Antonio Frances-
chini, Vienna and Dresden Galleries ; Fran-
cesco Furini, Vienna Museum ; Benedetto
Geuuari, Naples Museum ; Orazio Genti-
leschi, Vienna Museum ; Francesco Gessi,
Dresden Gallery ; Luca Giordano, Dresden
and Toulouse Galleries ; Francesco Granac-
ei, Munich Gallery ; Guercino, Bologna and
Madrid Museums ; Guido Reni, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Lanfranco, Uffizi, and Modena Gal-
lery ; Pietro Kotari, Dresden Gallery ; An-
drea Sacchi, Florence Academy ; Bartoloni-
meo Schidone ; Tintoretto, Madrid Museum ;
Titian, Naples Museum and Palazzo Doria,
Home ; Luis de Carbajal, Madrid Museum ;
Spaguoletto, ib. ; /urbaran, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Hans Mending, Louvre ; Marcel Ver-
dier (1842); Ary Scheffer ; Natale Schiavoni,
Berlin (1852) and Vienna Museums ; Jules
Joseph Lefebvrc (1876).
MAGES, JOSEF, bom at Imst, Tyrol, in
1728, died at Strassburg in 1709. German
school ; history painter, pupil of Kapeller ;
went to Innsbruck, and after several years in
Vienna, where he studied the master-works
in the gallery, lived successively at Strass-
burg, Stuttgart, and Augsburg, where he
finally settled ; was a proficient in fresco
painting. Works : Mary of Egypt, Christ
on the Cross with Maiy and St. John, St.
Salvator's, Augsburg ; Life of St. Augustine,
Legend of the Holy Sacrament (4), Miracles
of the Host on the Elements (4), Frescos in
the Cupola, Church of the Holy Cross, ib. —
Allgem. d. Biog., xx. 59 ; Nagler, viii. 180 ;
Wurzbaeh, xvi. 263.
MAGI, ADOBATION OF, Giovanni Bel-
Uni, National Gallery, London. The Virgin
and Child, with Joseph seated near them ;
at a little distance, the three Kings respect-
fully offer gifts. A predella of pure concep-
tion, delicately executed. Bought at Leigh
Court sale (1884), 365 guineas. — Waageu,
Treasures, iii. 185.
By Saudro Botticelli, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, figures half natural size. The Virgin
and Child, with St. Joseph behind, the Ma-
gi, attendants, and spectators ; the one kneel-
ing is Cosmo de' Medici, the two others
Giuliano and Giovanni de' Medici. All fig-
ures in costume of 15th century. Painted
about 1480 for S. M. Novella, Florence ;
removed in 17th century to the Villa Reale
del Poggio Imperiale, whence came to Uffizi
in 1796. One of the best pictures of the
period. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 315 ; C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 419.
By Albrecht Dftrer, Uffizi, Florence ; can-
vas. The Virgin, fair-haired, draped in blue,
with a white veil, sitting at left, with Jesus
on her knees ; the three Magi, in magnifi-
cent dresses glittering with gold, approach
with gifts ; background, a sunny landscape.
Painted in 1504 for Elector Frederick of
Saxony ; presented in 1603 by Christian II.
to the Emperor Rudolph H. ; sent in last
century to Florence, in exchange for Fra
Bartolornmeo's Presentation in the Temple.
— Thausiug, i. 298.
By Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H.
11 ft. x6 ft. 6 in.; signed, dated 1537. A
rich composition, with a landscape and archi-
tectural background ; and in foreground the
three Kings with their retinue, some on foot
and some on horses and camels, offering
adoration and presents to the Child. Paint-
174
MAGI
for S. Giorgio, near Ferrara. One of Garo-
falo's best works, and still very brilliant. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 4G5 ; Cat. Ferrara Gal.
By Gentile da Fabriauo, Florence Acad-
emy ; wood, H. 5 ft. 9 in. X 7 ft. -4 in. ; signed,
dated 1423. The Virgin, with Jesus in her j
lap, seated at left, attended by St. Joseph ;
and two women ; at right, the three Kings,
the foremost one kneeling to kiss the Child's
foot, followed by a large retinue of follow-
6 ; Albertini, Memoriale, 14 ; C. &C., Italy,
iii. 100 ; Gal. Accad. di Fireiize, PI. 22.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo, S. M. degli Li-
noceuti, Florence ; painted in tempera, dat-
ed 1488. The Virgin and Child receiving
the three Kings, with children kneeling at
sides ; in distance, fine architecture and a
landscape ; a cavalcade advances through an
arch, and far away the angel announces to
the shepherds ; in fields to right, massacre
Adoration of Magi, Gentile da Fabriano, Florence Academy.
ers, grooms, and huntsmen, with horses,
camels, dogs, monkeys, and parrots. The
Saviour, the Virgin, and the annunciating
angel appear in the medallions of the ga-
bles ; the predella comprises the Nativity,
the Flight into Egypt, and the Presentation
in the Temple, the last of which was earned
to Paris in 1812 and is now in the Louvre.
The face of the turbaned man behind the
last of the Kings is engraved by Vasari as
Gentile's portrait. Painted for the sacristy
of S. Trinita, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
of the innocents ; above, four angels, one
with a scroll. The fourth figure from side
of picture, to the left of the Virgin, is a
portrait of Ghirlandajo. The finest panel
by the master. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 258;
Kicha, viii. 128 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 488.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; wood, round ; figures less than natu-
ral size; dated 1487. The Virgin, seated, with
Jesus on her lap ; the three Kings kneeling,
one leaning over to kiss the foot of the Child ;
at sides, several attendants. Painted prob-
175
MAGI
ably for Church of Orbatrllo. A beautiful ' England ; canvas, H. about G ft. x 5 ft. The
composition and rich in colour, but injured Virgin, nearly full-length, standing on right,
by retouching. Repetition, with variation,
iii Palazzo Pitti.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 488;
Humour, Forschuugeu, ii. 285 ; llosini, iii.
111.
BvFilippino /,/^//i', Uffizi, Florence; wood,
figures less than natural size ; signed, dated
14%. The Virgin and Child, with St. Jo-
seph behind, and two of the Magi kneeling
' I
. • ' -•
Adoration of Magi, Raphael (?), Berlin Museum.
in front, while the
crown be removed ;
third pauses to let his
Moorish and Indian at-
tendants, with horses and spectators ; up-
wards of thirty figures in all. According to
Vasari, the astrologer with a quadrant is
Pier Francesco do' Medici, and other figures
represent others of the family. Painted
for S. Donato al Scopeto, Florence. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 73 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 444.
By Murillo, Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire,
holding the Child on a box supported on
trestles ; behind her, St. Joseph ; in centre
foreground, one of the Kings kneeling, his
yellow mantle held by two pages ; beyond,
another in white robes, holding vases ; on
his right, a third in white turban and two
children. Early work. — Curtis, 167.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H.
5 ft, 4 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. The Virgin,
seated at left in front of the ruins
of a temple, holds Jesus on her
knees ; behind her, St. Joseph ;
the three Kings, followed by ser-
vants and soldiers, prostrate them-
selves before the Saviour and offer
gifts ; in background, at right,
their horses. Painted at Rome
in 1053 for M. de Mauroy ; passed
at his death to M. de Boisfranc,
and then to the Chartreux of Paris,
from which acquired by Louvre.
Engraved by Ant. Morghen in
Musec franyais, and by Avice. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By l!ti]/hael (?), Berlin Museum ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 10 in.
The Infant is lying 011 a carpet
spread on the ground, adored by
Mary and two angels kneeling ; at
left, St. Joseph, standing, leaning
upon a staff; at right, the Magi,
one of whom, kneeling, presents a
golden vase ; in background, left,
the stable, with an ox and an ass
looking out ; at right, a caravan de-
scending a mountain ; above, three
angels, draped, holding a banderol inscribed
Ecce Agnus Dei. Border decorated with
arabesques and figures of saints in grisaille.
Painted about 1503 by Raphael, according
to local tradition, for Ancajano Ancajani,
Abbot of the Convent of Ferentillo, near
Spoleto, 1478-1503. Remained in Church
of S. Pietro there until 1700, when it was
restored and removed to the Chapel of the
Palazzo Aucajani, Spoleto, a copy by Se-
17fi
MAGI
bastiano Conca being; put in its old place.
In 1825 the Ancajani family took it to
Borne, where it was sold in 1833 for 6,000
scudi to the Berlin Museum. Called some-
times Ancajani Madonna. Another copy
by Jacopo da Nourcia. Engraved by Ed.
Eichens, 183G. Ascribed by C. & C. to Lo
Spagna. — Pungileoui, Elogio storico, 18 ;
Passavant, ii. 319 ; C. & C., Italy, 305 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. -411 ; "Waageii, Blatter
fur bild. Kunst (1834), No. 18.
By Rembrandt, Buckingham Palace ; wood,
H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 2^ in.; signed, dated
1G57. The Virgin, with Jesus on her knees,
seated at right in a stable, receiving offer-
ings of the Magi, who are kneeling ; at left,
several kings and sages ; in background, a
company with camels, advancing. In Am-
sterdam and Rotterdam Collections in 1715-
99 ; sale of Grandprc Collection (1815),
withdrawn at 70,000 francs. Engraved by J.
Burnet.— Vosmaer, 303, -490 ; Smith, vii. 25.
By Rubens, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
1-t ft. G in. x- 11 ft. ; eighteen figures. The
Virgin, at left, with Joseph standing behind
her, holding Jesus on a pillow ; before him
one of the Magi and a youth are kneeling ;
behind these another king, whose bonnet a
servant is removing, has a vase in one hand
and its cover in the other ; near them a
man on horseback and persons looking on.
Painted for S. Michael, Antwerp, in thirteen
days. Engraved by Lommeliii ; Eynhou-
edts. — Smith, ii. 9.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas, H.
10 ft, 5 in. x 9 ft. ; twenty figures. The
Virgin, standing near centre, with St. Jo-
seph beside her, holds Jesus erect on a crib ;
one of the Magi, bowing, embraces his foot ;
a second stands on farther side, and on his
right an Ethiopian king ; behind these are
pages with vases of coin, and a negro and a
boy bearing candelabra ; at left, an armed
soldier prevents with his shield the entrance
of several persons. Probably the picture
painted for the Capuchins at Tournay. En-
graved by L. Vorstermau ; in reverse by N.
Lauwers. — Smith, ii. 54.
By Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. x 9 ft. The Virgin, seated
in a cave used as a stable, with Jesus in her
lap, before whom one of the Kings is kneel-
ing ; behind him, three others, with their
train ; behind them, soldiers descending a
ladder ; at left, two men on horseback. —
Smith, ix. 253.
By Jlubcnx, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 9
ft. 2 in. x 7 ft. 2 in. The Virgin, standing,
holding Jesus upon a cushion placed on a
straw which covers a kind of pedestal ; ho
'• ' ' • * ^ Tr,
. , >, ^ * £k
Adoration of Magi, Rubens, Brussels Museum.
puts his hand into a shell full of gold pieces
which one of the Kings presents, kneeling ;
at right, anothei1, also kneeling, with a gold-
en vase ; the third, a turbaned negro, bears
an open casket ; at left, behind the Virgin,
St. Joseph, standing ; in background, cattle
eating ; at right, a group of four soldiers.
Painted about 1G12 for Church of the An-
nonciades, Brussels. Engraved by Bols-
waert ; Panneels ; and by an anonymous
engraver. Eeplica (8 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 10 in.),
Blenheim sale (1886), .£1,500.— Waagen,
Art Treasures, iii. 125 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
177
MAGI
By linkena, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
11 ft. 4 in. x 10 ft. The Virgin presents
Jesus to the three Kings, who are followed
by a splendid train. — Smith, ii. 135 ; Ma-
drazo.
By liubens, St. Jean, Mechlin ; canvas, H.
12 ft. x 10 ft. The Virgin, standing at right,
with St. Joseph behind her, holds Jesus on
a pillow for adoration ; the Magi, with
pages, a man in armour and a negro, and
several persons beyond, two bearing torches.
The best of llubeus' works on the subject.
Painted in 1624, with seven other pictures,
comprising the covers and predella of the
altarpiece, in eighteen days, for 1,800 dor-
ms. Engraved by Vorsterman ; Nolpe.
Sketch in collection of Marquis of Bute,
Luton House. — Smith, ii. 4:5.
By II HixJuma, Cappella Piccolomini, S.
Agostino, Siena ; wood, arched, figures life-
size. Painted in 1536 for the altar of the
Arduini ; in possession of Piccolomini fam-
ily since 1G12. Engraved by Lasiuio, Jr.,
in Pitturo di Siena. — Meyer, Kiiust. Lex.,
iii. 225 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 395.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Kocco, Venice;
canvas. .Uuskin calls it the " most finished
picture in the Scuola, except the Cruci-
fixion, and perhaps the most delightful of
the whole." — lluskin, Stones of Venice, iii.
327.
Uy Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 8 in. x7 ft. 2 in. The Virgin ami
Child, seated under a thatched pent-house
to the left, with St. Joseph behind, and one
King kneeling in front ; to right, the oth-
ers, with a suite of riders, led horses, and
camels. Painted in 15GO for Philip II.
IJeplica in the Escorial, probably by a
Spaniard ; others iu Butler-Johnstone Col-
lection, London, and in Ambrosiaiia, Milan.
— C. & C., Titian, ii. 308 ; Vasari, ed. Mil,
vii. 452.
By Velasqwz, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. G ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.; dated 1619. The
Virgin, in red robe, blue mantle, and white
scarf, sitting on a platform on right, hold-
ing Jesus on her lap ; before them, on left,
two Kings, kneeling, and one, an Ethiopian,
standing, all with golden vases ; on right,
St. Joseph ; on left, a servant. — Curtis, 5 ;
Madrazo, 592.
By Paolo Veronese, Brera, Milan ; canvas,
arched, H. 14 ft. 9 iu. x 11 ft. 5 in. The Vir-
gin, seated, with Jesus on her knees, receiving
the adoration of the Magi, who are attended
by soldiers in armour and attendants, with
horses and camels, bearing gifts ; in front,
a dwarf holding a dog by a leash. Formed
the middle part of a triptych once in Church
of the Ognissauti, Venice. The wings, also
iu Brera, have SS. Gregory and Jerome on
one side, and SS. Ambrose and Augustine
on the other, with angels playing musical
instruments above each. — Eastlake, Brera,
7G.
By Paolo Veronese, Devonshire House,
London ; canvas, figures life-size. One of
the master's best pictures. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 90.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 1C ft. The Virgin, seat-
ed, with Jesus in her lap, receiving the
homage of the Magi, who, attended by a
retinue of servants and horses and camels,
offer gifts. From the Modeua Collection.
Restored in 1837 by Schirmer. Engraved
by Kilian. — Gal. royale de Dresde, i. PI. 14 ;
Eidolfi, Marav., ii. 57 ; Hiibner, Dresden
Gal., i. 1C.
By Paolo Veronese, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 11 ft. x 7 in. 10 ft. 7 in.;
dated 1573. The Virgin, with Jesus in her
arms, seated in a ruined building, part of
which has served as a stable, receiving the
adoration of the "Wise Men, behind whom
is their retinue bearing presents ; a ray of
light, with winged cherubs hovering along
it, falls on the Child. Formerly in S. Sil-
vestro, Venice ; acquired of A. Toffoli, Ven-
ice, in 1855, for £1,977.— Nat. GaL Cat;
Eichter, Ital. Art in Nat. Gal., 106.
By Paolo Veronese, Vienna Museum ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 5 in. The Virgin,
with Jesus in her arms, seated in front of
the columns of a portico ; behind her, St.
178
MAGNIFICAT
Joseph ; in front, the three Kings (one a
negro in a turban) with attendants ; in fore-
ground, at left, a horse and a dog ; in back-
ground, a camel's head and a horse's head.
The man in armour is Veronese himself. —
Gal. de Vienne, i. PI. 43.
By Leonardo da Vinci, TJffizi, Florence ;
wood, 7 ft. 9 in. sq. The Madonna, seated
in foreground, with Jesus in her arms, and
the Magi and their attendants grouped
around ; more than 30 figures. Painted
(1480-83) in brown ; unfinished. Probably
the picture for which Leonardo received a
commission in 1481 from the monks of S.
Donato al Scopeto, near Florence. Engraved
in outline in Rosini's " Storia della pittura
italiana." — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 27 ; Richter, !
Leonardo, 9 ; Clement, 341 ; Gaz. des Beaux I
Arts (18G7), xxiii. 531 ; Burckhardt, 027 ; '
Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine.
Subject treated also \>y Cristofano Allori,
TJffizi, Florence ; Guido Aspertini, Bologna
Gallery ; Jacopo Bassano, Vienna Museum ;
Leandro Bassano, Louvre, Paris, and Ma-
drid Museum ; Bouifazio, Venice Academy ;
Saudro Botticelli, TJffizi ; Brusasorchi, S.
Stefano, Verona ; Luca Cambiaso, Parma and
Turin Museums ; Benedetto Castiglione, SS.
Annunziata, Genoa ; Giuseppe Chiari, Dres-
den Gallery ; Belisario Corenzio, Naples
Museum ; Lorenzo di Credi, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Giovanni Antonio Fassolo, Dresden
Museum ; Gaudenzio Ferrari, Milan Gal-
lery ; Francesco Fraucia, Dresden Gallery ;
Garofalo, Berlin Museum ; Gentile da Fa-
briano, Triuita, Florence ; Domenico Gliir-
landajo, Pitti and TJffizi ; Fra Augelico, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Filippo Lippi, TJf-
fizi ; Bernardino Luini, Cathedral of Como ;
Mautegna, TJffizi ; Matteo di San Giovanni,
S. Domenico, Siena ; Girolamo Mazzola,
Louvre ; Lorenzo Monaco, TJffizi ; Battista
Naldini, Dresden Museum ; Marco Palmez-
zano, ib.; Camillo Procaccini, Modena Mu-
seum ; Luca Signorelli, Louvre ; Sodoma,
S. Agostino, Siena ; Titian, Vienna Muse-
um ; Paolo Veronese, Madrid, Vienna, and
Dresden Museums ; Leonardo da Vinci,
TJfh'zi ; Antonio Vivarini, Berlin Museum ;
Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; Jerome Bosch,
ib. ; Lucas Crauach, elder, Vienna Museum ;
Albrecht Diirer, Uflizi ; Jan van Eyck, Brus-
sels Museum ; Hans Holbein, Munich Mu-
seum ; Gerard Seghers, Notre Dame, Bru-
ges ; Martin de Vos, Dijon Museum ; Ru-
bens, St. John, Mechlin, Brussels Museum ;
Jean Jouveuet, Church of La Fosse ; Nico-
las Poussin, Dulwich Gallery ; Richard Tas-
sel, Dijon Museum ; Heiurich Lehmaim
(1855), llheims Museum.
MAGNIFICAT, Jean Jo,, vend, Notre
Dame, Paris. The Visitation. Jouvenet's
last work, and one of his best. Painted in
1715, after ho had lost the use of his right
hand from paralysis.
MAGNIFICAT OF ART. See Triumph
of Religion in Arts.
MAGNUS, EDUARD, born in Berlin,
Jan. 7, 1799, died
there, Aug. 8, 1872.
Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Ber-
lin Academy ; visited
Franco and Italy in
182C-29, Italy again
and England in 1831-
35, France and Spain
in 1850-53 ; became
member of Berlin
Academy in 1837, and professor in 1844 ;
excelled in female portraits. Medal, 2d class,
Paris, 1855 ; Order of Red Eagle ; Order of
St. Michael. Works : Drama with the Golden
Chain, Return of the Pirate, Pirate's Farewell,
Two Girls in Sunshine, Children playing with
Flowers, Country Girl, Fisher-Boy of Nice,
Return of Greek Fisherman, Female Head,
Portrait of Jenny Liud (last three in Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin) ; Portraits of mem-
bers of Royal Family of Prussia, Field Mar-
shal Wrangel, Prince Radziwill, Countesses
Arnim and Rossi, Mendelssohn, Thorwald-
sen, Curschmann, Adolf Menzel, Henriette
Son tag, of himself, and of his mother, etc.;
Countess Wanda Raczynski (1837), Rac-
zynski Gallery, Berlin. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
179
MAGRATII
xx. 75 ; Art Journal (1872), 255 ; Im ncuen
Reich (1872), ii. 522 ; (1873), 271 ; Jordan
(1885), ii. 141 ; Kunst-Chrouik, viii. 521,
537 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malerscli., 142.
MAGRATH, WILLIAM, born in Ireland
in 1835. Landscape and figure painter.
Studied and practised art in America.
Elected an A.X.A. in 1874, and N.A. in
1870. Painted in London in 1883. Studio
in Washington. Works in oil : Road to
Kemnair (1870) ; Reveille (1871) ; Empty
Flagon (1873) ; Rustic Courtship, Content-
ment (187(!) ; Girl Spinning, Paddy's Pets
(1877) ; Adirondack Slopes (1878) ; Court- j
yard with Donkey, F. Harper, New York ; \
First Proposal, Gardener, T. B. Clarke, ib. ;
On the Old Sod (1870) ; Interesting Item
(1883) ; Sop for Neddy (1884). Waiter-col-
ours : Wilds of Connemara ; Irish Interior
— Girl Spinning Yarn ; Dairy Maid ; Fish-
erman's Daughter ; Grandfather's Pets
(Charles Stewart Smith, New York), Mus-
sel-Gatherers (Robert Gordon, ib.), Nora,
Irish Thatched Cottage, On the Hillside
(1870) ; Rue d'Epicurie and the Cathedral
at Rouen, La Grosse Horloge — Rouen
(1884); Recreation (1885) ; "Ah! Rory, be
aisey, don't ta/e mo no more ! " (1886).
MAHLKXFCHT, JOSKF ANTON, born
at St. ririch, Groden, Tyrol, about 1834,
died in Munich, April 0, 1809. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Munich Academy
under Philipp Foltz and Joliann Sclirau-
dolph, (hen in Vienna of Fiihrich ; spent
eight months in Venice in 1858, and then
some time in Rome ; went to Munich again
about 18(52. Works : Christ blessing Little
Children (1858) ; Philemon and Baucis ; St.
Notburga feeding the Poor (18(53) ; Philip-
pine Welser with her Children before Em-
peror Ferdinand at Prague, Portrait of
Professor Pichler (1854), do. of the Sculptor
Dominik Mahlknecht, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
bruck.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 9G ; Wurz-
bach, xvi. 283.
MAHU, CORNELIS, born at Antwerp in
1013, died there, Nov. 15, 1G80. Flemish
school ; still-life painter, master of the Ant-
werp guild in 1G38. Works : Bumper with
Lobster, Fruit, etc. (1048), Berlin Museum ;
similar subject, Ghent Museum. — Van den
Branden, 1112.
MAID AND MAGPIE, Sir Edwin Land-
Kcer, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. A milkmaid, milking
a cow in a shed, is so intent upon what a
young man behind her is saying that she
does not observe that a magpie is carrying
off a silver spoon placed in one of two wood-
en shoes by her side. Scene from the tale
of "The Maid and The Magpie," which Ros-
sini has made the subject of his opera of
"La Gazza Ladra," Royal Academy, 1858;
bequeathed by Jacob Bell in 1859. En-
graved by S. Cousins. — Cat. Nat. Gal.;
Stephens, 97 ; Wornum, Epochs.
MAIDS OF HONOUR. See Meninas, Las.
MAIGNAN, ALBERT, born at Beaumont
(Sarthe); contempo-
rary. History and
landscape p a i n t e r,
pupil of Noel and
Luminais. Medals :
3d class, 1874; 2d
class, 1870; 1st class,
1879 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1883. Works:
Sailing of the Nor-
man Fleet (1874) ; Insulting the Prisoners
(1875, scene from Albigensian Crusade) ;
Frederick Barbarossa at the Feet of the
Pope (1870) ; Christ the Comforter (1878) ;
Louis IX. consoling a Leper (1878), Angers
Museum ; Christ and the Afflicted (1879) ;
Death of Chlodobert (1880) ; Dante meeting
Countess Matilda (1881), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Abandoned Woman, Fra Angelico's
Dream (1882) ; Paying Homage to Clovis II.,
Admiral Carlo Zeno (1883) ; William the
Conquer- /
or (1885); ALBERT MAIGN Ah/
Assault on
Pope Boni-
face VIH. at Agnani, New York Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 10 ; Miiller, 348 ; La Hustracion
(1882), i. 347.
180
MAILLART
MATLLART, DIOGENE ULYSSE NA-
POLEON, born at Chaussee-du-Bois-de-
1'Ecu (Oise), Oct. 28, 1840. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Cornu, Laemiuleiu,
and Cogniet. Wou the grand prix de Rome
in 1864. Medals: 1870; 2d class, 1873.
Works : Thetis arming Achilles ; Homer
giving Drink to Achilles, Hero killing a
Monster (1874) ; Judgment of Paris (1879):
Prometheus Chained (1880) ; Same subject
D./AAILLART.
(1882) ; Stephen Marcel listening to the Or-
dinance (1883) ; Death of Correus (1885).
— Bellier, ii. 11.
MAILLE-SAINT-PRIX, LOUIS (AN-
TOINE), born in Paris, Nov. 17, 179C.
Landscape painter, pupil of Herseut anil
Picot. Medals : 3d class, 1841 ; 2d class,
1844. Works: View of the Pont de Breuil,
Ruins of St. Jean-de-1'Ile, Village of Soisy
(1831) ; Bridge of Olivet (1835) ; Foggy
Morning (1841) ; Valley of Corbeil (1844)";
The Rhine, Souvenirs of Mt. Dore, Souvenir
of Mayence (1848) ; Interior of a Turkish
House in Damascus, First Cataract of the
Nile, Village of Zoldoni (1852) ; Evening
(1859); A Landscape (18C3); Environs of
Thiou, Valley of Etiolles (1864).— Bellier, ii.
11 ; Larousse.
MAILLOT, THEODORE PIERRE NI-
COLAS, born in Paris, July 30, 1820. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Drolling
and Picot, and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts,
won the 2d prix de Rome in 1850, and the
grand prix in 1854. Medal, 18G7 ; L. of
Honour, 1870. Works : Zeuobia on the
Banks of the Araxes (1850) ; Abraham wash-
ing the Angels' Feet (1854) ; Christ and the
Woman of Samaria (1863); St. John (1867) ;
Fenelon in Battle of Malplaquet, 1709
(1870) ; Apotheosis and Transportation of
Relics of St. Marcel, Notre Dame, Paris ;
The Three Theological Virtues, St. Jacques-
du-Haut-Pas, ib.— Bellier, ii. 12.
MAINAEDI, SEBASTIANO, born at San
Gimignano, died (probably in Florence) in
Sept., 1513. Florentine school ; brother-in-
law and pupil of Ghirlandajo, and his assist-
ant in some of his greatest works in Flor-
ence and S. Gimignauo. Though inferior
in every way, his work has been sometimes
confounded with that of his master, as in
the Baroncelli Chapel, S. Croce. Most of
his works are at S. Gimignano. There are
a fine portrait and a Madonna by him in the
Berlin Museum, and a Holy Family, attrib-
uted to Ghirlandajo, in the Louvre. — C. &
C., Italy, ii. 493 ; Vasari, v. 74.
MAINCENT, GUSTAVE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of
Pils and Cabasson. Medal, 3d class, 1883.
Works : Views in and near Paris (1870,
1873, 1874, 1877) ; Champs-Elysi'es (1878);
Mill de la Galette (1880) ; Place Pigale
(1881) ; Slaughter - House at Mc'ricourt
(1882); Village Wedding, Pont -Marie
(1883) ; At Saiut-Ouen, Return from Fish-
ing (1884) : Notre-Dame Bridge (1885).
MAIE (Mayr), JOHAXN TLRICH, born
at Augsburg in 1630, died there in 1704.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Rem-
brandt and of Jordaens ; went to England
and Italy, and after his return to Augsburg-
won great fame as a portrait painter ; was in-
vited to the imperial and other courts, and
made court-painter to the Emperor Leopold.
Works : Apostle Philip reading (1653), Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Fortune Teller, Tobias and
the Angel, Schonborn Gallery, ib. ; Artist's
portrait (1050), Germanic Museum, Nurem-
berg ; A Philosopher, Brunswick Museum.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 141 ; Saudi-art, ii.
329.
MAISIAT, JOANNY, born at Lyons, May
5, 1824. Fruit and flower painter, pupil
of the Lyons Art School, and of Henri Leh-
mann. Medals : 1864 and 1867 ; 2d class,
1872. Works : Sweet-brier in Spring
(1803), Valenciennes Museum ; Gathered
Fruits (1864) ; Bouquet of Moss Roses
(1867) ; Border of Path on a Hill in Tou-
raine (1867), Flowers and Fruits (1868),
Luxembourg Museum ; The First Flowers ;
Fruits on the Ground (1873) ; Violets
MAKART
(1875) ; Grapes and Peaches ; Banks of the
Marne near Vignely (1876) ; Washerwomen
of Vignely, Undergrowth in the Alps (1H77);
Decorative Panel (1879) ; Bouquet of Hoses
(1881) ; Cut Roses at Foot of Rosebush
(1882) ; Pears and Peaches, Broken Branch
(1883); Rose-bushes in the Old Park, Fruit-
piece (1885).— Bellier, ii. 14 ; Du Camp,
Beaux-Arts, 84, 251, 347.
MAKART, HANS, born at Sal/.burg, May
29, 1840, died
in Vienna, Oct.
3, 1884. His-
tory painter,
pupil, in 1858,
of Vienna Acad-
emy under Ru-
ben, but, dissat-
isfied with the
1 prevailing meth-
ods, left it after
a few months,
and returned on foot to Salzburg, whence,
through the munificence of the Prince-Arch-
bishop Maximilian von Tarnoczy, he soon
proceeded to Munich, and there studied
first under his relative, the landscape painter
Schift'uiann, and in 1801-05 at the Academy
under Piloty ; visited London and Paris in
lS(j:i, Italy in 186(5, Venice and Vienna in
1868, Rome in 1869, and in the same year
settled in Vienna at the invitation of the
Emperor Francis Joseph, who caused a
sumptuous studio to be prepared for the
artist, and in 1876 conferred on him the title
of professor. The winter of 1875-76 he
spent in Egypt, then visited Antwerp, and
in 1877 Spain. Professor at Vienna Acad-
emy from 1879 ; honorary member of Vien-
na, Berlin, and Munich Academies. Gold
medals in Vienna, 1857, 1882 ; Medal of Hon-
our, Paris, and L. of Honour, 1878; Officer,
1884. In August, 1884, he became insane.
Works : Lavoisier in Prison (1861) ; After-
noon Pastime of Aristocratic Venetians
(1862) ; Falstaff in the Basket (1864) ;
Knight and Mermaids (1865), Schack Gal-
lery, Munich ; Leda (1866) ; Portraits in
Rembrandt's manner, Roman Ruins (1867) ;
Modern Amorettes (1868) ; Plague in Flor-
ence (1868), Count Palffy, Hungary ; Queen
of Elves (1869), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ;
Juliet on the Bier (1869), Vienna Museum ;
Abundantia (1870) ; Cycle of Allegories
(1870-72), Palais Dumba, Vienna ; Four Di-
visions of Day, Two Scenes from Snow-Drop
(1873) ; Caterina Cornaro (1873, of which
we give a photogravure), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Scene from Midsummer-Night's
Dream (1874) ; Cleopatra (1875), Stuttgart
Museum ; Antique Sail on the Nile, Moor-
ish Prince, Two Fellah Women carrying
Water, Two Nubian Girls (1875-76) ;"En-
try of Charles V. into Antwerp (1875-78),
Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Five Senses (1879) ;
Ophelia, Diana's Hunting Party (1880),
James A. Banker, Irvington, N. Y.; Summer
(1881) ; Spring (1882) ; Cycle to Wagner's
Trilogy of Nibelungs, Apotheosis of Art,
Cycle in Art-historical Museum — Vienna
(1883) ; Judith (1884) ; Bathers Surprised,
T. A. Havemeyer, New York ; Love-Dream,
Miss C. L. W'olfe, ib.— Academy (1880), i.
328 ; Allgem. K. C., viii. ; Art Journal
(1881), 205 ; (1884), 350 ; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1869), 101; (1875), i. 211; (1877), ii. 267 ;
(1883), i. 292 ; Jordan (1885), i. 168 ; ii. 142 ;
D. graph. K., ii. 11 ; iii. 27 ; Kunst-Chronik,
ii. 168 ; v. 22, 163, 193 ; vii. 95 ; viii. 793 ; ix.
294 ; x. 694 ; xiii. 441 ; xiv. 598 ; xv. 521 ; xvi.
465 ; xvii. 1, 309, 490 ; xviii. 11, 302, 462 ;
xix. 741 ; xx. 13, 95, 383, 525, 557 ; La Ilus-
traciou (1881), i. 283 ; ii. 178 ; (1884), i. 75,
379 ; Landsteiuer, Hans Makart u. Rob. Ham-
erling (Vienna, 1873) ; Leixner, Mod. K., ii.
6 ; Bruno Meyer, Stud. u. Krit., 326, 345 ;
Mtiller, 349 ; Neue illustr. Zeitg. (1885), i.
7 ; Pecht, ii. 340 ; Portfolio (1884), 223 ;
(1886), 36, 49; D. Rundschau, xxv. 463;
Land und Meer (1872), No. 2, 3 ; Wester-
manu's Monatshefte, xlix. 378 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K., viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 42) ; xiv. 25,
193 ; xxi. 181, 214.
MAKOVSKI, KONSTANTIN, born in
Moscow, June 30, 1839. Historical genre
and portrait painter, pupil of the Moscow
182
MAN
tically. Engraved by R. Staines. Royal
Academy, 1840. Veruon Collection. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, i. 373 ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
MAN, COHNELIS DE, born at Delft in
1G21, died there in 170G. Dutch school ;
portrait and interior painter ; went early to
Italy, and for nine years studied in Rome,
Florence, and Venice ; made his reputation
with a portrait of the Regents of the Cor-
poration of Surgeons at Delft, where he en-
tered the guild in 1G42, and was its dean in
1GG1-G3, and repeatedly afterwards, last in
1G9G. Works : Peasant Wedding, Hague
Museum ; Rustic Interior (1G87), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Interior of Gothic Church,
Darmstadt Museum. — Innnerzeel, ii. 197 ;
Kramin, iv. 1049.
MAN WITH FALCON, Rembrandt, Gros-
venor House ; wood, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3 f t. 2
in. ; signed, dated 1G43. A young man,
seen to knees, with light hair, holding a fal-
con on his wrist. His wife (wood, same size),
in a rich dress and ornaments, with a fan
in her hand. The two withdrawn at Grand-
pre sale at 40,000 francs. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 1GG.
MAN WITH A GLOVE. See Ilomme
an Gant.
MAN WITH THE HOE (L'homme ;i la
houe), Jean Francois Millet, lately in Defoer
Collection, Paris. A sturdy peasant, wearied
with toil, has stopped to rest, and stands,
his body half bent over, leaning upon the
short clumsy hoe used by labourers in
France. Painted in 18G2 ; Salon, 1863 ;
sold to M. Crabbe, Brussels ; Defoer
bought it for 175,000 francs ; at his sale,
Paris (188G), 57,100 francs. Etched by
Bracquemoud. — Sensier, 236.
MAN IN THE LEATHER BELT
(L'homme a la ceinture de cuir), Gustave
Courbet, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Portrait of
the painter in his youth. Half-length, in a
blouse with a broad leathern belt, into which
is thrust the thumb of his left hand ; his
right elbow leans upon a table, and his face
is supported on the back of his hand. Sale
of Courbet's works, Paris (1881), 26,000
francs, bought by State.
MAN WITH THE PINKS (Mann mit
| den Xelken), Jan van Eyck, Berlin Museum ;
wood, H. 1 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. Bust portrait,
three-quarters life-size, in gray doublet lined
with fur and high fur cap ; in right hand,
two red pinks, and in left, which is raised,
two white ones. From Suermondt Collec-
tion, 1874.
MAN PROPOSES -GOD DISPOSES,
Sir Edwin Landncer, Holloway Institute,
Egham, near London ; canvas. Suggested
by the finding of the relics of Sir John
Franklin. In an Arctic landscape a hut
with relics strewn around, a large white
bear with a bone in its mouth, and another
sprawled on the ice dragging part of the
Union Jack from beneath a spar. Painted
in 18G4 ; belonged to E. V. Coleman. Stoke
Park ; sold at his sale (1881) to Thomas
Holloway for £G,G15.— Stephens, 105 ; Art
Journal (London, 1882), 317.
MAN OF SORROWS, Andrea MantKr/»a,
Copenhagen Museum ; wood, tempera, H. 1
ft. Gf in. x2 ft. G.I- in.; signed. Christ en-
throned, with two angels behind holding
the corners of his winding-sheet ; to the
left, Jerusalem at sunset ; to the right, Gol-
gotha. Painted about 1489 ; formerly in
collection of Cardinal Valenti, Secretary of
State under Benedict XIV.— C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 403.
MANCINELLI, GIUSEPPE, born at
Naples in 1813, died at Palazzuolo di Cas-
trocielo, Province Siracusa, Italy, May 24,
1875. History painter, pupil of Naples
Academy, then studied in Rome. Although
of no extraordinary talent, he did much to-
wards the promotion of art at Naples under
contrary circumstances ; became professor
at Naples Academy in 1850, and later its
president. Member of several academies.
Works : St. Charles Borromeo healing the
Plague-stricken, S. Carlo all' Arena, Naples ;
Curtain for the Teatro San Carlo, ib.; Ma-
donna degli Angeli ; Christ in the Garden ;
St. Clara taking the Robe of St. Francis of
185
MAXCINI
Assisi ; Spoleto Cathedral ; Death of St.
Augustine.— L'illustr. italiaua, 1875 ; Ranzi,
Les beaux arts italiens.
MANCINI, ANTONIO, born at Narni,
Province Perugia, Italy. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Morelli and of Lista ; Studio in Paris.
Paints realistic scenes from the life of the
lower classes. Works : Last Slumber, Chil-
dren going to School (1872) ; Little Scholar
1876) ; Little Mountebank (1877) ; Feast of
St. Januarius at Naples, Sailor's Daughter
(1878).— L'Art (1878), iii. 242.
MANCINI, FRANCESCO GIOVANNI,
born at Naples, Jan. 23, 1829. Landscape
painter, pupil of Naples Academy and of
Gabriele Smargiassi ; visited Central and
North Italy, Paris, London, and Vienna.
Medal, Order of Italian Crown in 18G8.
Works : Return from Madonna Festival,
Naples Museum ; Rocky Landscape ; Street
in Torre dell' Annunziata ; Street in Pom-
peii ; Street in Pozzuoli ; Marine View of
Casamicciola in Ischia ; Road in the Abruz-
7.1, Marine View of Capri (1880) ; London
Amazon, Hyde Park, Stone-Breaker (1883).
—Meyer, C'onv. Lex., xxi. 11(5 ; Miiller, 350.
MANDER, KAREL VAN, the elder, born
at Meulenbecke,
F landers, in
1548, died in
A in s t e r d a m ,
Sept. 2, 1606.
Flemish school ;
/<>j- pupil of Lucas
.( , \ d e He ere in
' !>>/ Ghent, after-
wards of Pieter
VIerick at Cour-
trai. Went in 1573 to Rome, where he
stayed three years, and on his return paint-
ed (1577) in Basle ; accompanied Spraugcr
to Vienna, where he assisted in decorating
the triumphal arch for the returning Em-
peror Rudolph ; returned to his native
place, but was soon compelled by the Span-
ish disturbances to flee to Courtrai, whence,
in 1582, he went to Bruges, and in 1583
settled at Haarlem ; with Goltzius and Cor-
] nelis Corneliszen, founded an academy for
drawing from life ; moved to Amsterdam in
1604. The subjects of his mannered pict-
ures are partly historical and mythological,
partly landscape and genre. His " Het
Schilder Book," which forms the basis for
the history of art in the Netherlands, is his
chief title to remembrance. Works : Dec-
orated Shield (1596), Haarlem Museum ;
The Deluge, Schleissheim Gallery ; Male
Portrait, Vienna Museum. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xx. 174 ; Eugerth, Belved. gal., ii.
253 ; Inimerzeel, ii. 197 ; Kugler (Crowe),
'w>-
i. 242 ; Kramm, iv. 1051 ; Michiels, vi. 76 ;
Nagler, Mori., iv. 232 ; Sandrart, ii. 276 ;
Sehiiaase, viii. 108 ; Quellenschriften, 109.
MANDER, KAREL VAN, the younger,
born at Courtrai in 1579, died at Delft after
1GG5. Dutch school ; son and probably
pupil of Karel the elder. In 1616 Christian
IV., wishing to have the principal events of
the war against Sweden in 1613 represented
in tapestry for the Castle of Fredriksborg,
called Karel the younger to Copenhagen,
where he made the cartoons for this work,
which his son Karel the third (born at Delft
about 1610, died at Copenhagen in 1672),
who became court-painter to King Christian,
completed. The latter painted historical
and genre pictures and excellent portraits.
Works : Family Group, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg. By Karel the third : Finding of the
Danish Prince Svend's Body (after Tasso),
Tartar Embassy in Copenhagen (1655), Pe-
ter's Repentance, Sight, Hearing, Portrait of
Admiral Ove Gjedde (?), Gallery, Copen-
hagen ; Aaron as High Priest, Moltke Collec-
tion, ib. ; Portraits of Governors of Fortress
Akershus (2), Christiania Gallery ; Portrait
of Christian IV., Berlin Museum. — Allgem.
186
MAXES
d. Biogr., xx. 175; Kramm, iv. 1053; Nagler,
Hon., iv. 239 ; Quellenscliriften, 109 ; Weil-
bach, 453.
MANES, ANTON, born at Prague in
1784, died there in 1843. Landscape paint-
er, pupil at Prague Academy of Karl Postel ;
influenced at first by the works of Jacob
Ruisdael, afterwards of the more realistic
Johann Christian Dahl ; became professor
at the Academy in 183G. Works : Moun-
tainous Landscape with River (1827), Prague
Gallery ; Ideal Landscape with Ruin, View
near Eger, City of Bensen, Landscape with
Ruins of Marius (1825-27) ; Views in the
Riesengebirge (3, 1833) ; Evening Chimes
in a Village, Approaching Storm (1839) ;
Mill-brook near Semil, Moonlight, Sunrise,
Chapel between Lindens (1840) ; View at St.
Ivan under the Rock, Kopplisch Isle near
Prague, Spring Morning (1841) ; Woodland,
Castle Pill-glitz (1842). His daughter and
pupil, Amalia, was also an able landscape
painter. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 183.
MANES, GUIDO, born at Prague in 1829,
died there, Aug. 4, 1880. Battle and genre
painter, son and pupil of preceding, then
studied at the Academy under Ruben ; very in-
ventive, at an early age, in representing war-
episodes, he excelled, after 1850, in depict-
ing humorous scenes from daily life. He
painted with his left hand. Works : Bliich-
er's Fall at Ligny (1844) ; Quartering,
Outpost (1845) ; Episode in Rise of Tyrol,
1809 (1846); Capture of Andreas Hofer
(1847) ; Antiquary, Excursion of Sunday
Riders (1856) ; Curious Messenger, Dain-
ties-store (1857) ; Bag-piper, Kingong, Em-
peror of China writing a Panegyric on Tea
(1858); Landlord in Anxiety, Obtuse Scholar
(1859) ; Misfortune in the Kitchen (I860) ;
Sunday Teaching (1869) ; Girl at the Mir-
ror (1872) ; First Walk to School, Interior
in Westphalia (1873) ; Grandfather (1875) ;
Children playing (1879).— Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xx. 185 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 370.
MANES, JOSEF, boru at Prague in 1821,
died there, Dec. 10, 1871. History and
genre painter, brother of preceding ; first
instructed by his father, then pupil at the
Academy under Ruben ; went to Munich in
1845, and returned in 1848. Works : Last
Moments of Lucas van Leyden (1843) ; The
Grave-diggers ; Petrarch seeing Laura in
Santa Agata at Avignon (1844), Baron Heiss-
ler, Munich ; St. John of Nepomuk ; Mag-
dalen ; Nativity ; Albrecht Diirer on his
Journey to Italy ; House-Altar with Votive
Picture (I860).— Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 184 ;
Wurzbach, xvi. 3G9.
MANES, WENZEL, born at Prague in
179C, died there, March 27, 1858. History
and portrait painter, brother of Anton, pu-
pil of Prague Academy under Bergler ; won
several prizes and studied in 1829-l>2 in
, Italy, whence he returned a strong adherent
of the old Florentine masters. In 1835-36
he was temporarily director of the Academy.
Many of his paintings are in the churches
and private collections of Bohemia. Works :
Crowning of the Virtuous Maiden in the
6th Century, Christ healing the Blind Man
of Jericho (1833) ; Charity ; St. Joseph, The
Virgin, Joseph's Dream (1840) ; Fugitive
Neapolitans before their Patron Jauuarius
(1842) ; Christ blessing the Bread, Christ on
Mount of Olives (1847) ; Madonna with St.
John, Christ appearing to the Magdalen
(1855) ; Cimon nursed by his daughter, Al-
banian Woman (1857); Holy Family, Prague
Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 187 ; Wurz-
bach, xvi. 369.
MANET, EDOUARD, born in Paris in
1833, died there,
April 30, 1883. Genre
painter, pupil of
Couture, with whom
he studied six years.
An eccentric realist
of disputed merit ;
founder of the school
of "Impressionistes."/y.
His pictures were sev-
eral times rejected at
the Salon. Medals : 2d class, 1881 ; L. of
Honour, 1882. Works: Absinthe Drinker
(1860); Enfant a 1'Epee, Guitar Player
187
MAXETTI
(1861) ; Breakfast of Vegetables (18G3) ;
Christ and Angels, Bull-Fight (1804) ;
Christ insulted by Soldiers, Olympia
(1805) ; Lola de Valence (1800) ; Break-
fast, Balcony (1809) ; Music Lesson (1870) ;
Kearsarge and Alabama (1872) ; Rest, Good
Bock Beer (1873) ; Railway (1874) ; In the
Press, In a Boat (1879); Portrait of Antonin
Proust, At, Father Lathuille's (1880) ; Por-
trait of M. Pertuiset— the Lion-Huuter
(1881) ; Bar at the Folies Bergvros, Jeanne
(18S2).— Art Journal (1884), 109; Bazire,
Ed. Manet (Paris, 1884) ; Ckretie Peiutres,
(1874), vii. 108, 203, 402 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1804), xvi. 515 ; (1882), xxv. 547 ; (1883),
xxvii. 342; (1884), xxix. 133;Kunst-Chrouik,
xviii. 543 ; xix. 319; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
500 ; Miiller, 351 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 241.
MANETTI, RL'TILIO, born in Siena in
1571, died there in 1039. Sienese school ;
pupil of Francesco Vanni, but a follower
rather of Caravaggio. Painted much for
churches in Siena, and worked also at Em-
poli, Pisa, and Florence. He often intro-
duced vulgar details of real life into his
religious pictures. Works : St. Eloi raising
a Dead Man (1031), St. Paul, Siena Acad-
emy ; Birth of the Virgin, Siena Duomo ;
Resurrection, Hospital of Mouna Agnese,
Siena ; Eli waked by the Angel, Pisa Duomo ;
St. Margaret raising a Dead Child, Madrid
Museum ; The Lovers, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
— Lanzi, i. 317 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecolo florentine.
MANFREDI, BARTOLOMMEO DI. See
llurlolo di Fredi.
MANGLARD, ADRIEN, born at Lyons,
March 12, 1095, died in Rome, Aug. 31,
1700. French school ; marine and land-
scape painter, pupil of Adriaan van der Ka-
bel ; passed most of his life in Italy, was
received into the Paris Academy in 1730,
also a member of the Academy of St. Luke
in Rome, and was the master of Joseph Ver-
net. Works : Shipwreck, Storm near a City,
Louvre, Paris ; Seaport with Fortress, Mont-
pellier Museum ; Marine, Orleans Museum ;
Roadstead with Vessels, Seaport with Wai-
Vessels, do. with Sailors in Foreground, Sea
1 with Wreck, Museum, Vienna ; Naval Battle,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Bay of Naples,
Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Castle by the Sea at
Sunset, Czeruin Gallery, ib.; Marines (2),
Turin Gallery ; Seaport, Uffizi, Florence ;
others in Genoa Gallery and royal palace
at Stockholm. — Bellier, ii. 21.
MANNA, FALL OF, Nicolas Poussw,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 0
ft. G in. Scene : a rocky desert, with high
cliffs and trees on each side, and the tents
of Israel in a valley in background ; in mid-
1 die ground, Moses and Aaron, with people
prostrating themselves before them ; in fore-
ground, men, women, and children gather-
ing manna. Painted in Rome in 1639 for
M. de Chantelon, whence passed to Louis
1 XIV. Engraved by G. Chasteau (1680); B.
Audrau ; Bern ; H. Testelin. — Laudou, Mu-
sce, viii. PL 33 ; Ri'veil, xii. 852.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
square, on ceiling of upper room. The Is-
raelites in a soft green meadow surrounded
by blue hills with rich trees above them, to
the branches of one of which is attached
a gray drapery to catch the manna ; some
sheep also catch manna as it falls, or lick it
; from each others' fleeces ; above, God the
Father, seen through an opening in the
clouds. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 346.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven-
ice ; canvas, square, ceiling of upper room.
A brook flowing through a mountainous
country, studded with thickets and palm-
trees ; the Israelites busied in various man-
ufactures more than in gathering manna —
one group forging, another grinding manna
in a mill, another making shoes, a woman
making a dress, and some washing — the
idea being to express the continuity of the
supply. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 302 ;
Ridolfi, Harav., ii. 198.
By Paolo Veronese, SS. Apostoli, Venice ;
left wall, Cappella Maggiore. — Zanotto, 366.
MANNI, GIANNICOLA, born at Citta
della Pieve about 1470 (?), died in Perugia,
Oct. 27, 1544. Umbrian school ; pupil and
assistant of Perugiuo, in whose shop he was
188
MANNL10H
probably a companion of Raphael. Among
his youthful works are a Madonna, ascribed
to Raphael, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
(C. & C. ), and a Saviour in Glory between
the Virgin and Evangelist, Perugia Academy.
Frescos by him are in various churches in
Perugia. In the Louvre is a Madonna en-
throned with Saints, ascribed to I'lugegno,
which shows a mixture of Perugiuo, Pintu-
ricchio, and Raphael ; in the National Gal-
71 as pensioner of the French Academy ; be-
came in 1772 court-painter and director of
the newly erected Art School at Zweibriick-
en, and was called to Munich by the Elec-
tor Maximilian, in 1799, as director of all
art collections in Bavaria. Works : Artist's
wife as Magdalen, Scenes from Operas (4,
1 one dated 1772), Male portraits (2), Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Baptism of Christ ; Jupiter
and Leda ; Madonna ; Two pictures of
:W-:-ff^'' - "
•. ,• '• ,<; ',
;
- fa : r; Ppy &%
' <-- - ' , -J'^«^T~, — - • Jfl *V •;, i ^'^T "
«gg*^t-j^f^^- •: : --«t. •
Fall of Manna, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Pans.
lery, London, is an Annunciation. — C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 334 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 596.
MANNLICH, JOHANN CHRISTIAN
VON, bom in Strasburg, Oct. 4, 1740,
died in Munich, Jan. 3, 1822. History
painter, son and pupil of Konrad Mannlich
(1701-59, court-painter at Zweibrticken),
and studied in Mannheim under Zinzenich
and VerschafTelt ; went to Paris in 17G3
with his patron, Duke Christian IV. of Zwei-
briicken, and studied under Francois Bou-
cher ; having returned to Mannheim in
1764, he accompanied the duke to Paris
again in 1776, then was in Rome in 1767-
Christ. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx. 207 ; Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1822), 165.
MANNOZZI, GIOVANNI, born at San
Giovanni in 1590, died
in Florence, Dec. 9,
1636. Florentine
school ; sometimes
called Giovanni da San
Giovanni ; piipil of
Matteo Rosselli, whose
finished style was not
suited to the capri-
cious imagination and
facile execution of his
pupil. Though he often fell into absurd
MANOAH
extravagances, Mannozzi was capable of bet-
ter tilings when be saw fit to work seriously.
Works : Portrait of a Cook, Reunion of
Huntsmen, Madonna, Pitti, Florence ; Ve-
nus and Cupid, Marriage of St. Catherine,
Jesus served by Angels, Madonna, Uflizi,
Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine.
MANOAH, SACRIFICE OF, Rr.mbrandt,
Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 10
ft. ; signed, dated 1041. Mfinoah and his
wife kneeling before an altar, on which their
sacrifice is burning ; above the smoke, the
angel ascending (Judges, xiii. 20). — Smith,
vii. 14 ; Yosmaer, 458.
MANS, FREDERICKS H., died after
1087. Dutch school ; landscape and figure
painter, about whose life nothing is known ;
probably worked at Utrecht. His pictures
are frequently to be found in private collec-
tions in Holland. Works : Yie\v on the
Downs (1073), Rotterdam Museum ; Win-
ter Landscape (1008), Oldenburg Gallery ;
Three do. (1077), Dresden Museum ; Dutch
Landscape, Leipsic Museum ; Skating on
Village Pond (1087), Vienna Museum.
MAXSKIRSCH, BERNARD GOTT-
FRIED, born at Bonn in 1730, died in Co-
logne, March 19, 1817. Landscape painter,
pupil of his father, a painter of some re-
pute ; accompanied his patron, the Elector
Clemens Wenceslaus of Treves, on a jour-
ney in 177(1, was in Coblentz in 1786, and
settled in Cologne about 1790. His pict-
ures sold for considerable sums in England,
Holland, and Switzerland. Works : Two
Landscapes in Cologne Museum. — Merlo,
Nachrichten, 209.
MANSKIRSCH, FRANZ JOSEF, born
about 1770 or 1778, died in Dantzic in
1827. Landscape painter, son and pupil of
Bernard, whom he surpassed ; went to Eng-
land in 1790; was in Germany again in 1805,
when the Empress Josephine ordered him
to paint views around Aix-la-Chapelle and
on the Rhine ; was called to Bonn in 1823,
afterwards went to Memel, thence to Frank-
fort, Berlin, and Dantzio, where, having be-
come dest itute, he stabbed himself. Works :
Castle Diirnstein on the Danube (1798) ;
Two Landscapes with Oxen ; Landscape
with Gothic Ruin. — Merlo, Nachrichten,
271.
MANSUETI, GIOVANNI, end of 15th
and beginning of 16th century. Venetian
school ; pupil of the Bellini in Venice.
There are extant at least a dozen of his
pictures, in several of which he nearly ap-
proaches the excellence of Carpaccio. In
his Miracle of the Gross (1493), Venice
Academy, the short, square, rigid, and mo-
tionless figures are mingled in the manners
of Gentile Bellini and Carpaccio. In the
same gallery are St. Mark curing Anianus
the Cobbler ; St. Mark preaching in Alexan-
dria, in which he closely approaches Car-
paccio, and Glory of St. Sebastian (1500).
Mansueti's latest period may be studied in
a St. Jerome, and a Pieta, in the Bergamo
Gallery, and in a Christ in the Temple,
Uffizi, Florence. Charles Blanc places Man-
sueti among the best painters of Gentile
Bellini's school— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 219 ;
Ch. Blanc, fieole vi'nitienue ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., v. 19.
MANTEGNA, ANDREA, born near Pa-
dua in 1431,
died in Mantua,
Sept. 13, 1506.
Paduan school ;
history painter,
pupil of Squarci-
one, who adopt-
ed him in 1441 ;
worked at first
like the realists
Zoppo and Schi-
avone, as his Ecce Homo, in the Communal
Gallery, Padua, shows, but afterwards came
so much under influence of the Florentine
school, which worked at Padua through Do-
natello and Uccello, and of the Venetian,
through Jacopo Bellini, whose daughter
Niccolosia became his wife, that Squarcione
quarrelled with him. A fresco of SS. Ber-
nardino and Anthony, over the high portal
of his Basilica at Padua (1448), is his earli-
IflO
MANTOVAXO
est extant work, but the altarpiece of St.
Luke and Saints (1454), at the Brera, Milan,
painted for S. Giustiua at Padua, is the
first which displays the master's character-
Marys (1474), Brera, and a Madonna (1485),
in the collection of Sir Charles Eastlake,
preceded the famous Triumph of Julius
Ccesar ; probably of the same period (1485?)
istics. It and the St. Euphemia, in the is the Madonna with Angels, identified re-
Museum at Naples, are the only represeuta- cently, in the Brera, Milan. Called to Home
tives of his early Paduaii period. After in 1488 by Innocent VIII., Mantegna re-
1448 Mantegna began to paint a continu- mained there two years, during which ho
atiou of the Life of St. James, begun by , painted some now destroyed frescos in the
Pizzolo, in the Church of the Eremitani, , Chapel of the Vatican ; a Madonna, Uffi/ci ;
Padua. The Saint exorcising the Devils, j Parnassus, Wisdom victorious over Vice.*,
and Called from his Nets were probably | Louvre ; Man of Sorrows, Copenhagen.
designed and partly executed by Mantcgua, j The Assumption, in the Trivulzi Gallery, Mi-
but those of James Baptizing, and on his Ian, was painted in 1407, and the Madon-
Trial, as well as the rest of the chapel, are i na della Vittoria, Louvre, about the same
altogether his work. They show a close [ time. In the National Gallery, London, are
study of the antique, as well as minute ob- ' the Triumph of Scipio, Summer and Au-
servation of common nature, and are char- ! tumn, Samson and Delilah, and a Madonna
acterized by an excessive display of scieu- with Saints ; in the Historical Society, New
tific knowledge. The human form, regarded York, a Crucifixion, and an Adoration of
as a geometrical unit, is treated architect u- the Magi. The latter years of Mautegna's
rally, and perspective is carried so far by the life at Mantua were full of trouble, on ac-
precipitation of the lines that the inner parts count of the banishment of his son Fran-
of all the figures, excepting those on the cesco and his greatly reduced circumstances.
very edge of the foreground, are concealed. His tomb in the Church of S. Andrea is
In no other painter's works are to be found , marked by an admirable portrait bust in
so strange a mixture of classic feeling, real- : bronze, perhaps the work of the great med-
ism, and science, combined with rare dra- j allist Sperandio. His second son, Fran-
matic power and intensity of life, as in those ] cesco (1479 — after 1517), was the painter
of Mantegua ; whose style may be studied , of a Noli Me Tangere, and a Resurrection,
to advantage, not only in his paintings, but in the National Gallery, London. — Art Jour-
m the few precious engravings which he ex- j ual (1882), 225; C. & C., N. Italy, i. ; En-
ecuted on copper after 1468. About 1460 gerth, Belved. Gal., i. 200 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
Mantegua entered the service of Luigi Gon- ' (1866), xx. 478 ; Keaue, Early Masters, 373 ;
zaga, Marquis of Mantua, but he did not Liibke, Gesch. d. ital. Mai., i. 458 ; Vasari,
take up his residence there until 1471. In ' ed. Mil., iii. 383, 413 ; Bartsch, Le Peintre
1459 he painted the Madonna of San Zeno, Graveur, xiii. 222 ; Willshire, Int. to Ancient
Verona, and the Christ in the Garden, Bar- ' Prints, 438 ; W. & W., ii. 258 ; Zeitschr. f.
ing Collection. The Madonna, and the Prex- \ b. K, x. 190 ; xi. 23, 54 ; xv. 61 ; xvi. 110 ;
entation in the Temple, Berlin Museum, the ' xvii. 197 ; xxi. 101.
St. George, Venice Academy, and the admi-
rable St. Sebastian, Vienna Museum, belong
MANTOVANO, IL. See Fcti, Domenico.
MANUEL, NICOLAUS, called Deutsch,
to the years 1464-66. Between 1471 and , born in Berne about 1484, died there, April
1474 Mantegua decorated the walls of the 30, 1530. German school ; history painter,
so-called Camera de' Sposi in the Castello about whose artistic training nothing is
at Mantua with pictures in distemper, one known. His family name was Alleman, of
of which represents the Marquis of Gonzaga which Deutsch is a translation. Elected
and his family. The dead Christ and the | member of the Great Senate of Berne in
MARAIS
1511, where lie was one of the leaders of the
Reformation until 1528, and acquired fame
as a painter,
poet, soldier,
and statesman.
Painted many
monumental
mural decora-
tions. There
are many draw-
i n g s in the
Basle Museum
by this master,
who must be
counted among the most noteworthy repre-
sentatives of the renaissance on this side of
the Alps. Works: Beheading of St. John,
Lucretia (1517), David and Bathsheba
(1517), St. Ann, Pyramus and Thisbe, Judg-
ment of Paris, Invocation for Deliverance
from the Plague, Basle Museum ; Altai-piece
with St. Luke and Birth of the Virgin, Peas-
ant Wedding in IGth Century, Artist's Por-
trait (1G30?), Berne Museum. — Allgein. d.
Biogr., xx. '275;
laus Manuel (Frauenfeld, 1878) ; Ch. Blanc,
!•]<•( >le alleinaiide ; Griineisen, Nie. Manuel,
Leben u. Worke, etc. (Stuttgart tt Tiibing-
en, 18:57) ; Kuglor (Crowe), i. 211) ; Nagler,
MOD., iv. 770 ; Eepert. f. K, iii. 1 ; W. &
W., ii. 485.
MAKAIS, ADOLPHE CHARLES, born
at Honlleur (Calvados) ; contemporary.
Landscape painter, pupil of Busson, Ber-
cluTe, and C. do Cock. Medal, 3d class,
1880. Works : Crossing the Brook (187G) ;
Forest Border with Animals, Herd in the
Plains (1877); Cows drinking in Forest of
Touques, Hostelry Yard in Normandy, Sun-
set (1878) ; Storm near Arundel, Road to
Blackhurst Farm (1879) ; Pastures of Mer-
ville, Herd on the Road (1880); Rest in the
Woods (1881) ; The Ford (1883).
MARAK, JULIUS, born at Leitomischl,
Bohemia, March 29, 1835. Landscape
painter and illustrator, pupil of Prague
Academy under Haushofer, then studied
for a short time in Munich, and settled
in Vienna in 1858. Works : Congress of
Storks under the Elms, Vienna Art Union ;
Runic Stone in Oak Wood ; Moonrise in
Pine Woods ; Forest Solitude ; Evening
near Sadowa in 1866 ; Four Seasons ; Four
Divisions of Day ; View in La van t Valley
(1884).— Meyer, Coiiv. Lex., xviii. 633 ;
Miiller, 352 ; Graph. K., iv. 25 ; Kunst-
C'hronik, six. 351 ; Leixner, Mod. K., ii.
19 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 411 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xii. 128.
MARATHON, BATTLE OF. See Pance-
nus.
MARATTI (Maratta), CARLO, Cavaliere,
born in Camerano,
May 13, 1G25, died
in Rome, Dec. 15,
1713. Roman
school ; best and
favourite pupil of
Andrea Sacchi ; at
first painted most-
1 y Madonnas,
whence often sa-
tirically called Car-
luccio delle Ma-
iloime. Through Sacchi's influence he ob-
tained a commission to paint, in S. Giovanni
in Laterano, Constantino destroying the
Idols, which was highly prized. From this
time he was very successful, and he became
one of the most popular painters in Rome,
executing many works for churches and
public buildings. Among his largest and
most important works was the decoration
of the cupola of the church of Urbino, de-
stroyed by the earthquake of 1782. Under
Innocent XII. Maratti was superintendent
of the paintings in the Vatican, and Clem-
ent XI. conferred on him the Order of
Christ and commissioned him to restore
the frescos of Raphael. To this he owes
much of his fame, but his restorations have
been severely criticised. He was Prince of
the Academy of St. Luke at the time of his
death. Muratti's works are characterized
rather by absence of defects than by any
MAKC
especial merits. His design and colouring
are generally pleasing, but his handling is
weak and his feeling superficial. He was a
close imitator of Guido Reui. Works : Ma-
donna, Palazzo Doria, Rome ; Annunciation,
The Virgin, Turin Gallery ; Adoration of
the Shepherds, Basle Museum ; Magdalen
in Meditation, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Ma-
donna (2), The Virgin contemplating the
Infant Christ, Dresden Museum ; Christ on
Mount of Olives, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Do-
naueschingen ; St. John in Patmos (1C98),
Sleeping Child, Portrait of a Cardinal, Old
Piuakothek, Munich ; The Virgin with the
Child in the Cradle, Allegory on Vanity,
Wood Nymph Bathing, Madonna, Children
by Vase with Flowers, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Holy Family, Weimar Museum ;
Death of St. Joseph (1(576), Presentation in
the Temple, Holy Family (1704), The Trin-
ity, Museum, Vienna ; Bathsheba, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib.; Repose in Egypt, Harrach
Gallery, ib.; Holy Family ('2), Czernin Gal-
lery, ib. ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Ho-
ly Family, Annunciation, Portrait of Popo
Clement IX., several others, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Madonna in Glory, Hagar and
Ishmael, Madrid Museum ; Apollo pursuing
Daphne, Madonna, Brussels Museum ; Por-
trait of a Cardinal, National Gallery, Lon-
don. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., viii. 40, 45 ;
Burckhardt, 170, 661, 670, 764, 768.
MARC, (JEAN) AUGUSTE, born at Metz,
July 12, 1818, died at Suresnes (Seine), May,
1886. History and genre painter, pupil of
Drollin"1, of Delaroche, and of the Ecole des
O*
Beaux Arts. L. of Honour in 1868, when
he also became director of LTllustration, of
which he was then one of the most esteemed
contributors. Works: Soap-bubbles (1848);
Allegorical Figure of France (1855), Metz
Museum ; Assassination of Due de Guise,
1563 (1857); Mozart playing the Violin;
Eve Asleep ; Sultana at the Bath ; Christ in
' the Prsctorium, Cathedral of Mexico. — Bel-
lier, ii. 25 ; Chrouique des Arts (188<>),
165.
MARC, WILHELM, born at Landshut,
Bavaria, Oct. 9, 1839. Genre painter, pupil
i of Munich Academy and of Erich Correns ;
has repeatedly visited Italy ; paints in the
manner of the old Venetian and Dutch mas-
ters. Works : Decameron ; Housewife ;
Concert ; Aphrodite ; Alpine Shepherdess ;
City and Country (1874) ; Children in Vil-
lage Churchyard, Venus Anadyomene (187G);
Evening in Convent Garden ; Recess in
Boarding-School ; Morning Prayer ; A Ques-
tion (1883) ; Procession at Wackersberg,
Music at Eve on the Alp (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1886).— Miiller, 352 ; Ulustr.
j Zeitg. (1879), ii. 548 ; Kuust-Chrouik, xviii.
! 213 ; xx. 745.
MARCEAU, DEATH-BED OF, Jean
Paul Laurent-; M. Turquet, Paris; canvas,
H. 8 ft. x 10 ft. Francois Si'verin des Gra-
viers Marceau, division commander in the
French army, was mortally wounded near
Alteukirchen, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 20,
1796 ; and was carried within the Austrian
lines, where he died three days later, uni-
versally regretted, even by his enemies.
The picture represents his body in full uni-
i form upon his death-bed, surrounded by
several French officers at left and the Aus-
trian staff-officers at right. Salon, 1877 ;
exhibited in New York, 1886.
MARCELLIS. See Marseii*.
MARCELLO, NICCOLO, portrait of
Doge, Titian, Vatican ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11
in. x 2 ft. 11 in. Painted about 1508. From
Aldrovandi Collection, Bologna.— C. & C.,
Titian, i. 112.
MARCH, ESTEF5AN, born in Valencia
about 1590, died there in 1660. Spanish
school ; pupil of Pedro Orrente, from whom
he learned to colour *•• 4
in the Venetian man- £ • /V\- ™ * *-^9
ner. Painted prin- t f < Q *~ '
cipally battle scenes J
and coarse subjects, but sometimes also re-
ligious compositions. Most of his pictures
193
MARCH
are in Madrid and Valencia ; a great Battle
Scene by him (1060) is in the Schweriu Gal-
lery. Works : Portrait of J. B. del Mazo,
... . + Passing the Ited
•\ '^\ /\ r f /. Sea, and six other
1(10 pictures, Madrid
Museum. His son
and scholar, Miguel (1043-70), who studied
in Italy, painted similar pictures, but with
less success. — Ch. Blanc, Kcole espaguole ;
Madrazo, 438 ; Stirling, i. 75G.
MARCH TO FIXCHLEY. See Finrh-
ley.
MARCH TO PAWS IN 1814, Feodor
J>!i'lz, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H.
11. ft, fi in. x 13 ft. 10 iu.; signed, dated
1SG8. Having defeated Napoleon at La
RothuTe on February 1, 1814, Marshal
Bliicher, authorized by the war-council of
the allied monarchs, l)egan the advance to-
wards Chalons on February 2d. The picture
shows the aged general, with two adjutants
on horseback, at the head of a young Prus-
sian Landwehr-Eegiment, who shout enthu-
siastically as he points to the road to Paris ;
in the middle, to right, cavalry advancing
across the wintry battle-field.
MARCHAL, ' CHARLES FRANC/CIS,
born ill Paris, April 10, 1825, died there,
March 31, 1H77. Genre painter, pupil of
Dri'illing and Dubois. Improved and pros-
pered until 1876, when he lost his eyesight,
and in despair committed suicide. Medals :
18G4, 18(5(5, and 1873. His Alsace has been
often engraved and lithographed. Works :
Misunderstanding (1852) ; Van Dyck in Ru-
bens' Stvidio (1853); Return from Masked
Ball (1855); Mother's Festival (1857); Chil-
ly, Last Kiss (1859) ; Interior of an Alsatian
Tavern (1801); Luther's Horse (18G3); Ser-
vant Mai-kct (1804), formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; Spring Time (18GG) ; Katarina
(18G7); Penelope (18G8), H. Probasco,
Cincinnati ; Phryne (18G8) ; Secret (1870) ;
Alsace (1872) ; Morning in Alsace, Evening
ib. (1875), Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York;
Booty (1875); First Step (187G). — L'Art
(1877), ix. 48; Claretie, Peiutres (1874),
233; Meyer, Gesch., 703; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 569.
MARCHESI, GIROLAMO. See Girola-
mo da Cotignola.
MARCKE, EMILE VAN, born at Sevres,
August 20, 1827. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of Troyon. Medals : 1867,
18G9, and 1870 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1872. Works : Pastures by the Sea,
Pastures in the Woods (18G8) ; Plain, For-
est (1874) ; Bridge on the Bresles, River
Morte at Treport, Village Pasture (1875) ;
Cliff (187G) ; Spring at Neslette (1877),
Mr. Brown, Philadelphia ; Grass at Soreng
(1879) ; Meadows of Bourbel (1880) ; Sluice,
Study (1881) ; Swiss Cow, Norman Cow
(1882) ; Vache blanche, Samuel F. Barger,
New York ; In the Landes, Wm. Astor, ib. ;
Cows in a Pool, Cattle, W. H. Vanderbilt,
ib. ; Cows Drinking, Spring Time, Cattle
Reposing, Cows in a Pool, On the Cliffs,
Going to Pasture, Mill Farm, formerly in
Mrs. Morgan's Collection, ib. ; Study from
Nature, Early in the Morning, Cow, The
Pool, Misty Morning, Approaching Storm
(1873), W. T. Walters, Baltimore.— Bellier,
ii. G29 ; Meyer, Gesch., 7GO.
MARCO " D'OGGIONE (Uggione, Ug-
loiie), born in Oggione, near Milan, about
1470-80, died about 1530-40. Lombard
school ; pupil of Leonardo da Vinci. Ex-
ecuted careful copies of his master's pict-
ures, especially of his fresco of the Last Sup-
per, one of which is in the Royal Academy,
London, a second in the Brera, Milan, and
a third (small) in the Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. Oggione painted frescos, also, in S.
M. della Pace, Milan, now in the Brera. In
the Louvre are a Holy Family, and the Ma-
\ donna of the Scales, attributed to him. —
Lanzi, ii. 490 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 39,
44 ; ed. Mil., iv. 52 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole mila-
naise; Burckhardt, 628,707; Lflbke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. 45 ; W. & W., ii. 562.
MARCONI, ROCCO, native of Treviso,
end of 15th and beginning of 16th century.
Venetian school ; Ridolfi calls him a pupil,
and Burckhardt a follower, of Palma Vec-
194
MAREC
cliio, but Zanetti thinks him more probably a
disciple of Giovanni Bellini. He was an agree-
able colourist and a fair designer. Among
his works in Venice are a Descent from the
Cross, and Christ between SS. Peter and
John, Academy ; Woman taken in Adultery,
S. Giorgio Mnggiorc ; and Christ between
SS. Peter and Andrew, S. Giovanni e Paolo.
The Woman taken in Adultery, Palazzo Cor-
sini, Borne, attributed to Titian, is by Mar-
coni (C. & C.) ; same subject in Berlin
Museum, and Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole veuitienue ; Burckhardt,
725.
MAKEC, VICTOR, born in Paris; contem-
porary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Jean Paul Laureus. Medal, 3d class,
1885 ; 2d class, and prix du Salon, 1880.
Works : The Little Patient (1885) ; Morn-
ing after Pay-Day (188(5).
MARECHAL, CHARLES LAURENT,
born at Metz in Feb., 1801. Genre painter,
pupil of Regnault. Usually painted in wa-
ter colour or on porcelain and glass. Has
had many pupils. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ;
2d class, 1841 ; 1st class, 182G, 1842, and
1855 ; L. of Honour, 184G ; Officer, 1855.
Works : Job (182G) ; Washerwomen, Ravine,
Harvest (1835) ; Sisters of Mercy, Hunga-
rian Woodsmen (1840); Little Gitano, Little
Student, Study of Heads (1841) ; Masaccio
as a Child, Pfeiffer House (1841) ; The Clus-
ter, Herodias (1845) ; Lawyer, St. Clotilde,
St. Valeria (1853) ; Priest, Student, Galileo
in Velletri (1855) ; Columbus brought back
from the New World (1857) ; Young Girl,
Sisters of Misery, Shepherds, Portrait of
Marshal Ney, Metz Museum. Has executed
decorative works in the Ministry of State
and in the New Louvre. His son and pupil,
Charles Raphael, is also a genre painter ;
Medal, 2d class, 1853.— Bellier, ii. 28 ; La-
rousse.
MAREES, GEORG DE, born at Stock-
holm in 1697, died in Munich in 177G.
Portrait painter, pupil of Peter Martin Mey-
tens, whom he assisted fourteen years, dur-
ing which time he also painted the royal
family of Sweden, and the senators. He
went in 1724 to Amsterdam, then to Nurem-
berg, where he studied at the Preussler
Academy, and won the friendship of Kupetz-
ky ; thence to Rome via Munich, Innsbruck,
Padua, and Venice, where he painted minia-
tures, and completed his studies under Pi-
azetta ; after a short stay at Augsburg, set-
tled in Munich, where lie became court-
painter, and painted more than fifty portraits
of Bavarian Princes. Works: Portrait of
himself at the Easel, do. of a Physician,
Portraits of the Painters Albrecht and Beich,
do. of Bavarian Princes and Princesses (31),
Sclileissheim Gallery. — Nagler, iii. 3GO.
MARES, PIERRE DES, a Burgundian
painter, who flourished in the beginning of
the IGth century. His stylo resembles that
of the master of the Holy Kith-and-Kiu.
Works : Crucifixion (1517), St. Maurice re-
fusing to sacrifice to an Idol, Beheading of
St. Maurice, Old Pinakothek, Munich.
MARESCALCO, IL. See lhwiu.-oim<jlio,
! Giovanni.
MARGARET, ST., Raphael, Louvre;
wood, transferred to canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in.
x 4 ft. St. Margaret, standing and holding
a palm, has one foot on the monster1, which
lies, with open mouth, upon its back. Paint-
ed about 1518, probably for Francis I. or
for his sister Marguerite de Valois, and ac-
cording to Vasari, almost entirely by Giulio
Romano from Raphael's design. Cleaned
by Primaticcio in 1530 ; again in 1G85, and
later much damaged by restoration. En-
! graved by P. Thomassin (1589) from a poor
| copy ; also by G. Rousselet ; L. Surugue ;
Desuoyers. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 525 ; Cab.
Crozat, i. PI. 7 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PI. 21 ;
Gruyer, Vierges de Raphael, iii. 590 ; Passa-
vant, ii. 2GO.
By liaphael (?), Vienna Museum ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. A repetition of
the St. Margaret in the Louvre, excepting
that the Saint holds a cross in her hand in-
stead of a palm, and looks at the dragon
1 instead of at the spectator. Probably by
Giulio Romano after a drawing by Raphael.
196
MARGARET
In 1528 owned at Venice by Gianantouio
Venier. — Grayer, Vierges cle Raphael, iii.
595 ; Passavant, ii. 261 ; Morelli (L'Auoui-
mo), 72.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
8 ft. x 6 ft. ; signed. The Saint, bearing the
cross in her left hand, looks at the dragon,
whose frame stretches from the left fore-
ground to the mouth of the cavern in the
background to the right. Painted in 1552 ;
\ 't : ' 'k'jlA
St. Margaret, Raphael, Louvre, Paris.
long in the Escorial, where the moiiks had
the bare leg painted over with drapery,
since removed. Two copies in the Escorial.
— C. & C., Titian, ii. 222.
MARGARET, ST., MAJESTY OF, Mo-
rctlo, S. Francesco, Brescia ; wood, figures
life-size ; dated 1530. In middle, St. Mar-
garet with the double cross, her foot on the
monster ; to right, St. Francis, to left, St.
Jerome.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 403.
MARGARITA OF AUSTRIA, Queen,
wife of Philip III, Vdasqnez, Madrid Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft. 2 in.
About twenty-five years old, on a chestnut
and white horse, whose embroidered hous-
ings fall nearly to the ground ; black dress
with open sleeves and a ruff ; her red hair
surmounted by a white plume ; background,
landscape. Companion picture to Philip
III. by Velasquez ; painted about 1644. As
the Queen was dead before Velasquez went
to Madrid, the likeness was taken from con-
temporaneous portraits. Etched by F.
Goya.— Curtis, 90 ; Madrazo, 607.
MARGARITA MARIA (Margarita Teresa),
Infanta, daughter of Philip IV. and Mariana
of Austria, and wife of Leopold 1, Emperor
of Germany, Velasquez, Vienna Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 2 in. About three
years old, full-length, standing, with fan in
left hand, right resting on a table on which
is a glass vase filled with flowers ; wears a
white dress trimmed with black lace, a neck-
lace, and heavy gold chain. Painted about
1654. Etched by F. A. Milius. Repeti-
tions : Duke de Alba, Madrid ; with changes,
Louvre. Latter engraved by Conquy ; etched
by Waltner ; H. Meyer ; Milius. — Palomi-
no, iii. 349 • Gaz. des B. Arts (1879); Cur-
tis, 99.
MARGARITONE (Margheritone), born
at Arezzo in 1216 (?), died there in 1293 (?).
Tuscan school. A rude follower of the By-
zantine school, classed with Giunta Pisano
and other painters of crucifixes, portraits of
St. Francis, etc., of a repulsive type. The
Church of S. Francesco, Arezzo, contains a
St. Francis and a Madonna by him, and the
National Gallery, London, a Madonna with
symbols of the Evangelists, coloured like
playing-cards. Crucifixes attributed to him
are in the chapel of the Sacristy, S. Croce,
Florence, and in S. Francesco, Castiglione,
Aretino. The Madonna delle Vestighe near
Monte San Savino is signed with his name
and dated 1284. Vasari ascribes to this
artist the design of the Palazzo di San Ciri-
aco, Ancona, which dates from the 10th and
was remodelled in the 13th century, and
the tomb of Gregory X. in the Duomo,
1%
MARGUERITE
Arezzo, which is evidently by some one of
the pupils of Niccolo Pisano. — C. & C.,
Italy, i. 186 , Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 359 ; Burck-
hardt, 38, 47, 488, 494 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., i. 98.
MARGUERITE, Alexander Cabanel, J. T.
Raynor, New York ; canvas, H. 2 ft. G in. x
1 ft. 9 in. Painted in 1874 ; Latham sale, '•
New York (1878), $2,700.
MARGUERITE AT CHURCH, Ary
ticheffer, Samuel Ashton, Manchester, Eng-
land ; canvas, dated 1832. Marguerite,
sunk before a prie-Dieu, listens to the voice
of the evil spirit reproaching her for the
death of her father and mother. Salon,
1833 ; Paturle sale, Paris (1872), 40,000
francs.
MARGUERITE LEAVING CHUKCH,
Ary Scheffer, Samuel Ashton, Manchester,
England ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. G in. ;
dated 1838. Marguerite, holding her
prayer-book and her rosary, descends the
steps of the church ; Mephistopheles, in
red, and wearing a cap with a cock's feather,
points her out to Faust, who appears pro-
foundly moved. Salon, 1839 ; Paturle sale,
Paris (1872), 35,000 francs. Engraved by
Ad. Caron.
MARGUERITE AT THE FOUNTAIN,
Ary Schfffer, Sir Richard Wallace, London;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Margue-
rite, absorbed in thought, forgets that her
pitcher is full and overflowing ; behind her,
two young girls are laughing at her absent-
mindedness. Salon, 1858 ; sold to M. Du- j
rand-Ruel ; then to M. Pereire ; Pereire sale
(Paris, 1872), 56,000 francs. Replica, A. J.
Nottebohm, Rotterdam. Etched by L. Fla-
ineng.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), iii. 51, 54 ;
(18G4), xvi. 196.
MARGUERITE AT HER SPINNING
WHEEL, Ary Sche/er, Rothschild Collec-
tion, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 10
in. Companion to Faust in his Cabinet.
Marguerite, sitting in a high-backed chair
before her spinning wheel, her eyes red-
dened with weeping, her head drooping,
lets fall upon her knees her book of prayers.
Salon, 1831 ; partly burned at the Chateau
de Neuilly in 1848, and restored by Schef-
fer. Replica, A. J. Nottebohm, Rotterdam ;
another, small, Paturle sale, Paris (1872),
5,050 francs.
MARIA TERESA, Infanta, daughter of
Philip IV. and Isabel of Bourbon, wife of
Louis XIV. of France, Vi-laxqi/fz, Madrid
Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in.
About ten years old, full-length, standing ;
rose-coloured dress distended by large
hoops, on which rest her hands, the right
holding a handkerchief, the left a rose ; on
right, a crimson curtain partly hides a chair.
Face in second manner, remainder in last
manner of Velasquez.- — Curtis, 97 ; Madra-
7.0, G20.
By \~ulaxqucz, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. About sixteen
years old, three-quarters length, standing,
her right hand on a table, her left resting
on her wide hoops, holding her handker-
chief ; wears a tulle bertha with perpendic-
ular red stripes, a plain collarette, and
pearls ; two watches suspended from her
waist. — Curtis, 98.
MARIANA OF AUSTRIA, Queen, second
wife of Philip IV., Vela*qucz, Madrid Muse-
um ; canvas, H. G ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 10 in.
Full-length, kneeling in prayer behind a
desk covered with rich tapestry ; in her
hand, a small Book of Hours ; above, a
curtain. Latest manner. Companion to
similar picture of same size of Philip IV.
in Museo del Prado. — Curtis, 93 ; Ma-
drazo, 618.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. About twenty-
four years old, full-length, dressed in court
mourning, standing with right hand on
back of a chair, a large handkerchief in
left hand ; red hair arranged in ringlets,
each tied at end with red ribbon ; behind
her, a bronze clock on a table ; above, a red
curtain. Latest manner. Probably paint-
ed in 1659. Repetitious, with changes :
Madrid Museum ; H. B. Brabazon, Battle,
Sussex ; Castle Howard (?) ; Historical So-
MARIANA
ciety, New York ; Francis Clare Ford, Lon-
don—Curtis, 93 ; Madrazo, (i!8.
MARIANA OF THE MOATED
GRANGE, Sir John E. Millui*, Bart., H. F.
Makins, Esq., London ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1
ft. 8 in. Illustration of Tennyson's poem
of same title. Mariana, in a dress of deep
blue, rises from her embroidery frame, with
eyes half-closed, wearied and lorn of love ;
in front, a window with painted glass,
through which the light falls on a piece of
unfinished embroidery ; to the right, an
oratory, with a lamp burning. Royal
Academy, 1851.
MAEIE ANTOINETTE, Charles Louis
Miiller, Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York ;
canvas. Scene — the small room in the
Conciergerie, still kept as shown in the
picture. Marie Antoinette, dressed in
white, standing to listen to her death-war-
rant, read by Paris — called Fabricius, at
whose right stands Herrman, Vice-President
of the Convention ; next to him is Coffin-
hall, and then Collier, two commissaries
from the Convention ; a gendarme is seated
on the table. Photogravure in Art Treas-
ures of America, ii. 41.
MARIE ANTOINETTE LEAVING THE
TRIBUNAL, Paul Helurochc, private gallery.
Salon, 1851. Engraved by A. Francois.
Original sketch, Pereire sale, Paris (1872),
0,100 francs.
MARIENHOF, A., born at Gorcum about
1030 (?), died young at Brussels. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, sup-
posed pupil of Teniers, the younger, ac-
cording to others of Rubens, whom he imi-
tated. Works : Man kneeling before Sov-
ereigns enthroned (1648), Dresden Museum;
Artist in his Studio (1048), Male Portrait,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
MARILHAT, PROSPER, born at Vertai-
zon, near Thiers (Puy-de-Dome), March 20,
1811, died there, Sept. 13, 1847. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Roqueplan. Recom-
mended by his master as the artistic com-
panion of Baron Hiigel, he visited the
Levant in 1831, and spent a number of
years in Cairo, where the climate so ruined
his health that he did not long enjoy the
fame which awaited him on his return to
Paris. Works : Pan playing the Flute for
Shepherds and Shepherdesses (1830), Mans
Museum ; Square of Ezbekieh in Cairo
(1834) ; Tomb of Abou-Mandour (1837) ;
Environs of Beyrut (1841) ; Souvenirs of
the Nile ; Syrian Ai-abs Travelling ; Egyp-
tian City in Twilight ; Tripoli in Syria
(1844) ; Village in Auvergne (1849), Mout-
pellier Museum ; Caravan on the Libanon,
View near Tripolis, Leipsic Museum ; View
of Baalbek ; Rosetta ; Cairo, Comte Ducha-
tel ; Syrian Restaurant ; Interior at Ro-
setta, Lord Seymour ; Feeding the Camel,
B. Wall, Providence, R. I. He left more
than two hundred unfinished pictures. —
Cli. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Revue des Deux
Mondes (1848), xxiii. 50 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1800), v. 290.
MARINO DE' PITTORI, IL. See Cesari,
Giuseppe.
MARINUS VAN ROYMERSWALE (M.
de Zeeuw), born probably about 1497, died
after 1507. Flemish school, flourished in
1521-58. Contemporary of Frans Floris,
and lived chiefly in Zeeland. His specialty
was the painting of money-changers and
shop-keepers in bright and pastose colours,
which would seem to indicate the influence
of Quinteu Massys, who may even have been
his master. Works : Two Money-Changers
in their Office, National Gallery, London ;
Customs Officer (1500), Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Money-Changer with his Wife (1541),
Dresden Gallery ; do. (1538), and Agent at
his Desk (1542), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
do., and St. Jerome (2, one dated 1521), Ma-
donna, Museum, Madrid ; Money-Changer
(1835), Academy of S. Fernando, ib. ; replica,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Parable of the Unjust
Housekeeper, St. Jerome, Vienna Museum.
— Hymans, Marin le Zelandais (Brussels,
1884); Eugerth, Belved. Gal., ii. 255 ; Jour-
nal des B. Arts, v. 127 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
117 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 205 ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
(1883), 92 ; Rooses (Reber), 62.
MA HIS
MARIS, JAKOB, born at The Hague,
Aug. 25, 1837. Landscape painter, brother
of Matthys, pupil of Hague Academy, then
of Strobel and of Hubertus van Hove, whom
lie followed to Antwerp, where he became a
pupil of De Keyser and of Van Lerius ; weut
to Paris iii 18G6, studied under Hebert, and
was greatly influenced by the representatives
of the "Paysage intime." He returned to
The Hague in 1871 ; lives now in Brussels.
Works : Knitting Girl by a House ; View
of the Y with Amsterdam ; Coast View ;
Girl dressing Vegetables ; View of Schie-
dam ; On the Shore, Dutch Landscape
(1878) ; View in Dutch Town ; By the Sea ;
Mother and Children (1879) ; River, View
of Amsterdam (1883) ; Souvenir of Dor-
drecht, Return of Fishermen (1884). — Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xvii. 570 ; Muller, 353.
MARIS, MATTHYS, born at The Hague
in 1835. Genre painter, pupil of Hague
and Antwerp Academies, where he was es-
pecially attracted by Leys ; returned to The
Hague, went to Paris in 1809, and, influ-
enced by Hamon, completely changed his
style, which found great favour in England,
iii the private galleries of which most of his
pictures, bought at high prices, are to be
found. For some years past settled in
London. Works : At the Well ; Dutch
Village ; Reading a Letter ; Baptism ; Hear
of a House (1803) ; Girl with Butterflies ;
Girl with Doves (1872) ; Girl and Goats, G.
A. Drummond, Baltimore. — Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 570 ; Muller, 354
MARIS, WILLEM, born at The Hague ;
contemporary. Landscape and animal paint-
er, brother of the preceding, greatly esteemed
in Holland and Belgium for his water-col-
ours. He is one of the presidents of the
Teekeu Maatschapy at The Hague. Works :
Pasture in Sunshine (1879) ; Wading Cows
(1879).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 570 ; Mid-
ler, 354.
MARTUS AT CARTHAGE, Leon Cogniet,
Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 5
in. x 14 ft. Marius, fleeing from the pur-
suit of Sulla, landed at Carthage, where a
message was sent him by the ruling prso-
tor commanding him to leave the countrv.
" Tell the praetor," said he to the messenger,
" that you have seen Gains Marius a fugitive
sitting on the ruins of Carthage," thus com-
paring his own changed fortunes, not inapt-
ly, says Plutarch, to the fate of that city.
In the picture Marius is seated at left, ad-
dressing the soldier, who is standing, spear
in hand, at right ; in background, the sea,
St. Mark, Fra Bartolommeo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
and the sun setting. Painted in 1824. —
Reveil, iii. 190 ; Larousse, x. 1220.
By John Vandurh/n, heirs of Bishop W. I.
Kip, San Francisco. Marius, seated, with
his toga falling from his shoulders, and
leaning on his sword ; his helmet is at his
feet. The waters of the Mediterranean are
seen through the arches of an aqueduct ; in
the distance is a temple, with one of its col-
umns fallen, and a fox among the ruins of
its portico. Painted in Rome in 1807 ; Paris
199
MATIK
Salon, 1808, wlierc it was awarded a gold
medal ; taken to America by the artist, after
the peace of 1815, and sold to Leonard Kip,
New York.— Atlantic Mag. (1807), xix. 228 ;
Art Journal (1852), 374
MARK, ST., Fra Jiartohmmm, Palazzo
1'itti, Florence ; wood transferred to canvas,
H. 11 ft. 2 in. x li ft. 10 in. St. Mark sitting
in a niche, with a dosed book on his knees,
and a pen in his right hand. Painted in
1514-15 for S. Marco, Florence; sold in
1092 for 480 scudi to Ferdinando de' Me-
life-size. St. Mark enthroned between SS.
Sebastian, Koch, Cosmo, and Damian. Paint-
ed about 1512 for S. Spirito in Isola. En-
graved by G. Wagner. — C. & C., Titian, i.
14G.
By Bartoloniineo Vivarini, S. M. de' Frari,
Venice ; wood, figures a little less than life-
size ; signed, and dated 1474. Saint sits in
benediction on a throne ; at sides and front
of which are four angels, two foremost
playing a mandolin and viol ; to the left,
iii niche, SS. John Baptist and Jerome ; to
Miracle of St. Mark, Tintoretto, Venice Academy.
dici, who left in its place a copy by Antonio
Frail ch i ; taken to Paris in 1799 and trans-
ferred to canvas ; returned in 1815. Copy
by Anton Domenico G-abiam in Florence
Academy. Engraved by Lorenzini ; La-
sinio. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 189 ; Marchese,
ii. 115 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 408 ; Gal. duPal.
Pitti, i. PI. 32 ; Landon, Musve, ii. PL 55.
By Tintoretto, Berlin Museum ; canvas,
dated 1509. St. Mark enthroned, instruct-
ing three procurators of the Zane, Cornaro,
and Molino families.
By Titian, sacristy of S. M. della Salute,
Venice ; wood, arched at top, figures under
right, SS. Paul and Nicholas. Formerly in
chapel of Cornaro family. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 44.
MAEK, ST., PREACHING IN ALEX-
ANDRIA, Giovanni Mansweti, Venice Acad-
emy ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 19 ft. 1 1 in. ; signed.
People of Alexandria listening to St. Mark's
sermon in a distant temple ; many figures
on foot and on horseback, in Eastern and
other costume, with a band of musicians,
and a leopard, stag, and other animals in
foreground. Painted about 1500 for Scuola
di S. Marco, Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i.
221 ; Burckhardt, 599.
soo
MATIK
MARK, ST., CURING ANIANUS, Gima
da Conegliano, Berlin Museum ; wood, H.
5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. Long in the Gesuiti,
Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 245.
By Giovanni Manxueti, Venice Academy ;
canvas, H. 12 ft. x 13 ft. 1 in.; signed.
Aniaiius, the cobbler, seated with a shoe
strapped to his knee, shows his hand
wounded by an awl ; St. Mark, in the pres-
ence of the people, who fill the
market - place of Alexandria,
cures him with a blessing.
Painted about 1500 for Scuola
di S. Marco, Venice. — C. <fc C.,
N. Italy, i. 221 ; Burckhardt,
599.
MARK AND MARCELLI-
NUS, STS., MARTYRDOM
OF, Paolo Veronese, S. Sebas-
tiano, Venice. The Saints are
exhorted by St. Sebastian to
meet martyrdom with firmness.
One of the master's finest
works.— Zanotto, 428.
MARK, ST., MIRACLE OF,
Tintoretto, Venice Academy ;
canvas. St. Mark, who is rep-
resented flying downwards,
frustrates, by his power over
physical laws, the attempts of
the Turks to torture a Chris-
tian slave for acts of devotion
to him ; in the centre a stand-
ing figure exhibits to the over-
seer the broken tools. Painted
about 1548 ; one of four pict-
ures for Scuola di S. Marco ;
carried to Paris in 1709 ; returned in 1815.
Popularly considered Tintoretto's master-
piece. Taine thinks it unsurpassed, and
Ch. Blanc regards it as equal in colouring
to any other work in Venice ; but Ruskin
says it is excelled in some respects by the
Death of Abel, and the Fall of Man, near it.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 592 ; Rosini, v. 254 ;
Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 186 ; Zanotto, 505 ; Burck-
hardt, 744 ; Lavice, 462 ; Laiidon, Musee,
ix. PI. 13.
MARK, ST., RING OF, Paris Bordone,
Venice Academy. The fisherman present-
ing to the Doge, who is seated on a dais, in
an illustrious assembly, the ring which was
given to him by St. Mark. Burckhardt
calls this the "most beautifully painted
ceremonial picture which exists." Carried
to Paris in 180G ; returned to Venice in
1815. — Landon, Musoe, 2d Col., iii. 1 ;
Ring of St. Mark, Paris Bordone, Venice Academy.
Burckhardt, 199 ; Murray, Hand-Book, N.
Italy, 38(3.
MARK, ST., SERMON OF, Gentile Bellini,
Brera, Milan ; canvas, figures one-third life-
size. St. Mark, on a platform in front of a
mosque, preaching ; Venetians and Orientals
of all ages and both sexes before him, listen-
ing. Begun by Gentile in 1507 for Scuola di
S. Marco ; finished after his death, probably
by Giovanni Bellini. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
135 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 80 ; Lavice, 134.
201
MARKELBACI1
MARKELBACH, ALEXANDRE, born at
Antwerp, Aug. 7, 1824. History painter,
pupil of Antwerp Academy under Wappers,
then studied in Munich under Kaulbach,
visited Italy and France, and lives in Brus-
sels. Member of Antwerp and Amsterdam
Academies. Order of Leopold. Works :
Rhetoricians of Antwerp in 17th Century,
Brussels Museum ; Evening in the Convent
(1850), Kunstlmlle, Hamburg ; Death Scene,
Leipsic Museum ; Flemish Guild in 17th
Century.— Miillcr, 1354.
MARKET ('ART, Thomas Gainsborough,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft.
x 5 ft. A horse with loaded cart passing a
shaded pool on the road ; two girls on the
cart, and two boys and a dog walking be-
side it ; in foreground, left, two other fig-
ures and a dog ; at right, a boy gathering
fagots. Purchased at Lord Gwydyr's sale
(1828) for £1,102 10s. Similar composition
possessed by Lord Northwick. Engraved
by E. Goodall ; and in Jones's National
Gallery.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Eng. Painters of
Georgian Era, 12 ; Fulcher, 200.
MARK 6, KARL, the elder, born at Lout-
schau, Hungary, in 1790,
died at Villa Apeggi, near
Antella, Tuscany, Nov.
20, 18(i(). Landscape
painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy (1822-24),tben
lived at Eisenstadt until
18150, when he returned
to Vienna, and in 1834-
38 studied in Rome,
where he rapidly devel-
oped in the manner of Poussin ; lived after-
wards in Pisa and Florence, enjoying the
friendship of Grand Duke Leopold H., and
finally settled at Villa Apeggi, offered him
as a home by Count Gherardesca ; member
of Florence, Venice, Vienna, and Rio Ja-
neiro Academies. Works : Ideal Landscape
with Elijah and the Widow of Sarepta (1837),
Christ in the Storm, Vienna Museum ; View
near Tivoli, Abraham and the Angel, Blind
Tobias, Diana and Nymphs ; View in the
Campagna, Baptism of Christ, Expulsion of
Hagar, Jacob and Laban, Diana and Cal-
listo, Ino and Melicertes, Hungarian Puszta,
and many others, National Museum, Pesth.
His sons, Karl, Franz, and Andreas, have
also won reputation, the former two in their
father's branch, the latter as animal painter.
— Allgem. d. B., xx. 387 ; Raczyuski, iii. 331 ;
Reber, ii. 274 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 459 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, viii. 45, 10G, 140.
MARKS, HENRY STACY, born in Lon-
don, Sept. 13, 1829.
Genre painter, stu-
dent in schools of
Royal Academy in
1851, and of Picot
in Paris in 1853 ;
elected an A.R.A. in
1871, and R.A. in
1878. Works:
Christopher Sly,
Bardolph (1854);
Slender's Courtship (1855) ; Toothache in
Middle Ages (1856) ; Dogberry's Charge to
the Watch (1859); Sexton's Sermon (18GO);
Franciscan Sculptor (1801) ; How Shake-
speare Studied (18(J3) ; Doctors Differ
(18G4) ; Falstaff s Own (18G7) ; Experimen-
tal Gunnery in Middle Ages (18G8) ; St.
Francis preaching to the Birds, Princess
and Pelicans (1870) ; Bookworm (1871) ;
Ornithologist (1873) ; Capital and Labour
(1874); Jolly Post-Boys (1875); Apothecary
(1876) ; Bit of Blue, Spider and the Fly
(1877) ; Convocation (1878) ; Intellect and
Instinct, Old Friends (1879) ; Episcopal
Visitation, Author and Critics (1881); Lord
Say before Jack Cade (1882) ; Professor
(1883) ; Foolish Justices, Entomologist
(1884) ; Good Story, Treatise on Parrots
(1885), Delicate Question, Plain Case (188G).
— Meynell, 59 ; Portfolio (1870), 129.
MARNE, JEAN LOUIS DE, called De-
marnette, born in Brussels, baptized Jan. 22,
1754, died at Batignolles, Paris, March 24,
1829. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
in Paris of Gabriel Briard (1725-77). He
conceived a great liking for Dutch masters,
202
MARXEFFE
and evidently took Karel Dujardin, Bercliem,
Potter, and Wouwerraan, for his models.
Medal, 1st class, 180C, 1819 ; L. of Honour,
1828. Works: Road with Diligence, Fair
at the Door of an Inn, Starting for a Wed-
ding in a Village, Louvre ; Halt of Travel-
lers, Bordeaux Museum ; View on Sea-Shore,
Cherbourg Museum ; Education of Bacchus,
Canal with Vessels, Return from Market,
Farm, Landscape, Montpellier Museum ;
Fruit Stall in Open Air, Orleans Museum ;
Italian Landscape, Amsterdam Museum ;
Dedication Day, Brussels Museum ; Street
on Canal at Rotterdam, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Landscapes with Figures and Ani-
mals (2), Cattle Fairs (2), Travellers before
Inn, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Landscape
with Figures (2), Turin Gallery ; Sea View ;
Village Fair ; Cattle Market ; Procession on
Road ; Woman Mountebank ; Interior of
Guard Room; Country Schoolmaster ; Death
of Turonnc ; Crossing the Ford ; Priest's
Reprimand. — Bellier, i. 403; Ch. Blanc,
Kcole franyaise ; Cat. Louvre ; Jal, 838 ;
Lejeune, Guide, i. 428 ; Michiels, x. 507.
MARNEFFE, FRANCOIS DE, born at
Brussels, died there in 1877. Landscape
and genre painter ; marks a new departure
in modern landscape painting in Belgium.
Works : Huntsmen surprised by Rain
(1832) ; Donna Antonia of Portugal singing
to Charles H of Spain (1831) ; Mill at St.
Lambert — Woluwe (1832) ; View in Forest
of Soigne with Chase (1834) ; View near
Brussels, View on Royal Estate (1835) ;
Charles H of England in Forest of Bosco-
bel, Landscape with Waterfall (1830) ;
Wood-Interior (1837) ; View in Black For-
est (1839).— Irnmerzeel, ii. 204 ; Journal
des B. Arts (I860), 150 ; Raczynski, iii. 467.
MARQUEZ, ESTfiBAN, born at Estre-
madura about 1655, died in Seville in 1720.
Spanish school. Pupil of his uncle Fernan-
do Marquez Joya (died 1672 ?), who was of
the school of Murillo ; became so expert as
a copyist and imitator of Murillo that his
pictures have been sold as originals by that
master. Works : St. Joseph and Infant Je-
sus, St. Augustine with the Madonna, St.
Augustine with Infant Jesus, Seville Muse-
um ; St. Joseph and Infant Jesus, Cadiz
Cathedral.— Curtis, 33!).
MARON, ANTON VON, born in Vienna
in 1733, died in Rome in 1808. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy ; said to have gone early to Rome, but
if so, was in Vienna again in 1708, when he
painted the portrait of Winckelmann, and
also took active part in the reorganization of
the Academy. In 1772 he was ennobled ;
went in 1773 to Rome, where he married
the sister of Raphael Meugs, and was secre-
tary, and afterwards professor, at the Acad-
emy of St. Luke. Works : Portraits of
Maria Theresa and Joseph II. (1775), Vien-
na Museum ; Family of Leopold of Tuscany,
Summer Palace at Schi'nibmnn, Portrait of
Winckelmann (1708), Weimar Museum. —
Allgcm. d. Biogr., xx. 403 ; Wurzbach, xvii.
5.
MAROT, FRANCOIS, born in Paris in
1600, died there, Dec. 3, 1719. French
school ; history and portrait painter, pupil
of La Fosse ; received into the Academy in
1702, adjunct professor in 1705, professor
in 1715. Works : Fruits of Peace (1702),
Tours Museum ; Christ leaving the Disci-
ples at Emmaus, Hagar and Ishmael in the
Desert, Venus engaging Vulcan to forge
Arms for JEiieas (1704) ; Slumber of Mor-
pheus, Louvre, Paris.
MARR, JOSEF (HEINRICH LUDWIG),
born in Hamburg in 180S), died in Munich
Oct. 29, 1871. Genre painter, pupil of Suhr
and in Altoua of Rosenberg, then studied at
Copenhagen and (1825) Munich Academies;
visited Italy and settled in Munich. Works :
Return from Cattle Fair ; Tavern Scene in
Bavarian Alps ; Wild Bull, Suabian Girl ;
Caretta Drive ; Postilion Astray ; Hostess
in the Snow ; Horse-Market in Tyrol, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Monk on Donkey (1844), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Return from Kirmess,
Episode in War of 1813 (1885).— Kunst-
Chronik, vii. 152; Kuust fur Alle, i. 25;
Nagler, Mou., iii. 493.
aos
MAR11EL
MAREEL (Morel), JACOB, bom at gin and five other figures, fit a table in a
Utrecht in 1614 (?), died at Frankfort in | hall ; near him a small dog ; he points to
1(185. German school ; flower and fruit the wine jars which are being filled by at-
paiuter, pupil at Frankfort of Georg Flegel tendants, one of whom is a negro ; other
(1563-1638), whom he surpassed in compo- attendants waiting on guests ; Second man-
sition and colouring. Married at Frankfort
the widow of Merian, the elder. Works :
nor. Julienne sale (1767), 6,000 livres ;
1'Abbo Guillaume sale (1769), 6,432 livres ;
Wreath with Insects and small Landscape , Prince de Conti sale (1777), 9,060 livres ;
(1(555), Flower Groups around Architecture, Boileau sale (1779 or 1782?), 5,010 francs ;
Darmstadt Museum ; Wreath of Flowers G. Hibbert sale (1829), £819.— Curtis, 191.
By Searseliino,
Ferrara Gallery ;
canvas, H. 9 ft. 3
in. x 19 ft. 8 in.
A vast composi-
tion with many
figures and an ar-
chitectural back-
ground. For-
merly in the con-
vent of the Cer-
tosa, Ferrara. —
Cat. Ferrara Gal.
By Tintoretto,
Sacristy of S. M.
della Salute, Ven-
ice ; canvas, H.
about 15 ft. x 25
ft.; signed. The
table is set length-
wise, instead of
crosswise as usu-
al, along one side
of a large court ; Christ seated at farther
end, conversing with the person on his left ;
the guests, arranged along the sides of the
table, men on one side, women on the other,
await the newly made wine ; servants and
other attendants in foreground and in dis-
tance. Painted about 1561, for brotherhood
of the Crociferi ; formerly in a church on
the Island of S. Spirito. Ruskin says, " this
picture unites colour as rich as Titian's, with
light and shade as forcible as Rembrandt's,
and far more decisive." Replica intheUffizi.
Engraved by G. Volpato; O. Fialetti.— Rus-
kin. Stones of Venice, iii. 355; Zanotti, 558.
By Paolo Veronese, Brera, Milan ; canvas,
Marriage at Cana, Tintoretto, S. M della Salute, Venice.
around Coat of Arms (1658), Historical So-
ciety, New York. — Kramm, iv. 1155.
MARRIAGE AT CANA [John ii. 1-12J,
Moretto, S. Fermo, Lonigo ; canvas, life-size.
Christ at the table is surrounded by the
guests, who wonder as the drawer orders the
wine to be poured into a fresh flask. Paint-
ed about 1544 ; in refectory of convent till
1819, when removed to choir of church.
Worthy to be placed beside the Feast in the
House of Simon. Unfortunately much in-
jured.—C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 410.
By MuriJh, Marquis of Aylesbury, Wilt-
shire, England ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 7
ft. 6 in. The Saviour seated, with the Vir-
204
MARRIAGE
H. 7 ft. 4 in. x 17 ft. Similar in composi-
tion to others, with new and spirited mo-
tives, but dull and uninteresting in colour.
Formerly in convent of the Cappuccini,
Padua.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 16 ft. Christ seated at a
table, spread in an open court, among many
others, male and female, mostly in Venetian
costume ; among the guests are a Moor, in
a turban, and a negro. From the Modena
Collection. Transferred to new canvas in
his left, cardinals and other ecclesiastics.
The bridegroom is Alfonso d'Avalos, Mar-
quis del Vasto; the bride, Eleanor of Austria,
sister of Charles V. and Queen of France.
Behind her is the court-jester. The musi-
cians in the foreground represent the great
painters of Venice : Titian plays a bass-viol ;
Bassano, the elder, a flute ; Tintoretto, a vio-
loncello, and Veronese himself, in a white
costume, a second violoncello. The stand-
I ing figure at the right, with a goblet in his
hand, is Benedetto Caliari, the painter's
.
Marriage at Cana, Paolo Veronese, Lou
1827 by Palmaroli. Engraved by Jacob. —
Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 9 ; Eidolfi, Ma-
rav., ii. 57 ; Hiibner, Dresden Gal., i. 15.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre ; canvas, H.
21 ft. x 32 ft. One of the largest easel pict-
ures ever painted, containing about 130 fig-
ures, many of them portraits. Table spread
in a court, with splendid architectural back-
ground ; Christ seated in the middle ; on
his right, noted sovereigns of the Kith cen-
tury, including Francis L, Charles V., Soly-
man II., and Queen Mary of England ; on
brother. Painted in 15G3 for refectory of
Convent of S. Giorgio Maggiore, Venice ;
carried to Paris in 1707, and retained, M.
Denon having persuaded the Austrian Com-
missioners in 1815 to take instead of it
Charles Le Brim's Repas chez le Pharisien.
Engraved by Mitelli ; Jackson ; Prevot
(1854).— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 372 ; Kidolfi,
Marav., ii. 27 ; Felibien, i. 723 ; Ch. Blanc,
, Ecole vonitienne ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Fil-
hol, ix. PI. 001 ; Landon, Musee, xvii. PI.
49.
205
MARRIAGE
By P.aolo Veronese, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x G ft. G in. A semi-
circular table spread in a sumptuous room
opening into a garden, at which sit ten per-
sons, two of whom, Jesus and the Virgin,
occupy the middle ; eight servants attend.
Bought for Philip IV. from collection of
Charles I. of England. — Cat. Museo del
Prado.
MARRIAGE A LA MODE, Hogarth, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; six pictures, can-
vas, each H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 11 in. A series
representing profligacy in high life, or the
effects of a marriage in which rank and
wealth are the sources of attraction. The
peer is neglectful and profligate, the lady
faithless ; the husband is killed in a duel by
her paramour, who is hanged for the mur-
der, and the suicide of the lady by poison
closes the tragedy. 1. The Marriage Con-
tract. Engraved originally by G. Scotin
(1745); also by Earlom; J. Garner. 2. Short-
ly after Marriage. Engraved originally by
I!. Baron ; also by Earlom ; T. E. Nicholson;
and others. 3. Visit to the Quack Doctor.
Engraved originally by B. Baron ; also by
Earlom ; C. Mottram ; and others. 4. The
Countess' Dressing-Room. Engraved orig-
inally by S. F. Raveuet ; also by Earlom ;
Armstrong ; and others. 5. The Duel and
Death of the Earl. Engraved originally by !
S. E. Ravenet ; also by Earlom ; T. E. Nich-
olson ; and others, (i. Death of the Count-
ess. Engraved originally by G. Scotin ;
also by Earlom ; J. Mansell ; and others.
The paintings were finished in 1744 ; sold
by auction, June C, 1750, to Mr. Lane, of
Hillingdon, for 110 guineas ; passed by be-
quest to Colonel Cawthorne, who sold them
(1797) for £1,381 to Mr. Angerstein, with
whose collection they were purchased for
(.lie National Gallery in 1824.— Cat. Nat.
Gal. (1882); F. do Couches, 115 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole anglaise ; Nichols, Anecdotes ; Ire-
land, Hogarth.
MARRIAGE, SPANISH (Le mariage es-
pagnol or La Vicaria), Mariano Fort any,
Mine, de Cassiu, Paris. Sometimes called
Mariage dans la vicaria de Madrid, although
it does not represent the vicaria of Madrid
nor any existing sacristy, the painter having
chosen the material for his background from
several churches, especially from the Cathe-
dral of Granada and from a church in Rome.
Represents a wedding party gathered to
sign the marriage contract in a large sac-
risty, the walls of which are hung with
Cordovan leather, and which is separated
from the church by an open grille in the
rococo style. Lamps are suspended from
the ceiling, and pictures and Venetian mir-
rors adorn the walls, against which stand
heavy oaken benches and a book-case filled
with missals and antiphonaries. The groom
is about to affix his signature to the con-
tract in the place pointed out by the scriv-
ener. A priest stands beside the table, and
two others are seated, writing. The two
principal women, the bride and her mother,
are portraits of Mile. Isabel de Madrazo, the
painter's sister, and of Mme. Fortuuy. An-
other of the ladies is said to be a portrait of
the Duchess Coloima ; Meissouier is said to
have posed for the officer with the sabre,
and Henri Reguault for another of the at-
tendant gentlemen. Begun in Rome, fin-
ished in Paris in 18G9. Exhibited in 1870
by Goupil, who purchased it and sold it to
Mme. Cassin. — Davillier, Fortuny, 55 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1875), xi. 27G ; L'Art (1875), i.
370.
MARS, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. A nude figure,
seated, with blue drapery covering middle,
a helmet on his head, and armour at his
feet. Probably painted after the artist's
second journey to Italy (1651). Drawing
in Royal Institution, Gijon. Engraved by
G. R. Le Villain.— Curtis, 19 ; Gal. Esp. ;
Madrazo, 635.
MARS AND RHEA SYLVIA, Nicolas
Pousnin, Louvre; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x4
ft. 9 in. Sylvia, daughter of Numitor, re-
clining asleep against a hillock, holding the
vase with which she has come to draw water
from the Tiber ; behind her, a cupid asleep,
MARTHA
Swiss history ; returned in 1848, when lie
became member of Berlin Academy. Pro-
fessor at the Sophieiistift, Weimar, since
1854. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1844 ; 2d
class, 1845. Works : Boy at Prayer (1836),
Weimar Museum ; Presentation of the Augs-
burg Confession (1845), Luther at the Im-
perial Diet at Worms (1847), John Huss at
Council of Constance (1848), Ravene Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Luther's Entry into Worms
(1860) ; Ulrich von Huttcn crowned Poet
(1861), Cologne Museum ; Thomas Miin-
zer's Last Way ; Expulsion of Salzburg
Protestants (1864); Arrival of St. Elizabeth
(1848), Wartburg, near Eisenach.— Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1836), 387; (1848), 187; D.
Kunstbl. (1854), 313 ; (1855), 207 ; (1856),
454 ; (1857), 416 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xi.
244 ; Miiller, 355 ; Springer, 335.
MARTHA, ST., Anton van Dijd; Metro-
politan Museum, New York ; canvas, H. 3
ft. 3i in. x 2 ft, 5i in. St. Martha interced-
ing with God for a cessation of the plague
at Tarascon. Formerly in Madrid Museum,
whence taken by King Joseph Bonaparte ;
thence to Mr. Farrer, London, and collec-
tion of David Mclntosh.
MARTIN, FRANCOIS, born in Paris;
contemporary. Still-life painter, pupil of
Jeannin. Medal, 3d class, 1881. Works :
Dessert (1876) ; African Fruits (1877) ;
Knick-knacks (1878) ; Still-life (1879) ;
At an Orientalist's (1880) ; Oriental Inte-
rior (1881).
MARTIN, HENRI JEAN GUILLAUME,
born at Toulouse ; contemporary. History
painter, pupil of J. P. Laurens. Medal, 1st
class, Paris, 1883. Works : Paolo di Mala-
testa and Francesca da Rimini (1883); Cain
(1884) ; The Titans fighting Jupiter (1885).
MARTIN, HOMER D., born in Albany,
N. Y., Oct., 1836. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of William Hart. Elected an AN. A. in
1868, and N.A. in 1875 ; Member of Society
of American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works : Thames at Richmond ; White
Mountains from Randolph Hill ; Adiron-
dacks (1876), Century Club, New York;
: Evening on the Saranac (1878) ; Spring
Morning, Sand-Dunes on Lake Ontario
(1879), Montgomery Schuyler, New York ;
! Autumn Woods ; Landscape (1880); do., J.
T. Martin, Brooklyn.— Sheldon, 206.
MARTIN, JEAN BAPTISTS, called Mar-
tin des Batailles, born in Paris in 1659,
died there, Oct. 8, 1735. French school ;
landscape and battle painter, pupil of Van
der Meulen and of La Hire ; accompanied
Louis XIV. and the great Dauphin on their
military expeditions, which he afterwards
represented in numerous paintings. Works :
Siege of Freiburg in 1677, Louvre, Paris ;
Taking of Dole in 1668, do. of Condc in
1676, Departure of the King after the Lit
do Justice in 1715, Camp of the French
Army near Fontarabie in 1719, View of
Chateau de Clagny, do. of Versailles (3),
Bosquets de Versailles (3), Taking of Orsoy
in 1672, Crossing the Rhine in 1672 (2),
Taking of Limburg in 1675, Siege of Na-
mur in 1692, Coronation of Louis XV. in
1722, Taking of Doeslmrg in 1672, besides
several copies after Van der Meulen, Ver-
sailles Museum ; View of Douai, View of
Lille .with Entry of French Army in 1667,
Douai Museum ; A Battle, Metz Museum ;
View of Elburg, Montpellier Museum ; Land-
scapes (2), Orleans Museum ; View of Rouen,
Rouen Museum ; Cavalry Combat by a
Bridge, Valenciennes Museum. — Bellier, ii.
41.
MARTIN, JOHN, born near Hexham,
July 19, 1789,
died in Isle of
Man, Feb. 17,
1854. Began
as a herald and
coach painter
in Newcastle ;
also practised
there and in
London enamel
and china paint-
ing. In 1812 he exhibited at the Royal
Academy his Sadak in search of the Waters
of Oblivion, which was followed by Adam's
209
MARTIN
First Sight of Eve (1813), Clytie (1814),
and Joshua commanding the Sun to stand
still (181G), the last of which gained him a
premium of £100 at the British Institution,
and the appointment of historical landscape
painter to the Princess Charlotte and Prince
Leopold. His designs for Paradise Lost,
for which he received £2,000, show great
poetic grandeur. He painted many clever
water-colour views of the valley of the
Thames and other English rivers. "Works:
Fall of Babylon (1819); Macbeth (1820);
Belshazzar's Feast (1821) ; Destruction of
Pompeii (1822), National Gallery, London ;
Seventh Plague, Paphian Bower (1823);
Creation (1824) ; Deluge (1825) ; Fall of
Nineveh (1828); Death of Moses (1838);
Last Man (1839) ; Eve of the Deluge, As-
suaging of the Waters (1840) ; Celestial
City, Pandemonium (1841); Destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah (1852). — Redgrave ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Ottley ; Cat.
Nat. Gal.
MAimX, NABOB, born in Ghent in
1404, died about 1453. Flemish school ;
free of the guild of St. Luke in 1437.
Works : Nativity, with portraits of Philip
the Good, his Wife, and Child (1448), Grande
Boucherie, Ghent ; Adoration of Infant
Christ, fresco, ib.- — C. it C., Flemish Paint-
ers, 242 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 90.
MAHTIN, PAUL, born at Kaiserslautern,
Bavaria, Aug. 17, 1821. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of
Josef Bernhardt; studied in Paris (184G)
under Gleyre, and settled in Munich.
Works: Tilly's Entry into Magdeburg
(1857) ; Cromwell in Meditation before the
Crown of England (1858); Garibaldi (1860);
Loreley (18G7) ; Boy playing with Dog,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Wood-Nymph ;
Munich Shoemaker's Apprentices ; Scene
from Death of Wallenstein (1883) ; Among
Flowers (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
Frescos: Count Arco's Sacrifice in Tyrol
in 1703, Palatine Philip defending Vienna
against Solirnan in 1529, Elector Otto Hein-
rich building Wing of Heidelberg Castle in
1557, National Museum, Munich. — Miiller,
356 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 484 ; (1882),
ii. 225.
MAETIN, PIERRE DENIS, born about
1673, died in Paris in 1742. French school ;
landscape and battle painter, pupil of Par-
rocel and of Van der Meulen ; painter in
ordinary to the king and to the czarina.
Works : Louis XV. at a Stag-Hunt (1730),
Louvre, Paris ; Cavalcade of Louis XV. after
the Coronation (1724), View of Versailles
(1722), do. of Trianon (2), do. of Chateaux
de Marly (2), Saint-Hubert, Meudon, Ma-
st. Martin dividing his Mantle, Anton van Dyck, Saventhem.
drid, Fontainebleau (1722), Chambord, Bos-
quets de Versailles (2), Bassin cVApollon and
Canal de Versailles, Engine and Aqueduct
of Marly, Versailles Museum ; View of St.
Cloud, Nantes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 41.
MARTIN, ST., DIVIDING HIS MAN-
TLE, Anton van Dyck, church at Saventhem,
near Brussels ; wood, H. about 5 ft. 9 in. x
5 ft. 3 in. Nearly the same in composition
as the picture by Rubens. The woman and
children are omitted, St. Martin is a portrait
of Van Dyck himself, and the horse is the
one given him by Rubens. Painted by Van
Dyck for a young lady at Saventhem, who
presented it to the parish church. Taken
210
MARTIN
to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved by [
J. L. Krafft ; G. Edelinck ; Jos. Franck [
(1872). Etched by M. A. Boulard.— Musee
francais ; Landon, vii. PI. 5 ; Filhol, iii. 212 ;
Smith, iii. 12 ; Guiffrey, 22, 251.
By Rubens, Windsor Castle ; canvas, H. 8
ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. The Saint, accompa-
nied by two horsemen and clad in brilliant
armour, mounted on a gray horse, is divid-
ing with his sword a scarlet mantle between
two poor men ; beyond, a woman with a
child in her arms and another by her side.
Waagen ascribes the horse, the woman, and
the children to Van Dyck, who probably
St. Martin dividing his Mantle, Rubens, Windsor Castle.
assisted in the work. This picture is the
original of Van Dyck's St. Martin, in the
church at Saventhem. It was formerly in
Spain, whence it was taken about 1750 and
sold to Frederick, Prince of Wales, father
of George m. Engraved by Thomas
Chambers (176G). — Waageu, Treasures, ii.
435 ; Smith, ii. 240.
MARTIN D'£GLISE, BATTLE OF, An-
ton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
10 ft. 6 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. Victory gained by
Henri IV. of France over the Due de May-
enne. In foreground, the King, attended
by Sully, and many armour-clad knights on
horseback ; in middle distance, an encoun-
ter between pikemen and arqucbusiers ;
background, a landscape. The animals are
by Snyders. Taken to Paris in 1800 ; re-
turned in 1815.— Eastlake, Notes, 72.
MARTINEZ, JUSEPE, born in Sara-
gossa in 1612, died there in 1082. Spanish
school ; studied in Rome ; attracted atten-
tion of Velasquez, by whose recommenda-
tion Philip IV. named him, in 1642, one of
his painters ; afterwards appointed to same
office by Don Juan of Austria, but he pre-
ferred to remain in Saragossa, where he
painted works for the cathedral. He was
also an engraver and writer on art. — Stir-
ling, ii. 737 ; Ceau Bermudez.
MARTINEZ, SEBASTIAN, born in Jaen
in 1G02, died in Madrid in 1667. Spanish
school ; pupil of one of the scholars of Ces-
pedes ; became painter to Philip IV. in 1660.
His Martyrdom of St. Sebastian was painted
for the Cathedral of Jacn, and he also ex-
ecuted works for the nunnery of Corpus
Christi at Cordova ; but most of his pictures
were for private houses. — Stirling, ii. 806.
MARTINEZ DEL RINCON, Don SE-
RAFIN, born in Spain ; contemporary.
Genre painter ; professor at Malaga Acad-
emy. Works : The Author of Yore (1880) ;
The Rock of the Lovers (1881); Hoy so saca
anima (1881). — La Ilustracion (1880), i. 147 ;
(1881), i. 382 ; (1884), ii. 393.
MARTINI, BERNARDINO. See Zenale,
Bernardino.
MARTINI, GIOVANNI DI. See Giovan-
ni di Martini da Udine.
MARTINI, SIMONE. See Ximoiie di
Martiiio.
MARTINO DI BARTOLOMMEO, died
about 1 433. Sienese school ; son of Bar-
tolommeo di Biagio, a goldsmith ; inscribed
on roll of Sienese painters in 1389. His
earliest pictures are in the desecrated
Church of S. Giovanni, at Cascina, near
Pisa, whose walls are covered with partly
MAKTIM)
obliterated frescos, executed in 1397, in the
style of Taddeo Bartoli. These works,
which are minutely described by Bonaiui
(Not. Mod., 51!), are third rate in quality,
as are his pictures in the Academy and in
S. Domenico, Pisa.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 172 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 81 ; xi. 175.
MARTINO DA UDINE. Sec J'l-lkgniiu
da San Daniele.
MARTYR, BURIAL OF A, Edward Ar-
i)ti/<i</t\ private gallery, London ; canvas, H.
12 ft. G in. x 9 ft, 7 in. The body of a
young Christian, slain in the arena, at
Koine, is being lowered into the Catacombs,
where it is received by the sorrowing rela-
tions ; in the background, upon a staging,
stands a workman, ready to put it into its
last resting-place, one of the oven-like recep-
tacles in the wall. — Royal Academy, 1885.
MARTYR, CHRISTIAN, Paul Delaroche,
private gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft.
10 in. Martyr in time of Diocletian. The
body of a young girl, the hands bound, float-
ing down the Tiber by night, the aureola
which lights her face reflected in the water;
in background, the prow of a galley, and
two figures watching from the bank. Sub-
ject said to have been suggested by a dream.
Painted in 1S55. Exhibited in 1857, after
his death. Engraved by Rousseaux. At
Delaroche sale, to Goupil, 30,000 francs.
At same sale, a smaller sketch, 2,400 francs.
Replica, in small (face and hands by Dela-
roche, remainder by C. F. Jalabert), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore.
MARTYR'S TRIUMPH (Triomphe du
Martyr), Adolpho William Bouguereau, Lux-
embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 3 in. x
13 ft. 2 in. The body of St. Cecilia, crowned
and decked with the palms of martyrdom,
is borne to rest in the Catacombs. Bougue-
reau's fame dates from the exhibition of this
picture. — Salon, 1855.
MARTYRS, CHRISTIAN, Francois Leon
Benouvillc. Scene in the arena of the
amphitheatre at Rome, with an immense
audience gathered to witness the death of
Christian martyrs by wild beasts. The bar-
riers have just been opened and the vic-
tims are coming forward, brutally pushed
by the slaves of the circus and by sol-
diers. Exposition universelle, 1855. Orig-
inal sketch in water-colours, Salon of 1852,
Luxembourg Museum. — Larousse, x. 1290.
By Gustave Dore, Dore Gallery, London.
Scene at night in the Coliseum, the long
ranges of seats deserted by the crowd which
has lately witnessed a festival of slaughter ;
in the arena lions and tigers are feeding on
the mangled corpses of the Christian mar-
tyrs, while from the star-lit heavens a troop
of white-robed angels are descending. Sa-
lon, 1874.— Claretie (1884), 124.
By Jean Leon G'n-i'nne, W. T. Walters,
Baltimore ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x4 ft. 11
in. Scene in the Circus Maximus, Rome,
with Christians exposed to wild beasts,
which are represented as just coming into
the arena from their dark dens and paus-
ing in astonishment at the light and the
great mass of people surrounding them ; in
the middle distance are prisoners fastened
to crosses and smeared with pitch, destined
to be burned alive.
MARY OF EGYPT, ST., Tintoretto, Scu-
ola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. Similar
in plan to its companion piece, the Magda-
len, opposite, except that St. Mary has her
back turned to the spectator and the tree by
the brook is a palm instead of a laurel. —
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 331.
MARY STUART AND ELIZABETH,
Wilhelm von Kaulbacli, private gallery, Ber-
lin ; canvas. Scene from Schiller's " Mary
Stuart " (Act iii., Scene 4). A stormy in-
terview between the two queens; Elizabeth,
at right, with clinched lists, is gazing fixed-
ly at Mary, who, restrained by an attendant,
is talking angrily, with one hand raised ; be-
hind Elizabeth are two courtiers, with sor-
rowful faces and downcast eyes, the unwill-
ing witnesses of the scene.
MARY STUART LISTENING TO HER
DEATH-WARRANT, Karl von Piloty, pri-
vate gallery. Mary sits at right, with down-
cast eyes, her rosary and breviary on the
MARY
floor where they have fallen from her lap ;
behind her, two of her attendants, one on
her knees, the other standing, horror-strick-
en ; at left, the Earls of Shrewsbury and
Kent, the Sheriff of the County with the
warrant, and Sir A. Melville, the last in ar-
mour, all standing. Painted in 18GS). En-
graved by Dorris Kaab. — Art Journal
(1878), 228.
MARY STUAET IN PRISON, Leon y
Escosura, Fletcher Harper, New York.
Queen Mary, robed in full toilet, alone in
her chamber in Fotheriugay Castle ; her
bed is concealed in a canopy of splendid
embroideries ; a large crucifix and a Book
of Hours denote her religion. — Art Treas-
ures of America, ii. 94.
MARY STUART AND RIZZIO, David
Neal, D. O. Mills, New York. Queen Mary's
first interview with David Rizzio. She is
descending a staircase, preceded by a little
spaniel and followed by ladies and courtiers,
and is surprised to see Rizzio fast asleep on
a bench at the foot, with his viol beside him.
Painted in 187(5.
MARY VIRGIN, GIRLHOOD OF, Dante
Gabriel Rossetti, Lady Louisa Fielding, Lou-
don. The Virgin and St. Anne sit side by
side at an embroidery frame, while before
them stands a little angel, with rose-coloured
wings, tending the symbolic lily with child-
like seriousness. St. Anne is a portrait of
the painter's mother ; the Virgin, of his sis-
ter Christina ; the angel, of a younger sister
of the late artist, Walter H. Dcverell. The
picture, his first subject piece, is signed
Dante Gabriele Rossetti, P.R.B.— i. e., Pre-
Raphaelite Brother. Exhibited in 1840;
sold for £80 to Marchioness of Bath. — Athe-
naeum (Jan., 1883), 22 ; Art Journal (1884),
150.
MARYS AT THE SEPULCHRE, Paolo
Veronese, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. x 2 ft. 2 in. The three Marys, coming
to the tomb of Christ, are told of the resur-
rection by two angels clad in white gar-
ments. Engraved by Lasiuio. — Gal. du
Pal. Pitti, ii. PI. 27.
MARZIALE, MARCO, beginning of Kith
century. Venetian school ; a follower of
Carpaccio, and later an imitator of Albert
Diirer. In 1492 he was a journeyman em-
' ployed in the Great Hall of Council, Palazzo
Ducale, Venice. His Christ and the Apos-
tles at Emmaus (1500), Venice Academy,
and do. (1507), in the Berlin Museum, ex-
hibits the arrangement of Carpaccio with
the minute details of the German school.
In the National Gallery, London, are a Cir-
cumcision (1500), and a Madonna with Saints
(1507).— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 227 ; Liibke,
Gesch. d. ital. Mai., i. 544.
MASACCIO, TOMMASO, born at Castel
San Giovanni
di Valdarno,
Dec. 21, 1401,
died in Rome
(?) about 1428.
Florentine
school ; real
name Tomma-
so di Giovanni
di Simono Gui-
di, but called
Masaccio (Careless Thomas) from his in-
difference to appearance ; perhaps studied
under Masolino da Panicalc. In 1421 he
was enrolled in the guild of the Speziali
(apothecaries) in Florence, and in 1422 in
that of the painters. Masaccio is to the
15th century what Giotto is to the 14th —
the founder of a new school, the opener of
a new era in painting, and the painter of
frescos which were studied by all the great
artists who came after him as models of
style, composition, treatment of drapery,
and truth to nature. Before 1421 (?) ho
decorated a chapel in S. Clemente, Rome,
with frescos from the life of St. Catherine.
The next eight years were spent in painting
frescos in the Braucacci Chapel in the Car-
mine, Florence, which are the chief exam-
ples of his style and school. The entii-e
series was formerly attributed to him ; but
modern research has shown that these fres-
cos were begun by Masaccio, and continued
213
MASO
and completed by Filippino Lippi, and that
of them Masaccio painted nine only, name-
ly : Expulsion from Eden, St. Peter healing
Tabitha and curing the Cripple at the Gate
of the Temple ; Seeking of the Tribute
Money and its payment by St. Peter ; The
Expulsion ; Sermon of St. Peter (?); St. Pe-
ter Baptizing ; Distribution of Alms ; SS.
Peter and John curing the Sick ; Resurrec-
tion of the Child and St. Peter in Cathedra,
partly executed by Filippino Lippi. This
takes from Masaccio two of the finest works
in the chapel — the Crucifixion of St. Peter,
and the Arraignment of SS. Peter and Paul
before the Proconsul — both painted by Filip-
pino Lippi, and therefore to some extent
diminishes his glory. It, however, leaves
him enough to entitle him to be considered
the greatest painter of his time, and to be
called the father of modern art, through
careful study of the human form, and inves-
tigation of the laws of light and shade which
govern relief, as well as of the management
of drapery in broad masses ; he rescued
painting from medievalism, and gave an im-
pulse which finally brought the art to that
perfection which it afterwards attained in
the hands of Raphael. Each event repre-
sented by Masaccio is like a scene upon the
stage where the actors are grouped with due
regard to effect. Many of the heads are
portraits, and all the figures are studied
from life in a naturalistic spirit, which faith-
fully renders the costumes worn by the men
and women of the time. Even Raphael did
not disdain to take Masaccio's noble group
of Adam and Eve driven from Paradise as
a model when he treated the same subject
in the Vatican. The few other extant works
of Masaccio are : Fragment of a Procession,
cloister of the Carmine ; The Trinity be-
tween the Virgin and St. John the Evangel-
ist, with two donors, S. M. Novella (much
injured) ; Conception, Florence Academy ;
and portrait of himself (?), perhaps by Filip-
pino Lippi, Uffizi ; Adoration of the Magi,
Diptych with Martyrdom of SS. Peter and
John the Baptist, Berlin Museum. — C. &
C., Italy, i. 519 ; Vasari, e'd. Mil., ii. 287,
305 ; Layard, The Brancacci Chapel, Arun-
del Society (1868); Dohme, 2i.; Ch. Blanc,
J5cole florentine ; Baldinucci, i. 460 ; Burck-
hardt, 529 ; Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 285,
290 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. 225 ; xii. 175.
MASO. See Giotlino.
MASOLINO DA PANICALE, born at
Panicale in 1383, died in Florence in Oct.
(buried, 18th), 1440. Florentine school ;
real name Tommaso di Cristofano di Fino ;
pupil of Gherardo da Stamina, and probably
master of Masaccio. Vasari confounds him
with Maso di Cristoforo Braccii, and his ac-
count is therefore untrustworthy. Masolino
had no hand in the famous frescos of the
Brancacci Chapel. He was admitted into
the guild of the Physicians and Apotheca-
ries in Florence in 1423, and shortly after-
wards entered the service of Pippo Spani,
Obergespann of Temcswar, Hungary. Af-
ter Spani's death (1427) he returned to Italy,
and executed, about 1428, for Cardinal Cas-
tiglione, a series of frescos in the Church
of Castiglione di Olona and in the adjoining
baptistery. These, which were unknown to
Vasari, were lately rescued from whitewash
and are signed with his name. Those in
the choir represent events in the lives of the
Virgin, and of SS. Lawrence and Stephen, to
whom the church is dedicated. With no
little religious sentiment, which is at times
so expressed as to recall Fra Angelico, with
a conscientious care for details of form and
composition and a system of architectural
and figure arrangement which has no little
analogy with that of his great pupil, Masac-
cio, Masolino elaborated detail at the expense
of breadth, and made solitary figures unduly
prominent. His compositions are monoto-
nous, both on account of lack of variety in
arrangement and the absence of contrast in
light and shade. His heads are character-
istic, and his extremities carefully studied
from nature. In the frescos of the baptis-
tery at Castiglione, which represent scenes
in the life of St. John, the faces are excellent
and the action is weak. Considerable bold-
214
MASON
ness is shown in the use of perspective, which
Masoliuo, like other painters of his time,
had learned to apply to painting, thanks to
the scientific discoveries of Bruuelleschi.
According to the annotators of Vasari, the
baptistery frescos were painted in 1435, but
C. & C. give the date of 14-28 as covering
these as well as those in the Collegiate
Church.— C. & C., Italy, i. 499 ; Vasari, ed.
Le Moil., iii. 135 ; ed. Mil, ii. 2G3, 2G9 ;
Baldiuucci, i. 342 ; Ch. Blanc, Erolo lloren-
. ing in the Carnpagna (1857) ; Mist on the
Moors (1862) ; Catch (1863) ; Return from
Ploughing (1864) ; The Geese, The Gander
(1865) ; Young Anglers, Yarrow (1866) ;
Evening — Matlock (1867) ; Wetley Moor,
Evening Hymn (1868) ; Dancing Girls, Only
a Shower (1869) ; Derbyshire Landscape
(187U) ; Blackberry Gathering, Milkmaid
(1871); Harvest Moon (1872).— Portfolio
(1871), 113 ; (1873), 40 ; Art Journal (1883),
43, 108, 185 ; Contemporary Rev., xxi. 724.
: I I •
! ;
gMSm,i: AS1' L3T
Mass of Bolsena, Raphael, Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican,
tine ; Lfibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 285 ; Zeit-
schrift f. b. K., xi. 225.
MASON, GEORGE HEMIXG, born
Wetley, Staffordshire,
in 1818, died in Lon-
don, Oct. 22, 1872.
Genre and landscape
painter ; forsook medi-
cine for art in 1844,
travelled through Eu-
rope, and resided sever-
al years in Rome ; re-
turned in 1858 to Wet-
ley, whence he removed to London in 1865.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1869. Works : Plough-
MASS OF BOLSENA, Raphael, Stanza
d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco, dated 1512.
Called also Miracle of Bolsena. In 1263,
under Urban IV., a priest who doubted the
reality of transubstantiation is said to have
seen blood flow from the wafer, when cele-
brating mass in S. Cristina, Bolsena. This
gave rise to the feast of Corpus Christi, in-
stituted A. D. 1310. The priest is saying mass
in the presence of Urban IV. (portrait of
Julius II), who kneels at right ; behind the
pope are four cardinals, and below them five
of the Swiss guard ; on the left are deacons
and acolytes, and below them people won-
dering at the miracle. Typical of the vic-
215
MASSACRE
tory of the church over scepticism. En-
graved by R. Morghen ; Volpato ; Aquila ;
P. Fidanza. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 342; Miintz,
302; Passavant, ii. 132 ; Springer, 199 ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 433 ; Perkins, 137.
MASSACRE OF INNOCENTS, Garofalo,
Fernira Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. x 6 ft. 3 in.
Painted in 1519 for Cappella Festini in S.
Francesco, Ferrara. Highly praised by Va-
sari.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 4G4 ; Baruffaldi,
i. 32G.
By (ri/ii/u Reni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. Herod's soldiers
"•^"S" '
• v •
•'• '• V •' "'
, - •-•-•;;' \
• ' M
••
, 6
/ V'
-: • *-
Massacre of Innocents, Guido Reni, Bologna Gallery.
slaying children in a court ; above, two boy
angels with palms. Fine colour and action,
but too crowded. Formerly in S. Domeuico,
Bologna ; carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
in 1815. Engraved by Bolognini ; Barto-
lozzi ; Rosaspina. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 7 ;
Landon, Musce, xiv. PI. 9 ; Lavice, 13.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 6
ft. 3 in. x 9 ft. 5 in. An excellent picture in
1 the artist's free or bravura manner. En-
graved by P. Pontius ; Depuis. — Smith, ii.
72.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas. The outer vestibule of a palace,
with a flight of stairs, down which rush a
crowd of women mixed with the murderers ;
one woman dashes herself down head-fore-
most, dragging her child with her ; in front,
j a great struggle, with a confused heap of
I mothers and of the slain ; in background,
women fleeing pursued by soldiers. — Rus-
kin, Stones of Venice, iii. 328 ; Ch. Blanc,
' Ecole venitienne.
By Daniele da Volterra, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, small figures. A fine composition,
with numerous figures. Formerly in Cathe-
dral of Volterra ; purchased in 1782.
MASSACRE OF MACHKCOUL, Fran-
yois Flameny, Paris ; canvas, H. 20 ft. x 30
ft. Illustration of a scene in the war of La
Vendee in 1793. Under the walls of a castle
lie many bodies, men and women together,
ghastly and contorted with the agonies of
death ; at the left, an old man tied to a tree,
the blood oozing from his wounds ; in cen-
tre, a group of aristocrats, the lord of the
manor and his lady friends, daintily picking
their way over the blood-stained ground.
A disagreeable but masterly picture. Salon,
1884.— Art Journal (1884), 180.
MASSARI, LUCIO, born at Bologna in
15G9, died there in 1G33. Bolognese school ;
history painter, pupil of Bartolommeo Pas-
sarotti and opponent of the Carracci, but
afterwards became a zealous adherent of
Lodovico Carracci and went to Rome, where
he studied after the antique and the great
masters. Works : Madonna with St. John,
Uffizi, Florence ; St. Clara with the Holy
Sacrament driving off Invading Saracens,
Return of Prodigal Son, Angel presenting
Purified Soul to the Holy Trinity, Pieta,
Pinacoteca, Bologna ; Four pictures from
Life of St. Benedict, S. Michele, ib. ; others
at the Benedictines and Carthusians, ib.
MASSI, GENTILE DI NICCOLO. See
Gentile da Fabriano.
216
MASSONE
MASSONE, GIOVANNI, of Alessandria,
about 1490. Genoese school ; painted in
1490, in mortuary family cliapel erected at
Savona by Sixtus IV., an altarpiece in three
compartments, representing the Nativity in
the middle, with St.Francis arid Pope Sixtus
on one side, and St. Anthony of Padua and
Cardinal Giuliano di Rovere, the pope's
nephew, afterwards Julius II., on the other.
It is now in the Louvre, having been bought
for Louis XVIIL for 3,000 francs.— Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise ;
Lauzi, iii. 234.
MASSYS (Matsys, Messys, Metsys), JAN,
born in Antwerp about 1509, died before
Oct. 8, 1575. Flemish school ; son and pu-
pil of Quin ten, whose realistic style and
subjects he imitated, degenerating, how-
ever, into coarser treatment and, into great
feebleness in every respect, especially in his
later pictures. Free of Antwerp guild in
1531. Was exiled for heresy in 1544, but
returned to Antwerp a few years later.
Works : The -Uixers (copy of Quinten),
Windsor Castle ; Men and Women playing
Cards, Wyudham Collection, Petworth ;
The Virgin and St. Joseph refused Shelter
at Bethlehem (1558), Healing of Tobias
(15G4), Antwerp Museum ; Danai;, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Chaste Susanna, Lot and
his Daughters (1565), Brussels Museum ;
David and Bathsheba, Louvre ; Tax Col-
lectors, Berlin Museum ; do., Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Elijah and the Widow of
Sarepta (1565), Carlsruhc Gallery; The
Two Moneychangers (1551), Leipsic Muse-
um ; St. Paul (1565), Schleissheim Gallery;
St. Jerome (1537), Jolly Company and Bag-
piper (1564), Lot and his Daughters (1563),
JOANNES /A.ASSHS PiNGLBAT
\5 6" 4
Vienna Museum ; The Saviour, The Vir-
gin in Contemplation, Madrid Museum ;
Bathsheba, Stockholm Museum. — Kugler
(Crowe), i. 247 ; Kramni, iv. 1073 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, i. 22 ; ii. 14 ; Rooses (Reber), 91;
Van den Brauden, 138 ; Meiio, Nachrichten,
289.
MASSYS, QUINTEN, born in Antwerp
before 1460,
died there be-
tween July 13
[and Sept. 16,
[1530. Flemish
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, per-
il a p s pupil of
Dierick Bouts.
The current story
of his having begun life as a blacksmith, and
turned to art in order to win a painter's
daughter for his wife, is not well authenti-
cated. What we know is, that he married
about 1480, and again in 1508-9 ; that he
entered the painters' guild at Antwerp in
1491, lived there mostly, and perhaps at
Louvaiu temporarily ; and that his friends
were Egidius, Erasmus, and Diirer. While
the painters of the Van Eyck school had for
! the most part painted figures of small size,
Massys painted them of life-size, showing
in his treatment of religious subjects an
j intense and sometimes exaggerated senti-
ment. His ilesh tones are clear, his dra-
peries harmonious in colour, and his execu-
tion is careful and elaborate. His style,
which marks the close of the early Flemish
school and inaugurates a new period, is dis-
tinguished by more independence of thought
and greater artistic freedom than that of
any previous painter in the Low Countries,
excepting the Van Eycks. Works : Trip-
tych with Legend of St. Ann (1509), Brus-
sels Museum ; Triptych with Pitta (1508-
11), Bust Figures of Christ and the Virgin,
Magdalen, Tax Collector, Antwerp Muse-
um ; jl/om'/y-Changer and his Wife (1518),
Descent from the Cross (attributed), Louvre;
Bust Figures of Christ and the Virgin, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Death of Lucre-
tia, Berne Museum ; Madonna, St. Jerome,
Portrait of a Young Man, Museum, Berlin ;
Madonna with the Lamb, Raczyuski Gal-
217
MASTER
lory, ib.; Young Girl caressing Old Man,
Cassel Gallery ; Advocate and Clients, Dres-
den Museum ; The Virgin nursing the
Child (V), Portrait of Jehan Carondelet, Old
Piuakothek, Munich ; Death of Lucretia,
St. Jerome, Portrait of a Goldsmith, Vienna
Museum ; The Virgin appearing to David
and his Prophets, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; Ecce Homo, Ducal Palace, Venice;
St. Jerome, Portraits of himself and his
Wife (1520), Uffizi, Florence ; Christ with
Marv and St. John, Madrid Museum ; Bust
Figures of Christ and the Virgin, National
Gallery, London ; Portrait of Petrus Egidius,
Longford Castle ; Triptych, Historical Soci-
ety, New York. His younger son and pupil,
Cornells (born at Antwerp about 1512, mas-
ter of the guild in 1581, and still living in
15SO), was a figure and landscape painter,
by whom is a Village Street Scene (1543)
in the Berlin Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr.,
xxi. 5-21 ; Art Journal (1880), 145, 177 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecolo ilamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'An-
vers (1874), 239 ; Dohme, li.; Engcrth,
Belved. Gal., ii. 25'J ; Frtis, Cat. du Mus.
roy., 1158 ; Furster, Denkmale, vii. 7 ; do.,
Gcsch., ii. 131; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), xi.
31 ; xii. 154 ; Immerzeel, ii. 215 ; Kramm,
iv. 1074 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 114 ; Mag. of
Art (18S(i), ix. 414 ; Michiels, iv. 287 ; Re-
pert, f. K., vi. 405 ; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 4;
Ilooses (Ueber), 34 ; Van den Branden, 40,
122, 145, 234, (550 ; Van Even, Ancieuue
Kcole do Louvain ; Vlaamsche school (1855),
5(5, (5!) ; Wauters, Peinture flamande, 100 ;
W. & W, ii. 50!) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xxi. 94.
MASTEH OF ALTAll OF HOLY KITH-
AND-KIN. German school, in which, dur-
ing the early part of the l(5th century, were
represented partly the idealism of the old
school of Cologne combined with the more
modern tendency to truth and individuality,
partly an independent and ingenious adap-
tation of Upper-German influences, and
chiefly a close leaning to the contempora-
neous art of the Netherlands. This master
is the brilliant representative of the first-
named tendency. Works attributed to this
painter : Altar der heiligen Sippe, Cologne
Museum ; SS. Columba, Ursula, and Ag-
nes, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; works
in the Museums of Berlin and Munich. —
W. & W., ii. 97, 488.
MASTER OF THE APE. See Cleef,
Marten van.
MASTER OF BARTHOLOMEW AL-
TAR. See Master of Thomas Altar.
MASTER OF CAPPENBERG, 16th cen-
tury, German school ; his style is closely re-
lated to that of the brothers Diinwegge.
Works : Crucifixion, Parish Church, Copen-
hagen ; Holy Family, Miinster Museum. —
W. & W'., ii. 502 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xviii.
GO.
MASTER OF DEATH OF THE VIR-
GIN, flourished in Cologne first half of 16th
century, died there, 1556. German school ;
painter of many altarpieces and portraits,
identified by some writers with Jan Joest,
though possibly his pupil, as he worked long
after the death of that master, whose style
is traceable in his early pictures. His later
works resemble those of Quinten Massys and
Mabuse so closely that they pass in several
collections under those two masters' names,
while many of his portraits have been as-
cribed to Holbein. Of late, attempts have
been made to identify this master with Jan
Scorel, which seem to have much in their
favor, but have called forth a lively con-
troversy by opponents. Works : Death of
Virgin, Cologne Museum (1515) ; do., SS.
George and Nicasius, St. Christina, Clirist on
the Cross, Repose in Egypt, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Scenes from Life of Christ (1516),
St. Mary's Church, Dantzic ; Adoration of
Magi, Berlin Museum; do., Dresden Gal-
lery ; do. (?), Hohenzollern Museum, Sig-
maringen ; Altai-piece with Madonna and
Angel, Madonna (2), Vienna Museum ; Be-
wailing Christ, Louvre ; Adoration of Magi,
San Donate, Genoa ; do., and Crucifixion,
Naples Museum ; Madonna, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; Portraits in Cassel Gallery
(1525), Cologne and Nuremberg (3) Muse-
ums, Uffizi (1520) and Corsini Gallery, Flor-
218
MASTER
ence, Borghese Gallery, Rome, and Liech- \
teusteiu Gallery, Vienna. — Engerth, Belved.
Gal., ii. 2G4 ; Forster, Denkmale, iii. 25 ;
xi. 17 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 224 ; Kuust-
Chronik, x. 74 ; xix. 112 ; xxi. 305 ; W. &
W., ii. 494 ; Zeitscbr. f. b. K, xviii. 30, 4G,
Cl ; xxi. 83, 145.
MASTER OF FRANKFORT, flourished
between 1500 and 1520. German school ;
his works have been erroneously attributed
to Konrad Fyol. "Works : Adoration of
Magi, Antwerp Museum ; Crucifixion, Stii-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Holy Family, Frank-
fort Museum ; Triptych with Madonna and
St. Ann, Berlin Museum. — Meyer, Museen,
273 ; W. & W., ii. 499.
MASTER OF LIESBORN, nourished
about middle of 15th century. German
school ; he is known only through a great
altarpiece, painted about 14C5 anil repre-
senting the life and passion of Christ ; for-
merly at the Abbey of Liesborn, near Mini-
ster. In the two fragments now at the
National Gallery, London, the heads are
peaceful in expression and devout in feel-
ing. The colouring is clear and agreeable,
but as regards truth to nature these pict-
ures are very inferior to those of contem-
porary Netherlandish painters. Works :
Half-length Figures of Six Saints, Anuunci- j
atiou, Presentation, National Gallery, Lon-
don.— Forster, Denkmale, i. 5 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 133 ; Liibke, Kunst in West-
falen, 345 ; Schnaase, viii. 302 ; W. <t W.,
ii. 98.
MASTER OF LYVERSBERG PASSION,
second half of 15th century. German school ;
this artist, named after his masterpiece once
in possession of Mr. Lyversberg, of Cologne,
whose works were formerly attributed to the
engraver Israel van Meckenen, was the first
to bring into prominence the graft of Flem-
ish realism upon the idealism of the old
school of Cologne. Works : Eight Scenes
from Life of Mary, Twelve Apostles, Three
do. (2), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Five
Scenes in Life of Mary, Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Lyuersbery Passion, Cologne \
Museum ; Madonna with Saints, Berlin
Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 131 ; do., kl.
Schriften, ii. 302 ; Schuaase, viii. 355 ; W.
& W., ii. 95.
MASTER OF SIGMARINGEN, lirst half
of 10th century. German school ; contem-
porary of Martin Schaffner, and much his
inferior. Works : Altarpiece with Scenes
from Life of Mary, Hohenzollern Museum,
Sigmariugen ; other works in Carlsruhe and
Stuttgart.— W. & W., ii. 454.
MASTER OF THOMAS ALTAR, nour-
ished in Cologne, end of 15th and begin-
ning of 10th century. German school ;
though influenced by the contemporaneous
art of Upper Germany, this master, former-
ly identified with Lucas van Leyden, and
later with Christoph, an earlier painter at
Cologne, was an artist of strong individual-
ity. Despite the meagre forms and awk-
ward motions of his mannered figures, they
are not devoid of a certain grace and ex-
pression. Works : Bartholomew Altar, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Thomas Altar (1501),
Crucifixion, Cologne Museum ; Two Altai-
Wings with Saints, Mentx; Gallery ; do.,
National Gallery, London ; Descent from
the Cross, Louvre (attributed to Quinten
Massys, and formerly to Lucas van Ley-
den). — Forster, Denkmale, XII. iii. 1 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), i. 227 ; Rep. f. K., vii. 1 ; W.
& W., ii. 488 ; Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst, xvi.
83.
MASURE, JULES, born at Braine (Aisnc) ;
contemporary. Marino painter, pupil of
Corot. Medals : 1800 ; 2d class, 1881.
Works : Environs of Antibes ; Sea at Fn'jus
(1800) ; Bay of San Raphael ; Cape of An-
tibes, Gulf of Juan (1808) ; Sunset at Gran-
ville, Solitude among Rocks at Granville
(1874) ; Morning at Antibes, Gust of Wind
at Granville (1879) ; Environs of Nice, Cliff
in Normandy (1880) ; November Morning
at Grauville," Low Tide (1881) ; Fishing
Boats at Granville, The Undertows (1882) ;
Evening, Rough Sea (1883) ; Autumn After-
noon (1884).— Du Camp, Beaux Arts, 231 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 753.
MASWIENS
MASWIENS, JOSEPH, born at Louvain,
Sept. 1!), 1828. Architecture painter, pupil
of Louvain Academy and of Genisson, tben
in Madrid of Villa-Amil ; travelled in Spain
(1853-54) and France (1855); paints chiefly
interiors of churcbcs and other buildings,
of great perspective accuracy and excellent
light-effects. Works: Cathedral of Toledo ;
Great Chapel in do. ; Chapel San Isidore,
Madrid ; Interior of St. Gomar's at Liern,
near Antwerp ; Former House of Brewers'
Guild at Louvain, Louvain Museum.
MATEJKO, JAN (R ALOYSIUS), born
at Cracow, July 30,
1838. History
painter, pupil of
Cracow Art School,
then of Munich
(1858-00) and of
Vienna Academy.
Came at once into
prominence with
dramatic scones
from history of
his native conn-'
try. Director of Cracow Art School since
1873 ; member of Berlin and Paris Acade-
mies. Medals: Paris, 1805; 1st class, 1807;
of honour, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1870 ; Or-
der of Francis Joseph. Works: Simon Staro-
wolski and Charles Gustavus of Sweden at
Monument of King Lokietek (1857), Cra-
cow Art Union ; King Sigismund I. confer-
ring Privilege of Nobility on Professors of
Cracow "University (1858), Jagellouic Li-
brary, Cracow ; Poisoning of Queen Bona
(1859) ; Murder of Wapowski (1800) ; King
John Casimir in Bielany (1801) ; John Ko-
chanowski beside the Body of his Daughter
Ursula (1802); Court Jester Stanczyk (1803);
Jesuit Skarga preaching before Diet of Cra-
cow in 1592 (1802-04); Veit Stoss (1803-05);
Diet of Warsaw in 1773 (1804), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Alchymist Sendziwoi before Sigis-
mund III; Vladislav the Wise called to
Throne of Poland ; Union of Lublin in 1509
(1870) ; Stephen Bathory in the Camp of
Wielki Luki (1872); Johaim Wilczek during
Defence of Benedictine Monastery ; King
Sobieski's Prayer before Battle ; Matthias
Borkowicz thrown into a Dungeon ; Conse-
cration of King Sigismund's Bell (1875) ;
Murder of King Przemysl ; Ivan the Cruel
in the Place of Execution at Moscow ; Battle
of Tannenbcrg in 1410, Defeat at Varna
(1879); Prussia doing Homage to Poland
(1882); Sobieski before Vienna (1883); Cos-
sack Wernyhora's Prophecy of Poland's Fut-
ure (1884) ; Surrender of Archduke Maxi-
milian to Chancellor Jan Samojski (1884) ;
The Republic of Babin (1885) ; Entry of
Maid of Orleans into Eeiius (1880), Beims
Museum. -Illustr. Zeitg. (1870), ii. 11;
(1885), i. 250 ; Du Camp, Beaux Arts, 158,
300 ; Graph. K., ii. 42 ; Kunst-Chrouik, ii.
121 ; v. 22, 150 ; vii. 350 ; xiv. 340 ; xvii.
498 ; xviii. 109, 759 ; xix. 711 ; Miiller, 357 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1803), xviii. 500 ; xxiii.
141 ; La Ilustracion (1884), i. 3, 20 ; Rev.
des Deux Mondes, June, 1874 ; Land und
Meer (1872), ii. No. 50 ; Wurzbach, xvi. 99 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 118.
MATER DOLOROSA, Gticrcino, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome. Draped to the chin and
the head covered with a mantle. Face ex-
pressive of calm but deep grief. — Lavice, 350.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Bust, without hands ;
head turned to right, inclined forward ; red
dress, with white scarf over head and around
neck ; over scarf, a black mantle. Compan-
ion to Ecce Homo, Madrid Museum. From
Isabel Farnese Collection. Repetition : Duke
de Villahermosa, Madrid. — Curtis, 140.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; slate, H. 2
ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. Bust, of life-size ; the
Virgin, in a violet tunic and blue mantle,
the latter partly covering the head, on which
is a white cap, and with upraised hands, la-
ments the sufferings of the Son. Compan-
ion piece to Ecce Homo of Titian, also in
Madrid Museum. Painted in 1554 for Mary
of Hungary, by whom carried to Spain. —
C. & C., Titian, ii. 233.
MATHEY, PAUL, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. History, portrait, and landscape
22(1
MATIIIEU
painter, pupil of Cogniet, Pils, Mazerollc,
and Ouiy. Medal, 2d class, 1885. Works :
Mephistopheles and the Scholar (18G8) ; Be-
heading of St. John (1870) ; Environs of
Douarnenez (1879) ; Last Supper (1880) ;
Ou the Stone Beach (1881) ; Portraits
(1885).
MATHIEU, AUGUSTE, born at Dijon in
1810, died in Paris, March, 1864. Archi-
tecture painter, pupil of Ciceri ; painted in-
teriors of public buildings. Medals : 2d
class, 1842 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works :
Interior of Church of Nuremberg (1838) ;
St. Nicholas de Brou (1842) ; Ratisbon ;
Picardy ; Audernach ; Hall of the Dijon
Museum ; Cathedral of Ulm ; Cathedral of
Angouleme ; Mysterious House of Adam
Kraft't in Nuremberg ; St. Gereon in Co-
logne (1859) ; Chapel of Mont St. Bernard.
— Bellier, ii. 52 ; Larousse.
MATHIEU, LAMBERT JOSEPH, born
at Bure, Bel g i u m,
May 5, 1804, died at
Louvain in 1861. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Antwerp Academy
under Mattheus Ig-
natius van Bree, then
studied in Paris; re-
turned in 1833, and
became director and
first professor of Lou-
vain Academy in 1834 ; member of Antwerp
Academy in 1835. Knight of Order of Leo-
pold. Works : The Flood (1833), Brussels
Museum ; Death of Rubens, Philip the Good
decorating his Lady Love with Order of
Golden Fleece (1834) ; Christ on the Cross
(1836), Jesuit Church, Louvaiu ; Maria of
Burgundy thrown from her Horse at the
Chase (1864); Holy Family; Isabella of
Croy serving Breakfast for Louis XI. and
Quentin Durward (1837) ; Castellan cares-
sing Falcon, Falcon Chase (1838); Educa-
tion of the Virgin, Assumption (1839) ;
Raphael and the Fornariua ; Daughter of
Jairus ; Jacob and Rachel (1842). — Iniiner-
zeel, ii. 207 ; Raczynski, iii. 450.
MATHILDE, PRINCESS, born at Tri-
este, May 27, 1820. Genre painter in water-
colours, daughter of King Jerome Bona-
parte, pupil of Eugene Giraud. Medal,
1865. Works : Head Study (1864) ; In-
trigue under the Portico of Ducal Palace
in Venice (1865); Young Girl's Head (1865),
formerly in Luxembourg Museum ; Jewess
of Algiers (1866), Lille Museum ; Turco's
Head (1867).— Bellier, ii. 54.
MATOL'T, LOUIS, born at Renwez (Ar-
dennes), March 19, 1811. Historical and
mythological genre painter, pupil of the
Art School at Charleville ; was at first
an architect ; painted mediocre decorative
works, such as frescos in one of the rooms
of the Louvre. Medals : 3d class, 1853,
1857 ; L. of Honour, 1857. Works : Pan
and Nymphs ; Woman of Boghari torn by
Lioness (1855), Luxembourg Museum ; Rich
and Poor (1861),CliateauTOuxMuseum;Mar-
riagc of Bacchus and Ariadne (1875) ; Venus
Paudemos (1876) ; Christ at Simon's House
(1879), La Rochelle Cathedral ; Perseus de-
livering Andromeda (1884) ; Nymph asleep
in Pan's Forest (1885) ; mural paintings in
the Ecole de Medeciiio (1857) ; do. in the
Lariboisiere Hospital, and Imperial ( rallery,
Louvre. — Bellier, ii. 55 ; Du Camp, Beaux
Arts, 27 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), x. 94.
MATSYS. See J/as^.s.
MATTACCIO, IL. See Suthma.
MATTEIS, PAOLO DE, born at Cilento,
Naples, in 1662, died at Naples in 1728.
Neapolitan school ; history painter, pupil
of Luea Giordano and of Giovanni Maria
Moraudi ; worked in Rome for Popes Clem-
ent XL, Clement XII., and Benedict XIII.;
invited to France, he acquired during a
residence of three years celebrity at court
and throughout the kingdom. After his
return he deviated from the style of Gi-
ordano, leaning moro towards the Roman
school. Many of his frescos and easel pict-
ures are in Genoa and Naples, and he paint-
ed much at Monte Cassino in 1692, and in
1706-9. Works : Scenes from Tasso's Je-
rusalem (3), Aschaffeuburg Gallery ; Death
MATTEO
of Cato of Utica, John of Nepomuk before
King AVenceslaus, Schleissheim Gallery ;
Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; The Virgin in
Glory, Schwerin Gallery ; Scene from las-
so's Jerusalem, Museum, Vienna ; Venus
bidding Cupid to wound Adonis, Harrach
Gallery, ib.; Triumph of Galatea (1G92),
Milan Academy ; Adoration of the Shep-
herds, The Paradise, Naples Museum. —
Goethe, Winckehnann, ii. 7:5 ; Lanzi (Ros-
eoe), ii. 59.
MATTEO DI GIOVANNI di Bartolo,
born about 1435, died in 1495. Hienese
school ; sometimes called Matteo da Siena.
Though far behind the Florentines, he was
the best Sicnese painter of his time, and
may be said to have adopted the manner of
Sano di Pietro, and improved it by modern-
izing it. His oldest authentic picture, Vir-
gin enthroned with Angels (1470), is in the
Siena Academy ; his masterpiece, the Ma-
donna della Neve (Madonna of the Snow),
dated 1477, in S. M. della Neve, Siena ; his
St. Barbara (147!)), in S. Domenico, Siena ;
Madonna with Saints, in a chapel of same
church ; Adoration of the Virgin, Siena
Academy ; and his Madonnas in the Palazzo
Pubblico and Palazzo Tolomei, Siena, and
in the Duomo, Pien/.a, are also favourable
examples. He was less successful in scenes
requiring action, as in his Massacres of the
Innocents, which are melodramatic and full
of exaggerated sentiment pushed to the
verge of grimace. One of them (1482) is
in S. Agostino of Siena, another (1491) in
S. M. de' Servi of Siena, and a third in the
Naples Museum. Matteo designed three
subjects for the pavement of the Cathedral,
Siena, namely : the Samian Sibyl, the De-
liverance of Bethulia, and the Massacre of
the Innocents. In the National Gallery,
London, are an Ecce Homo and an As-
sumption.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 81 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Hon., vi. 180 ; Rio, 104 ; Liibke,
Gesch. d. ital. Mai., i. 387.
MATTEO DA SIENA. See Matteo di
Giovanni.
MATTESON, TOMPKINS H., born at
Peterborough, N. ¥., May 0, 1813, died at
Sherborne, N. ¥., Feb. 2, 1884. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of the National
Academy, in New York, of which he became
an associate in 1841, but did riot exhibit
after 18G9. Works : Portrait of Mayor
Havemeyer, City Hall, New York ; Spirit of
'76, American Art Union ; Pilgrim Fathers ;
On the Deck of the Mayflower, J. A. Brown,
Providence ; Examination of a Witch, W.
D. White, Albany ; Justice's Court ; Cap-
tain Glen claiming the Prisoners after the
Burning of Schenectady, J. W. Beekman
Collection, New York ; Foddering Cattle,
At the Stile (18(59).— Tuckerman, 432.
MATTHAI, FRIEDRICH, born at Meis-
sen, Saxony, March 4, 1777, died in Vienna,
Oct. 23, 1845. History and portrait painter,
son of the sculptor Johann Gottlob Matthai,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Casanova,
then in Vienna of Fiiger ; was in Florence
and Rome in 1802-8 ; after his return, in
1808, became professor at Dresden Acad-
emy, and in 1823 inspector of the Gallery.
Works : Death of King Codrus, ^Egisthus
slain by Orestes, Dresden Museum ; Christ
Blessing Little Children ; Baptism of
Christ, Wurzen Cathedral ; Last Supper ;
Death of Codrus. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xx.
GOG ; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1845), 424 ; (184G),
10 ; N. Necrol. der D. (1845), ii. 814.
MATTHES VON ASCHAFFENBURG.
See Qritnewdld, Matthias.
MATTHEW, ST., AND ANGEL, Michel-
angelo da Carauarjijio, Berlin Museum. St.
Matthew writing ; an angel guides his
hand. Formerly in S. Luigi de' Francesi,
Rome ; afterwards in Giustiniaui Collection
up to 1815.— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 622.
MATTHEW, ST., CALLING OF, Lodo-
vico Carratri, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H.
12 ft. 9 in. x 8 ft, 1 in. Christ bidding Mat-
thew, the publican, to follow him ; the lat-
ter obeys, with bowed head, to the aston-
ishment of those around, who evidently
wonder that he should give up a lucrative
business for poverty. Painted for church
MATi;nL\<>
emies. Works : Christ Crucified ; Joseph II.
ploughing the Field ; Apparition of Christ ;
of the Mendicanti, Bologna ; carried to Paris
in 1796 ; returned in 1815. Engraved by
Mitelli ; Trabalesi ; Rosaspina. — Piuac. di i Male portrait, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck.
Bologna, PI. 3 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole boloiiaise ; Frescos : Decorations in Imperial Palace
Laudon, Musee, iv. PI. 35.
MATURING. See Caravacjrjw, Polidoro
and Chapel at Innsbruck, in the Library at
Prague (1794), and in St. Benuo's Chapel,
da. ' Hofkirche, Dresden. — Allgein. d. Biogr., xx.
MATWEYEFF, FEODOR MICHAILO- \ GS9 ; Nagler, Hon., i. 405 ; Wurzbach, xvii.
VICH, born at St. Petersburg in 1758, died
in Rome in 182G. Landscape painter,
amonpr the foremost in Russia. Works :
13G.
MAURER, HUBERT, born at Ruttchon,
near Bonn, June 10, 1738, died in Vienna,
Berne, Lake of Bolsena (1819), Waterfalls j Dec. 10, 1818. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy under Meytcns,
and of Norbcrt Baumgartner ; went in 1772
to Rome, where lie remained four years,
studying especially after Raphael, and then
took Mengs for his model. After his return
he executed important orders, which estab-
lished his fame ; became professor at Vien-
na Academy in 1785, afterwards councillor
and member. Works : Venus and Mars ;
Cupid and Psyche ; Paris reproaching Hec-
tor ; Ulysses liberating his Companions
from Circe ; Judith leaving the Tent ; De-
scent from the Cross, Capuchincs, Vienna ;
St. Joseph Dying ; Archangel Michael and
the Fallen Angels ; Unbelieving Thomas ;
Visitation ; Trinity ; Ascension ; Pope Leo
and Greek Bishops ; Departure of Peter
and Paul ; Martyrdom of St. Stephen ; God
the Father in Clouds ; Christ on Mount of
Olives ; Peter's Liberation from Prison ;
Christ and the Children (1814), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Portrait Series of Austrian Heroes,
Military Academy, Wiener-Neustadt ; Por-
traits of Emperor Francis I., Stephen, Jo-
Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery.
of Velino and Tivoli, Near the Papal Palace,
Lago Maggiore, Falls of Imathra, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. — Fiissli, ii. 801 ; Raczynski,
iii. 538.
MAULBERTSCH, ANTON FRANZ, born
at Langenargen, on Lake Constance, June 7,
1724, died in Vienna, Aug. 9, 1796. German
school ; history painter, pupil in Vienna of
Van Roi and of the Academy; obtained the
prize in 1750, and became court-painter and
member of Vienna (1760) and Berlin Acad-
seph II., Maria Theresa, Prince Kauuitz,
Norbert Baumgartner, of himself. — Raczyn-
ski, ii. 546 ; WTurzbach, xvi. 140.
MAYFLOWER, RETURN OF THE,
George H. Bourjhton, Fairman Rogers, Phil-
adelphia. Scene from Longfellow's " Miles
Standish." New England Pilgrims watch-
ing the diminishing sails of the Mayflower,
seen in the far distance. The two foremost
persons are John Alden and Priscilla. En-
graved by Chaut. — Art Treasures of Ameri-
ca, 11.
84.
223
MAX
MAX, GABRIEL, born in Prague, Aug.
25, 1840. History and genre painter, son
of the sculptor,
Josef Max, pupil
of Prague Acad-
emy under En-
gerth in 1854-58,
then for three
years of Vienna
Academy under
Blaas, finally in
Munich of Pilot}',
18(53-07. First
exhibited in 1807, and has since acquired .1
steadily increasing fame. Honorary mem- '
ber of Munich Academy. Professor in 1879- ]
8;). Gold medals in Berlin and Munich.
Works: Richard Cu'ur do Lion beside his
Father's Body (1858); Madonna (1803);
Martyrdom of St. Ludmilla (1800), Mrs. W.
I'. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; St. Julia Cruci-
fied (1805) ; Adagio ; Margaretha (18(58) ;
The Nun (1809), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; A»-
at<>i)u>it (1809) : Mepliistophcles in Faust's
Clothes (1870) ; Spring Legend ; Convent
Garden ; Orphan and Sister of Charity ; Ny-
ilia,Latt Token (1874), Miss 0. L. Wolfe, New
York; Madonna : Daughter of Jairus (1875),
( i. A. Drummond, Baltimore ; Christ on the
Cross ; Head of Christ ; The Pianist ; Au-
tumn Dance ; Subhastation ; Infanticide
(1878) ; Marguerite before Mater Dolorosa ;
Marguerite in Prison ; Walpurgis-Xight Vi-
sion; Ahasuerus beside the Corpse of a Child;
Venus and Tannhiiuser ; Hostess' Daughter ;
Linii'.f Bride ; Blind Lamp Seller in the Cata-
combs ; Juliet Capulet ; Spirit's Greeting
(1879), John T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Zuleika,
(1880) ; Secret ; Young Tannhiiuser, Maria
Rcgiua (1881) ; Maid of Orleans at the
Stake, It is done (1882) ; Beggar Woman
on Via Appia (1883) ; Conversion, Vivisec-
tor, SS. Ludmilla and Elizabeth, Homeless,
Lord forgive them (1884) ; Christ healing a
Child (1884), National Gallery, Berlin ; Mi-
gnon (1884) ; Mother and Child, Lady Mac-
beth (1885); Katharina Emmerich (1885),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Astarte (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 188G) ; Cupid's Whisper,
D. O. Mills, New York ; Watching the But-
terfly, G. I. Seney sale, ib. ; Dorothea, W.
Richmond, Providence ; Head Study, H. B.
Hurlbut, Cleveland ; Maternal Happiness,
Head Study, H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ;
Faust and Marguerite, S. A. Coale, St Louis.
— Allgem. K. C., viii. GOG ; ix. 207 ; Art
Journal (1881), 173 ; Graph. K, ii. 92 ;
Kunst-Chronik, iii. 130 ; vi. 7 ; xvii. 449 ;
xviii. 384 ; xix. 11, 183, 287, G59 ; xx. 125,
404, 071 ; xxi. 45 ; Kunst f iir Alle, i. 98, 183 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), ii. 9, 15 ; (187G), i. 51 ;
(1877), i. 273 ; (1882), i. 107 ; Jordan (1885),
ii. 145 ; N. illustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 63 ; Pecht,
iii. 229 ; Nord und Siid, xxiv. 374 ; Leixner,
Mod. K., i. 103; ii. 4; Land und Meer (1874),
i. 70 ; Wurzbach, xvii. 1G5 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., xiv. 325, 351, 375 ; xvi. 304 ; x. (Mit-
theilungen, iii. 28).
MAX-EHRLEE, LUISE, born at Flor-
ence ; contemporary. Genre, still-life, and
portrait painter ; first attracted attention in
the latter capacity in 1877. After having
married Professor Heinrich Max, brother of
Gabriel Max, she settled in Vienna, and, in-
fluenced by Hans Makart, painted still-life
with success ; then turned to genre. Works :
Doves ; Anxious Hour ; Fan Painter ; Vi-
sion of Joan of Arc ; Domestic Scene in
War-time (1884) ; Savings (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 188G).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1885),
i. 01 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 381 ; xxi. 2G6.
MAY, EDWARD HARRISON, born in
England in 1824. Portrait, history, and
genre painter ; taken to America when a
child ; pupil of Daniel Huntington in New
York, and of Couture in Paris in 1851.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1876, but rarely ex-
hibits. Professional life spent chiefly in
Europe. Medal, 3d class, Paris, 1855.
Studio in Paris. Works : Michelangelo
leaving the Vatican in Anger ; Columbus
making his Will ; Cardinal Mazarin taking
leave of his Picture in the Louvre ; Death
of a Brigand (1855); Francis I. lamenting
the Death of his Son ; Portrait of M. E. La-
boulaye (1800), Union Club, New York;
824
MAYEK
The Reading (1868); Louis XIV. at Marly,
Portrait of Anson Burlingame (1869); Lady
Jane Grey going to Execution, Toilet, Mrs.
Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Arviragus
bearing the Body of Imogen — Scene from
Cymbeliue (1870); Mary Magdalen at the
Sepulchre (1873), New York Museum ; Sou-
venir de la Commune, Fin de la Lecture
(1874) ; Dispute, R. L. Stuart Collection,
New York ; Alsatian Woman, May and De-
cember (1876) ; Antonia (1877) ; Teresina
(1878); Study of a Girl's Head (1882) ; Pur-
sued, Mary Magdalen at the Sepulchre
(1884).— Tuckermau, 501.
MAYER, ANTON, born in Vienna in
1843. History painter, son of, and first in-
structed by, the engraver, Christian Mayer,
then pupil of Vienna Academy under Rahl
and Fiihrich. Works: Prometheus (1867);
Cycle from Hermann and Dorothea, Four
Temperaments, Four Seasons, Six Muses,
H. lleichel, Vienna ; Judgment of Brutus ;
Annunciation ; Destruction of the Temple
in Jerusalem, Baron Rothschild, Vienna. —
Miiller, 359 ; Wurzbach, xviii. 82.
MAYER, CONSTANT, born at Besanron,
France, Oct. 4, 1832. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of the Ecolc des Beaux Arts,
and of Leon Coguiet in Paris. Settled in
1857 in New York, where he still resides.
L. of Honour, 18(59. Works : Consolation
(1864) ; Love's Melancholy ; Maud Muller
(1867); Episode in Campaign of 1863
(1869) ; Street Melodies (George King, New
York) ; Oracle of the Field (M. de Lizardi,
New Orleans) ; Song of the Shirt (1875) ;
Song of the Twilight (1879) ; In the Woods
(1880) ; Vagabonds (1881) ; Good News
(1882) ; Lord's Day, Lawn Tennis (1883) ;
Mandolin Player (1884) ; First Grief (1885).
Portraits : General Grant ; General Sher-
man ; Mme. de Lizardi, Lady of Honour to
the ex-Empi-ess Charlotte, and others.
MAYER, ETIENNE FRANCOIS AU-
GUSTE, born at Brest (Finistere), July 3,
1805. Marine, genre, and portrait painter.
Medals : 3d class, 1836 ; L. of Honour,
1839 ; Officer, 1867. Works : Harbour of
Brest in 1698 (1835) ; Battle of the Bucen-
taur, Battle of the Pluto (1836) ; Corvette
Recherche in the Ice, Egyptian Frigate
(1837) ; Burning of the Devonshire by Du-
guay-Trouiii (1838) ; North Cape, Norwe-
gian Views (1839) ; Breton Cemetery (1841);
Capture of Episcopia (1841), Versailles Mu-
seum ; French Fleet forcing Entrance into
the Tajo in 1831 (1841), Dijon Museum ;
View of Chcsrne — Asia Minor (1844), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Wreck of the Algesiras ;
Exchange in Copenhagen ; Harbour of Con-
quet ; Man Overboard, Evening of a Battle
(1852) ; Burning of Hamburg Exchange in
1842 (1857) ; Frigate Hcrminie rounding
j Cape Horn, Bay of Trc'passes, lie de Groix
(1861) ; Fishing for Sea- Wrack ; Lighthouse
of Peninsula of Kermorvan (18G3) ; Donjon
of Castle of Brest, Embarking on School-
Ship Borda (1864) ; Bay of Peu-Hir, Rescue
on the Breton Coast (1865) ; Old Harbour
of Porstein (18(59).— Bellier, ii. (51.
MAYER, FRANK B., born in Baltimore,
Md., in 1827. Portrait and genre painter,
pupil of Alfred Miller in Baltimore, and of
Gleyro and Brion in Paris. Travelled and
sketched in Europe and the United States,
and in 1851 made some valuable studies
among the Dacotah Indians of Minnesota.
Painted in Paris in 1864-69. Studio in An-
napolis. Works : Indian Thanksgiving ;
Attic Philosopher ; Marine ; Waiting Or-
ders (J. W. McCoy, Baltimore) ; Maryland
in 1750 (Peabody lust., ib.); Nineteenth
Century (Parke Godwin, New York) ; King's
Jester ; Cavalier ; Tailor in 1500 (W. H.
Herriman, Rome) ; Continentals (1876), G.
B. Coale, Baltimore ; Trappist (1880).
MAYER, FRIEDRICH, born in Munich,
May 5, 1825, died there, Dec. 26, 1875.
Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Acad-
emy. Works : The Old Woldergarten in
Munich (1861), St. Nicholas Hospital, ib.
(1862), Castle at Neuberghausen (1863),
New Piuakothek, Munich ; Morning in Up-
per Inn Valley ; Faltschauer Falls in South
Tyrol (1868); View in Etsch Valley ; Win-
ter in Tyrol ; Moonrise on Chiem Lake
MAYEE
(1873) ; Alp in Tyrol by Moonlight (1874);
View near Wasserburg (1875). — Allgein. d.
Biogr., xxi. 94 ; Kuust-Chronik, xi. 243.
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH KARL, born at
Tiilz, Bavaria, Jan. 3, 1824. Architecture
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Schlotth.iuer and Clemens Zimmermanu ;
visited Belgium in 1849, and settled as as-
sistant of Hcideloft' in Nuremberg, where
he afterwards became professor at the In-
dustrial Art-School, and in 1875 conservator
of the Koyal Galleries. Bavarian Order of
»St. Michael and Cross of Merit, Prussian
Order of Ihe Crown, Saxon Order of Ernest.
Works : Shrine of Holy Sacrament in St.
Lawrence's, Nuremberg ; Grave of Sebal-
dus, ib. ; Co-stle Frohlich Wiederkunf t ; View
in Kothenburg ; Church in Berchtesgaden ;
Citj- Hall in Brunswick ; Choir of Augsburg
Cathedral ; Nave of same ; View in Magde-
burg Cathedral ; Bridal Door of Sebaldus
Church and St. Eucliarins Chapel, Nurem-
berg ; View in Halberstadt Cathedral (Mu-
nich Exhibition, 1883).— Miiller, 3GO; Schas- 1
ler'sK. Zeitg. (1872), No. 11.
HAYEK, KARL, born in Vienna, Jan. 18,
1810, died there, June 8, 187(5. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Gselhofer, studied from nature in Upper
Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, North Italy, and
on the Rhine ; lived in Rome in 1842-48,
and became professor at Vienna Academy
in 1851. Order of Francis Joseph, and Pa-
pal Order of Gregory in 1800. Works :
Prometheus rejecting Pandora (1842), Foun-
dation of Gastein (1837), Vienna Museum :
Convent Yard of S. Giovanni e Paolo in
Rome (1843), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Lancelot du Lac robbed by a Fairy ; Italian
Peasants ; St. Catharine, Dominicans, Vi-
enna ; Frescos in Altlerchenfeld Church,
Vienna. — Kunst-Chronik, xii. 4G3 ; Wurz-
bach, xviii. 149.
MAYER, LOUIS, born at Neckarbischof s-
heim in 1791, died at Stuttgart in 1843.
Landscape painter, pupil in Stuttgart of
Steinkopf, travelled in Suabia, Switzerland,
Tyrol, Styria, and (1830-32) in Italy. Works : |
Olevano with Volsk and Albano Mountains,
View near Ariccia, Stuttgart Museum ; Su-
biaco ; Hohenstaufen ; Upper Valley of the
Danube ; Neckar Valley above Berg. — Cot-
ta'sKunstbl. (1843), 370 ; (1844), 27 ; Schwab.
Merkur, Nov. 30, 1843.
MAYER, LUDWIG, born at Kaniow, Ga-
licia, in 1834. History painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy under Kupelwieser ; went
in 1857 to Venice, in 1862 to Dresden, and
thence through Germany and Belgium to
Paris, then spent two years at Rome. After
Kupelwieser's death he became a follower
of Fuhrich and Rahl. Prize of Vienna Acad-
emy for his cartoon, Jerusalem. Works :
St. Martin ; Christ in the House of Lazarus ;
St. Lawrence (18(53); Jerusalem after Death
of Christ (cartoon, I860); Baptism of Christ,
St. Elizabeth's, Vienna ; Judas receiving the
Money ; Christ before Pilate ; Banquet of
Belshazzar ; Visit to Scene of Fire ; Music
and Painting, Vienna Museum ; Christ
(1880) ; Shepherd Boy's Dream of Happi-
ness, Pieta (1883). In fresco : Commerce,
Charity, Science, Education, The Arts, Reg-
imen, Industry (1885), City Hall, Vienna. —
Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 118 ; Miiller, 3G1 ;
Wurzbach, xviii. 1GO.
MAYNARD, GEORGE WILLOUGHBY,
born in Washington, D. C., March 5, 1843.
Figure painter, pupil of Royal Academy,
Antwerp ; painted on the Continent in 18G9
-74, and again in 1877-78. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1882 ; N.A. in 1885 ; Member of
Society of American Artists. Studio in New
York/ Works: A Musician (1879); Bache-
lor's Breakfast (1880) ; Portrait of Frank D.
Millet, Navigators (1881) ; Portrait of his
Father, Bathers (1882) ; Ancient Mariner
(1883) ; Old Court Yard, Aurora, Winter
Reverie, Around the World (1884) ; Grand-
fatherly Advice, The Strange Gods (1885).
MAYNO, FRAY JUAN BAUTISTA, born
in 15G9, died in Madrid, April 1, 1G49.
Spanish school ; pupil of El Greoo ; became
a Dominican monk in convent of S. Pedro
Martyr, Toledo, and acquired considerable
reputation for his altarpieces. Appointed
MAYO
drawing-master to Prince of Asturias, after-
ward Philip IV., and spent rest of his days
at court. Works : Pacification of Flanders,
an Allegory, Adoration of the Magi, Madrid
Museum ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, i. 429 ;
Viardot, 163 ; Madrazo, 441.
MAYO, EL. See Vernwyen.
MAYK, HEINRICH VON, born at Nu-
remberg, Feb. 22, 1800, died April 5, 1871.
Genre, battle, and horse painter, pupil of
his stepfather Friedrich Christian Fries
(1772-1836), and of the Nuremberg Art-
School under Iteiudel ; went in 1825 to
Munich, where he studied in the royal
stable and the veterinary school, and en-
joyed the patronage and friendship of Duke
Maximilian, whom he accompanied on an
oriental journey in 1838-3!). Works : Nu-
remberg Diligence, Russian Bivouac, G'he-
vauxleger exercising Horses (1830); Skirmish
between Austrian and Bavarian Cavalry
(1834) ; Battlefield of Eatisbon (1835)*;
Transportation of Italian Robbers (1830) ;
Austrian Camp (1837) ; Duke Maximilian
and Suite among Ruins of Karnak, Egyp-
tian Troops Marching (1840) ; Bedouins
stealing Horse, Ai'abian Women Washing
(1844) ; Stud of Ibrahim Pasha at Cairo
(1845) ; Egyptian Mosque with Arabs Wor-
shipping, Doctor's Visit at the Harem, Me-
hemet Aliand Suite (1840) ; Needles of Cleo-
patra, Temple of Ombos, Bark on the Nile
with Slaves, Egyptian Bridal Procession,
Hyena Hunt on the Nile (1847) ; Reception
of Duke Maximilian in Harbour of Alexan- j
dria (1848) ; etc.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xxii. (
139; Allgem. Zeitg., April 17, 1871, Bei-
lage 107 ; Vine. Miiller, Univ. Handb. von
Mfinchen (1845), 160.
MAZEROLLE, (ALEXIS) JOSEPH, born
in Paris, June 29, 1826. Genre painter,
pupil of Dupuis and Gleyre. Medals : 3d
class, 1857, 1859, 1861 ; L. of Honour,
1870; Officer, 1879. Works: Nero and
Locusta trying Poison on a Slave (1859),
Lille Museum ; Diogenes (1861) ; Anacreon
(1863) ; Lesbia's Sparrow (1866) ; Birth of
j Minerva (1868) ; Good Shepherd (1874) ;
Communion of First Christians ; Victorious
Love (1865) ; Triumph of Galatea ; Cupid
and Psyche (1870) ; Allegory of Wine (1873);
Agriculture, Commerce (1881); Fairies' Lit-
tle Girl ; The Cascade ; The Declaration
(1885).-Bellier, ii. 63.
MAZ('), FELIPE, born at Barcelona,
Spain ; contemporary. History and genre
painter ; studied at first law, but went to
Paris in 1871 and became a pupil of Bon-
nat ; his works show vivid imagination and
great power, but lack careful execution.
Medals in London and Antwerp. Studio
in Paris. Works : Columbus and his Son
(1875), Valparaiso Museum ; Columbus at
Sea ; Columbus at La Rabida ; Patron
Saint's Festival at Sitger (1884) ; El Zapa-
teado (Spanish Dance, 1885) ; Love-song
(1886), Berlin Jubilee Exhibition.— La II-
ustracion (1877).
MAZO, JUAN BAUTISTA MARTINE/
DEL, born in
Madrid about
1010, died there
Feb. 9, 1607.
Spanish school ;
pupil of Velas-
q u e z , whose
d a u g h t e r h e
m a r r i e d ; d e -
voted himself to
copying his
works and those of Titian, Tintoretto, and
Paolo Veronese, and became so skilful that
his pictures were mistaken for the originals.
He excelled also in portraiture, but his best
original works are hunting-pieces and land-
scapes. He succeeded Velasquez as painter
to the King (1661). Works : View of Sara-
gossa, do. of the Escurial, do. of the Cam-
pillo, Seaport, Landscapes (9) and Portraits
(2), Madrid Museum ; Two Portraits, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Head of Christ, Land-
scape, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Madrazo;
Ceau Bennudez ; Stirling, ii. 711 ; Charles
Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 215 ; Cur-
tis, 317 ; Madrazo, 442.
227
MAZZOLA
MAZZOLA, FRANCESCO. See Parmi-
gianino.
MAZZOLA, GIROLAMO, horn at Moile,
110,11- Parma (1520-80). Lombard school ;
sometimes called 11 Mazzoli.no. According
to Lauzi, lie was son of Michele Mazzola,
but Zaui says his real name was Bedolo, and
that he took the name of Mazzola on marry-
ing the daughter of Pier Hilario Mazzola,
brother of Michele. He was therefore cou-
sin, or cousin by marriage, of Parmiyianinu,
of whom he was the favourite pupil. He
had a great reputation in Parma and paint-
ed many pictures for its churches. Among
his works are : Adoration of the Magi, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Madonna and Kneeling St.
George, an allegory, Dresden Gallery ; Mir-
acle of the Loaves, fresco, Mantua. — Lanzi,
ii. 400 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde ; Zani,
sub 13edolo.
MAZZOLIXO, IL. See Mazzola, Girolamo.
MAZZOLIXO, LODOVICO, born in Fer-
rara about 1478 (?), died there towards the
end of 1528. Lombardo-Ferrarese school ;
sou of Giovanni Mazzuoli ; called Malino
by Vasari ; supposed pupil of Lorenzo Cos-
ta, but more probably of Domeuico Panetti.
Did not excel in large figures, but his small
pictures are bright in colour and possess
rare merit. Examples : Christ with the
Doctors, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; do., Pa-
lazzo Doria, il>. ; do., Uffizi, Florence ; Ado-
ration of the Magi, Ferrara Gallery ; Holy
Family, Triptych with Madonna Enthroned
(1509), Christ with the Doctors (1524), Ber-
lin Museum ; Christ and the Pharisees (1524);
Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Ecce Homo, Dres-
den Museum ; Holy Family (2, one dated
1510), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Pieta
(152G), Hermitage, St. Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Circumcision (1526), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Holy Family, Louvre ; Massacre of
the Innocents (1548), Hague Museum ; Holy
Family with Saints Adoring (2), Woman
taken in Adultery, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; St. Jerome, Historical Society, New
York.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 139 ; Lanzi, iii.
193 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole fcrraraisc ; Citta-
della, Doc. etc., art. ferrarese (Ferrara,
1808); Burckhardt, 091 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
i. 226 ; Liibke, Gesch. d. ital. Mai, ii. 391.
MAZZUCHELU, PIERFRANCESCO.
See Morazzonc.
MAZZUOLA, FILDPPO, called dell' Er-
bette, of Parma, died in 1505. Lombard
school ; father of Francesco Mazzola, called
Parmi/jiatrina. His style may be seen in his
Virgin and Child, dated 1491, in the Parma
Gallery ; his Baptism of Christ, 1493, in the
Episcopal Palace, Parma ; and his Dead
, Christ, 1500, in the Naples Museum. His
figures are ill-drawn and stiff, his tempera is
raw and of a sad gray tone, and he shows
no knowledge of perspective. His Madon-
na, in the Berlin Museum, exhibits more
study and better forms. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 585 ; Burckhardt, 587 ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., i. 485.
MAZZUOLI, GIUSEPPE, of Ferrara, died
there about 1589. Lombard school ; com-
monly called II Bastaruolo (grain-seller) from
his father's business. Probably pupil of
Surchi, who was a scholar of the Dossi.
Lanzi calls him a learned, graceful, and cor-
rect artist. His works are mostly in Fer-
rara ; e.g., Circumcision, S. Barbara. — Lan-
zi, iii. 209 ; Ch. Blanc, F.cole ferraraise.
MECHAU, JAKOB WILHELM, born at
Leipsic, Jan. 1C, 1745, died in Dresden,
March 14, 1808. Landscape painter, pupil
in Berlin of Bernliard Rode and of Le Sueur,
and in Dresden of Casanova ; went in 1770
to Rome, where he took Claude Lorrain and
Philipp Hackert for his models ; returned
home in 1780 and became a member of Leip-
sic Academy ; went to Rome again in 1790,
and after the expulsion of the Pope settled in
Dresden. Works : View of Rome, Dresden
Museum ; Abraham entertaining the angels,
Christiania Gallery ; Castel Gandolfo ; View
on Tiber with Cincinnatus ploughing ; Albi-
nus offering his Chariot to the Retreating
Gauls ; six scenes from life of Abraham ;
Flight into Egypt. — Goethe, Winckelmann,
ii. 173 ; Meusel, ii. 28 ; Nagler, viii. 527.
MECHERINO. See Bcvcafumi.
MECKEL
MECKEL, ADOLF VON, born at Carls-
rube ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Hans Gude ; travelled iu the East.
Gold medal. Works : Kalaat and Akabat,
Spring in Palestine (1884) ; Evening near
the Dead Sea (1885) ; On the Source of the
Elisa near Jericho, Storm (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 188G).
MECKLENBURG, LUDWIG, born in
Hamburg, Sept. 15, 1820, died iu Munich,
June 11, 1882. Architecture painter, settled
in 1843 in Munich ; was especially success-
ful in representations of night effects.
Works : Crossway in S. Zeno, Verona
(1847), Venice (18G1), Kuusthallo, Ham-
burg ; Cloister of S. Bernardino, Verona
(I860) ; Cloister in Brixen ; View near Ri-
alto Bridge by Moonlight ; View in Venice
at Noon ; View in St. Mark's ; Doge's Palace
in Starlight ; S. Giorgio Maggiore, Venice ;
S. Maria della Salute, ib. ; Riva degli Schia-
voni, ib. ; Market Square in Liibeck ; Piazza
delle Erbe, Verona ; Interior of S. Anastasia,
ib. ; Canal iu Venice by Moonlight (185G),
Neuturm and Kostthor — Munich, Anger-
tbor, ib. (1872), New Pinakotbek, Munich ;
Canal grande — Venice, Mrs. D. D. Colton,
San Francisco. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 2(iG ;
Allgeni. Zeit., July 3, 1882, Beilage, 184 ;
Kuust-Cbronik, xvii. G10 ; Miiller, 3G1.
MECUCCIO. See Beccafiimi.
MEDARD, EUGENE, born in Paris;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Cogniet, Sebastieu Cornu, and Gi'-
rome. Medal, 3d class, 1879 ; 2d class,
1886. Works : Separation of Orpheus and
Eurydice (1870) ; Bivouac near Chateau de
Buzenval (1873) ; Birds'-Nester (1874); Con-
secration of St. Genevieve, Offering to Venus
(1875) ; Scouts iu December 1870, Cupid
fleeing from Psyche (187G) ; Attack of a Vil-
lage, 1870 (1877) ; Triumph of Silenus
(1878) ; A Retreat (1879, bought by State);
°'
,E,UGENE.MEDA1U>
1870-1871 187.5"
(1880) ; General Lecourbe defending Bel-
fort in 1815 (1881), Hotel de Ville, Belfort ;
Reinforcements ariviug on Battlefield (1881);
Attack of a Village in 1870 (1883).— -Bellier,
ii. (54.
MEDEA (Mt'dt'e furiouse), Eugene Dela-
croix, Lille Museum ; canvas, H. 8 ft. (5 in.
x5ft. 5 in.; signed, dated 1838. Medea,
pursued, is about to slay her children. She
is seated near the entrance of a cavern hold-
ing the struggling little ones with one hand
and a dagger in the other ; looking back
over her shoulder with a defiant air, as if
awaiting her pursuers. Salon, 1838 ; Ex-
position universelle, 1855. Replica (1803) ;
Pereire Collection, Paris ; then Laurent-
Richard Collection ; another, Arras Museum.
Sketches, Lille Museum. Engraved by
Charles Geoifroy ; Milius ; Feyen-Perrin.
Lithographed by Challemel ; Alopbe ; Las-
salle.— Gax. des B. Arts (18G4), xvi. 19(i ;
(1873), vii. 184 ; Chesiieau, L'CEuvre de
Delacroix, 181.
MEDEA, ancient picture. See Arixtolnux,
Timomachus,
MEDICI, GIULIANO DE', portrait,
Ilaphai'l, lost (?). Youngest brother of
Pope Leo X., who made him, in 1515, Cap-
tain General of the Church. He married
the aunt of Francis I., who gave him the
title of Due de Nemours. Raphael painted
him in 1513 and again in 1514. Copy by
Alessandro Allori in the Uffizi ; another in
collection of Grand Duchess Marie, St. Pe-
tersburg.-— Passavant, ii. 145 ; Miint/, 410 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 352 ; Springer, 253.
MEDICI, IPPOLITO DE', Cardinal, por-
trait, Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. G in. x 3 ft. 4 in. In Hungarian cos-
tume. Painted about 1533. Copy in Lou-
vre (by Battista Franco ?) ; three-fourths fig-
ure, turned to left, red bonnet with feathers
and a jewelled clasp, collar of red garment
turned up. Collection of Louis XIV. Ti-
tian painted a second portrait of him iu ar-
mour, which Vasari mentions, but it is lost.
Engraved by Sivalli. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii.
441 ; C. & C., Titian, i. 377 ; Filbol, i. PI.
41 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iii. PL 121 ; Miiud-
ler, 214.
MEDICI
MEDICI, LORENZO DE', Duke of Ur-
bino, portrait, Raphael, lost (?). Son of Pi-
ero cle' Medici, nephew of Pope Leo X. and
of Giuliano de' Medici, and father of Cather-
ine de' Medici. Copy in Fabre Museum,
Moutpellior.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 352 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 145 ; Miintz, 411 ; Springer, 252.
MEDICI, MAEIA DE', DEATH OF, Ni-
caise de Kci/xrr, National Gallery, Berlin ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 5 in.; signed,
dated 1845. Maria de' Medici, queen of
King Henry IV. of France, on her deathbed,
one hand upon the crucifix, the other hold-
ing a medallion with the portrait of her son
Louis XIII.; near by stands a nun carrying
a caudle ; in the foreground, beside the bed,
a Dominican in prayer ; in the open door in
the background, through which the priest
with the sacrament is passing out, are two
noblemen.
MEDICI, MARIA DE', HISTORY OF,
liiibcns, Louvre, Paris ; series of twenty-one
pictures, canvas. Maria de' Medici (1573-
1682), daughter of Francis I. of Tuscany
and of the Archduchess Joanna of Austria,
and wife of Henri IV. of France, having re-
turned to Paris after her reconciliation with
her son Louis XIII., employed Rubens to
paint a series of decorative pictures for the
grand gallery (now destroyed) of her Pal-
ace of the Luxembourg. Rubens went to
France in 1621, made the sketches in Paris,
executed the pictures in Antwerp with the
aid of his scholars, and delivered them in
1625. He also painted three portraits for
the gallery : Maria de' Medici as Bellona,
her Father Francis I., and her Mother Jo-
anna ; all of which, together with the se-
ries, were removed to the Louvre in 1779.
Eighteen of the original sketches, in gri-
saille, are in the Munich Gallery.
1. Destiny of Maria do' Medici, H. 13 ft.
x 5 ft. Engraved by L. de Chastillon. —
Lanclon, Musee, v. PI. 19.
2. Birth of Maria de' Medici (April 26,
1573), H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by
G. Duchange. — Landon, Musee, v. PI. 13.
3. Education of Maria de' Medici, H. 13
ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by N. Loir.—
Landon, Musee, v. PI. 25.
4. Henri IV. receiving Portrait of Maria
de' Medici, H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved
by J. Audran. — Landon, Musee, v. PI. 37.
5. Marriage of Maria de' Medici by Pro-
curation (Florence, October 5, 1600), H. 13
ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by A. Trouvain.
— Landon, Musee, v. PI. 45.
6. Landing of Maria de' Medici at Mnr-
Education of Maria de' Medici, Rubens, Louvre, Paris.
seilles (November 3, 1600), H. 13 ft. x 9 ft.
8 in. Engraved by G. Duchange (1710).—
Landon, Musee, v. PL 49.
7. Marriage of Maria de' Medici and
Henri IV. (Lyons, December 10, 1600), H.
13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by G. Du-
change.— Landon, Mus6e, v. PL 61.
8. Birth of Louis XIH. (Fontainebleau,
September 27, 1601), H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in.
Engraved by B. Audran. — Landon, Musee,
v. PL 69.
9. Henri IV. about to depart for the
Army, intrusts the Government to Maria
de' Medici (1610), H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. En-
MEDOLA
graved by J. Audran. — Landon, Musi'e, vii.
PL 13.
10. Coronation of Maria de' Medici (St.
Denis, May 13, 1610), H. 13 ft. x 23 ft. 10
in. Engraved by J. Audran. — Landon, Mu-
see, vii. PL 1, 2.
11. Apotheosis of Henri IV., H. 13 ft. x
23 ft. 10 in. Engraved by G. Duchauge
(1708).— Landon, Musi'e, viii. PL Gl, 62.
12. Government of the Queen, H. 13 ft.
Marriage of Maria de1 Medici and Henri IV., Rubens, Louvre,
Paris.
x 23 ft. Engraved by Picart (1707).— Lan-
don, Musee, vi. PL 45, 4G.
13. Journey of Maria de' Medici to Pont-
de-Ce, H. 13 ft. X 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by
Ch. Simonneau (1709). — Landon, Musi'e, vi.
PL 61.
14. Exchange of the Two Princesses (No-
vember 9, 1G15 ; illustrating the double al-
liance by marriage between France and
Spain), H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by
B. Audmn. — Landon, Musi'e, vii. PL 23.
15. Happiness of the Regoncy, H. 13 ft.
x9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by B. Picart. — Lan-
don, Musee, vii. PL 33.
1C. Majority of Louis XIII., H. 13 ft, x
9 ft, 8 in. Engraved by A. Trouvaiu.—
Landon, Musi'e, vii. PL 49.
17. Flight of the Queen from the Chateau
de Blois (February 22, 1619), H. 13 f t. x 9
ft, 8 in. Engraved by C. Vermeulen. — Lan-
don, Musi'e, vii. PL 13.
18. Reconciliation of Maria de' Medici
with her Son, H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. En-
graved by A. Loir.- — Landon, Musee, vii. PL
69.
19. Conclusion of the Peace, H. 13 ft. x
9 ft. 8 in. Engraved by B. Picart (1703).
— Landou, Musi'e, vii. PL 29.
20. Interview between Maria de' Medici
and her Son, H. 13 ft. x 9 ft. 8 in. En-
graved by Duohange (1709). — Laudon, Mu-
si'o, viii. PL 25.
21. Triumph of the Truth, H. 13 ft, x 5
ft. 3 in. Engraved by A. Loir. — Laudon,
Musi'e, viii. PL 51.
— Cat. Louvre ; Michiels, llubeus, 143 ;
Saiusbury, Orig. Papers, (>:i ; Gal. du Pal.
du Luxembourg (Paris, 1710) ; Smith, ii.
120.
MEDOLA, ANDREA, See Srhiarone,
Andrea.
MEDUSA, HEAD OF, Michelangelo da
Caracayyio, Uftm, Florence ; wood, in form
of a shield. Presented to Grand Duke
Ferdinand by the Cardinal del Monte. —
Molini, ii. PL 42 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i.
G20.
MEDUSA, RAFT OF THE (Radeau de la
Mrduse), Jean Louis Gericautt, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 16 ft. x 23 ft. G in. The
frigate Medusa, accompanied by three other
vessels, the Echo, Loire, and Ai'gus, sailed
with about 400 persons on board, from
France, June 17, 1816, for St. Louis, Sene-
gal. On July 2d the frigate struck on the
Arguin shoal and, after five days' useless
labour trying to float her, the crew and pas-
sengers took to the boats and a raft. Of
149 persons on the raft, only 15 were living
on the twelfth day, when they were picked
up by the Argus. Salon, 1819 ; exhibited
in London ; sold, after painter's death, to
MEEKER
Drcux d'Orcy, from whom bought for the
Louvre. It is Gi'ricault's masterpiece. En-
graved by S. W. Reynolds. Copy or rep-
lien, New York Historical Society. — Ham-
erton, French Painters, 22 ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre.
MEEKER, JOSEPH RUSLING, born in
Newark, N. J., April 21, 1827. Landscape
painter, pupil of the National Academy.
Studio in St. Louis. Works : Near the
Atchafalaya ; The Indian Chief ; "Uplands
(1884) —Sheldon, 135.
of the Florence Academy, with title of pro-
fessor, in 1883. Studio in Florence. Works :
A Knickerbocker (1873) ; Little Nell and
her Grandfather (1876) ; Return from the
Hunt (1880), H. Witthaus, New York ; Lit-
tle Waitress (C. A. Bristed, ib.); Amateurs
and Critics (H. G. Knowlton, ib.); Lace-
Maker (J. Harper, ib.); Bridal Chamber in
Palazzo Manzi — Lucca ; Titian's Kitchen —
Pieve di Cadore, Kitchen — Birthplace of
Titian, Gondola Party from Giardiuo Reale —
Venice, Halt at the Golden Lion, Grandpa's
Raft of the Medusa, Gericault, Louvre, Paris.
MEKKS, EUGENE, born in New York,
May 2!), 1843. Historical genre painter,
pupil of Alexander Wust, Dutch landscape
painter in New York ; visited Europe in
1801, studied at the Hague Academy one
year, and spent the next five years at the
J loyal Academy, Antwerp, under Josef van
Lerius and Nicaise de Keyser ; in 1870-72
painted under Henri Bourse. Travelled
and sketched through Central Europe in
1873, and has passed his professional life
since in Florence, with the exception of two
years in New York. Elected an associate
Birthday, Fishing Boats— Venice, Tales of a
Grandfather, Startling Bit of Gossip (1884).
MEER, BAREND (Beruardus) VAN
DER, born in Haarlem about 1659, prob-
ably a son of Jan the elder. Dutch school ;
painted flowers, fruit, and still-life with great
power and truth. Works : Grapes and Vase
with Flowers (1689), Vienna Museum ; Fruit
/ 6 J /
Gallery.
Van der Willigen, 222 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
v. 321 ; 2 vii. 7, 260.
232
MEEB
MEER, JAN VAN DER, the elder, born
in Haarlem, baptized Oct. 22, 1628, died
there, buried Aug. 25, 1691. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, pupil of Jacob do Wet ;
free of the guild in 1654, and holding an
office in it in 1667-70. Painted views of
the downs in Holland with delicate light ef-
fects and excellent figures ; several of his
pictures were attributed to his contempo-
rary Van der Mecr van Delft. Works :
Tavern Entrance (1652), Louvre ; Village
of Noordwyk (1676), Rotterdam Museum ;
Horsemen in the Woods, Basle Museum ;
do., and Hilly Forest Landscape, Old Pin-
akothek, Munich ; Flat Country, View of
Haarlem, In the Downs, Berlin Museum ;
Forest-Path with Horseman, Wood Interior,
View in the Downs, Dresden Gallery ; Land-
scape in Brunswick, Darmstadt, Hanover,
Oldenburg, Sclnverin, Meiningen, Schleiss-
heim, Turin Galleries ; Areuberg Gallery,
Brussels ; Czerniu and Liechtenstein Gal-
leries, Vienna.- — Allgeni. d. Biogr., xxi. 171 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 384 ; Kramni, iv. 1086 ;
Kunst-Chrouik, xix. 424 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 386 ; Van der Willigen, 218 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., iv. 346 ; v. 230 ; vii. 200, 349 ; x.
35.
MEER, JAN VAN DER, the younger,
born in Haarlem, baptized Nov. 29, 1656,
died there, May 28, 1705. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, sou of Jan the elder, pu-
pil of his father and of Berchem ; master of
the Haarlem guild in 1683, when he mar-
ried the sister of Cornells Dusart. He had
a pure feeling for nature, and his execution
is careful, but the tone of his pictures is cold
and heavy. Sheep, which he had studied
thoroughly, form the principal subject in
his landscapes. Works : Landscape with
Sheep (1678),
Amsterdam
Museum ; do. . ^ /
(1688), Rotter- •'*' I O*4 ^ /6O L
dam Museum ; ~-r -* ~*
do (1679), J I/ J.MjzJLf Jbfto
Berlin Museum; do. (1679), Gallery, Co-
penhagen ; do. (1681), Moltke Collection,
ib. ; do., Hermitage, St. Petersburg; Lake
with Donkeys and Drovers (1654), Shep-
herds and Flock near Cottage, Dresden
Gallery ; Flocks of Sheep Resting (2), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Three Landscapes (1099),
Schwerin Gallery ; Dutch Windmill (1693),
Historical Society, New York. — Gaz. des B.
Arts (1866), xxi. 306 ; Immcrzeel, ii. 210 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 452 ; Kramm, iv. 1086 ;
Burger, Musi'es, ii. 285.
MEER, JAN VAN DER, of Delft. See
Vermeer.
MEER, JOHAN VAN DER, of Utrecht,
born at Schoonhoven in 1628, died in
rtrecht in 1711. Dutch school; portrait
painter ; went to Rome in company with
Lieve Verschuur, and lived there many
years in friendly intercourse with Van
Drost and Karel Lot (Carlo Lotti). He
was dean of the Utrecht guild in 1664.
Works : Portraits of Regents, Fundatic-
Huis, Utrecht. — Immerzeel, ii. 210 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 384; Kramm, iv. 1087; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1866), xxi. 305.
MEERTE, PIETER, born in Brussels in
1619, died there in 1009. Flemish school ;
portrait painter, with good conception and
warm colouring, master of the Brussels
guild in 1040. Works : Syndics of Fish-
mongers' Corporation, Brussels Museum ;
Portraits of a Naval Captain and Wife, Male
Portrait, Berlin Museum. — Fi'tis, Cat. du
Mus. roy., 372 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 232 ;
Kramm, iv. 1089 ; Michiels, ix. 23.
MEGAN, G. E., flourished about 1060.
Flemish school ; landscape and figure paint-
er, said to have settled in Vienna about
1660. Works : Wood Landscape with Stag-
Hunt, do. with Attack of Robbers, do. with
Camp, Museum, Vienna ; do. with Ruins,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. — Engerth, Belved.
Gal., ii. 263.
MEHEMET H., portrait, Gentile Bellini,
Sir A. H. Layard, London ; canvas, dated
1480. The Sultan, turbaned and bearded,
with a fur cape about his shoulders. Paint-
ed by Gentile on his visit to Constantinople
in 1479-80. Belonged to Gioviano Muse-
233
MEIITIS
um, Como. — Vasari, eel. Mil., iii. 1GG ; C. &
C., N. Italy, i. 125.
MEHUS, LIEVEN, born at Oudenarde
in 1630, died in Flor-
ence, Aug. 7, 1G91.
Flemish school ; his-
tory painter, first in-
structed in Milan,
•where his parents
had settled, by one
Karel, a Flemish
battle painter, then
pupil in Florence of
1'ietro da Cortona ;
fought three years against the Spaniards
and returned to Florence, where he met
with extraordinary success. Works : Tri-
umph of Ignorance, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Abraham's Sacrifice, Christ bearing the
Cross, Artist's Portrait, Uffm, ib. ; Madonna
with Saints, S. Silvestro, Prato, Tuscany ;
Marriage of St. Catherine, S. Marco, ib. :
Communion of St. Theresa, Cathedral, ib.
Fresco : Cupola, Madonna della Pace, Flor-
ence.— Fetis, Les artistes beiges, i. 191 ; Im-
merzeel, ii. 211 ; Michicls, x. 322.
MEIRE, GERARD VAN DEE, born at
Ghent about 1427, died after 1474. Flem-
ish school ; free of the guild in 1452, and
sub-dean in 1472. No record of his life,
nor authenticated works besides the trip-
tych in the Church of St. Bavon at Ghent,
representing the Crucifixion, the Raising of
the Brazen Serpent, and Moses striking the
Rock. These compositions are remarkable
for the number of figures, which, however,
are not skilfully distributed, and are very
meagre. The many pictures in various pub-
lic galleries, attributed to this painter, are
not verified. Among them are : Adoration
of Magi, Visitation of Virgin, Berlin Muse-
um ; Triptych with Christ bearing the Cross,
Entombment, Christ on the Cross, Mater
Dolorosa, Lady Donor, Antwerp Museum ;
Count of Henegau with Patron Saint, Por-
trait of Marco Barberigo, National Gallery,
London ; Adoration of the Magi, New York
Museum.— Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 241 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'An-
vers (1874), 432 ; C. & C., Flemish Paint-
ers, 147; Dohme, li.; Kugler (Crowe), i.
88 ; Kramm, iv. 1093 ; Michiels, iii. 134 ;
Schnaase, viii. 200 ; Wouters, Sur quelques
peintres de la fin du XV. ° Siecle (Brussels,
1882); W. & W., ii. 37.
MEIREN (Moiron), JAN BAPTIST VAN
DEE, born in Antwerp, Dec. 15, 1604, died
there, or iii Vienna (?), in 1708. Flemish
school ; landscape, marine, and battle paint-
er, master of the Antwerp guild in 1G84-85 ;
probably visited Italy, and said to have set-
tled in Vienna at an advanced age ; supplied
the figures in the landscapes of Baudewyns.
Works: Two Oriental Harbours (1700),
Schleissheim Gallery ; Pleasure Camp (1698),
Market outside of a Town (1698), Harbour
with Many Figures, Dresden Gallery ; Cat-
tle Market, do. with dancing Peasants, Stock-
holm Museum ; Military Train entering City,
Travellers surprised by Peasants, Cavalry
Skirmish, Caravan in the Mountains, Sea-
shore with Ships and Walled City, etc.;
Naval Buttle, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
— Messager des sciences historiques (1840),
399 ; Van den Brandeu, 1041 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, vii. 200.
MEISEL, ERNST, born at Lichte,
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, in 1838. Histor-
ical genre painter, pupil in Munich of Pi-
loty. Works : Marie Antoinette with her
Son in Prayer ; Last Meeting of Louis XVI.
with his Family ; Separation of Madame
Elizabeth from her Niece Maria Teresa ; A
Bequest (1879) ; Genre Scene, Presentation
(1883) ; Courtship of an Incroyable, R. G.
Dun, New York.— Miiller, 362.
MEISSONIER, JEAN CHARLES, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter,
son and pupil of Ernest, like whom he
paints 18th century scenes in the style
of the old Dutch masters. Medal, 1866.
Works : Studio ; Antiquary ; Gardeners ;
In taking Tea, Leusen and Rosiue (18GG) ;
Le Fripier, Chaplain reading to the Baron,
Convent of St. Barthelemy at Nice (1874) ;
View near Nice ; Monastic Apothecary ;
834
ME1SSONIEK
Morning on Coast of Antibos (1878); Break-
fasting by the Wayside (1882) ; Itinerant
Musicians (1884); Drawing the Seine (1885);
On the Stair, J. J. Astor, New York ; Court-
ier, H. V. Newcomb, ib. ; Story of the Cam-
paign, J. H. Stebbius, ib. ; Outside Attrac-
tions, E. B. Warren, Philadelphia. — Meyer,
Gesch., CC5.
MEISSONIER, (JEAN LOUIS) ERNEST,
born in Lyons,
Feb. 21, 1815.
Genre painter,
went in 1830 to
Paris, where he
was for four
mouths the pu-
pil of Leon Co-
gniet ; but he
formed himself
chiefly by study-
ing the works of the old masters, especial-
ly of the Dutch school. He first became
known as an illustrator of books, such as
"Paul et Virgiuie," "Chaumiere indienne "
(1838), "Les Fraucais peints par cux-
mGmes" (1844), etc., but soon began the
series of masterpieces 011 a small scale,
whose wonderful finish, marked character,
and peculiar individuality have made his
name famous in eveiy part of the civilized
world. His first exhibited picture was The
Visitors (1834). Medals : 3d class, 1840 ;
2d class, 1841 ; 1st class, 1843, 1848 ; of
honour, 1855, 18G7, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1846 ; Officer, 1856 ; Commander, 18(57 ;
Grand Officer, 1878 ; Member of Institute,
1861 ; Munich Academy, 18G7 ; Honorary
member of Royal Academy, London, and
other academies. Works : The Visitors
(1834), The Bravos (1853), Scene from De-
cameron (1853), Polichinello (1858), The
Halt (1862), Napoleon I. in the Campaign
of France, Throwing Dice, The Connois-
seurs, Cavalier of Time of Louis XTV., St.
John in Patmos, Cavalier of Time of Louis
XHL, Musketeer of Time of Louis XHL,
Gamblers, Sentinel, Foul Play, Sir Richard
Wallace, London ; Chess Players, Little
Messenger (183G) ; Monk consoling a Sick
Man (1838) ; The Doctor, The Smoker
(1830) ; The Reader (1840) ; Chess Players
(1841) ; Smoker, Violoncello Player (1842) ;
Amateurs of Painting (1843 ; Khalil Bey
sale, 18G8, 33,800 fr.), M. Leon Say ; Paint-
er in his Studio (1843 ; Lehon sale, 18G1,
11,200 fr.) ; Guard-house, Young Man look-
ing at Drawings, Game of Piquet (1848) ;
Skittle Players (1849); Smoker (1850); Lute
Players (1851), Soldier under Louis XIII,
Laurent Richard Collection, Paris ; The
Barricade, Man choosing a Sword (1852),
Reader near Window, Reader in White, Le
Dujeuner, M. van Praet ; Sunday, Incident
of Civil War (1852) ; Young Man Studying,
Moreau before Hoheulinden (1853) ; /,<;<•-
fun: che/5 Diderot (1855), Uu Incroyable,
Polichinello, Baron Edmond de Rothschild ;
Guitar Player, Baron Adolph de Rothschild ;
La Rixf (1855), Buckingham Palace ; Con-
fidence, A Painter, Man in Armour, Harquc-
busier, Art Amateur, Standard Bearer, Man
at a Window (1857) ; Soldiers at Cards
(1858 ; Wertheimber sale, to M. Demidofi
for 28,000 fr.; J. T. Johnston sale, New
York, 187G, §11,500); Smoker (I860); Card
Party, Expectation, Musician, The Audience,
The Farrier (18G1); In the Ante-Room, Sl/r-
rup-Cup (18G2), C. F. H. Bolckow, Middles-
borough ; Standard Bearer, Musketeer (18G2);
Napoleon HI. at Solferiuo (18G4), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Napoleon I. in 1814 (18G4),
Ball Players at Antibes (4G.700 francs), Le
Voyageur (30,500 francs), The Laugher
(25,000 francs), Defoer sale, Paris, 188(5 ;
Une Chanson (18G5), Vicomte de Greffuhle ;
Cavalry Charge (1867); Portrait of the Ser-
geant, Chess Players, Baron Schroeder,
London ; Two Lansquenets, M. van der
Vies ; Horseman's Rest (1875), Kuusthalle,
Hamburg ; Voyageur, L' Adieu (1880) ; Com-
pany of Musketeers (sold, 1881, 50,000 fr.);
Halt of Cavaliers (J. W. Wilson sale, 1881,
125,000 fr.) ; Smoker (Teiice sale, 1881,
34,000 fr.); Corporal of the Guard (Arbuth-
not sale, 1882, £514) ; Madonna di Baccio
(1883) ; Paris in 1870-71 (1884) ; La Ve-
235
MEISSONIER
dotto, Reader Seated, Smoker in Black,
Cavalier (if Time of Louis XIII. Sleeping,
Mine, de Cassin, Paris ; Flute Player, M.
Piistre, ib. ; Header standing under Win-
dow, M. Malinet, ib. ; Under the Balcony,
M. Boueheron, ib.; Sentinel at Antibes, M.
Charles Leronx, ib. ; Manuscript Header, M.
Kdouard Andre, ib.; The Spy, M. Crabbe,
ib. ; Polichinello, Mine. Cottier, ib. ; Bravo,
Shoemaker, Musketeer of Louis XIII, M.
Levy-Cremieux, ib. ; Yin du Cuiv, Difficult
Passage, The Secretary, Cuirassiers — 1805,
Two Old Friends, The Two Van de Veldes,
A Header, M. Sceivtan, ib. ; Amateurs of
Painting, Yicomtessc de Tivderu, ib. ; Por-
trait of Victor Le franc, M. Victor Lefrane, ib. ;
AHalbardier, Smoker in Red, Baron Gustavo
de Rothschild, ib. ; Sunday in the Village, Due
deXarbonnc, ib. ; Portrait of Alexandre Du-
mas, The Designer, Affaire Ck'menceau, M.
Alexandre Dumas, ib. ; Heconnoissance in
the Snow, Mine. Isaac Pcreire, ib. ; Hussar
on Vedette, Stirrup Cup, Consequences of
a Quarrel at Play, Win. Stewart, ib. ; Dra-
goon on Vedette, Altar in S. Marco at Ven-
ice, Portrait of Mine. Meissonier, Portrait
of Charles Meissonier, Cavalier by the Sea,
Washerwomen at Antibes, Ruins of the
Tuileries, The Song, The Etcher, At the
Window, Death-bed of Thiers, The Tui-
leries, Interior of S. Marco, Flemish Inte-
rior, Chess Players, M. Ernest Meissonier ;
La Vedette, Amateurs of Painting, Due
d'Aumale ; Amateurs in the Studio, Vicom-
tesse de Tivdcrn ; Portrait of Baroness
Thrnard, Baroness Thunard ; Amateur of
Designs, Baron Hulot ; The Red Umbrella,
M. Peronne ; The Departure, M. Niven ;
Cavalier of Time of Louis XHL, M. Tabou-
rier ; Smoker of Time of Louis XV., Mine.
Angelo ; Phoebus and Boreas, M. G. Liitz ;
Portrait of Meissonier, Literary Researches,
M. Gambard ; Ball Players, Terrace of St.
Germain, M. Charles Heine ; Le Marcchal
Ferrant, M. Bianchi ; Violoncellist, M. E. H.
Krafft ; Gentleman of Time of Louis XIII.
Heading, M. Auguste Dreyfus ; Amateurs
of Painting, Baron Hottinguer ; A Vedette,
M. Pierre Duclu' ; Officer of Musketeers,
Colour Bearer, Mr. James Duncan, London ;
Regnard dans son Cabinet, Mr. David Price,
ib. ; The Confidence, Mr. John Siltzer, ib. ;
Game Won, M. Steengraehl, The Hague ;
Portrait of the Sculptor Gemito, M. Gemito,
Naples ; Apres le Dejeuner, The Bibliophile,
Baron Springer ; Awaiting the Audience,
M. Tivtiakoff, Moscow. Works in United
States : Artist at Work, Information, Artist
and his Wife, Ordonncmcc (18(59), Man Read-
ing, A Reception, Portrait of W. H. Vander-
bilt, William H. Vanderbilt Collection, New
York ; L'Aumone (1874), Friedland or Eigh-
teen Hundred and Seven (1876), another
(18(59), Mrs. A. T. Stewart, ib.; The Smoker,
William Astor, ib. ; L'Escalier, J. J. Astor,
ib. ; Guard Room, T. A. Havemeyer, ib.;
Antibes, Two Van der Veldes, Sign Painter,
MissC. L. Wolfe, ib.; Chess Players, August
Belmont, ib. ; Lost Game, Stirrup-Cup, Cap-
tain of the Guard, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; His-
toriographer, W. Rockefeller, ib. ; Vedette,
N. R. Butler, ib.; Halberdier, H. V. New-
comb, ib. ; Sleeping Gallant, Mrs. Paran
Stevens, ib.; Marshal Saxe and Staff (I860),
Stirrup-Cup, Ante-Chamber, D. O. Mills, ib.;
Captain of the Guard, R. L. Stuart Collec-
tion, ib.; Trumpeter, C. S. Smith, ib. ; Hal-
berdier, John Hoey, ib. ; Travelling Shoe-
maker, W. B. Bement, ib.; Iiicarte Players,
Gentleman of Time of Charles IK., James
Gordon Bennett, ib. ; Paris Commission-
naire, A. J. Antelo, Philadelphia; Republican
Sentinel, A. J. Drexel, ib. ; Cavalier waiting
an Audience, H. C. Gibson, ib. ; Jovial Troop-
er (1805), Court-yard of the Artist's Studio
(1877), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Poetry,
D. W. Powers, Rochester ; Cavalry Charge
(18G7), H. Probasco, Cincinnati ; Musketeer,
H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Cavalier, H. P.
Kidder, Boston. — Hamerton, French Paint-
ers, 62 ; Mollett, Meissonier ; L'Art (187G),
i. 14 ; Bellier, ii. 65 ; Cbesneau, Chefs
d'Ecole, 241 ; Claretie, Peintres, etc. (1884),
ii. 1 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1862), xii. 419 ;
(18G6), xx. 78 ; (1884), xxx. 5 ; Academy
(1884), ii. 390 ; Allgern. K. C., viii. 481 ;
MEISSXEIi
Art Journal (1879), 48 ; Appleton's Journal
(18G9), ii. 118 ; Lippincott's Mag., xiv. 75S ;
American Architect, v. 54 ; Bruno Meyer,
Studien, 96 ; Meyer, Gesch. ; Zeitseh., i.
173 ; ii. 124 ; viii. 104 ; D. Rundschau, xvi.
310 ; Vom Fels zum Meer, vii. 10G.
MEISSNER, ERNST ADOLF, born at
Dresden, April 12, 1837. Animal and land-
scape painter, pupil of Dresden Academy
and Kuminer ; spent 1860-151 in Zurich,
1868 in Rome, and settled in Munich in
1870. Many of bis pictures are in America.
Works : Pilgrimage on Lake Kocbel ; Mill
on the Elbe near Dresden ; Transportation
of Cattle in Winter ; Scattered Sheep,
Vienna Academy ; Returning Herd in
Winter (1875), Dresden Gallery ; Sheep on
Flight ; Sheep with Lambs ; On the Alp ;
Sunday Afternoon (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin,
1886. — Miiller, 362.
MEISTER ARNOLD, of Wiirzburg, 14th
century. German school ; a master of
equal fame in Franconia to that of Meister
Wilhelm 011 the Nether Rhine. No work
can be attributed to him directly, but the
altarpiece of Piihl (about 1400), National
Museum, Munich, is of his school. — Meyer,
Kiinst. Lex., ii. 272.
MEISTER STEPHAN, born at Con-
stance, died in Cologne in 1451. German
school ; real name Stephau Lochner. Pos-
sibly a pupil of Meister Wilhelm, and the
most famous master of mediicval art. He
settled, and bought a house, in Cologne in
1442 ; the guild of St. Luke chose him to
represent their corporation in the senate in
1448, and again in 1451, in which year he
died in poverty in a hospital. In him the
school of Cologne attained its highest form
of originality. Works : Triptych (known as
Dombild, after 1426), Cologne Cathedral ;
Madonna in der Rosenlaube, Cologne Muse-
um ; replica (?), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Madonna with the Violets (?), Archiepiscopal
Museum, Cologne ; Presentation in the Tem-
ple (? 1447), Darmstadt Gallery; Three
Saints, National Gallery, London. — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xix, 69 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole alle-
mande ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 350 ;
Forster, Gesch., i. 211 ; ii. 152 ; do., Deuk-
male, ii. 19 ; iv. 13 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 126 ;
Kugler, Kl. Schriften, ii. 294-300, 350, 352,
524 ; Merlo, Meister d. altkOln. Malersch.,
108, 200 ; Schnaase, vi. 413 ; W. & W., ii. 87-
MEISTER WILHELM, born at Herle,
Limburg, died in Cologne in 1378. Ger-
man school. The earliest known represent-
ative of the ancient school of Cologne, where
he painted from 1358 to 1372, and the best
German artist of his time ; he is mentioned
in the Limburg Chronicle of 1380, as "a
famous painter in Cologne, whose equal was
not to be found in Christendom, and who
painted a man as though he lived." Child-
like innocence, tenderness of sentiment, and
remarkable purity of expression characterize
the faces and graceful, slender figures paint-
ed by Master Wilhelm with sweet and ten-
der colour. Works : Clara Altar, Cologne
Cathedral ; Christ Crucified, Sacristy of St.
Severin's, Cologne ; Small Altarpiece, w. Vir-
gin w. Bean Blossom, Cologne Museum ;
Madonna with Saints, Chapter Room of Hal-
berstadt Cathedral ; St. Veronica with the
Handkerchief (?), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
do. (?), National Gallery, London. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole allemandc ; C. & C., Flemish
Painters, 346 ; FOrster, Gesch., i. 204 ; do.,
Deukmale, v. 7 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 43 ;
Kugler, Kl. Schriften, ii. 288-91, 352, 524 ;
Kunstblatt (1855), 157 ; Merlo, Meister d.
altkoln. Malersch., 31 ; Schnaase, vi. 391 ;
W. k W., i. 399.
MEISTER, NICOLAS, born at Coblentz.
Landscape painter, younger brother and
pupil of Simon, with whom he went to Co-
logne about 1833 ; painted the landscape in
the panorama and dioramas mentioned un-
der Simon. Works : Views of Coblentz ;
Rolandseck with Siebengebirge, and Castle
Rheinstein (1834) ; Ravine with Ruin
(1839) ; View of Neuwied (1848).— Merlo,
Nachrichten, 279.
MEISTER, SIMON, born at Cobleutz
in 1803, died in Cologne, Feb. 29, 1844.
History painter, pupil in Paris of Horace
237
MEIXKER
Vernct ; after his return, about 1833, settled
in Cologne ; painted especially battles, ani-
mals, and equestrian portraits. Works :
Scenes from Greek War of Independence ;
Death of Adolphus of Nassau ; Kosciusko
taken Prisoner ; Napoleon and bis Gene-
rals ; Elector Albrecbt Achilles of Bran-
denburg in Battle of Nuremberg (School of
Cadets, Berlin) ; Bliicber's llescue in Battle
of Liguy ; Lion Hunt ; Lions Fighting
(1835), Frederic William IV. of Prussia
returning from Parade, Cologne Museum ;
Panorama of French Army under General
Hoche crossing the Rhine (1838-41) ; Dio-
rama of Battle of Kuhu ; View of Castle
Stolzenfels at Sunset (1843 ; last three to-
gether with bis brother Nicolas). — Allgem.
d. Biogr., xxi. 263 ; Merlo, Nacbricbten,
280 ; Raczynski, i. 238.
MEIXNEK, LUDWIG, born in Munich
in 1828. Landscape and marine painter,
pupil of Bernhard Stauge ; visited Norway
and Sweden in 1848-51 ; excels in moon-
light scenes. Works : View in English
Park near Munich ; VOhring near Munich ;
Moonlight Landscape, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Lake Constance with Cloud Effect ;
Landscape at Moonrise ; View on the Un-
tersberg ; Coast Scene ; Moonlight Night
on Swedish Coast ; Venice ; The Auer
Kirchc near Munich by Moonlight (1884),
New Pinakothek, Munich. — D. Kunstbl.
(1857), 2G1 ; Miiller, 3(13.
MELANTHIUS (Melanthus), painter of
the Sicyouian school ; pupil of Pamphilus,
about 332 n.c. He was a fellow-student of
Apelles, by whom he was considered supe-
rior to himself in composition. Pliny says
(xxxv. 32-[50]), he was one of the four great
painters (the others being Apelles, Echion,
and Nicomachus) who executed their im-
mortal works with four colours only, white,
yellow, red, and black. The only one of
his pictures mentioned represented Aristra-
tus of Sicyon standing beside the chariot of
the Goddess of Victory, which Nealces pre-
served from destruction. — Plut. Arat., 13 ;
Bruun, ii. 142.
MELBYE, (DANIEL HERMAN) AN-
TON, born in Copenhagen, Feb. 13, 1818,
died in Paris, Jan. 10,
1875. Marine paint-
er, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy un-
der Eckersberg, and
much influenced by
Rumohr; visited, on
board of Danish men-
of-war, the North, Bal-
tic, and Mediterranean
seas, obtained a prize in 1843, went to Stock-
holm and Hamburg in 1846, and the year
after to Paris, where the Due de Decazes be-
came his patron. In 1853 he accompanied
the French embassy to Constantinople, paint-
ed there for the Sultan, and after his return
for Napoleon III. ; revisited Copenhagen in
1858, and having worked for a while in
Hamburg returned to Paris. Member of
Copenhagen Academy ; L. of Honour, 1854 ;
Order of Danebrog, 1858. Works : Ships
Cruising ; Eddystone Lighthouse (1846),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Boat in Danger ;
Floating Ice on Coast of Greenland ; Morn-
ing after Storm ; Roadstead of Copenhagen ;
do. of Constantinople ; French Meu-of-War
on Greek Coast ; Naval Battle in Kjoge
Bay (1855), Copenhagen Gallery; Road-
stead with Ships (1850), Corvette (1851),
Solitude of the Sea (1852), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Agitated Sea after Sunset
(1867), Schwerin Gallery ; Moonlight on
Bosphorus.
—Art Jour-
nal (1875),
280; Kunst-
Chronik, x.
330 ; Sig. Miiller, 250 ; Ny illustrerad Tid-
ning, 1875 ; Weilbach, 471 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiv. 354.
MELBYE, (KNUD FREDERIK) VIL-
HELM (HANNIBAL), born at Elsinore,
May 14, 1824. Marine painter, brother of
Anton, pupil of Copenhagen Academy.
Works : Pilot Boat in Stormy Weather
(1847), Copenhagen Gallery ; Roadstead of
288
MELCHIOK
Alicante ; View of Copenhagen Harbour. —
Sig. Mailer, 255 ; Weilbacli, 474.
MELCHIOR, WILHELM, born at
Nymphenburg in 1813, died in Munich,
Sept. 9, 1860. Animal painter, son of Georg
Wilhehn (landscape and portrait painter,
1780-182G), pupil of Munich Academy ; fan-
cied especially scenes after a chase. Works :
Booty watched by Dogs, Fox caught by
Dogs (1849), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Be-
fore the Badger's Dwelling ; Cat pinched
by Crawfish. His brother Josef (born in
1810) was an esteemed painter of horses. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 291 ; Cotta's Kuustbl.
(1848), 234 ; Vine. Miiller, Handb., 161.
MELDOLLA, ANDREA. See Hchiaowi,;
Andrea.
MELEAGER AND ATALANTA, Jiubenx,
Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 1 in. x 9
ft. 4 in. Meleager presenting the head of
the Calydonian boar to Atalanta, who is
seated in a landscape at foot of a tree ; be-
tween them stands Cupid ; several dogs
and implements of the chase, painted by
Snyders, near the group. Landscape prob-
ably by Wildens. Taken to Paris in 1800 ;
returned in 1815. Similar picture, engraved
by Bartsch, Dresden Gallery ; another, en-
graved by Bloemart, Blenheim sale (18S6),
Cavendish Beutinck, £520 ; a third iu Ma-
drid Museum. — Smith, ii. 84, 247 ; ix. 277.
By Rubens, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H.
10 ft. 4 in. x 13 ft. Attacking the Calydo-
nian boar, which is at bay beside a fallen
tree ; several dogs are wounded, and a man
lies dead at the feet of the beast ; horsemen,
with javelins, are galloping up to the aid of
Meleager and Atalanta, who has just wound-
ed the boar with an arrow. Animals by
Snyders ; landscape by Wildens. Etched
by Premier. Similar subject, with changes,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; another, en-
graved by Bolswert, Lady Stuart : a third in
Madrid Museum.— Smith, ii. 88, 157, 275.
MELEM, HANS, born at Mehlem, near
Bonn, in 1493. German school ; flourished
in Cologne as a contemporary, perhaps
scholar, of the Master of the Death of the
Virgin. His only certain work is a signed
portrait of himself (1530), in the Munich
Gallery. A triptych there, with Crucifixion
and Saints, attributed to Melem, is by one
of his pupils. He was inferior in drawing,
execution, and colouring. — Fc'irster, ii. 183 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 228 ; Merlo, Nachrich-
ten, 283 ; W. & W., ii. 497.
MELIDA, Don ENRIQUE, contempo-
rary. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of
MeissonicT ; paints ingenious genre scenes,
eminently individualized, often humorous.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Mass in
Spain (1872), Luxembourg Museum ; Round
of the Santo Oticio ; Antechamber of Prince
de la Paz ; Monkey-Story ; Falling Flat ;
After the Procession ; First Walk ; Bull-
Fight Lesson (1879); Illusions to the Winds
(1880); A Study, Disturbed Festival (1883);
Hcrrar, o quitar el banco, Mardi-Gras before
Theatre of Marcellus at Rome (1884) ; A
Maja (1885) ; Carmen, Under the Elm-tree
(1886) ; Consultation (Jubilee Exhib., Ber-
lin, 1886).— La Ilustracion (1879), i. 283 ;
(1881), i. 138 ; ii. 375 ; (1883), i. 275 ;
(1884), i. 341.
MKLIN, JOSEPH, born in Paris, Feb.
14, 1814. History and animal painter, pu-
pil of Paul Delaroche and David d'Angers.
Medals : 3d class, 1843, 1855 ; 2d class,
1 1845, 1858. Works : St. James pardoning
his Accuser (1843) ; Christ healing Blind
Man (1845); Battle of Ravenna, English
Dogs (1847); Asleep (1848); Dogs and Bull-
Dogs, Boar- Hunting (1850) ; Deer's Cry,
j Dog Barking, Dogs in Leash (1855) ; Un-
coupled, Relays, Pointer (1857) ; Starting
Again, Newfoundland Dog (1861) ; Hunts-
man leading Dogs against a Boar, English
Pointer (1863); Deer-Hunting (1864); Eng-
lish Dogs, Tei-riers (1865) ; Vendi'ean Dogs
(1866) ; Bourbon Oxen (1867) ; Terriers
Fighting, Heads of Vendeeau Dogs (1868) ;
English and Vendeean Dogs (1869); Nymph
attaching a Dog to its Leash (1873); Deer's
Cry (1874) ; At Fault (1879) ; Dogs' Heads,
A Virgin (1880); Hallooing on Foot (1882);
Lost Dog Barking, Two Scents (1883); Fly-
839
MfiLINGUE
iug Relays, Talbot (1885) ; A Fatal Meeting,
Valet with Dogs (188G) ; Stag and Hounds,
H. Probasco, Cincinnati. — Bellier, ii. GC ;
Vapereau.
MELINGUE, (ETiENNE) LLTCIEN, bom
iu Paris, Dec. 28, 1841. History and land-
scape painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet and
Gerome. Medal, 1st class, 1877 ; L. of
Honour, 1880. Works : Souvenir of Veules
(1801) ; Courtyard in Normandy (18G3) ;
Ceres with the Old Woman (1870) ; August
24, 1572 (1873); Members of the Third Es-
tate before the Meeting of June 23, 1789
(1874); May 13, 1588 (1875); Brantome's
Fourth Discourse of Dames galantes (1870);
Morning of the 10th Thermidor (1877) ;
Mile, do Montpensier in the Bastille (1878);
Stephen Marcel and the Dauphin (1879),
Luxembourg Museum ; Marat (1880); Mar-
shal Ferte capturing Belfort, After the Bat-
tle (1881) ; General Daumesnil at Vincennes
(1882); Rouget do Lisle composing the Mar-
seillaise (1883) ; Desgenettes inoculating
himself -with the Plague (1884) ; Roustan
(1885). — Bellier, ii. GO ; Larousse ; D. Rund-
schau, xx. 470.
MELONE, ALTOBELLO, end of 15th
and beginning of 10th century. Lombard
school ; probably studied in Bologna and
Ferrara. He was Boccaccino's competitor
before Pordenone's arrival in Cremona.
His seven frescos of scenes iu lives of Vir-
gin and of Christ (1517) are iu the nave of
the Duomo, Cremona, and his Christ on the
lload to Emmaus is in the National Gallery,
London. He was not without power as a
portrait painter, and some of his works have
been assigned to great men: one, in the
Stuttgart Museum, to Giovanni Bellini ;
another, in the Lochis Carrara Collection,
Bergamo, to Giorgiono ; and a third, in the
Castelbarco Collection, Milan, to Raphael. —
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 451 ; Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., i. 559 ; Vasari, ed. Le MOD., 223, 251 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde ; Ltibke, Gcsch.
ital. Mai., ii. 480.
MELOZZO DA FORLI, born at Forli,
June 0, 1438, died there, Nov. 8, 1494.
Umbrian school ; contemporary of Manteg-
ua, whose influence he may have felt, but
owed his advancement to Piero della Frau-
cesca, of whom he was perhaps a pupil.
He had, however, a higher sense of beauty
and of dramatic life, and his draperies are
richer and more ample than those of Piero,
who excelled him in colour. Melozzo was
called to Rome by Sixtus IV., and painted
(1475-80) in fresco, in the Vatican Library,
an Audience of Sixtus D7., now transferred
to canvas and in the Vatican Gallery, which
is remarkable for fine characteristic por-
traiture, rich architectural background, and
harmonious colour. Part of another fresco,
Christ among Angels, formerly in SS. Apos-
toli, Rome, is now on the staircase of the
Quirinal ; and there are seven fragments of
Angels playing and singing, together with
four heads of Apostles, iu the sacristy of St.
Peter's. His works are marked by masterly
| drawing, bold foreshortening, and good per-
spective. Many of the pictures in galleries,
attributed to him, are of doubtful authen-
ticity. Among those which may be consid-
ered genuine, as they are admirable, are the
allegorical representations of the Arts and
Sciences, which probably originally deco-
rated the library in the Ducal Palace, Ur-
biuo. Of this series, one is in the Berlin
Museum ; two, Rhetoric and Music, in the
National Gallery, London ; and one, Duke
Frederic with his son Guidobaldo ami Vit-
torio da Feltre his Tutor, at Windsor. — C.
& C., Italy, ii. 550 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv.
190 ; Burckhardt, 559 ; Lermolieff, 277 ;
Lfibke, Gesch. ital. Mai, i.. 399 ; Gaz. dea
B. Arts (1875), xii. 3G9.
MELZI, FRANCESCO, born in Milan in
1492, died after 1568. Lombard school ;
pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, and one of his
most devoted disciples ; an amateur of a
rich and noble family. Accompanied his
master to France, and was made heir of his
designs and manuscripts. His pictures are
so like Da Vinci's iu manner as to be mis-
taken foi them. A Vc.rtumnus and Pomona,
Berlin Museum, formerly attributed to Leo-
MEMLIXG
nardo, is now ascribed to him. A portrait
of himself is in the Melzi Collection, Milan.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 35 ; Baldinucci, i. 002 ;
Lanzi, ii. 488 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole milauaise ;
Burckhardt, 707 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
ii. 444.
MEMLING (Memlinc, Memmeliuek, Hem-
ling), HANS,
born about 1425,
died at Bruges
between Dec. 1,
1492, and Dec.
10, 1495. Flem-
ish school ; his-
tory painter,
probably pupil
of Rogier van der
W e y d e n ; w a s
settled at Bruges
in 1478, perhaps since 1471, if not before.
According to a popular legend, Mcmling
was admitted as n sick soldier into the Hos-
pital of St. John, Bruges, after the battle of
Nancy, and in gratitude for the care be-
stowed upon him painted the celebrated
wooden shrine of St. Ursula, before Oct. 29,
1489, with miniatures representing six scenes
from the legend of the saint, and other
subjects, still preserved in the hospital.
Of all the great Flemish painters of the
time, Memling had the deepest religious
feeling. His earliest works are : A Diptych
(1460), Eev. I. F. Russell. Greenhithe, Kent ;
Last Judgment (1467), St. Mary's, Dantzic ;
Triptych (1471), Duke of Devonshire, Chis-
wick. His finest portraits are those of Will-
iam Moreel and wife (1480), Brussels Mu-
seum ; of the same persons and their eldest
son, on wings of a triptych (1484), Bruges
Academy ; and of Mary Moreel, known as
the Sibyl Sanbatha, and of Martin van Niew-
enhove, diptych (1487), Hospital of St. John,
Bruges. Other works are : Madonna, Male
Portraits (3), Antwerp Museum ; Altar of
St. John (also called Marriage of St. Cath-
arine), Adoration of the Kings (1479), Shrine
of St. CrsuZo, Diptych with Pieta (1480), do.
with Madonna (1487), St. John's Hospital,
; Bruges ; Altar of St. Christopher (1484),
I Academy, ib.; Seven Sorrows of the Virgin
(1479), Passion of our Lord (?), Turin Gal-
1 lery ; Seven Joys of the Virgin (1480), St.
John the Baptist, Old Piuakothek, Munich ;
Annunciation (1482), Prince Rad/iwill, Ber-
lin ; Altai-piece (1484), Moreel Chapel, St.
Jacques', Bruges ; Christ on the Cross, Male
Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Madonna and
Saint, Man Praying (1487), Umzi, Florence ;
Descent from the Cross (?), Palazzo Dorm,
Rome ; Triptych with Adoration of the
Magi (?), Madrid Museum ; Madonna, Berlin
Museum ; Portrait of Anton of Burgundy,
St. Christopher carrying the Infant Christ,
Dresden Museum ; do., W<">rlitz Gallery ;
do., Count Duchatel, Paris; do., and SS.
John the Baptist and Evangelist, Adam and
Eve, Christ bearing the Cross, Resurrection,
Museum, Vienna; Madonna (1472), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Great Altai-piece with
Passion of our Lord (1491), Liibeck Cathe-
dral ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Strasburg
Gallery ; Two panels of St. John Baptist and
Mary Magdalen, with scenes from their
lives, Louvre, Paris. In fresco : Crucifixion,
Saints and Donors, Notre Dame, Dijon. —
OPVS'-IOMANNIS
MEMLING
J17?
Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 307 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamaude ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers
(1874), 253; C. & C., Flemish Painters,
251 ; Engerth, Belved. Gal., ii. 272 ; Fetis,
Cat. du Mus. roy., 132 ; Forster, Gesch.,
ii. 101 ; do., Denkmale, i. 3 ; v. 11 ; viii.
13 ; ix. 1 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), xi. 28 ;
Hotho, Gesch., ii. 128 ; Immerzeel, ii. 213 ;
Journal des B. Arts (1861), 21, 23, 35 ;
Kramm, iii. 670 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii.
353 ; Le Beffroi, ii. 264 ; Michiels, iv. 7 ; v.
464 ; Schuaase, viii. 232 ; Wauters, Peinture
2-11
MEMMI
flamande, 85 ; do., Decouverte d'un tableau
date de Hans Mcmling (Brussels, 1883) ;
AVeale, Cat. Bruges Acad., 20 ; do., Hans
Mcmling, zyn leven, etc. (Bruges, 1871) ;
AV. & AV., ii. ii ; Art Journal (1885), 318.
MEMMI, LI1TO, died in 135G. Sienese
.school ; an artist of the same scliool as his
greater brother-in-law, Simone di Martino,
with whom he had a common workshop in
Siena. Though at times content to labor
on the mechanical part of Simone's altar-
pieces, he frequently undertook separate
commissions, the most important of which
was the adornment of the Palazzo del Po-
desta at S. Gimignano in 1317. The spirit
and composition of this work much resem-
bles that of Simone ; but it is remarkable
for the minuteness of its finish, every hair
and every ornamental detail being patiently
worked out. Lippo also aided Simoue in
the painting of the Annunciation, now in
the Uffi/.i, Florence. Other examples of his j
work are a Madonna with Saints, in the Pa-
lazzo Pubblico, S. Gimignano ; a Madonna
and Angels, in the Chapel of the Santissimo
Corporate, at Orvieto ; the Beato Augustine,
in S. Agostino, Siena ; a Madonna, in the
Berlin Museum ; and a Resurrection, in the
Dresden Gallery.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 101 ; Va-
sari, ed. LeMon., ii. 87, n. 3, 94 ; AV. & AV.,
i. 4G6 ; Dohme, 2i.; Zeitsclir. f. b. K, v. 234.
MEMMI, SIMONE. See Simon* di Mar-
tini.
MENABOI, GIUSTO DI GIOVANNI,
second half of 14th century ; dead in 1397.
Florentine school ; pupil probably of Gio-
vanni da Milano ; name in register of Flor-
entine painters in 1387, but afterwards a
resident of Padua. A Madonna Enthroned,
dated 13G3, is at Milan, and a Coronation
of the Virgin, dated 13G7, in the National
Gallery, London. Frescos attributed to him
are in the Baptistery, Padua, and an altar-
piece in the adjoining chapel ; and other
frescos in the Luca Belludi Chapel, Padua,
and in the Einucciui Chapel, S. Croce, Flor-
ence. He was a feeble continuator of the
style of Giotto, whose colouring is bright
and well fused, but whose drawing, expres-
sion, and choice of motives are dull and
clumsy.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 248 ; Kunstblatt
(1838), No. 13 ; AV. & AA7., i. 484.
MEXENDEZ, Don LUIS, born at Naples
in 1716, died at Madrid in 1780. Spanish
school ; history and fruit painter, son and
pupil of Francisco Antonio Menendez (a
successful miniature painter, 1G82-1745) ;
then studied in Rome, and, visiting Naples,
was appointed painter in ordinary to King
Charles ; on his return to Madrid, Ferdinand
VI. employed him to illuminate the choir-
books of the royal chapel. His favourite
subjects were bodegones, in the deline-
ation of which he has rarely been excelled.
AVorks : Holy Family, Madonna, thirty-
nine Bodegones and Fruitpieces, Madrid
Museum. — Stirling, iii. 1219.
MENESES OSORIO, FRANCISCO, born
at Seville about 1630, died there about 1705.
Spanish school ; pupil of Muriilo, his favour-
ite assistant, and one of his best copyists ;
painted the glory in the Marriage of St.
Catherine, which cost Muriilo his life, and
also the four lateral pictures. Some works
ascribed to his master were probably exe-
cuted by him. He was a member of the
i Academy of Seville from 1G6G to 1673, and
; its Mayordomo in 1GG8-G9. AVorks : Death
of a Hermit, Last Judgment, Cadiz Muse-
um ; Virgin appearing to St. Cayetano,
Church of La Merced, Cadiz ; Institution
of Third Order of St. Francis, Seville Mu-
seum ; Christ in
A y|J t -— Garden of Olives,
/V\J J 0 Y^\A-/ Due de Montpen-
•*• sier, S. Telmo. —
Stirling, iii. 1103 ; Ch. Blanc, ICcole espa-
gnole ; Cean Bermudez ; Curtis, 331.
MENESTRATUS, painter, 1st century
A.D. His pictures were ridiculed in an epi-
gram in the Greek anthology by Lucillius,
who says his Phaethon was only fit for the
fire and his Deucalion for the water. Brunn
(ii. 310) thinks it doubtful whether bad trag-
edies rather than pictures are not here re-
ferred to.
242
MENEZES
MENEZES, Dom LUIS DE MIRANDA-
PEREIRA, Visconde tie, born at Oporto
in 1820. History, genre, and portrait paint-
er, pupil in Rome of Overbeck and Ferd.
Cavalleri ; attained to great reputation, es-
pecially in bis native country. Member of
Lisbon Academy. Medal in Oporto in 1865.
Chamberlain, president of bank of credit,
attache of Portuguese embassy in Rome,
knight and commander of several orders.
Works : Old Village Musician ; Praying
Monk ; Christ at Emmaus ; Old Beggar ;
Death of Marco Bozzaris ; Chestnut Sel-
ler ; Calabrese Shepherd, Lisbon Academy ;
Blind Soldier ; Young Shepherdess from the
Abruzzi ; St. Peter of Alcantara ; St. Peter
the Apostle ; Halt before Tavern ; Salvator
Rosa among the Robbers. — Miiller, 3G4.
MENGELBERG, EGIDIUS, born in Co-
logne, April 8, 1770, died there, October
2G, 1849. Portrait painter, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy ; copied the most famous
pictures of the Diisseldorf Gallery and paint-
ed portraits in Cologne and Coblentz in 1790
-1800 ; lived at Elberfeld in 1800-G, and
settled in Cologne in 1821. Works : Por-
traits of Kleber, Bernadotte, Archbishop
Ferdinand August ; Portrait of Wallraf, Co-
logne Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 347 ;
Merlo, 285.
MENGELBERG, OTTO, born at Diissel-
dorf in 1817. History and portrait painter,
son of Egidius, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Karl Sohn and Schadow ; visited
Munich in 1842, then painted portraits in
Cologne until 1847, when he visited Paris,
and settled in Diisseldorf in 1848. Works:
Death of Moses (1836), Judith (1837), Arch-
angel Michael (1838), Apostle Church, Co-
logne ; Loreley (1839), Emperor Henry IV.
(1840), Romer, Frankfort ; Ecce Homo
(1847) ; Prodigal Son (1848) ; Pray First !
(1860) ; Resurrection and Four Evangelists
(1862) ; Disciples at Emmaus (1866) ; Walk
of Jesus to Jerusalem (1876) ; Peter's Peni-
tence ; Melanchthou ; Christ at Gethsernaue.
— Merlo, 185 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 582 ;
Muller, 364 ; W. Midler, Diiaseldf. K, 40.
MENGS, ANTON RAPHAEL, born at
Aussig, Bohemia, May 12, 1728, died in
Rome, June 29,
1779. German
school ; history
and portrait
painter, son
and pupil of
Ismael Mengs,
a distinguished
miniature and
enamel paint-
er, who early
caused him to
study the great masters in Dresden and
afterwards in Rome, where the King of Po-
land, Augustus III., permitted him to con-
tinue his studies in 1741-44, and again in
1740-49 ; he was made court-painter at the
age of twenty-three, and removed to Rome
in 1751, stopping at Venice for five months.
He was an eclectic who, living at a time of
extreme degradation in art, excited great
admiration by his skill in composition and
his knowledge of technical processes, but,
as he had little originality or warmth of
feeling, his works have not stood the test
of time. Cardinal Albaui and Pope Clem-
ent XIV. employed him to paint for them
at Rome, and Charles HL of Spain called
him to Madrid in 17G1, where as court-
painter he received a high salary. His
writings on painting and painters contain
many refined observations and valuable no-
tices of remarkable pictures. Works : Ado-
ration of the Shepherds, Magdalen, St. Peter,
sixteen portraits, Madrid Museum ; Clem-
ent XHL, Brera Gallery, Milan ; do., Bo-
logna Gallery ; Portrait of himself, Uffizi,
Florence ; Christ, Stuttgart Museum ; St.
Joseph incited to Flight by Angel, Madon-
na, Annunciation, St. Peter Enthroned, two
portraits, Museum, Vienna ; Cleopatra and
Augustus, St. Erasmus, Czernin Gallery, ib.;
Nativity, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; do., and
St. Christopher carrying the Infant Christ,
Head of Christ, do. of Magdalen, Harrach
Gallery, ib. ; Angel appearing to Joseph,
MENGS
Magdalen, Cupid, thirteen portraits, Dres-
den Gallery ; Latona with Diana and Apollo,
Bamberg Gallery; Holy Family, Portrait of
Ismael Mengs, Berlin Museum ; do. of him-
self, Darmstadt Museum ; Adoration of the
Shepherds, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Capuchin
Friar, Portrait of himself, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; do., Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; do.,
and Capuchin Monk, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Girls with Cupids (2), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Artemisia at the Sculptor's, Molt-
ke Collection, Copenhagen ; Annunciation,
Coming of the Holy Ghost, Apollo on Par-
nassus crowning a Poet, St. John the Bap-
tist, Perseus and Andromeda, Judgment of
Paris, Portrait of himself, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Portrait, Brussels Museum ;
Parnassus, fresco, Villa Albani, Rome ;
Apotheosis of Trajan, Temple of Fame
(frescos on ceiling of dining-hall), Royal
Palace, Madrid. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi.
349 ; Azara, Vita di A. R. Mengs (Rome,
1787); Ch. Blanc, Eeole allemande ; Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1822), 842 ; Dolnne, lii.;Ga7.. des
B. Arts (I860), vii. 217 ; Goethe, Wiuck-
elmann, ii. 105 ; Illustr. /eit. (1879), ii.
27 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 55C ; Pecht, iii. 1 ;
Iteber, i. 71 ; Wurzbach, xvii. 347 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., xiv. 33, 72 ; Bianconi, Elogio sto-
rico del Cavaliere R. Mengs ; Guibal, Eloge
historique do Mengs ; Ratti, Epilogo della
Vita.
MENGS, ISMAEL, born at Copenhagen
in 1(590, died at Dresden in 17G4. Minia-
ture painter, pupil of Benoit Caffre, then at
Liibeck of Johann Harper (of Stockholm,
1G88-174C) and of Paul Heinecke ; usually
painted portraits on enamel, of larger size
than was then customary, but executed a
few historical subjects. He became court-
painter at Dresden, whence lie twice accom-
panied his son Anton Raphael to Rome in
the capacity of a severe mentor. He edu-
cated his children with so barbarous a disci-
pline as to cause his eldest son to run away.
His two daughters, Julia and Theresia Con-
cordia, were also excellent miniature paint-
ers. Works : Artist's portrait (moil, 1741),
St. Magdalen, Annunciation (enamels), Dres-
den Museum ; Portrait of a Merchant (in
oil), Leipsic Museum. — Nagler, ix. 122.
MENINAS, LAS (Maids of Honour), Ve-
lasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft.
G in. x 9 ft. Velasquez, in his studio, stands
on left before an easel, painting portraits of
Philip IV. and Queen Mariana, which are
seen reflected in a mirror ; the Infanta Mar-
garita Maria, a child, is listening to Dona
Isabel de Velasco, and is receiving a glass
of water from Dona Maria Agustina Sar-
miento ; on right, two dwarfs play with a
Las Meninas, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
g ; Dona Marcella de Ulloa converses
with a "guarda (lamas;" in background,
Jose Nieto enters by a flight of steps. Paint-
ed in 1G5G ; valued in 1700 at 10,000 doub-
loons ; injured in fire of 1734, restored by
Juan de Miranda. Engraved by P. Auclou-
in ; etched by F. Goya ; B. Maura ; litho-
graphed by C. Nanteuil ; J. Martinez ; E.
C. Cos. The portrait of Velasquez, the most
authentic one, etched by St. Raymond in
Curtis. Original sketch for picture, with
variations, belongs to Walter Ralph Bankes,
Kingston Lacy, Dorset, England. — Palomi-
no, liii. 342 ; Curtis, 13 ; Madrazo, G03 ;
Reveil, xiv. 971.
S44
MENIPPUS
MENIPPTJS, Velasquez, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. An old man,
standing, with tattered garments, holding a
cloak to his breast ; on the ground, a jar,
book, and roll of parchment ; behind him,
an open folio. Same history as its com-
panion, JExop. Copy by Prevost in Ecole
des Beaux Arts, Paris. Engraved by Es-
quivel ; etched by Goya ; Laguillermie ;
Maura.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xx. 181 ;
Gal. Esp.; Curtis, 19 ; Madrazo, 634.
MENZ, MAX VON, born in Munich in
1824. History painter, pupil of Munich
Academy ; paints chiefly scenes from Bava-
rian history and biblical subjects. Works :
Duke William V. and Duchess Kenata giv-
ing Alms, Elector Maximilian I. instructing
his Son, Sail of Duke Albrecht Y. on Lake
Starnberg, Foundation of Primogeniture in
Bavaria, National Museum, Munich ; Christ-
mas Eve, Ruth and Naomi, Altars of SS.
Beuno and Corbinian, Frauenkirche, Mu-
nich ; Charitable Nuns.— Miiller, 364.
MENZEL, ADOLF (FRIEDRICH ERD-
MANN), born at
Breslau, Dec. 8,
1815. History m: . ,v
and genre paint- !$$&* *$*
er and illustra-
tor, self-taught, m
but for a short
time in 1833 pu-
pil of Berlin
Academy. First
known by a series
of pen-and-ink drawings, called "Artist's
Pilgrimage," followed by a cycle of twelve
lithographed scenes from the history of Bran-
denburg. Having illustrated Kugler's His-
tory of Frederic the Great, and the edition
de luxe of the king's works, he was led to
depict the age of Frederic, and produced a
series of pictures of a pronounced realistic
style, combining great skill in the treatment
of details with fine colouring. His water-
colours are equally excellent. Professor
since 1856 ; Member of Berlin, Vienna, and
Munich Academies, and of Societe beige
des Aquarellistes. Great gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1856 ; 2d class, Paris, 1867 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1867 ; Order pour le im'rite, 1870 ;
Bavarian Order of St. Michael. Works :
Chess Players (1836) ; Legal Consultation
(1837) ; Court-day (1838) ; Disturbance
(1846) ; Gustavus Adolphus receiving his
Queen (1847) ; Ride of Frederic the Great
(184!)) ; Ball Supper at Sans-Souci (1850) ;
Round Table of Frederic the Great at Sans-
Souci (1850), Flute Concert at Sans-Souci
(1852), National Gallery, Berlin ; Christ in
the Temple (1851) ; thirty-three pictures
of Soldiers of Frederic the Great, Uniform
Studies of Frederic's Army (1852) ; Christ
driving out Money Changers (1853) ; Fred-
eric the Great travelling (1854), Ravenu
Gallery, Berlin ; Frederic and General Fou-
quet in the Park of Sans-Souci, Racxynski
Gallery, il>.; Frederic at the Homage in
Breslau in 1741 (1855), Breslau Museum ;
Frederic in Battle of Hochkirch (1856),
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Meeting of Frederic
with Joseph II. at Neisse (1857); Adam and
Eve (1857) ; Bliicher and Wellington at
Waterloo (1858) ; Frederic before Battle of
Leuthen ; Coronation of King William at
K<"»nigsberg (1861-65), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Bathing Boys at Kusen (1865); Old
Synagogue in Prague, Berlin Street Life at
Christmas, New Shipping Canal in Berlin
(1866) ; Assembly at a Ball, Sunday in Gar-
den of Tuileries, Old Man opening Jewelry
Box (1867) ; Tyrolese Peasants at Passion
Play in Kufstein, Mission Sermon at Kosen
(1868); Street Scene in Paris, Old Elephant
in Jardin des Plantes (1869) ; Intermission
(1870) ; Departure of King William from
Berlin, July 31, 1870 (1871), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Eszterhazy Cellar in Vienna,
Bismarck and Moltke (1871) ; Altai-pieces
in Benedictine Church, Salzburg, and in
Parish Church, Innsbruck (1872) ; Modern
CyZopf (1875), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Opportune Moment (1877) ; Frederic the
Great at the Coffin of the Great Elector ;
Supper at a Ball (1878) ; Emperor William
at Court Ball (1880) ; Return of Procession
2-15
MERCADE
near Gastein (1881) ; Piazza d'Erbe in Ve-
rona (1884); Morning after Carnival (1885),
National Gallery, Berlin. — Academy (1881),
i. -141; Allgem. K. C., 200 ; Andresen, v. 1;
Art Journal (1882), 136, 200, 345 ; Cour-
rier de 1'art (1885), 232 ; Deutsche illustr.
Zeitg., ii. 339 ; Dumas, Ad. Menzel, sa vie
et ses (uuvres (Paris, 1H85) ; Gartenlaube
(1885), 811 ; Gaz. des 13. Arts (I860), v.
179 ; (1880), xxi. 201 ; xxii. 105 ; (1882),
xxv. 590, 003 ; (1884), xxx. 70 ; (1885),
xxxi. 512 ; xxxii. 129 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881),
i. 377 ; (1882), i. 405 ; (1885), ii. 578 ;
(1880), i. 37; Jordan (1885), ii. 147 ; Kunst-
Chronik, v. 130, 144 ; x. 371 ; xiv. 205 ;
xviii. 89 ; xix. 445, 001 ; xx. 399, 511, 582 ;
xxi. 125, 1S9, 227, 230, 305, 379 ; Kiuist f.
Alle, i. 01, 101 ; Graph. K., i. GO, 92 ; Leix-
ner, Mod. K., i. 59 ; Miiller, 304 ; N. fr.
Presto, Abendblatt, Feb. 27, 1880 ; Nord
und Siid, ii. 122 ; xi. 43!) ; Pecht, ii. 305 ;
Reber, iii. 358 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malerseh.,
252 ; D. Rimdsohau, ix. 322 ; xiii. 327 ;
xvii. 21W ; xx. 401 ; Land und Meer (1872),
Xos. 20 and 21 ; Westermann's Monatshefte,
liii. 401 ; Zoitschr. f. b. K., i. 25 ; vi. 22,
171, 177 ; xi. 1, 32, 41 ; xvi. 49 ; xvii. 229 ;
xviii. 135, 403 ; xix. 17, 319 ; xx. 209 ; ix.
(Mittheilungcn, ii. 51).
MERCADE, Don BENITO, born in Bar-
celona; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of Madrid Academy. Medals in 1800,
1802, 1804, 1800. Woks : Columbus beg-
ging for Bread at Gate of La Rabida Con-
vent ; Transportation of Body of St. Fran-
cis ; Last Moments of Brother Carlos Cli-
maque ; Charles V. at .San Yuste ; St. The-
resa ; Sisters of Charity ; Choir of S. Maria
Novella. — La Ilustracion, 1877.
MEKCK, JACOBUS FRANSZ VAN
DE1{, born at s'Graveudeel, Holland, died,
probably at Leyden, after 1003. Dutch
school ; portrait painter, who was master
of the guild at The Hague before 1636 ;
married there a second time in 1649, and
must have worked at Leyden in or before
1057. Works : Captains of the Archers (3,
1057), Leyden Museum ; Young Man's Por-
trait (1640), Berlin Museum ; Portrait of a
Dutch Scholar (Heiusius? 1042), Olden-
burg Gallery. — Meyer, Gem. der kongl.
Mus. (1883), 283.
MERCURY AND ARGUS, Rubens, Ma-
drid Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 9 ft.
9 in. Mercury lulling Argus, the vigilant
guard of the cow lo, to sleep with the music
of his pipe. Same subject, Dresden Gal-
lery, from Cariguau Collection, 5,000 livres.
— Madrazo.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 1 in. Mercury, sword
in hand, is approaching stealthily, on his
knees, to kill Argus, who reclines against a
rock on right, asleep ; behind them, lo in
form of a cow. Etched by J. Vallejo ; Gal-
van.— Curtis, 20 ; Gal. Esp.; Madrazo, 005.
MERCURY TEACHING CUPID. See
Cupid, Education of.
MERCURY AND THE GRACES, Tinto-
retto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas. One
of the Graces, seated, presents a rose to an-
other kneeling at the right, while placing
her other hand on the shoulder of the third,
who is seated at the left ; Mercury stands
at the left. Painted about 1578. Engraved
by Agostino Carracci (1589). — Bartsch, xviii.
104 ; Ridolfi, Marav, ii. 217.
MERCURY AND HERSE, Paolo Vero-
nese, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ; can-
vas ; signed. Mercury, with a touch of his
caduceus, transforms Aglaurus to stone for
attempting to prevent his access to her sis-
ter Herse. From Cabinet of Queen Chris-
tina of Sweden to the Orleans Collection ;
valued at £200, sold for 105 guineas. — Waa-
geu, Treasures, ii. 499 ; iii. 447 ; Cab. Cro-
zat, ii. PI. 20.
MERCY, SEVEN WORKS OF, David
Teniers, younger, Louvre, Paris ; copper,
H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; signed. At left,
an old man, richly clad, distributes bread
to the poor ; behind him, a woman, aided
by a servant, gives clothing to four beggars ;
in front, a page gives drink to a woman,
seated, with an infant upon her knees and
another child wear her ; to right, a villager
MERCY'S DREAM
invites two pilgrims to enter his house ; a
cavalier receives at the door of a prison an
unfortunate whom he has come to deliver ;
in a chamber of same building, a doctor and
another care for a sick person ; and iu back-
ground, a funeral cortege surrounds an open
grave. Engraved by J. P. Le Bas (1747).
Replicas, Buda-Pesth Gallery ; Steengracht
Gallery, Hague; and others. — Filhol, ii.
PI. 104 ; Yillot, Cat. Louvre.
MERCY'S DREAM, Daniel Hitntinyton,
Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H.
MERIAN, MATTHAUS, the younger,
born at Basle, Switzerland, in 1(521, died in
Frankfort, Feb. 15, 1G87. History and por-
trait painter, son of the engraver Matthiius
the elder (1593-1(550) ; pupil in Frankfort
of Joachim von Sandrart, with whom, in
1G37, he went to Amsterdam and in 1(540
to England, where he took Van Dyck for
his model ; then visited the Netherlands,
Paris, and Homo, where ho studied after
the old masters, under Sacchi. At the cele-
bration of peace at Nuremberg, in 1(550, and
Seven Works of Mercy, David
7 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. Scene from Bunyan's
Pilgrim's Progress: "Methought I looked
up and saw one coming with wings towards
me. So he came directly to me and said,
' Mercy, what aileth thee ? ' Now, when he
had heard me make my complaint, he said,
' Peace be to thee ! ' He also wiped my
eyes with his handkerchief, and clad me in
silver and gold. He put a chain about my
neck, and ear-rings in my ears, and a beau-
tiful crown upon my head." Painted in
1850 ; replica owned by Mr. Carey, Phila-
delphia.
Teniers, younger, Louvre, Paris.
at the coronation of Leopold I. at Frankfort,
in 1658, he painted the portraits of many
notable persons. Works : Artemisia mix-
ing her Husband's Ashes in her Drink, Mr.
H. Burkhard, Basle ; Martyrdom of St. Law-
rence (1652), Bamberg Cathedral ; Resur-
rection, City Library, Basle ; Portraits of
Electors of Brandenburg, Mentz, the Palati-
inate, Duke of Zelle, Count Serini, Artist's
father, his sister Maria Sibylla (Basle Mu-
seum), of himself (Darmstadt Museum),
| Family Group (1641). By his father are :
Sunrise (1639), Basle Museum ; View of
247
ME HI AN
Heidelberg, Schleissheim Gallery ; and
Landscape with Skippers and Fishermen, Vi-
enna Museum. — Allgein. d. Biogr., xxi. 424.
MEKIAN, MARIA SIBYLLA, born at
Frankfort, April 2, 1047, died at Amster-
dam, Jan. 13, 1717. German school ; flower
and insect painter, sister of preceding, pupil
of her step-father Jacob Marrel (1C14-85),
and of Abraham Miguon. Having married
the painter Johann Andreas Graf (1037-
1701) in 1005, she settled at Nuremberg;
returned in 1084 to Frankfort, and after-
wards moved to Holland, whence she visit-
ed the West Indies, painting for two years
at Surinam (1690-1701) the native insects
and plants. A former work on insect life,
and one published as a result of this jour-
ney, made her famous. Most of the origi-
nal paintings for them are in the British
Museum, and in the Academy of Sciences
at St. Petersburg. In the Vienna Museum
is a Basket with Flowers, and in the Basle
Museum, Locust and Chafers. Her daugh-
ters Johanna (born in 1008) and Dorothea
(1078-1745) excelled in the same line ; the
latter accompanied her to Surinam and aid-
ed in the above-named work. — Allgem. d.
Biogr., xxi. 425.
MERLE, HUGUES, born at St. Marcellin
(Iscre), March 1, 1823, died in Paris, March
20, 1881. Genre painter, pupil of L. Co-
gniet ; painted life-size pictures of subjects
taken from the life of the poor, carefully
drawn but cold in colour and often theatri-
cal in treatment. Medals : 2d class, 1801,
1803 ; L. of Honour, 18CG. Works : Will
o' the Wisps (1848) ; Migration of Shep-
herds in the Alps (1850) ; Repose of Holy
Family (1859) ; The Beggar (1801), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Assassination of Henri
HI, Visit of the Grandparents (1863); Mar-
guerite trying on the Jewels, Poor Mother
(1866); Girl of Etretat (1869); Right Road,
Crazy Woman (1873) ; Pernette Spinning,
Little Bohemian Girl (1874); Day and Night,
H Bambino (1876) ; Odette, Charles VI,
Charlotte Corday (1878) ; The Redeemer
(1879) ; Hebe after lier Fall, Carmosiue
(1880). Works in United States : Autumn
of Womanhood, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Lisette of Beranger, Good Sister, Mrs.
Paran Stevens, ib. ; Grandmother's Story,
Going to Church, Marguerite, R. L. Stuart
Collection, ib. ; Ferdinand and Miranda, C.
P. Huntington, ib. ; Inspiration, Maternal
Love, W. H. Vauderbilt, ib. ; Petite Ber-
ceuse (1860), L. Tuckerman, ib. ; Grand-
mother's Story, Samuel Hawk Collection,
ib. ; Little Jeaunette, William Astor, ib. ; The
Angelus, Jay Gould, ib. ; Good Sister, A.
Belmont, ib. ; Mother and Sister, Robert
Hoe, ib. ; Moses in the Bulrushes, W. Rocke-
feller, ib. ; Courtship, Maiden in the Forest,
Italian, Israel Corse, ib. ; Nursing Baby,
Frank Work, ib. ; Pauvre Folle, J. T. Mar-
tin, Brooklyn ; Angel's Prayer, C. H. Wolff,
Philadelphia ; Fisherman's Family in a
Storm, Marguerite and Mephistopheles,
Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib. ; Good Sister, J. Whit-
ney, ib. ; La Folle, Mrs. J. G. Fell, ib. ;
Young Girl of Etretat, Fairman Rogers, ib. ;
Secret, H. Probasco, Cincinnati ; Good Sis-
ter, Judge Hoadly, ib.; Contemplation, H.
Hurlbut, Cleveland; Right Path, Return
from Fields, T. Wiggles worth, Boston ;
Chasing the Butterfly, H. Kidcler, ib. ; Ma-
ternal Affection, W. Mason, Taunton, Mass. ;
Scarlet Letter, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ;
Byzantine Madonna, J. A. Brown, Provi-
dence ; New Novel, R. C. Taft, ib.; Autumn,
W. Richmond, ib. ; Poor Mother, Young
Mother, J. F. Warren, Hoosac Falls, N. Y.
His son and pupil, Georges Merle, is also a
genre painter. — Art (1881), xxv. 24 ; Bel-
lier, ii. 74 ; Meyer, Gesch., 695.
MERLIN, BEGUILING OF, Burne-
Jones, private gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 3
ft. 7 in. Illustration of Tennyson's "Vivi-
en," one of the " Idyls of the King." Vivien,
standing, with a book in her hand, is repeat-
ing the magic words which she Las persuad-
ed Merlin to teach her ; in background, the
old wizard is being gradually transformed
under the magic spell.
MERRITT, ANNA LEA, born in Phila-
delphia ; contemporary. Portrait and fig-
248
METSYS
Admiral Tromp, Louvre ; Amateur Musi-
cians, Allegory of Justice, Portrait of a
Huntsman (16G1), Hague Museum ; Break-
fast, The Old Drinker, Old Woman Medi-
tating, Hunter's Gift, Amsterdam Museum ;
Portrait of a Priest, Rotterdam Museum ;
Luncheon, Museum, Brussels ; Billet-doux,
Aremberg Gallery, ib. ; Family of Gelfing,
Kitchen Interior, Portrait of his mother,
Berlin Museum ; Dutch Woman, Brunswick
Museum ; Tavern Interior (1GG7), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Tuning the Lute, Poultry Vender,
Alms, Cassel Gallery ; Apple Woman Asleep,
Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Merry at
the Inn (1661), Old Poulterer, Female do.
(1662), Bargaining for a Hare, three oth-
ers, Dresden Museum ; Physician consult-
ing Book, Gotha Museum ; Twelfth Night,
Dutch Cook, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Vi-
olin-player (1656), Schleissheim Gallery ;
The Widow's Mite, Schwerin Gallery ; Pris-
on Scene, Stockholm Museum ; Female Por-
trait, Stuttgart Museum ; Lacemaker, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Smoker, Czcrnin Gallery,
ib. ; Letter- Writer Watched, Schonborn Gal-
lery, ib.; Conversation, Baron Rothschild,
ib. ; The Repast, Couple making Music, Sick
Lady, Prodigal Son in Riotous Living, Oyster
Luncheon, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Do-
mestic Scene, Return from the Chase, Uffizi,
Florence ; Taking of Christ, Venice Acad-
emy. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 519 ; Dohme,
lii.; Bode, Studien, 190, 615; Gower, Fig-
ure Painters, 57 ; Havard, A. & A. holl., ii.
187 ; Inimerzeel, ii. 217 ; Kramm, iv. 1103 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 396 ; Riegel, Beitritge,
i. 72, 85 ; ii. 330 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1860),
v. 18, 147, 366 ; (1861), ix. 43, 304 ; x. 181 ;
Wedmore, Masters, 90 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
iv. 125 ; vi. 73 ; x. 35.
METSYS. See Mas&ys.
METZ, CASAR, born at Mentz in 1822.
j Landscape painter, pupil in Frankfort of
Heinrich Funk, then studied in Munich,
where he settled after having visited Italy
in 1852-53. Works : View of Kaisergebirge
from Hocbgern ; Roman Campagna ; View
on Lake Albano; View of Vierwaldstiidt Lake
near Brunnen ; Lake of Vierwaldstiidt with
Pilatus Mountain ; Starnberg Lake ; Frau-
enchiem Lake. — Miiller, 367.
METZ, GUSTAV, born at Brandenburg,
Oct. 28, 1817, died in London, Oct. 30,
1853. History and portrait painter ; aban-
doned sculpture for painting, which he stud-
ied in Dresden and Rome ; went to London
in 1853, and died of cholera. Works : Ab-
duction of Count Hclfenstein ; Death of
Rachel ; Marriage of Tobias (1846), Nation-
al Gallery, Berlin ; Who does not love Wine,
Women, and Song, etc. (1849), Leipsic Mu-
seum.—Cotta's Kunstbl. (1848), 185; D.
Knnstbl. (1853), 409 ; Kugler, Kl. Schrif-
ten, 3, 571, 670.
METZEXEll, (WILHELM) ALFRED,
born at Niendorf, Lanenburg, Dec. 7, 1833.
Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Rich-
ard Zimmermann ; moved to Berlin in 1862,
visited Rome and Sicily in 1864-66, and set-
led in Ddsseldorf. Medal in Vienna, 1873.
Works : Roman Campagna ; Monastery near
Amalfi ; Lago di Tenno ; Landscape in South
Tyrol ; Walchen Lake ; Wiesbachorn in
Pinzgau ; Hercules fighting the Cyclops ;
Val Tremolo on St. Gothard ; Castello di
Tenno (1876), National Gallery, Berlin;
Franzensfeste in Tyrol, Albulahorn near
Bergiiu (1883) ; View in Mesocco Valley—
Orisons (1884) ; On the Alp in Eastern
Switzerland (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin, 1886).
— Jordan, (1885), ii ; Kunst-Chronik, xii.
235 ; Miiller, 367.
METZINGER, KILIAN, born at Ascliaf-
fenburg, June 19, 1806, died in Munich,
March 17, 1869. Landscape painter, pupil
251
MEULEN
'• •• -
• • - v ••
'
of Munich Academy. Works : Landscape
in Approaching Storm ; Moonlight Land-
scape (1837) ; Landscape with Ruin of
Castle and Torrent.— D. Kunstbl. (1852),
51 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 144 ; Raczynski, ii.
343 ; Sijltl, 291.
MEULEN, ADAM FltANS VAN DER,
Lorn in Brussels,
Jan. 11, 1632,
died in Paris,
Oct. 15, 1690.
Flemish school ;
genre, landscape,
and battle paint-
er, pupil of Pec-
terSnayers. He
became court-
painter to Louis
XIV., was lodged at the Gobelins, had a
pension of 6,000 livres, and accompanied
the king to Flanders to paint his battles.
Member of the Academy of Painting, 1673;
counsellor, 1681 ; first do. 1686. His pan-
oramic views are painted with facility, but,
apart from their historical interest, are of no
great value. Works : Entry of Louis XIV.
into Arras, do. into Dinant, Siege of Maes-
tricht, View of Fontainebleau, and nineteen
others, Louvre ; Army of Louis XIV. en-
camped before Tournai, Brussels Museum ;
Convoy in Mountainous Landscape (1661),
Rotterdam Museum ; Surrender of City in
Lorraine, Basle Museum ; Attack of Cavalry,
Mnsee Rath, Geneva ; Winter Landscape
with Cavalry Skirmish, Aschaftenburg Gal-
lery ; Convoy passing through Village (1660),
Augsburg Gallery ; View of Versailles, Ber-
lin Museum ; Entry of Duke of Alva into
Brussels, Travelling Train of a Queen of
France, Cassel Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish,
Darmstadt Museum ; Excursion of Louis
XIV. to Vincennes, Entry of Louis XIV.
into Arras in 1667, Dresden Museum ; View
of Fontainebleau, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Taking of Dole in 1668, Siege of Tournay,
Louis XIV. receiving an Ambassador, while
bombarding Oudenarde, Taking of Lille,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Louis XP7. ad-
vancing towards Dinan, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Group of Horsemen, Cavalry Combat,
Schwerin Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Theatre on Market Square,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Sea and Caval-
ry Fight near Shore, Harrach Gallery, ib. ;
Louis XIV. and Suite near a Dutch Town
besieged by him, Skirmishes (2), Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Attack of Cavalry,
Madrid Museum ; Battle of Treviri, Siege
of Chivasso in 1639, Landscape with Trav-
ellers and Horses, Horse Market, Turin
Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish, Vienna Muse-
um ; five pictures, Buckingham Palace,
London ; Fleet Review at Dunkirk, Lord
Scarsdale, Kedleton Hall ; Progress of Louis
lery, Edinburgh ; Cavalry Combat (2), New
York Museum. — Fetis, Les artistes beiges
a 1'i'tranger, ii, 104. — Immerzeel, ii. 221 ;
Jal, 860 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 340 ; Michiels,
ix. 282 ; Burger, Must'es, ii. 346.
MEULEMANS, ADRIAAN, born at Dor-
drecht in 1766, died at Scheveningen in
1834. Portrait and interior painter, pupil
of Michiel Versteeg, in whose style he
painted scenes by lamp- and candle-light.
Member of Brussels Academy in 1819.
Works : Old Woman reading, Kitchen by
Lamp-light (1817), Amsterdam Museum. —
Immerzeel, ii. 219 ; Kramrn, iv. 1107.
MEULENER (Meulenaer, Molenaer),
PEETER, born in Antwerp, baptized Feb.
18, 1602, died there, buried Nov. 27, 1654.
Flemish school ; landscape and battle paint-
er, grandson of Cornelis Molenaer, perhaps
a pupil of Peeter Suayers ; master of the
guild in 1631-32. * Works : Two war
scenes (1644), Madrid Museum ; Battle of
Duke Christian of Brunswick (1646), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish (1650),
Nostitz Gallery, Prague. — Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 110 ; Van den Branden, 668.
MEUNIER, CONSTANTIN, born at Brus-
sels in 1831. History and genre painter,
pupil of Brussels Academy under Navez.
Gold medal in Brussels, 1869 ; medal in
MEITRANT
Vienna, 1873 ; Order of Leopold. Works :
Martyrdom of St. Stephen (18(!G), Ghent
Museum ; Pieta ; Burial of Trappist Monk,
Courtray Museum ; Defence of Brabant
Peasants in 1797, Brussels Museum ; Fres-
cos in St. Joseph's, Louvain ; Brazier's Shop
(1880); Casting of Steel (1881); Lassitude
(1882); Miner's Descent (1885).— Miiller,
368.
MEUBANT. See Mnrant.
MEURON, ALBERT DE, born at Neu-
chatel ; contemporary. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, son and pupil of Maximilien
de Meurou, then in Paris pupil of Gleyre
and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Gold
medal, Berlin, 1857. Works : Chamois
Hunters at Early Morn (1853), Dying Hus-
band (1853), Berne Museum ; Cows at
Drinking Place, Descent of Cattle in Sum-
mer (1863) ; Chamois Hunters, Cows in
Pasture (1865); Bergamo Shepherds, Sou-
venir de Clarens (1866); Negress carrying
Fruit and Basket (18G6), Berne Museum ;
David Victor over Goliath, Pasture on Road
to the Faulhorn (1858), Col de la Berniua
with Herds (1864), Place de Capri (1868),
Old Fir Trees in Jura Mountains, Neuchutel
Museum ; Allegory of the Juugfrau (188:)).
— Bellier, ii. 81 ; D. Kunstbl. (1854), 462 ;
(1856), 3G4 ; (1857), 105 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xix. 233.
MEURON, MAXIMILIEN DE, born at
Neuchatel in 1785, died in 1868. Laud-
scape painter of considerable fame in his
own country, from which he usually drew
his subjects. Works : View in Ancient
Rome (Baths of Caracalla), View in Modern
Rome (1816), Lake of Wallenstadt (1846),
The Great Oak, Bridge of Corchiano, Val-
ley of Naefels, Camp of Valangin in 1831,
The Great Eiger seen from the Wegern
Alp, Neuchatel Museum.
MEYER VON BREMEN. See Meyer,
Johann Georg.
MEYER, DIETHELM, born at Baden,
Aargau, Jan. 28, 1840, died in Munich, Oct.
13, 1884. Genre painter, pupil of Paul
Deschwanden at Stanz, then of Auschiitz at
the Munich Academy, and of Cabanel and
Breton in Paris ; settled in Munich in
1869 ; spent his summers in his fatherland,
where he painted Swiss Alpine lifo, such as
mountain festivals and hunting episodes,
which made him popular throughout Ger-
many. Works : Woman returning from
Harvest, Woman and Two Children on a
Mule, Basle Museum ; Young Girl of Sim-
menthal (1S78), Berne Museum. — Academy,
Nov. 8, 1884 ; Tsclmrner, D. bild. K. in d.
Schweiz im Jahre 1884, 57.
MEYER, EDGAR, born in Tyrol ; con-
temporary. Landscape painter, pupil of
Diisseldorf Academy. Works : Sixty archi-
tectural and landscape views in Italy and
Tyrol (1878); San Remo (1883); Schwarzen-
stein Lake, Innsbruck Museum; Storm Land-
scape, National Gallery, Berlin: Graveyard in
South Tyrol, View in Mola di Gaeta (1884).
—Miiller, 368 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 184.
MEYER, ERNST, born at Altona, May
11, 1797, died in Rome, Feb. 1, 1861.
Genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen Acad-
emy, and in Munich of Cornelius ; spent
some time at Naples and Amalfi, and in
1833 settled in Rome ; travelled over nearly
the whole of Europe in 1844, and visited
Paris and Switzerland in 1848-51. Mem-
ber of Copenhagen Academy in 1843 ; Or-
der of Dannebrog. Works : Two scenes
from Roman Street Life ; Interior of Fish-
erman's Hut near Naples ; House in Tivoli
(Villa Rosenstein, near Stuttgart) ; Lazza-
roni Family (1831), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Public Letter- Writer (1833), Neapoli-
tan Fisherman's Family, Knnsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Old Fisherman looking after the
Wind, Boy taken to Monastery by his Par-
ents, The Two Friends, Little Girl by a
Spring, Boy presented to Parson (1846),
Gallery, Copenhagen ; several in Thorwald-
sen Museum, ib. ; Italian Women singing,
Old Franciscan Monk receiving Letter from
a Peasant, Harrach Gallery, Vienna. — All-
gem. Zeitg. (1861), 58; Cotta's Kunstbl.
(1835), 18 ; (1844), 21 ; Jordan, 198 ; Weil-
bach, 480.
253
MEYER
MEYER, FANNY, born in Bremen, Aug.
28, 1842. Landscape painter, pupil in Bre-
men of Christian Grabau, then at Carlsruhc
Art School of Gude, with whom she visited the
Salzkammergut in 1870 ; travelled through
the Bavarian Alps and the Tyrol ; has lived
in Bremen since 1873. Works : Chiem Lake ;
Pine Forest ; Alpine Pine ; Golliug Falls ;
Torrent in High Alps ; Fir Trees in liavine
before a Storm (1879).— Mailer, 3(58.
MEYER, FELIX, born at Winterthur,
Switzerland, Feb. G, 1053, died at Castle
Wyden, near Husen, in 1713. Landscape
painter, pupil at Nuremberg of Franz Er-
mels ; afterwards went to Italy, but at Mil-
an was compelled by sickness to return ;
travelled extensively in Switzerland ; may
be considered the head of the Swiss land-
scape painters. He decorated two rooms
in fresco in the Abbey of St. Florian,
Austria. Landscapes by him are in the
/iirich Gallery and the Vienna Museum. —
Fiiessli, Gesch. der besten K., ii. 212 ; Na-
gler, ix. 214.
MEYER, FERDINAND, born at Wismar,
Mecklenburg, Jan. 14, 1833. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Gaston Lenthe, and of Dresden
Academy, then settled in Munich ; spent
three years in America. Works : In Quar-
ters, Return Home (1855), Sister as Sick-
nurse (1857), Boys kept after School (1862),
The Great Prize (1803), Happy Family
(1800), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 47.
MEYER, GEORG FRIEDRICII, born at
Mannheim in 1735, died at Ermenonville
(Oise) in 1809. Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of Daniel Hien, then in Paris
influenced by Casanova ; returned with
Duke Christian IV. to Mannheim, whence
he visited the banks of the Rhine and Neck-
ar. After his patron's death he returned
to Paris, and with J. J. Rousseau lived at
the Marquis of Girardin's at Ermenonville.
Works : Evening Landscape with Shep-
herds, Rocky Ravine with attack of Rob-
bers, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Meet for Stag-
Hunt, two landscapes, Schleissheim Gal-
lery.— Nagler, ix. 217.
MEYER, HENDRICK DE, flourished at
Rotterdam about 1045-1660, died before
1690. Dutch school ; landscape and ma-
rine painter. Works : Surrender of Hulst
(1045) ; Departure of Charles II. from
Scheveniugen, Amsterdam Museum ; Strand
of Scheveningen with many Figures, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; River with many Boats,
Amalienstift, Dessau ; Winter Landscape
with Skaters (1669), Schloss, ib. — Zeitschr.
f. b. K., vii. 174.
MEYER, JOHANN GEORG, called Meyer
von Bremen, born in
Bremen, Oct. 28, 1813.
Genre painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Karl Sohn
and Schadow ; painted
at first biblical sub-
jects, then travelled in
the Hessian, Bavarian,
and Swiss mountain'
districts, studying
types for his genre scenes, which have since
become so widely known ; repeatedly vis-
ited Belgium, and in 1852 moved to Berlin,
where he was made professor in 1863.
Member of Amsterdam Academy ; Order of
Leopold ; Medal in Philadelphia, 1876.
Works : Elijah in Lion's Den ; Abraham
with Sarah and Hagar at Destruction of
Sodom ; Death of Moses ; Christ bewailing
Jerusalem ; Anniversary of Hessian Parson
(1842); Christmas Eve (1843); Returning
Warrior ; Blind Man's Buff (1844) ; Lying-
in Room (1845) ; The Flooded (1846) ; Pen-
itent Daughter (1852), Bremen Gallery ;
Little Mother (1854), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Artists' Studio ; Praying Child ; Indus-
trious Embroideress ; First a Kiss ; Girl
on Sea-Shore ; Welcome (1878) ; Beggar
Children (1879) ; Little Brother Asleep ;
Children (4 pictures, 1874). Works in
United States : The Grandmother, New York
Museum ; Letter, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Awaking, Morning Prayer, R. Hoe,
ib. ; Girl at Fountain, M. Graham, ib. ; Pre-
paring for Papa's Birthday, Little Girl, W.
MEYER
Kockefeller, ih. ; Welcome to Papa, J. J.
Astor, ib. ; Letter, R. G. Dun, ib. ; Little
Coquette, Leaving Home, Meditation, Pray-
er, T. R. Butler, ib. ; Watching the Baby,
Mother and Baby, Mrs. Paran Stevens, ib. ;
What has Mother brought ? Cornelius Van-
derbilt, ib. ; Toilet, Little Sister, J. W.
Drexel, ib. ; Girl Knitting, E. D. Morgan
Collection, ib. ; Inundation, Listener, Little
Knitter, E. L. Stuart, ib. ; Convalescent,
Girl and Bible, C. P. Huutingtoii, ib. ;
Brother and Sister, Charles Stewart Smith,
ib. ; Young Mother (1881), Knoedler & Co.,
ib. ; Little Pleader, Evening Prayer, J. T.
Martin, Brooklyn ; Reading, D. W. Powers,
Rochester ; Grandmother's Pet, G. Whitney,
Philadelphia ; Threading her Needle, Blind
Man's Buff, Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib.; Grateful
Convalescent, W. B. Bement, ib. ; Last Look
at Home, Fairmau Rogers, ib. ; and many
others.— D. Kunstbl. (1854), 105; (1855),
298, 461 ; (1856), 403, 430 ; (1857), 121 ;
(1858), 287 ; Jordan, 199 ; Kunst-Chrouik,
i. 122 ; Wolfg. Midler, Diisseldf. K., 262 ;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 174 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., xvi. 5.
MEYER, JOHANN HENDRIK LOUIS.,
born in Amsterdam in 1809, died at Utrecht,
April 3, 1866. Marine painter, pupil of
Westenberg and Pieneman ; painted land-
scapes in France in 1827-31 ; lived at De-
venter, Holland, in 1833-39 ; removed in
1841 to Paris, where after 1842 he exhibit-
ed numerous works. Medals : Paris, 1842,
1844, 1855 ; Angers, 1842 ; Boulogne, 1844 ;
Brussels, 1851 ; L. of Honour, Order of
Lion, 1847 ; Order of Leopold, Commander
Order of Oaken Crown, 1855 ; Member of
St. Petersburg Academy in 1845. Works :
Fishermen on Coast of Normandy, Burning
of Ship India (1842) ; Napoleon landing at
Frejus (1844), Versailles Museum ; Sea on
English Coast, Fishing Boat in Open Sea
(1851) ; Fishermen at Sunrise on Flemish
Coast (1858) ; Newfoundland Dog ; Combat
of the Alacrity under Admiral Mackau ; Ship-
wrecked Crew saved by AVhalers (1853),
Storm on French Coast (1856), Storm in
j the Channel, Museum, Amsterdam ; Two
Marines with Vessels, Museum Fodor,
ib.; Agitated Sea, Rotterdam Museum ;
Agitated Sea, Leipsic Museum ; Scheven-
ingen in Stormy Weather ; Starting out of
Lifeboat ; Storm on Isle of Jersey ; Christ
laying the Storm, A. Belmont, New York. —
Immerzeel, ii. 224 ; Kramm, iv. 1110 ; vii.
109 ; Gaz. dcs B. Arts (1860) ; via. 91.
MEYER, KLAUS, born at Linden, near
Hanover, Nov. 20, 1856. Genre painter,
pupil of Nuremberg Art School, then of
Munich Academy under Wagner and Lofitz;
successfully imitates the old Dutch masters.
Great gold medal, Munich, 1883 ; Berlin,
1884. Works : In Quarters ; Convent
Scholars ; Would-bo Politicians ; Dutch In-
terior in 17th Century (1882) ; In the
Beguin Convent (1883) ; Smoking College
(1884) ; Players at Dice, Smoker (Jubilee
Exhib., Berlin, 1886). — Kunst-Chrouik,
xviii. 369, 578 ; xix. 183 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xxi. 637 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xviii. 265 ;
xix. 132 ; xx. 75.
MEYER, OTTO, contemporary. Genre
and landscape painter, pupil of Berlin Acad-
emy, then studied in Italy, whence ho re-
turned in 1848 ; lives in Berlin. Works :
Southern Life before a Tavern ; Dialogue ;
From Shepherd Life ; Roman Fruit-Seller.
— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1848), 178 ; D. Kunstbl.
(1850), 227; (1853), 198; (1856), 214.
MEYERHEIM, (FRIEDRICH) EDU-
A R D, b o r 11 i n
Dantzic, Jan. 7,
1808, died in Ber-
lin, Jan. 18, 1879.
Genre painter,
first instructed by
his father, then '
pupil of Berlin
Academy ; took
his subjects chief-
ly from peasant
life ill the Hartz Mountains and Thuringia.
Member of Berlin Academy in 1836, profes-
j sor in 1855. Medals : 1848, 1850, 1855 ;
Bavarian Order of Michael, 1859 ; Prussian
265
MEYEKI1EIM
Order of Red Eagle. Works : Altenburgers
coining from Church, Altenburgers in the
Field (1838); Kid, Playmates (18-42) ; Little
Hero (1843) ; Bedfellows, Boarder (1844) ;
Greeting, Doves, Woman and Child from
the Hartz, Expectation (18-45) ; Grandfa-
ther's Pet, Mother's Anxiety (1840); Playing
Children, Taste a Little Bit! Mother's Grief
(1847) ; Girls from the Hartz, Return from
Fields (1849) ; Hour of Rest, Knitting Les-
son (1852) ; Grandmother and Granddaugh-
ter on Sunday Morning (1853), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Endangered Breakfast (1853); Alten-
burg Peasant Boy (1855); Old Man at Home
(1859) ; Little Brother (1860) ; Reward and
Scorn (18(il) ; Before a Cap-Store, Straw-
berry Girls (18(52); Good-for-Nothing (18(5-4);
Rabbits, Birthday Basket, Eavesdropper
(1865) ; Kittens, Old Mothers (18(iG); Girls
setting Table (18C7) ; At the House-Door
(18(59) ; Bleacher Woman, Turner Girls
from the Hartz (1877) ; Best Shot (183G),
Story-Teller at Bleaehery (1846), Tid-Bit
(1852), National Gallery, Berlin ; Woman
and two Children in a Landscape (1846),
Girl with Dog, Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Rest
by Roadside (2, 1847), Domestic Happiness
(1847), Going to Church (1850), Morning
Hour (1852), Good Morning, Papa! (1855),
Ravene Gallery, ib. ; Evening in Venice,
Schwerin Gallery ; Little Strawberry Picker,
Stettin Museum. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi.
640 ; Autobiography (Berlin, 1883) ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1879), i. 120 ; D. Kunstbl. (1851),
194 ; (1852), 419 ; (1855), 50, 463 ; (1856),
164 ; (1857), 460 ; Kunst-Chronik, i. 122 ;
xiii. 244 ; xiv. 289, 342 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 298 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvi. 1, 132.
MEYERHEEVI, (EDUARD) FRANZ, born
in Berlin, Oct. 10, 1838, died at Marburg,
April 5, 1880. Genre painter, son of Fried-
rich Eduard, pupil of Berlin Academy ;
then studied in Diisseldorf, and from nat-
ure among the peasantry in Hesse and Ty-
rol ; visited Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland.
Works : Young Page and Retainer (1858) ;
Children with Cat (1859) ; Maternal Love
(1862) ; Market Day (1863) ; Lovesick Girl,
Young Mother (1866) ; Hessian Peasant
Family (1867-68); Schneewittchen, Dorn-
roschen (18G9) ; Gam-
blers in Venice ; Musical
Trio (1875); City Hall
Chamber in Goslar ;
Room in Appenzell ;
Stove in Appenzell
(1877) ; Country Girl of
Marburg, Stettin Mu-
seum.— Illustr. Zeitg.
(1872), i. 47 ; (1875), ii.
31 ; (1880), i. 341 ; Kunst Chronik, v. 99 ;
vi. 109 ; xv. 448 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
302.
MEYERHEIM, PAUL (FRIEDRICH),
born in Berlin, July
13, 1842. Genre and
animal painter, son
and pupil of Friedrich
Eduard and of Berlin
Academy ; travelled
through Germany,
Tyrol, Switzerland,
Belgium, and Hol-
land, studied in Paris,
and visited London.
Member of Berlin Academy (1869), and of
Societu beige des Aquarellistes. Medals :
Berlin, 1866, 1872 ; Paris, 1867 ; Munich,
1883. Works : History of Locomotive (7
pictures), Villa Borsig, Berlin ; Sheep Shear-
ing ; Snake Charmer in Menagerie (1864) ;
Goat Market ; Circus Riders before Per-
formance ; Feeding the Marmot ; Wounded
Lion ; Banquet of Stork and Fox ; Second-
Land Bookseller (1869), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Dutch Orphan Girl, Savoyard Chil-
dren (1870); Bremen Town Musicians (1871);
Court Session of Monkeys ; Monkeys after
Meal ; Exhibition of Savages (1873), Suer-
mondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Wood-
Choppers in the Forest ; Cabbage Harvest ;
Hay Harvest ; Little Red Riding Hood and
the Wolf ; Lion Pair ; Charcoal Pile in Ba-
varian Mountains (1878); Monkey Academy
(1879) ; Portrait of Artist's Father (1877),
Dantzic Museum ; Charcoal Burner in the
MEYEUUEIM
Mountains (1878), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Village iu Tlmringia, Stettin Museum ; Por-
trait of Emperor William (1880), Supremo
Court, Leipsic; Lion's Head, Poulterer, Still-
Life, Lady of the Manor, Monkeys Scat !
(1883) ; Lioness in Love, Sleep and Death
(1885); nine paintings representing Nature's
Life in the different Seasons, National Gal-
lery, Berlin.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1878), ii. 107 ;
(1879), i. 10 ; (1881), ii. 403 ; (1884), i. 240 ;
Kunst-Chronik, v. 130 ; xiv. 157 ; Leixucr,
Mod. K., i. G3 ; ii. 23, 121 ; Miiller, 308 ;
Nord und Siid, xvii. 198 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersck, 303; D. Rundschau, xiii. 334;
xx. 4C3 ; xxi. 149 ; Zeitschr. f. 1). K, v. 123 ;
vi. 109.
MEYERHEIM, WILHELM ALEXAN-
DER, bom in Dantzic in 1814, died in Ber-
lin, Jail. 13, 1882. Military, genre, and horse
painter, younger brother of Franz Eduard,
with whom he followed the same course of
study. Works : Three scenes from War in
Schleswig in 1848 ; Winter Amusements.
— Cotta's Kuustbl. (1840), 207 ; D. Kunst-
bl. (1S50), 178 ; (1854), 100 ; (1855), 383.
MEYIERLNG, AALBE11T, born at Am-
sterdam in 1045, died there, July 17, 1714.
Dutch school ; landscape painter, son and
pupil of Frederik Meyiering, a mediocre
painter ; then spent ten years iu France
and Italy, and after his return executed
many orders for the royal castles ; with his !
friend and travelling companion, Jan Glau-
ber, he decorated Castle Soestdyk for Queen
Mary of England, and is said to have lived
also in Hamburg. Works : Two Landscapes
with Nymphs, etc., Berlin Museum ; do.,
Brunswick Museum ; do., Scbwerin Gallery ;
do., Moltke Collection, Copenhagen. — Ham-
burg K. Lex., 304 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 493.
MEYNIER, CHARLES, born in Paris in
1709, died there in 1832. History painter,
pupil of Vincent and of the Ecolo des Beaux
Arts ; won the grand prix de Rome in 1789 ;
member of the Institute (1816) and profes-
sor in the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Works :
The 7Gth Regiment recovering its Colours
at Innspruck (1808) ; Entry of the French
into Berlin (1811), Versailles Museum ; Pho-
cion's Ashes, Phorbas presenting (Edipus
to the Queen of Corinth (1814) ; St. Louis
receiving the Communion (1817) ; St. Vin-
cent de Paul and the Foundlings (1824) ;
Rome giving Justinian's Code to the Earth
(ceiling in Louvre) ; Infant (Edipus pre-
sented to Pericles, Louvre. — Larousse ; Le-
jcuiie, Guide de 1'Amateur, i. 390.
MEYXIER, JULES JOSEPH, born in
Paris, Nov. 4, 1820. History and genre
painter, pupil of Delaroche, Gleyre, and
Bridoux. His pictures of religious subjects
arc superficial in feeling. Medals : 18(57 ;
2d class, 1877. Works : First Christians
(1807); The Miller with his Son and Donkey
(La Fontaine's fable) ; Staircase of Tersato
(1868); The Visitation, Church of Bourget ;
Return from Golgotha ; Victorious Love ;
Poussin's Walk ; The Bath ; You shall bo
Queen ; Chrysantes and Daria (1877) ; Ve-
nus punishing Love (1878) ; Virgin's Pre-
sentiment, Awakening (1879); Angelic Salu-
tation, Christ followed by the Crowd (1880);
Acis and Galatea (1881); Charming Woman,
Woman playing a Flute (1882) ; Truth (1884);
Mary in Prayer, Women at the Bath (1885);
Judgment of Paris (1880).— Bellier, ii. 83.
MEYTENS (My tens), MARTIN VON, born
in Stockholm, Aug. 24, 1690 (1095, ?), died
in Vienna, March 23, 1770. German school ;
portrait painter, son and pupil of Peter Mar-
tin Mytcus, who was a grandson of Daniel
Mytens, the elder, and called to Stockholm
as court-painter to the King of Sweden.
Martin went early to Holland, and in 1714,
in the suite of George I., to England, thence
in 1717 to Paris, where he painted Louis
XV. and Peter the Great ; visited the courts
of Germany, spent some years in Italy, es-
pecially in Turin, Florence, and Rome (from
1724), and in 1720 went to Vienna, where
in 1732 he became court-painter, and iu
1759 director of the Academy. Works :
Portraits of Emperor Charles VI. and Em-
press Maria Theresa, Francis I., Stephen,
King Frederic I., Duke Charles Alexander
of Lorraine, Joseph II ; Five family groups,
257
MICHAEL
Palace of Schi'mbrunn, near Vienna ; Family
of Charles VI. (1730), Laxenburg Palace ;
Artist's portrait, Vienna Museum ; do., Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Old Man's Portrait, Dresden
St. Michael. Raphael, Louvre.
062 ;
Museum. — • Allgem. d. Biogr.,
Wurzbach, xviii. 193.
MICHAEL, MAX, born in Hamburg,
March 23, 1823. Genre painter, pupil of
Dresden Academy, then in Paris of H. Leh-
man and Couture ; went to Italy about 1850,
and with short interruptions lived in Rome
until 1870. Professor at Berlin Academy
since 1875. Paints almost exclusively scenes
from Italian country and convent life. Works :
Country Girl Writing (1866), Ravene Gallery,
Berlin ; Genre Scene (1855), Girls' School
in Sabine Mountains (1874), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Neapolitan Fishermen ; Pietro
da Cortona painting an Altai-piece (1876) ;
Elementary Studies ; Peasant Family (1879);
Mouks in the Choir ; Job and his Friends
(1880) ; Forest Idyl (1881).— Mttller, 369 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1882), ii. 419 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xii. 102 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
212 ; Zeitschr. 1 b. K., xvi. 143.
MICHAEL, ST., Eaphael, Louvre ; wood,
transferred to canvas, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft.
5 in. ; signed, dated 1518. St. Michael, hav-
ing descended from heaven, has his foot on
Satan, and raises his lance with both hands
to strike him ; red and bluish flames shoot
up from the crevices of the earth ; back-
ground, a rugged landscape. Painted in
Rome for Lorenzo de' Medici, who wished
to present it to Francis I. to gain his sup-
port in his pretensions to the Duchy of Ur-
bino. Restored by Primaticcio in 1530 ;
again restored in 1685 ; transferred to can-
vas in 1753, and anew in 1776 and 1800.
Engraved by N. Beatrizet ; Testelin ; G.
Rousselet ; N. de Larmessin ; F. Chereau ;
L. Surugue ; A. Tardieu ; Godefroy ; H. G.
Chatillon. Old copies numerous. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 365, 389 ; Passavant, ii. 254 ;
Villot, Louvre ; Cab. Crozat, i. PI. 4 ; Mu-
St. Michael, Raphael, Louvre.
see franeais, i. ; Filhol, iv. PI. 235 ; Landon,
Mus6e, ii. PI. 49.
By Raphael, Louvre ; wood, H. 12 in. x
10 in.; called the Little St. Michael. St.
MICHALLON
(»*• 7^p
•'/'-. / :, .
Michael, in golden armour and winged,
treads on the neck of the Evil One, and
raises his sword to strike ; background, sin-
ners tormented by serpents, and others pass-
ing before a burning city, whose glare and
smoke fill the heavens. (Inferno, vii. 23, 24.)
Painted in Perugia in 1504-5 (?). Belonged
to Cardinal Mazarin ; bought of his heirs
for Louis XIV. Engi-aved by Agos. Venezi-
ano; Cl. Duflos.— C. & C., Raphael, i. 204 ;
Passavaut, ii. 23 ; Miintz, 112 ; Cab. Crozat,
i. PI. 15 ; Landon, Musi'e, iv. PI. 27.
MICHALLON, ACHILLE ETNA, born
in Paris, Oct. 22,
1796,
Sept.
died there,
24, 1822.
Landscape paint-
er, son of the
sculptor Claude
Michallou, p u p i 1
of David, Valenci-
ennes, Bertiu, and /
Dunouy ; won the J
grand prix in 1817,
and a 2d class medal in 1812, when only
sixteen ; studied four years in Rome, and
had scarcely returned when his promising
career was cut short by death. Works :
View of Saint-Cloud (1812) ; Sunset (1814) ;
Sunrise (1817) ; Death of Roland, Lake of
Nemi (1819) ; The Wetterhorn and Schei-
degg Pass (1822); Landscape (1822), Louvre,
Paris ; Philoctetes Wounded in Isle of Lem-
nos (1822), Montpellier Museum ; (Edipus
and Antigone, View near Naples (Posthu-
mous Exhibition, 1824).— Bellier, ii. 85 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole francaise, iii.
MICHAU, THEOBALD, born at Tournay
in 1676, died in Antwerp, buried Oct. 27,
1765. Flemish school ; landscape and fig-
ure painter, pupil in 1686 of Lucas Acht-
schellincx in Brussels, where he became
master of the guild in 1698 ; entered the
guild of Antwerp in 1710. Successfully imi-
tated Peeter Bout ; also took Teniers for his
model. Works : Two River Landscapes,
Madrid Museum ; Landscape with Figures,
Rotterdam Museum ; Landscape with Cows
and Sheep, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; River
Landscapes with Figures (4), Cattle Market,
Village Kirmess, Augsburg Gallery ; Land-
scape with Market, Brunswick Museum ;
Flemish Landscapes (2), Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Landscape, Cattle Market in a Village,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Winter Landscape
with Skaters, Village Fair, Vienna Museum;
Landscape, Bergamo Gallery ; do., Caen Mu-
seum ; do. (3), and Coast Views with Fish-
monger (2), Cardplayers before Inn, Nantes
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamandc ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), ii. 537 ; Michiels, x. 507 ; Rie-
gel, Beitragc, ii. 137 ; Van den Brauden,
1197.
MICHEL, CHARLES HENRI, born at
Fins (Somme), Jan. 15, 1817. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Duhautty, and
of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 3d
class, 1861 ; medal, 1865, 1867. Works :
Crucifixion (1859); Inner Conversion (1861);
Christ the Source of Life (1865), Amiens
Museum ; Holy Communion (1866), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Exiled of the Celestial
Home (1868) ; Conversion of St. Augustine
(1870) ; Christ and the Children (1875) ;
Christ on the Cross (1876) ; Meditation
on Death (1877); Patience, Humility (1878);
Christ the Source of Life (1879) ; Glorifica-
tion (1880) ; Temptation (1881) ; Entomb-
ment (1882) ; Humiliation of Christ (1883).
—Bellier, ii. 87.
MICHEL, ERNEST BARTHELEMY,
born at Montpellier, July 30, 1833. Genre
' painter, pupil of Picot and Cabanel ; won
the grand prix do Rome in 1860. A skilful
young artist of great promise. Studio in
Moutpellier. Medal, 1870 ; L. of Honour,
1880. Works : Argus put to Sleep by Mer-
cury (1865), Montpellier Museum ; Daphne
(1870), Augers Museum ; La Pescivcndola
(1873) ; Decameron (1874) ; Fortune and
Child, Young Girl in the Fields, Roman
Peasants on the Steps of a Convent (1875) ;
Lisa the Bohemian, The Doves (1876) ; St.
Martin's Charity (St. Nicolas des Champs,
Paris), Daphne (1878) ; Glorification (1880);
; Temptation (1881) ; Christ in the Tomb
25U
MICHEL
(1882) ; Happy Mother (1883) ; Piano in
the Country (1884).— Bcllier, ii. 87.
MICHEL, FRANCOIS EMILE, born at
Metz ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Man-dial and Migette. Medal,
18G8. Works : Banks of the Orne (1858),
Nantes Museum ; Olive Harvest (1861),
Hunt on the Cliff (1868), Metz Museum ;
Summer Night (1872), Nancy Museum ; Au-
tumn Sowing (1878), formerly in Luxem-
bourg Museum ; First Shoots, December
(1881) ; Boisde Meudon in November, View
in the Vosges (1883) ; Pool of Breuil-Lor-
raine, Summer Night (1884) ; Downs near
Haarlem, Environs of Brederodo (1885). —
Bellier, ii. 87.
MICHEL-LEVY, HENRI, contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Barrias
and Vollon. Medal, 3d class, 1881. Works :
Regatta, Reverie (1879); Flower Girl (1880);
Nurse (1881) ; Ceres (1882) ; Violoncello
Player, Public Sale (1884) ; Train of Ver-
sailles (1885).
MICHELANGELO DELLE BAMBOC-
CIATE. See drqiiozzi.
MICHELANGELO DELLE BATTA-
GLIE. See Cerijitozzi.
MICHELANGELO DI LODOVICO
BUONARROTI SI-
MONE, born at the
Castle of Caprese in
Casentino, March 6,
1475, died in Rome,
Feb. 18, 1564. Flor-
entine school ; be-
the pupil of
„_ came
'./ Domenico Ghirlan-
dajo, April 1, 1488,
and also studied at
ihe Academy in the Gardens of St. Mark,
where he attracted the notice of its founder,
Lorenzo de' Medici, who gave him a home
at the Medici Palace until his death (April
8, 1492). By the advice of Politian he se-
lected the Battle between Hercules and the
Centaurs as the subject of his first bas re-
lief, preserved in the Oasa Buonarroti. Af-
ter the death of his patron, he for a time
returned to his father's house and devoted
himself to anatomical studies, but feeling
bound by ties of gratitude to the Medi-
ci, he accepted the invitation of Piero de'
Medici, and resided in his palace until 1494.
His departure for Venice, shortly before Pi-
ero's expulsion, closes the first period in his
life, during which he probably painted a
Deposition from the Cross, which has been
attributed to Luca Signorelli and to Baccio
Bandinelli, and a very fine unfinished Ma-
dunna with Angels, National Gallery, Lon-
don. In the autumn of 1494 Michelangelo
came from Venice to Bologna, where he
spent a year in the house of Gian Francesco
Aldrovandi, working little, and impatient to
return to Florence. Having sculptured an
angel for the altar shrine of St. Dominick, he
returned to his native city before July 15,
1495. As this notice of Michelangelo relates
only to his work as a painter, his sculpture
is only casually referred to. Early in 1496
he went to Rome and remained there four
years, during which time he sculptured the
famous Pieta at St. Peter's. At Florence,
before 1504, he painted for Augelo Doni a
Holy Family, now in the Tribune of the
Uffizi, one of the least interesting of all cele-
brated pictures. In October of the same
year he began a cartoon of Soldiers sum-
moned to Battle while bathing in the Arno
near Pisa, intended for a fresco which was
to have been painted in the Great Hall of
the Palazzo Vecchio. It was finished in
Aug., 1505 or 1506, and hung in the hall
side by side with the rival work of Leonardo
da Vinci, admired by all and studied by
young artists until its intentional or acci-
dental destruction during a popular tumult
about 1512, though there are reasons for
thinking that it survived a few years longer.
In 1505 Michelangelo entered the service of
Pope Julius H., and from early in that year
until May, 1506, when he spent three months
at Florence, he was either employed at Rome
in designing the Pope's monument or at
Carrara in superintending the extraction
and shipment of marbles to be used in its
MICHELANGELO
construction. In May, 150G, after a quarrel
with Julius, Michelangelo fled from Home
to Florence. A reconciliation was effected
between them in August, at Bologna, where
the artist remained, to cast the Pope's statue
in bronze, until March, 1508, when he was
again at Florence for a short time, until his
forced return to Borne to paint the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel. This greatest of his
works was begun in May, 1508, and the first
unsatisfactory experiment of painting with
Grauacci, and other assistants, in September
of that year. Their work having been de-
stroyed, the great artist grappled with his
herculean task single-handed. On All Saints'
Day, 1509, when the ceiling had been half
completed, the chapel was thrown open to
the public. Satisfied with the effect, Pope
Julius then allowed the scaffolding to be
replaced and Michelangelo to resume his
labours, which he probably completed in
1512, although the chapel was not reopened
until after March, 1513, when the Pope died.
The vaulted ceiling is divided into compart-
ments containing scenes from the Book of
Genesis. Sublime figures of Sibyls and
Prophets are painted in the pendentives,
and subjects taken from the Old Testament
in the lunettes. All these are bound togeth-
er by a simulated architectural framework,
vivified by figures representing the genii
of architecture. The theme of the artist is
man and his redemption ; the actors in the
great drama are Adam and his progeny ; the
assisting chorus, those sublime figures of
Sibyls and Prophets in which Michelangelo
displays his unrivalled powers of conception,
imagination, design, and drawing. Could
we also add to these power as a colourist,
we should call him the greatest of painters ;
but this we cannot do, because colour was
to him an, in itself, unimportant means for
the representation of form, upon which his
essentially plastic genius concentrated itself.
In the Holy Family, at the Uffizi, his one
certainly authentic oil picture, the colour is
cold and inharmonious, while in his frescos
it is of secondary importance. Before the
death of Pope Clement VII. (1534) Michel
angelo had made designs for the fresco of
the Laxt Judgment, in the Sistine Chapel,
and in September of that year it was begun,
at the bidding of Paul in., and finished in
1541. While the Last Judgment shows no
sign of diminished power, the frescos of the
Conversion of St. Paul, and the Crucifixion
of St. Peter, in the Pauline Chapel (about
1550), exhibit a marked decline. When Leo
X. succeeded, in 1513, he appointed Michel-
angelo architect of the projected, but never
built, facade of San Lorenzo, and caused
him to waste three years in marble-buying
and road-building at Carrara and Seravezza.
In 1519 he was ordered by Leo to build the
Chapel of the Medici, begun in 1520, to
sculpture for it tombs of the famous mem-
bers of the family, partially completed in
1525-29, and to construct the library of San
Lorenzo, undertaken in 1523, when this
Pope was succeeded by Clement VII. Six
years later he besieged Florence to restore
the Medici, and Michelangelo as commis-
sioner-general conducted the defence. In
this capacity he went to Ferrara to study
the fortifications, and was commissioned by
the duke to paint a L/'da, supposed to bo
the picture in tempera in the National Gal-
lery (unexhibited), London. This is the
only other picture by him, besides those al-
ready mentioned, in existence, for the Three
Fates, Pitti Gallery, Florence, belongs to his
school. After Aug. 12, 1530, when Florence
was betrayed to the Imperial forces, Michel-
angelo resumed his work at the Medici
Chapel, and carried it on until 1534, when
he began to paint the Last Judgment, in
the Sistine Chapel. Before this time he had
finished the statue of Moses for the tomb of
Julius II., finally completed, on a very re-
duced scale, in 1545 for the Church of S. Pi-
etro in Vincula. In 1546 Michelangelo suc-
ceeded Antonio di Sangallo as head architect
of St. Peter's, confirmed by papal brief, Jan.
1, 1547. In February of that year he sus-
tained a severe affliction in the death of Vit-
toria Colonna, who had long been the pro-
MICHELANGELO
siding deity of Iris life, and to whom he ad-
dressed so many of his finest sonnets. In
Dee., 1555, he lost Urbino, his faithful ser-
vantmore than twenty-live years. The Grand
Duke of Tuscany tried to induce Michelan-
gelo to leave Home for Florence, but in vain,
for he feared that if he did so the great cu-
pola of St. Peter's might never be finished
as he had designed ; and, with the exception
of a few mouths spent at Loreto and in the
mountains near Spoleto, he did not again
absent himself from the city. After his
death his body was secretly taken to Flor-
ence, where splendid obsequies were cele-
brated in the Church of S. Croce in March,
1504. — Black, M. A. Buonarotti (London,
1875); Aurclio Gotti, Vita di (1875); Spring-
er, Raphael and Michelangelo (1878); Heath
Wilson, Life and Works (187G); Hageu, Acht
Jahre aus dem Leben M.'s (Berlin, 18G9) ;
Harford, Life of (1857) ; Burckhardt, 641 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 157 ; Quatremere,
Histoire de (1835) ; Clement, Michel Ange
(1801), 47 ; Fagan, M. in the British Muse-
um ; C. C. Perkins, Raphael and Michelan-
gelo (1878) ; Eastlake, Five Great Painters
(London, 1882) ; Grimm, Zehn Essays, 7 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 82 ; W. & W.,
ii. 575 ; Zcitschr. f. b. K, i. 223 ; iv. 329 ;
x. 108 ; xi. 20, 50, 94, 117 ; xii. 107, 129 ;
Bibliography of 300 titles in Gaz. des B.
Arts (1870), xiii. ; L. Passerini, La Biblio-
grafia di (1875).
MICHELANGELO DA LUCCA. See
A >ixi:lm i, Michelangelo.
MICHELANGELO RIFORMATO. See
Tibaldi, Pellegrino.
MICHELANGELO DA SIENA. See
A iixeliii i, Michelangelo.
MICHELE DA VERONA, died May 15,
1525. Venetian school ; one of his earliest
known works, the Crucifixion, in S. Stefa-
no, Milan, dated 1500, is in many respects
a copy of Jacopo Bellini. As he repeated
the same subject on a vast scale in S. M. in
Vanzo, Padua (dated 1505), it is likely that
he had some share in the series which
adorns the school (Scuola) of the Santo.
He was again in Verona in 1509, as in that
year he finished the Eternal with Angels,
(dated 1508) in S. Chiara. The full meas-
ure of his ability is given in an altarpiece of
1523, a Madonna Enthroned, in the Church
of Villa di Villa, near Este, where he dis-
plays a not unpleasant mixture of Morone,
Cima, and Buoncousiglio. Other works are
Pentecost, Miniscalchi, Verona ; Crucifixion
(1505), Scminario vescovile, Padua. — C. &
C., N. Italy, i. 500 ; Bernasconi, 283.
MICHELINO DA MILANO, 15th cen-
tury (flourished in 1402-12). Lombard
school ; celebrated for painting animals ;
decorated parts of Casa Borromeo, Milan,
with frescos, which show that he had some
ability in rendering form and in treating
colour. Possibly identical with Michelino
da Besozzo or de' Molinari, recorded in 1404
as a glass painter in the Duomo, Milan. — C.
& C., Italy, ii. 257 ; Burckhardt, 521.
MICHELIS, ALEXANDER, born at Mtin-
ster, Dec. 25, 1823, died at Weimar, Jan.
23, 1808. Landscape painter, pupil of
Diisseldorf Academy under Selrirmer ; be-
came professor at the Weimar Art School in
1803, founded an etching club, and devoted
himself to art history. Works : Westpha-
lian Landscape (1845) ; Wood-Path with
Cows ; Hungarian Horses at Sunrise ; Heath
View, Prague Gallery ; Battlefield in Ap-
proaching Storm ; Elves' Dance ; Destroyed
Earthwork ; Primeval Forest (1857) ; Wood
Interior, Stettin Museum. — Allgem. d. Bio-
gr., xxi. 693 ; Andresen, v. 259 ; Blanckarts,
8 ; Dioskureu (1808), 49 ; Kunst-Chronik,
iii. 90 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf. K., 359 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 80.
MICHETTI, FRANCESCO PAOLO, born
at Chieti about 1852. Genre painter, pu-
pil in Naples of Eduardo Dalbono, then
studied in Paris. Lives at Francavilla a
Mare, near Chieti. Works : Procession of
Corpus Domini at Chieti ; Spring and Love,
The Kiss (1878) ; Shepherdesses in the
Abruzzi ; Health of the Bride ; Return from
Fountain ; Child in the Woods ; Driving
the Flock ; Olive Gatherers ; Through the
MICIJIELI
Fields ; Gathering the Flock ; Peasant Girl ;
Misty Morning — Rome ; Children at Foun-
tain ; In the Fields, Devotees at Shrine of
S. Pantaleone (1883) ; The Vow, National
Gallery, Home.— Miiller, 370 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, xiv. 54.
MICHIELI, ANDEEA. See Andrea Mi-
chieli.
MICHOLD, EDMUND, born in Cologne
in 1818. Genre painter, studied in Cologne
and Munich, afterwards lived alternately in
Dilsseldorf and Cologne. Works : Tyroleso
Family ; Musical Shoemaker ; Cobbler train-
ing Bird ; Uucautious Tailor.
MICON, painter and brass caster of Ath-
ens, son of Phanoclms and fellow-worker at
Athens of Polygnotus, 5th century B.C. Said
by Pliny (xxxiii. 56 [100] ; xxxv. 25 [42]) to
have been the first, with Polygnotus, to use
yellow ochre (sil) and black made from
burned grape-husks. Noted for his skill in
painting horses. Among his works were
the Battle of Theseus, and the Athenians
with the Amazons, in the Pu:cile at Athens ;
the same subject, on one of the walls of the
Theseuin, and the Fight between the Cen-
taurs and the Lapiths, on another wall of
the same building ; and the Argonautic Ex-
pedition, in the Temple of the Dioscuri. —
Paus, i. 18, 1 ; Brunn, i. 274.
MICON, painter, called the younger by
Pliny (xxxv. 35 [147]). He was the father
of Timarcle. — Brunn, ii. 300.
MIEL (Meel), JAN, called Bioko, Jamioli,
and Giovanni
delle Vite, born
near Antwerp or
in Brussels (?)
in 1599, died in
Turin in 1G64.
Flemish school ;
history, genre,
and landscape
/' ^1>'ZC ~~~\
painter, said to / ,^<^> ^ ^^*s. \ ' \
be a pupil of
Geeraard Zegers ; afterwards studied under
Andrea Sacchi at Rome, then gave up his-
torical style and painted genre after the
manner of Pieter van Laar ; called to Turin
in 1G58, as painter to the Duke of Savoy ;
member of the Academy of S. Luca in 1048.
His hunting-pieces are much esteemed ;
figures true to nature and drawn with much
spirit. Works : Mendicant, Neapolitan Bar-
ber, Military Halt, Travellers Dining, and
others, Louvre ; Travellers before Italian
Inn, Rotterdam Museum ; Herdsman with
Goats, do. with Cattle, Dresden Gallery ;
See Harbour, Vienna Museum ; Skirmish
near a Castle, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Prodi-
gal Sou tending Swine, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Venus with Bacchus and Ceres (1045),
Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Mounte-
bank, Peasants Dancing, Halt of Hunting
Party, four others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Feeding of the Poor in Capuchin
Monastery, Scene in Courtyard of Italian
House, Schleissheim Gallery ; Dead Don-
key, Stettin Museum ; Shepherd Boy and
Dog, Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Rustic Scene,
Bergamo Gallery ; Landscape with Figures
and Animals, Peasant Family Resting, Herds-
man and Ox, Two Shepherds with Cow and
Goats ('?), Artist's Portrait, Uffizi, Florence ;
Incident of Stag-Hunt, The Meet, Interior
of Sculptor's Studio, Portrait of Marie do
Bourbon-Soissons, Turin Gallery ; Hunts-
men Resting, Historical Society, New York;
Ten pictures in Madrid Museum ; Seaport
witli Figures, National Gallery, Edinburgh.
— Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 712 ; Immerzeel, ii.
225 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 331 ; Kramm, iv.
1118 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Fetis,
Artistes beiges a I'otrauger, i. 315 ; Mi-
chiels, x. 290 ; Rooses (Reber), 408.
MIELICH (Miielich), HANS, born at
Munich in 1510, died there in 1573. Ger-
man school ; history, portrait, and minia-
ture painter, perhaps pupil of Sigmund
Schnitzel- (court-painter in Munich about
1514-36), and influenced by Altdorfer ; ap-
pears as a master as early as 1546, and after-
wards became court-painter to Duke Albrecht
V. of Bavaria. Seems to have visited Italy,
to judge from an existing copy of Michel-
angelo's Last Judgment ; excelled iu miu-
263
MIEREVELT
iature, of which the most remarkable are
those in the compositions of Orlando di
Lasso and Ciprian do Rore, in the Court
and State Library at Munich. Other works :
Altai-piece with Scenes in Life of Christ
and Mary (1572), Frauenkirche, Ingolstadt ;
Christ on Mount of Olives, and Entomb-
ment, Last Judgment (copy after Michel-
angelo), Frauenkirche, Munich ; Male Por-
trait (1540), Female do. (1542), Old Pina-
kothek, ik; Portrait of himself, National
Museum, ik ; Male do. (1540), Museum,
Vienna ; do. (1543), Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib. ; Duke Albrecht V. the Magnanimous
(1545), Philip the Warlike (?), Schleissheim
Gallery.— Xagler, ix. 200 ; Sighart, 707 ;
D. Kunstbl. (1853), 413 ; Kuust-Chronik,
xx. 715 ; Zimmerm:iun, Hans Miielich und
Herzog Albrecht V. von Bayern (Munich,
1885).
MIEREVELT, MICHIEL JANSZEN
o-;, VAN, born at
Delft, May 1,
1567, died
there, July 27,
1641. Dutch
school ; por-
trait painter,
pupil of Willem
Willemsz and
of Augustyn,
then at Utrecht
of Blockland ; entered the guild of The
Hague in 1025 ; painted also mythological
subjects. Charles I. invited him to Eng-
land to paint his portrait. Archduke Al-
brecht gave him a pension. Works : Por-
traits of William of Orange (2), Princes
Philip William and Maurice (1617) of Nas-
sau, Louise do Coligny and two other
Princes of House of Orange, Hague Mu-
seum ; William of Orange, Princes Philip
William, Maurice, and Frederick Henry of
Orange, Johan van Oldenbaruevelt, Jacob
Cats (2, 1634, 1639), Elector Palatine Fred-
erick V., Captain Smeltzing, Amsterdam
Museum ; Female Portrait (1034), Haarlem
Museum ; Prince Maurice, Jobau van Ol-
denbarnevelt (1617), Lady's Portrait (1630),
Rotterdam Museum ; Count and Countess
of Nassau, Male Portrait (1627), Female do.
(1629), Brunswick Museum ; Merry Com-
pany in Open Air, Portrait of Johan van
Oldeubarnevelt (1617), Gotha Museum ;
Portraits of Elector Palatine Frederick V.
and bis Consort Elizabeth Stuart (1626),
Hanover Gallery ; Portrait of the Engraver
Delff (1638), two others, Scbwerin Gallery ;
Portraits in the Louvre, Paris (3, two dated
1017, 1634), iu Museums of Le Puy (2),
Lyons (2, 1625, 1631), Berne, Geneva, Ber-
lin (2, 1024, 1032), Darmstadt (3, one dated
1030), Dresden (6), Madrid, Naples, New
York, Nuremberg, Stuttgart (2), Vienna ;
Galleries of Aschaffenburg, Carlsruhe (1626),
Christiania, Copenhagen (5, four dated 1621,
1635, 1038), Oldenburg (2, one dated 1041),
Old Piuakothek, Munich (2, one dated 1635),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg (4), Czerniu and
Liechtenstein (1008) Galleries, Vienna ;
Academy, Venice ; Uffizi, Florence ; several
in Town Hall, Delft. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi.
713 ; Ch. Blanc, Fjcole hollandaise ; Des-
camps, i. 250 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1878), xvii.
78, 265 ; Havard, A. & A. boll., i. 11 ; Im-
merzeel, ii. 225 ; Kramm, iv. 1120 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 256 ; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 114 ;
Nagler, Mon., iii. 1077 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i.
124 ; ii. 193 ; De Stuers, 78.
MIEREVELT, PIETER VAN, born in
Delft, Oct. 5, 1595, died there, Jan. 11,
1623. Dutch school ; portrait painter, son
and pupil of Michiel van Mierevelt, whom
be successfully imitated. Works : Three
Portraits, Dresden Gallery ; Husband and
Wife (1622), Copenhagen Gallery ; Family
Group, Brunswick Gallery ; Lecture on
Anatomy (1617), Hospital, Delft— Kugler
864
MIERIS
(Crowe), ii. 256 ; Kramm, iv. 1123 ; Havard,
A. & A. holL, i. 34 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i. 146 ;
ii. 215 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, viii. 16.
MIERIS, FRANS VAN, the elder, born
in Ley den,
April 16, 1635,
died there,
March 12,
1681. Dutch
school ; genre
painter, son of
Jan van Mie-
ris, goldsmith ;
pupil of Abra-
ham Toren-
vliet, then of
Gerard Don, who called him the prince of
his scholars, and of Adriaen van den Tern-
pel. His preference for subjects from the
life of the upper classes shows the influence
of Metsu ; and a certain humour in some
of his works, that of his friend Jan Steen.
Minuteness of execution is carried to the
highest point in his pictures, his colouring
is as clear and delicate as it is deep and
rich, and in the art of painting velvet, satin,
and other rich stuffs he is unsurpassed.
Works : Lady in Crimson Jacket, National
Gallery, London ; Portrait of himself,
Bridgewater Gallon-, ib.; Making out the
Reckoning, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Woman reading
Music, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Pedestrian with a
Flask, Mr. Holford, ib.; Portraits of him-
self and of Frank Wouters, Mr. Heusch, ib.;
Lady at her Toilet, Two Ladies drinking
Tea, Interior of a Household, Male Portrait,
Louvre ; Artist and his AYife, Boy blowing
Soap-Bubblea (1663), Portraits of Floreutius
Schuijl (1666) and of Mieris and his wife,
Hague Museum ; Lady writing Letter (1680),
Lady playing Guitar, Frailty, Jacob's Dream,
Escaped Bird (1676), Amsterdam Museum ;
Rembrandt's Mother, Brunswick Gallery ;
Boy giving Water to his Bird (1665), Male
Portrait, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Sent on an
Errand, Officer with Bumper, Portraits (3,
one dated 1662), Gallery, Copenhagen ;
Drinking the Health, Reading before School-
master, Male Portrait (16G5), Moltke Collec-
tion, ib.; Young Peasant Woman drawing
Water, Girl and Boy with Basket and Pitch-
er, Woman peeling Apple for Child, Gotha
Museum ; Man Drinking (1664), Leipsic
Museum; Oyster Breakfast (1661), Soldier
in Armor, Lady with Lap-clog, Lady faint-
ing and Physician (1662), Lady feeding
Parrot, Lute-player (1663), Conversation
(1666), Portrait of the Artist, do. of his
Wife (1667), Boys with Drum and Fife
(1670), Trumpeter (1672), four others, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Portraits of the Artist
and his Wife, Lady at the Piano (1658),
Caudaules and Gyges, Schwerin Gallery ;
Tinker Girl listening to an Old Woman
(1671), Old Man holding a Pitcher, Young
Woman with Dog, Old Woman with Flower-
Pot, Young Soldier Smoking, Old Scholar
at a Bow Window, Man in Cuirass leaning
on his Sword, Girl feeding Parrot, Cloth-
Dealer, The Artist and Wife in his Studio,
Another Studio Scene, Magdalen (1674),
Lute-player (1675), Allegory of Poetry,
Dresden Gallery ; Young Lady before Mir-
ror, Portrait of Young Man, Berlin Muse-
um ; The Toilet, Oyster Repast, The Artist
and Wife, Female Portrait, two others, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Feeling the Pulse
(1651), Scene in a Shop (1660), Male Por-
trait, Museum, Vienna ; Lady Harpist (1668),
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Female Portrait,
Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of himself,
do. of his Son Jan, Old Couple at Table,
Family of the Artist (1675), The Charletan,
The Sleeper, Old Man offering Money to
Young Woman, Uffizi, Florence ; The Good
Mother, Guitar Player, Artist's portrait, Tu-
rin Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xsi. 714 ;
MIEEIS
Ch. Blanc, tfcolc hollandaisc ; Burger, Mu-
si'es, i. 89, 220 ; Dolnne, lii. ; Gautier, Guide
au Louvre, 144 ; Gower, Figure Painters,
73 ; Immcrzcel, ii. 220 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 407 ; Kramm, iv. 1124 ; Riegel, Bcitrilge,
ii. 834 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 200 ; Zeitsebr.
f. b. K., xi. (Mittheilungen, iv. 17); xvii. 155.
MIERIS, FRANS VAN, the younger, born
iu Leydcn, Dec. 24, 1080, died there, Oct.
22, 1703. Dutch school ; genre and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Willcm van
Micris, but greatly inferior to his father iu
drawing, colouring, and finish. He was
a distinguished antiquary, and published
works of merit on numismatics and history.
Works : Hermit in Prayer (1721), Grocer's
.Shop (1715), Pharmacy (1714), Amsterdam
Museum ; Regents' Piece (1730), Male Por-
trait, Leyden Museum ; Fishmonger (1747),
Rotterdam Museum ; Baker and Woman,
Pedlar and Boy, Cassel Gallery ; Portrait
of his Father (1737), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Scholar (1717), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Woman and Man conversing by a Stall with
Eatables (1738), Gotha Museum ; Vertum-
nus and Pomona (1710), Schwerin Gallery ;
A Hermit, Christiania Gallery ; The Break-
fast, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Immcr-
xeel, ii. 228 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 544 ;
Kramm, iv. 1120.
MIERIS, JAN VAN, born at Leyden in
1600, died at Rome in 1090. Genre and
portrait painter, son and pupil of Frans, the
older, then of Laircsse ; went via Germany
to Florence and Rome. As he died when
thirty, his pictures are very rare. "Works :
Assembly of Ladies and Gentlemen with
Lute-Player, Gotha Museum ; Surgeon dress-
ing Wound, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 717.
MIERIS, WILLEM VAN, born in Leyden
in 1002, died there, Jan. 27, 1747. Dutch
school ; genre and mythology painter, son
and pupil of Fraus, the elder, whom iu bis
early genre pictures he approached in merit,
though always inferior in drawing and im-
pasto. In bis
later time be
painted mytho-
logical subjects
and landscapes,
which are prosaic
and totally defici-
ent in grace.
Painted small
easel pictures, es-
pecially shop in-
teriors, also historical and mythological
subjects. Modelled statuettes and vases
adorned with bas-reliefs. Died blind at
the age of 85. Works : Female Poultry-
Dealcr (1713), National Gallery, London ;
Woman and Violin-Player, Bridgewater Gal-
lery, ib. ; Two Girls, Young Man giving
Grapes to a Woman, David and Bathsheba,
Mr. Hope, ib.; Old Woman and a Girl, Mr.
Baring, ib. ; Raree-Show, Mr. Heusch, ib. ;
Three Children, Poultry-Dealer, The Cook,
Louvre ; Fishmonger (1717), Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Susanna and the Judges, Brussels
Museum ; Poultry Dealer (1733), Arcadian
Landscape (1722), Lady and Gentleman,
Amsterdam Museum ; Grocer's Shop (1717),
Hague Museum ; Fishmonger with Glass
of Beer, Basle Museum ; Joseph and Poti-
phar's Wife, Carlsrube Gallery ; Old Wom-
an in Grocer's Shop, Cassel Gallery ; Ceres
(1710), Copenhagen Gallery ; Venus en-
deavoring to dissuade Adonis from Hunt-
ing, Darmstadt Museum ; Itinerant Musi-
cian embraced by Girl (1004), Game Dealer,
Woman filling Glass for a Man (1690), Man
blowing a Trumpet (1700), Cephalus and
Procris (1702), Venus Asleep (1703), Ari-
adne and Bacchus (1704), Fortune-Teller,
Girl bringing Drink to a Man (1706), Pre-
ciosa recognized by her Mother (1700), Ve-
nus and Paris (1717), Company of Apes
(1710), Old Cook (1720), Dresden Gallery ;
Male and Female Portrait, Ferdinandeum,
Innsbruck ; Interior with Lady and Fish-
monger (1710), Old Piuakothek, Munich;
MIGLIAEA
Ludolf Bakhuysen as Writing Master (1C97),
Mother's Joy (1708), Game Vender, Male
Portrait (?), Scliwerin Gallery ; Angry War-
rior (1683), Temptation (1G83), Lady in
Satin Dress (1684), Vienna Museum ; Poul-
terer, Baron Rothschild, Vienna ; Joseph
and Potiphar's Wife, Physician attending
Young Lady, Man with Globe, Old Soldier
Begging, Looking at a Medallion, Abraham
casting off Hagar (1724), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Mary Magdalen at the Cross,
Uffizi, Florence ; Esther before Ahasuerus,
Milan Academy ; other specimens in Frank-
fort, Brunswick, and St. Petersburg Gal-
leries.— Allgern. d. Biogr., xxi. 716 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Gool, i. Ill) ;
Immerzeel, ii. 228 ; Kellen, i. 17 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 542 ; Krannn, iv. 1128 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 347.
MIGLIAEA, GIOVANNI, born at Ales-
sandria, Piedmont, Oct. 18, 1785, died at
Milan, April 18, 1837. Architecture paint-
er, who won reputation for excellent draw-
ing and brilliant light effects ; member of
Milan, Turin, Naples, Vienna, and other
Academies ; court-painter to the King of
Sardinia. Medal of Honour, Alessandria,
1829. Works : Convent in Renaissance
Style (1825), Romeo and Juliet in Lorenzo's
Cell (1825), National Gallery, Berlin ; Log-
gia dei Lanzi and Palazzo vecchio at Flor-
ence, The Piazetta in Venice, Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Divine Service in Vaulted Hall,
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Interior of Monas-
tery of S. Paolo near Pavia, Madrid Muse-
um ; Convent Yard of S. Maurizio — Milan
(1824) ; Monastery of S. Ambrogio — ib.,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Piazza del Pan-
teon in Rome, Bergamo Gallery ; Chapel in
a Cemetery, Subterranean Chapel in a Mon-
astery, Milan Academy ; View in Venice,
Interior of S. Marco, ib., S. Zaccaria, ib.;
Certosa of Pavia, Study from Nature, Cam-
po Santo at Pisa, A Fountain, View in Mil-
an, Landscape, Turin Gallery. — Wurzbach,
xviii. 250.
MIGLIORI, FRANCESCO, bom at Ven-
ice in 1G84, died there in 1734. Venetian
school ; history painter, about whose life
little is known. He showed early an un-
usual talent, which was impaired by an at-
tack of temporary insanity. Works : Bac-
chus and Ariadne, Europa sitting on the
Bull, Joseph interpreting Dreams, Abra-
ham's Sacrifice, Lot and his Daughters,
Cain and Abel, Cimon nursed by his Daugh-
ter Pera, Dresden Museum.
MIGNARD, NICOLAS, born at Troyes,
Feb. 7, 1606, died in
Paris, March 20, 1668.
French school ; por-
trait and allegory
painter, studied at
first at Troyes, then
spent several years at
Fontainebleau, where
the works of Fivmi-
net, Primaticcio, and
Rosso inspired him
with the desire to visit Italy. In 1644 he ac-
companied the Cardinal Archbishop of Ly-
ons to Rome, where he remained two years.
On his return he went to Avignon, and when
that city was visited by Louis XIV. in 1660,
painted so good a portrait of the king that
he was called to Paris by royal command,
and there received all the honours of a great
painter. Member of Academy in 1663,
professor in 1664, and rector in 1690.
Many of his portraits are in private collec-
tions. Works : Mars and Venus (1658),
Aix Museum ; Louis XIV. as a Child, Blois
Museum ; Portrait of Anne Geuevieve de
Bourbon-Condi', Douai Museum ; Artist's
Portrait, Lyons Museum ; Portrait of a
Bourbon Princess, do. of a Painter, Musi'e
Rath, Geneva ; St. John in the Desert, Por-
trait of Louis XIV. in his Youth, do. of
Duchess Cristiua of Savoy, Turin Gallery.
— Bellicr, ii. 90 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran<;aise,
867
MIGNARD
• ' ''''
i. ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861), ix. 282 ; (1872),
vi. 446 ; Jal, 862.
MIGNAllD, PIERRE, the elder, born at
Troves, Nov. 7,
1612 (1610?),
died in Paris,
May 30, 1695.
French school ;
<<_:-;-', portrait and al-
, *^ v legory painter,
brother of the
preceding, pu-
pil of Jean Bou-
cher of Bourges,
and of Vouet. In 1635 he went to Rome,
where he painted the portraits of Urban
VIII. and of Alexander VH., and many other
works, including frescos in churches. In
1658 he was recalled by the king to Fon-
taiuebleau, where he became the rival of Le
Brun, to whose honours he succeeded. He
was court painter, director of the Gobelins,
and was elected on the same day member,
rector, chancellor, and director of the Acad-
emy. Works : Madonna of the Grapes,
Procession to Calvary (1G84), Ecce Homo,
Virgin in Tears, St. Luke painting the Vir-
gin (1685), St. Cecilia (1691), Faith (1692),
Hope (1692), Neptune offering his Wealth
to Franco, The Grand Dauphin and his
Family, Portrait of Mine, de Maintenon,
Portrait of himself, Louvre ; Bacchus with
a River and a Naiad, Amiens Museum ; Ma-
donna with St. John Baptist, Portrait of
Madame de Si'vignr, Angers Museum ; Chil-
dren caressing a Lamb, a copy of Guide's
Magdalen, two portraits, Avignon Museum ;
Spring-Timo, Autumn, Lady of the Court,
Besanyon Museum ; Portrait of Louis XIV.,
Unknown portrait, Bordeaux Museum ; Por-
traits of himself and of an unknown paint-
er, Dijon Museum ; Ecce Homo, Douai
Museum ; Pastorale, Grenoble Museum ;
Fortune, an Allegory, The Virgin, Judg-
ment of Midas, Lille Museum ; Portrait of
Ninon de TEuclos, two other Female por-
traits, Marseilles Museum ; Marshal Vil-
lars in his Youth, Metz Museum ; Madonna,
Female portraits (2), Nancy Museum ; Por-
trait of a Magistrate, Nimes Museum ; Ar-
tist's Daughter, Orleans Museum ; Holy
Family, Rouen Museum ; Christ, Three Al-
legorical Figures, Toulouse Museum ; Diana
Resting, Brussels Museum ; Jephthah's Re-
turn, Alexander and Darius's Family, Death
of Cleopatra, Portrait of his Daughter, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Portrait of Marie
Mancini, Berlin Museum ; Louis XIV. as
Endymiou with his Mistresses, Darmstadt
Museum ; Madonna, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Portrait of himself, Portraits of Elec-
tor Ferdinand, his Wife, and Daughter,
Schleissheirn Gallery ; Madonna, Holy Fam-
ily, Stuttgart Museum ; St. Anthony the
Hermit, Vienna Museum ; Equestrian por-
trait of Louis XIV., The Dauphin, Son of
Louis XIV., Turin Gallery ; Ladies' por-
traits (2), Uffizi, Florence ; St. John in the
Desert, four portraits, Madrid Museum ;
Madonna (?), Barcelona Museum ; Portrait
of Louis XIV., Hampton Court Palace ;
Holy Family, Lady at Toilet, Historical So-
ciety, New York. — Archives de 1'art fran-
<;ais, documents, i. 329 ; Argeuville, v. 74 ;
Bellier, ii. 91 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fraucaise,
i. ; Cat. du Louvre ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1861),
ix. 282 ; (1872) ; v. 242 ; vi. 446 ; Jal, 861 ;
P M
Keane, Early Masters, 527 ; Memoires im'-
dits, ii. 86 ; Monville, La vie de P. M. (Paris,
1730); Stothert, 97.
MIGNON, Jules Joseph Lefebvre, William
Astor, New York. Subject from Goethe's
" Wilhelm Meister." Full-length, standing,
with her guitar in her arms, leaning against
a rock on the shore of the sea, across the
waters of which she is gazing with sad,
dreamy eyes. Another, W. H. Vanderbilt
Collection, New York.— L'lllustration (1878),
i. 394.
MIGNON
By Ary Scheffer, Duchesse d'Ayen ; two
pictures, canvas, each H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 2 f t. 8
in. Subject from Goethe's " Wilhelm Meis-
ter." 1. Mignon regretting her Country.
Painted in 183G ; Salon, 1839. Engraved
by Aristide Louis. 2. Mignon aspiring to
Heaven. Painted in 1839; Salon, 1839.
These pictures met with so pronounced a
success that Schefter followed them with a
third, illustrating the meeting of Miguon
with her father, entitled Miguou and the
Old Harper (1844), now belonging to Queen
Victoria, but it was not so favourably re-
ceived. The subject of Mignon has been
treated also by Garipuy (Salon, 1859) and
Christian Kohler (engraved by Massau,
1865).
MIGNON (Minjon), ABRAHAM, born at
Frankfort in June, 1040, died at Wetzlar
in 1G79. Dutch school ; flower, fruit, and
still-life painter ; taken to Holland in his
twentieth year by Jakob Marrel, who placed
him with J. Davidsz de Heem, who per-
fected him in painting flowers and fruits.
Works : Flower- and Fruit-pieces, etc., in
the Louvre, Paris (G); in Museums (if Am-
sterdam (3), Brussels, The Hague (3), Ley-
den, Rotterdam (2), Basle, Brunswick (2),
Dresden (15), Stockholm, Vienna (2) ; in
Galleries of Aschaffenburg, Carlsruhe (4),
Cassel (2), Copenhagen (do., Moltke Collec-
tion, ib.), Frankfort, Schleissheim (5), Schwe-
rin (3) ; Old Pinakothek, Munich (2) ; Czer-
nin, Schonborn, and Liechtenstein (1GGO)
Galleries, Vienna ; Hermitage, St. Peters-
. rntgnon i
\
burg (4) ; Uffizi, Florence ; Turin Gallery
(2). — Immerzeel, ii. 229 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 518 ; Kramm, iv. 1131 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 445 ; Stuers, 87.
MIGNOT, LOUIS RKMY, born in South
Carolina in 1831, died at Brighton, Eng-
land, Sept. 22, 1871. Landscape painter,
pupil of Schelfhout, at The Hague. Studio
in New York, where he was elected N.A.
in 1859, until 18G1, when he settled in
London. Painted mostly tropical scenery.
Works : Tropical Scenery, M. O. Roberts'
Collection, New York ; Lagoon of Guaya-
quil— South America (1803) ; Evening in
the Tropics (18G5) ; Tintern, Guayaquil
River— Ecuador (18G7) ; Autumn, C. H.
Wolff, Philadelphia ; Mountain Landscape,
Village in South America, Corn Field, R. L.
Stuart Collection, New York) ; Source of
the Susquehanna (18G8) ; Sunset off Hast-
ings (1870) ; Mt. Chimbonizo (1871).— Art
Journal (1870), 343 ; (1871), G.
MILANO, GIOVANNI DA. See Gi»-
rtniiii.
MILKY WAY, Itubeiix, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. G f t. x 8 ft. Juno, supported
upon clouds, gives the breast to the little
Hercules ; his eagerness causes some drops
of milk to fall into the heavens, where they
are changed into stars ; behind the god-
dess, her chariot drawn by peacocks. — La-
roussc, xv. 1148.
By Tintoretto, Cobham Hall, England ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. Juno,
nude, supported upon drapery in the heav-
ens and attended by two cupids and two
peacocks, gives the breast to Hercules, whom
Mercury is attempting to take from her ;
drops of milk escaping form the stars of
the Milky Way. Formerly in Orleans Gal-
lery, whence sold in 1793 for .£50. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 49G ; iii. 20 ; Ch. Blanc,
Kcole venitienne ; Larousse, xv. 1148.
MILL, THE. See Isaac and Rebecca,
Marriage of.
MILLAIS, Sir JOHN EVERETT, Bart.,
born ill Southampton, June 8, 1829. Genre,
landscape, and portrait painter ; pupil in
drawing at Mr. Sass's Academy, and won in
1838 a silver medal of the Society of Arts
with a drawing from the antique ; became
in 1840 a student in the Royal Academy,
2WI
M1LLAIS
where he won in 1843 the silver medal ; he
exhibited iu 1810 Pizarro seizing the Inca of
Peru, and in 1847
was awarded the
gold medal for his
Benjamites seiz-
ing the Daugh-
ters of Shiloh.
In 1847 he com-
peted for a com-
mission to paint
in the Houses of
Parliament, send-
ing to Westminster Hall The "\Yiclow be-
stowing her Mite, and in the same year his
Elgiva seized by Odo was in the Acad-
emy. In the years 1847-49, in connection
with D. G. Rossctti, Holman Hunt, Wool-
ner, and others, seven in all, ho founded an
association, afterwards called the Pre-Raph-
aelite Brotherhood, whose motto was Truth.
Nothing was to be generalized in their art
which could and should be expressed in de-
tail. Their theory was that what is common
in nature is good enough for art. In 1854
Mr. Millais was elected an A.R.A., being,
with the exception of Lawrence, the young-
est artist who has attained that distinction ;
ho became an R.A. in 18(!3, and was created
a baronet in 18S5. He was awarded a 2d
class medal at Paris in 1855, a medal of
honour in 1878, in which year ho was made
an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and was
chosen a Member of the Institute of France
in 1883. He is a member also of the Acad-
emies of Edinburgh, Antwerp, Madrid, and
Rome. Works : Portrait of William Hugh
Fenn (1848), W. W. Fenn ; Grandfather
and Child (1849), Mrs. Wyatt, Oxford ; Isa-
bella (1849), Liverpool Gallery ; Ferdinand
lured by Ariel (1849), A. C. Allen ; Christ
in the House of his Parents (1850), F. A
Beer ; Mariana of the Moated Grange (1851),
H. F. Makius ; Return of the Dove (1851),
Mrs. Combe ; Woodman's Daughter (1851),
Mrs. Henry Hodgkinson ; A Huguenot (1851),
Mrs. Miller, Preston ; Ophelia (1852), Mrs.
Fuller-Maitlaud ; Proscribed Royalist (1853),
John Pender, M.P. ; Order of Release (1853),
James Hen ton ; Portrait of Ruskin (1854),
Sir Henry W. Dyke Acland ; The Rescue
(1855), Holbrook Gaskell ; Random Shot
(1855), Mrs. Miller, Preston ; Pot Pourri
(185G), John Pritchard ; Autumn Leaves
(185G), James Leathart, Tyuemouth ; Blind
Girl (185G) ; Escape of a Heretic in 1559
(1857) ; News from Home (1857), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Sir Isumbras at the
Ford (1857), John Graham, England ; Spring
Flowers, Vale of Rest (1859) ; Slack Brims-
wickers (I860), James Price, England ; White
Cockade (18G2), W. Webster, England;
The Ransom (18G2), C. P. Matthews, Eng-
land ; Trust Me ! The Sweeper (18G2) ; St.
Agnes' Eve (18G3), F. R. Leyland, Liver-
pool ; My First Sermon, Wolf's Den (1863);
The Conjurer (18G4), Major-General Bythe-
sea, England ; Leisure Hours (18G4), John
Peuder, England ; Charlie is my Darling
(18G4), James Reiss, England ; My Second
Sermon (1864), Charles Gassiot, England ;
Red Riding Hood (1865), G. Cubitt, M.P.;
Swallow ! Swallow ! (1865), Sir John Kelk,
Bart,; Joan of Arc (1805), W. C. Quilter,
M.P.; Jiomans leaving Britain (1865), Sir
I. Lowthian Bell, Durham ; Esther (1865),
Eustace Smith, Tynemouth ; Parable of the
Tares (18G5), John Pender; The Minuet
(18GG), Sir John Kelk, Bart. ; Waking (1866),
Holbrook Gaskell, En gland ; Sleeping (1867),
J. C. Harter, England ; Jephthah (1867), Sir
William Armstrong ; Stella (18G8), Humph-
rey Roberts, England ; The Sisters (1868),
C. P. Matthews, London ; Vanessa (1868),
George Holt ; Rosalind and Celia (1868), A.
W. Kurtz, England ; Souvenir of Velasquez,
Pilgrims to St. Paul's (1868); Gambler's
Wife (18G9), Humphrey Roberts, England ;
A Flood (18G9), C. P. Matthews ; End of
the Chapter, Dream at Dawn (both water-
colours, 1869); Knight Errant (1870), Charles
Wilson, M.P.; Boyhood of Raleigh (1870),
James Reiss ; Widow's Mite (1870), T. Agnew
& Sons, London ; Chill October (1870), Sir
William Armstrong ; Flowing to the River
(1871) ; Flowing to the Sea (1871), A. W.
270
MILLER
Kurtz, England ; Victory, O Lord ! (1871),
Mrs. Leopold Reiss ; Yes or No ? A Som-
nambulist (1871); Hearts are Trumps (1872),
J. H. Seeker, England ; New-Laid Eggs
(1873), Peter Eeid, England ; Early Days
(1873) ; Scotch Firs (1873), James Mason,
England ; Winter Fuel (1873), G. B. Worth-
ington, England ; Northwest Passage (1874),
C. F. H. Bolckow, Middlesborough ; Picture
of Health (187-4), Hilton Philipson, England ;
Still for a Moment (1874), J. S. Morgan,
London ; Day Dream (1874) ; Forbidden
Fruit (1875), Sir J. E. Millais ; Yes or No ?
(1875), Mrs. Moir, England ; No ! (1875),
H. A. Brassey, M.P. ; Deserted Garden
(1875), D. Thwaites, England ; Fringe of
the Moor (1875), T. H. Ismay, England ;
Over the Hills and Far Away (1875), Kay
Kuowles, England ; Crown of Love (1875) ;
Getting Better (1876), Humphrey Roberts ;
Stitch ! Stitch ! Stitch ! (187C), George F.
Watts, R.A.; Sound of Many Waters (1870),
David Price, England ; Yeoman of the
Guard (1876), Mrs. Henry Hodgkinson ;
Yes! (187(5); Good Resolve (1877), Julius
Reiss ; Bright Eyes (1877), Mrs. Maedon-
ald, England ; Effie Deans (1877), Robert
Loder, M.P.; Jersey Lily (1878), H. Mar-
tyn Kennard, England ; Princes in the Tower
(1878), Holloway Institute, Egham ; St. Mar-
tin's Summer (1878); Bride of Lammermoor
(1878), W. H. Vauderbilt Collection, New
York; Tower of Strength (1879), J. H.
Renton, England ; Princess Elizabeth (1879),
Holloway Institute ; Portrait of Gladstone
(1879), Duke of Westminster; Cuckoo!
(1880), Mrs. Bloomfield Moore ; Portrait of
John Bright (1880), William Agnew, M.P.;
Portrait of the Painter (1880), Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Caller Herrin' (1881), Walter Duulop,
England ; Portraitof Tennyson (1881), James
Knowles England ; Sweetest Eyes were ever
Seen (1881), Everett Gray, England ; Cinder-
ella (1881) ; Portrait of Earl of Beacousfield
(1881), Right Hon. W. H. Smith, M P.; Por-
trait of James C. Hook, R.A. (1882), J. C.
Hook ; do. of Duchess of Westminster (1882),
DukeofWestnrinster;DorothyThorpe(1882),
J. Dyson Perrins, England ; Pomona (1882),
Charles Neck, England ; Olivia (1882), E. J.
Poole, London ; For the Squire (1882), H.
F. Makins, England ; Princess Marie of Ed-
inburgh (1882); Gray Lady (1883), T. Aguew
& Sou, London ; Dropped from the Nest
(1883), W. C. Quilter, M.P.; Unc Grande
Dame, Forget-Me-Not (1883) ; Portrait of
Marquis of Salisbury (1883), Right Hon.
;W. H. Smith, M.P.; Idyl of 1745 (1884),
Frederick Wigan, England ; Little Miss
Muftett (1884), John M. Keiller, England ;
Mistletoe Gatherer, Message from the Sea
(1884) ; Portrait of Henry Irving (1884),
Garrick Club ; do. of Marquis of Lome
(1884); do. of Miss Scott (1884), Mrs. T. A.
Scott, Philadelphia; Ornithologist (1885),
Sir J. E. Millais ; Orphans (1885), J. S.
Forbes ; Lady Peggy Primrose, Portrait of
Gladstone (1885); another Portrait of Glad-
stone (1885), Christ Church, Oxford. Mil-
lais has designed numerous illustrations for
books, including the "Poems of Tennyson,"
"Once a Week," "Good Words," "The Par-
ables," "Framley Parsonage," and "The
Small House at Alliugton." Collective ex-
hibitions of his works were made at the
Fine Art Society, London, in 1881, and at
the Grosvenor Gallery, London, in 1885,
when 131 oil pictures and 30 water-colour
and pen-and-ink drawings were shown. —
Saudby, ii. 332 ; Portfolio (1871), 1 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, v. 309; vi. 374; Notes on
Millais's Pictures at Fine Art Soc. (1881) ;
j F. G. Stephens, Notes on Exhibition at Gros-
venorGallery (1885); Art Journal (188G), 62 ;
Spectator, Jan. 2, 1886.
MILLER, ALFRED J., born in Balti-
more in 1810, died in 1874. Portrait, fig-
ure, and animal painter, pupil of Thomas
Sully ; in 1833 studied in Paris, Rome, and
Florence ; visited New Orleans in 1837, and
later sketched in the Rocky Mountains ;
visited Scotland in 1841, and painted the
portraits of several members of the family of
the Duke of Breadalbane. A valuable collec-
tion of Indian pictures, from his Rocky Moun-
tain sketches, is owned by Sir W. D. Stewart,
271
MILLER
Murthly Castle ; repetitions in water-colour,
W. T. Walters, Baltimore. Professional life
spent in Baltimore. — Tuckerman, 496.
MILLER, CHARLES HENRY, born in
New York, March 20, 1842. Landscape
painter ; in 18(J7 pupil of Professor Leir in
Munich, and of the Bavarian Royal Academy ;
studied in Vienna, Leipsic, Berlin, Dresden,
and Paris. Elected an A.N.A. in 1873 and
N. A. in 1875. Studio in New York. Works:
Old Mill near Munich (1870) ; Sunset at
Queen's — New York, Robert Gordon ; Sun-
set at Diichau near Munich, Old Mill —
Springfield (1872); Old Oaks at Creedmoor
—Long Island (1874); New York from New-
town Creek (187G) ; Sunset, East Hampton
-Long Island (1878) ; Cloudy Day (1879) ;
Fisherman's Home — Long Island (1880) ;
South Side Lane— Long Island (1881) ;
Gray Day on Long Island (1882) ; At Valley
Stream, Old Mill and Water Gate (1883) ;
Bouquet of Oaks at Stewart's Pond — Jamai-
ca, L. I. (1884); Old Mill at Patchogue
(1885) ; Suburban Wayside, Autumn, Road
to New York (188G).— Art Journal (1877),
;!<;! ; Mag. of Art (1884), 9(3.
MILLER, FRANCIS, born at Columbus,
O., in 1854. Figure and genre painter, pu-
pil of the Pennsylvania Academy, later of
Carolus Duran in Paris. First exhibit-
ed at the National Academy in 1883. Stu-
dio in New York. Works: Pottef (1883);
Local Freight Caboose, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Charity Home (1884) ; Cosey Nook
(1886).
MILLET, FRANCIS D, born at Matta-
poisett, Mass., in 1846.
Figure and portrait
painter, pupil of Van
Lerius and Do Keyser
at the Royal Academy,
Antwerp, where he
gained medals of hon-
. ourin!872-73. Painted
in Belgium, Italy, Eng-
land, France, Austria,
and the United States.
Studio in New York. Elected A.N.A. iii
1882; N.A. in 1885. Works: Bay of
Naples (1875) ; Mouth of the Seine, Bashi-
Bazouk (1880), J. J. Astor, New York;
Sweet Mistris Mercie (1881); Koran Read-
er, Milkmaid (1882) ; Story of (Enone
(1883) ; Lacing the Sandal, Cottage Gar-
den, Regina Convivii (1884). Portraits :
Charles Francis Adams, Samuel L. Clem-
ens (1877); Miss Kate Field (1881) ; Por-
trait (1884), Lawrence Barrett ; The- Toil-
ette, A Window Seat, Portrait of General
Barnes (1885) ; A Handmaid, Cosey Corner
(1886).
MILLET, FRANQOIS (Frans Mi lie),
called Fran-
cisque, born in
Antwerp, bap-
tized there, April
27, 1642, died in
Paris, buried June
3, 1679. Flemish
school ; landscape
painter, pupil of
Laurens Franck-
en, with whom he
went to Paris, where he formed himself
after Poussin. Works : View in Italy, Re-
pose in Egypt, Brussels Museum ; Land-
scape with Ruins, Bordeaux Museum ; Trib-
ute to Flora, Nantes Museum ; Italian
Landscape, Berlin Museum ; do., Cassel
Gallery ; Hagar and Ishmael, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Mountainous Landscape with At-
tack of Robbers, Darmstadt Museum ; High
Trees with Buildings, Two Landscapes with
Figures (?), Dresden Gallery ; Landscape
with Figures and Sheep, do. with Offering
Ceremony, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Classic
Landscape, Sea View with Steep Cliffs, Ital-
ian Landscape, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Landscape, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do.
with Nymphs and Satyrs Dancing, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Italian Mountain Landscapes
(2), Schwerin Gallery ; Arcadian Landscape,
Stuttgart Museum ; Mountainous Land-
scapes (3), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ;
Landscape with Antique Monuments, Milan
Academy. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ; Fe-
272
MILLET
tis, Artistes beiges a 1'etranger, ii. 51 ; Jal,
865 ; Kramm, iv. 1132 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
344 ; Rooses (Reber), 415 ; Van den Bran-
den, 1076.
MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS, born at Gru"-
ville (Manche),
Oct. 4, 1814, died
at Barbizon
(Seine-et-Marne),
Jan. 20, 1875.
Genre painter,
pupil of Mouchel
and of Langlois
in Cherbourg and
of Delaroche in :
Paris. A peasant \
himself in origin ; his representations of
peasant life were painted with simple, earnest
feeling and a comprehension of its pathos
such as no other painter has reached. His
best work began in 1849, with contributions
to the Salon, which were continued up to
1870. Medals : 2d class, 1853, 1864 ; 1st
class, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1868. Works :
Milkmaid, Lesson in Riding (1844) ; (Edi-
pus (1845) ; Jews at Babylon (1848) ; The
Sower (1849) ; Country Woman .Seated, Men
binding Wheat (1850) ; Shepherds, Harvest-
ers, Clipping Sheep (1852) ; Grafter (1855),
Georges Petit, Paris, Hartmann sale (1881),
133,000 francs ; Gleaners (1857) ; Anyelita,
Death and the Woodcutter, Woman with a
Cow (1859) ; Waiting, Woman feeding her
Child, Sheep Shearers (1860) ; Shepherd col-
lecting his Sheep, Wool Carder, Man with
Hoe (1863); Shepherdess with her Flock,
Peasants bringing Home a Calf born in the
Fields (1864) ; End of Village of Greville
(1865) ; Goose Girl, Summer (1867) ; Even-
ing Prayer, Potato Harvest, Potato Planters,
Sheep-Pasture by Moonlight (1868) ; Knit-
ting Lesson (1869); November, Woman
Churning (1870) ; Church at Greville, Bath-
ers, and crayon sketches, Luxembourg Mu-
seum. Works in United States: Grafter,
Water-Drawer, Shepherdess, W. Rockefel-
ler, New York; Wool Carder, Mrs. Paran
Stevens, ib. ; After the Bath, Erwiu Davis,
ib. ; Milk-Jar, Blanchisseuse, Farm Yard
Scene, T. C. Runkle, ib. ; Shepherdess, At
the Well, Water Carrier, Rower, Hunting in
Winter, W. H. Vanderbilt, ib. ; Girl Spin-
ning, Fletcher Harper, ib. ; Milk-Jar, H. V.
Newcombe, ib. ; Feeding Poultry, Mrs. J. G.
Fell, Philadelphia; Naiad, Return of Labour-
ers, and others, Borie Collection, ib. ; Shep-
herd, H. C. Gibson, ib. ; Ruth and Boaz,
ftuckirheat Harvest, Coming Storm, Rabbits,
Washerwomen, Knitting Shejiherdeati, M.
Brimmer, Boston ; Many pictures and draw-
ings, Q. A. Shaw, ib. ; Several, Boston Mu-
seum ; Knitting Shepherdess, R. C. Taft,
Providence ; Pastoral Scene with Sheep, G.
A. Drummoud, Baltimore ; Breaking Flax,
Potato Harvest, Wheat Field, Angelus, Shep-
herd at Fold by Moonlight, W. T. Walters,
ib.; Birth of the Calf, H. Probasco, Cincin-
nati. After Millet's death 56 pictures and
studies in hi.s studio, many unfinished, sold
for 321,034 francs. — Alex. Pu-dagnel, Sou-
venirs do Barbizon (Paris, 187(5) ; Sensier,
Vie et (Euvre de J. F. Millet (Paris, 1881) ;
Art Journal (1881), 299 ; Atheiueum (1875) ;
Laroussc ; L'Art (1875), i. 149 ; Burty, Mai-
tres, 278 ; Claretie, Peintres (1874), 28 ; Cla-
re tie, Artistes et Amateurs, 386 ; Leclerq,
Caracteres, 115 ; Meyer, Gesch., 640 ; Ros-
setti, French Artists ; Gaz. desB. Arts (1869),
ii. 8 ; (1875), xi. 429; (1876), xiii. 760; (1881),
xxiii. 457 ; xxiv. 56 ; (1885), xxxi. 473 ;
Kunst-Chronik, x. 360 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
ii. 121.
MILLNER, KARL, born in 1825. Land-
scape painter, who takes his subjects mostly
from the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, which
he represents with great truth to nature and
technical skill, being especially successful in
painting stone and rocks. Many of his pict-
ures have been bought for America. Works :
Evening on the High Kampe (2, 1860), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; GosauLake, TheOber-
see near Berchtesgaden, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
Alp in Bavarian Highlands (1856), Berne
Museum.— D. Kunstbl. (1854), 440.
MILO, painter, of Soli, pupil of the sculp-
tor Pyromachus. — Pliny, xxv. 40 [146].
273
MILTON
MILTON, portrait, Cornells Jaiison van
(fallen, Pnssmore Edwards, M.P., London.
Milton at the age of ten years ; full face, fig-
ure seen to waist, life-size. Long in posses-
sion of T. Hollis, who purchased it in 1760 ;
bought by Mr. Stanhope of the poet's widow
for 20 guineas, and is probably the one re-
ferred to by Aubrey. Sold in 1884, £346
10s. Engraved by Cipriani ; Boydell (1794);
appears as frontispiece in Masson's Life of
Milton.— London Times, May 12, 1884.
MILTON DICTATING PA11ADISE
LOST, Michael Munkacsy, Lenox Gallery,
New York ; canvas. Milton seated at left
beside a table, around which are grouped
his three daughters, one writing, another
embroidering, the third standing ; all look
towards their father, as if intent upon his
words. Painted in 1877 ; medal of honour
at Paris Exhibition, 1878 ; purchased by
Robert Lenox Kennedy, of New York.
Bitched by G. Greux, in Portfolio. — Port-
folio (1880), 109; Am. Art llev. (1881), ii.
17 ; Ainer. Architect (1879), 195.
MIND, GOTTFRIED, born at Berne in
17G8, died there, Nov. 7, 1814 ; or, accord-
ing to Wurzbach, born at Lipcsc, Hungary,
in 17G8, died at Berne, Nov. 15, 1814. Ani-
mal and genre painter, first instructed by
one Legel, then pupil of Sigmund Freu-
denberger, in whose house he thenceforth
remained, faithfully assisting the master.
Mind's specialty was the representation of
cats, in which he had no equal ; many of
his pictures became widely known through
lithographs and engravings, and won him
the surname of the Cat Raphael. Among
his genre pictures those of children at play
were the most successful. Works : Various
Animals, Cat with her Young, Landwehr-
mann of Berne, Two Poodle Dogs, Basle
Museum ; Groups of Cats (3), Berne Mu-
seum.—Allgem. d. Biogr., xxi. 765 ; Wurz-
bach, xviii. 339.
MINDERHOUT, HENDRIK VAN, born
in Rotterdam in 1632, died in Antwerp,
July 22, 1696. Flemish school ; marine
painter. Free of guild at Bruges in 1663,
moved to Antwerp in 1672, and forthwith
entered the guild there. Painted harbours
and rivers with vessels very truthfully, but
the numerous figures in his pictures are of
inferior merit. Works : Harbour in the
Levant (1675), Antwerp Museum ; do., Rou-
en Museum ; do., Christiania Gallery ; View
of Reservoir at Bruges (1653), Bruges Acad-
emy ; Seaport (1673), Dresden "Museum ;
two River Views with Skippers Feasting,
Madrid Museum ; Storm at Sea, Turin Gal-
lery.— Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 483 ;
Kramm, iv. 1134 ; Van den Branden, 876.
MINERVA or Athena, pictures. See An-
liphilus, G'luanthez, Fubullus.
MINERVA REPELLING MARS, Tinto-
retto, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas. Mi-
nerva repels the God of War with her left
hand, and with her right protects Peace and
Abundance, who are seated together. En-
graved by Agos. Carracci. — Bartsch, xviii.
105 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 217.
MINISTER'S GARDEN, Cecil Lawson,
Manchester Gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 7 ft.
4 in. A tribute to the memory of Oliver
Goldsmith; suggested by "The Deserted
Village," though not meant as a portrait of
"Sweet Auburn." Composition made in
and about the hillside that crowns the vil-
lage of Sandhurst. The Minister's Garden,
an old-fashioned one, with hollyhocks, roses,
and marigolds, occupies the foreground on
the slope of the hill which fades away into
the distance ; at left, under a tree, are bee-
hives ; in the middle distance, a few figures.
Grosvenor Gallery,1878.— Mag. of Art (1884),
483 ; Gosse, Cecil Lawsou, 20, 25.
MINJON. See Mifjnon.
MINNIGERODE, LUDWIG, born at
Stryi, Galicia, April 12, 1847. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Vienna Academy under Eduard
Engerth, settled in Vienna. Medal in Phila-
delphia, 1876. Works : Tete-a-Tete ; Morn-
ing Bath ; Studying Monk (1874); Sleeping
274
MODEL
Willshire, Int., 444 ; Duplessis, Merveilles
de la Gravure (1869), 35 ; Bernasconi, 205.
MODEL, CHOICE OF A (La Modela),
Mariano Fortuny, William Stewart, Paris.
Academicians of Saint Luke, Rome, choos-
ing a model. A group of painters, in tlie
costume of the 18th century, are examining
critically a nude young woman who is pos-
ing upon a marble table. The painter has
placed the scene in one of the salles of the
Colonna Palace. Painted in Rome in 1873.
— Davillier, Fortuny, 97, 113.
MOELLEll, LOUIS, born in New York
in 1855. Genre painter, pupil of the Na-
tional Academy, studied under Duveneck
and Professor Dietz at Munich ; spent six
years abroad. First exhibited at National
Academy in 1883. Studio in New York.
Works : Blunder, Selection, Morning News,
T. B. Clarke, New York ; Road to School
(1883) ; Puzzled (1884) ; Short Measure
(1885) ; An Interior (1886).
MOENCH-MUNICH, CHARLES VIC-
TOIRE FREDERIC, bom in Paris, April
10, 1784, died in 1867. History painter,
pupil of Girodet-Triosou. Medal, 2d class,
1817. Works: Boreas aiuLOrythia (1817);
Diana and Actaeon ; View at Rome ; Holy
Family (1831) ; Christ taken from Tomb by
Angels (1842) ; King Candaules and his
Wife (1846); Waiting, Return (1847) ; Two
Views of Tn'port (1850); Study of a Wom-
an (1855); Naiad ; Susanna Bathing (1857);
Circle of Cupids (1859); Birth of Venus and
Cupid (1861).— Bellier, ii. 102 ; Larousse.
MOER, JEAN BAPTISTE VAN, born in
Brussels in 1819, died there, Dec. 7, 1884.
Architecture and landscape painter ; visited
repeatedly France and Italy. Medals : Par-
is, 1853, 1855, 1861 ; Brussels, 1854 ; Ly-
ons, 1858 ; Metz, 1861 ; Order of Leopold,
1860. Works : Interior of Studio in Brus-
sels (1853); St Gudule's, ib.; Canal in Ven-
ice (1864); San Marco, ib.; Great Choir in
San Marco, ib. ; Court of Doge's Palace, ib. ;
Chapel of S. Giovanni in San Marco, ib. ;
Isle of S. Giorgio near Venice ; Interior of S.
Maria in Beleui ; Roman Arcades in Spalato ;
\ View from Montjuich ; Lion Court of Al-
hambra ; Mosque of Cordova ; View in Ant-
werp, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Decorations,
staircase of Royal Palace, Brussels. — Gaz.
des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 372 ; (1865), xix.
26 ; (1867), xxiii. 16 ; Chronique des Arts
(1884), 512 ; Miiller, 375.
MOERENHOUT, JOSEPH JODOCUS,
born atEekeren, near Antwerp, May 3, 1801.
Landscape and battle painter, pupil of Ant-
werp Academy ; won several prizes, then
studied at The Hague the masterpieces of
Wouwermau and Berchem, and in Paris un-
der Horace Vernet. He painted landscapes
conjointly with Schelfhout. Works : Out-
post of Cossacks (1827), Horse-race (1829),
Stable Interior, Amsterdam Museum ; do.
(1840), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Skirmish on
Yzereuberg near Louvain (1833) ; Winter
Landscape with Horses and Figures (1840);
Falcon Chase (1841) ; Sleigh on Frozen Ca-
nal (1848), Lady riding in Falcon Chase
(184(5), New Pinakothek, Munich. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 232.
MOEYART. See Jfoijaert.
MOHN, VICTOR PAUL, born at Meis-
sen, Nov. 17, 1842. Landscape painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy and of Ludwig
Richter, then studied in Rome, 1866-69.
Works : Easter Morning in the Campagna,
Day in February at Torre del Quinto(1871);
Sunday in Spring (1872); Wedding Journey
i (1876); Decorations in Royal Theatre, Dres-
den (1876-77).— Miiller, 373.
MOJA, FEDERICO, born in Milan in
1802. Architecture painter, pupil of Milan
Academy under Migliara, like whom he
painted exterior and interior views of
churches, palaces, etc., enlivened with many
figures. Works : Interior of Milan Cathe-
dral (1838), Vienna Museum ; San Marco in
Venice ; Interior of St. Germain's in Paris
during Siege under Henry TV., do. of Cap-
pella di Rosario, Venice, Doge's Palace, ib. ;
The Certosa near Pavia (1844) ; San Maria
de' Frari, Venice (1852) ; Amphitheatre at
Verona (1853); Interior of Trappist Monas-
| tery ; Canal Grande in Venice (2); San Mar-
277
MOL
co, ib. ; Certosa near Pavia (1857), Emperor
of Austria. — Wurzbacli, xviii. 449.
MOL, PEETEK VAN, born in Antwerp,
Nov. 17, 159!), died in Paris, April 8, 1G50.
Flemish school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Soger van de Grave ; imitator of j
Rubens. Master of the guild in 1022-23,
went to Paris in 1031, and was one of the
founders of the Academy of Painting in
1048. His colour is heavy and wanting in
harmony. Works : Adoration of Magi, Ant-
werp Museum ; Descent from the Cross,
Louvre ; do., in Lille and lleims Museums ;
Adoration of the Shepherds, Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Diogenes with the Lantern, Orleans
Museum ; Continence of Scipio, Rouen Mu-
seum ; An Elder, Lyons Museum ; Pharaoh's
Daughter, Monte Museum ; Isaac blessing
Jacob, Berlin Museum ; Ecce Homo, Am-
sterdam Museum ; Head of St. John Bap-
tist, Copenhagen Museum ; Portrait of David
Teniers the elder ; do. of
nna of Austria. — Ch.
Blanc, Kcole flamande ;
Jal, 80S ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 31C ; Kramni,
iv. 1138 ; Rooses (Reber), 327 ; Van den
Brandeu, 7G5.
MOLA, PIETRO FRANCESCO, born at
Coldre, near Co-
mo, in 1G1'2, died
in Rome, May 13,
10GO. Bolognese
school ; son of
Giovanni Battista
Mola, an archi-
tect ; pupil i 11
Rome of Cavaliere
d'Arpino ; after-
wards studied in
Venice, and settled at Bologna, where he
became the friend and pupil of Albaui. Re-
turned to Rome and was patronized by In-
nocent X., by Alexander VII., Queen Chris-
tina of Sweden, and by most of the nobility.
He became prince of the Academy of St.
Luke, and was invited to France by Louis
XIV., who offered him a large salary ; but
Mola died while making preparations for
his departure. He painted both historical
subjects and landscapes. His manner is
somewhat like that of Guerciuo. Among
his works are : St. Peter delivered from
Prison, and Conversion of St. Paul, in the
Church del Gesii, Rome ; Joseph making
himself known to his Brethren, Quirinal
Palace, Rome ; Assumption, St. Michael the
Archangel, S. Marco, Rome ; Adoration of
the Magi, do. of the Shepherds, and Paint-
er's portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; Abraham and
Hagar, Capitol, Rome ; St. Bruno, Palazzo
Doria, Rome ; Vision of St. Rombold, Naples
Museum ; St. John preaching in the Wilder-
ness, Repose in Egypt, National Gallery,
London ; Baptism of Christ, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Death of Dido, Hero by the Body
of Leaiider, Dresden Museum ; Marriage of
St. Catharine, Kiinigsberg Museum ; The
Magdalen in a Cavern, Abraham casting off
Hagar, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Jacob in
, Conversation with Rachel (2), Repose in
Egypt, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Rape of
Europa, Leuchtenberg Gallery, ib. ; St. John
predicting the Coming of the Messiah, Stutt-
gart Museum ; Hero finding Leander's Body,
i Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Repose in
Egypt, Harrach Gallery, ib. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 704, 793, 808.
MOLENAER, CORNELIS, called Strabo
or Neel de Scheeler (cross-eyed), born in
Antwerp about 1540, died there after 1591.
Flemish school ; landscape painter of great
merit ; master of the guild in 15G4. His
pictures show a certain grandeur of com-
position, fine colouring and perspective,
and especially elaborate treatment of trees.
Painted by the day like a workman and
often finished a landscape per diem, for
which he was paid a daelder (1 fl. 50).
Works : Winter Landscape with Skaters,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Wood do. with
Good Samaritan,
Berlin Museum;
Peasant Company,
Flemish School,
Peasants Dancing, Stuttgart Museum ; Win-
ter Landscape, Stockholm Museum ; Three
278
MOLENAER
Marines, Madrid Museum. — Michiels, vi.
143 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 135 ; Rooses (Reber),
110 ; Van den Brauden, 272.
MOLENAER, JAN MIENSE, born in
Haarlem, died there, buried Sept. 19, 1GG8.
Dutch school ; genre painter ; imitator, if
not pupil, of Frans Hals, later influenced
by Rembrandt. His pictures representing
peasant life are animated, the colouring
warm and clear. Works : Peasant Woman
and Boy, Buckingham Palace, London ;
Tailor's Shop, Earl of Shrewsbury, Alton
Towers ; Dutch Interiors (2), Brussels Mu-
seum ; Evening Prayer, Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Village Festival (1G58), Hague Muse-
um ; Two Rustic Interiors, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Merry Peasant Party, Peasant and
Fiddler, Dresden Gallery ; Interior of Flem-
ish Tavern, Village Wedding, Musi'e Rath,
Geneva; Tavern with Dancer (1G59), Bal-
lad Singer, Berlin Museum ; Guard Room,
Brunswick Museum ; Peasant Wedding in
Village Inn, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Jealous
Wife at the Inn (1650), Gallery, Copenha-
gen ; Frugal Repast, Moltke Collection, ib.;
Peasants at Cards in Tavern, Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; do. (2), and Peasants Dancing, Kuust-
halle, Hamburg ; Smoker holding a Glass,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort; Dutch School-
room, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Interior
of a Smithy, Konigsberg Museum ; Peasants
Carousing, Leipsic Museum ; Winter Land-
scape with Skaters, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Rustic Interior, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Interior with many Figures, Winter Palace,
ib.; Peasants at Cards, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Peasant with Mug, Woman Singing,
Merry Company, Peasants' Brawl, Schwerin
Gallery ; Peasant Company (2), Feast of the
Bean, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Boors
Regaling, The *
%££*£J jd.J«&«f*
ciety, New York. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxii.
210 ; Bode, Studien, 199, 615 ; Burger, Mu- 1
sees, ii. 268 ; Immerzeel, ii. 234 ; Kugler !
(Crowe), ii. 426 ; Kramm, iv. 1139 ; Riegel, j
Beitrage, ii. 338 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 157. I
/VI|
- /I
! MOLENAER, NICOLAAS or KLAAS,
born in Haarlem, died there, buried Dec.
31, 1676. Dutch school ; landscape and
genre painter in the manner of Isaak von
Ostade and Dekker ; joined the Haarlem
guild in 1651. Has often been confounded
with the much earlier Flemish master, Cor-
nelis Molenaer. Works : Bleachery, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Canal with Skaters, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Winter Landscape,
Christiauia Gallery ; do., Bamberg Gallery ;
do., Leipsic Museum ; do., and Peasants at
the Inn, Scliweriii Gallery ; do., Historical
Society, New York ; Two River Landscapes,
j Brunswick Gallery ; Ballad Singer before
[ Village Inn (1G50), Schleissheim Gallery ;
, Two Landscapes, Stuttgart Museum ; Win-
ter Landscape, and'
two others, Liech- (
teusteiu Gallery, f
! Vienna. — Kugler / V f
(Crowe), ii. 42G ; Kramm, iv. 1130 ; Bode,
Studien, 205 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 353, 398 ;
, Van der Willigen, 225.
MOLENAER, PEETER. See .Uctilcncr.
MOLIKRE BREAKFASTING WITH
LOUIS XIV., Jean Leon Gcrfmie, James H.
Stebbins, New York. Scene illustrating a
doubtful story narrated by Madame Cam-
pan, that the King, when trying to create
the drama in France, finding that his gen-
tlemen refused to dine with Moliere, the
upholsterer's son, put them to shame by in-
viting him to his own table. Photogravure
in Art Treasures of America. — Art Treas. of
Amer., i. 99.
By Hegesippe Jean Vetter, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 3 f t. 3 in.
Salon, 1864.
MOLESTO, IL. See Jmac and Rebekah,
Marriage of.
MOLLER, JENS PETER, born at Faa-
borg, in Fiinen, Oct. 5, 1783, died in Copen-
hagen, Sept. 29, 1854. Landscape painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; visited Bel-
gium, France, and Italy, in 1810-13, studied
in Paris the works of Claude Lorrain, re-
turned to Denmark in 1815, became profes-
279
HOLLER
sor, member of the Academy, and conserva-
tor of the Royal Gallery in 1826. Order of
Danuebrog, 1829 ; Officer, 1840. Works :
Views of Castles Kronborg and Frederiks-
borg, Wetterhorn and llosenlaui Glacier
(1834), Wood-Path near Elsinore (1838),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Strait of Svendborg,
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen ; Four
Divisions of Day, Castle Christiausborg. —
Raczyuski, iii. 549 ; Weilbach, 500.
MOLLER, NIELS BJORNSEN, born at
Drammen, Norway, in 1829. Landscape
painter, pupil of Copenhagen and Diissel-
dorf Academies ; visited Switzerland, Paris,
and the North of Europe. Medal, Vienna,
1873 ; lives in Diisseldorf. Works : Water-
fall in Norway ; Wetterhorn ; Noruiis in the
Sogne Fjord ; Thun Lake ; Harbour of Ref-
uge at Lvsakiel ; Pilot Watch ; Swedish
Landscape (18(!0), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
View in Lysekil, Sweden (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 188G). His wife Johanna (nee
Holmlund, born in 1825, died in Diisseldorf,
March 25, 1872), was a skilful genre painter.
— Miiller, 374 ; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 270.
MOLS, ROBERT, born at Antwerp, con-
temporary. Landscape and marine painter
in Antwerp. Medals: Paris, 3d class, 1874 ;
2d class, 1870. Works : Roadstead of Ant-
werp, City Hall, Antwerp ; Great Harbour
Reservoir in Antwerp ; View of Rouen ; Har-
bour of Havre ; Dordrecht (1884) ; On the
Scheldt (1885) ; Bordeaux (1886) ; Harbour
of Hamburg (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin,
(1886).— Miiller, 374.
MOLTENI, GIUSEPPE, Cavaliere, bom
at Affori, near Milan, Oct. 23, 1800, died in
Milan, Jan. 11, 1867. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Milan Academy ;
attracted attention in 1829 through the ex-
hibition of a series of portraits, and in con-
sequence was afterwards employed at the
Imperial Court in Vienna ; painted many
genre pictures of romantic tendency, and in
1855 became conservator of the Brera Gal-
lery in Milan, having entered the Senate of
the Academy in 1850. Works : Holy Fami-
ly, National Gallery, Berlin ; Lady at Con-
1 fessional (1838), Vienna Museum ; Pieta,
Three portraits, Fondazione Poldi-Pezzoli,
; Milan.— Jordan (1885), ii. 154 ; Wurzbach,
xix. 29.
MOLYN, PIETER DE, the elder, born
in London before 1600, died in Haarlem,
buried March 23, 1661. Dutch school ;
I landscape painter ; entered Haarlem guild
I in 1616, dean in 1633. Painted flat and
hilly landscapes with great truth ; colouring
warm and forcible, skies of great transpar-
ency ; excellent draughtsman ; also painted
military scenes. Works : Night Festival
(1625), Brussels Museum ; Rural Frolic,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Sandy Height with
Group of Trees (1626), Brunswick Gallery ;
Winter Landscape with Skaters (1626),
Venice Academy ; Village Plundered (1630),
Haarlem Museum ; Cavalry Attack (1643),
Palais de 1'Elysi'e, Paris ; Landscape with
Figures (1646), Berg Collection, Stockholm ;
do. (2, 1657), Friesendorff Collection, ib.; do.
(1660), Rediu Collection, ib.; do., Michael-
son Collection, ib.; do., Sander Collection,
ib. ; Ravine with Figures, Berlin Museum ;
Horsemen before Inn, Vienna Academy ;
Landscape, Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; do.,
Uffizi, Florence ; Farm Yard, Rotterdam
Museum ; In the Downs, Bordeaux Muse-
um ; Attack of Robbers (1640), Hanover
Gallery ; River Landscape (attributed to
Van Goyen), Mannheim Gallery. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 462 ; Nagler, Mon., iv. 649 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 350 ; Van der Willigen,
225 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 168 ; xiv. 96 ;
xvi. 60 ; xix. 369.
MOLYN, PIETER, the younger (called
II Cavaliere Tempesta), born in Haarlem in
1637, died in Milan, June 29, 1701. Dutch
school ; son of Pieter the elder. At first
painted animals and hunts in the style of
280
MOMMEBS
Frans Snyders, and afterwards, while in
Italy, sea-storms and shipwrecks, whence
his surname.
Called also Pietro
Mulier, or de Mu-
lieribus, because
he caused his wife
to be assassinated
in order to many
his mistress, for
which he was im-
prisoned in Genoa
five years; when
liberated, he deserted his second wife and
went to Milan, where he led a wild life,
under the name of Pietro Mulier. His
works mark the decline of Dutch as well
as Italian painting. Works : Plundering of
a City in Winter, Military Camp, Brunswick
Gallery ; Italian Landscape with Repose in
Egypt, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Landscapes with
Shepherds and Cattle (3), Cassel Gallery ;
Thunder-Storm (3), Landscape with John
the Baptist, do. with Man and Oxen, Dres-
den Gallery ; Sally from a Castle, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Signal Tower on Sea
Coast, Oldenburg Gallery ; Storm at Sea,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Four Land-
scapes, Schleissheim Gallery ; Two Cattle-
pieces, Museum, Vienna ; Destruction of
Sodom and Gomorrah (1696), Five Land-
scapes, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Land-
scape with Figures and Dog, Czernin Gal-
lery, ib.; Artist's portrait, Uffizi, Florence ;
Marine with Jonah and the Whale (2), do.
with Christ and the Apostles Fishing (2),
Galleria Estense, Modena ; Cattle-pieces
(2), Moonlight, Landing of J3neas in Italy,
Historical So-
ciety, New
York ; others
and other Ital-
ian Galleries. — Ch. Blanc, I5cole hollandaise ;
Immerzeel, ii. 225 ; Museo fiorentino, iii.
281 ; Nagler, Mon., iv. 649 ; Riegel, Bei-
trage, ii. 425.
MOMMERS, HENDRIK, born in Haar-
lem in 1623, died there in 1697. Dutch
school ; landscape and animal painter, mas-
ter of the guild in 1647, president in 1654 ;
studied nature in Italy, and on his return
home worked in the style of Karel du Jar-
din. A vigorous and at the same time pleas-
ing tone prevails in his Italian vegetable
markets, marines, and pastures. Works :
Market, Brussels Museum ; Mountain Laud-
scape with Shepherds and Sheep, Rotterdam
Museum ; Market Square in Rome, Aschaf-
fenburg Gallery ; Hilly Landscape with Shep-
herdess and Boys, Berlin Museum ; Ani-
mals drinking at a Well, Ferdinandeum,
Innsbruck ; Animal-piece with Shepherdess
Milking, Leipsic Museum ; Landscape with
Cattle and Sheep, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
White Bull, Oldenburg Gallery ; Herd Rest-
ing, Schleissheim Gallery ; Landscape with
Sale of Fruit, etc., do. with Riders, Liech-
tenstein Gallery,
Vienna; Large |Vj 0 7l1
Landscape, Stock-
holm Museum. — Immerzeel, ii. 23(1 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), ii. 452 ; Kramm, iv. 1140.
MOMPER, FRAXS DE, born in Antwerp,
died there in 1660-61. Dutch school ; land-
scape painter, formed under the influence
of Dutch masters like Van Goyen and Rogh-
man ; entered guild of Antwerp in 1629-30,
painted there, at Haarlem, and The Hague.
Work : View of Amsterdam, Berlin Museum.
—Meyer, Museen, 291, 562 ; Zeitschr. f b.
K, vii. 172.
MOMPER, JODOCUS (Joost, Josse) DE,
the younger, born in Antwerp in 1564, died
there between Nov. 2, 1634, and March 9,
1635. Flemish school ; landscape painter,
son and pupil of Bartholomeus de Momper ;
entered the guild in 1581, was its dean in
1611. Jan Brueghel, Frans Francken, the
younger, Hendrik van Balen, and Teniers,
the elder, his friends and fellow-workers,
painted the figures in his pictures. Works :
281
MONA
Landscape with Hunting Incident of Arch-
duke Maximilian, Antwerp Museum; Re-
pose in Egypt, Antwerp
Cathedral ; Mountain-
ous Landscape, Amster-
dam Museum ; Laud-
scapes (4) depicting the
Seasons, Mountainous
Landscapes (3), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; Tower
of Babel, Alpine Land-
scape, Cassel Gallery ;
do., Berlin Museum ;
Rocky Landscapes (3), Mountainous do. (4),
Dresden Gallery ; View of St. Gothard,
Rocky Landscape, Vienna Museum ; Land-
scapes (4), Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (12),
Madrid Museum ; Landscape, Mass in a
Grotto, View of a Castle, Landscape with
Vintage, Travellers passing Cavern, Aschaf-
fenburg Gallery ; Bird's Eye View of a
Landscape, Old Pinakothek, Munich; Dutch
Seaport, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
others in Museums of Cologne, Darmstadt
(2), Lille, Nantes, Naples ; in Galleries
of Bamberg, Christiania, Oldenburg (2),
Schwerin (2), Turin ; Harrach and Liech-
tenstein Galleries, Vienna ; Hermitage, St.
Petersburg. — Allgem. d. Biogr., xxii. 159 ;
Biog. nat. de Belgique, v. 504 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers
(1874), 109 , Kugler (Crowe), i. 2GO;Kramm,
iv. 1141 , Michiels, ix. 123 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii 38 ; Rooses (Reber), 120 ; Van den Bran-
den, 309 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 172.
MONA (Monio), DOMENICO, born in
Ferrara in 1550, died in Parma in 1002.
Lombard school ; pupil of Giuseppe Mazzu-
oli ; had great facility of execution, and left
many large works in Ferrara, whence Le was
obliged to flee after he had killed an officer
of Cardinal Aldobrandini's household in a
fit of frenzy. Some of his pictures are
praiseworthy, but many are inferior. — Lanzi,
iii. 210 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ferraraise.
MONA LISA, Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre ;
wood, H. 2 ft. G in. x 1 ft. 9 in. Portrait of
Mona (Madonna, Madame) Lisa Gherardi-
ni, third wife (married 1495) of Francesco
del Giocondo, whence called La Gioconda
(Fr., La Joconde). Half-length, life-size,
seated in an arm-chair, with hands crossed ;
costume simple, without ornament ; back-
ground, a mountainous landscape. Painted
in 1500-1504, Leonardo having had it four
years in hand. Francis I. paid 4,000 gold
crowns for it a few years later. Many cop-
ies, some by pupils of Leonardo : Madrid
Museum ; Munich Gallery ; Hermitage, St.
Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre.
Petersburg ; Prince Torlonia, Rome ; Casa
Mozzi, Florence ; Villa Sommariva, Lake of
Como ; Earl of Wemyss, Mr. Hume, Mr.
Woodburn, London. Engraved by Fau-
chery ; Massard ; Calamatta ; Bridoux. -
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 39 ; Clement, 219, 373 ;
Rigollot, i. 295 ; Heaton, Leonardo, 49, 264 ;
Gilbert, Cadore, 75 ; Richter, Leonardo, 88 ;
Museefraiujais, ii. Part 2 ; Klas. derMalerei,
i. PI. 18 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 163 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ; Filhol, xi. PI.
29 ; Larousse, ix. 997.
MOXACA
MONACA, LA (The Nun), attributed to
Leonardo da Vimd (?), Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 4 in. Half-length, in black
dress, with white veil falling upon shoulders ;
holds a book in left hand ; background,
seen through two arches, the buildings of
a city with hill in distance. Supposed by
some to be a portrait of Ginevra, wife of
Amerigo Benci, which Leonardo painted in
Florence about 1500, but the picture is
probably not by Leonardo. Bought by
Ferdinand III. of Niccolini family. En-
graved by Marchi. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 39 ;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL 36 ; Clement, 374 •
Rigollot, Hist, des Arts, etc., i. 301 ; Hea-
ton, 266, 270.
MONACHESI, NICOLA, born at Tolenti-
no, Italy, in 1795, died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
in 1851. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of the Accademia di S. Luca, Rome,
under Gasparo Landi, where he won the
first prize for painting. In 1831 he emi-
grated to America, made his home in Phila-
delphia, and soon after became a naturalized
citizen. Among his earliest patrons were
Stephen Girard, Madam Rush, and Joseph
Bonaparte. In 1832 he executed a series of
frescos in St. John's Roman Catholic Church
(then the Cathedral), Philadelphia, which
brought him into prominent notice. These,
painted upon wet plaster, are said to have
been the first real frescos executed in this
country. In 1833-34 he frescoed the Phila-
delphia Merchants' Exchange, and in 1834
Matthew Newkirk's residence, the decora-
tions of which were carefully preserved
when it was made into St. George's Hall.
He also frescoed the Roman Catholic
Churches of St. Mary, St. Joseph, St. Au-
gustine, and St. Philip, and painted altar-
pieces for them. In 1841-42 his large his-
torical picture, The Murder of Jane McCrea,
was exhibited in Philadelphia. His por-
traits exist in many old families of Phila-
delphia and its vicinity.
MONACO. See Lorenzo Monaco.
MONARCH OF THE GLEN, Sir Edwin
Landaeer, H. W. Eaton, M.P., London ;
canvas, about 5 ft. 6 in. square. A noble
stag, crowned with twelve tines, stands
among the clouds on a throne of rock and
heather, proudly rearing his head, breath-
ing defiance to all rivals. Painted in 1851 ;
intended to fill a square panel in the House
of Lords, but declined. Landseer soon had
his revenge when the picture won the ad-
miration of everybody at the Academy Ex-
hibition. Sold to Lord Londesborough for
350 guineas ; at Lady Otho Fitzgerald sale
(1884), £6,510. Engraved by Thomas Land-
seer. — London Times, May 12, 1884.
MONCADA, FRANCISCO DE, portrait,
Francisco de Moncada, Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris.
Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H.
9 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. Equestrian portrait of
Moncada, Marquis d'Aytona, commander of
the Spanish forces in the Netherlands (born
in 1586, died in 1635). He is in armour,
bare-headed, with a red silk scarf on left
arm, and a commander's baton in his hand.
One of Van Dyck's best equestrian pictures.
Painted about 1632. Engraved by R Mor-
ghen ; Vorsterman. Study (bust) in Lou-
vre ; engraved by Snyderhoef. — Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Filhol.
283
MONCHABLON
MONCHABLOX, XAVIER ALPHOXSE,
born at Avillers (Vosges), June 12, 1835.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Cor-
nu, Gleyre, and the Ecole des Beaux Arts.
Won tlie grand prix de Rome in 18G3.
Medals: 180!); 2d class, 1874. Works:'
Four Evangelists (1874, cartoons for fres-
cos) ; Salvator Mundi (1875) ; Joan of Arc ,
(187G) ; Toilet of Venus (1877) ; Fallen Ti- '
tan, Summer, August, October (1878) ; An-
nunciation (1882) ; Lorraine and its illustri-
ous Children (1886), Faculty of Literature, .
Nancy; portraits of Victor Hugo (1880), and
others. — Bellier, ii. 107; Claretie (1874),
Peintres, 32S.
MONDINO. See Xcartdla.
MONET, CLAUDE, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Landscape painter, of the so-
called Impressionist school. Works: Mouth
of the Seine at Honfleur (1805) ; Camille,
Fontainebleau Forest (1800) ; Vessels leav-
ing Le Havre (1808) ; Lavacourt (1880) ;
Portraits of Marshal de Mailly and of Due
de Noailles, Perpignan Museum. In New
York were exhibited in 1880 : Breaking up
of Ice on the Seine, Low Tide at Pourville,
Snow at Port Tillers, La Mamie Porte at
Etretat, Cap d'Antifer, A Farm, Study of
Willow Trees, Canal in Holland, A Wheat
Field, The Seine at Lavacour, The Seine at
Giverny, Cabin at Pourville, Near Monte
Carlo, The Seine at Argenteuil, and several
others.— Gaz. des B. Ails (1883), xxvii. 342.
MOXEY CHANGERS, Quinten Massi/s,
Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. ;
signed, dated 1518 (or 1519?). Called also
the Banker and bis Wife. Two figures, a
man and his wife, seated behind a table,
the former weighing gold coin, the latter
turning over the leaves of a black-letter
volume. A small round mirror on the table
reflects the head of a third person not seen
in the picture. Acquired in 1806, of the
Sieur Marivaux, for 1,800 francs. Many repe-
titions or copies, some by Marianus de Seew.
— Kugler (Crowe), i. 116 ; Cat. Louvre.
MONGIN, PIERRE, born in Paris in
1701, died at Versailles, May 18, 1827.
Landscape and battle painter, took part in
the first campaigns of the republic, and
painted many of their incidents. Was al-
so a gifted and witty writer. Works : The
Emperor's Bivouac near Castle Ebersberg
in 1809 (1810), Reserve Army passing
through Defiles of Albarede (1812), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Blessing the Troops de-
parting for Italy (1814), Marseilles Museum;
Park Landscapes (4, 1793, 1795), Wood and
River Landscapes (4, 1795, 1796), Domestic
Happiness, Mother's Joy, Schweriu Gallery.
—Bellier, ii. 108 ; Kunstbl. (1827), 232.
MONGINOT, CHARLES, born in Bri-
enne (Aube), Sept. 24, 1825. Fruit, flower,
and animal painter, pupil of Couture. Much
employed in decorative work. Medals :
1864, 1809. Works : Still Life (1853), Lux-
embourg Museum ; do., Chartres Museum ;
Landlord's Impost (1863), Troyes Museum ;
Blood Drinkers, Milk Drinkers (1883) ;
Charlotte and her Pigeons, Ape and Foun-
tain (1884) ; Corner of Fish Market, Chev-
alier of the 10th century (1885) ; A Medal,
with the Feet in the Plate (1880).— Meyer,
Gesck, 713 ; Bellier, ii. 109.
MONI, LOUIS DE, born at Breda in
1698, died at Leyden,
Sept. 15, 1771. Dutch
school ; genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of
Van Kessel and Biset,
then at The Hague of
Philip van Dyck, whom
he accompanied to Cas-
sel ; lived for many
years in Leyden ; stud-
ied Gerard Dou, and tried to imitate his
style. Works : Cavalier offering Purse to
Girl with Cat, Louvre ; Lacemaker (1742),
Hague Museum ; Woman watering Flowers,
Amsterdam Museum ; Girl and Fishwife,
Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Maid at
Window opening
Oysters, Vienna
Museum ; Boy rescuing a Bird from a Cat,
Fishmonger Woman and Boy, Carlsruhe
284
MONTFOOET
Works : Hamlet of Cheue-Rogueux, Banks of
the Indre (1875) ; September Morning near
Brignoles, Environs of Loches (1876) ; Pond
of ChOne-Perci-, The Seine at the Pond-
National, Bercy (1877) ; Autumn Morning
in Provence (1879) ; Coast of Saint-Waast-
la-Hongue, Evening in Provence (1880) ;
Evening in the Fields, On the Cliff (1881) ;
In Provence, Port of Commerce at Tou-
lon (1882) ; Transport-Ship leaving Toulon
(1883), Luxembourg Museum ; Cemetery on
Coast of Mediterranean (1883) ; Landing
Place for Oranges at Toulon, Village of Six-
fours (1884) ; Embarking of Troops at Tou-
lon ; The Grande Route from Toulon to La
Seyne (1885) ; On the Coast of Provence
(1886).— Bellier, ii. 115.
MONTFOORT, ANTHONIS VAN, called
Van Blockland, born at Montfoort about
1532-34, died at Utrecht in 1583. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, pupil in
Antwerp of Fraus Floris, whose style he imi-
tated. Married at the age of nineteen, and
settled at Delft. In 1572 he went to Italy j
and studied works of the great masters ; on
his return settled in Utrecht. His treatment
of the nude is praiseworthy. His religious
subjects are distinguished for simplicity of
feeling. Works: Diana and Acfcvon (1573),
Vienna Museum ; Adoration of Shepherds,
Berlin Museum. -- Immerzeel, ii. 237 ;
Kramm, iv. 1144 ; Nagler, Mon., i. 02.
MONTFOET, ANTOINE ALPHONSE,
born in Paris, April 3, 1802. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Horace Vemet,
of Gros, and the Ecole des Beaux Arts.
Medals : 3d class, 1837, 1863. Works : Pi-
rates in Greek Archipelago (1837) ; View
of Nazareth (1844) ; Return to the Tribe,
Arab Women around Cistern, Village of
Nazareth— Syria (1855); Arab Camp (1859);
Start for Falcon Chase (1863) ; Syrian Far-
rier, Street of Latakia (1876); Arab Camp
in the Desert (1878) ; Enrolment in Syria,
1838 (1881).— Bellier, ii. 115.
MONVEL; LOUIS MAURICE BOUTET
DE, born at Orleans, France ; contempora-
ry. Figure painter, pupil of Cabanel, Jules
Lefebvre, Boulanger, and Carolus-Duran.
Medals: 3d class, 1878; 2d class, 1880.
Works : Marguerite and Martha at Church
(1874), Orleans Museum ; Toilet of Truth
(1877); Good Samaritan (1878); Lesson be-
fore the Sabbath, On the High Plateaus in
Algeria (1880); Return from Market in Ka-
bylia (1882); On the Strand (1885) ; Sun-
effect in Algeria (1886).
MONVOISIN, RAYMOND AUGUSTE
QUINSAC, born at Bordeaux, Aug. 3, 1794,
died at Boulogne-sur-Sdne, April 1, 1870.
History painter, pupil of Gm'rin ; won the
grand prix de Rome in 1822. He founded
a school of art in Valparaiso, where he lived
sixteen years. Medals : 1st class, 1831,
1837. He married Domenica Festa (born
1805, in Rome), a skilful miniature painter.
Works : Christ healing the Possessed (1819),
Bordeaux Museum ; Orestes and Pylades
(1822) ; River Scamauder (1824) ; Telema-
chus and Eucharis (1827); Shipwreck (1827);
Birth of the Virgin (1830), Notre Dame de
Lorette ; Exaltation of Sixtus V. (1831),
Luxembourg Museum ; Ali-Pasha and Vasil-
iki, Blanche de Beaulieu, Louis XIV. and
Mile, de la ValluTe (1833); Jeanne LaFolle
(1834), Amiens Museum ; Death of Charles
IX. (1835), Montpellier Museum ; Battle of
Denaiu (1837); Session of the 9th Thermi-
dor (1838) ; Christ on the Cross, Death of
the Poet Gilbert (1839), Nancy Museum ;
Christ surrounded by Angels ; Paraguayan
Man and Wife ; Cacique of theAraucanians ;
Captive Chilian Woman among Araucanian
Indians (1859); Women Bathing ; The Cor-
dilleras, Resignation (1863) ; Travelling in
the Cordilleras, Souvenir of the Cordilleras
(1864); Creation of Man ; John Huss ; Joan
of Arc at the Fountain ; Joan of Arc wound-
ed ; Joan of Arc at the Stake ; Christ ap-
pearing to his Apostles ; Groups of Spirits
receiving Spiritual Communications ; Por-
traits of five kings of France, of Conneta-
287
MOOXEY
ble Chatillon (1835), of Marshals Xaintrail-
les (1834), Gvo, Trivulce (1835), Lavardin.
Noailles, Dampierre, three others, Versailles
Museum.— Bellier, ii. 117 ; Larousse ; Mey-
er, Gesch., 277.
MOONEY, EDWARD, born in New York
in 1813. Portrait painter, pupil of the Na-
tional Academy, Inman, and William Page.
Professional life passed in New York, with
the exception of four winters in Columbus,
Ga., and Savannah. Gold medal from Na-
tional Academy, when a pupil there. Elect-
ed an A.N.A.'in 1834, and N.A. in 1840.
Portraits : Ex-Mayors Andrew Mickle, Jacob
K. Westervelt, Isaac L. Varian, City Hall,
New York ; Achmct Ben Aman (1840), Com-
mon Council, ib. ; Judge Edmunds (New
York Bar) ; Governor Seward, State House,
Albany.
MOOR, KAREL DE, the elder, born in
Leyden, Feb. 22,
1656, died at War-
mond, Feb. 1C,
1738. Dutch
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Gerard Don,
Abraham van den
Tempel, Frans van
Mieris, and God-
fried Schalcken, whose realistic tendencies he
followed. He treated both sacred and pro-
lane history, but excelled in life-size por-
traits, resembling in animation and mas-
tery those of Abraham van den Tempel.
Created chevalier by the Emperor of Austria
for his portraits of Prince Eugene and the
Duke of Marlborough. Works : Dutch
Family, Louvre ; Young Lady with Bou-
quet, Antwerp Museum ; Portraits of Trus-
tees, Leprosenhuys, Amsterdam ; Flight into
Egypt, Offering, Rotterdam Museum ; Brutus
sentencing his Sons, Town Hall, Leyden ;
Portrait Group, Museum, ib. ; Joseph inter-
preting Dreams, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
Lady as Fishmonger, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Hermit, Dresden Gallery; do. (1730), and
Ecce Homo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Man with White Beard, Stuttgart Museum ;
Male Portrait (1597), Liechtenstein Gallery,
-o ''/
Vienna ; Pyramus and Thisbe (1710), Turin
Museum. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers (1874),
112 ; Immerzeel, ii. 238 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
541; Kramm, iv. 1148; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 26.
MOORE, ALBERT, born in York, Eng-
land in 1840. Figure
painter, son and pupil
of William Moore, por-
trait painter, of the
school in York, and
(1858) of the Royal
Academy, London.
Works: Wayside
Weeds (1858) ; Four
Seasons (1864) ; Marble
Seat, Elijah's Sacrifice
(1865) ; Apricots, Pomegranates (1866) ;
Quartette (1869) ; Shells (1874) ; Pansies
(1875); The Reader (1877); Gannets(1879);
Jasmine Sprigs, Rose Leaves (1880) ; Blos-
soms, Forget-Me-Nots (1881) ; Dreamers,
Acacias (1882) ; Reading Aloud (1884).—
Academy (1886), i. 404 ; Art Journal (1881),
162 ; Athenaeum (1886), i. 623 ; Portfolio
(1870), 4 ; Temple Bar (1877), 342 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts, xxix. 531 ; Mag. of Art (1885),
192.
MOORE, HENRY, bom in York, Eng-
land, in 1831. Land-
scape and marine
painter, brother of
the preceding, pupil
of his father, of the
local school, and in
1853 of the Royal
Academy, London,
where his first work, V
Glen Clunie — Brae-
mar, was exhibited in
the same year. Elected A.R.A. in 1885.
Works : Haymaking in Switzerland (1857) ;
MOORE
White Calm, and Kittewakes on their Nests
(1858); Lifeboat (1876); Highland Pastures
(1878) ; Calming Down (1879) ; Beached
Margent of the Sea (1880) ; Kilbrennan
Sound (1881) ; Calm after a Storm, Dirty
Weather in the Channel (1882) ; Showers in
June (1883) ; Off the Bill, Off the Lizard
(1884) ; Newhaveu Packet (1885), Birming-
ham Gallery. Home for a Rest, Queen of
the Night (1885) ; Sound of Isla — after Sun-
set, Sunset after Storm, Before Sunrise —
Scarborough (188G). He became a member
of the Society of Painters in Water Colours
in 1880, and contributed seven pictures to
the exhibition of 1886. His two elder broth-
ers, Edwin Moore and William Moore, are
also painters ; a third, John Collingham
Moore, who died in 1880, painted portraits
and landscapes. The five brothers have
been represented simultaneously more than
once at the exhibitions of the Eoyal Acad-
emy.—Academy (1886), i. 385, 403 ; Art
Journal (1881), 161.
MOOEE, H. HUMPHREY, bom in New
York in 18-44. Figure painter, pupil of the
Ecole des Beaux Arts and of Grrorae in
Paris ; studied under Fortuny in Madrid.
Visited Europe in 1865, painting in Munich,
Paris, Madrid, and Rome ; returned to the
United States in 1875. Works : Almeh ;
Blind Guitar-Player, Robert Graves, Tarry-
town ; Gypsy Encampment— Granada ; Let
Me Alone ! Judge Hilton, New York ; Moor-
ish Bazaar, Charles Stewart Smith, ib.; A
Bulgarian ; Moorish Merchant ; Child of
Wealth, L M. Scott, San Francisco ; Moor-
ish Water-Carrier, Reverie, Good News, Mrs.
George Hearst, ib.
MOORE, JOHN COLLINGHAM, born
at Gainesborough in 1829, died in London,
July 10, 1880. Portrait and landscape paint-
er, brother of Albert and Henry Moore, pupil
of his father, and student of Royal Academy
in 1851. Painted portraits chiefly up to
1857 ; spent most of the winters from 1858
to 1866 in Italy, where he executed a series
of water-colour drawings of scenes around
Florence and in the Campagna. After 1872
he gave his attention principally to portraits
of children. Works : Olive Trees near Tiv-
oli ; Yellow Tiber ; Valley of Egeria ; Shady
Sadness of a Vale. — Academy (1880), ii. 179 ;
Athenaeum (1880), ii. 121 ; Art Journal
(1880), 348.
MOOSBRUGGER, FRIEDRICH, born at
Rehmen, Vorarlberg, Jan. 19, 1804, died at
, St. Petersburg, Oct. 17, 1830. Genre paint-
er, son and pupil of Wendeliu Moosbrugger
(1760-1849, Wiirtemberg court-painter), and
in 1821 pupil of Munich Academy ; went to
Rome in 1827, to Naples in 1828, and hav-
ing returned home in 1829, set out for Rus-
sia in 1830 ; was an artist of rare talent in
cbai'acteriziug, of inexhaustible humour and
great facility of execution. Works : Inva-
lid, Dancer, The Comrades (1826); Improvi-
satore in Bay of Naples (1829), Artist's Stu-
dio, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Groups of Robbers ;
Roman Woman ; Landscape near Civitella
(1830). His brother Joseph, born in 1814,
is a good landscape painter, and has also
painted several altarpieces. — Allgem. d.
Biog., xxii. 208 ; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1832),
210"; (1833), 401 ; Xagler, ix. 444 ; Wurz-
bach, xix. 67.
MOR or MORO VAN DASHORST, AN
TONIS, born at
Utrecht about 1512,
died in Antwerp
between 1576 and
1578. Dutch school;
history and portrait
painter, pupil of Jan
Schoreel and after-
| wards visited Italy.
On his return (1549)
the Cardinal Gran-
vella recommended him to Charles V., who
1 sent him to Madrid, then (1543) to Lisbon
i and to England (1554). Afterwards entered
service of Philip H., whom he accompanied
to Madrid ; finally returned to Brussels,
where he was much employed by the Duke
' of Alva. His rare historical pictures are
not agreeable, but his portraits are reniark-
[ able for truthful feeling, good drawing, mas-
289
MORALES
terly and careful execution, transparent and
admirable colour. Works : Jeanne cl'Archel
(1561), National Gallery, London ; Female
Portrait, Earl of Essex, Lord Yarborough's
Collection, ib.; Two Portraits, JMr. Neeld's
Collection, ib ; Male Portrait, Dwarf of
Charles V., Louvre ; Male Portrait (1564),
Hague Museum ; Portrait of Hubert Golt-
zius (1576), do. of Duke of Alva, Male Por-
trait, Brussels Museum ; Philip II, Eleanor
of France, Mary of Portugal, Catherine of
Portugal, Mary of England, Anna of Bohe-
mia, and seven others, Madrid Museum ;
Portrait of himself, Basle Museum ; Bast
Portraits of Two Prebendaries (1544), Male
Portrait, Berlin Museum ; Four Portraits,
Cassel Gallery ; Two Male Portraits, Dres-
den Gallery ; Cardinal Granvella (1549),
Young Man, Lady with Gold Chain (1575),
Male and Female Portrait, Young Man with
a Scar (1564), Archduchess Margaret of Par-
ma, Vienna Museum ; Male Portrait (1550),
Portraits of Sir Thomas Gresham and Wife,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Portrait of Cam-
inillo Gross, do. of himself, Um'zi, Florence ;
others in Brunswick Gallery, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich, Liechtenstein and Czernin
Galleries, Vienna. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxii.
210; L'Art (1881), i. 347; Immerzeel, ii.
241 ; Kramm, iv. 1156 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
252 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole hollandaise ; Michi-
els, vi. 255 ; Pinchart, Messager (1868), 324 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, i. 67, 117 ; ii. 161, 163 ;
Rooses (Reber), 71 ; Van den Brandon, 275 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 212.
MORALES, LUIS DE, called El Divino
(The Divine), born at Badajoz about 1509,
died there in 1586. Spanish school ; stud-
ied probably in Toledo or Valladolid, and
passed his life in painting devotional sub-
jects for churches and oratories. His works,
which are all on panel, show careful draw-
ing, correct anatomy, and fine gradations of
demi-tints, and his heads are finished with
the fastidious care of the early Florentine
masters. Works : Mater Dolorosa, Madonna,
Ecce Homo, Presentation, Head of Christ,
Christian Allegory, Madrid Museum ; Ma-
donna (1546), Christ bearing Cross, Church
de la Coneepciou, Badajoz ; Virgin and Dead
Christ, Montpensier Gallery, Seville ; Christ
bearing Cross, Louvre ; do., and Mary with
St. John, Basle Museum ; Ecce Homo, Dres-
den Gallery ; do., Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; do., Stuttgart Museum ; do.,
Historical Society, New York ; Mater Dolo-
rosa, Madonna, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Stirling, i. 224 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espa-
gnole ; Madrazo, 459.
MORAN, EDWARD, born in Bolton,
Lancashire, England,
Aug. 19, 1829. Ma-
rine and figure paint-
er and etcher, pupil
of M. de Paris in Bol-
tou, of James Hamil-
ton and Paul WTeber
in Philadelphia in
1844 (in which year
he came to America
with his parents), and
of the Royal Academy, London, in 1862 ;
returned to the United States in 1869 ;
painted in Paris in 1877-78. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1873 ; member of the Pennsylva-
nia Academy. Studio in New York. Works :
Bay of New York ; Launch of the Life-Boat,
M. Read, Philadelphia ; Outward Bound,
C. Sharpless, ib. ; Bottom of the Sea ; In
the Narrows (1873) ; Liberty enlightening
the World ; Last from the Wreck ; Arrival
of the Relief-Ship—Havre; Engagement
between Merrimack and Cumberland, Mrs.
Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Old Fort
Dumpling — Newport, George L. Thayer,
290
MORAX
Boston ; Hawk's Nest, Moonlight in New
Yorl Bay, Winning Yacht, Minot's Ledge
Light, Coming Storm over New York Bay
(1876) ; Homeward (1879), H. A. Hurlbut ;
Queen Shrimper of Boulogne (1880) ; Re-
turn of the Fleet (1881) ; Foggy Morning
—English Channel, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Brash-Burning— Long Island (1882);
Shrimping on Normandy Coast, Cockle
Gathering— South Coast of England (1883) :
The Sea, Greenport Dock Saturday After-
noon, Crab Catching — Greenport, L. I.
(1884) ; Fishing Boats in Irish Channel,
The Departure, Waiting for Dad (1885);
Digging for Bait, Coming in from the Fish
Pond (1886).— Benjamin, 103 ; Sheldon, 11)8.
MORAN, LEON, born in Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1863. Marine painter, son of Thom-
as Moran, pupil of his uncle, Edward Moran,
and of the National Academy. Studio in
New York. Works : Borders of the Marne
(1881) ; Feeding the Fowls (1882) ; Eel-
Fishing—Twilight, T. B. Clarke, New York ;
Mountebanks (1883) ; Duel, Amateur, Out-
post (1884) ; Waylaid (1885) ; Interrupted
Conspiracy (1886).
MORAN, PERCY, born in Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1862. Genre painter, brother of the
preceding ; pupil of his uncle, Edward Mor-
an, of the Pennsylvania Academy, Philadel-
phia, and of the National Academy, New
York. Studio in New York. Works : Great
Expectations, Sunshine and Shadows (1881);
Good Friends, Old-Time Melody (1882), T.
B. Clarke, New York ; Woods in Winter.
Maidenhood (1883) ; Coquette (1884) ; Com-
ing from Church in Old New York (1885) ;
Divided Attention, I am Ready (1886).
MORAN, PETER, born in Bolton, Eng-
land, March 4, 1842. Landscape and ani-
mal painter and etcher, pupil of his broth-
ers Thomas and Edward. Studied and
sketched in England in 1863. Member of
the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.
Received a medal in Philadelphia, 1876, for
fine etchings of animals. Studio in Phila-
delphia. Works : Rainy Day, Sunny Slope
(1875) ; Return of the Herd (1876) ; Stream
through the Meadow, Country Smith}-, Near
the Sea (1880); Corral— New Mexico, Past-
ure Land, Going to the Hunt (1881); Snake
Dance at Walpe, Harvesters — San Juan, N.
M. (1882) ; Down the Arroya to Santa Ft':
(1883) ; Scout on the Teton Basin (1884) ;
Noonday, On the Downs, The Stable Door
(1886).— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 14'J ; Art
Journal (1879), 26.
MORAN, THOMAS, born in Bolton, Eng-
land, Jan. 12, 1S37. Land-
scape painter, pupil of his
brother, Edward Moran.
Came to America in 1844.
In 1862 and 18(58 studied
and painted in England,
and visited France and
Italy. Accompanied a .
Government expedition
to the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park in 1ST 1 ; later
made sketching tours in the Western Terri-
tories and in Mexico. Elected an A.N.A. in
1882 ; N.A., 1884. Member of Society of Am-
erican Artists and of Pennsylvania Academy
of Fine Arts. Studio in New York. Works
in oil ; Flight into Egypt (18(50) ; Ripening
of the Leaf (1864) ; Grand Canon of the
Yelloiratoiia (1872, Government order) ;
Chasm of the Colorado (Capitol at Washing-
ton), Mountain of the Holy Cross (1874) ;
Dream of the Orient (1876); Ponce de Leon
— Florida (1877) ; Woodland Reflections
(1879) ; Arkansas Diredo — Rock Mountain
(1880) ; Green River — Wyoming County,
Pa. (1881); San Juan Abajo— Vera Cruz
(1882) ; On the Stour in Hampshire — Eng-
ton Wilson), Market Days in San Juan
Abajo — Mexico (1884) ; Abandoning Water-
Logged Vessels, Long Island Landscape,
Fingal's Cave, Morning at Vera Cruz (1885).
Water colours : Havana — Cuba, Tower of
Cortez in Mexico, Castle of San Juan
d'Ulloa at Vera Cruz (1884).— Am. Art Rev.
(1880), 151.
MORANDO, PAOLO, born in 1486, died
in 1522. Venetian school ; commonly called
Cavazzola. He was the pupil of Domenico,
291
MOIiAZZONE
and tlio fellow-pupil of Francesco Moroue,
when Francesco was the partner of his
father. Vasari thinks that had he lived he
would have acquired great celebrity. While
his pictures show the influence of the Mo-
roni, they have an individual stamp ; and he
may justly claim to have infused new life
into the Veronese school, especially by his
novel system of colouring. His latest altar-
piece, the Madonna in Glory with Saints,
dated 1522, is in the Verona Gallery, where
are also his Christ bearing his Cross, St.
Thomas, and St. Roch. His Madonna, in
the National Gallery, London, painted about
1520, recalls the madonnas of Raphael. — C.
& C., N. Italy, i. 498 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
ix. 171, 199; Bernasconi, Studii, 274;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 580.
MOIIAZZONE, IL, Cavaliere, born at
Morazzone in 1571, died at Piacenza in
1620. Lombard school ; real name Pier-
fraucesco Maz/.uchelli ; after spending sever-
al years in Rome, studied works of the mas-
ters in Venice and greatly improved his
style. Executed important works in Milan,
especially in S. Antonio Abate ; was en-
gaged in painting cupola of cathedral in
Piaceuza when he died. Works : His own
Portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; Christ and the
Woman of Samaria, Brera, Milan ; Death of
Virginia, Tallin, fainting on the Dead Body
of her Father, Turin Gallery ; Death of Lu-
cretia, Madrid Museum ; Madonna, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg.— Lauzi, ii. 518 ; Ch.
Blanc, Kcole milanaise.
MOREAU, ADRIEN, born at Troyes
(Aube), April 18, 1843. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Pils. Paints spirited and humorous
subjects with taste and skill. Medal, 2d
class, 1876. Works: "Then shall this
Prophet go " (1868, Kings xiii.) ; Walk, End
of Masked Ball (1874) ; Jolly Crew (1875) ;
Wedding in Middle Ages, Repose at Farm
(1876) ; Gypsies, Under Shrubbery (1877) ;
Gypsies of Granada, Minuet (1878); Playing
the Tragedy of Mirame before Richelieu,
Silver Wedding (1870), Reichard, New York;
Halt, Centennial (1880); Gypsies, March
; Past (1881); Returning from Festival (1882);
' Lords running at the Ring (1883) ; Even-
ing, The Ferry (1884); Mowers (1885);
Duchesse de Longueville at Dieppe insti-
gating the Population against royal Author-
ADRJ EN.A\OF\EAU. 18/5:
ity, In the Spring (1886).— La Ilustracion
(1879), ii. 211; (1880), i. 27; ii. 66; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xix. 259.
MOREAU, GUSTAVE, born in Paris,
April 6, 1826. History
painter, pupil of Picot.
At first endeavoured to
follow the style of De-
lacroix and Chasseri-
au, then went to Rome,
where he studied the
old masters, and be-
came a skilful painter
of antique subjects.
Medals : 1864, 1805,
and 1809 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1875. Works : Flight of Darius after Bat-
tle of Arbela (1853); Scene from Song of
Solomon (1853), Dijon Museum ; Minotaur
in Labyrinth of Crete (1855); CEdipus and
the Sphinx (1864); Jason and Medea, Young
Man in the Presence of Death (1865); Dio-
med eaten by his Horses (1866) ; Orpheus
(1807), Luxembourg Museum ; Prometheus,
Jupiter, and Europa .(18(59) ; Hercules and
the Lernian Hydra, Salome (1876) • The
Swimming-Lesson ; Jacob and the Angel ;
David ; Exposure of Moses ; Phaeton ; Ga-
latea, Helen (1880).— L'Art (1878), ii. 288,
319 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1869), i. 493 ; Ch.
Blanc, Artistes d. m. T., 468 ; Claretie,
Peintres (1874), 113; Les Lettres et les
Arts, i. 58 ; Meyer, Gesch., 607 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., ii. 40.
MOREAU DE TOURS, GEORGES, born
at Ivry-sur-Seine, contemporary. Figure
painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal, 2d class,
1879. Works : Potiphar's Wife (1873) ;
Death of Cleopatra (1874) ; Dido in Hell
(1876) ; Son of Civilis killing Roman Pris-
| oners, Fute at the Regent's (1877) ; Pelias
MOREELSE
killed by his Daughters, Polyxena on the
Tomb of Achilles (1878); Ecstatic of 18th
Century, Blanche of Castile (1879) ; Death
of La Tour d'Auvergne (1880); Sacrifice of
Family to Country (1881): The Family, An
Egyptologist (1882) ; Carnot at Battle of
Wattignies (1883) ; La Vision (1884) ; Stig-
matic of the Middle Ages (1885) ; Death of
Pichegru, Morphine (1886).
MOREELSE, PAULUS, born at Utrecht
in 1571, died there in 1G38. Dutch school ;
portrait painter ; pupil in Delft of Mierevelt,
finished his studies in Rome ; master of
Utrecht guild in 1596. His style is note-
worthy, as he was one of the forerunners of
Rembrandt. He was member of the Coun-
cil and City Treasurer. Painted a few his-
torical pictures, but principally portraits.
Works : Princess of Hanau (1617) ; Count-
ess Ernestine of Nassau, Artist's Portrait,
Hague Museum ; Frederick of Bohemia,
Mary of Utrecht (1615) ; Shepherdess
(1630), Admiral Swartenhout (1627), Two
Female portraits, Amsterdam Museum ;
Vertumnus and Pomona, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Man holding an Apple (1638, probably
last work), Brussels Museum ; Portrait of
a Lady (1628), Berlin Museum ; do., Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Madonna (1631), Flute-
player, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Male por-
trait (1630), Carlsruhe Gallery ; do., Dres-
den Museum ; do. (2, 1596, 1598), Female
do. (2, one dated 1632), Cologne Museum ;
Young Woman with her Child, do. with
Shell and Fishing Rod, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Shepherdess (1624), Schleissheim
Gallery ; Portrait of a Lady (1620), do. of
Young Gentleman (1621), Shepherd Boy
(1627), Mother and Child, Two others,
Schwerin Gallery. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxii.
219 ; Immerzeel, ii. 239 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
25(i ; Kramm, iv. 1151 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcolo
hollandaise ; De Stuers, 94 ; La Ilustracion
(1883), ii. 347.
MOREL-FATIO, ANTOINE LfiON, born
at Rouen, Jan. 17, 1810, died in Paris, March
4, 1871. Landscape painter ; was the son
of wealthy parents. First made himself
known by a picture of the Bombardment
of Algiers, at which he assisted. Died of
grief in the Louvre when the Prussians en-
tered it. Medals : 3d class, 1837 ; 2d class,
1843, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1848 ; Officer,
1866 ; appointed custodian of the Louvre
in 1866. Works : Isle of Wight (1833) ;
Street of Bab-Azouu in Algeria, Mosque of
the Couloughis(1834); Gust of Wind in tho
Harbour of Algiers (1835) ; Fight of Alge-
siras (1836), Attack on Algiers (1837), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Coast of Brittany (1837) ;
Entrance to Port of Havre, Entrance to
Marseilles (1838); Fight of the Vengeur
(1840); San Juan d'Ulloa (1841): Transship-
ment of Napoleon at Cherbourg in 1840,
Amsterdam in 1700 (1842) ; Slave-ship
(1843) ; Bombardment of Tangier (1845) ;
Tortoise Island (1849), Arras Museum ;
English Iron-clad Fleet at Cherbourg in
1865, Taking of Citadel of Saigon, 1859,
Versailles Museum, etc. — Bellier, ii. 125 ;
Larousse.
MORELLI, DOMENICO, born in Naples
in 1826. Real name D. Soliero. History
and genre painter, pupil of Naples Acad-
emy, then in Rome of Camillo Guerra, and,
influenced by Filippo Palizzi, studied from
nature, and, during a second stay at Rome,
under Overbeck ; after suppression of tho
national uprising in 1848-49, in which he
had taken an active part, he visited the art-
schools of London, Paris, Germany, Hol-
land, and Belgium ; won first prize at Na-
ples in 1855; gold medals, 1861, 1867;
Paris, 2d class, 1869. Often combines land-
scape with his subjects. Member of several
Academies. Works : Saul calmed by David ;
Farewell between Conrad and Medora (By-
293
MORENO-CARBONEEO
ron's "Corsair"); Greek Corsairs on Sea-
shore ; Madonna with Seraphs, Royal Chapel,
Castiglione ; Neophyte in the Catacombs ;
Ctesiir Borgia at Siege of Capua ; The Icon-
oclasts ; Episode during Sicilian Vespers ;
Queen Ginevra ; Page and Lady ; Christ
Embalmed ; Christ Derided ; Loves of the
Angels ; Assumption, Royal Chapel, Naples ;
Sailing of Fugitives from Aquileja ; Tasso
reading to Eleonora d'Este ; Morning in
Florence ; Evening in Venice ; Christ walk-
ing on the "Waters ; Mater Dolorosa ; Ma-
donna Consolatrix ; Temptation of St. An-
thony ; Assumption ; Christian Martyrs ;
Pompeian Bath (1807) ; Odalisque after
Bath; Love of Angels; Daughter of Jai-
rus ; Prayer in Desert ; Mary's Walk to
Golgotha ; Singing Monk ; Glad Tidings of
Christ (1884).— Art Journal (1880), 2(52;
(1885), 345, 357 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (18(57),
xxiii. 224 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 291, 29G ;
Miiller, 377.
MORENO-CARBONERO, Don JOSJ5,
born in Malaga ; contemporary. Medals :
Madrid, 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1878, 1881 ;
1st class, 1884. Works : Dona Juana la
Loca ; Don Carlos de Viana (1881) ; Gladi-
ators in the Arena (1883) ; Conversion of
Duke of Candia (18S4). — La Ilustraciou
(1882), i. 83; (1884), i. 382; ii. 153; Zoit-
sclir. f. b. K, xvii. 281.
MORERA, Don JAIME; contemporary.
Landscape painter. Works: Ruins of Pses-
tuni (1880) ; Laguna de Abcoude (1881) ;
Road in Brittany (1884). — La Ilustracion
(1880), i. 291 ; (1881), i. 59, 382 ; (1884), i.
337 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 30.
MORETTO, IL, born at Brescia about
1498, died there in 1555. Venetian school ;
real name Alessandro Bonviciuo, but com-
monly called Moretto or Moretto da Brescia.
Said to have been a pupil of Titian's, but
probably only a diligent student of his
works, as his earlier creations show a de-
pendence on his master Fioravante Ferra-
mola and Romanino. Later he made a very
successful approach to the highest perform-
ances of the Venetian school ; and still later
his colour foreshadowed the coming of Pa-
olo Veronese. He aided Ferramola in 1518
in painting an organ
screen for the old
cathedral, Brescia,
and Romanino in
1521 in the decora-
tions in S. Giovanni
Evangelista, Bre s -
cia. In later years
lie painted much for
this church, one of
his best efforts being
the Massacre of the Innocents, a canvas tem-
pera. Many other churches in Brescia pos-
sess one or more of his pictures, the more
noteworthy of them being the Coronation
of the Virgin and the Christ in Glory in S.
Nazzaro e Celso, the Virgin and Child in S.
Clemcnte, the Majesty of St. Margaret in
S. Francesco, the Virgin and St. Nicholas
in S. Maria de' Miracoli, and the Glory of
St. AnlJwny in S. M. delle Grazie. His
Supper at Emmaus is in the Tosi Collec-
tion. In 1544 he painted his celebrated
Feast in the House of Simon, in S. M. della
Pieta, Venice, the model of the style elab-
orated by Paolo Veronese. The Marriage
at Caua in S. Fermo, Lonigo, is of about
the same date. Other important works by
Moretto are : The Death of Adonis, Uffizi,
Florence ; Death of Peter Martyr, Ambrosi-
aua, Milan ; Virgin in Glory, SS. Clara and
Catherine, St. Jerome and an Apostle, and
Assumption, Brera, Milan ; Faith, Judith
and Holofernes, Allegory of Faith, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Madonna (ascribed to
Giorgioue), Leuchteuberg Gallery, ib.; Ad-
oration of the Shepherds, Madonna in Glory
(1541), Berlin Museum ; The Virgin, Dres-
den Museum ; Madonna. Four Roman Fa-
thers at the Church, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; St. Justina, Vienna Museum ; SS.
Bernardino and Louis, and SS. Bonaven-
tura and Anthony of Padua, Louvre ; Por-
trait of a, Nobleman (1526), St. Bernar-
dino of Siena, National Gallery, London.
C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 39G ; Ch. Blanc,
MORGAN
venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.. xi. 263 ;
vi. 107 ; Burckhardt, 735 ; Liibke, Gesch.
itaL Mai., ii. 612 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xiii.
256.
MORGAN, FREDERICK, born in Eng-
land ; contemporary. Genre painter, ex-
hibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor
Gallery. Works : Summer Holiday, Part-
ing Shot, School Belles (1877); Motherless,
Midday Rest (1879) ; Nature's Mirror, Not
of the Fold (1881) ; Summer Storm, Merry
as the Day is Long (1882) ; Little Nell and
her Grandfather, Cherry Earrings (1883) ;
Never Mind ! Besieged, May (1884) ; Ring
a Ring of Roses (1885) ; There's Room for
Two (188G).
MORGAN, WILLIAM, born in London
in 1826. Genre painter, pupil of the Na-
tional Academy schools in New York, where
his professional life has been spent. An
Associate of the National Academy. Works :
Emancipation (18(58), Olyphant Collection ;
Legend (1875), Governor Fairbanks, Ver-
mont ; Song without Words (1870) ; Young-
Mother (1879) ; Dolce far Niente (1880) ;
Minor Chords (1881) ; Hay-Loft, Breakfast
(1882) ; The Eviction, Summer (1883) ; An
Impromptu, Sortie, Knitting- Lesson (1884);
Andante (1885) ; Loves me— Loves me Not,
Blowing Bubbles (1886).
MORGENSTERN, CHRISTIAN ERNST
BERNHARD, born in
Hamburg, Sept. 29, 1805,
died in Munich, Feb. 27,
1867. Landscape paint-
er, son of the miniature
painter, Johann Heiurich
Morgenstern; from 1824
pupil of Beudixen in
Hamburg, after having,
in the service of the pan-
orama painter Suhr, trav-
elled extensively in Germany, Denmark, and
Russia ; visited Norway in 1827, and the year
following studied at Copenhagen Academy
and on Swedish coast ; went to Munich in
1829, and visited, in the following years,
many parts of Germany, and in 1841 Upper
Italy. He was one of the foremost artists
in Munich. Honorary member of Munich
Academy, 1842. Order of Michael. Works:
Old Oaks in Swamp (1826), Mountain Path
(1828), Hamburg Art Union ; Liineburg
Heath (1830), Storm on Coast of Helgoland,
Stranded Wreck by Moonlight (1854),
Moonrise on Cliiem Lake (1865), Hills near
Pocking on Staruberg Lake, Coast of Hel-
goland (1866), Munich Art Union ; Moon-
rise near Sea-Shore, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Mill in Alsace (1836), Quarries on the
I Peissenberg, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; April
Day on Lake Starnberg, Leipsic Museum ;
View on the Elbe by Moonlight, Stuttgart
Museum ; Moourise near Venice (1849),
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Heath on the
Ammer, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ;
View in Ammer Valley (1854), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Ravine near Dachau (1857), Bres-
lau Gallery ; do. and Group of Ash-Trees
(1858), Vienna Museum ; Isar Valley (1859),
Darmstadt Museum ; Woodland near Starn-
berg ( 1862), Prague Art Union ; East Coast
of Helgoland (1863), Schack Gallery, Mu-
nich ; Heath of St. Hypolite in Alsace (1849),
Storm at Sea (1839), New Pinakothek, ib.
— Andresen, ii. 221 ; Dioskuren (1860), 257 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1867) ; Kmist-Chronik, ii. 80 ;
Reber, ii. 287 ; Regnet, ii. 40 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, vii. 128 ; xiv. 353.
MORGENSTERN, JOHANN LUDWIG
ERNST, born at Rudolstadt, Sept. 22, 1738,
died in Frankfort, Nov. 13, 1819. Archi-
tecture and landscape painter, studied at
the Academy of Salzdalen in 1766, and after
having worked under Schiitz in Frankfort
; in 1770, and in Darmstadt in 1771-72, en-
tered Nothnagel's studio in Frankfort. His
architectural paintings are cold in effect,
but good in perspective, clear in colour, and
carefully executed. Works : Gothic Church
Interiors (3, 1805, 1812), Darmstadt Muse-
um ; do. (2, one dated 1789), Gotha Muse-
um ; Church Interior, Stuttgart Museum ;
Gothic and Renaissance Church Interiors
(2, 1792, 1793), Peasant Farm, Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 568.
295
MORGENSTERN
MORGENSTERN, KARL, born at Frank-
fort in 1811. Landscape painter, grandson
of preceding, pupil of Munich Academy
(1832), whence he visited the Bavarian
highlands, and in 1834 went to Italy ; his
landscapes, of masterly perspective, are
mostly views from different parts of that
country. Works : Bay of Villafranca near
Nice (1843), View of Naples, Bay of Baj;«,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; replica of first-
named, and Coast of Capri, Tasso's House
at Sorrento, Schack Gallery, Munich. —
Kaulen, 147 ; Schack (1884), 222.
MORGENSTERN, (KARL) ERNST, born
in Munich in 1847. Landscape painter, son
and pupil of Christian, after whose death he
studied under Joseph Schertl ; visited the
Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Switzerland, North
Germany, Holland, and Belgium. Works :
Waldbachstrupp near Ischl, Stettin Muse-
um ; Bftren Lake near Hohenaschau ; Starn-
berg Lake ; View on Meisling Lake ; Village
View near Dachau ; Eyteuhausen ; North
German Heath ; Autumn Landscape with
Chapel ; Evening ; Abandoned Mill; River
Landscape ; Evening, Indian Summer (1883).
-Miillcr, 377.
MORIN, (FRANCOIS) GUSTAVE, born
at Rouen, April 8 (18 ?), 1801), died there, Feb.
15, 1880. Genre and history painter, pupil
of Chaumont and of Leon Cogniet. Mem-
ber of Rouen Academy ; custodian of Rouen
Museum since 1837 ; L. of Honour, 1863.
Works : Last Hour (1835) ; Titian prepar-
ing hisColours (1852), Havre Museum ; Con-
quest of England, Magdalen, Youth of the
Virgin (1848) ; Ariosto reading his Poem,
Rouen Museum ; The Sharpers (1859), As-
sembly of Saint- Vivien (1801), ib. — Hedou,
Gustavo Morin et son (Euvre (Rouen, 1877) ;
Chronique des Arts (188G), Gl.
MORITURI TE SALUTANT. See Glad-
idlors.
MORITZ, LOUIS, born at The Hague,
Oct. 20, 1773, died in Amsterdam, Nov. 22,
1850. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Dirk van tier Aa. Member of Hague,
Brussels, and Ghent Academies. Works :
Cleopatra taken Prisoner by Proculus (1809);
Victory of Nieuwpoort in 1600 (1818); Fig-
ures in Panorama of
Waterloo; Battle of
Nieuwpoort (1820),
War Council of Civic
Guard in Amster-
dam ; Death of An-
toninus Pius, Am-
sterdam Museum ;
Stable Interior, Rot-
terdam Museum;
Night Camp of Cossacks.- — Immerzeel, ii.
240 ; Kramm, iv. 1156.
MORITZ, WILLIAM, the younger, born
at Neuchatel about 1805, died at Berne in
I860. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of
his father (William Moritz, the elder, land-
scape painter?), then studied in Italy.
Works : Henri II. de Longueville ordering
Planting of Avenues at Colombin (1844),
Wounded Chamois Hunter (1846), Neucha-
tel Museum ; Empty Cradle (1856), Hus-
band at the Inn (1858), Berne Museum.
MORLAND, GEORGE, born in Lon-
don, June 2 G,
1763, died there,
Oct. 29, 1804.
Figure and ani-
mal painter, son
and pupil of Hen-
ry Robert Mor-
land (1712-97),
portrait painter,
and grandson of
George Henry
Morland (died after 1789), subject painter ;
also studied several years at the Royal Acad-
emy, and copied assiduously the Dutch and
Flemish masters. First exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1779. Became dissipated, and
died in a sponging-house. Painted chiefly
country scenes with domestic animals, and
enjoyed a high reputation. Works : Interior
of Stable, Quarry with Peasants, National
Gallery ; The Reckoning, South Kensington
Museum ; his own portrait, National Por-
trait Gallery, London ; Dogs fighting, Old
296
MORLOX
English Sportsman, Historical Society, New
York.— J. Hassell, Life (1804) ; G. Dawe,
Life (1807) ; Blagdon, Memoirs (1800) ;
Wm. Collins, Memoirs of a Picture (1805) ;
F. ile Conches, 345 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole au-
glaise ; Cunningham ; Portfolio (1880), 98.
MOBLON, ANTOINE PAUL EMILE,
born at Sullj'-sur-Loire (Loiret) ; contem-
porary. Genre painter ; medal, 3d class,
1885. Works : Fishermen of Port Louis
(1870); Alsace, Souvenir of Battlefield of
WOrth (1874) ; Huntsman's Story (1870) ;
Eendez-vous, Scene in Military Hospital
(1877) ; Love has no Season, First Inter-
view between Louis XIV. and Mile, de la
Valliere (1878) ; New Fashion under the
Directory (1879) ; Henry of Navarre and
the Fair Fosseuse (1880); An Old Sly- J
boots, Sand-gatherer (1881) ; Nurseryman's
Breakfast (1882) ; The Vow (1883) ;" Mira-
beau at Home (1884) ; Life-boat returning
to Port (1885) ; A uous ! a nous ! (1880).—
Bellier, ii. 130.
MOELOT, ALPHONSE ALEXIS, born
at Isornes (Haute-Marne) ; contemporary. '
Landscape painter, pupil of Corot and of
Henner. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works :
During Harvest (1878) ; Sunset (1879) ; do.
and Evening in Bois de Meudon (1880) ;
Evening in Gorge of Apremont, Morning at
Percey-le Grand (1881) ; Evening, Pond of
Villebon (1882) ; View of Paris, A Farm
Corner (1883) ; Mont Valerien (1884) ; Even-
ing (1885) ; Evening after Eain (1880).
MORNARD, LOUISE. See Tliuillier.
MORNING PRAYERS OF BACH FAM-
ILY, Toby Rosen thai, Leipsic Museum.
Morning prayers in family of J. Sebastian
Bach. Painted in 1870 ; purchased by city
of Leipsic for Bach memorial.
MORO, ANTHONIS. See Mor.
MORO, BATTISTA ANGELI DEL, born
about 1530, died in Rome about 1010. ;
Venetian school ; proper name Battista Aii-
geli, but took the name del Moro when he
became the heir of his father-in-law and
master, Francesco Torbido, called II Moro.
As a painter he lacked originality, being an
eclectic imitator of all the great painters of
his time, but lie won a considerable reputa-
tion, and worked in Venice and in Mantua
in concurrence with Paolo Veronese. He
painted also many frescos in Verona. Vasari
says lie excelled as a painter of miniatures,
and he was an engraver of much merit.
He was aided in his works by his son, Marco
del Moro, who died young at Rome after
1580. Battista had also two brothers, Gi-
ulio (died after 1018), a mediocre painter,
sculptor, and architect, and Girolamo dell'
Augelo (died 1022). — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ve-
nitienuc ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 108 ; ix.
184, 282 ; xi. 133 ; Baldiuucci, ii. 429 ; Ber-
nasconi, Studii, 337.
MORO, GIOVANNI, portrait, Titian, Ber-
lin Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 7 in. x '2 ft. 2
in. In armour, bareheaded. Painted in
1538. Cleaned in 1874 by Petteukofer pro-
cess.—C. & C., Titian, ii. 22.
MORO, IL. See Torbido.
MORONE, DOMENICO, born in Verona
in 1442, died after 1508. Venetian school ;
called by his townsmen Pclacano (Tanner),
on account of his father's occupation. Reg-
istered among Veronese burghers in 1491;
educated in the school of Pisanello, but de-
veloped a broader style ; commissioned to
paint library of Convent of S. Bernardino in
1503, and doors of the organ (1483), still
extant, and frescos in S. M. in Organo in
1508. He was a fair second-rate represent-
ative of his art in the 15th century, but,
taken in connection with his son, Francesco,
he gave an impulse to Veronese art, develop-
ing a new and powerful style based on the
precepts of Mantegna, though without ser-
vile imitation.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 480 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 575 ; Bernasco-
ni, 238.
MORONE, FRANCESCO, born in Vero-
na in 1473, died there, May 16, 1529. Ve-
297
MORONI
[•olourist.
netian school ; son of Domenico Morone,
whom lie served some time as an assistant ;
afterward sail in-
dependent mas-
ter of large prac-
tice, gaining a
name sec on d
only to tliat of
Morando. He
studied Man-
t e g n a as a
dra u ghtsnian,
i and Montagna as
His first works known are a
Virgin and St. John, Church of S. Bernar-
dino (1498) ; Virgin with Trinity and Saints,
Verona Museum ; Virgin enthroned with
Saints (1503) ; Altar-piece, S. M. dell' Orga-
no ; do., Brera, Milan ; do., Duomo, Trent.
His masterpieces arc ill the sacristy at S. M.
dell' Organo, where the walls and ceiling
are filled with incidents adapted from Man-
togna's in ihc Camera de Sposi at Mantua.
This sacristy is one of the grand monuments
of local art in the Venetian provinces, sec-
ond only to Mantcgna's creations in the use
of perspective and foreshortening, and in
the geometrical distribution of the space.
Morone's Madonna and Saints, on the walls
of a house near the Ponte delle Navi, Verona,
painted in 1515, indicates a long and care-
[FRANCISCVS
ful study of the best masterpieces of Man-
tegna.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 489 ; Bernas-
coni, 280 ; Lavice, 99, 147 ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. 570.
MORONI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
at Bondo near Albino, Province of Bergamo,
about 1520-25, died at Brescia, Feb. 5, 1578.
Venetian school ; pupil of Moretto, and one
of the most successful followers of his style,
says Tassi ; but, though he was an admirable
colourist, his pictures are unequal in inven-
tion and design to those of his master. His
portraits are far better than his altarpieces,
and are equal to any of his time. He worked
chiefly in Bergamo and its vicinity. Among
his large examples are a Holy Family,
Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg ; and
the Assumption and a Madonna, Brera, Mil-
an. Fine examples of his portraits are in
the Uffizi, Florence (5, one dated 1563,
among which his own portrait); Berlin Mu-
seum (3, one dated 1543) ; Pope Pius IV.,
Dresden Museum ; Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort (2) ; Acad-
emy Carrara, Bergamo (12) ; Gallery Tosi,
Brescia ; Madrid Museum, and National Gal-
lery, London. — Ch. Blanc, ficole veuitienne ;
Burckhardt, 737 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
ii. 621.
MOROT, AEVlf; NICOLAS, born at Nan-
cy, June 1G, 1850.
History painter, pupil
of Cabanel and of the
ftcole des Beaux Arts.
Won the grand prix de
Rome in 1873. Med-
als : 3d class, 1876;
2d class, 1877 ; 1st
class, 1879 ; medal of
honour, 1880. Works :
Daphnis and Chloe
(1873); Medea (1877); Incident of the Bat-
tle of Aqua Sextisv (1879) ; Good Samaritan
(1880) ; Temptation of St. Anthony (1881) ;
Crucifixion (1833) ; Bravo Toro, Dryad
(1884); Toro Colaute (1885); Rezonville
(1886).— Mtiller, 378 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii.
27 ; xx. 571 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiii.
513.
MORRELL, IMOGENS ROBINSON,
born at Attleborough, Mass. ; contemporary.
Portrait and history painter ; pupil of Camp-
hausen in Diisseldorf, and of Couture in
Paris. Paints horses with great fidelity.
Works ; David before Saul ; Washington
and his Staff welcoming a Provision Train,
First Battle between the Puritans and the
Indians (187C).
MORRIS, PHILIP RICHARD, born at
| Devonport, England, Dec. 4, 1838. History
painter ; studied in the British Museum,
under the advice of Holman Hunt, and in
298
MOUSE
the Royal Academy, where lie won in 1855
the silver medal for the best drawing from
life, and in 1858
the gold medal for
the best historical
painting, The Good
Samaritan, and also
the travelling stu-
dentship, which en-
abled him to spend
some time in France \ y J
and Italy. Elected *
an A.R.A. in 1877.
Medal, 2d class, Antwerp Exhibition, 1885.
Works : Voices from the Sea, Widow's Har-
vest (1860) ; Captives' Return (1801) ; Where
they crucified Him (1864) ; Jesu Salvator,
Battle Scar (18G5) ; Riven Shield (1866) ;
Drift Wreck from the Armada (1867) ; Am-
buscade (I860) ; Summit of Calvary (1871);
Highland Pastoral (1872); Whereon ho Died j
(1873) ; End of the Journey (1874) ; The
Mowers (1875) ; Sailor's Wedding (187G) ;
Lost Heir, Heir of the Manor (1877); The
Tomb, First Communion (1878) ; Bathers
Alarmed (1879) ; Sons of the Brave (1880) ;
Queen's Shilling (1881); Sale of the Boat,
(1882) ; Foes or Friends, Tambour Minor, •
Promenade (1883) ; Joy and Sorrow, Quito
Ready, Sweethearts and Wives (1884) ; The
First Prince of Wales (1885).— Art Journal
(1872), 161 ; (1878), iii. 212.
MORSE, SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE,
born i n Charles-
town, Mass., April
27, 1791, died in
New York, April 2,
1872. Figure and
portrait painter;
graduated at Yale
College in 1810, and
became a pupil of
Washington Allston,
whom he accompan-
ied in the following year to London, where
he studied also under Benjamin West. In
1813 he was awarded a gold medal by the
Adelphi Society of Arts for an original mod-
el of a Dying Hercules. He returned to
the United States in 1815, and after paint-
ing in Boston, and Charleston, S. C., re-
moved in 1822 to New York, where, in 1826,
he became one of the original founders of
the National Academy of Design, of which
he was president in 1827-45, and again in
1861-62. In 1829 he revisited Europe and
spent three years in study in Rome, Paris,
and other art centres, but ten years later
abandoned the profession to devote him-
self to scientific investigations ; and he is
now better known as the inventor of the
system of magneto-electric telegraphy which
bears his name than as a painter. Works :
Death of Hercules (1813) ; Judgment of
Jupiter (1814) ; House of Representatives
at Washington (H. 8 ft. x 11 ft., 1822), Dan-
iel Huntington, New York ; Ichabod Crane
and the Headless Horseman (1826); Una and
the Dwarf, CVzenovia Lake, Trenton Falls
(1828) ; Gallery of the Louvre (1832-33),
George Clark, Otsego ; Amain, The Wet-
terhorn and Falls of the Reicheubach, Brig-
and Alarmed, Pifferari (1833) ; Helicon and
Aganippe, Sunset View of St. Peter's (18IS6);
Portraits of President Monroe, Chancellor
Kent, DeWitt Clinton, Lafayette, Fitz-
Greenc Halleck, William Cullen Bryant,
Thorwaldsen, Major-Gen oral Stark, Rev. Dr.
William B. Sprague, and many others. — S.
I. Prime, Life (New York, 1875) ; Tucker-
man.
MORTEMART-BOISSE, ENGUER-
RAND DE, Baron, born in Paris in 1817.
Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Al-
fred and Tony Johannot. Medal, 3d class,
1876. Works: Duck Shooting, Poacher
lying in Wait (1870) ; Mills of Monte Carlo
(1874) ; Alpine Torrent near Nice (1876) ;
Deep Road in Normandy, Deer in the Lair
(1877); Oil Mills near Nice (1878); Oaks of
Val-Erable in Forest of Lyons (1879).
MORTIMER, JOHN HAMILTON, born
at Eastbourne, Sussex, in 1741, died in Lon-
don, Feb. 4, 1779. History painter, pupil
of Thomas Hudson, and St. Martin's Lane
Academy ; also said to have had instruction
MOKTO
from Reynolds. In 17G3 gained first pre-
mium from Society of Arts, and in 17G4, in
competition with Romney, the award of 100
guineas for his St. Paul preaching to the
Britons, now the altarpiece of the church at
High Wycombe. Was a member of the
Society of Artists, and its vice-president in
1773 ; but fell into dissipated habits and
neglected art. Created R.A. in 1779, by
special grant from the king, but did not
live to receive his diploma. Better known
by his drawings than his pictures. Left
many etchings. Works : King John grant-
ing Magna Cliarta ; Vortigeru and Rowena ;
St. Paul preaching to the Britons ; Battle
of Agincourt ; Progress of Vice ; Progress
of Virtue ; Portrait of himself, National Por-
trait Gallery. — Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole
anglaise ; F. de Conches, 301.
MORTO DA FELTRE, of Feltre, born
at Feltre in
1474, killed
in battle of
Zara, 1519,
according to
V a s a r i ,
though a fres-
co of 1522 has
been ascribed
to him. Ve-
netian school;
supposed identical with Pietro Luzzi, son of
Bartolommeo, who was appointed surgeon
to city of Zara, in 147(>, and died there in
1530. Pietro or Morto, who, from his
father's residence in Zara is sometimes called
Zarato or Zarotto, went in 1495 to Rome, in
150G to Florence, and in 1508 to Venice,
where, according to Ridolfi, he became the
disciple of Giorgione, whose mistress he se-
duced, and whose death he caused (1511)
from grief. He afterwards settled at Fel-
tre. But few of his works remain. He is
at his best in the altarpiece in the church at
Villabruna.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 219 ; Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 106 ; vii. 87 ; Burck-
hardt, 728; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii.
GOG.
MOSCHELES, FELIX, born in London
in 1833. Figure and portrait painter, son
of the eminent composer, Ignaz Moscheles ;
studied in Paris and under Van Lerius in
Antwerp. Studio in London ; exhibits at
Royal Academy and Grosvenor Gallery.
Visited New York in 1883 and 1884.
Works : Grief, Spanish Boy (1878) ; Span-
ish Song (1879) ; Basket-Making in Gra-
nada ; Little Mozart's Own Choir ; Daugh-
ter of Herodias (1882); Zuppa al fresco —
Bordighera (1883) ; Portraits of Mazzini,
Gounod, Rubinstein, Robert Browning,
Henry M. Stanley, President Cleveland.
MOSCHER, JACOB VAN, flourished in
1G13-50. Dutch school ; landscape paint-
er, mentioned as master of the guild at
Delft in 1G13-14, worked at Haarlem in
1G40-50, where Adriaan van Ostade painted
the figures in his pictures. Works : Field
Path along Low Hill, Lowland Village, Old
Pinakothek, Munich.
MOSENGEL, ADOLF, born in Hamburg,
Jan. 1, 1837, died there, June 12, 1885.
Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy ; studied in Paris, and in Geneva
in 18G1 under Calamc. Works : Alp Arpi-
tetta in Val d'Anniviers ; Westphalian Land-
scape ; The Mowers ; Sunshine before Rain ;
Alpine Scene.— Mailer, 379.
MOSER, LUCAS, 15th century, born at
Weil, Suabia. German school ; known by
' an altarpiece in church at Tiefenbronn, be-
tween Calw and Pforzheim, which contains
| carefully modelled and pleasing heads paint-
ed in warm colour. The hands and feet are
strikingly true to nature. In the Carlsruhe
Gallery are five wings of an altarpiece paint-
ed in the style of this master. — Allgem.
d. Biog., xxii. 383 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 129 ;
Schnaase, vi. 4G9 ; W. & W., ii. 92.
MOSES AND BURNING BUSH, Raph-
ael, Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco on
ceiling. Moses, as a shepherd, with his face
hidden in his hands, kneeling before the
burning bush, from which the Lord is issu-
ing, attended by angels and seraphim. In
this work the grandeur of Michelangelo is
3(10
MOSES
combined with the grace of Raphael. Paint-
ed in 1513-14. Engraved by G. Audran. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 346 ; Miintz, 370 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 130.
MOSES AND CROWN OF PHARAOH,
Nicolas Pouasin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x
4 ft. 2 in. In a hall of his palace, Pharaoh
half reclining on a couch, and the young
Moses, standing, with the king's crown
under his feet ; at left, Thermutis, seated
with four of her women, one of whom shields
Moses with her arms, while another holds
points towards the child in a basket, which
a man has just taken from the river and is
handing to a woman kneeling ; at left, the
Nile personified as an old man ; in back-
ground, a pyramid, a bridge, a city, and
mountains. Painted about 1648 ; Collec-
tion of Louis XIV. Engraved by J. Mari-
ette (1092), Van Somer, H. Laurent (182(5).
-Filhol, iii. PI. 1G9 ; Landon.
By Nicolas Pousxin, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft. x 0 ft. 4 in. Ten figures. Upon
the bank of the river, Thermutis, sustained
Moses and the Crown of Pharaoh, Nicolas Poussin, Lou
the arm of a priest who is about to strike
the child with a poniard. Collection of
Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Baudot ; J.
Bouilliard. Replica, with changes, Duke
of Bedford ; engraved by Dambrun. — Cat.
Louvre ; Musee franyais ; Filhol, v. PI.
307 ; Landon, vi. PL 49 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 284 ; Smith, viii. 10, 11.
MOSES, FINDING OF, Nicolas Poussin,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft.
11 in. Seven figures. Thermutis, daugh-
ter of Pharaoh, standing on the bank of the
Nile between two of her women, on the
shoulder of one of whom she is leaning ;
by a young girl behind her, is accompanied
by six women ; at right, two women stand-
ing, and one kneeling near the basket con-
taining the little Moses ; at left, two others
kneeling and one stooping ; in foreground,
right, allegorical figure of the Nile ; in
background, a city with pyramids, and on
the river a boat with men, two of whom are
about to spear a hippopotamus. Collection
of Louis XTV. Engraved by G. Rousselet ;
F. Gamier, Audran. — Landon.
By Velasquez (?), Castle Howard, Yorkshire,
England ; H. 8 ft. x 10 ft. Infant Moses,
in a basket, presented by a kneeling maiden
3W1
MOSES
to the daughter of Pharaoh, who is attended
by other maids. Ten figures, full length,
life size. Authenticity doubtful ; Waagen
attributes it to Gerard de Honthorst. En-
graved by De Launay jeune, in Coucln', Gal-
erie du Palais Royal.— Waagfi), Treasures,
iii. 319; Buchanan, Memoirs, i. 146 ; Curtis, 2.
By Paolo I'eruniva, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 9 ft. Moses found in
the bulrushes by the daughter of Pharaoh,
who is attended by her ladies. Painted for
Duke Guglielmo of Mantua ; restored in
1827 bv Palmeroli. — llidolti, Marav., ii. 57.
1. Moses and Zipporah on their way to
Egypt, and the Circumcision of their Son
(Exodus iv. 24), by Sandro Botticelli.
2. Moses overcoming the Egyptian, and
driving away the Shepherds who hindered
the Daughters of Jethro from drawing wa-
ter (Exodus ii. 11, 17), by Sandro Botticelli.
3. Moses and the Israelites after the Pas-
sage of the Red Sea, by Cosimo Rosselli.
4. Moses giving the Commandments from
the Mount, by Cosimo Rosselli.
5. Punishment of Korah, Dathan, and
Abiram (Num. xvi. 31), by Sandro Botticelli.
-- , ~ - • J, V- •^'-''-^ ' ~-
; S
i
l|p
••• - s •• . • u ,', —
Finding of Moses, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris.
By Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x I ft. 5 in. A beautiful
young girl presents the infant Moses, saved
from the waters of the Kile, to Pharaoh's
daughter, who is accompanied by her ladies
and by a jester playing on a clarinet.
Collection of Philip IV. — Cat. Museo del
Prado.
By Paolo Veronese, Turin Gallery, canvas,
H. 11. ft. x 16 ft. 5 in.
MOSES, HISTORY OF, Sistine Chapel,
Vatican ; a series of frescos on the left wall,
each having a typical reference to a corre-
sponding picture opposite from the life of
Jesus.
6. Last Commands of Jfores before his
Death, by Luca Signorelli.
7. Michael, Victorious over Satan, bears
away the Body of Moses (Jude 9), Cecchiuo
Salviati.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. C91 ; Kugler (East-
lake), i. 230 ; C. &. C., Italy, iii. 8 ; Vaticauo
descritto.
By Raphael. See Raphael's Bible.
MOSES, LAST COMMANDS OP, Luca
Signorelli, Sistine Chapel, Vatican ; fresco.
Moses, at right, sitting, reads from a book
telling of the promised land to Hebrews
grouped near him ; to left, he transfers the
rod to Aaron ; in middle background, an
302
MOSES
angel points to the promised land ; in dis-
tance, to left, burial of Moses. Painted in
1484.— C. & G, Italy, iii. 8 ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iii. 691.
MOSES ON THE MOUNT, Tintoretto, S.
M. dell' Orto, Venice ; canvas, left wall of
Cappella Maggiore. The people of Israel
offering their most precious possessions to
cast the Golden Calf ; above, Moses receiv-
ing the Tables of the Law on Mount Sinai.
— Zanetti, 528.
MOSES STKIKING THE ROCK (Exo-
rard, Sartain. Sketch : Earl of Normanton,
Soinerby, Hants, Eng. — Curtis, 115, 122.
By Nicolas Pouxxin, Bridgewater House,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x-i ft. 5 in.
An open country with trees and rocky moun-
tain at right, near which are Moses and
Aaron, the latter addressing the people and
pointing to the miraculous flow of water.
Painted in Rome for M. Chantelon, whence
passed to Orleans Gallery. Engraved by
Baudet ; Dambrun, in Orleans Gallery. —
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 38 ; Smith, viii. 17.
Last Commands of Moses, Luca Signorelli, S:stine Chapel, Vatican.
dus xvii.), Mnrillo, Hospital of La Caridad,
Seville ; canvas, H. 11 ft. C in. x 18 ft. In
centre, a large rock, around which are gath-
ered many people filling jars and quenching
their thirst with the water which has burst
forth ; in front, Moses and Aaron giving
thanks ; the boy on a mule, and the girl
holding up a jar to be filled, are said to be
portraits of Murillo's children. Compan-
ion to Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, La
Caridad ; one of eight large pictures painted
in 1670-74 for that hospital. Engraved by R.
Esteve ; mezzotint by Boilby ; centre only,
engraved by J. Rogers, Blauchard, F. Gi-
By Nicolas Pouxxin, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x C ft. 3 in. Mo-
ses and Aaron, standing together, the former
smiting the rock, while the latter returns
thanks for the deliverance ; in foreground,
at right, many groups of afflicted, some
slaking their thirst. Painted in 1640 for C.
Stella ; later in Houghton Collection, which
passed in 1787 to Empress Catharine of Rus-
sia. Engraved by C. Stella ; J. B. de Poilly ;
J. B. Michell, in Houghtou Gallery. — Smith,
viii. 15.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
square, on ceiling of upper room. Moses
303
MOSES
causing water to flow from the rock in the
presence of many people in foreground ;
above, the Supreme Being, the lower part
of his figure veiled in a kind of watery
sphere ; in background, the battle with
Amalek in front of the tents of Israel. One
of the most remarkable pieces of colour in
the Scuola. Painted in 157G. — Ruskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 343 ; Ridolfi, Marav.,
ii. 197.
MOSES AND THE HOD OF AARON,
Nicolas 1'ousfin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x
the staff of Harper's Weekly during the last
two years of the Civil War, at the close
of which lie went to Paris, and studied un-
der Ernest Hebert. On his return to the
United States he exhibited his Lost Cause,
which was well received. In 1874 he re-
turned to Europe and worked under Piloty
six months, winning a medal at the Royal
Academy. He went thence to Paris, where
he has since remained, with the exception
of a brief visit to the United States in 1885,
when he exhibited a collection of his works.
/,-•{ »K ' • '• y^?j°4$><-
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^Y .i' .' . _^^ffX-i ; , -V^A -. ,xVS?^^ \\>,*-~T\ < '
Moses Striking the Rock, Nicolas Poussin, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
4 ft. 2 in. In a hall hung with drapery, at
left, Pharaoh, seated, with two old men be-
hind him ; beyond, a young man with the
sacred ibis, another with a vase ; before him,
a magician whose rod, turned into a serpent,
is being swallowed by Aaron's rod ; at right,
Moses, Aaron, and other persons. Collection
of Louis XPV. Engraved by F. de Poilly ;
Gantrel ; Niquet. — Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, x.
PI. 079 ; Landon, CEuvres ; Smith, viii. 13.
MOSLER, HENRY, born in Cincinnati ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Cin-
cinnati of James H. Beard : was attached to
Has exhibited at the Paris Salon since 1878.
Medal, International Exhibition, Nice, 1884;
honourable mention, Paris. Works : Early
Cares, Quadroon Girl (1878) ; The Return
(1879), Luxembourg Museum ; Les femmes
et les secrets (1879); Purchase of the Wed-
ding Gown (1880), Edmond Turquet, Paris;
Spinning Girl (1880), Grenoble Gallery ;
Night after Battle, Return of the Fisher-
women (1881) ; Discussing the Marriage
Contract (1882), J. S. Barnes, New York ;
Wedding Morning (1883), Sydney Museum;
Spinning Girl — Sunday (1883) ; Rainy Day
304
MOSS
(1883), Pennsylvania Academy ; Last Sacra-
ment (188-4), Polytechnic Institution, Louis-
ville; Village Clockmaker (1884) ; Approach-
ing Storm (1885) ; Visit of the Marquise
(1886).
MOSS, ELLA A., born in New Orleans in
1844. Portrait painter, pupil of Sohn in
Diisseldorf ; painted in Belgium and Ger-
many until 1877, when she returned to
America and opened a studio in New York.
Works: Portraits of Rev. Dr. Morgan (1878),
and Dr. Deems (1879); Sketch — Unwelcome
Kiss (1879).
MOSSDORF, KAHL, born in Altenburg ;
contemporary. History painter, pupil in
Munich of Sell wind, whom he assisted in
the decorations of the Wartburg near Eisen-
ach ; visited Rome (1853-54), assisted in
decorating the new opera-house in Vienna,
and painted frescos in the ducal palace at
Alteuburg. Works : Scenes from Myth of
Psyche (18(38), Altenburg Palace ; St. 'Eliza-
beth (1871).— Allgem. Zeitg. (18G8) ; Dios-
kuren (1867) ; Miiller, 379.
MOSSMER, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
March 20, 1780, died June 22, 1845. Land-
scape painter, son of, and first instructed
by, the engraver, Johann Mossmer, then pu-
pil of Vienna Academy under Brand and
under Martin von Molitor (1759-1812), af-
ter whose death he was much influenced by
Rechberger ; was appointed instructor at
the Academy in 1808, and professor in 1815 ;
councillor in 1818. Works : Mountain
Landscape after Storm (1829), Museum, Vi-
enna ; Mill in a Valley (1835), Harrach Gal-
lery, ib. ; Seaport, Czernin Gallery, ib. —
Wurzbach, xviii. 431.
MOSTAERT (Mostert), FRANS, born at
Hulst, Flanders, about 1534, died at Ant-
werp in 1560. Flemish school ; landscape
painter, first instructed by his father, then
pupil of Herri de Bles ; appears settled as
master in Antwerp in 1553. His pictures
are very rare. Works : Rocky Landscape,
Seaport by Moonlight with Fishermen,
Mountainous Landscape with Hagar and
the Angel, Vienna Museum. — Engerth, Bel-
ved. Gal., ii. 296 ; Van den Branden,
301.
MOSTAERT, GILLIS, born at Hulst,
. Flanders, about 1534, died at Antwerp,
Dec. 28, 1598. Flemish school ; landscape,
| history, genre, and portrait painter, twin
brother of Fraus, first instructed by his
( father, then pupil of Jan Mandyn of Haar-
lem (a fantastic artist, in the manner of
Hieronymus Bosch) ; master of the guild at
Antwerp in 1554. Works : Christ on the
Cross with Mary and St. John, and sur-
! rounded by eight male portraits, Museum,
Antwerp ; Ecce Homo, City Hall, ib. ; Pas-
sion of Our Lord, Orphanage, ib. ; Christ on
the Cross, Copenhagen Gallery. — Kramm,
iv. 1164 ; Van den Branden, 302.
MOSTAERT (Mostert), JAN, born in
Haarlem in 1474, died there in 1555 or
1556. Dutch school ; history painter, pu-
pil of Jacob Jans/en of Haarlem ; influenced
by Gerard David. The first documentary
evidence of his employment as a painter is
dated 1500, the latest 1549, when he went
to Hoorn to paint an altarpiece. He was
painter to Margaret of Austria for eighteen
years. His art shows a close affinity to that
of the masters of Bruges. Many of his
works perished in the great fire at Haarlem ;
none of the pictures attributed to him are
really authenticated. Works : Madonna in
a Garden, National Gallery, London ; Ma-
donna, two portraits, Antwerp Museum ;
Mater Dolorosa, Bruges Cathedral ; En-
tombment, Mr. Heath, Enfield, England ;
Adoration of the Magi, Liibeck Cathedral ;
Madonna, Repose in Egypt, Berlin Muse-
um ; Two Episodes in Life of St. Benedict,
Brussels Museum ; Portraits of Augustyu
van Teylingen and Wife (1511), Rotterdam
i Museum ; Madonna, Repose in Egypt, Ber-
lin Museum ; Repose, Adoration of the
Magi, Presentation in the Temple, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Marriage of St. Catherine,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Holy Family,
The Virgin, Schleissheim Gallery ; Male
portrait, Vienna Museum ; St. Catherine,
Milan Academy ; Lute Player, Turin Gal-
305
MOTHER-LOVE
lery. — Allgem. d. Biog. xxii. 406 ; Immer-
zeel, ii. 242 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 117 ;
Kramm, iv. 1105 ; Meyer, Museen, 297,
562 ; Van der Willigen, 228.
MOTHER-LOVE. See Chant;/.
MOTTE, HENRI PAUL, born in Paris ;
contemporary. History painter, pupil of
Gt'rome. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works:
Trojan Horse, Pythia (1875) ; Baal devour-
ing Prisoners of War at Babylon ; Crossing
the Rhone (1878) ; Episode in Odyssey ;
Geese saving the Capitol, Richelieu at La
Rochelle (1881) ; Revenge, Past and Pres-
ent (l$8i] ; The Betrothed of Belus, Pass-
ing of the Grand Vestal (1885) ; Vercinge-
torix surrendering toC;esar (1886). — Miiller,
380 ; La Ilustracion (1884), i. 131.
MOTTEZ, VICTOR LOUIS, born in Lille,
Feb. 13, 1809. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Ingres and Picot ; has painted
mostly frescos. Medals : 3d class, 1838 ;
2d class, 1845 ; L. of Honour, 1840. Works :
Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1838), Saiut-
Etienne's, Lille ; Holy Family and Magdalen
(1840) ; Holy Family (1841) ; Christ with
Martha and Mary, Leda (1842) ; Frescos in
porch of St. Germain 1'Auxcrrois (1845), in
St. Sulpice and other buildings ; Ulysses
and the Sirens (1848) ; Melitus, one of the
Accusers of Socrates (1857), Lille Museum; |
Christ Entombed (1803), St. Catherine's,
Lille ; Episode of the Resurrection (1870) ;
Music en famille, Ruins of Chateau de Tif-
fanges (1880) ; Alcibiades (1885).— Bellier,
ii. 133 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 354.
MOUCHERON, FREDERIK DE, born
at Embden in 1633 or 1034, died in Am-
sterdam, buried Jan. 5, 1086. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, pupil at Amsterdam of
Jan Asselyn, whom he left in 1655 to go to
Paris ; settled at Antwerp and then in Am-
sterdam before 1659. He painted Italian
scenery without ever having seen Italy, and i
Dutch views in a cold and heavy tone. l
Helrnbreker and, at a later time, Adriaan
van de Velde and Lingelbach adorned his
landscapes with figures. Works : Garden
Scene, National Gallery, London ; Park with '.
Hunting Party, Louvre ; Three Landscapes
with Figures and Animals (one dated 1667),
Amsterdam Museum ; Two Landscapes,
Brussels Museum ; do., Hague Museum ;
Mountainous Landscape, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Stag-Hunt (1079), Italian Landscape
with Herd, Brunswick Gallery ; Garden with
People promenading (1713), Dresden Mu-
seum ; Stag-Hunt near Versailles, Italian
Landscapes (3), Schwerin Gallery ; others
in Galleries of Aschaffeuburg, Copenhagen
(3), Frankfort (2), Hamburg, Oldenburg;
Museums of Darmstadt, Geneva, Gotha (?),
Leipsic, Stuttgart, Vienna (2) ; Old Piua-
kothek, Munich ; Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg (7) ; Czerniu, Liechtenstein (4), and
Schi'mborn Galleries, Vienna ; Uftizi, Flor-
ence ; Historical Society, New York (2). —
***
Immerzeel, ii. 243 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 493;
Kramm, iv. 1170 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole hol-
laudaise ; Havard, A. & A. holl., iv. 191 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 405 ; De Stuers, 95.
MOUCHERON, ISAAK DE, born in Am-
s t e r d a m in
1G7°' died
there, July 20,
1744. Dutch
school ; land-
scape painter,
son and pupil
of Frederik de
Moucher on;
went in 1694
to Rome. His
landscapes, which in truthfulness and har-
mony of colour surpass those of his father,
were supplied with figures by Jacob de Witt
and Verkolje. Works : Landscapes in Basle
Museum ; in Galleries of Augsburg, Cassel
(3), Christiania (2), Copenhagen, Dresden
(8), Donaueschiugeu (2), Schwerin (5, two
306
MOUCIIOT
dated 1725); Uffizi, Florence (2) ; Historical
Society, New York (2). — Immerzeel, ii. 2-43 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 545 ; Krarmn, iv. 1171 ;
Cb. Blanc, Ecole liollandaise.
MOUCHOT, LOUIS, born in Paris, Aug.
25, 1830. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of Drolling and Belloc ; paints Egyp-
tian subjects with skill and truth to nature.
Medals : 18G5, 1867, 18G8 ; L. of Honour,
1872. Works : Carpet Bazaar in Cairo
(I860), Rennes Museum ; Monkey-Dealer
in Cairo, Fellah Women (18G8) ; Evening
Prayer, Venice (1874) ; Shop in Cairo
(1875) ; The Shadoof (system of irrigation)
in Upper Egypt (1875), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Ducal Palace in Venice, Grand Ca-
nal (187G) ; Dahabieh on the Nile (1877) ;
Grand Canal, Street in Cairo (1878) ; John
Baptist preaching (1879) ; Venus (1880) ;
View of Venice (1881) ; Nile near Cairo,
Street in Venice (1882) ; Miuieh on the
Nile (1883) ; Fleur do rner (1885) ; Monkey
Tamer, 11. L. Cutting, New York ; Sortie of
the Grand Council, W. Bement, Philadel-
phia. — Bellier, ii. 134 ; Clarctie, Peintres
(1874), 328.
MOULLION, ALFRED, born in Paris in
1832, died there, June 14, 188G. Landscape
painter, pupil of Delestre. Medal, 3d class,
1880. Works: The First at the Meeting
(1870) ; Moourise at Ermenonville (1874) ;
Partridge Family (1875) ; Village in the
Morning, View in Forest of Fontainebleau
(1878) ; Stag Pond, La Gaule-aux-Fees, Brit-
tany (1879) ; Mower, Apple-Tree in May
(1880) ; Bay in Autumn Morning, Spring
Tide (1881) ; Saint-Malo, Cape in Brittany
(1882) ; Hiding Place, Bridge of Sevres
(1883) ; Plain of Saint^Suliac, Autumn Even-
ing (1884) ; Fisherman at Dawn, Forest in
Autumn (1885) ; Bathing, Forest in Autumn
(1886).
MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY, born at
Setauket, L. I, Nov. 26, 1807, died in New
York, Nov. 19, 18G8. Genre painter, pupil
of National Academy. Practised his profes-
sion in New York, 1829-G8 ; elected N.A.
in 1832. First exhibited picture, Daughter
of Jairus. Works : Long Story (1837), Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; Turning the
Grindstone ; Farmers' Nooning, J. Sturges,
New York ; Turn of the Leaf, James Lenox
Collection, ib. ; Fortuue-Teller, Bargaining
for a Horse, Portrait of James Rivington,
Historical Society, ib. ; Raffling for a Goose,
Mrs. M. O. Roberts, ib.; Axe to Grind, T.
B. Clarke, ib.; Horse Trade, R. L. Stuart,
ib. ; Power of Music, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ;
Dawn of Day, Portrait of a Lady (1868).—
Tuckerman, 420.
MOUTTE, ALPHONSE, 1.01-11 at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of Meissonier. Works : All
is over ! ; Souvenir of Poissy (1874), Sunday
Evening (1875) ; Peeling of Oak-Trees in
Provence (187G) ; Unloading of Grain at
Marseilles (1877), Marseilles Museum ; Mal-
dorme Creek near Marseilles (1878) ; Cata-
louiau Fishermen (1879) ; Cast-net (1880) ;
Last Sowings of Spring, Corner of the Prado
Region (1881); Fishermen's Breakfast (1882);
Pond of Marignane in Provence (1884) ;
Women of Aries, Interior of Fisherman's Hut
(1885) ; In the Sun (1880).— Bellier, ii. 138.
MOYA, PEDRO DE, born in Granada in
1G10, died there in 1GGG. Spanish school ;
pupil of Juan de Castillo ; love of adventure
made him a soldier in the army of Flanders,
when he was so charmed with the works of
Van Dyck that he went to London in 1G41
to study under him. Van Dyck died soon
after, and Moya returned home and exe-
cuted meritorious works, the best of which
are in Granada. Works : Scenes in Life of
Joseph (G), Madrid Museum ; Gypsy telling
Cavalier his Fortune, Card-Players and
Lovers, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; A Saint
(or female portrait?), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Male portrait, Czerniu Gallery, Vi-
enna ; Portrait of himself, National Gallery,
Pesth.— Stirling, ii. 818 ; Viardot, 109 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole espaguole.
307
MOYAE11T
MOYAERT (Moeijaert), NICOLAAS|
(Claes), born about 1600, died after 1659.
Dutch school ; history, landscape, and por-
trait painter ; settled in Amsterdam in 1624,
and joined the guild there in 1G30. He be-
gan as a follower at Rome of Elzheimer,
then became a disciple of Rembrandt. His
colouring is powerful, and chiaroscuro ex-
cellent. In 1638 employed by the magis-
trates of Amsterdam, when Maria de' Me-
dici visited the city, to paint allegories con-
nected with episodes in her life. Works :
Biblical Scene, Procession of Silenus (1624),
Mercury and Hersc (1024), Hague Museum ;
Choosing a Bride, Amsterdam Museum ;
Regent Piece (1640), City Hall, Amsterdam ;
Calling of St. Matthew (1059), Brunswick
Gallery ; Bacchanale, Berlin Museum ; Si-
lenus, Dresden Gallery ; Flight of Cloelia
(1640), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St. John
/" ... .Preaching, Stock-
^/V <S\0y<*Ms holm Museum.—
^/ Bode, Studien, 340,
017 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 392 ; Kramm, iv.
1172 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 138 ; Riegel, Bei-
triige, ii. 221 ; De Stuers, 90.
MOYSE, EDOUARD, born at Nancy,
Nov. 12, 1827. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Drolling. Medal, 2d class, 1882.
Works : Akiba-ben-Joseph, Great Sanhe-
drim of French Jews convoked by Order
of Napoleon I. in 1807 (1868) ; A Circum-
cision (1809) ; Jewish Family insulted by
Vagrants (1870); Heretics before the Inqui-
sition at Seville in 1481 (1872) ; The Con-
noisseurs, Game of Chess (1875) ; Hearing
of Court of Assizes, Monk in Prayer (1870);
At Low Mass (1880) ; Lesson in Talmud
(1881); Rabbies, Old Woman's Head (1882);
Theological Discussion (1883) ; A Question
of Jurisprudence (1884) ; Sermon of the
Future (1885).— Bellier, ii. 140.
MOZART, ANTON, flourished in Augs-
burg about 1595-1024. German school ;
landscape painter in the manner of Jan
Brueghel. Works : Four Elements (1600),
Kunstkammer, Berlin ; Christ feeding Five
Thousand (1624), Augsburg Gallery ; Con-
flagration, Schleissheim Gallery. — Nagler,
Mon., i. 382.
MOZART, LAST MOMENTS OF, Mi-
chael Miuikucxy, Paris. The dying com-
poser having written as his last work a
requiem to be sung at his own funeral, re-
hearsed fragments of this composition with
his friends on the day before his death,
Dec. 5, 1791. Clothed in a yellow dressing-
gown, his legs wrapped in a woollen blanket,
he is seated in an arm-chair, and, seen in pro-
file, beats the time for the singers with his
right hand, while the left is holding a leaf
of the score, which seems to glide from his
feeble grasp. Behind him stands his wife,
and at his right, half shaded, his little son.
The group of singers, wholly absorbed in
the immortal work, occupies the left side of
the picture, while a third group, standing
by the piano in the background, is formed
by the friends, who observe the master with
mournful disquietude, one of them, leaning
upon the instrument, looking with marked
sympathy at his face. Painted in 1885-86.
— Allgem. K. C., x. 263, 374 ; Kuust-Chro-
nik, xxi. 443.
MOZIN, CHARLES LOUIS, born in
Paris in 1800, died at Trouville, Nov. 7,
1802. Marine and genre painter, pupil of
Xavier Lepriuce. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ;
1st class, 1837. Works : View of Antwerp,
Wreck of Lugger (1833) ; Fishermen haul-
ing in Nets, Children beside the Somme
(1834); Christening a Fishing Smack, Wreck
of the Frederic, Drawbridge, The Cooper,
Galleries of St. Valery-sur-Somme (1835) ;
Entrance of Harbour of Fecamp (1836) ;
French Cavalry capturing Dutch Fleet in
1793 (1836), Taking of Isle of Bommel by
the French in 1794 (1837), Combat of Al-
deiihoven (1838), do. of Moucron (1839),
Versailles Museum ; Shipwreck of the Re-
liance (1843), Amiens Museum ; View on
SOS
MITCKE
French Coast, Schwerin Gallery ; Port of j MUHR, JULIUS, born at Pless, Silesia,
Honfleur (1853) ; Views of Trouville (1855, , June 21, 1819, died in Munich, Feb. 9, 18G5.
1857, 1859, 1861).— Bellier, ii. 13 ; La- ' Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin
rousse. j and of Munich Academy under Cornelius.
MtiCKE, HEINRICH, born in Breslau, ( In 1847-53 he assisted Kaulbach in some of
April 9, 180G. History painter, pupil of the wall paintings in Berlin. Works: Ben-
Berlin and Diisseldorf Academies under edictine Monk with Folio Volume (185G),
Schadow ; visited Italy in 1833-34, Eng- j National Gallery, Berlin ; Portrait of Over-
land in 1850, and Switzerland repeatedly, j beck (1858), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Siesta
Professor at Diisseldorf Academy since 1848. of the Monks, Emperor of Austria ; Gypsy
Medal, Besancon ; Portuguese medal for Art | Family ; Musical Monk ; Banquet of Queen
and Science. Works : St. Catharine carried Joanna (18GO); Job comforted by his Friends
by Angels to Mt. Sinai (183G), St. Elizabeth (1861); Pifferari; Schleswig-Holstein ; Puszta
giving Alms (1841), National Gallery, Ber- [ with Gypsies ; Portraits of Overbeck, Mons.
lin ; St. Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius Lichnowsky, Princess Poli, Louis II. of Ba-
(1838); St. Elizabeth taking Farewell of her ] varia ; Allegories of Morning and Evening.
Husband (1841) ; Storming of Jerusalem — Allgem. d. Biog. xxii. 484 ; Dioskuren,
(1844); Dante in Verona (1846); Coronation ( 1865 ; Kunstblatt (1857), 281; Regnet, ii.
of Virgin (1847); St. Adalbert (1851); Cycle ' 52.
from Life of St. Meinrad ; Good Shepherd ; ] MUHRMAN, HENRY, born in Ohio, Jan.
Christ Crucified ; Cleopatra Dying (1873) ; t 21, 1854. Genre painter ; studied in Cin-
Male Portrait (1861), Diisseldorf Gallery. ; cinnati and at the Munich Academy. Stu-
Frescos : Scenes from Life of Barbarossa ' dio in London (1884). Works : Smoker, At
(1829-38), Castle Heltorf near Diisseldorf ; | Weilheim— Bavaria (1879) ; Confessional in
Madonna and Saints (1835), St. Andrew's, , Church at Ettal — Bavaria, Woodchopper's
Diisseldorf ; Introduction of Christianity in Home at South Cove — N. Y. (1880). Water-
Wupper Valley (1842), City Hall, Elberfeld; colour: Milking Time in Bavarian Stable
Histories and Legends of the Rhine. His (1879), T. B. Clarke, New York. — Am. Art
son Karl has of late acquired reputation as Rev. (1881), 48.
a genre painter. Works : Little Brother ; j MULATO DE MURILLO. See Gomez,
Sunday Afternoon ; Mother's Joy ; Paternal Sebastian.
Joys ; Mending Nets on Coast of Holland.
— Brockhaus, xi. 904 ;
Illustr- Zeit»" Ai)ril 4>
1857. Kuust-Chronik,
MULIERIBUS, DE. See M<>l<m, Pieter,
the younger.
MULLER, ADAM AUGUST, born in Co-
penhagen, Aug. 1C, 1811, died there, March
ix. 502; Wolfg. Mutter, Diisseldf. K., 75; 15,1844. History, genre, and portrait paint-
Jordan (1885), ii. 15G ; Miiller, 381 ; Wieg-
mann, 118.
MUDO, EL. See Navarrete, Juan Fer-
nandez.
MUELICH. See Mielich.
MtiHLIG, MENO, bom at Eibenstock,
Saxony, April 8, 1823, died in Dresden,
er, pupil of Eckersberg ; won four prizes at
Copenhagen Academy ; studied in Italy in
1839-41. Works : Aladdin seeing Gulnare
(1829) ; Aladdin reaching after Pomegran-
ates (1831) ; Christian IV. playing with his
Son (1833); Wounded Herluf Trolle received
by his Wife and the Scholars of Herluf sholm,
June 8, 1873. Genre painter, pupil of Ju- ! Christ preaching in the Boat (1834); Valde-
lius Hiibner. Works : Interrupted Pilgrim- j mar Seyr in Prison, Ulysses and Nausicaii
age, Dresden Gallery; Coal Venders, Mrs. (1835); Christ at Gethsemane (1836); David
D. D. Colton, Sau Francisco.— Dioskuren playing before Saul (1837) ; Hans Tauseu
(1873), 205. preaching at Viborg, Hans Tauseu protect-
MULLER
ing Bishop Ronnov against the Citizens of
Copenhagen (1838) ; Luther at Worms,
Church of Holy Ghost, Copenhagen ; Christ
and the Disciples at Emmaus (1839) ; Pres-
entation in Temple (1841); Christ and Four
Evangelists, Thonvaldsen Museum, Copen-
hagen ; Magdalen at Feet of Christ ; Return
of Prodigal Son (1843), Copenhagen Gallery.
— Weilbach, 495.
MULLER, ANDREAS, born at Stephaus-
Retteuberg, Bavaria, in 1830. History
painter, pupil in Munich of Schwind ; in
185G accompanied the Duke of Saxe-Mein-
ingen to Rome, and in 1875 became profes-
sor at Munich Academy. In artists' circles
called Composition-Mailer. Works : Apo-
theosis of Meiuingen Princess (185C) ; De-
struction of the Kaaba in Jerusalem by Mo-
hammed. Wedding of Alexander the Great,
Maximilianeum, Munich ; Entry of Elector
Maximilian Joseph IV.; King Maximilian I.
rescuing Glazier's Apprentice in 1801 ; Ma-
donna with Angels ; Susanna ; Four Ages
of the World. Frescos : Raising of Lazarus,
Crucifixion, Holy Women at Sepulchre, Res-
urrection, Church at Weissenhoru, near
Augsburg.— Grosse, 09, 109 ; D. Kunstbl.
(1857), 2G4, 295 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i.
'272 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 309 ; xix. 731 ;
Miiller, 381 ; Nagler, Mon., i. 3 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, v. 24.
MULLER, ANDREAS (JOHAXN JA-
KOB HEINRICH), born in Cassel, Feb. 9,
1811. History painter, son and pupil of
Franz Hubert Miiller, who was inspector of
the Darmstadt Gallery, then pupil in Munich
of Sclmorr and Cornelius, and in Diisseldorf
of Karl Solm and Schadow. Went to Italy
in 1837, and on his return in 1842 painted
some of the frescos in the Apollinaris Church
at Remagen, and afterwards, assisted by his
son Franz, decorated the art-room in the
Castle of Sigmaringen. Is a master in re-
storing old paintings, and has written on art.
Was professor at Diisseldorf Academy, and
conservator of art-collections in Diisseldorf,
but has been an invalid since 1882. Mem-
ber of Vienna, Amsterdam, and Lisbon
Academies ; numerous orders and medals.
Works : Madonna with Saints ; Annuncia-
tion, Four Evangelists ; Scenes from Passion;
Rosary Picture ; St. Barbara, Breslau Cathe-
dral. Frescos : Scenes from Life of St.
Apollinaris, David, St. Cecilia, Remagen ;
twenty-six portraits of German Masters,
Castle Sigmaringen. — Jordan (1885), ii. 156 ;
Miiller, 381 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Dusseldorf. K.,
48.
MULLER, AUGUST, born at Rottwell,
Wiirtemberg, June 13, 183G. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Stuttgart Art-School under Rus-
tige, won several prizes and in 1865 settled
in Munich. Works : Sunday Afternoon in
Suabia ; Nursery ; Convalescent Mother ;
Domestic Troubles ; Suitor ; At Home ; In
the Bower ; Zur Kirchweih. — Miiller, 382.
MULLER, CHARLES (LOUIS), called
Miiller of Paris, born in Paris, Dee. 22,
1815. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Cogniet, Gros, and the Ecole des Beaux
Arts. Paints historical scenes with skill.
Medals : 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st
class, 1848, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1849 ; Of-
ficer, 1859 ; Member Institute, 18G4.
Works: Day after the Nativity (1837);
Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew (1838) ;
Assassination of Arthur of Brittany, Diog-
enes, St. Jerome (1839) ; Satan leading
Christ up into the Mountain, Massacre of
Innocents (1840) ; Heliogabalus in Rome
(1841) ; Combat of Centaurs and Lapiths
(1853) ; Christ's Entry into Jerusalem
(1844) ; Primavera (184G) ; Haydee (1848),
Lille Museum ; Lady Macbeth (1849),
Amiens Museum ; JtoW-Call of Last Vic-
tims of Reign of Terror (1850), formerly
in Luxembourg Museum ; replica, J. J.
Astor, New York ; Female Portrait (1853,
Ghent Museum ; Proscription of Young
Irish Catholics in 1556 (1859), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Mother of Napoleon (1861) ; Mane
Antoinette at the Trianon, Mass during
Reign of Terror (1863) ; The Game (1863),
Lille Museum ; Desdemona (1868) ; Lanjui-
nais at the Tribune (1869); Charlotte Corday
in Prison (1875), Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
si o
JV1ULLEE
ington ; King Lear, One Moment Alone
(1875) ; Death of a Gitano (1S7G) ; Mater
Dolorosa (1877) ; Give us Barabbas (1878) ;
Mother and Child, J. J. Astor, New York ;
Galileo before Cardinal Barberini, C. S.
Smith, New York ; Holy Family, J. T. Mar-
tin, Brooklyn ; do., and May Dance, D. "\V.
Powers, Rochester, N. Y. ; Pride of Desert,
W. Mason, Tauuton, Mass. ; Purity, W. T.
Walters, Baltimore. — Bellier, ii. 141 ; La-
rousse ; Jarves, Art Thoughts.
MULLER, FRANZ, born in Diisseldorf
in 1843. History painter, son of Andreas
(of Cassel), pupil of Diisseldorf Academy
under Bendemann and Deger, and in 1871
-72 of Antwerp Academy. "\Vorks : St. John
the Baptist ; Christ ; Madonna at Kevelaer ;
Holy Family ; Pietft (several) ; Frescos in
the Kuustsaal of Castle Sigmaringen, with
his father.— Miiller, 383.
MULLER, FRIEDHICH, called Maler
Miiller, also Teufelsmiiller, born at Kreuz-
iiach, Jan. 13, 1749, died in Rome, April 23,
1825. History and genre painter, studied
in Mannheim ; went in 1778 to Rome, where
he took Michelangelo for his model, and
chose subjects in which devils played the
principal part, hence his nickname. He
was a severe, sometimes unjust art-critic.
Works : Cupid with Doves in a Rose Bower ;
Ulysses summoning the Spirit of Ajax. —
Allgem. d. Biog., xxii. 530 ; Goathe, Winckel-
mann, ii. 128 ; Hagen, i. 102 ; Meusel, ii. 69 ;
N. Necrol. d. D. (1835), Xo. 147.
MULLER, GUSTAV (ADOLF), born at
Hildburghausen, Aug. 9, 1828. Portrait
and genre painter, twin brother of the
sculptor Johannes Eduard Miiller, pupil of
Munich and Antwerp Academies, at the lat-
ter under Wappers ; in 1850 studied in
Paris under Gleyre, then painted portraits
in Coburg, Gotha, and Vienna ; called in
1857 to Portugal, where he became court-
painter. After painting in London in 1857
-59, he settled with his brother in Rome,
and is member of and professor at the Acca-
demia di S. Luca. Works : Savoyard Boy
Asleep, Gotha Museum ; Peasant Girl with
Grapes ; Boy with Fruit ; Woman carrying
Child to Foundling Asylum ; Reminiscence
of Villa Borghese ; Hunting Life in the
Campagna ; Egyptian Woman ; Girl of Cor-
leone ; Happy Nurse ; Girl of Procida ; Ju-
piter as Faun surprising Autiope, Mrs. J.
Harrison, Philadelphia. — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xviii. 056 ; Miiller, 383 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
vi. 106 ; viii. 125.
MULLER, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Geratsried, Bavaria, in 1809, died in Mu-
nich, June 27, 1869. History painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy under Conrad Eber-
hard and Heinrich Hess, whom he assisted
with the frescos in All Saints Chapel, and
in decorating the Basilica, having meanwhile
, (1837) painted with Fiihrich the 14 stations
on the Laureutiusberg near Prague. Works :
Jeremiah on Ruins of Jerusalem ; Madonna ;
Cycle in fresco at Reselling near Ingolstadt
(1855-56).— Allgem d. Biog., xxii. 631 ; All-
gem. Zoitg. (1809) ; Europa (1869), 441.
MULLER, JOHANN JAKOB, born at
Riga in 1765, died at Stuttgart in 1831.
Landscape painter, pupil in Dresden of
Klengel ; then studied in Rome after Claude
Lorrain ; visited Italy a second time in 1817
and settled in Stuttgart, where he was made
court-painter. Works : Several Views of
Pompeii ; View from Monte Cavo near
Rome ; View from Mons Albanus in Ancient
Latium ; Reichenbach ; View near Salerno,
Stuttgart Museum.— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1834),
266 ; (1839), 321.
MULLER, KARL, born in Darmstadt in
1818. History painter, younger son of and
first instructed by Franz Hubert Miiller,
then pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under
Karl Sohn and Schadow ; went to Italy in
1839, and after his return in 1843 painted
some of the frescos in the Apollinaris Church
at Remagen. Professor at Diisseldorf Acad-
emy. Works : Visitation (1837); Tobias and
the Angel (1838) ; Caritas, Marriage of the
Virgin (1839); Maria Regina; Holy Family;
Annunciation (1852); replica, enlarged, Diis-
seldorf Gallery ; Madonna ; Disciples at Em-
maus ; Last Supper ; Vision of St. Hedwig ;
311
MULLER
Miracle of the Rose ; Apparition of Madonna
of Loimles ; Holy Family, Madonna before
the Grotto, Lord Bute's Collection ; Give us
Barabbas ; Infant Christ and St. Joseph, Vir-
gin as Child (1882), St. Remigius Church,
Bonn. In fresco : Scenes from Life of Mary,
Adoration of the Lamb, Remageu. — Art Jour-
nal (18(55), 133 ; Miiller, 384 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xviii. 309 ; La Ilustracion (1879), i. 211,
228 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf. K., 48 ; Zeit-
schr. f. I). K., 43.
MULLER, KARL (FRIEDRICH JO-
HANN VOX), born in Stuttgart, Oct. 2,
1813, died in Frankfort, April 27, 1881.
Genre painter, son of the engraver Johann
Friedrich Miiller ; pupil of Johann Friedrich
Dietrich, then of Munich Academy under
Cornelius, of the Stuttgart Art School, and
in 1833-37 in Paris of Ingres, whom he fol-
lowed to Rome, whence he came to Frankfort
in 1848 ; lived in Paris in 1850-07 and set-
tled in Frankfort. Works : Choice of Her-
cules ; II Saltarello, Roman Carnival ; Romeo
and Juliet, Judgment of Paris, Stuttgart
Museum ; Diana and Eudymion ; Leda ;
Faust and Helena, Villa Rosenstein near
Stuttgart ; Venus in the Bath ; Acheon's
Punishment ; Romeo's Farewell of Juliet. — •
Allgem. d. Biog. xxii. (!47 ; Kaulen, 132 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 534 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xviii. 655 ; Meyer, Geseh., 541.
MULLER, LEOPOLD, born in Dresden
in 1834. Genre and landscape painter, pu-
pil of Vienna Academy under Karl Blaas and
Christian Ruben ; painted at first historical
subjects, and was for eight years illustrator
for the Vienna Figaro. Visited repeatedly
Italy and Egypt, and in 1877 became
professor at Vienna Academy. Medal, 1st
class, Munich, 1883. Works : At the Well ;
Botcher ; Lute-Player (1874) ; Resting Cara-
van ; Evening outside Cairo ; Beach near
Palermo ; Priests in Convent Yard ; Old
Little Matron, Last Task of the Day,
Vienna Museum ; Chickens on Old Wall ;
Scene in Piazza di S. Marco, Venice ; Mar-
ket in Arabia (1879) ; At the Sebil, Fellahs
with their Dromedaries Resting (1884) ;
Oriental Market Scene, W. H. Vanderbilt,
New York ; Five Studies from Life in
Egypt, W. T. Walters, Baltimore.— Kuust-
Chronik, ix. 492, 555, 586 ; xvii. 108 ; xviii.
384 ; xix. 535 ; Neue Illustr. Zeitg. (1885),
i. 23; MtiUer, 385; Wurzbach, xix. 394;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 309 ; xii. 260 ; xx. 196.
MULLER, MORITZ, called Fire-Mailer,
born in Dresden, May 6, 1807, died in Mu-
nich, Nov. 8, 18C5. Genre and history
painter, pupil of Dresden Academy under
Matthai ; went in 1828 to Zittau, where he
painted portraits, and to Munich in 1830,
where he at first executed altarpieces. Sub-
sequently visited the Bavarian Alps, studied
popular life, and painted truthful genre
scenes, especially night views by torch or
hearth light, whence his surname. Member
of Dresden Academy in 1868. Works : Pro-
posal ; Return of the Bride ; Pouting Lover
(1843), National Gallery, Berlin ; Scene in
Tyrolese War (1834), Peasant Wedding
(1852), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Poor
Woman with Suckling watching Revelry of
Young Men, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ;
Mother and Two Children at Supper (1847),
Leipsic Museum ; Kirmess ; Christmas Eve ;
Loving Couple by the Hearth ; Old Woman
going to Midnight Mass ; Departure of the
Tyrolese under Haspiuger ; Fighting Scene ;
Seizure of Andreas Hofer. — Allgem. d.
Biog., xxii. 653 ; Dioskuren (1863), 177 ;
Raczyiiski, ii. 374 ; Regnet, ii. 57.
MULLER, MORTEN, born at Holmes-
trand, Norway, Feb. 29, 1828. Landscape
painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and of
Gude and Tidemand ; repeatedly visited the
Norwegian coast, whence he took most of
his subjects ; settled at Diisseldorf in 1851,
and returned to it, having lived at Chris-
tiania in 1866-73. Honorary member of
Stockholm Academy, and court painter in
1875. Order of Vasa. Works : Pine For-
est ; Norwegian Glacier ; View near Chris-
tiania Fjord (1855), Hardauger Fjord, Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Winter Landscape, Stockholm
Museum ; W'oodland in Norway '(1859),
Ghent Museum ; Pine Forest in Norway
812
MULLER
(1860), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Night Fish-
ing in Norway ; Norwegian Waterfall (1879);
Wood Lake in Norway (188S). — Dioskuren,
(1865) ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 387 ; Mid-
ler, 385.
MULLER, PIETRO. See Molyn, Pieter.
MULLER, RUDOLF, born in Reichen-
berg, Bohemia, Dec. 28, 181C. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Prague Academy
under Kadlik, and in 1834-38 of Vienna
Academy ; settled in Prague, where he has
since painted mostly religious subjects.
Works : St. John ; Resurrection, Salzburg
Cathedral ; St. Francis of Assisi ; Piet;'i
(1844), First Communion of St. Wenceslaus ;
Return of St. Adalbert to Bohemia ; St.
Martin ; St. Ann with Simon and Judas
Thaddeus ; St. Joseph ; St. Nepomuk at
Prayer ; Taking of Christ ; St. Elizabeth
after the Miracle of the Rose ; Building of
the Famine Wall under Charles IV. ; Laying
of Corner-Stone to Karolincnthaler Church
in Prague ; Portrait of Cardinal Prince
Schwarzenberg ; of Emperor Francis
Joseph, Prague University ; do., Cracow
University. — Dioskuren (1867) ; Miiller,
385 ; Wurzbach, xix. 401.
MULLER, VICTOR, born in Frankfort,
March 29, 1829, died in Munich, Dec. 21,
1871. History painter, pupil of Stiidel In-
stitute from 1849 ; studied at Antwerp
Academy, then in Paris under Couture ; re-
turned to Frankfort in 1858, and moved to
Munich in 1864. Works: Man lulled to
Sleep in Lap of Night ; Adonis ; Wood-
Nymph (1863) ; Muses and Graces ; Diana
and Endymion ; Hero and Leauder ; Scenes
from Life of Hartmuth von Kronenberg ;
Hamlet in the Graveyard (1869) ; Ophelia
at the Brook ; Faust with Wagner in the
Twilight ; Romeo and Juliet. — Allgem. d.
Biog., xxii., 679; Dioskuren (1872), 11;
Kunst-Chronik, viii. 180; Reber, iii. 229;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 122 ; vi. 146 ; ix.
(Mittheilungen, ii. 44).
MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES, born at
Bristol, June 28, 1812, died there, Sept. 8,
1845. Son of a German clergyman, curator
of Bristol Museum ; student of J. B. Pyne,
landscape painter. Exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1833, Destruction of Old Lon-
don Bridge. In 1833-34 he visited Ger-
many, Switzerland, and Italy, and in 1838
Greece and Egypt ; in 1843 he accompanied
Sir Charles Fellowes to Lycia, and brought
back many sketche sand pictures of Orient-
al scenery and manners. Two of his land-
scapes are in the National Gallery, London.
—Solly, Memoir (London, 1875) ; Ch. Blanc,
l^cole anglaise ; Redgrave ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ;
Art Journal (1850), 344; (1864), 293;
Portfolio (1875), 164, 185.
MULEEADY, WILLIAM, born at Euuis,
County Clare, Ireland,
April 30, 1786, died
in London, July 7,
1863. Son of a leather-
breeches-maker, who
removed to London,
where, when fifteen
years old, William en-
tered the schools of
the Royal Academy •/
exhibited first in 1803,
became an A.R.A. in 1815, and R.A. in
1816. He began by painting landscapes,
but soon turned his attention to subject-
painting, and by careful study of the Dutch
masters won a high position in that branch
of art. His whole life was devoted to his
profession ; he drew in the Life-School
of the Academy up to two evenings before
his death, and left many exquisite chalk
studies and designs. Some of his best pict-
ures were painted from his illustrations on
wood for the Vicar of Wakefield (1840).
Works : Cottage, St. Peter's Well (1806) ;
View in St. Alban's (1807) ; Old Houses in
Lambeth, The Battle (1808) ; Roadside Inn
(1811) ; Punch (1813) ; Idle Boys (1815) ;
Lending a Bite (1819), Earl Gray ; Wolf
and Lamb (1820), Royal Collection ; Care-
less Messenger (1821) ; Convalescent (1822) ;
Widow (1824), Col. Holdsworth, sold in
1881 for .£1,155 ; Origin of a Painter (1826);
The Cousin (1827), Peel Collection ; Eng-
313
MUMMY
lish Cottage (1828), Royal Collection ; First
Voyage (1833) ; The Last In (1835), Fail-
Time (1809-40), Crossing the Ford (1842) ;
Snow Scene, Sea-shore Scene, National G;il-
lery, London ; Fight Interrupted (181G),
(living a Bite (1836), Toy-Seller (1837),
Open your Mouth and Shut your Eyes
(1838), Seven Ages (1838), First Love
(183!)), The Sonnet (1839), Choosing the
}]'<;l<Iin<j Clown (1840), The Butt (1848),
Blackheath Park (1852), and others, South
Kensington Museum ; Whitsonian Contro-
versy (1844), Baring Collection; Burchell
and Sophia (1849) ; Bathers, National Gal-
lery, Edinburgh. — Stephens, Memorials
(London, 1807) ; Ottley ; Redgrave ; Cat.
Nat. Gal. ; Sandby, i. 355 ; Art Journal
(1804), 05 ; L'Artiste (1883), i. 235.
MUMMY, BURIAL OF A (Les funcrailles
d'uue momie), Frederick A. 1'ridyman, J.
G. Bennett, New York. Funeral procession
of the sacred bull Apis, in ancient Egypt.
Salon, 1877.
MUNARI. See Pdlegrinn da Modeiia.
MUNKACSY, MIHALY (Michael), born
at Munkacs, Hungary,
Oct. 10, 184G. Real
name Mich a c 1 Lieb.
Genre and history paint-
er ; for six years appren-
ticed with a carpenter
at Arad before enabled
to devote himself to art,
which he first studied
under a portrait painter
at Gyula ; became pu-
pil of Vienna Academy, then in Munich of
Franz Adam, under whose guidance he made
rapid progress and won three first prizes ;
went in 1807 to Diisseldorf and, incited by
Knaus and Vautier, devoted himself to genre
painting, and in 1809 at once established
his fame with the Last Day of a Condemned
Man, one of the scenes in popular life of
his native country, which for years he con-
tinued to depict with singularly impressive
truthfulness and a sombre blackish colour-
ing. In 1872 he removed to Paris, where
••
his works found great favour ; in 1876 he be-
gan to take his subjects from Paris life, and
I with his Milton entered upon a new field,
adopting also a new method of colouring.
| Medals: Paris, 1870; 2d class, 1874; of
Honour, 1878 ; Vienna, 1882 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1877 ; Officer, 1878 ; Member of Mu-
nich Academy, 1881. Works : Proposal ;
Easter ; The Bride ; Last Day of a Con-
demned Man (1869), Mrs. W. P. Wilstach,
Philadelphia ; Hungarian Encampment,
Wrestler's Challenge, H. C. Gibson, ib. ;
Dying Brigand, A. J. Autelo, ib. ; Night
, Revellers ; Drunken Tailor ; Wood Land-
scape in Autumn ; Afternoon's Luncheon ;
; Women picking Lint ; In the Kitchen ; At
Dawn ; Wounded Honved ; Vagabonds
Seized ; Artist's Studio ; Episode in Negro
War (1874) ; Village Rooster (1875) ; Pawn-
broker's Shop, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ;
Moral of the Bottle, William Astor, ib. ; In-
terior with Lady at Table, W. Rockefeller,
ib. ; Hay-Field, Erwiu Davis, ib. ; Widow's
Mite, J. C. Runkle, ib.; Afternoon Call, M.
K. Jesup, ib.; The Two Families, W. H.
Vanderbilt, ib. ; Peasants at Church, Hawk
Collection, ib. ; Milton dictating Paradise
Lost (1878), Lenox Gallery, ib. ; Story of
the Battle, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Visit
to Young Mother (1879) ; Christ before Pi-
late (1881) ; Pawnbroker's Shop (1882) ;
Christ on Calvary (1883-84) ; Last Moments
of Mozart (1885). Muukacsy visited New
York in 1886, when his Christ before Pi-
late was exhibited there. — Academy (1882),
i. 328 ; (1885), i. 193 ; Allgem. K. C., x.
263, 374; Gartenlaube (1870), 475; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1870), iv. 43 ; (1873), viii. 39 ;
(1870), xiv. 22 ; (1878), xviii. 204 ; (1881),
xxiii. 485-490; (1884), xxix. 509; Elustr.
Zeitg. (1871), ii. 251 ; (1872), ii. 84 ; (1874),
i. 175 ; (1881), ii. 283 ; (1882), i. 301 ; Kunst-
Chronik, vi. 142 ; x. 643 ; xvi. 452 ; xvii.
196, 257 ; xix. 359 ; xxi. 443 ; La Ilustra-
cion (1882), i. 51, 347, 402 ; (1884), i. 214,
228, 331, 344 ; ii. 67 ; Miiller, 385 ; Reber,
iii. 409 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ix. (Mittheilung-
en, ii. 52) ; xvii. 251.
314
MUNOZ
SEBASTIAN, born at Naval-
carnero in 1654, died in Madrid in 1690.
Spanish school ; history painter, pupil of
Claudio Coello, then in Borne of Carlo Ma-
ratti ; on his return to Spain in 1684 assist-
ed Coello in painting frescos at Saragossa,
then painted in Madrid at the Alcazar, and
was appointed court-painter in 1G88. While
employed in restoring the frescos of Her-
rera in Church of Atocha, he was killed by
falling from the scaffolding. Works : Cu-
pid and Psyche, Portrait of Queen Maria
Luisa (1686) ; Eight Pictures on Life of St.
Eloy (1688), S. Salvador, Madrid ; St. Au-
gustine conjuring the Locust Plague, Burial
of Count de Orgaz, Artist's portrait, Madrid
Museum. Fresco : Angelica and Medoro,
Alcazar, Madrid. — Stirling, 1041.
MUNOZ-DEGRAIN, Don ANTONIO;
contemporary. Genre painter. Medal, 1st
class, Madrid. Works : Othello and Dos-
demona (1881); Don Quixote and Windmill,
Souvenir of Granada, Madrid Museum ; In-
undation Scene, View in Venice (1883) ;
The Lovers of Teruel (1884).— La Ilustra-
cion (1881), i. 391 ; ii. 73 ; (1882), i. 251 ;
(1884), i. 382 ; ii. 2, 24.
MUNSCH, JOSEPH, born at Liuz, Upper
Austria ; contemporary. History painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Philipp
Foltz. Works : Publication of Death War- j
rant of Couradin of Suabia and Frederic of
Baden ; Rudolf von Hapsburg beside Body
of Ottokar of Bohemia ; A Chord (Jubilee
Exhib., Berlin, 1886).— Wurzbach, xix. 461.
MUNSCH, LEOPOLD, born in Vienna
in 1826. Landscape, genre, and interior
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Joh. Nep. Geiger. His landscapes, mostly
enriched with castles, ruins, and other archi-
tecture, are truthful copies of nature. Works :
Wood near Weidlingen ; Castle Yard at Tau-
fers, Tyrol ; Avenue in Schonbrunn Park ;
Alpine Village ; Schludems in Tyrol ; Room
in Schleissheim Castle ; Before Serenissimo ;
Oak Wood (Munich Exhibition, 1883).— Di-
oskuren, 1867 ; Muller, 386 ; Wurzbach, xix.
461.
MUNSTER, PEACE OF, Gerard Terburg,
National Gallery, London ; copper, H. 1 ft.
5 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.; signed, dated 1648. As-
semblage in the Rathhaus, Miiuster, May
15, 1648, for ratification of treaty between
the Dutch United Provinces and Spain. A
clerk is reading the oath of ratification, while
Barthold van Gent, for the Provinces, and
the Count of Pefiaranda, for Spain, hold
copies of the paper. One of the most won-
derful assemblages of minute portraits ever
painted in oil, containing about thirty fig-
ures. Passed from painter's family, late in
last century, to Van Leyden Gallery ; thence
to Prince Talleyrand, to Buchanan (1817),
to Due de Berri, and in 1837 to Prince De-
midoff, at whose sale (18G8) it was bought
by Marquis of Hertford for £7,280 ; pre-
sented by Sir Richard Wallace in 1871.—
Art Journal (1871), 294 ; (1872), 28 ; Cat.
Nat. Gal.
MUNSTERHJELM, (MAGNUS) HJAL-
MAR, born at Tunlois, Finland, in 1841.
Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Oswald Achenbach, and Gude,
with whom he moved to Caiisruhe in 18(55 ;
has visited Switzerland, the Rhine, Bavaria,
and the north of Europe. Works : Finnish
Landscape ; Crawfishing in the North ; View
on Fraueuchicm Lake ; Village Street in
Snow ; Moonlight Night in Finland ; WTater-
falls of Wallink.— Miiller, 386.
MUNTHE, LUDVIG, born at Aaroeu,
near Bergen, Norway, March 11, 1841.
Landscape painter, self-taught in Diissel-
dorf, whither he went in 1861 ; has visited
Belgium, Holland, France, Scandinavia, and
Italy. He paints chiefly autumn and winter
scenes. Gold medal, Berlin, 1872 ; London,
1876 ; Paris, 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1878 ; Order of Leopold, 1875 ; Member
of Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam
Academies ; Swedish court-painter, 1875.
Works: Winter Scene (1869), do. (1878),
Autumn Landscape (1882), Christiania Gal-
lery ; Winter Landscape (1870), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; do. (1871), Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Potato Harvest ; Cows in the
315
MFRAXO
Meadow ; Sunset ; Winter in Norway (1883);
AVinter Twilight, W. H. Vanderbilt, New
York.— Miiller, 386.
MURANO, ANTONIO DA. See Antonio.
MUKANT (Meurant), EMANUEL, born
in Amsterdam, Dec. 22, 1022, died at Leeu-
wardeu in 1700. Dutch school ; landscape
and architecture painter, pupil of Philip
Wouwerman. His subjects are old village
houses, castles, ruins, executed with the
most careful minuteness and enlivened by
skilfully introduced figures or cattle. His
colouring is generally warm and powerful.
Works: Dilapidated Farmhouse, Amsterdam
Museum ; A Farm, Rotterdam Museum ;
Peasant Cottage (1676), Dutch Lamlscape;
Copenhagen Gallery ; Landscape with Ruin-
ed Buildings and Figures, Stadel Galley
Frankfort ; do., Gotha Museum ; Village
View with Animals, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
do. with Woman Spinning, etc., Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Landscape, Stuttgart Mu-
seum.— Immerzeel, ii. 246 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 506.
MURATON, Mine. EUPHKMIE, nee Du-
hanot, born at Beaugency (Loiret); contem-
porary. Flower and fruit painter, wife and
pupil of Alphonse Muraton (genre and por-
trait painter, born at Tours in 1824 ; medal,
1868); medal, 3d class, 1880. Works : Sou-
venir of Spain (1876); Bad Encounter (1877);
A Garden Bench (1880); The Two Friends
(1881) ; Upset Basket, Good Chase (1882) ;
Peach Tree (1883) ; Bouquet of the Vint a- 1
gers, Rabid Dog (1884) ; Peach Tree, Milk-
maid (1885).— Bellier, ii. 144.
MURCH, Mrs. ARTHUR ; contemporary.
Landscape and figure painter. Exhibits
chiefly at Grosvenor Gallery. Works : At
Castle Gondolfo— Rome, Persephone (1880);
Sleeping Girl, Gallantry Bower — Clovelly,
Capri — Evening, Capri — Morning (1882) ;
Sailor's Cottage, In the Bay of Naples,
Mesta Memoria (1883).
MURILLO, BARTOLOMfi ESTEBAN,
born in Seville, Jan. 1, 1618, died there,
April 3, 1682. Spanish school. From his
first master, Juan del Castillo, Murillo
learned all the mechanical parts of his call-
ing, and in 1639-40, when Castillo removed
to Cadiz, earned
his daily bread by
painting such de-
votional pictures
as were commonly
bought up by col-
onial merch ants
for shipment to
Transatlantic
Spain. In this
way he obtained
sufficient means to allow him to go in 1643
to Madrid, where he introduced himself to
Velasquez, then in the zenith of his fame,
who gave him valuable counsel, and obtained
admission for him to the royal galleries,
where he copied the works of the great
masters. On his return to Seville in 1645
he spent three years in painting a series of
eleven pictures for the small cloister of the
Franciscan Convent, whose excellence at
once gave him reputation and brought him
many commissions. In 1648 he married,
and soon after gave up his first, so-called
cold (frio) manner, and adopted his second,
warm (calido) style. The fertility of his tal-
ent, only paralleled by that of Lope de Vega
in literature, enabled him to cover the walls
of private and public buildings at Seville with
pictures, now scattered all over Europe at
prices which, to the artist, would have
seemed fabulous. In representing his fa-
vourite subject, the Virgin of the Conception,
of which the finest example is that in the
Louvre, Murillo so far surpassed all other
painters that he obtained the surname of
the Painter of the Conception. Alternating,
according to the nature of his subject, be-
tween his warm manner and his so-called
vaporous (vaporoso) style, lie produced his
masterpieces for the Capuchin Convent near
Seville, and the Hospital de la Caridad in
that city. In 1658 Murillo conceived the
idea of founding a public Academy of Art
at Seville, and having obtained the concur-
rence of Valdes Leal and of Herrera the
MURILLO
younger, accomplished his design Jan. 1,
1660. On the death of Philip IV., his suc-
cessor, Charles II., named Murillo his court-
painter, and in vain endeavoured to induce
him to take up his residence at Madrid. He
continued to work at Seville until his death
in 1682, which resulted from the effects of
a fall from a scaffolding, upon which he had
mounted to paint the upper part of a picture
of the Marriage of St. Catherine, for the
Church of the Capuchin Friars at Cadiz.
Works : Holy Family del Pajarito, Ilebekah
and Eliezer, Annunciation (2), Magdalen, St.
Jerome (2), Adoration of Sliepherds, St. Au-
gustine, St. Francis of Assisi, Madonna, St.
James, Christ the Good Shepherd, St. John
Baptist, Christ and St. John, Vision of St.
Bernard, St. Ildefonso, Madonna del Rosario,
Conversion of St. Paul, Education of the Vir-
gin, Christ Crucified (2), San Fernando, Con-
ception (4), Martyrdom of St. Andrew, Prodi-
gal Sou (4), Jesus sleeping upon the Cross,
Head of John Baptist, do. of St. Paul, St.
Francis de Paul (3), Ecce Homo, Mater Do-
lorosa, and others, Madrid Museum ; St.
Elizabeth of Hungary, St. Diego blessing
Soup, St. Francis, Adoration of Shepherds,
Magdalen, Roman Senator's Dream, Roman
Senator relating do., Academia S. Fer-
nando, Madrid ; Madonna de la Serville-
ta, St. Felix of Cantilicio, Conception (4),
St. Joseph and Infant Christ, SS. Leandro
and Bonaveutura, St. Thomas of Villauueva,
St. Francis of Assisi, Madonna and St. Fe-
lix, St. Anthony of Padua and Jesus (2), SS.
Justa and Rufina, Annunciation, St. John
Baptist, Madonna, St. Augustine (2), Se-
ville Museum ; Conception, St. Isidoro, St.
Leandro, St. Anthony of Padua and Jesus,
Guardian Angel, Baptism of Christ, Seville
Cathedral ; Moses striking the Rock, Miracle
of Loaves and Fishes, Juan de Dios, St.
John and Lamb, Infant Christ, Annuncia-
tion, Hospital of La Caridad, Seville ; Ma-
donna, Montpensier Collection, Seville ; Last
Supper, S. M. laBlanca, Seville; Conception,
S. Felipe Neri, Cadiz ; Marriage of St. Cath-
erine, St. Francis receiving the Stigmata,
I Conception, Capuchin Church, ib.; Ecce
Homo, Cadiz Museum ; St. Joseph and In-
fant Christ, Valladolid Museum ; Conception
(3), Birth of Virgin, Madonna of the Ro-
1 sary, Holy Family, Christ in the Garden,
Christ at the Column, Miracle of St. Di-
etjo, Peasant Boy, Louvre, Paris ; St. Diego
of Alcala, Due de Pozzo di Borgo, ib.;
Flight into Egypt, Duchesse de Galliera,
ib. ; Portrait of Murillo, Baron Seillicre, ib. ;
St. Francis of Assisi, Don Sebastian Collec-
tion, Pan ; Baptism of Christ, Due de Mont-
pensier ; L'hrift the Good Shepherd, Comte
de Greffuhlc, Paris ; Holy Family, Peasant
Boy, St. John and the Lamb, National Gal-
lery, London ; Madonna del Rosario, Flower
Girl, Peasant Boys, Dul \vich Gallery ; Adora-
tion of Shepherds, Annunciation, Assump-
tion, Joseph and his Brethren, Holy Family,
Madonna (4), Marriage of Mary and Joseph,
St. Thomas of Villanueva, Sir Richard Wal-
lace, Hertford House, London ; Abraham
and Angels, St. Anthony of Padua and In-
fant Jesus, Prodigal Son, Nativity, St. Jtts/a,
and others, Stafford House, ib. ; Prodigal
Son (G), Dudley House, ib. ; St. John \vitli
the Lamb, Jacob and Labau, Infant Christ
sleeping, Grosvenor House, ib.; St. Tliomas
of Villanueva, Conception, Assumption, Holy
Family, Shepherd Boy, Earl of Northbrook,
ib. ; St. Thomas of Villanueva, Conception,
Ecce Homo, Madonna, Lord Ashburton, ib. ;
Conception, Virgin Kneeling, and others,
Marquis of Lansdowne, ib. ; Isaac blessing
Jacob, St. Francis of Assisi, Saint with Palm,
Apsley House, ib. ; Madonna of the Apple,
Sir Win. Eden, ib.; Madonna, Duke of Bed-
ford, ib. ; Madonna (2), Lord Overstone, ib. ;
Fish Girl, Lady Cranstouu, ib.; Assumption,
Alfred Fletcher, Liverpool ; Conception, Will-
iam C. Cartwright, Ayuhoe, Northampton-
shire ; St. Francis de Paul, George Perkins,
Kent ; St. Francis Xavier, J. S. W. Earle-
Drax, Kent ; Holy Family, Madonna, Adora-
tion of Magi, Duke of Rutland, Belvoir
Castle ; Jacob with Flocks of Laban, Sir John
Hardy, Dunstall Hall, Staffordshire; St.
Joseph and Infant Christ, Mrs. L. Stephens,
MURILLO
Brandon, Norfolk ; St. Joseph and Infant
Christ, Earl of Stratford, Wrotham Park ;
Christ the Good Shepherd, Barou Roths-
child, Guuuersbury ; St. Augustine, Christ
healing the Paralytic, George Tomline, Or-
well Park, Suffolk ; St. Augustine, Joseph
T. Mills, Rugby ; Beggar, Diogenes, Mar-
quis of Exeter, Burghley House ; Beggar-
Boys, Blenheim Palace ; St. John and Lamb,
Las Gallegas, Lord Heytesbmy ; St. Augus-
tine, St. Rose of Lima, Angel with Cardi-
nal's Cap, Mr. Bankes, Kingston Lacy ;
Ruth and Naomi, Longford Castle ; Boy
with Cattle, Boys eating Fruit, Lowther
Castle ; Cherubs scattering Flowers, Ma-
donna, "Woburn Abbey ; Portrait of Murillo,
Earl Spencer, Althorpe ; Madonna, Warwick
Castle ; Portrait of Murillo, Francis Cook,
Richmond Hill ; Annunciation, Flight into
Egypt, Holy Family, Head of Baptist, De-
position from Cross, St. John, Evangelist,
Leigh Court Collection ; Boy Drinking, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh ; Annunciation,
Amsterdam Museum ; Madonna, Portrait,
Hague Museum ; Madonna, St. Anthony and
Infant Christ, Berlin Museum ; Two Chil-
dren in Spanish Costume, Joseph and Pot-
iphar's Wife, Cassel Gallery ; Magdalen,
Adolph Carstansen, Cologne ; Martyrdom
of St. Rodriguez, Madonna, Dresden Gal-
lery ; St. Francis de Paul, Boys eating
Bread, and others, Munich Gallery ; Holy
Family, Madonna (2), Flight into Egypt, St.
Joseph and Infant Christ, Portrait of him-
self, Buda-Pesth Gallery ; St. John and
Lamb, Vienna Museum ; Madonna, Madon-
na del Rosario, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Ma-
donna, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; Marriage of
St. Catherine, Vatican, ib. ; Dream of Jacob,
Isaac blessing Jacob, Annunciation, Concep-
tion, Adoration of Shepherds (2), St. Joseph
and Infant Christ (2), Repose, in Egypt, Flight
into Egypt, Ilohj Family, Christ on the
Cross, Assumption, St. Peter in Prison, St.
Anthony and Jesus, Death of Pedro Arbuez,
Peasant Boy, Peasant Girl, Boy with Dog,
Celestine and. Daughter in Prison, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Good Shepherd, Mag-
flalen, St. Raphael, Leuchtenberg Gallery,
ib. ; Boy with Basket, Boy with Glass of
Wine, Stockholm Museum ; Adoration of
Magi, do. of Shepherds, Vision of St. Fran-
cis, St. Joseph and Infant Christ, Concep-
tion, St. Ferdinand receiving Code de las
Partidas from Madonna, Historical Society,
New York ; IIolij Family, Metropolitan Mu-
seum, ib. ; Conception, Mrs. "William H. As-
piiiwall, ib. ; St. Diego of Alcala, C. B. Cur-
tis, ib. ; Infant Chris!, M. H. Arnot, Elmira,
N. Y. ; St. Hose of Lima, F. E. Church, Hud-
son, ib. ; Conception, George Peabody, Salem,
j Mass. — Stirling, Annals ; Stromer, Murillo ;
| Tubino, Murillo ; Minor, Murillo ; Cean
Bermudez ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole espagnole ;
Curtis, Velasquez and Murillo ; Dohme,
Wormim, Epochs ; Waagen, Art Treasures
Gaz. des B. Arts (1875), xi. 35 et seq. ; La
Ilustracion (1879), i. 211 ; (1880), i. 179,
399 ; (1882), i. 195 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, xi. 63.
MURILLO, portrait, Murillo, Francis
Cook, Richmond Hill, Surrey ; canvas, H. 2
ft. G in. x 2 ft. Bust, about forty years old,
in black habit with lace collar, thick mus-
tache, and long chin whiskers, his right
hand flat on his breast. — Curtis, 296.
By Murillo, Baron Seilliere, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. C in. Bust, about
fifty years old, with long hair falling on
both shoulders, slight mustache, and chin
tuft, black doublet with slashed sleeves, and
narrow, stiff linen collar. Painted in an
oval, as if on a block of marble, standing on
another block. Bought at sale of D. Ber-
nardo Iriarte by D. Francisco de la Barre-
ra Enguidanos ; thence to Julian Williams,
who sold it for £1,000 to Louis Philippe ;
318
MUKILLO
at L. P. sale (1851) to Nieuwenhuys for
£420. Engraved by Sichling, Blanchard,
H. Adlard, M. Albuerne, M. Alegre ; litho-
graphed by Mauzaisse. — Curtis, 295 ; Stir-
ling ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole cspagnole ; Scott,
Murillo ; Palomino, iii. -423 ; C. Bcrmudez,
Carta, 104 ; Robertson, Great Painters.
By Murillo, Earl Spencer, Althorpe, North-
amptonshire ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x3 ft.
6 in. Nearly half-length. About sixty years
old, bushy hair, face nearly front, in a black
doublet, over which falls a linen collar edged
with lace. Painted as if in an oval frame,
on which right hand rests, standing on a
pedestal, on which are a palette, brushes, ,-i
roll of paper, etc. Probably picture painted
for his sons, which was taken to Flanders
to be engraved by Collin. Bought by Sir
Lawrence Duudasfor £100 ; his sale (1794),
£380 ; Earl of Ashburuham sale (1850), .£829
10^. The most authentic of all Murillo's
portraits. Repetitious with changes : Lord
Leconfield, Petworth, Sussex ; Duke of Wel-
lington, London. Copy by Tobar, Madrid
Museum. Engraved by R. Collin (2), Cala-
matta, B. Ereda ; etched by C. O. Hurray.
—Curtis, 293 ; Palomino, iii. 423 ; C. Bcr-
mudez, ii. 55 ; do., Carta, 104 ; Art Journal
(1864), 218 ; Portfolio (1877), 1G5 ; Liibke.
MURILLO, BREVOORT. See Hob,
Family, Metropolitan Museum, New York.
MURPHY, J. FRANCIS, born in Oswego,
N. Y., in 1853. Landscape painter ; self-
taught. Exhibited first at National Acad-
emy, 1876. Member of Society of Ameri-
can Artists. Studio in New York. Elected
A.N. A. in 1885. "Works in oil : Sunny Slopes
(1879) ; Upland Cornfield (1880), October, !
Late Afternoon, T. B. Clarke, New York ;
April Weather (1881) ; Woodland (1882) ;
Rocky Slope (1883) ; Weedy Brook, Sultry
Season, Edge of a Pond, After the Frosts
(1884) ; Tints of a Vanished Past, The Yel-
low Leaf (1885) ; Indian Summer, Stormy
Fields, Sundown (1886).
MUSCIPULA, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lans-
downe House, London; canvas. A little girl,
three-fourths length, standing, holding a
mouse-trap with a mouse in it ; beside her, a
cat awaiting its prey. Painted in 1784 ; sold
to Count d'Adhemar for 50 guineas. En-
graved by Watson ; Bartolozzi ; Reynolds ;
Jones (1786) ; William Roft'e in Art Jour-
nal.—Pulling, 56 ; Art Journal (1883), 123.
MUSES, DANCE OF, diulio Romano,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 1 ft. 2 in.
x2 ft. 6 in. Apollo, crowned with laurel,
dances in a circle with the nine Muses, who
hold each other's hands. Carried to Paris
Muscipula, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lansdowne House, London.
in 1799 ; returned in 1815. Engraved by
Rossi ; Marais ; Guerin.— Filhol, vi. PI. 362 ;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 60 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
romaine ; Musee fran9aise, i.
MUSES IN OLYMPUS, Tintoretto, Hamp-
ton Court, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x
10 ft. 6 in. The Nine in the clouds, most of
them with musical instruments ; the sun in
the distance. In collection of Charles I. ; sold
in 1651 for £100 ; appears afterwards in cat-
alogue of James II. — Law, Hist. Cat. Hamp-
ton Court, 26 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 359.
319
MUSES
MUSES ON PARNASSUS, Tintoretto,
Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 10 ft.
8 in. The nine Muses and the Graces on
Parnassus ; above them, Apollo. Painted
for the Emperor Rudolph II. Brought
from Prague by Johann Georg I. Placed
in the gallery in 1725 by Leplat ; taken
from the Kunstkammer.— Cat. (1876), 141.
By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. The Nine, with Apollo,
noyers. This work was formerly attributed
to Perino del Vaga. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Filhol, x. PI. 002; Waagcn, Treasures, ii. 481.
'' MUSIDORA, Thomas Gainsborough, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 6 f t. x 5
ft. Musidora, partly nude, seated on the
bank of a shaded stream, has one foot in
the water and is loosening the sandal of the
other (Thomson's " Summer "). The only
, nude figure painted by Gainsborough. Ver-
Dance of the Muses, Giulio Romano, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
who holds a violin and bow in his hand.
Formerly in Brussels. Engraved by Van
Hoy.— Cat. 1H.
MUSES AND PIERIDES, CONTEST
BETWEEN, II HOMO, Louvre ; wood trans-
ferred to canvas, H. 1 ft. x 2 ft. Apollo,
Minerva, Bacchus, Mercury, and nymphs,
on the summit of Parnassus, preside at the
contest between the Muses (left) and the
daughters of Pierus (right), who, on being
conquered, were metamorphosed into birds
(Ov. Met., v. 295). Belonged to Charles I.,
to whom it was presented by Lord Cotting-
ton, who bought it in Spain of the Marquis of
Crescentius ; sold to Jabach for £117 ; next
belonged to Cardinal Mazariu, from whose
heirs bought for Louis XIV. Engraved by
Euea Vico; A. Veneziano ; Chauveau ; M. Des-
non Collection, 1847. Engraved by P. Light-
foot in Art Journal. — Cat. Nat. Gal.; Art
Journal (1853), 176.
MTJSSCHER, MICHIEL VAN, born at
Rotterdam,
Jan. 27, 1645,
died at Am-
sterdam, Aug.
20, 1705.
Dutch school ;
portrait paint-
er; first in-
structed by
Martin Zaag-
molen, then pu-
pil of Abraham van den Tempel, of Metsu,
and Adriaan van Ostade ; the influence of
all these masters is discernible in his ex-
320
MUSSIKI
cellent pictures. Established himself at
Amsterdam, where he obtained right of citi-
zenship, March 15, 1688 ; painted also genre
scenes and views of towns. Works : Por-
trait of "Willem van de Velde, Mr. Baring,
London ; Artist's Family (1G81), Hague Mu-
seum ; Mother with Two Children, Arem-
berg Gallery, Brussels ; Family Group, Por-
traits of Hendrik Bicker and Wife (1G82),
Portrait of Gaspard Fagel, Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Portrait, Six Collection, ib. ; Three
Works : Death of Leonardo da Vinci (1828),
Echo Weeping (1829), Tasso reading his
Poem to Eleonora d'Este (1831), Death of
Atala (1830), Florence Academy ; Raphael
and the Fornariua ; Conspiracy of the Paz-
zis ; Ganymede.— Cotta's Kuustbl. (1838),
304; (1843), 271, 402; (1844), 358, 400;
(1845), 338 ; (1840), 07.
MUSSIXI, LUIGI, born in Florence in
1813. History painter, brother and pupil
of Cesare. Director of Siena Academy.
'•'/
«& if
affiSSfelv-ii
; - <-;
-•••:••; . .4
•;V^^^^.,--- ,
Contest between the Muses and the Pierides, II Rosso, Louvre.
Children making Garlands (1690), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Male Portrait, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Female do., Turin Gallery ; Artist's
Family, Historical Society, New York.—
Immerzeel, ii. 249 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 401 ;
Kramm, iv. 1178 ; Ch. Blanc, licole hollan-
daise ; Burger, Musues, i. 251 ; ii. 103, 258 ;
De Stuers, 97.
MUSSINI, CESARE, born in Berlin in
1808. History painter, pupil of Florence
Academy, where he became professor and
court-painter to Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour,
1877. Works : Sacred Music (1840), Alms
of the Christian and the Philanthropist
(1844), Abelard and Heloise (1842), Flor-
ence Academy ; Christian Martyrs, Siena,
Cathedral ; Christ driving out the Money-
Changers ; Spartan Education, Luxembourg
Museum ; Marino Faliero contemplating Re-
venge on Michele Steno, Wiesbaden Gallery ;
Sienese Lad, Museo Civico, Turin ; Last Day
of Nero ; Triumph of Truth ; Platonic Acad-
emy of Lorenzo de' Medici ; Summer Hour
(1878); St. Elizabeth, St. George (1882);
Chess Tournament at Court of Spain (1883).
— Cotta'sKunstbl. (1844), 363 ; Muller, 387 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 171.
321
MITTIANO
MUTIANO. See Muziano.
MUTIUS SCJEVOLA, Charles Is.brun,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft.
4 in. Mutius, sworn to kill King Porsenna,
ally of Tarquin, slays his secretary instead
by mistake ; seized by the guards and
brought before Porsenna, he burns his
right hand in a brazier to show the king
that no threats can intimidate him. Por-
senna, admiring his courage, gave him his
liberty and made pence with the Romans.
Loreley, Gretchen (1851) ; Origin of the
Munich Schiiffler Dance (1856). In fresco :
Emperor Ludwig acquiring Mark Branden-
burg, Battle of Ampfing, National Museum,
Munich. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii. 116 ; Nag-
ler, Mon., iv. 4G9.
MUYDEN, ALFEED VAN, born at Lau-
sanne, Switzerland, in 1818. Genre painter
at Geneva ; studied in Munich and Paris,
then lived for several years in Kome. De-
picts family life of the Roman middle class
m m '
3 1
' • ^^1^,-vOrk;"
<J±Mm&
' ' .
a / ^ ; ' >•
I ••• ' - .
' (
Mutius Sca^vola, Charles Lebrun, Louvre, Paris,
Mutius was thenceforth called Scnovola (left-
handed. Livy, ii. 12, i:i). Painted in Rome
about 1043. Engraved by Chataigner. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, xii.
PL 49 ; Filhol, x. PI. 063.
MUTTENTHALER, ANTON (Tony),
born at Hochstiidt, May 10, 1820, died at
Leipsic, March 21, 1870. History and genre
painter, pupil in Munich of Kaulbach ; ex-
celled as an illustrator, and in 1860 went to
Leipsic as artistic director of the Illustrirte
Zeitung. Works : Raphael painting the
Fornarina (1843) ; Dance of Elves (1850) ;
with natural grace and pleasing colouring.
Order of Leopold, 1866. Works : Woman
of the Abruzzi nursing her Child (1850),
Ghent Museum ; Italian Mother with Suck-
ling Asleep (1859), Roman Market Scene
(1861), Basle Museum ; Pifferari, Musc'e Rath,
Geneva ; Refectory at Albano ; Monks play-
ing Chess ; Happy Family ; Father Confes-
sor ; Mowers returning Home ; Thrashing
of Grain in the Campagna.
MUYS, NICOLAAS, born at Rotterdam
in 1740, died there in 1808. Interior and
landscape painter, pupil of his father Wil-
322
MFZIANO
lem Mnys, and at the Hague Academy of
Aart Schouman ; dean of the guild at Rot-
terdam in 1782-83 and 1792. Works : In-
teriors (1775, 177G, 1777, 1779, 1791), do.
by Candle Light (1783), Landscape with
Figures (1790), Rotterdam Museum.
MUZIANO (Mutiauo), GIRO LA MO,
born at Acqua-
fredda in 1530,
died in Rome,
April 27, 1592.
Ven etian
school ; pupil
of Girolamo
Roniauino at
Brescia, but
went young to
Venice to study
the works of Titian. When about twenty
years old he went to Rome, where his talent
won him the friendship of Michelangelo and
Taddeo Zucchero, with whom he painted
many works. Muziano was superintendent
of the decorations in the Vatican under
Gregory XHL, and the founder of the Acad-
emy of St. Luke, which he endowed at his
death. He made drawings, begun by Giu-
lio Romano, of the bas-relief.s on the column
of Trajan, afterwards engraved. His works,
of which he left a large number, exhibit a
grandeur of design approaching that of Mi-
chelangelo, whom he closely imitated. His
compositions are good, and his colouring
rich, after the Venetian manner. Blanc
calls him a second-rate Sebastiano del Pi- '
ombo. He excelled as a designer of mosa-
ics, many of which in St. Peter's, Rome,
were executed after his designs. His best
pictures are in Roman churches : Resurrec-
tion of Lazarus, in S. M. Maggiore ; As-
sumption of the Virgin, S. Paolo ; St. Fran-
cis receiving the Stigmata, Cappuccini ; Con-
ception of the Virgin, S. M. Transpontina ;
Christ giving the Keys to St. Peter, and St.
John preaching in the Desert, S. M. degli
Angeli ; Circumcision, Gesh ; Ascension, Ara
Cceli. In the Louvre are the Incredulity of
St. Thomas, and Resurrection of Lazarus ;
at Reims is a St. Mary the Egyptian ; in
the Bergamo and Bologna Galleries a St.
Jerome ; in the Naples Museum a St. Fran-
cis d'Assisi in Prayer ; and in the Schleiss-
heim Gallery are a Christ before the Cruci-
fixion, and a Pieta.— Ch. Blanc, Kcolc vi'ui-
tienne ; Vasavi, «il. Le Mon., xi. 2G(i ; xii.
115 ; Seguier, 130 ; Siret, G33 ; Burckhardt,
739; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, x. 207.
MYN, HERMAN VAN DEI I, born at
Amsterdam in 1684, died in London in
17-11. Flower painter, pupil of Ernst Steu-
veii ; afterwards began to paint portraits
and historical subjects, which caused his
being called to the court of the Elector-
Palatine ; returned to Holland in 1717, then
went to Paris, and later on to London, where
he obtained enormous prices for life-size
portraits, but, living recklessly, was obliged
to leave on account of debts in 173G, and
on his return to Holland received a pension
from the Prince of Orange ; hoping to bet-
ter his circumstances he went again to Lon-
don in 1741, and died in poverty. Works :
Garden Flowers in costly Vase, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Festoon of Flowers, Schlciss-
heini Gallery ; Death of Sophonisbe, Turin
Gallery. — Immer/eel, ii. 251 ; Kramm, iv.
1180; Nagler, x. 1)0.
MYTENS, DANIEL, the elder, born at
The Hague about 1590, died after 1G58.
Dutch school ; portrait painter, formed him-
self after Rubens ; entered the guild of The
Hague in 1(510 ; went in 1G18 to England,
where he worked for James I. and Charles
I., whose court-painter he became in 1G25.
On Van Dyck's arrival he wished to retire,
but the king and Van Dyck himself per-
suaded him to remain. Said to have returned
to The Hague about 1G30. He painted
beautiful copies of Raphael's cartoons. His
works show great simplicity of manner,
lightness of colour, and silvery flesh tones.
Works : Charles I. with Henrietta Maria
and Child, Buckingham Palace ; Earl of
Arundel and Family, Duke of Norfolk's
Collection, London ; Marquis of Hamilton,
323
MYTENS
and others, Hampton Court ; Marquis of
Hamilton, Earl of Hopetoun's Collection ;
Earl of Portland, Duke of Bedford's Collec-
tion ; Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, Earl
of Dunmore's Collection ; Sir Randolph
Crewe, National Portrait Gallery, London ;
Charles I. and Henrietta Maria (1G37),
Dresden Gallery ; Charles I. as Prince of
Wales (1G24), Copenhagen Gallery ; Charles
I. (1027), Turin Gallery. By one David
Mytens is in the Dresden Museum a capital
portrait-group of the artist's family, dated
1024— Kunst-Chronik, xix. 422; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 257 ; Redgrave ; Kramm, iv.
1182.
MYTENS, JOHANNES, born at The
Hague, died there in 1G71 or 1G72. Dutch
school ; portrait painter, son and probably
pupil of Daniel Mytens, the elder ; was one
of the founders of the society Pictura at
The Hague, and its dean in 1GG9-71.
Works : Portraits of Admiral Tromp and
his Wife (1GG8), Amsterdam Museum ; Fe-
male Portrait (1G5G), Antwerp Museum ;
do., and Male Portrait, Hague Museum ;
Portrait of Jacob Cats and his Niece (1G50),
. 16-56.
Rotterdam Museum ; Male Portrait, Copen-
hagen Museum. — Kramin, iv. 1185.
MYTENS, MARTIN VON. See M,-y-
NABERT, WILHELM (JULIUS AU-
GUST), born at Brunswick, Sept. 15,
1830. Landscape painter, pupil in
Cassel of Heinrich Brandesaud from 1850 in
Diisseldorf of Gude ; went with Lessing to
Carlsruhe in 1858, returned to Diisseldorf
in 18G1 and settled there, having taught in
Brunswick in 1803-05. Most of his sub-
jects are taken from the Hartz Mountains.
— Miiller, 387.
NACHTMANN, FRANZ XAVER, born
at Bodenmais, Bavaria, Sept. 6, 1799, died in
1840. Flower, fruit, portrait, landscape,
and interior painter, pupil of Munich Acad-
j emy in 1814-1!) ; employed in the royal
I porcelain factory in 1823-27. Works : Por-
traits of Royal Family of Bavaria ; Marriage
of Duke Max at Tegernsee ; Interior of All
Saints', Munich ; Several Interiors from the
Kouigsbau, ib. ; and the castles at Nymph-
enburg, and Schleissheim ; Flowers and
, Fruit, New Piuakothek, Munich. — Allgem.
d. Biog., xxiii. 200 ; Cotta's Kuustbl. (1847),
3G ; Nagler, Mon., iv. 792 ; Soltl, 315.
NADORP, FRANZ, born at Anhalt, Rhe-
nish Prussia, June 23, 1794, died in Rome,
Sept. 13 (17), 1870. Landscape and his-
tory painter, pupil of Prague Academy un-
der Bergler ; went in 1828 to Rome, where
he painted meritorious works in oil, water-
colour, and fresco. Works : St. John in
Ecstasy (1824); Holy Family (1825); Christ,
Mary, Joseph, and John with the Lamb
(1827) ; Three Magi (1828) ; Holy Family
(1830) ; View in the Cervara, Forum at
Pompeii, Etruscan Graves at Corneto (1830
-32) ; Murder of Children of Edward IV. in
the Tower (1837) ; Dante ; Francesca da
Rimini ; Rodenstein's Departure with the
Wild Chase (1840); Macbeth and the Witch-
es ; Raphael's Villa at Rome ; Fountain in
Villa Corti ; Villa d'Este. — Audresen, ii.
278 ; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1842), 340 ; (1843),
119, 217 ; (1840), 15 ; (1847), 109 ; D.
Kunstblatt (1855), G8 ; Raczynski, iii. 325.
NAECKE, GUSTAV HEINRICH, born
at Frauenstein, Saxony, April 4, 1785, died
in Dresden, Jan. 10, 1835. History and
genre painter, pupil of Dresden Academy
under Grassi ; went in 1817 to Rome, and
on his return in 1825 became professor at
Dresden Academy. Works : Cupid taking
the Thunderbolt from Jupiter's Eagle
(180G); Faust and Gretchen (1811), Leipsic
Museum ; Egmont and Clara (1812) ; St.
Genevieve (181G) ; Six Pictures after an
English Novel (1814-10) ; St. Elizabeth
distributing Alms (1820) ; Christ appearing
32-1
NA11L
to Disciples (1828), Naumburg Cathedral ; ! there, Dec. 31, 1807. Genre painter, pupil
Madonna with St. Ann (1830); Boaz and ; of Gros and of the ficole des Beaux Arts.
Ruth (1833); Artist's Portrait (1814), Dres- He was the son of Jean Naigeon (1753-
deu Museum. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii. 201 ; , 1832), a pupil of David, painter, sculptor,
Hagen ii. 91 ; N. Necrol. tier D. (1835), 59 ; | and director of the Paris picture galleries in
Baczynski, iii. 200. [ the time of Napoleon I., as well as first cus-
NAHL, JOHANN AUGUST, the younger, | todiau of the Luxembourg Museum (1812).
born at Clanne, near Be rue, Jan. 7, 1752, i Jean Guillaume succeeded his father in this
died in Cassel, Jan. 31, 1825. History and office (1831), and in 1861 was appointed cus-
landscape painter, sou of sculptor of same todian of the Egyptian Museum at the Lou-
name ; pupil at Cassel of Heinrich Tisch- vre. "Won the 2d grand prix in 1827. Medal
bein, the elder, at Strassburg of Tanuesch | of 2d class, 1833; L. of Honour, 18-13.
and Bemmel, and in Paris of Le Sueur ; Works : Magdalen in the Desert (1831) ;
went in 177-4 to Home, where for several Neapolitan praying for her Child (1833);
years he studied after the antique, then Neapolitan Nurse (183G) ; Vintage at Amalfi
copied Raphael and Guido Reni, and, hav- ' (1841), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
ing returned to Cassel in 1781, and visited ! Adoration of the Magi (1845) ; Gleaners in
England and Holland in 1782, lived again Vicinity of Naples, Vintage of Amalfi (1857);
in Italy in 1783-93. Through Hackert he Taking of Boulogne in 1511, Portraits of
was led, at Naples, to landscape painting, ; Henri II. of
which he studied from nature and after the | France, Philippe
great masters ; after his return to Cassel he d' Orleans, Arch- /I/ /TV /"7
became professor and in 1815 director of bishop Huet, "-^
the Academy. Works : Sacrifice to Venus ; Comtesso de Pa-
Cupid drawing Thorn from Venus's Foot; rabt're, Comte de Peluse, Versailles Museum.
Ariadne in Naxos ; Narcissus; Hector's — Bellier, ii. 140; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1832),
Farewell of Andromache ; Achilles at Court 39G ; (1843), 207 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1801),
of Lycomedes ; Ulysses blinding Polvphe- ix. 250 ; Larousse.
mus, Cassel Gallery ; Wallenstein consulting i NAIVEU (Neveu), MATHYS, bom at
the Stars, Stuttgart Museum ; Venus and Leyden in 1047, died at Amsterdam about
Adonis ; Ceres lighting the Torch to seek 1721. Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil
Proserpine ; Several Views of the Weissen- ! of Abraham Torenvliet and of Gerard Don,
stein near Cassel. His son, Johann Wilhelm whom he took for his model and imitated
(born in Cassel in 1804, died there, June 14, successfully. Settled at Amsterdam in 1077.
1880), was a portrait and history painter, i Works : St. Jerome (1070), Amsterdam Mu-
pupil of his father and of Wiegand. — ' scum ; do. (1095), Moltke Collection, Copcn-
Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii. 240 ; Goethe, Winck- , hagen ; Captains of the Undertakers' Guild
elmann, ii. 149, 171; Meusel, No. 3, 299; at Leydeu (1077); Works of Mercy, Leyden
Nagler, x. 105 ; Kunst-Chronik, xv. 087.
NAIAD, Jean Jacques Ifennrr, Luxem-
bourg Museum, Paris ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 4
Museum ; The Invalid, New York Museum.
— Kramm, iv. 1195.
NAKKEN, WILLEM CAREL, born at
in. x 2 ft. Nude, lying at full length on her The Hague, April 9, 1835. Landscape and
back, under trees, on a grassy bank beside animal painter, pupil of A. F. Dona. Medal
water, with right knee raised and both arms at Philadelphia, 1870. Works : At Harvest
above the head. Engraved by A. Nargeot.
— L'Artiste (1882), i. 1.
NAIGEON, JEAN GUILLAUME ELZI-
(1874) ; Normandy Pack-Horses in Winter
(1875), Amsterdam Museum ; Men loading
Wagon by a Quarry, Rotterdam Museum ;
DOR, born in Paris, April 8, 1797, died ' Etalon Normand, Inn Stable, Paris Exposi-
338
NALDINI
tion, 1S78; Before the Barn (1885); Haying,
John D. Lankcnau, Philadelphia.
NALDINI, BATTISTA, also called Bat-
tista degli Innocenti, born at Florence in
1537, died in 1584 (?). Florentine school ;
history painter, pupil of Pontormo and of
Brouzino ; assisted for fourteen years Vasa-
ri, who praised his quickness and facility
of execution. Works : Entombment, Purifi-
cation of the Virgin, S. Maria Novella, Flor-
ence ; Pieti'i, over Michelangelo's Tomb,
Santa Crocc, ib. ; Adoration of Shepherds,
do. of Magi, Dresden Museum. — Lauzi (Ilos-
coe), i. 105.
NANTEUIL-LEBCEUF, CELESTIN,
born in Koine of French parents, July 11,
1813, died at Marlotte in September, 1873.
Genre painter and celebrated lithographer,
pupil of Langlois and of Ingres. He illus-
trated the works of Victor Hugo, Gauthier,
and Rover. Medals : 3d class, 1837 ; 2d
class, 1848, 18(51 ; medal, 18G7 ; L. of Hon-
our, 18(18 ; appointed director of Dijon
Academy in 18G7. Works : Holy Family
(1833); Beggar (1834); Christ Healing the
Sick (1837) ; A Spring, Among the Vines,
Hay of Sunlight (1848), Valenciennes Muse-
um ; Temptation (1851), Havre Museum ;
Vineyard (1855); Faun (1874), Luxembourg
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 147 ; Claretie, Peintres
(1874), 338 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch.,
686.
NANTEUIL-G AUGIR AN, CHARLES,
born in Paris in 1811. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Ingres and of Gleyre. Medals : 3d
class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1846. Works : Mar-
ket in Africa (1840) ; Halt of Troops in
Spain (1841) ; Descent from La Courtille
(1842) ; An Incursion (1844) ; Rice Course
near Paris (1853) ; Victims of Awkwardness
(1805) ; Old Manager (1870) ; Farm Yard
at Lieusaint (1875) ; Return from Market
(1870) ; Mishap (1880) ; Interior of Court
Yard (1882) ; Farrier in Auvergne (1883) ;
Garrison Pastimes (1884) ; Paris Mud at
Railway Station of Lieusaint (1885).— Bel-
lier, ii. 147.
NAPOLEON I. See also Aboukir, Aus-
terlitz, Eylaii, Jaffa.
NAPOLEON IN CAMPAIGN OF
FRANCE, Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier,
Sir Richard Wallace, London ; wood, H. 0^
in. x 12.'- in.; dated 18G4. Napoleon, fol-
lowed by his staff and a group of generals
and marshals, is in retreat along an icy
road, stained and marked by wheels and
feet ; the body of the army advances in a
crowd on a parallel line, closing up the
ranks for mutual warmth as the chilling
wind cuts their faces. Sometimes incor-
rectly called the Retreat from Russia. Sa-
lon, 18G5. Belonged formerly to M. Gus-
tave Delahaute, Paris. Bought by Sir R.
Wallace for 10,000 guineas. — Gaz. des B.
Arts (1SG4), xvi. 520 ; (18G7), xxiii. 322.
NAPOLEON, CORONATION OF. Sco
Josephine.
NAPOLEON IN CORONATION ROBES,
Francois Gerard, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 0 in. Standing, wearing
the imperial robes and bearing the imperial
symbols. Presented by Napoleon I.
'NAPOLEON CROSSING THE ALPS,
Louis Da i-id, Versailles Museum. The First
Consul passing the Alps, May 20, 1800.
Napoleon, on a rearing horse, pointing up-
wards with right hand ; background, snow-
clad heights, with glimpses of French troops
toiling upwards. Rocks at base inscribed :
BONAPARTE. AXNIBAL. KABOLUS MAGNUS.
Painted in 1805. Engraved by Prevost. —
Landon, Musee, ix. PI. 57; Gal. do Ver-
sailles, iv. No. G71.
By Paul Delaroche, Lord Onslow, Eng-
land. The Emperor, in gray coat and
cocked hat, is mounted on a mule, which is
led by a guide ; behind, an officer on a
horse, led by another guide, followed by a
third mounted man. Painted in 1848 ; rep-
lica, 1851, John Waylor, Leightou. En-
graved by A. Fran<;ois. — Larousse, ii. 050.
NAPOLEON DISTRIBUTING EAGLES,
Louis David, Versailles Museum ; canvas.
sai
NAPOLEON
Ou the third clay of the Coronation fetes,
Dec. 5, 1804, Napoleon distributed the ea-
gles and flags of the empire to the army
and the National Guard, from the portico
of the ficole militaire in the Champ-de-Mars,
the fayade of which was decorated to rep-
resent a grand tribune. Painted in 1810.
Engraved by Frilley. — Gal. de Versailles, iv.
No. 745 ; Moniteur, Dec. G, 1804.
NAPOLEON IN 1814, Jean Louis Ernest
Meissonier, late Defoer Collection, Paris ;
wood, H. 12^ in. x 9]- in. The Emperor, in
gray overcoat, buckskin breeches, and white
Napoleon crossing the Alps, Louis David, Versailles Museum.
waistcoat, wearing his star and orders,
on a white Arab charger, looking sternly
across the battlefield ; near by, two mounted
officers of his staff await orders. Painted
in 1862 for Prince Napoleon Jerome for
15,000 francs ; passed to M. Durand Ruel,
Paris, who sold it in 1868 to Mr. AVallis of
London ; bought by John Ruskin (1868) for
1,000 guineas ; sold at Christie's, June 3,
1882, for 5,800 guineas to Mr. Wallis, who
bought it for M. Defoer ; at his sale (1880),
128,000 francs.— London Times (1882), June
5, 8, 10.
NAPOLEON AT FONTAINEBLEAU,
Paul Ddarwhi', Leipsic Museum ; canvas.
Seated, his dress a little in disorder and his
small-clothes soiled. Painted in 1845. Sold
originally for 12,000 francs to Mr. Schletter,
Berlin. Engraved by A. Francois.
NAPOLEON AT "ST. HELENA, Paul
Delarochi', Osborue House, Isle of Wight ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 10 in. Seated at the
extremity of a rock which occupies Ihe
whole height of the picture, whence some-
times called the Eock of St. Helena. Paint-
ed in 1852. Sold for 1,650 francs. En-
graved by C. W. Sharpe. — Art Journal
(I860), 360.
NAPOLEON IN HIS STUDY, Paul Dda-
ruchc, Countess of Sandwich ; canvas. Seat-
ed, dressed in small-clothes. Salon, 1837.
Engraved by Aristide Louis.
NAPOLEON HI. AT SOLFERLNO, Jean
Louis Ernest Mai-wonier, Luxembourg Mu-
seum, Paris ; wood, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6
in. The Emperor, mounted, accompanied
by his staff, inspects from a height the field
of battle ; behind him, groups of officers
on horseback awaiting orders ; at right, in
foreground, a battery of cannon, and on a
neighboring hill troops marching. Salon,
1864.— Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvi. 521 ;
Laroussc, xi. 833.
NAPOLETANO, FILIPPO. See An<jdi,
Filippo d'.
NARCISSUS AND ECHO, Claude Lor-
rain, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 1 in. x3 ft. 11 in. Narcissus, observed
only by the disconsolate Echo and another
nymph, admires his image in a transparent
pool, the banks of which are surrounded by
rocks and lofty trees. Painted in 1644 ;
Liber vcritatis, No. 77. From Delmu Col-
lection ; presented by Sir G. Beaumont in
1826. Engraved by Vivaivs (1743), and by
Cooke in National Gallery. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 340 ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Pattison,
Claude Lorrain, 228.
NAS LI HANUM, Princess, born in Tur-
key about 1857. Flower painter, daughter
of Mustapha Fasyl Pasha ; received a thor-
327
NASELLI
ough European education, and exhibited
several flower-pieces at the first Ottoman
Salon at Constantinople in 1881. — Kunst-
Chronik, xvi. 42.
NASELLI, FRANCESCO, born at Fer-
rara about 1570, died there in 1G30. Lom-
bard school, of noble family ; pupil of Ippo-
lito Mazzuoli or of Bastaruolo ; opened a
school at Ferrara and removed to Bologna,
where he studied the works of the Carracci
and their disciples. Painted in competition
with Bonoue and Giuseppe Scarsella. —
Lanzi, iii. 218 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ferraraise.
NASINI, GIUSEPPE NICOLA, born at
Castel del Piano, Jan. 25, 1(557, died in Si-
ena, July 3, 1736. Sienese school ; history
painter, pupil of his father, Francesco Nasi-
ni, and in Home of Ciro Ferri, who sent him
to Florence to copy the paintings of Pietro
da Cortona. There the Grand Duke fur-
nished him with the means to continue his
studies in Rome. All writers on art of that
period unite in the most enthusiastic eulo-
gies of the works of this master, who seems
now entirely forgotten. His masterpiece,
the Novissimi, or Four Last Stages of Man,
completed in 151)4, grand compositions of
enormous size, are still in the church of San
Francesco, at Siena, to which city they were
presented by Ferdinand III. of Tuscany, in
1795.— Acad. (1883), 52, 219.
NASMYTH, PATRICK, born in Edin-
burgh, Jan. 7, 1787, died at Lambeth, Aug.
17, 1831. Son and pupil of Alexander Na-
smyth (1758-1840), a mediocre landscape
painter ; went to London in 1807, and two
years later exhibited his first picture in the
Royal Academy. Painted simple landscapes,
with much detail in execution, in imitation
of the Dutch school, but with great force.
Works : View in Hampshire, Thomas Bar-
ing ; Cottage, Angler's Nook, National Gal-
lery, London. — Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, F.cole
anglaise.
NASON, PIETER, born probably at The
Hague, died after 1G80. Dutch school ;
portrait and still-life painter, supposed pu-
pil of Jan van Ravesteyn ; master of Hague
-f
. T'
•^
guild in 1030, one of the founders of the
new guild in 1656 ; long employed at the
court of the Great Elector in Berlin. A
manly style and decided individuality char-
acterize his portraits, which are excellently
drawn and of careful execution. Works :
Female Portrait (1670), Haarlem Museum ;
Portrait of WillemFrederik of Nassau (1662),
Hague Museum ; Two Portraits, Rotterdam
Museum ; Portrait of Great Elector (1667),
Charlottenburg Castle ; Male Portrait (1668),
Still Life with costly Vessels, Berlin Muse-
um ; Portrait of Charles H. ; Two Portraits
(1658),
' MS Moltke Col-
lection, Co-
penhagen ; Portrait of a Prince of Orange,
New York Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), ii.
362 ; Kramm, iv. 1188 ; Burger, Musees, i.
'221.
NATIVITY, Annibale Carracci, Louvre ;
canvas, H. 3 ft, 4 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. The Child
lying in the manger adored by the Virgin,
St. Joseph, angels, and shepherds kneeling ;
above, the open heavens disclose a choir of
angels and cherubim. Collection of Louis
XIV.; bought in 1685 for 2,800 livres. En-
graved by Forster ; P. S. Bartoli.— Villot,
Cat, Louvre ; Musoe royal, ii. ; Laudou, Mu-
soe, ii. PL 7.
By Lodovico Carracci, Louvre ; copper,
H. 1 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. The Virgin, kneel-
ing, with arms crossed, contemplates Jesus,
who lies on the ground on a cloth held by
St. Joseph ; two shepherds, one with a child
upon his shoulders, approach ; behind, an
angel conducts another shepherd ; at left,
two angels stand beside a cow and an ass,
of which only the Leads are seen ; above,
angels upon clouds scatter flowers. Collec-
tion of Louis XP7.; bought in 1685.— Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, xii. PI.
52.
By Corrcygio. See La Nolle.
By Francesco Francia, Bologna Gallery ;
wood, figures life-size ; dated 1498. The
Virgin, kneeling, with the Child on the
ground before her, in front of a ruined
NATIVITY
arch in a beautiful landscape; to the left, — Gualandi, iii., 5th series, 108; Fclsiua
the kneeling patron, an angel, and SS. Jo- Pittriee, iv. Part 5G ; Lavice, 231.
seph and Francis ; to the right, St. Augus- , By Fra Filippo //i/i/jf, S. Domenico, Prato ;
tine, an angel, and a standing figure. Paint- ten figures nearly life-size. Jesus lying on
ed for Church of the Misericordia at request ground, adored by Virgin and St. Joseph,
of the patron, Anton Galeazzo Bentivoglio, ' between SS. George and Dominick, in a
of Bologna. Carried to Milan by the Benti- rocky landscape in which shepherds play ;
voglii, when expelled from Bologna by Ju- above, in sky, six angels sing canticles, while
lius II., and not returned till 1810. — C. & an apparition of Infant Christ appears; in
C., N. Italy, i. 502 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. distance, penthouse, ox, and ass. — C. & C.,
538.
By Domeuico Ghirlandajo, Dresden Gal- By Fra Filippo
lery ; wood, round, 2 ft. 6 in. diam. The ' wood. The Virgin
Italy, ii. 337 ; Vasari, cd. Mil., ii. 021.
i', Florence Academy ;
adoring Jesus on the
Child, lying at the feet of Joseph, on hay ground ; at left, SS. Joseph and Hilarion
and the mantle of the Vir-
gin, who kneels before him
in adoration. Probably a
school-piece. From the
Steinla Collection. — Cat.
Dresden Gal.
By Giulio Romano,
Louvre ; wood, H. D ft. 1
in. x C ft. 11 in. Jesus,
lying on the ground, is
adored by the Virgin and
Joseph, kneeling ; behind
them, several shepherds,
one with a lamb on his
shoulders ; to the right,
St. John; to the left, St.
Longinus ; in background,
through an opening in the
stable, are seen the shepherds with their (portrait of Robert Malatesti), the latter
flocks, and the angel who announces the only partly seen, and behind, St. Jerome ;
coming of the Messiah. Painted for Chapel at right, Mary Magdalen in prayer behind a
of Isabella Boschetta, S. Andrea, Mantua ; wall ; background, a landscape with shop-
removed to palace of Duke of Mantua ; sold herds; above, a glory of angels. Painted
to Charles I. of England ; bought after his for Convent of Annaleua, Florence. Eu-
death by Jabach, who sold it to Louis XIV. graved by Ferretti. — Vasari, ed. Mil., ii.
Engraved by Fr. Chauveau about 1650 ; L. 619 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 322 ; Gal. di Fireuze,
Desplaces.— Laudou, vi. PI. 2 ; Villot, Cat. PI. 36 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine.
Louvre ; Cab. Crozat, i. PI. 49. By Rembrandt, Munich Gallery ; canvas,
By Guido Reni, S. Martino, Naples. One arched, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. The
of the master's best pictures, though unfiu- ; Virgin, seated beside Jesus, who is lying
ished. Virgin and Child well treated and ' on straw in the stable, is uncovering him
well lighted, but the rest of this important to the view of the shepherds ; behind, Jo-
composition has changed in tone. It was ' seph with a lamp which throws a brilliant
in Guido'a studio at the time of his death, light on the babe. Painted in 1646 for the
329
NATOIKE
Stacltholclcr, Prince Frederic Henry ; for-
merly in Diisseldorf Gallery. Engraved by
Hess.— Vosmaer, 201, 47;} ; Smith, vii. 24.
By Girolamo Eomanino, National Gallery,
London ; wood, altarpicce in five compart-
ments, centre, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. |
Jesus, lying on a white clotli on a knoll,
is adored by the kneeling Virgin ; Joseph i
leans on his staff, and two boy angels hover '
in the air. On sides, SS. Filippo Benizzio ]
and Gaudioso above, and SS. Alexander and
Jerome below. Painted in 1525 for S. Ales-
sandro, Brescia, whence taken by one of the
Counts Avveroldi ; bought of Counts Angelo
and Ettore Avveroldi in 1857 for ,C8(U.—
Piidolti, Maraviglie, i. 351 ; C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 387 ; Richter, 95, 10(1
By Titian, formerly in S. Marco, Venice.
Painted about 15G3 ; destroyed by fire from
a candle on the altar, after morning mass,
Jan. 19, 1580.— C. A: C!., Titian, ii. 337.
NATOIEE, CHARLES JOSEPH, born
at Ximes, March
3, 1700, died at
Castel Gandolfo,
•A*— .=.. J**Ll \
Aug. 29, 1777.
French school ;
history painter,
pupil ofGalloche
and Lorn oy ne.
-Won the grand
prix de Koine in
I 1721, and later
in Home the 1st prize of the Academy of
St. Luke. Became member of the Acadcmv
(1734), professor (1737), director of the
French Academy at Rome (1751), which
post he resigned in 1774. Works : Manoah
offering Sacrifice to the Lord (1721), Kcole
des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Moses with the Dec-
alogue ; Venus asking Arms of Vulcan
(1734), Three Graces, Juno, Triumph of
Bacchus, Louvre, Paris ; Youth and Virtue
presenting two Princesses to France, Dau-
phin Louis de France (2), Versailles Muse-
um ; Allegory on Birth of a Princess, Dau-
phin Louis (son of Louis XV.), Telemachus
on the Islo of Calypso, Bacchus and Ariadne,
Palais de Trianon ; Sancho's Repast in the
Woods, and eight other scenes from Don
Quixote, Hagar in the Desert, Flora, Com-
piegue Museum ; Venus and Vulcan, Venus
and ^Eneas, Bordeaux Museum ; Magdalen,
Dijon Museum ; Christ on the Cross, St.
Jerome, Cleopatra at Tarsus, Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Venus asking Arms of Vulcan, Mout-
pollier Museum ; Death of Dido, Nantes
Museum ; Solemn Entry into Orleans of
Monseigneur Nicolas Joseph do Paris in
1733 (1745), Bishop's Palace, Orleans ;
Sketch of same (1743), Portrait of Mousei-
gneur de Paris (174G), useum, ib.; St. Ste-
phen preaching the Gospel, Renues Mu-
seum ; Warrior of Middle Ages, Rouen
Museum ; Mercury and Cupid, Telemachus
and Mentor, France accompanied by Power
and Fame, Cupid scattering Flowers, Cupid
and the Nymph Eucharis, Jupiter and lo,
Perseus delivering Andromeda, Danae and
Jupiter, Ganymede carried off by Jupiter's
Eagle, Troves Museum ; Goddess with At-
tributes of Venus, Flora and Leda, Valen-
ciennes Museum ; Bacchus and Ariadne,
« Hermitage, St.
'ortrait of
himself, Uffizi, Florence. — Bellier, ii. 150 ;
Jal, 9G7 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran<;aise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
NATTIER, JEAN MARC, born in Paris,
March 17, 1G85, died there, Nov. 7, 17G6.
French school ; history and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Marc Nattier (1642-1705).
Won the first prize of the Academy in 1700.
Was employed to copy the Rubens pictures
in the Luxembourg to be engraved. Mem-
ber Academy in 1718, adjunct professor in
174G, and professor in 1752. In 1715 he
painted, at Amsterdam, Peter the Great, his
wife Catharine I., and many of his courtiers;
also a picture of the Battle of Pultowa, for
the Czar. Associate member of the Copen-
hagen Academy. Works : Magdalen in a
Grotto, Louvre ; Marie Leczinska, Madame
Henrietta de France (1751, 1754), Madame
Adelaide, do. (1756), Madame Victoire (2),
330
NATURE
Madame Sophie (4, one dated 1748), Madame
Louise, Anne Louise — Duchesse du Maine,
Ducliesse Louise Henriette d'Orleans (3,
two dated 1742, 1748), do. as Hebe, Prince
Charles Alexander of Lorraine, and his Wife
Maria Anna of Austria, Duchess Louise
Elizabeth of Parma (1760), Louis Joseph
Xavier — Due de Bourgogne (1754), Princess
Louise Elizabeth de Conty, Mademoiselle
de Beaujolais, Princess Louise Henriette
Gabrielle de Turenne, Unknown Princess,
do. (1742), Artist and his Family in his Stu-
dio (1730-62), Versailles Museum ; Madame
de Pompadour, Marseilles Museum ; The
Danseuse Camargo, Lady of Court of Louis
XV., Nantes Museum ; Due de Bouftters,
Valenciennes Museum ; Louis XV., Perpi-
gnan Museum ; Perseus petrifying Phineas
with the Head of Medusa (1718), Tours
Museum ; Marshal Maurice de Saxe (1720),
Dresden Museum ; Portrait of Mile, de
Berry — daughter of Philippe d'Orlt'ans (2),
two other portraits, Madrid Museum ; Chas-
tity of Joseph (1717), Hermitage, St. Peters-
Schwind. Works : Ave Maria (1863) ; The
Toad-Ring (1865); Henry the Fowler, Prin-
cess Use (1866); Cinderella (1873-74); Swan-
Maiden and Knight, Return of Callias and
Arete from Battle of Salamis, Schack Gal-
lery, Munich. Fresco : Roma ; Germauia
and the Eight German Hero-Kings of the
Migration (1868), Villa Lingg on Lake Con-
stance ; Fate of the Gods in German Mythol-
ogy (1874-77), H. A. O. Meyer, Hamburg;
Seven scenes from Epic of Helgi and Sigrun
1(1879), Castle Wahlow, Mecklenburg.— II-
i lustr. Zcitg. (1875), i. 217 ; (1880), i. 283 ;
Miiller, 388 ; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 34 ; Schack,
Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884), 191.
burg. — Bellicr, ii. 151 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
franyaise ; Jal, 9G7 ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 229;
Memoires im'dits, i. 348 ; Wurzbach, Fr.
Maler des xviii. Jahrb., 7.
NATURE, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Vincent
P. Calmady (?), London ; canvas, 2 ft. G in.
square, but painted in a circle. Portraits
of two romping children of C. B. Calmady,
Esq. Eoyal Academy, 1824. Engraved by
George T. Doo ; original sketch engraved
by F. C. Lewis (1825). Sold at Christie's,
London, May 22, 1886, for £1,890, to " Vin-
cent ; " probably bought in. — He-veil, xiv.
1007 ; Gower, 35, 70.
NAUE, JULIUS, born at Kothen, Anhalt,
June 17, 1835. History painter, pupil in
Nuremberg of Kreling, and in Munich of
Nature, Sir Thomas Lawrence, V. P. Calmady (?), London.
NAUMANN, KARL (GEORG), contem-
porary ; born at Konigsberg. Genre paint-
er, pupil of KiJijigsberg Academy under
Rosenfelder; went in 1851 to Munich;
paints mostly humorous scenes from life of
the peasantry and Catholic clergy. Works :
The Hermit ; Visit at Monastery ; Chess-
I Players ; Zither-Player in the Garden ; lu
Lent ; Breakfast ; Butterfly-Hunter ; Un-
lucky Old Man.— Miiller, 388.
NAUSICAA AND HER MAIDENS, Ed-
ward J. Poynter, Earl of Wharncliffe,
Wortley Hall ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 14
ft. G in. Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous,
MAVARRETE
King of the Phseacians and friend of Ulysses
(Odyssey, vi. 10, etc.), playing at ball with
her maidens on a green sward near the sea-
shore. Companion to Alalanla'a Eace, and
with it forming two of four subjects of sim-
ilar size and shape executed by Mr. Poyntcr
for Lord Wharncliffe.
NAVARRETE, JUAN FERNANDEZ,
called El Mudo
(The Dumb),
born at Logro-
fio about 152G,
died in Toledo,
March 28, 1579.
Spanish school.
When three
years old be-
came deaf from
illness and never learned to speak. Studied
the rudiments of art in the Convent of La
Estrella, then went to Italy and became a
disciple of Titian. After an absence of twen-
ty years returned with a great reputation,
was made painter to the king in 15(58, and
executed nineteen religious works in the Es-
eorial, where they still remain. Other works:
Baptism of Christ, St. Peter, St. Paul, Ma-
drid Museum ; St. John in Prison, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Holy Family, Weimar
Museum ; Lady's Portrait, Darmstadt Mu-
seum.— Viardot, Peintrcs do 1'Espagne, 37 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole cspagnole ; Madrazo, 490 ;
Washburn, 51.
NAVEZ, FRANCOIS JOSEPH, born at
Charleroi, Nov. 1 C,
1787, died in Brus-
sels, Oct. 12, 18G9.
History, genre, and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Isidore Fran-
<;ois, and of Brussels
Academy, where he
hud won all the prizes,
when, in 1813, ho
went to Paris to study
under David, whom he followed into exile.
In 1817-22 he was in Rome, and in 1839
became director of the Brussels Acad-
emy. Order of Lion, 1825 ; Order of Leo-
pold, 183G ; Bavarian Order of Michael,
1851 ; Officer, 1855 ; Commander, 1859 ;
Member of Paris, Hague, Amsterdam, Ant-
werp, Ghent, and Bruges Academies.
Works : Virgil reading to Augustus and Oc-
tavia the Sixth Book of the ^neid (1811),
The Nymph Salmacis and Hermaphroditus
(1829), Ghent Museum ; Hagar in the Des-
ert ; Elijah raising the Child of the Shunam-
ite Woman (1821), Meeting of Rebekah and
Isaac (182G), Museum, Amsterdam ; Hagar
in the Desert, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Hermit ;
Fortune-Teller among Italian Robbers ; In-
credulity of Thomas ; Marriage of the Vir-
gin ; Holj' Family ; Episode from Massacre
of Innocents ; St. Cecilia ; Athalia and Joash
(1834) ; Education of the Virgin ; Infant
Christ Asleep ; Christ and the Adulteress ;
Vert- Vert's arrival at Nantes (1836); Nathan
admonishing David (1839); Raising of Laz-
arus (1842) ; Sick Child (1844), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Spinning Women of Fondi
(1845), New Piuakothek, Munich; Holy
Family (1851), Artist's portrait, Antwerp
Museum ; Ju d g-
ment of Solomon ;
Christ and the Rich
Man.— Cotta's Kunstbl. (183G), 13G ; (1837),
174 ; D. Kunstbl. (1851), 393 ; (1855), 360 ;
Immerzeel, ii. 255 ; Kramm, iv. 1189 ; Na-
gler, x. 152 ; Raczynski, iii. 439.
NAVLET, VICTOR, born at Cluilons-sur-
Marne, died in Paris, Feb. 25, 1886: Land-
scape and interior painter, pupil of his
father. Medal, 1867. Works : View of
Paris (1852), do. (1853), Versailles Museum ;
Interior of Notre-Dame de Paris (1857) ;
Cour Napoleon (1859), New Louvre, Paris ;
Sleeping Chamber of Louis XTV. at Ver-
sailles, Interior of La Madeleine in Paris
(1863) ; Galerie d'Apollon in the Louvre
(1864) ; Galerie de Henri II. at Fontaine-
bleau (18G5), Forum Romanum (1869), Cha-
lons-sur-Marne Museum ; Interior in the
Vatican (18G7), Bordeaux Museum ; do.
(1868, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1878) ; Sis-
tine Chapel in Rome (1870) ; Room in Mu-
332
NAZON
see de Cluny (1877) ; Staircase of Opera
House in Paris (1881) ; Room in Palace
of the Senate (1882); do. (1883); Gallery of
Busts, ib. (1884) ; Library of Chamber of
Deputies (1885) ; View of Chateau d'Ecou-
en, Interior in same, Palais de la Legion
d'Houneur, Paris. — Bellier, ii. 154; Chro-
nique des Arts (1886), 85.
NAZON, (FRANCOIS) HENRI, born at
Realmont (Tarn), Dec. 25, 1821. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Gleyre, though he
paints in Corot's style. Medals in 1864,
18G6. Works : Border of the Tarn ; do. of
the Seine ; Rocks at Caylus ; Banks of the
Aveyron in Autumn (1863), Luxembourg
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 154 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1869), i. 508 ; Meyer, Gesch., 788.
NEAGLE, JOHN, born in Boston in
1799, died in 1865. Portrait painter, self- '
taught. Painted in Philadelphia, Lexing-
ton, Ky., and New Orleans. Works : Pat-
rick Lyon the Blacksmith (1826), and por-
trait of Gilbert Stuart, Athenseum, Boston ;
Portraits of Henry Clay, Union League Club,
Philadelphia ; Washington, Independence
Hall, ib. ; Pat Lyon at the Forge, and por-
trait of Henry Cary, Pennsylvania Academy,
ib.
NEAL, DAVID, born at Lowell, Mass., in
1837. History paint-
er ; after working as
a wood-engraver he
went to Munich in
1861, and became a
pupil of the Royal
Bavarian Academy ;
studied under his
father-in-law, the
Chevalier Ainmuller,
in 1862, and under
Piloty in 1869-76. Has lived and painted
many years in Munich. Exhibits in Lou-
don, Munich, and New York. Great medal,
Royal Bavarian Academy, 1876. Visited
New York in 1884. Works : Chapel of the
Kings at Westminster (F. Cutting, Bos-
ton) ; St. Mark's— Venice (18G9), S. Nicker-
son, Chicago ; Return from the Chase (1870),
John Bloodgood, New York ; James Watt
(1874), Sir B. S. Phillips, London ; Burgo-
master ; First Meeting of Mary Stuart and
Rizzio (1876), D. O. Mills, New York ; Oli-
ver Cromwell visits Milton (1884), Hurlbut
Collection, Cleveland. — Kunst-Chronik,
xviii. 354.
NEALCES or NEOCLES, Greek painter,
of Sicyon, about 250 B.C. He ranks among
the best painters of the Neo-Sicyonic school.
Pliny mentions (xxxv. [138]) a Venus by
him, also a Battle on the Nile between the
Persians and the Egyptians. Plutarch re-
j lates (Arat. 13) how he saved a picture by
Melanthius, about to be destroyed by Ara-
tus, by painting out the figure of Aristratus
the tyrant. — R.-R., Schorn, 367 ; Brunu, ii.
•290.
NEAPOLI, FRANCISCO. See Arojio,
Pablo de.
NEARCHUS or NICCEARCHUS, painter,
father of Arixtaretn, date and country un-
known. Pliny says (xxxv. 40 [141J) he
painted a Venus attended by Cupids and
Graces, and a Repentant Hercules. — Brunn,
ii. 300.
NECK, JOHAN VAN, born at Naarden
in 1636, died in Amsterdam in 1714. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, pupil
of Jacob Backer. Works : Anatomical Les-
son (1683), Museum, Amsterdam ; Simeon
in the Temple, Catholic Church, ib. ; do.,
Moltke Collec- /I \ / */-> /
tion, Copenha- / U JJ^jT /JO»
gen ; Image of ^ *
Pan by a Grove, Dresden Gallery ; Portrait,
Historical Society, New York. — Immerzeel,
ii. 257 ; Kramm, iv. 1190.
NEEFFS (Neefs, Neffs, Ncfs), PEETER,
the elder, born probably in Antwerp be-
tween 1578 and 1582, died there after Feb.
26, 1656. Flemish school ; unrivalled paint-
er of church interiors ; best pupil of Hen-
drik van Steenwyck, the elder ; entered the
Antwerp Guild in 1609. The figures in his
pictures generally by Frans Francken III.,
Tcniers, Brueghel, and Van Thuldeu. This
painter had great knowledge of aerial and
333
NEEFFS
linear perspective, and was very skilful in
distributing the effect of light. His pict-
ures are highly finished. "Works : Deliver-
ance of St. Peter, and eight Church Inte-
riors, Louvre; Interior of Antwerp Cathedral
(2), Church Interior, Brussels Museum ; De-
liverance of St. Peter (1051), Ghent Mu-
seum ; others in Museums of Amsterdam (3,
two dated lC3G),Thc Hague (1054), Rotter-
dam, Brunswick, Dresden (1C05), Geneva,
Gotha (4), Innsbruck, Leipsic, Madrid (7),
New York, Vienna ; National Galleries,
London (1044), and Edinburgh ; Galleries
of Carlsruhe, Cassel (5), Frankfort, Ham-
burg, Oldenburg, Schwerin (5), Turin ; Old
Pinakotlick, Munich (2, one dated 1G38) ;
Hermitage, St. Petersburg (5); Liechten-
stein (2), Cxernin and Sclii'mborn Galleries,
Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence (5, one dated 1636).
By his oldest son and pupil, Lodewyck
(born at Antwerp, Jan. 22, 1617), who be-
came a monk, is a capital Interior of Ant-
werp Cathedral (1G48, with figures by Frans
Fraucken III.), Dresden Museum ; also two
( rothic Interiors, Madrid Museum. — Allgem.
d. Biog., xxiii. 3G4 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole fla-
mandc ; Burger, Must'es, i. 178 ; Immerzeel,
ii. 257 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 2G3 ; Kramni, iv.
PET/U/J
1191 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 72, 122 ; Rooses
(Reber), 434 ; Van deu Brandon, G08.
NEEFFS, PEETER, the younger, born
in Antwerp, May 23, 1620, died there after
1675. Flemish school ; painted, with al-
most equal excellence, the same subjects as
his father and master, Peeter the elder.
Works : Interior of Antwerp Cathedral (2),
Vienna Museum ; do. (1G52), and Gothic
Church Interior (1653), Schwerin Gallery ;
do. (1658), Turin Gallery ; Interior (1675),
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Subterrane-
an Prison, Gotha Museum ; Interior of Goth-
ic Church, Basle Museum ; do. (3), Aschaf-
feuburg Gallery ; others, Lord Hertford's
Collection ; Two Church Interiors, New
York Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 263 ;
Kramm, iv. 1191 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 73,
122 ; Rooses (Reber), 434 ; Van den Bran-
den, G12.
NEER, AART VAN DER, born at Am-
sterdam in 1G03, died there, Nov. 9, 1G77.
Dutch school ; landscape painter ; was a
friend of Cuyp, who occasionally supplied
the figures in his landscapes, and an ad-
mirable painter of moonlight and twilight
scenes. He represented for the most part
canals with towns on their banks lighted
by the moon, and no other painter has de-
picted the lights and shadows incident to
such scenes with so much truthfulness and
clearness. He painted conflagrations also
with equal truth. Works : Evening Land-
scape, River Scene by Moonlight, Canal
Scene in Holland, Frost Scene, National
Gallery, London ; Landscape, Buckingham
Palace, ib. ; Frozen Canal, Three Land-
scapes, Lord Overstone, ib. ; Large Moon-
light Scene, Lord Shaftesbury, ib. ; Six
Moonlight Scenes, Sir R. Wallace, ib. ; Banks
of Canal in Holland, Village View, Louvre ;
Dutch Landscape, Antwerp Museum ; Land-
scape at Night, Pleasures of Winter, The
Yssel by Moonlight, Brussels Museum ;
Burning of Old City Hall at Amsterdam in
1652, Moonlight, Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; others in Museums of Amster-
dam (3), Rotterdam, Berlin (6), Brunswick
(2), Darmstadt, Dresden (4), Gotha (6, one
dated 1G43), Innsbruck (3), New York (2),
Stuttgart (2), Vienna (2) ; Galleries of Asch-
affenburg (3), Carlsruhe (2), Copenhagen
(5), Frankfort (4), Hamburg (5), Oldenburg
(3), Schwerin ; Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Hermitage, St. Petersburg (9) ; National
Gallery, Pesth (3) ; Liechtenstein (2), Czer-
nin and Schouborn Galleries, Vienna. — All-
334
XEER
gem. cl. Biog., xxiii. 305 ; Ch. Blanc, JCcolc
hollandaise ; Burger, Musees, ii. 142, 215 ;
Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, ii.
257 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 405 ;
Kramm, iv. 1191 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 370 ; Van Spaan, History of
Rotterdam ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. 74 ; xiv.
119.
NEER, EGLON HENDRIK VAN DER,
born in Amsterdam
in 1043, died in
Diisseldorf, May 3,
1703. Dutch school;
genre, portrait, and
landscape painter,
son of, and first in-
structed by preced-
ing, then pupil of
Jakob van Loo ; his
favourite and most
successful subjects were elegantly attired
ladies engaged in some domestic avocation,
iu the style of Netscher and Mieris. Ho
went to France in 1(503, later to Rotterdam,
Amsterdam, Brussels, and (1087) to the
court of the Elector of the Palatinate, to
whom, as well as to Charles II. of Spain, he
was court painter. Occasionally ho painted
historical and mythological subjects, and
later also landscapes, after Elsheimer.
Works : Gentleman and Lady performing
Music, Death of Cleopatra, Buckingham
Palace ; Boy beating Drum, Bridge water
Gallery ; Couple at Repast, Mr. Hope's Col-
lection ; Intruding Cavalier, Mr. Hetisch's
Collection, London ; Fishmonger, Land-
scape, Louvre ; Tobias with the Angel (1(590),
Amsterdam Museum ; do. (1085), Berlin
Museum ; Guitar-Player (1009), Rotterdam
Museum ; Conversation-piece, Aschaft'euburg
Gallery ; Rocky Landscape, Augsburg Gal-
lery ; Two Boys playing with Bird, Bruns-
wick Museum ; Young Lady with Dog, Lute-
Player (1677), Boy with Bird Cage, Tobias
with Archangel Raphael (copy after Elshei-
mer), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Conversation in a
Garden, Lady playing Guitar, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Lady tuning Zither, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Tuning the Lute (1078), Lady Faint-
ing (1G80), Landscape with Cattle, Old Pin-
akothek, Munich ; Young Cavalier seated
and peeling an Orange, Mountainous Land-
scape, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Land-
scape with Shepherd and Girl (1098), four
others, Schleissheim Gallery ; Children play-
ing (1079), Mountainous Landscapes (2,
1700), Schwerin Gallery ; Lady at Lunch-
eon (1(505), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ;
Esther before Ahasuerus (1(590), Two Land-
scapes (1097), Artist's portrait, UlKxi, Flor-
ence ; Attack of Cavalry, Madrid Museum.
f> H
C . n , \^G(^i^ <J
— Allgem. cl. Biog., xxiii. 305 ; Immerzeel ii.
258 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412 ; Cli. Blanc,
Ecolo hollandaise ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 330.
NEFF, TIMOTHEUS ANDRIEVICH,
born at Korkulla, Esthland, in 1805, died
in St. Petersburg in 1877. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil in Dresden of
Hartmann ; studied afterwards in Italy.
Works : Portraits of Emperor Nicholas and
Empress, Grand Duchess Helena (1837) ;
Grand Duchess Catharine (1851) ; Nymph
Bathing (1858), Nymphs in a Grotto (1859),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Last Supper,
The Holy Bishops, Chapel of Winter Palace,
ib.— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1844), 44 ; D. Kunst-
bl. (1851), 1(50 ; Raczynski, iii. 539.
NEGROPONTE. 'See Antonio da Negro-
ponte.
NEHER, BERNHARD VON, born at
Biberach, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 1C, 1800, died
at Stuttgart, Jan. 17, 1880. History painter,
first instructed by his father and by Fried-
rich Muller (Maler Miillcr), then pupil in
Stuttgart of Dannecker and Hetsch, and
of the Munich Academy under Cornelius ;
spent four years in Rome, visited Naples in
1832, and returned to Munich ; in 1841-
40 director of Leipsic Academy ; became in
1840 professor, and in 1854-79 director of
335
NEIIEE
the Stuttgart Art School. Member of Vi-
enna and Munich Academies ; Commander
Order of Frederic ;
Officer Order of
Leopold ; Order of
Michael. Works :
Abraham visited by
the Angels, Basle
Museum ; Death of
Duke Ulrich at Duf-
fmgeii ; liaising of
Youth at N a i n
(1831), Descent
from the Cross (1855), Stuttgart Museum ;
Crucifixion (1850); Spring (1858), Eoyal
Palace, Stuttgart ; Noah's Sacrifice (18C1) ;
Christ blessing the Children (1803) ; Abra-
ham's Intercession (1S72) ; Last Judgment
(1873). Frescos : Entry of Emperor Louis
the Bavarian after Battle of Ampfing (1832-
85), Isarthor, Munich (cartoon of it in Wei-
mar Museum) ; thirty-four pictures after
Schiller's and twenty-eight after Goethe's
Poems (1830-39), Ducal Palace, Weimar.-
Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii. 381 ; Journal des B.
Arts (18(il), Nos. 18- l'J ; Miillcr, 389 ; Nag-
ler, x. 173 ; Tllustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 328 ;
(1875), i. 230; (1883), ii. 423; Kunst-
Chronik, xvii. 110 ; xviii. 309 ; Kunst fiir
Alle, i. 149.
NEHER, MICHAEL, born in Munich,
March 31, 1798, died there, Dec. 4, 187G.
Architecture painter, first instructed by
Mitterer, pupil in 1813-10 of Munich Acad-
emy under J. P. von Langer, and in 1810-
18 of Mathias Klotz ; was employed by
Angelo Quaglio to paint decorations for
the theatre, went to Italy, and for three
years painted portraits in Trent, Milan, and
Trieste, then spent three years in Home,
where, influenced by Heinrich Hess, he
took up genre painting. On his return to
Munich, in 1823, he became conservator of
the Art Union, executed in 1830, in the cas-
tle of Hohenschwangau, frescos after com-
positions by Schwind, Gasser, and Schwan-
thaler, and in 1837 devoted himself entirely
to architectural subjects, for which he after-
wards made extensive studies on the Rhine
and in Belgium. Honorary member of Mu-
nich Academy in 1872 ; Order of Michael.
Works : Freiburg Minster ; City Hall and St.
Peter's at Louvain ; Frankfort Cathedral ;
Mechlin Cathedral, Touruay ; Cathedral,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Magdeburg
Cathedral (1855), Prague Cathedral, Interior
of Chapel at Castle Trausuitz (1838), Church
j of Bebeuhausen Convent (1848), Views in
Munich (3, 1842-43), Poultry Venders in
Rome (1825), Lichtenthal near Baden-Ba-
den (1859), St. Vitus' Church in Prague, St.
Martin's at Brunswick, New Piuakothek,
Munich ; Church Interior (1838), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Courtyard of Monastery
at Kaufbeucru (1852), Leipsic Museum ;
Street in Antwerp (1800), Schwerin Gal-
M . Afi lerv ; Market-Square
*/K . sVefo.QP' and Cathedral at
tQ/Tf* Reutlingen, Wiesba-
/<3rO» tlcn Gallery.— All-
gem, d. Biog., xxiii. 388 ; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1870), ii. 520; Kunst-Chronik, xii. 273;
Reguet, ii. 72.
NEHLIG, VICTOR, born in Paris in
1830. Figure painter, pupil of Cogniet
and Abel do Pujol in Paris. Settled in New
York in 1850 ; elected N.A. in 1870 ; re-
turned to Europe in 1872. Works : Armour-
er of the Olden Time ; Gertrude of Wyo-
ming ; Artist's Dream ; Cavalry Charge of
Lieutenant Hidden, Historical Society, New
York ; Battle at Antietam, William Astor,
ib.; Captive Huguenot; Pocahontas ; Hia-
watha ; The Bravo (1870) ; Mahogany Cut-
ting (1871) ; Serenade, C. H. Wolff, Phila-
delphia ; Waiting for my Enemy, Mrs.
Joseph Harrison, ib. ; Battle of Gettysburg.
— Tuckermau, 492.
NEHRLICH. See Nerly.
NEIDE, EMIL, born in Konigsberg in
1842. History painter, pupil of Konigsberg,
Diisseldorf, and Munich Academies, at the
latter under W. Diez ; travelled in Ger-
many, the Netherlands, and Italy. Profes-
sor at Kiiuigsberg Academy. Works : Psy-
che taken by Charon to the Nether World
336
NELLI
(1873), Ki'migsberg Museum ; Orpheus and
Euryclice (1876) ; Four Scenes from the
Odyssey ; On the Scene of the Deed, Tired
of Life (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
Fresco : Astronomy and Natural Science
(1868), Ki'migsberg University. — Illustr.
Zeitg. (1880), ii. 345 ; Midler, 390 ; Kunst-
Chrouik, ix. 11.
NELU, OTTAVIANO, born at Gubbio,
died after 1444. TJmbrian school ; sou and
pupil of Martinet Nelli ; employed at Peru-
gia in 1400, and elected consul at Gubbio,
1410. He is best known by the so-called
Madonna del Belvedere, in S. M. Nuova,
Gubbio. The Virgin of Succour, a wall
painting of Madonna with Saints and An-
gels, and the choir frescos, Legend of St.
Augustiu (about 1420), S. Agostiuo, Gub-
bio, are by Nelli and his scholars. His fel-
low-pupil, Gentile da Fabriano, probably
assisted him in these works, and in painting
a fresco of the Virgin and Angels, in S. M.
della Piaggiuola, near Gubbio. In 14120 he
went to Urbiuo, and in 1424 painted the
Legend of the Virgin, a mediocre work, in
the Triuci Chapel, Foligno. His mural
paintings in S. Piero, Gubbio, were de-
stroyed in the last century. Nothing is
known of Nelli after 1424.— C. & C., Italy,
iii. 87 ; Cibo, Niccolo Alunuo e la scuola
Umbra, 20 ; Buoufatti, mem. storiche di
Ottaviano Nelli (Gubbio, 1843) ; Burck-
hardt, 555 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Malerei, i.
212.
NELSON, DEATH OF, JOSEPH M. W.
Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. The battle of Tra-
falgar, as seen from the mizzen starboard
shrouds of the Victory. Nelson has just
fallen, and has been carried down from the
quarter-deck. British Institute, 1808 ; Tur-
ner Collection. Engraved by J. B. Allen.
—Cat. Nat. Gal.
NEMOZ, JEAN BAPTISTE AUGUSTIN,
born at Thodure (Isere) ; contemporary.
Figure and portrait painter, pupil of Picot
and of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1877.
Works : Before the Crime (1864) ; Penelope
(1866) ; Wisdom chasing Love (1867); Dur-
ing Absence of Ulysses (1869) ; Vision of
the Virgin (1870) ; Preparations for War
(1873) ; Temptation (1874) ; A Chimera
(1876) ; Theseus going to fight the Mino-
taur (1877) ; Paradise Lost (1878) ; Salma-
cis (1879) ; Badly Received (1880) ; After
the Crime (1881) ; Amymoue, Eve (1882) ;
Young Lady, Sappho (1883) ; Ariadne
(1884) ; Nero before the Body of Agrippi-
ua, Penelope (1885).
NEOCLES. See Nealces.
NEPTUNE AND AMPHIT1UTE, Robcn*,
Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 10
ft. Neptune, his trident in his hand, seated
in his chariot, attended by tritons, nereids,
and animals emblematical of his power and
sovereignty ; by his side stands Amphitrite,
taking pearls from a shell held by a triton,
while a cupid adorns her wrists with pearls.
Painted about 1609-12 ; acquired in 1881
from Schr.nborn Collection, Vienna. En-
graved by Schmuzer. — Smith, ii. 302 ; Mey-
er, Museen, 388.
NEPTUNE AND PALLAS, Garofalo,
Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 11 in. x4
ft. 6 in. Neptune is a portrait of Andrea
Doria. Painted about 1512. From Mode-
na Collection.
NERENZ, WILHELM, born in Berlin,
Aug. 10, 1804, died there, Oct. 23, 1871.
Genre painter, pupil in Berlin of W. Seha-
dow, under whom also he studied for three
years at the Diisseldorf Academy (1833-36);
returned to Berlin, whence he visited Dres-
den and Italy in 1847. Works : Goldsmith's
Daughter ; Return of Youth from Foreign
Parts ; Kiithchen von Heilbronn ; At the
Armourers
(1840), Nation-
al Gallery, Ber-
liu.— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1835), 87, 158;
(1847), 100; D. Kunstbl. (1855), 200;
(1857), 113 ; Nagler, x. 185.
NERI DI BICCI. See Bicci, Neri di.
NERLY, FEDERIGO, born at Erfurt,
Nov. 24, 1807, died in Venice, Oct. 21,
1878. Real name Friedrich von Nehrlich.
337
NERO
Landscape and architecture painter, pupil
in Hamburg of Baron Rumohr, who enabled
him to visit Italy ; after living several years
in Eome settled in 1837 in Venice, where
he met with great success, and painted
many views of the city. Honorary member
of Venice Academy. Works : Titian taking
Leave of his Parents; Palazzo Coutariui
Zaft'o ; At Noon in Palazzo Pisaui ; Buffa-
loes drawing Marble Block through the
Campagua, Schwerin Gallery ; Piazzetta by
Moonlight (•)(! times) ; Palazzo Guoro ;
Drive to Festival on the Lido ; Before the
Vatican ; Monte Cavallo by Moonlight ;
Monte Circello with Procession of Vinta-
gers ; S. Giovanni e Paolo, National Gallery,
Berlin. His son Friedrich, in Rome, is an
able landscape and marine painter. Works :
Views of Lagoons from S. Lazaro ; Storm
in Bay of Genoa ; Harbour of Venice ; Coast
between Ancoua and Falconara (Jubilee Ex-
^ hibition, Ber-
lin, 188G).—
All gem. d.
Biog., xxiii.
435;D.Kunts-
bl. (1850),
23G; (18,12),
43G; (1853), 170; (185G), 335 ; (1857), 144;
(1858), 2!), 247 ; Hamburg K. Lex., i. 177 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 192 ; xviii. 7G5 ; Nag-
ler, Mon., ii. 18, 831 ; Wurzbach, xx. 18G.
NERO, Emperor of Rome, amateur paint-
er and sculptor, A.J>. 41-54. He is said to
have had considerable proficiency both in
painting and in modelling. — Suet., Nero, 52 ;
Dio Chrys. Orat., 71, 9.
NERO AND LOCL'STA. See Locusta.
NERO PERSECUTING CHRISTLVNS,
Wilhelm von Kaiilbacli. The Emperor, clad
as Apollo, is standing on a terrace before
his palace, lifting with his right hand a gob-
let ; a favourite slave, kneeling, holds his
lyre, while a host of voluptuous Greek and
Roman women come with wreaths and cym-
bals to proclaim him their god and to sac-
rifice to him ; at his right, Tigellinus, pre-
fect of Rome, applauds him ; but serious j
men around him, of old-republican morals
and patriotic spirit, look on with grief and
anger. In the foreground, the martyrdom
of Christians, whom Nero has charged with
the firing of Rome. In the middle group,
a man, supposed to be St. Peter, is tied
head downwards on a cross, which Nero's
attendants are about to erect, while some of
the saint's adherents passionately kiss his
face and hands. In the group at the left, a
martyr, dressed in skins, is tied to a pole,
to be covered with pitch and lighted like a
torch, his wife raising their child to him for
a farewell kiss. The central figure in the
group at the right is St. Paul, who has man-
fully risen against the horrors, while a lictor
already lifts the executioner's axe against
him ; others around him are plunged in
sorrow ; some girls point with passionate
gestures towards another who, about to as-
cend the steps to join the idolaters, is seized
with sudden shame, and endeavours to cover
her nude form ; the German warriors near
them observe as hostile an attitude as the
noble Romans above, one of them looking
pensively on St. Paul.— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1874),
i. 9 ; Laud und Meer (1874,) i. 15.
NERO ON RUINS OF ROME, Karl von
Piloti/, National Museum, Pesth ; canvas, H.
15 ft. X 20 ft. Rome having been devas-
tated by fire for six days, the Emperor goes
forth to view the burning ruins ; crowned
with a rose wreath, bloated and debauched,
yet grand in form, he stalks through the
mid-picture, on the Palatine, preceded by
slaves and torch-bearers, and followed by
favourites of both sexes. A company of prse-
toriau guards fill the far corner of the can-
vas ; in the middle foreground lies a group
of dead Christian martyrs, around whom
are broken and up-torn mosaics, crumbling
and calcined walls, and black, charred raf-
ters. Painted in 18G1 ; exhibited at Interna-
tional Exhibition, London, 18G2. Bought for
10,000 florins by Count John Palaffy, Press-
burg, who presented it to the National Mu-
seum of Pesth in 1872.— Art Journal (1862),
183 ; (18G5), 297 ; Pecht, D. K., iii. 220.
338
NEROCCHIO
NEEOCCHIO DI BAETOLOMMEO DE'
LANDI, born in Sieiia iu 14-17, died there
in 1500. Sienesc school ; of moderate abil-
ity, he held a good position iu his native
city. His style varies but little from that of
Vecchietta, except that the attitudes of his
figures are more affected and unnatural.
Most of his extant works are in the Siena
Academy.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 68.
NESEAS (Neseus), painter, of Thasos,
about 424 B.C. Supposed by some to have
been the master of Zeuxis. — Pliny, xxxv. 30
[61] ; Brunn, ii. 74.
NESSELTHALER, ANDREAS, born at
Langenisarhofen, Bavaria, in 1748, died at
Salzburg in 1821. History, portrait, and
landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy ; went in 1779 to Rome, where he as-
sisted TJnterberger in copying Raphael's
loggia paintings for the Russian Court ;
painted with Fiiger allegories in fresco in
the queen's palace at Caserta, near Naples,
and on his return to Rome had great suc-
cess with encaustic paintings, especially for
the Empress of Russia. In 1789 ho settled
at Salzburg, whither he had been called by
Archbishop Jerome, and painted in oil, en-
caustic, fresco, and water-colours for many
churches in and around that city. Works :
Alliance of Armiuius against Rome ; Roman
Embassy concluding Peace with the Almains ;
Nativity ; Death of St. Joseph ; St. John the
Baptist ; Ave Maria ; Death of Cato, Abbey
of St. Florian, Upper Austria ; Old Man
playing the Lyre, Vienna Museum. — Hor-
mayr's Archiv (1833), 120, 128 ; Wurzbach,
xx. 196.
NESSUS, painter, son of Habron ; date
unknown. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146] ; Brunn,
ii. 300.
NETSCHER, CASPAR, born at Heidel-
berg in 1639, died at The Hague, Jan. 15,
1684. Dutch school ; genre and portrait
painter, pupil at Aruheim of Koster, then
at Deventer of Gerard Terburg, who taught
him to paint genre pictures. Later he
painted portraits, in which he excelled. At
the age of twenty he started on a journey
Portrait of "William
to Italy, but at Bordeaux ho married Mario
Godin (1G59) and returned to The Hague,
where he be-
came free of
the guild in
1063. Works:
C h i 1 d r c n
blowing Bub-
bles (1070),
Maternal In-
struction,
Lady at Spin-
ning Wheel , x
(100r>), Na-
tional Gallery, London :
III, Buckingham Palace, ib. ; The Toilet,
Portrait of Lady, Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ;
Boy blowing Bubbles, Lord Ashburton, ib. ;
Lady and Gentleman feeding Parrot and
Monkey, Mr. Hope, ib.; Mother and Child,
Young Lady and Old Woman, Mr. Baring,
ib. ; Singing Lesson, Violoncello Lesson,
Louvre ; Duke of Monmouth, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Artist with Wife and Daughter
(1005), Male Portrait (1677), Female do.
(1083), Hague Museum ; Mother combing
Child's Hair, Portrait of Constaiitine Huy-
gens (1072), two other Male Portraits (one
1073), Amsterdam Museum ; Female Por-
trait, Haarlem Museum ; Male Portrait
(1662), Female do. (1083), Family Scene
in a Garden (1007), Rotterdam Museum ;
Male Portrait (1680), Aschafteuburg Gal-
lery ; Death of Cleopatra (1673), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; Time clipping Cupid's Wings, Por-
trait of himself (1667), Mme. de Main tenon
(1670), Mme. de Moutespan, Lady with
Violoncello, Lady at Toilet-Table (1067),
Two Women Masquerading (1668), Cassel
Gallery ; Shepherd and Shepherdess (1683),
Brunswick Gallery ; Boy with Brace of
Partridges (1677), Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Musical Party (1665), Lady with Par-
rot (1666), Bathsheba (1667), Boy playing
Flute (1668), Shepherd and Peasant Girl
(1681), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Lady and
Gentleman at Piano (1660), Physician feel-
ing Pulse of Lady (1664), Young Man writ-
33'J
NETSCHER
ing Letter, Gentleman accompanying Lady's
Song on Guitar (1665), Mine, de Montespan
(1670), do. playing Harp (1671), Lady with
Lapdog, Peasant Woman Spinning, Woman
with Pin-Cushion, Dresden Gallery ; Por-
trait of Lady, do. of Margrave of Branden-
burg, Lute-Player, The Kitchen, Vertumnus
and Pomona (1681), Berlin Museum ; Por-
trait of a Lady, Two Ladies and Cavalier
(1655), Gotha Museum ; Cleopatra with the
Serpent, Nymph Asleep watched by Sa-
tyr, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Mary Stuart —
daughter of James II. (1683), Lady on Bal-
cony (1676), Lady in Garden (16S2), Artist's
Portrait (1678), Male and Female Portraits,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Male Portrait
(1675), Copenhagen Gallery ; Bad News
(1665), Conversation about Letter, Lady
feeding Parrot, Scliwerin Gallery ; Male and
Female Portrait, Stuttgart Museum ; The
Painter with Wife and Child, Czernin Gal-
lery, Vienna ; Lady with Dog, Portrait of
Lady Harvey, National Gallery, Pesth ; The
Grinder of Antwerp (1662), Turin Gallery ;
Lady winding Watch, Lady praying before
Crucifix, Sacrifice to Venus, Painter's Fam-
ily (1654), Maid polishing Kettle (1G64),
Sacrifice to Love, Uffizi, Florence ; Portrait
of Dutch Lady, Museum, New York ; Ma-
dame de Montespan as St. Cecilia, Historical
ON
C
Society, ib. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii. 456 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Burger, Mu-
sees, i. 122, 248 ; ii. 102, 257 ; Dohme, lii.;
Gower, Figure Painters, 77 ; Immerzeel, ii.
260 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 399 ; Kramm, iv.
1193 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 178 ; Riegel, Bei-
triige, i. 78 ; ii. 334 ; De Stuers, 98 ; Quellen-
schrifteu, xiv. 334.
NETSCHER, CONSTANTYN, born at
The Hague, baptized Dec. 16, 1668, died
there in 1722. Dutch school ; portrait and
genre painter, son and pupil of Caspar,
whose style he imitated successfully. He
excelled in portraits on a small scale, but
his mythological subjects are dull and in-
sipid. Works : Lady's Portrait (1678), Por-
traits of Jacob Jan de Bucker and his Wife
(1694), do. of Prince Wilhelm IH. of Orange
and his Wife, Amsterdam Museum ; William
III. as Prince of Orange, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Venus bewailing Adonis, Louvre, Paris ;
Portrait of a General, Berlin Museum ; do.
of a Savant (1689), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Lot and his Daughters, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Boy with Dog, Oldenburg Gal-
lery7 ; Portrait of a Prince, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Male Portrait, Turin Gallery ;
/Eneas and Ascanius visiting Dido, Female
Portrait, Historical Society, New York. —
Immerzeel, ii. 261 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 544 ;
Kramm, iv. 1193 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 258.
NETSCHER, THEODORUS, born at
Bordeaux in 1661, died at Hulst in 1732.
Dutch school ; portrait and genre painter,
son and pupil of Caspar Netscher ; went
early to France, where he spent twenty
years, in favor at court ; after his return he
was appointed receiver at Hulst, whence he
went to England as paymaster of the troops
sent there in 1715, and remained ten years,
much honoured at court and successful as
a portrait painter. A male portrait by him
(1720) is in the Haarlem Museum. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 261 ; Jal, 910 ; Kramm, iv. 1194 ;
Van Gool, i. 172.
NEUBERT, LOUIS, born in Leipsic, Feb.
28, 1846. Landscape painter, pupil of Wei-
mar Art School, under Max Schmidt, and
Kalckreuth ; took Bocklin for his model and
settled in Munich, whence he visited Italy
! and France. Works : Italian Landscape,
Schack Gallery, Munich ; Evening Land-
340
KEUCI1ATEL
scape, View on French Coast, North Ger-
man Landscape (1882); Autumn Landscape
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 188G).— Graph.
K, v. 8.
NEUCHATEL (Nutschiclel), NICOLAUS,
called Lucidel, born in County of Bergen,
Hainault, probably iu 1527, died in Nurem-
berg about 1590-1600. Flemish school ;
portrait painter, pupil iu Antwerp of Pioter
Koek, of JElst, in 1539 ; settled at Mous in
1540, and iu Nuremberg before 15(51. Signed
himself Nicolaus de Novocastello. Works :
Portrait of Young Man, Berlin Museum ;
Married Couple (1501), Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Portrait of Physician, Darmstadt Museum ;
Male Portrait (1580), Fiirsteuberg Gallery,
Doiiaueschiugeu ; do., Oldenburg Gallery ;
Mathematician instructing his Sou (15(11),
Portraits of Man and Wife, Male Portrait
(1504), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Miniature
Male Portrait, Schleissheim Gallery ; others
in Museum and Liechtenstein Gallery, Vi-
enna ; Male and Female Portraits (1561),
National Gallery, Pesth ; numerous portraits
in private collections at Prague. — Allgem.
d. Biog., xxiii. 490 ; Allgem. K. C., ix. 454 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 254 ; Meyer, Museen,
305.
NEUGEBAUER, JOSEF, born in Vienna
in 1810. Portrait,, history, and still-life
painter ; pupil of Vienna Academy ; became
instructor in the house of Archduke Charles
in 1839, and in 1850 visited Italy, where he
painted Pope Pius IX. and Cardinal Anto-
nelli. Works: Abraham offering Isaac (1836);
Allegory of Music (1839) ; Dead Fowl (1842) ;
Fishes, Foxes (1844) ; Spinning Woman,
Fisher Maiden, Animal Piece (1847) ; Nea-
politan Fisher-Boys (1852) ; Roman Peasant
Girl, Pifferaro (1853) ; Roses and Strawber-
ries (1857); Fruit Piece (1858); Dead Fowl
(1860) ; Apotheosis of St. Udalrich (1865),
St. Ulrich's, Vienna ; Portraits of Archduke
Charles (1839), Pope Pius IX., Cardinal An-
tonelli (1852).— Miiller, 390 ; Wurzbach, xx.
252.
NEUHAUS, FRITZ, bom at Elberfeld,
April 3, 1852. Genre painter, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy under Gebhardt and Wil-
helni Sohn. Works : Ash Wednesday (1878);
Scene from Peasants' War (1879), Diissel-
dorf Gallery ; Prince's First Ride (1880) ;
Incident in Youth of the Great Elector
(1885); Hagen and the Mermaids (1880).—
Kunst-Chrouik, xxi. 241 ; Miiller, 390.
NEUHUYS, ALBERT, born at Utrecht,
June 10, 1844. Genre painter, pupil of G.
Craeyvanger and of Antwerp Academy.
Works : Awaking (1876) ; Gallantry (1880),
Amsterdam Museum ; Harvest (1880) ; Ba-
by's Toilet (1884) ; The Gardener (1885).
"NEUMANN, JOHAN KARL, bom in Co-
penhagen, Aug. 14, 1833. Marino painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy, though self-
taught in his special branch ; visited Ger-
many, France, and Italy in 1802-63, Spain
and Morocco iu 1807, and the East iu 1873.
Member of Copenhagen Academy ; Order
of Daunebrog, 1870. Works : Danish Mau-
of-War at Anchor on English Coast (1859) ;
Ships oil' Shore (1867) ; Views on Coast of
Genoa ; The Kattegat, Skageii in Jutland
(1870), Copenhagen Gallery. — Sig. Miiller,
256 ; Weilbach, 514.
NEUREUTHER, EUGEN (NAPO-
LEON), born in Mu-
nich, Jan. 13, 1800,
died there, March 23,
1882. History painter
and illustrator, son of
and first instructed in
Bamberg by the land-
scape painter Ludwig
Neureuther, then pupil
of Munich Academy
under Wilhehu von
Kobell ; assisted Cornelius in the decorations
in the Glyptothek and the Kouigsbau, and
illustrated Goethe's romances and ballads to
the great satisfaction of the poet. Visited
Paris in 1830 and Rome in 1837 ; professor
at the industrial art-school in 1808-77. Or-
der of Michael. Has won fame as an illustra-
tor of German legends and ballads. Works :
Peter von Cornelius among his Fellow-Ar-
tists, Dream of Rezia, Dying Nun, Villa Mils,
NEUSTATTER
Villa Malta, Madonna, Scene from Hermann
and Dorothea, Scene from Obcron, Scliack
Gallery, Munich ; Uhland's Peasant Rules,
Stettin Museum. — Allgem. d. Biog., xxiii.
552 ; Cotta'sKunstbl. (1839), 17, 74 ; (1842),
306 ; (1844), 212 ; (1847), 104 ; D. Kunstbl.
(1854), 42G; (1858), 89; Hagen, i. 411;
Illustr. Zcitg. (187C), i. 330 ; Kuglcr, Kl.
Schriften, iii. 18 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 415 ;
Miiller, 391 ; Nngler, x. 207; do., Mon., ii.
C34 ; Rac/ynski, ii. 272 ; Reber, ii. 95 ; Keg-
net, ii. 03 ; Haiti, 309 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv.
7, 72.
NEUSTATTER, LOUIS, bom in Munich
in 1829. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Munich Academy and of Bernhardt ; in
1852 studied in Paris for a short time under
Cogniet, then went to Rome and Naples ;
painted portraits in Vienna in 1854-G4, and
returned to Munich, where he has since
produced a number of genre pictures.
Works : Mourning Orphans ; Young Widow ;
Reverie ; Breakfast : Five Pictures from
Children's Life ; Visit to Foster-Parents ;
Getting Provisions ; Burial of Canary Bird ;
Enticing (1883).— Miiller, 392.
NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE (MARIE) DE,
born at St. Omer
(Pas-de-Calais), May
31, 1830, died in Par-
is, May 20, 1885. Bat-
tle and genre painter,
pupil of Picot ; stud-
ied three years in
Ecole de Droit, Paris,
but gave up law for
art, and soon won a
place among the fore-
most French military painters. Medals : 3d
class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1801 ; L. of Honour,
1873; Officei-,1881. Works ; The Gcrvais Bat-
tery, Attack on Malakoff (1859) ; Capture of
Naples by Garibaldi (1800); Chasseurs of the
Guard (18G1); Attack in Streets of Magenta
(1804), St. Omer Museum ; Chasseurs Cross-
ing the Tchernaia (1808), Lille Museum ;
Bivouac before Bourget (1872), Dijon Mu-
seum ; Laxl. Cartridges (1873) ; Attack by
Fire on Barricaded House at Villersexel
(1874) ; Surprise in Environs of Metz in
1870 (1875); Episode in Battle of Forbach
in 1870 (1877) ; Defence of Le Jlourget
(1879), W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; The
Adieu, J. J. Astor, ib. ; In the Trenches
(1874), Information (1876), Attack at Dawn,
W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Episode in Bat-
tle of Gravelotte, Panorama of Battle of
Champigny (with Detaille, 1881); Cemetery
of St. Privat (1881), John G. Johnson, Phil-
adelphia ; Drummer, Forty-Second High-
landers in Egypt in 1882 (1882), H. C. Gib-
son, ib. ; Soldier Drinking, Fletcher Harper,
New York ; Cavalryman and Two Horses,
W. Rockefeller, ib. ; Reconnoitring of Gen-
eral Ducis, C. S. Smith, ib. ; Hauling by the
Capstan, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Reconnoitring,
Daniel Catliu, St. Louis ; Beleaguered, H.
L. Dousmau, ib.; Ou Guard, S. A. Coale,
ib. ; do., Charles Parson, ib. ; Flag of Truce
(1885, last work, unfinished). — L'Artiste
(1885), i. 409 ; Athemeum (1880), i. 384 ;
(1885), i. 009 ; Bellier, ii. 157 ; Claretie,
Peintres (1874), 219, 329 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1881), xxiv. 47 ; (1885), xxxii. 164 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 387 ; xvii. 3, 276, 385, 517 ;
xix. 42 ; xx. 552 ; Mag. of Art (1885), 225 ;
Montrosier, ii. ; Rev. des Deux Mondes
(1874), iii. 675 ; Richard, En Campagne
par A. de N., Paris (1880).
NEVE, FRANS DE, born at Antwerp,
June 11, 1606, died probably in 1681. Flem-
ish school ; history and portrait painter,
formed himself almost exclusively after the
works of Rubens and Van Dyck, and after-
wards in Rome after Raphael and the an-
tique. A Solomon's Judgment, by him, is
in the Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Na-
gler, x. 213 ; Kramm, iv. 1194 ; Van den
Branden, 906.
NEWELL, HUGH, born in Ireland, con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Cou-
ture in Paris ; studied also in Antwerp, and
3-12
NEWMAN
in the S. Kensington schools, London. His
professional life has been spent in Baltimore
and Pittsburgh ; principal of Women's
School of Design, Pittsburgh, since 1870.
Works : Smithy (1873); Basket of Grapes,
In the Cottage Window (1878) ; Country
Musician, The Binder — Wheat-Field in Har-
vest (1879) ; Hillside, Labourer (1880) ; In
the Barn, In the Sugar-Camp (1881); Husk-
ing Corn in the Field, Woods in Winter
(1882) ; Grapes, From the East and West
(1883).
NEWMAN, HENRY R., contemporary.
Lives in Florence. His architectural, land-
scape, and flower pieces in water-colour have
been specially commended by Ruskin. Ex-
hibited in 1878, Study of Pink and White
Oleanders, Grapes and Olives, Architectural
Study, and Flowers ; Buildings in Florence,
Lord Spencer ; Giotto's Campanile, Mercato
Vecchio, Florence, Mrs. Brown, Providence.
NEWTON, GILBERT STUART, born in
Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Sept. 2,
1795, died at
Chelsea, Eng.,
Aug. 5, 1835.
Sou of a royalist
officer driven
from Boston
when Washing- /*
ton occupied it \
on the death of
his father his mother returned (1803) to
Boston, where he had some instruction from
his uncle, Gilbert Stuart. In 1817 he went
to Italy and to Paris, where he met Charles
Robert Leslie, and, returning with him to
London, became a student at the Royal
Academy, and was soon recognized as an
agreeable subject painter. Elected an A.R. A.
in 1828, and R.A. in 1832, in which year
he revisited America and married. On his
return, his mind became so seriously af-
fected that he had to be taken to a pri-
vate asylum at Chelsea, where he died.
Works : Yorick and the Grisette, The
Window, National Gallery, London ; Cap-
tain Machmth (1826), Vicar of Wakefield rec-
onciling his Wife to Olivia (1828), Bowood
House ; Shijlock and Jessica (1830) ; Lear
and Cordelia, Portia and Bassauio (1831) ;
Lute-Player, Historical Society, New York ;
Importunate Author, E. N. Perkins, Boston.
— Dunlap ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Art
Journal (1864), 13 ; Sandby, ii. 148 ; Red-
grave.
NEYTS (Nyts), GILLIS (Egidius), born
in Ghent, baptized there, April 4, 1023,
died in 1G8C or 1687. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, pupil of Lucas van Uden ;
entered the guild in 1G47-48. Works :
Landscapes with Figures (2, 1667, 1669),
[Tlu'-odore van Lerius, Antwerp ; Mountain-
ous Landscape with Ruins, do. with Riders
and Beggar (1G81), Dresden Gallery ; River
Landscape (1641), Stockholm Museum. —
Rooses (Reber), 416 ; Van den Branden,
1073 ; Van Lerius, Biog., ii. 61.
NIAGARA, Frederic Edwin Church, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
6 in. x 7 ft. 5 in. Niagara Falls from the
British Side. Painted in 1857 ; exhibited
throughout United States and Europe ; Ex-
position universelle, Paris, 1867, medal of
2d class ; bought by John Taylor Johnston ;
at his sale (1876), to Corcoran Gallery, $12,-
500. Mr. Church's Niagara from the Ameri-
can Side is owned by Mrs. A. T. Stewart,
New York ; his Niagara from under the Fall,
by Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York.
By George Inness, Roswell Smith, New
York ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. Not an
exact transcript of the falls, but an attempt
1 to present an idea of the impression pro-
duced on the artist's mind by the first sight
1 of the cataract from a point on Goat Island.
Painted in 1873-74 ; American Art Associa-
tion, 1874. Never engraved. Six slight
sketches in water-colours, Mr. Bartell.
NIBELUNGEN-LIED, Julius Schnorr
von Karolsfeld, Royal Palace, Munich. Sc-
ries of frescos on walls and ceilings of sev-
eral halls. Painted in 1830-51.
1. Entrance Hall. Over door : The lau-
rel-crowned poet of the lay, pen in hand,
343
NKVE ARCH ITS
and two boys holding book and inkstand
respectively ; below, a crone and a bearded
old man on one side, and a maiden playing
the harp, with a boy, on the other, typifying
Saga and Song.
Eight of entrance : King Gunther and
Brunhilde ; opposite, Siegfried and Chrim-
hilde.
Second wall, left : Hagen, Volker, and
Dankwart ; the Dwarf Alberieh, as guardian
of the Nibeluugen hoard, with the key, and
Chriiuhilde's messenger, Eckewart, with the
sword, asleep.
Third wall, opposite door : The Danube-
Nixies predicting to Hagen his own and his
friends' ruin ; on sides, Dietrich von Bern
and Hildebrand, Etzel and Riidiger.
Fourth wall : Siegfried's parents, Sieg-
mund and Sieglinde ; Gunther's and Chrim-
hilde's mother, Ute, with her younger sons,
Gernot and Giselher.
On ceiling : Quarrel of the two Queens ;
Hunting-party returning with the body of
Siegfried ; Fall of the Burgundians in Et-
/el's castle at Vienna ; Etxel's lament over
the heroes' death.
2. Wedding Hall. Return of Siegfried
with Volker, Hagen, Dankwart, and the
captured kings of ihe Danes and Saxons,
Liideger and Liidegast ; Gunther and his
brothers riding to meet him.
Opposite wall : Brunhilde at Worms, re-
ceived by Ute, Chrimhilde, and her broth-
ers ; in the foreground, right, Siegfried,
Hagen, and others.
Third wall : Siegfried's Wedding ; above,
Siegfried's first entry into Worms, and Ha-
gen reporting it to King Gunther, on the
one side, and Siegfried returning from the
chase, on the other.
Fourth wall : Between the windows, Sieg-
fried giving to his wife Brunhilde's girdle
and ring ; over the windows, Siegfried, with
Chrimhilde and Eckewart, returning to his
parents. Also, ten smaller pictures.
3. Hall of Treason. Quarrel of the
Queens ; Murder of Siegfried ; Chrimhilde
beholding the body of Siegfried at her door.
Chrimhilde discovers Hagen to be the mur-
derer of Siegfried — on the four walls respec-
tively, besides several smaller pictures ; on
the ceiling, a falcon between two eagles, sur-
rounded by festoons of jewels and pearls,
emblematic of the Nibelungen hoard.
•i. Hall of Vengeance. Death-struggle
between the Burgundians and the Huns ;
Hagen vanquished by Dietrich von Bern ;
Chrimhilde kills Hagen, and is herself slain
by Hildebrand. On the ceiling, the Nixies
behold the fulfilment of their prophecy.
5. Hall of Lament, Etzel and his court
weeping over the body of Chrimhilde ; Re-
turn to Worms of the messengers, with the
weapons of the slain ; Bishop Pilgrim re-
ceives the news of the destruction of the
Burgundians ; He orders masses to bo sung
for the heroes. — Marggraff, Miiuchen mit
seiuen Kunstschatzen (Munich, 18-15), 288.
NIC^EARCHUS, painter. See Nearchus.
NICANOE, painter, of Paros, mentioned
by Pliny (xxxv. 39 [122]) as painting in en-
caustic before Aristides, who is thought by
some to have discovered it. — Bruun, ii. 55.
NICASIUS. See Vrrnaert*.
NICCOLo DA FULIGNO. See Alunno.
NICERUS, Greek painter, of Thebes, son
and pupil of Aristides. — Pliny, xxxv. 36
[HI].
NICHOLAS, ST., Titian, S. Sebastiano,
Venice ; wood, arched at top, figure a little
less than life-size ; signed. St. Nicholas
seated in the stall of a cathedral choir ; an
angel to the left holds up an episcopal mi-
tre. Painted in 1563 for Niccolo Crasso,
and placed in his chapel in S. Sebastiano.
Shows the hand of assistants. Restored
several times, last in 1822. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 454 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 253 ; C. &
C., Titian, ii. 331.
NICHOLAS, ST., CONSECRATION OF,
Paolo Veronese, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 9 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 9 in. Consecra-
tion of St. Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, Syria,
in 4th century. Presented by British In-
stitute ; formerly in S. Niccolo de' Frari,
Venice.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Richter, 74, 112.
344
NICHOLAS
NICHOLAS, ST., GLORY OF, Lorenzo
Lotto, S. M. del Carmine, Venice ; canvas,
life-size. SS. Nicholas, Lucy, and1 John
Baptist float and kneel in the clouds ; be-
neath, a landscape with figures on foot and
St. George on horseback killing the dragon.
Painted about 1529. Injured by restora-
tion.— Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 250 ; Lomazzo,
Idea, 139 ; C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 521.
NICIAS, Greek painter, Thebau-Attic
school ; pupil of Antidotua, first part of 4th
century B.C. He preferred large subjects,
thinking it waste skill and labour to paint
small objects, such as birds and flowers.
He excelled in aerial perspective and in
chiaro-oscuro ; was famous for his female
figures, and very happy in his pictures of
dogs. Pliny says (xxxv. 20) he was the first
who used usta (burnt ceruse). Praxiteles
said that he prized most among his statues
those which had been coloured by Nicias.
Among his noted pictures were a Necroman-
tia, or representation of the infernal regions
as described by Homer, which he declined
to sell to King Ptolemy for sixty talents,
because he preferred to give it to his native
city ; Nemea seated on a Lion, placed in
the Curia at Rome by Augustus ; Father
Liber, preserved in the Temple of Concord
at Rome ; Hyacinthus, which Augustus car-
ried from Alexandria to Rome, and which
Tiberius dedicated in the Temple of Augus-
tus ; lo, Andromeda, Calypso, and Alex-
ander, in the Portico of Pompey ; Dauac,
and Calypso seated.— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [131,
133] ; Paus., iii. 29, 15 ; vii. 22, G ; Demet.
Phal. Eloc., 76 ; Pint, de Glor. Athen., 2 ;
Fronto ad Verum, i. (p. 124) ed. Mai ; Var.
Hist., Ill, 31 ; Brunn, ii. 194.
NICKELE (Nikkelen), ISAAK VAN, born
in Haarlem about 1630 (?), died there, Dec.
25, 1703. Architecture painter ; entered
the guild in 1660, and painted interiors of
extraordinary clearness. Works : Interior
of Church at Haarlem, Brussels Museum ;
do. (1693), Haarlem Museum ; Interior of
Gothic Church, Six Collection, Amsterdam ;
do., Darmstadt Museum ; do., Museo Civico,
Venice ; do. (1693), and Interior of New
Church at Delft, Brunswick Gallery ; Inte-
riors of Protestant Church (2, one dated
1698), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; others
in Copenhagen Gallery and Stockholm Mu-
scum. — D. Kunstbl. (1854), 77 ; Kramm, iv.
1201 ; Riegel, Beitnige, ii. 434 ; Van der
Willigeu, 231.
NICKELE, JAN VAN, born in Haarlem
in 1649, died in Cassel in 1716. Landscape
painter, son and pupil of Isaak van Nickele.
He spent some time in the service of the
Elector of the Palatinate, in Diisseldorf,
afterwards at the court of Hesse-Cassel.
Works : Stag in a Wood, Cassel Gallery ;
Series of Views, Gallery of Castle of Wil-
helmshohe near Cassel ; Two Landscapes,
Dresden Gallery ; Castle Benrath in Berg (2,
1714, 1715), Sehleissheim Gallery ; Church
Interiors (2), Czerniu Gallery, Vienna. —
Immerzcel, ii. 264 ; Kuglcr (Crowe), ii. 545.
NICKOL, (KARL) FRIEDRICH
(ADOLPH), born at Schoppenstedt, Bruns-
wick, in 1824. Animal and landscape paint-
er, pupil in Brunswick of Heinrich Brandos ;
went in 1846 to Munich, and visited Belgi-
um, Holland, France, and, in 1853-54, Italy.
Professor at Polytechnic Institute in Bruns-
wick. Works : Moonlight Night in Holland ;
Moonlight Landscape with Cattle ; The Mi-
ser ; Fight with Eagle ; Four Divisions of
Day; Seven Italian Landscapes. — Miiller, 393.
NICOL, ERSKINE, born at Leith, Scot-
land, July, 1825.
Genre painter, pu-
pil of Trustees'
Academy, Edin-
burgh ; when
twenty years old
went to Dublin,
where he lived
four years, and
after his return to
Edinburgh paint-
ed Hibernian subjects with so much skill
345
TsICOLL
that lie soon became <i member of the R.
S.A. Removed in 1863 to London, where
he has since resided. Elected an A.R.A. in
186(5. Many of his works are well known
through engravings. Medal, 2d class, Paris,
18G7. Works : Toothache (1861) ; Notice
to Quit (1802) ; Among the Old Masters
(1804); Deputation, Collecting his Thoughts,
Yours to Command (1865) ; Both Puzzled
(180(1) ; Kiss an' Make it up (1807) ; China
Merchant (1808); Disputed Boundary (1809),
Mrs. A. T. Stewart, New York; Fishers'
Knot (1871); Pro Bono Publico, Past Work,
Steady, Johnny, Steady (1873) ; New Vin-
tage ("1875); Storm at Sea (1870); His Legal
Adviser, Unwillingly to School (1877); Under
a Cloud, Missing Boat, Lonely Tenant of
the Glen (1878) ; Interviewing the Member
(1879); Paying the Rent, W. H. Vanderbilt,
New York; Temptation, H. V. Newcomb, ib.;
Beggar my Neighbor, Irish Pattern, Duet,
J. W. Bates, Philadelphia ; Paddy's Mark,
Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; Bother the
Change !, A. Adams, Watertown.Mass. — Mey-
nell, 148 ; Portfolio (1879), 01 ; Art Journal,
1805 ; (1884), 348 ; Athenrcum (1871), 75.
NICOLL, J. C., born in New York in
1845. Marine painter, pupil of M. F. H.
do Haas and Kruseman van Elten ; has
sketched along the Atlantic coast from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Florida. Best
known by his water-colours. Elected an
A.N.A. ill 1881 ; N.A. in 1885. Studio in
New York. Works in oil : Foggy Morning
—Grand Menan, Gulf of St. Lawrence (187G) ;
Bass Rocks near Gloucester — Mass. (1879) ;
On Marblehead Neck (1880) ; Shower at
Block Island (1881) ; On the Rocks near
Portland (1882); Harbour View (1883);
Hudson River Elevator, Twilight, T. B.
Clarke, New York ; Warm Morning, Sun-
light on the Sea (1884). Water-colours :
Moonlight— Cape Anne ; Off Portland Har-
bour ; Coast View in Spring ; Schroon Lake ;
Shower on the Coast, On the Gulf of St.
Lawrence (1878); A Creek (1884) ; Summer
Morning (1885) ; Fog and Sunshine, on
Campobello Islands (1886).
NICOMACHUS, painter, of Thebes (?),
son and pupil of AristieDus, about 350 B.C.
Cicero speaks of him (Brut., 18-70) with
high praise ; Pliny says that he worked with
great rapidity ; Plutarch (Timol., 36) com-
pares his pictures with the verses of Homer,
as having, besides strength and beauty, the
charm of seeming to have been executed
with little effort ; and Vitruvius (iii. Procern.
2) mentions him among those artists who
were prevented by adverse circumstances
only from attaining the highest rank. Among
his works were Rape of Proserpine, Victory
soaring on High in a Chariot, Cybele on a
Lion, Ulysses wearing the Pileus, Bacchantes
surprised by Satyrs, and Scylla, the last of
which was probably burned in the Temple
of Peace, Rome, A.D. 191. — Pliny, xxxv. 21,
' 32, 36 [108, 109] ; Brunn, ii. 168.
NICOPHANES, Greek painter, probably
of 4th century B.C. Sicyonic school. Pliny
(xxxv. 36 [111]) calls him an elegant and fin-
ished painter, with whom few could compare
for gracefulness, but inferior to Zeuxis or
Apelles in the severe and tragic style ; but
Polemon (Athen., xiii. p. 567) gives a much
lower opinion of him. He may have been
identical with Chacrephanes, an artist men-
tioned by Plutarch (De Aud. Poet., 18) in
even more severe terms. Pliny mentions
(xxxv. 40) among the works of Nicophanes,
^sculapius with his Daughters, Hygiea,
.ZEgle, Panacea, Jason, and the Ocnos (slug-
gard), representing a man twisting a rope
at one end while an ass gnaws it at the
other. — Brunn, ii. 154.
NICOSTHENES, painter, probably of 4th
century B.C., master of Theodoras of Samos
and of Stadiseus. Pliny, xxxv. 40 [146].
There was also a pottery painter called
Nicosthenes, whose name appears on sev-
eral vases found at Agrigentum. — Brunn,
ii. 646.
NIEDMANN, AUGUST (HEINRICH),
born in Brunswick, May 3, 1826. History
painter, pupil in Brunswick of Braudes ;
settled in 1850 in Munich, where he studied
a short time at the Academy under Kaul-
346
NIEMEYER
bach. "Works : Going to School ; Reception
of the Parson at a Wedding ; Toast to Bri-
dal Pair ; Peasant Wedding in Upper Aus-
tria ; St. Nicholas' Eve ; Parson's Anniver-
sary ; Saying Grace ; Grandfather's Room ;
A Modern Helen ; Blind-Man's-Buff ; Morn-
ing ou Norwegian Coast(1885) ; Poacher (Ju-
bilee Exhibition, Berlin, 188G).— Miiller, 394.
NIEMEYER, JOHN H., born in Bremen,
Germany, in 1839. Portrait and genre paint-
er, pupil in Paris of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts under Geronie and Yvon, and of Jac-
quesson de la Chevreuse ; studied also un-
der Coruu four years. Two medals, Imperial
School of Design, Paris. Painted in New
York until appointed professor of draw-
ing in School of Fine Arts, Yale College.
Works : Guttenberg inventing Movable Type
(1869) ; Where, Why? (1880) ; Sancta Sim-
plicitas (1882) ; Lilith tempting Eve(188G).
NIEPER, LTJDWIG, born at Brunswick,
July 12, 1820. History painter, pupil of
Dresden Academy under Bendemann, spent
considerable time in Rome, and in 1871 be-
came director of Leipsic Academy. Works :
Paul's Departure from Ephesus (181)4) ; Christ
Crucified ; Peter and Paul ; Wisdom and
Justice. — Kunst-Chronik, ix. 715 ; Mflller,
394 ; niustr. Zeitg. (187G), ii. 250.
NIESSEN, JOHANNES, born iu Cologne
in 1821. History painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy ; went in 1847 to Paris, vis-
ited Florence and Rome, and in 1850 re-
turned to Diisseldorf, whence he went to
Weimar in 1859 as professor ill the Art
School. Iu 1866 he settled iu Cologne,
where he is professor and conservator of
the Museum. Member of Vienna Academy.
Works : Irene going to meet her Death ;
Christ in Agony ; Christ the Good Shep-
herd ; John Baptist before Herod ; King
Lear and his Daughters ; Portrait of the
Painter Johann Wilhelm Schirmer (1854),
Diisseldorf Gallery.— D. Kunstbl. (1857),
10 ; Merlo, 304 ; Mtiller, 394 ; Wolfg. Miil-
ler, Diisseldf. K, 43 ; Wiegmann, 202.
NIEULANDT, ADRIAEN VAN, the
younger, boru in Amsterdam in 1590, died
after 1(557. Dutch school ; pupil in Amster-
dam of Pieter Isacx and Frans Badens.
i Painted biblical and mythological scenes,
and landscapes with small figures. Works :
Procession of Lepers (1033), City Hall, Am-
sterdam ; From the Carnival in Antwerp,
I Brussels Museum ; Replica, Madrid Muse-
. um ; Toilet of Diana (1041), Diana and Cal-
I listo (1054), Landscape with Hunters (1040),
Kitchen Scene (1010), Brunswick Gallery ;
Jacob's Dream (1050), Darmstadt Gallery ;
Entry of Christ into Jerusalem (1055),
Prophet Elijah, Triumph of Bacchus, Co-
' penhagen Gallery ; Rape of Proserpine, do.
of Europa (1649), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
, Birds' Concert in a Landscape, Oldenburg
i Gallery. — Kramm, iv. 1197 ; vii. 113 ; Rooses
! (Reber), 408 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 209.
NIEULANT (Nieuwelandt), WILLEM
VAN, boru in Antwerp iu 1584, died iu Am-
sterdam in 10155. Flemish school ; first
taught in 1599 by Jacob Savery in Amster-
dam, where he had come when four years
of age ; went in 1602 to Rome, where he
worked three years under Paul Bril. En-
tered guild of Antwerp in 1006 ; returned
to Amsterdam after Sept. 8, 1028. Natural
and agreeable colouring, though somewhat
too grey in tone. Also an engraver and
dramatic poet. Works : Campo Vaccino
(1011), Antwerp Museum ; do. (1012), Vi-
enna Museum ; Roman Cattle Market (1609),
Copenhagen Gallery. — Kramm, iv. 1198 ;
Rooses (Reber), 407 ; Michiels, vi. 181 ;
Van den Branden, 636.
NIGHT, FLIGHT OF, William M. Hunt,
Capitol, Albany, N. Y. ; mural painting,
demilune, H. 15 ft. x 45 ft. The Queen of
Night, seated in her chariot — the crescent
moon — is drawn by three plunging horses,
one white, one red, one black, the head of
the outermost one held by a swarthy guide,
floating at left ; below the goddess, right,
is the sleeping recumbent figure of a moth-
er with her child upon her breast, with a
347
XIGIIT WATCH
genius floating above. — Scribner's Mag., xix.
175.
NIGHT WATCH, Rembrandt. Sec Sortie
of tlie Banning Cock Company.
NIGHT-WATCH IN SMYRNA, Alexan-
dra Gabriel Decamps, Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; canvas. A captain of Spahis, in Ar-
naut costume, riding a beautiful barb, with
his followers running beside him on foot. —
Art Treas. of America, i. 119, 126.
NIKKELEN. See NicMr.
NIKUTOWSKI, JOHANN ARTHUR
SEVERIN, born at Salwarschienen, near
Kunigsberg, Jan. 9, 18»!0. Genre and bat-
tle painter, pupil of Ki'migsberg Academy,
then in Diisseldorf (1847) and Carlsruhe
(1859) of Lessing ; settled in Diisseldorf
in 18G5. Works : Crossing the Beresina
(1858), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Russian Land-
Waiters pursuing Smugglers (18G1) ; End
of Battle of Leipsic (1863); Return of War-
riors ; Departure of Landwehr Officer ;
Peasants burying their Child (1870) ; Epi-
sode in Polish Insurrection (1871) ; Burial
of Polish Champion of Liberty (1872); Burn-
ing Village in Winter (1877). — Meyer,
Couv. Lex., xvii. G07 ; Br. Meyer, Stud", u.
Krit., 239 ; Miiller, 349 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
vi. 151.
NILS ON, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOF,
born in Augsburg, March 9, 1811, died in
Munich, Dec. 19, 1879. History painter,
first instructed by his father, Johann Phi-
lipp, then pupil of Munich Academy under
Cornelius, Schlotthauer, Clemens Zimmer-
inann, and Julius Schnorr. Works : Thirty-
nine scenes from Greek War of Indepen-
dence, Arcades of Royal Garden, Munich ;
Portrait Medallions and Figures, Staircase
of Royal Library, ib. ; Mother and Sou ; Re-
ception of the Wounded ; Lyric Muse ; Dra-
matic Muse.— Academy (1880), i. 1G ; Kunst-
Chronik, xv. 372.
NIN Y TUDO, JOSE, born in Catalonia,
Spain ; contemporary. History painter, pupil
of Barcelona Academy. Works : Heroes of
Independence; End of Bull-Fight. — La
Ilustraciou (1877).
NINO DE VALLECAS, Velasquez, Ma-
drid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft.
9 in. A jester, in green dress with grey
sleeves, seated beside a rock. Painted be-
tween 1G31 and 1649. Engraved by B.
Vasquez ; etched by Goya ; Laguillermie ;
Maura ; Pineda. — Stirling, iii. 1391 ; Cur-
tis, 30 ; Madrazo, 632.
NIN OS DE LA CONCHA. See Christ
and St. John.
NINUS AND SEMIRAMIS, Guulo Reni,
Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 13 ft. x 7 f t. 2
iii. Ninus, enamoured of Semiramis, re-
signs to her his crown for a day ; she, seat-
ed by his side, is about to put it on her
head. Purchased for the Marchese Tanara
as Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, for
G,000 Roman scudi, by Canon Luigi Crespi,
1752. Engraved by I. M. Preisler.— Gal.
roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 20 ; Dresden Cat,
Introduction, 3G.
NINUS AND SEMIRAMIS, MARRIAGE
OF. See Minn.
NISS, THORVALD, born at Assens, Fii-
nen, May 7, 1842.
Landscape painter,
pupil of his father
and of Copenhagen
Academy ; took part
as a volunteer in the
campaign of 1864.
Gold medal, Vienna,
1882 ; medal, Copen-
hagen, 1883. Works:
Views near Copen-
hagen (1870, 1871) ; View in Jaegersborg
Deer Park (1875) ; Heath and Forest-Patch
at Vendsyssel (1876) ; October Day in Borre-
vejle Woods (1878) ; Fuukedammen near
Frederiksborg, September Day in Jaegers-
borg Deer Park (1881); Winter Day (1883),
Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (1885).— Sig. Mtil-
ler, 263.
NITTIS, GIUSEPPE DE', born at Bar-
letta, near Naples, in 1846, died in Paris,
Aug. 22, 1884. Genre, landscape, and archi-
tecture painter, pupil of Naples Academy,
then studied in Paris (1868) under Brandon,
848
KOACK
Geiome, and Meissonier ; painted chiefly
city views, the result of travels in France,
England, and Italy. Medals : Paris, 3d
class, 1876 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1878. Works : Visit at Antiquary's, Cross-
ing the Railway (1869); Intimate Reception,
Lady with Parrot (1870); Road from Naples
to Brindisi (1872) ; Descending Vesuvius
(1873) ; Place de la Concorde in Paris, At
Bougival on the Seine (1875) ; Place dcs
Pyramides in Paris (1876), Luxembourg
Museum ; View of Paris from Palais Royal,
Boulevard Haussmann, Place St. Augustin
(1877) ; Corner of Boulevard, Triumphal
Arch, In the Bois de Boulogne, Twelve
Views in Paris and London (1878) ; Place
du Carrousel (1883), Luxembourg Museum ;
The Breakfast, Goose-Keeper (1884); Quar-
rel, R. L. Cutting, New York ; Railway Train
alarming Horses, D. O. Mills, ib. ; Chinese
Shop, Confidences, J. H. Stebbiiis, ib. ; Let-
ter of Condolence, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia.
— L'Art (1876), iii. 132 ; (1878), iii. 246 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1884), xxx. 110, 395 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xii. 800 ; xix. 709 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xxi. 662.
NOACK, AUGUST, born at Bessungcn,
near Darmstadt, Sept. 27, 1822. History
painter, pupil in Darmstadt of the land-
scape painter Lucas, then of Diisseldorf and
Antwerp Academies, travelled in France,
Italy, and the Netherlands. Professor at
Polytechnic Institute at Darmstadt ; court
painter. Works : Religious Conversation
at Mai-burg (1867), Darmstadt Gallery ;
Visit of Landgrave Philipp the Generous
to Luther (1871), Last Judgment ; Paul
before the High Council in Jerusalem ; Tak-
ing of Christ. Fresco : Christ and the Marys,
Cemetery, Darmstadt. — Miiller, 395 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xix. 157.
NOAH AND HIS FAMILY, Benozzo
Gozzoli, Campo Santo, Pisa ; fresco. At
left, Noah, under a trellis covered with
vines, superintends the vintage ; in centre,
surrounded by the women of his household,
he is about to drink the new wine from a
chalice ; at right, asleep on the ground, he
is mocked by Ham while Shem tries to cover
his nakedness.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 510 ; La-
rousse, xi. 1040.
NOAH, HISTORY OF, llaphael. See
Itaphaer* Bible.
NOAH, INTOXICATION OF, Mi.-hel-
ancjdo, Sistiue Chapel, Rome ; fresco on
ceiling.
NOAH, SACRIFICE OF, Micheloiujclo,
Sistiue Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
NOCRET (Naucret), JEAN, born at Nancy
in 1617, died in Paris, Nov. 12, 1672. French
school ; history and portrait painter ; passed
several years in Rome, where Poussin knew
him in 1643-44, and after his return to
France at once made a reputation as a por-
trait painter ; in 1657 he accompanied the
French ambassador to Portugal, where he
painted the portraits of the royal family.
On his return to Paris ho was intrusted
with important works for Saint Cloud and
the Tuileries. Member of the Academy,
1663 ; professor, 1664 ; adjunct rector, 1667.
Works : Anna of Austria, Family of Louis
XIV., Versailles Museum ; Philip I. of Or-
li'ans-Bourbon — son of Louis XIII., Louis
XTV. (2), Madrid Museum.— Bellier, ii. 161 ;
Memoires iiu'dits, i. 312.
NOEL, PAUL JOSEPH, born at Waul-
sort, on the Mouse, near Diuant, April 20,
1789, died at Sosoyc, near Dinant, Nov. 27,
1822. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
in Antwerp of Herreyns and in Ghent of
Regemorter ; won several prizes in both
cities, as well as in Brussels, and completed
his studies under Swebach in Paris. Works :
View on the Meuse (1813); Halt of Bavarian
Cavalry ; Postilion before Tavern ; Peasant
upsetting Fruit-Stall (1821), In the Vine-
yard, Museum, Amsterdam ; Merry Com-
pany at Table, Museum Fodor, ib. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 264 ; Kramm, iv. 1202.
NOGARI, GIUSEPPE, born at Venice in
1699, died there in 1763. Venetian school ;
figure and portrait painter, pupil of J. B.
Pittoni and of Antonio Balestra, but devoted
himself, in imitation of the Flemish style,
to painting half-figures with great delicacy.
34!)
NOLI
Works : Painting and Sculpture, Music and
Poetry, Cassel Gallery ; Miser with Purse
and Key, Old Man holding Spectacles (2),
Old Woman over Pan of Coals, St. Peter,
Dresden Museum ; Men's Busts (2), Ber-
gamo Gallery ; Old Man with Wine-glass,
Galleria Estense, Modena ; Portrait of a
Warrior, three others, Turin Gallery ; Por-
traits of Doges Marco Foscariui and Pietro
Grimani, Venice Academy.
NOLI ME TANGERE (Touch me not),
Mariotto Albertiiictli, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1
ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. Mary Magdalen kneels
before Christ ; in middle distance, at left,
Christ leaving the sepulchre. Painted about
14'.IO 15(K). Shows influence of Fra Barto-
lommeo. From Collection of Louis XIV. —
Cat. Louvre.
By Ciirrci/t/iv, Madrid Museum ; wood, H.
4 ft. 3 in. x .'S ft. 3 in. Jesus and Mary Mag-
dalen. Presented to Philip IV. by Duke de
Medina de las Torres ; brought to Museum
from the Escorial. — Cat. Madrid Mus.
By Titian, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. GJ- in. X 2 ft. 11J,' in. Christ
and the Magdalen in the foreground of a
beautiful landscape ; she, on her knees,
raises her hand to touch him, while he,
slightly bending, draws back his robe as
he utters the words. Painted about 1518 ;
in Museo Muselli, Verona, before 1046 ;
afterwards in Orleans Gallery, whence it
passed to Mr. Champcruowue, at whose
sale in 1820 it was bought by Rogers the
poet, who bequeathed it to the National Gal-
lery in 1855. Engraved by N. Tardieu.—
C. & C., Titian, i. 210; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 458 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 144 ; Richter,
8G.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas fast
to panel, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. Only a part
of original, containing figure of Christ in a
white tunic and blue mantle. Found in the
Escorial, where it served as a cover to an
oil-jar. How it became mutilated is un-
known ; it was entire when taken to Spain
in 155G by Mary of Burgundy. Copy in
the Escorial.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 232;
Academy (London, 1872), March ; Revue
Universelle des Arts, iii. 141.
NOLLEKENS, JOSEPH FRANCIS,
called Old Nollekens, born in Antwerp, June
10, 1702, died in London, Jan. 21, 1748.
Portrait, figure, and landscape painter, son
of a painter who had resided some time in
England. He went to London in 1733, and
studied under Peter Tillemans, copying
after Watteau and Paolo Paunini. A por-
trait group by him of Frederick Prince of
Wales and sisters is at Windsor. He was
the father of Joseph Nollekeus the sculptor.
NOLLET, DOMINICUS, born at Bruges
in 1G40, died in Paris in 173G. Flemish
school ; landscape and battle painter, pupil
in Paris of Frans van cler Meulen ; entered
guild of Bruges in 1G87, became court-
painter to the Elector Maximilian Emman-
uel of Bavaria, who was then Governor of
the Netherlands ; followed him to Munich
in 1701, and returned in 1726 to settle in
Paris. Works : Skirmish between Germans
and Janizaries, Augsburg Gallery ; St. Louis
arriving in the Holy Land, Carmelites,
Bruges. — Immerzeel, ii. 2G6 ; Michiels, x.
404.
NOLPE, PIETER, born at The Hague in
1G01, died in Amsterdam after 1G70. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, settled at Am-
Bterdam before 1G30.
Works: Dutch Landscape
(1633), Berlin Museum;
do., Copenhagen Gallery;
do. with Canal and Fishermen (1633), Old
Pinakothek, Munich. — Immerzeel, ii. 266 ;
Kramm, iv. 1204.
NONCLERCQ, E'LIE, born at Valen-
ciennes (Nord); contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal,
2d class, 1881. Works : Ishmael Abandoned
(1875) ; Idyl (1876) ; Leda (1877) ; Samson
and Delilah (1878); Christ Healing the Lep-
er (1879) ; Odalisque (1880) ; Atala (1881) ;
Death and the Wood-Cutter (1882) ; Im-
prudent One (1883) ; Abraham dismissing
Hagar (1885) ; Mile. Weber as Marie in the
" Jacobites " (1886).
350
NONO, LUIGI, bora at Sacile, Italy ; con-
temporary. Landscape and genre painter ;
studio in Venice. Medal, 1st class, Munich,
1883. Works : Autumn Morning ; Hen-
Coop ; First Step ; Festive Morning ; Re-
fugium Peccatorum (1882), Quirinal, Home ;
Death of a Chicken, Deputy Mother (1883).
—La Ilustracion (1883), i. 323, 340 ; Zeit- !
schr. f. b. K., xix. 311.
NOOMS, REMIGIUS. See Zeeman.
NOORT, ADAM VAN, Lorn in Antwerp
in 1562, died there after Sept. in 1641.
Flemish school ; history painter, son of
Lambert van Noort. Admitted to guild in
1587 ; its dean in 1598. Among his pupils '
were Rubens, Van Balen, and Jacques Jor- 1
daens, who married his daughter. He may
be regarded as the founder of the great
Antwerp school of the 17th century. Works :
St. Peter presenting the Fish, St. Jacob's !
Church, Antwerp ; Adoration of the Shop- .
herds, St. Paul's, ib. ; Entombment, Maag-
denhuis, ib. ; Jesus calling Children, Brus-
sels Museum ; Healing of the Lame, St.
Michael's Church, Ghent ; Christ with Mar-
tha and Mary, Lille Museum ; Allegory,
Brunswick Gallery ; Woman taken in Adul-
01
tery, Darmstadt Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Immerzeel, ii. 278 ; Kramm, iv.
1209 ; Michiels, vi. 344 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
i. 42, 45 ; Rooses (Reber), 142 ; Van den
Branden, 389.
NOORT, LAMBERT VAN, born at
Amersfort in 1520 (?), died in 1570. Flemish
school ; master in Antwerp guild in 1549.
Works : Nativity (1555), Last Supper (1558),
Christ washing the Feet of the Apostles,
Calvary, Burial of Christ, Resurrection, Sib-
yl of the Church of Christ (1565), and nine
others, Antwerp .
Museum; Ad- / ^/OcM //?O
oration of Shep- *— SI
herds (1568), Brussels Museum.— Immer-
zeel, ii. 278 ; Kranitu, iv. 1210 ; Riegel, Bei-
triige, i. 27 ; Rooses (Reber), 141 ; Van den
Branden, 389.
NORBLIN, (SEBASTIEN LOUIS) GUIL-
LAUME, born in Warsaw, of French par-
ents, Feb. 24, 1796, died in Paris, Sept.,
1884. History and genre painter, pupil of
Vincent and Blondel. Won the grand prix
de Rome in 1825. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ;
1st class, 1844 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works:
Antigone enshrouding Polynices (1825) ;
Cyparissa Dying (1827) ; Death of Phalaris
(1830) ; Bacchante Asleep (1833) ; Death of
TJgolino (1833), Orleans Museum ; Woman
Bathing (1834) ; Vision of St. Luke (1836);
St. Paul in Athens (1844) ; The Parcto
(1846) ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence (1848) ;
Rachel (1849) ; Beheading of St. John
(1850) ; St. Paul converting Lydia (1861) ;
Xenocrates resisting the Seductions of
Phryne, Golden Ago (1803) ; Offering to
Pan (1874) ; Destruction of Herc.ulaneum
(1876) ; Four Figure Studies, Douai Muse-
um ; Portrait of Sully, Versailles Museum.
— Bellicr, ii. 167 ; Larousse ; Vapereau.
XORDEXBERG, BEXGT, born at Kom-
pinkulla, Blekinge, April 22, 1822. Genre
painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy, then
(1851) of Diisseldorf Academy under Th.
Hildebrandt ; visited Dalecarlia in 1853,
Paris in 1857-58, Italy in 1859, and settled
in Diisseldorf in 1860. Works : Domestic
Devotion of Peasants in Blekinge ; Commun-
ion in Village Church (1856), Christiauia
Gallery ; Mass Meeting, Scene from Lap-
laud, Stockholm Museum ; Saeter-Hut in
Dalecarlia (1860) ; Organist in Swedish Vil-
lage Church, Leipsic Museum ; Wedding in
Blekinge ; Vaccination of Swedish Peasant
Children ; Young Neighbour ; Paying Tithe
(1862) ; Love Secret, Children at Commun-
ion (1805) ; Bridal Procession in Norway,
Last Journey (1871) ; Wounded Bear-Hunt-
er, Good Advice, Golden Wedding (1872) ;
Flight from Burning Woods (1874); Sleigh-
ing in Dalecarlia, In the Bosom of the Fam-
ily (1877) ; Hay-Harvest in Sweden, Return
of Huntsmen (1878) ; The Twins, Mrs. Jo-
seph Harrison, Philadelphia. — Dlustr. Zeitg.
361
NORDENSWAN
(1872). ii. 72 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. G32 ;
Mailer, 39G ; Wolfg. Mailer, Diisseklf. K.,
313.
NORDENSWAN, VICTORINE, born at
Tawastehus, Finland, June 14, 1838, died
there, Aug. 25, 1872. History painter, pu-
pil of Otto Meugelberg in Dilsseldorf ; re-
turned to Finland in 1872. Works : John
the Evangelist (18G7) ; Holy Women at
Sepulchre (18G9) ; Mary Magdalen at Cross
(1870). — Kunst-Chronik, viii. 40.
NOEDGREN, AXEL, born in Stockholm,
Dec. 5, 1828. Landscape painter, studied
nature in Sweden and Norway, then pupil
in Diisseldorf of Gude. Court painter ;
Member of Stockholm Academy, 18G9.
Medals : Stockholm, Lyons. Works : Prom-
ontory of Kullen on Swedish Coast ; Cliffs
of Bohusliin ; Norwegian Landscape, Diis-
seldorf Gallery ; View in Swedish Lapland
(18GG), Konigsberg Museum ; Ramsthals-
liorn near Tralltauwaren ; Waterfall in
Eamsdalen ; Moonrise on Swedish Coast
(1880) ; Pilot Harbour on Norwegian Coast
(1882).— MUller, 396 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv.
380.
NORMAN FLEET, SAILING OF THE,
Albert Maiijimn, Luxembourg Museum ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. Depart-
ure of the fleet of William the Norman, from
Dives, 10GG, for the conquest of England.
Salon, 1874.
NORMANN, ADELSTEEN, born at Bo-
doe, Norway, May 1, 1848. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under
Eugen Diicker ; chooses his subjects from
his native country, which he visits frequent-
ly. Works : View on Sogne Fjord, Stock-
holm Museum ; View in Eomsdal ; Stam-
Buncl in Loffodcu Islands ; Harbour, ib. ;
Midnight, ib. ; Eomsdal Fjord ; Folden
Fjord ; Salteu Fjord ; View in Loffoden
(1884) ; Sogne Fjord (1885).— Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xxi. 6G9 ; Miiller, 396.
NORMANN, RUDOLF VON, born in
Stettin, May 2, 180G, died in Dessau, June
18, 1882. Landscape painter, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy under J. W. ScLirmer ;
! studied from nature on the banks of the
Moselle, in Switzerland, and the Tyrol. In
18G6 became superintendent of the court
theatre and conservator of all art collections
at Dessau. Works : Trarbach on the Mo-
selle (1832), Diisseldorf Art Union ; Burg
Eltz (1832), Berlin Art Union ; Views near
Zell and Cochem (1834) ; By the Loreley
Rock (1835) ; Street in Brunnen on Lake
Vierwaldstadt (183G) ; St. Goar and Goars-
hausen (1839) ; Burg Rheinstein ; Swiss
Village ; Lake in Alps with Glaciers ; The
Jungfrau ; Alp with Huts ; City on Moun-
tain Lake ; Swiss Village with Children's
Procession ; Vierwaldstadt Lake ; View near
Stanz (1838), Leipsic Museum ; Falls near
Schaffhausen ; Salzburg seen from Maria
Pleiu ; The Briinig ; Hasli Valley near Bri-
enz. — Andresen, iv. 80 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xx. 723 ; Kuust-Chrouik, xvii. 628 ; Wolfg.
Miiller, Diisseldf. K., 347.
NORR, JULIUS, born in Munich in 1827.
Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy ; then studied battle painting
under Feodor Dictz, but abandoned it for
landscape under J. G. Stefl'an ; travelled in
Germany, Switzerland, and Upper Italy.
Works : Spring on Stamberg Lake ; Potato-
Harvest ; Landscape with Horsemen ; View
on Chiem Lake ; Noon in a Quarry ; Ren-
dezvous of Huntsmen ; Horse-Pond ; Night
Ambuscade ; Travelling People ; Plough-
man's Rest, John D. Lankenau, Philadel-
phia ; Selling the Booty (Jubilee Exhibition,
Berlin, 1886).— Mttller, 397.
NORTHCOTE, JAMES, born at Plym-
outh, Oct. 22,
1746, died in
London, July
13, 1831. Was
a watchmaker
until 1771,
x/ when he b e-
came the pupil
and assistant of
Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, under
whom he learned to paint tolerably good
352
NORTHEN
portraits. Went to Italy in 1777 ; returned
three years later to London, and fairly en-
tered into competition with Opie, at a time
when Reynolds, West, Barry, and Fuseli
largely occupied public attention. From
his studio, on Clifford Street, Northcote sent
forth many historical pictures, such as The
Murder of the Princes in the Tower (1780),
Hubert and Arthur, The Death of Wat Ty-
ler, painted for Boydell's Shakespeare Gal-
lery, which, thanks to a certain dignity and
narrative ability, met with considerable fa-
vour. His best work, however, was in por-
traiture of a semi-historical nature, examples
of which are his portraits of Viscount Ex-
mouth and Dr. Jenuer. During the last
fifteen years of his life he painted about
sixty portraits, the best of which give him
a high place in the ranks of his distinguished
contemporaries. He became an A.R.A. in
1786 and R. A. in 1787. At the age of eighty-
one he painted the portrait of himself, in the
National Portrait Gallery. Northcote had
literary ability of no mean order, as proved
by his Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1813),
and his Life and Times of Titian (1830).—
Button Cook, 24-4 ; Fortnightly Rev. (187G),
xxv. 861 ; Once a Week (1860), iv. 373 ;
Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, £cole anglaise ; F. do
Conches, 316 ; Sandby, i. 202.
NORTHEN, ADOLF, born at Mttndeu,
Hanover, Nov. 6, 1828, died in Diisseldorf,
May 28, 1876. Battle painter, pupil of DUs-
seldorf Academy ; painted chiefly scenes
from the campaigns of Napoleon, in some
of which he had fought, but also mediaeval
and romantic genre scenes. Works : Gue-
rillas with Captured Frenchmen (1852); Skir-
mish on the Gohrde (1852), Hildesheim
Museum ; Marauders of the Great Army in
1812 ; Sally of the Hanoverian Troops at
Menin in 1794 ; Napoleon's Retreat from
Russia (several times); Episodes in Spanish
War of Independence ; Episode in Battle of
Waterloo, Provinzialmuseum, Hanover ; Ty-
rolese Landsturm in 1809 ; General Cam-
bronne taken Prisoner by Colonel Halket ;
Hanoverian Battalions in Battle of Waterloo
(1861), Storming of Planchenois in 1815 by
the Prussians (1863), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Battle of Vittoria ; Skirmish at Oeversee ;
Before the DUppel Earthworks ; Cavalry
and Infantry Skirmishes in Campaigns of
1866 and 1870-71 ; Girl in Woods ; Gyp-
sies on Road ; Falcon -Chase. — Blauckarts,
113 ; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 643 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 643 ; Wolfg. Mttller, Diisseldf. K,
170.
NORTHWEST PASSAGE, Sir John
Everett J/tf/oiX Bart., C. F. H. Bolckow,
Middleborough ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 7
ft. 3 in. Painted in 1874, when the public
mind was exercised about the fate of some
Arctic explorers. In a room, through the
open windows of which is seen the sea, are
seated two figures — an aged seaman, in navy
blue (portrait of E. J. Trelawney, friend of
Byron and Shelley), intently listening, and a
young lady, dressed in white with a rose-
coloured fichu, reading aloud from a book
on Arctic discovery lying on her lap. A sea
picture is on the wall, and a Japanese screen
in the background is draped with a large
Union Jack. Royal Academy, 1874 ; Expo-
sition univcrselle, Paris, 1878. Etched by
M. Mongin in " Modern Artists." — London
Illus. News (1885).
NOTER, DAVID DE, born in Ghent,
contemporary. Still-life painter of distinc-
tion. Medals: 1845, 1852. Lives in Al-
giers. Works : Domestic Cares ; Old Vases
with Flowers (1875); Kitchen Interior, View
of Algiers (1876) ; Favourite's Portion,
Grapes, Watermelons, and Flowers (1877) ;
Lady binding Bouquet, Antique Vase, Two
Monuments in Algiers (1878) ; Still-Life (2,
1880), Stettin Museum.— Bellier, ii. 169 ;
Journal des B. Arts (1860), 144 ; Mttller,
397.
NOTER, PIETER FRANgOIS DE, the
younger, born at Waelhem, Feb. 23, 1779,
died in Ghent in 1842. Landscape and
marine painter, studied from nature; visited
Switzerland, France, and Holland, and be-
came professor at Ghent Academy. Mem-
ber of Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Ghent
363
XOTERMAX
Academies. Works : View of Ghent in Win-
ter (1838), Church and Abbey of St. Peter
at Ghent, Ghent Mu-
seum ; St. Michael's
Church, ib. (1825), De
Poort van Sas of Ghent,
ib. (1827), Amsterdam
Museum ; Architecture,
Cologne Museum ; Sun-
set, Two Winter Land-
scapes, Chapel in St.
Bavon, Ghent. His
brother, Jan Baptist, has acquired repu-
tation as a painter of city views : City Hall
at Louvain (1820) ; Subterranean Corridor
in Old Castle at Ghent (1822) ; View at St.
Rambout's Gate (1823); City Hall at Ghent
(1823) ; Gothic House in Mechlin (1826) ;
Old Entrance to Citadel of Ghent ; Old
C o u r t ray ^
Gate at/
G h e n t
(1832).— Biog. nat. de Belgique, v. 596 ; Im-
merzeel, ii. 267 ; Kramrn, iv. 1213.
NOTKRMAN, EMANUEL, born at Ou-
denaerde in April, 1808, died in 18G3. Genre
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy, in 1827
-30 of Maes-Canini, and in 1835 at Antwerp
of Peter Krcmer. Works : Fortune-Teller
(1835); Young Girls preparing to celebrate
Shrovetide (1836) ; Kirmess (1837) ; Old-
Clothes Dealer (1840) ; Man shearing Dog
(1841) ; St. Nicholas Festival ; Children
gathering Wood ; Poachers. — Immerzeel, ii.
269 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 637.
NOTTE, LA (The Night), Vorreyyio,
Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 6
ft. 2 in. Adoration of the Shepherds : The
newly born Child, from whom all the light
proceeds, lies in the manger, held in the
arms of Mary, who bends over him, while an
old and a young shepherd and a young wom-
an regard him with wonder ; above, winged
angels flying downward ; in background,
Joseph, the ass, and shepherds sleeping.
Formerly called Madonna di Reggio. Or-
dered in 1522 by Alberto Pratonero for his
family chapel in S. Prospero, Reggio, but
not placed there until 1530 ; taken secretly
from the church about 1G40 and delivered
to Francesco I., Duke of Modena ; sold by
Francesco III. to Augustus HI., Elector of
Saxony and King of Poland ; carried to
Dresden in 1745-46. Cleaned and restored
by Palmaroli in 1827 and by Schirmer in
1858. Engraved by Boetius, Mitelli, Eschi-
ni, Vincent, Piali, and P. L. Surugue. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. 117, 127 ; Pungileoni,
Mem., i. 3G ; ii. 180 ; Isacchi, Relation!, etc.,
della Madonna di Reggio (Reggio, 1G19) ;
Meyer, Correggio, 307, 475 ; Kiinst. Lex.,
i. ; Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 1 ; Landon,
CEuvres, viii. PI. 1 ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PI.
51 ; F. Kugler, Kunstblatt (1838), 231.
NOTTI, GHERARDO DALLE. See
Honthorst.
XOVOPACKY, JAN, born at Nechanitz,
Bohemia, in 1821. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of Vienna Academy under Thomas Euder
and Steinfeld ; spent several years in Rome,
whence he returned in 1854 and became one
of the favourite landscape painters in Vien-
na. WTorks : Arena and Porta d'Ercole at
Pola, Old Harbour at Spalato (1853) ; View
in Pontine Swamps, In the Campagna
(1854);Frascati near Rome ; Baden near Vi-
enna ; Villa d'Este ; WTell near Albano, Aric-
cia near Rome (1855) ; Castle Liechtenstein,
Baiie near Naples (1858) ; Adige Valley near
Botzen (1859) ; Return Home (1860); View
in Styrian Alps (1862) ; Spring Morning ;
Palermo ; Amalfi ; Noon near Terracina ;
Rape of Hylas (1864) ; Marina grande da
Sorrento (1865) ; Monks chanting Psalms ;
Amphitheatre at Pola ; Lago di Garda ;
Landscape with Cemetery, Vienna Museum;
National Costumes ; View at Terracina (Ju-
bilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— D. Kunst-
bl. (1854), 15, 276; (1855), 51 ; (1857), 343;
Muller, 397 ; Wurzbach, xx. 412.
NOZAL, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of
Luminais. Medals: 3d class, 1882; 2d
class, 1883. Works: Pond of Brenne (1876);
Storm Clouds (1877) ; Autumn in Berry
(1878) ; Avenue in Park of Saint-Cloud in
NUCCI
January (1879) ; Cape d'Antifer near Etre- ' NUVOLONE, GIUSEPPE, born at Milan
tat, Old Oaks on Race-Course of Auteuil in 1019, died there in 1703. Milanese
(1880); End of the Day (1881) ; Farm Cor- school; brother of preceding, with whose
ner, Oak in Winter (1882) ; Pond of Saint- works his own form a striking contrast;
Cucufa (1883); End of Day at Brenne, Pond ] reared in the same school, he exhibited a
of La Mer-Rouge, ib. (188-4) ; Morning, more fervid imagination, though without
Grain-Field (1885). ! equal taste, and painted on a much larger
NUCCI, ALLEGRETTO. See Al/,yrettu scale, for the cities of Lombardy, for many
Nuzi. I churches in Brescia, and other cities in the
NUNEZ, JUAN, painted in Seville, be- • states of Venice. Among his best works are
ginning of 16th century. Spanish school; pu- , his pictures in S. Domenico, Cremona ; in
pil of Sanchez de Castro. His best
known work, The Virgin support-
ing the Dead Christ, with SS.
Michael and Vincent Martyr at her
side and an ecclesiastic kneeling
beneath, is in the Cathedral at Se-
ville.—Stirling, i. 90.
NUNEZ DE VILLAVICENCIO.
See Villavicencio.
NUVOLONE, CARLO FRAN-
CESCO, born in Milan in 1008,
died there in 1051. Lombardo-
Milanese school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Pan-
filo Nuvolone ; sometimes called
Panfilo and confounded with his
father. Afterwards studied under
Giulio Cesare Procaccini, and fol-
lowed his style, but later imitated
Guido so successfully that he was
named the Guido of Lombardy.
The Brera has several of his works,
and others are in the churches of
Milan, notably St. Peter's Miracle
at the Gate of the Temple, in S.
Vittore. Nuvoloue was selected to
paint the portrait of the Queen
of Spain on her visit to Milan in
1049. Other works : Rebekah at the Well,
Bergamo Gallery ; Assumption and Apos-
tles, Annunciation (2), St. Martha slaying a
Dragon (1636), Family of Panfilo Nuvolone,
C/y\ . l /) Academy, Milan ;
, ) fot Ve&O XLC. chaste Susanna, Fon-
f 0 */ 0 dazione Pol-di-Pez-
zoli, ib.— Lanzi, ii. 529 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Lavice, 125, 148.
La Notte, Correggio, Dresden Gallery.
particular his grand piece of St. Dominic
raising a Dead Man. His portrait, painted
by himself, is in the Milan Academy. — Lan-
zi (Roscoe), ii. 527.
855
NUVOLOXE
NUVOLONE, PAXFILO, born at Cremo-
na, latter part of 16th century, died in 1661.
Lombard school ; one of the best pupils of
Giovanni Battista Trotti (Malosso), whom he
at first imitated, but afterwards adopted a
more solid style. Among his works are ;
Rich Man and Lazarus, Church of Monastery
of SS. Domenico and Lazzaro, Milan ; As-
sumption, cupola of S. M. della Passione,
Milan ; Vision of St. Ursula, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery.— Lanzi, ii. 448.
NUYEN, WYNAXD JAN JOSEPH, bom
at The Hague, March
4, 1813, died there,
June 2, 1839. Land-
scape and marine
painter, pupil o f
Schelfhout. Mem-
ber of Amsterdam
A c a d e in y. His
coast, harbour, and
city views are sup-
plied with well-drawn figures. Works: Ruin
(1830), Museum, Amsterdam ; Fishmarket,
Museum Fodor, ib. ; River Landscape at
Sunset, Rotterdam Museum ; View in Hol-
land, August Belmont, New York. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 270 ; Kramm, iv. 1214.
NUZI, ALLEGRETTO. See Allajrelto
Nuzi.
NUZZI, MARIO, called Mario da' Fiori,
born at Penua (or Perma?), Naples, accord-
ing to some in Rome, in 1003, died in Rome
in 1673. Roman school ; flower and fruit
painter, pupil of Tommaso Saliui ; in Rome
his pictures were held in the highest estima-
tion, and purchased at great prices ; but,
from a vicious mode in the preparation of
his colours, they soon lost their original
v D
freshness and depreciated in value. Mem-
ber of Academy of San Luca, 1057. Works :
Flower- and Fruit-Pieces in Suermondt Mu-
seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Darmstadt (2) and
Madrid (8) Museums ; Artist's portrait, Uf-
fizi, Florence.— Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 490 ; Siret
(1884), ii. 105 ; Goethe, Wiuckelmann, ii. 29.
NYDIA, Gabriel Max, private gallery.
Nydia, the blind girl of Pompeii, from Bul-
| wer's " Last Days of Pompeii." Full length,
I standing upon the steps of a portico, in
front of two columns which support an awn-
ing ; her long white robe, which shows her
sandalled feet in front, trails on the marble
behind her, and she holds a basket of flow-
ers in her hands.
NYMEGEN, DIONYS VAN, born at Rot-
terdam in 1705, died there, Aug. 28, 1798.
j Dutch school ; genre, portrait, and land-
scape painter, son and pupil of Elias van
Nymegen (flower painter, 1607 - 1755).
Works : Portraits of Man and Wife (1733),
Rotterdam Museum, where is also a Swiss
Landscape by his sou and pupil Gerard
(1735-1808), who besides painted portraits.
NYMPH AND BACCHUS, Jules Joseph
Lefebvre, Luxembourg Museum, Paris; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. A nymph,
nude, seated upon a bank in a landscape, is
holding aloft a bow and arrow in one hand
and a dead bird in the other, for which the
young Bacchus, standing and reclining back-
ward on her knees, is reaching; in the
shrubberv, right, a satyr smiling.
NYMPH WITH YOUNG BACCHUS, Sir
Joshua Reynolds, I. Bentley, London ; can-
vas. Portrait of Mrs. Hartley, the actress,
and her infant sou. Mrs. Hartley was going
to America, when the vessel in which she
sailed was wrecked near the coast ; her
body, washed on shore, had clinging to it
the same child represented in Reynolds'
picture. Painted in 1773 ; bought by
Lord Carysfort ; at his sale, by Mr. Bentley.
Repetition, Marchioness of Thoinond's sale
(1821), to Colonel F. G. Howard, 290 guin-
eas.—Athenaeum, April, 1860, 579.
NYMPHS AND SATYR, William Adolphe
Bouguereau, Hoffman House, New York ;
canvas, H. 10 ft. x 5 ft. Four life-size
nymphs, nude, have caught a satyr in the
woods and are pulling him unwillingly into
the water by the arms, the ears, and the
horns ; in background, a group of nymphs
beside the pool. Salon, 1873 ; bought by
John Wolfe, of New York. — Art Treasures
of America, i. 54.
NYMPHS
NYMPHS AND SATYRS, Rubens, Madrid
Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 iu. x 10 ft. 3 in.
Nymphs of Diana surprised by satyrs. Same
subject, 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 5 in., in same Mu-
seum. Collection of Philip IV. — Madrazo.
OAKES, JOHN WEIGHT, born at
Sproston House, near Middlewich,
Cheshire, in 1822. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of W. J. Bishop, Liverpool, where
he resided until 1856, when he went to Lon-
don. Elected an A.E.A. in 187G. Works :
On the Greta (1848) ; Moel-grouw from
Cwm-y-Glo (1849) ; Fresh Breeze (1854) ;
Morning — Lowestoft Beach, Fallow Field
(1875); The Border Couutrie, Quiet Morn-
ing (1877) ; Eiver Mouth, Sussex Village,
Woodland Eoad (1879); Gorse Cutting, Mil-
ler's Boat, For Sale (1881); Porchester Pool,
Mew Stone (1882) ; Adder's Eock, Salmon
Eiver (1883); Fishing Boats, Going for Turf,
Old Eomau Bridge over the Ogwen, Mill-
Dam (1884).— Art Journal (1879), 193.
OAKEY, MARIA E. See DCH-UKJ.
OBERMULLNEE, ADOLF, born at Wels,
Upper Austria, in 1833. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of the Vienna Academy under
Steinfeld, then in Munich of Richard Zim-
merinann. After travelling ho returned to
Vienna in 1860 and painted chiefly Arctic
scenes ; also some humourous genre pieces.
Works : Mont Blanc ; Obersee ; Achensee ;
Ortler ; Himmelswand near Gastein ; Grave-
yard of Nature ; Konigsee ; Goldberg Gla-
cier, Vienna Museum ; View on the Inn ;
Traunkircheu ; twelve North Pole Views ;
Nahrungssorgen und Wohnungsnoth ; Cem-
etery in Nature, Entrance to Woods in Au-
tutnn (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).—
Kunst-Chronik, x. ; Miiller, 398 ; Wurzbach,
xx. 459 ; Zeitsehr. f. b. K, x. (Mittheilun-
gen, iii. 69).
O'BEIEN, NELLY, portrait, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Hertford House, London ; canvas.
Famous beauty, rival of Kitty Fisher ; sit-
ting, seen to knees, with hands crossed in
lap, in which lies a poodle ; wears a broad
straw hat. Painted in 1760 ; exhibited in
1763. Engraved by J. Watson, S. W. Eey-
nolds, and in Graves's Sir J. Eeynolds's
Works ; mezzotint by Ch. Phillips. A sec-
ond portrait of her, dated 1773, in possession
of Viscountess Clifden ; a third, sold at Wynn
Ellis sale (1876), for £609.— Redgrave, Cen-
tury, i. 141 ; Gower, Hist. Gal. of England.
OCHTEEVELT (Uchtervelt), JACOB,
1 born at Rotterdam (?), flourished there sec-
ond half of 17th century, died before 1710.
Genre painter, supposed pupil of Fraus van
Mieris, the elder, though also said to have
frequented the studio of Berchem at the
same time as Pieter de Hooch, and appar-
ently influenced by Metsu and Terburg ;
mentioned as member of Rotterdam Guild
iu 1667-72. Works : Lady and Fish-Seller,
Hague Museum ; Kitchen Interior, Arem-
berg Gallery, Brussels ; Regents of Lepro-
zenhuis (1674), Museum, Amsterdam ; Group
of Three at Table, Six Collection, ib. ; do.,
Rotterdam Museum ; Wooing, Carlsruhc
Gallery ; Male Portrait, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Morning Music, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Signing Last Will, Berlin Muse-
um ; Lady with Lap-Dog (1669), Dresden
Gallery ; Spinning Woman conversing with
Peasant, Leipsic Museum ; Buying a Fish,
Buying Grapes (1669), A Concert, Dutch
Girl's Breakfast, Soldier at Breakfast, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Lady playing with
Dog, Historical Society, New York. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Burger, Musc'es,
ii. 249 ; Immerzeel, iii. 149 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 400 ; Kramrn, vi. 1653 ; De Stuers, 168.
OCKEL, EDUARD, born at Schwante,
Brandenburg, Feb. 1, 1834. Animal and
landscape painter, pupil iu Berlin of Stef-
feck in 1852-56 ; went in 1858 to Paris,
where he studied several years under Cou-
ture, visited Normandy, and in 1859 settled
at Barbizon, in the forest of Fontainebleau ;
has lately returned to Berlin. Works :
Cows at the Fairy Pond in Fontainebleau,
Autumn Evening in the Mark, Deer at Sun-
rise in Autumn, Cows in Forest, National
O'CONJSTELL
Gallery, Berlin ; Cows at Pasture, Plough-
ing Oxen (I860), Cow-Stable, Cows near
Toques, Deer at the Fairy Pond (1863), On
the Way Home, Stags before the Fight,
Critical Moment, Rochers tie St. Christy,
Street in Toques on Market-Day, two Pict-
ures with Apostles (187-4) ; On Stinitz Lake
in Autumn (1884); Locked out (Jubilee Ex-
hibition, Berlin, 1886).— Jordan (1885), ii.
161 ; Miiller, 898.
O'CONNELL, FRIEDEUIKE (ne'e Mie-
the), born at Potsdam, March 22, 1823, died
in Paris in October, 1885. Portrait painter,
pupil iu Berlin of Herbig and of Karl Be-
gas, then at Brussels (1842) of Gallait ; in
1844 she married, and after separation from
her husband settled in Paris, where her por-
traits found great favor. In 1871 she lost
her reason and was sent to an insane asy-
lum. Gold medal, Brussels, 1851. Works :
Humiliation of Richelieu ; Charlotte Cor-
day ; Charity ; Venus served by Cupids ;
Portraits of herself, of Rachel (1853) ; Peter
the Great and Catherine, Maria Theresa
and Frederic the Great (1853), Lady's Por-
trait, National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan
(1885), ii. 162 ; Chronique des Arts (1885),
262 ; Gii/. des B. Arts (1860), v. 349.
O'CONNOR, JOHN, born in England;
contemporary. Architecture painter. Works :
High Level Bridge — Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Newcastle-on-Tyue — Morning (1877) ; Gra-
nada and the Alhambra, Patio de la Mes-
quita — Alhambra, Patio los Cypresses — Al-
hambra, Staircase of Burgos Cathedral, Las
Torres Bermayas (1879) ; Waterloo Bridge
(1880) ; Verona, do. from Piazza Dante
(1881) ; Palladio's Piazza— Vicenza, Palla-
clian Architecture — Vicenza (1882); Amiens
Cathedral, Nuremberg- — from Castle, Wind-
sor—from St. Leonard's Hill (1883) ; View
from Pentonville (1884).
OCTOBER AFTERNOON— LAKE
GEORGE, John Frederick Kensett, Corco-
ran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
x 6 ft. An open foreground of rocks and
fallen trees, with wooded headlands, sloping
to the island-dotted lake, and high moun-
tains in background ; in left foreground,
cattle and a rustic bridge. Painted in 1864.
Exhibited at Sanitary Fair, New York, in
1864, and at Exposition tmiverselle, Paris, in
1867. Olyphant sale, 1877, $6,300.
ODALISQUE, Dominique Ingres, Baron
Seilliere, Paris. Nude, reclining on cush-
ions with her back to the spectator, with
head turned to show face. Her head is
covered with a Cashmere turban, and she
has a fan of peacock's feathers in her left
hand. Painted in 1814. Salon, 1819. En-
graved by Ales. Paris, Metzmacher. Litho-
graphed by Ingres (1825) ; Sudre. — Ch.
j Blanc, Life, 26.
By Sir Frederick Leiyhtun, Robert Leake
; Eccles, Manchester ; canvas. The attendant
of the ladies of an Eastern harem, leaning
languidly on the marble parapet of a basin
and gazing wistfully at a swan, which seems
to recognize her. Royal Academy, 1861.
Engraved by Lumb Stocks. — Art Journal
(1876), 28.
ODALISQUE WITH SLAVE, Dominique
Ingres, M. Marcotte, Argeuteuil. Nearly
nude, reclining on cushions, in a posture
indicating ennui ; at her feet a young
Abyssinian slave, seated, playing on a man-
dolin; in background, a black eunuch,
standing. Painted at Rome in 1839. Orig-
inal sketch, Emile Galichon, Paris. En-
graved by Haussoullier. — Ch. Blanc, Life,
106, 113.
ODERIGI D'AGOBBIO, or ODERISIO,
of Gubbio, died in Rome about 1299. Bo-
lognese school ; a miniature painter, of
Gubbio in 1264-65, at Bologna in 1268,
and at Rome in 1295. Rescued from ob-
livion by Dante, who calls him in the Pur-
gatorio (xi. 79) Agobbio's glory. Vasari
says he lived in close friendship with Gi-
otto in Rome. No certain pictures by him
are known to exist, but the miniatures in
two masses in the Archivio de' Canonici di
S. Pietro, Rome, are presumed to be his. —
C. & C., Italy, ii. 182 ; Vasari, i. 321 ; Bal-
i dinucci, iv. 176 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolonaise,
Iiitrod. v.; Cibo, 11.
358
ODERISIO
ODERISIO. See Oderigi cl'Agobbio.
ODEVAERE, JOSEPH DIONISIUS,
born in Bruges, Oct. 2,
1778, died in Brussels,
Feb. 9, 1830. History
painter, pupil of Bruges
Academy, then in Paris
of David, of Suvee, and
of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts ; won the grand
prix de Rome in 1804,
and after his return, in
1812, received the great
gold medal. Member of Aecademia di S.
Luca in Rome ; corresponding member of
National Institute. Court painter, 1815 ;
Order of Lion, 1817. Works : Sabinus and
Eppouina; Death of Phocion (1804); Sketch
for this, and Three Male Portraits (1805),
Bruges Academy ; Coronation of Charle-
magne (1810) ; Iphigcnia in Aulis ; Union
of Utrecht (1815); Battle of Waterloo (1810); !
Battle of Nieuwpoort ; Raphael introduced
to Pope Julius H. ; Martyrdom of St. Law-
rence ; Triumph of Cimabue ; Phivdra and
Theseus ; Narcissus ; David in his Studio ; i
Foundation of Power of the House of Or-
ange (1823) ; Inauguration of the King at
Brussels in 1815 ; Sacrifice of Themisto-
cles and the Athenians ; Last Day of Mis-
solonghi (1826), Amsterdam Museum. In
fresco : Romulus bringing back the Spolia
opima, The Greeks and Trojans in Contest
over the Body of Patroclus, Quirinal, Rome.
— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1830), 292 ; Immerzeel,
ii. 273 ; Michaud, xxxi. 164 ; Raczyuski, iii.
441.
ODIER, F.DOUARD ALEXANDRE, born
in Paris, Jan. 16, 1800. History painter.
Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; 1st class, 1838 ; L.
of Honour, 1846. Works : Dead Huntsman
defended by his Dog against a Vulture (1831) ;
Dragoon of the Imperial Guard (1833), Ami-
ens Museum ; Entry of Henri IV. into Fort
Montmelian— 1600 (1838), Raising of Siege
of Rhodes in 1480 (1841), Portraits of Eus-
tace HI. Count of Boulogne, Baldwin H.,
King of Jerusalem, and three others, Ver-
sailles Museum ; St. Francis of Assisi preach-
ing and distributing Alms, Mass during Har-
vest in the Campagna (1844) ; Reception of
Jean de Brienne at Ptolemais — 1210
(1847) ; Massacre of the Mamelukes by
Order of Mehemet Ali (1850).— Bellier, ii.
172.
ODONI, ANDREA, portrait, Lorenzo
Lotto, Hampton Court ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4
in. x 3 ft. 10 in. ; signed, dated 1527. Half-
length, standing beside a table ; left hand
in breast, right holding a statuette ; in
background, antique statues and torsos.
Painted in Venice, where Lotto took refuge
in 1527, when war broke out between Clem-
ent VLL and Charles V. In possession,
in 1653, of the Dutch collector Van Reyust,
for whom engraved by C. Visscher. For-
merly attributed to Correggio and errone-
ously called Bacoio Bandinelli.— C. & C., N.
Italy, 519 ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court,
45 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 249 ; Waageu, Treas-
ures, ii. 356.
OECHS, JOSEPH DOMINICUS, born at
Erbach, Wiirtemberg, in 1776, died at Mi-
tau, Corn-land, in 1836. History and por-
trait painter, pupil in Ratisbon of his broth-
er Anton, in Nuremberg of Frost, and in
Dresden of A. Graff and Klengel ; went to
Courland in 1804, and became professor of
drawing at the gymnasium of Mitau in 1824.
Works : Portraits of all Dukes and Duch-
esses of Courland, Provincial Museum, Mi-
tau ; Christ healing the Blind ; Christ and
the Woman of Samaria.
OEDER, GEORG, born at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, April 12, 1846. Landscape painter,
self-taught ; visited the Bavarian Highlands,
Westphalia, and Holland. Medals : Diis-
seldorf, Vienna, 1873 ; London, 1878.
Works : Autumn Landscape ; Wood Land-
scape : Great Landscape with Hunting
Party by Hiinten ; Country Road ; Potato-
Field ; Souvenir of Bilker Busch ; Novem-
ber Day (1880), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Springtime, View on Dutch Coast (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Jordan (1885),
ii. 163.
359
(EDIPUS
CEDIPL'S AND THE SPHINX, Domi-
nique Ingres*, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6
ft. x 4 ft, 9 in. ; signed, dated 1808. (Edi-
pus, nude, standing at the entrance of a
cavern, with one foot raised upon a stone,
looks fixedly at the Sphinx in front of him
as he explains the enigma ; in background,
right, the city of Thebes, and a man with
arms uplifted in terror ; below are the re-
mains of those devoured by the Sphinx.
Painted in Rome ; acquired by Due d'Or-
leans in 1839, and sold at his sale ; be-
queathed by Comtesse Duchatel in 1878.
Replica, variation (18G4), Emile Pereire,
Paris. Engraved by F. Gaillard. — Annales
des B. Arts, Salon of 1827, PL 65 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, Life, 29.
OEFELE, FRANZ IGNAZ, called II Ba-
varese, born at Posen in 1721, died in Mu-
nich, Sept. 18, 1797. German school ; his-
torv and portrait painter, studied in Augs-
burg and Munich, then for six years in
Venice under G. Nogari, and in Rome under
Giovanni Barca ; on his return to Munich
was made court painter and professor at the
Academy. Member of Diisseldorf Academy.
Works : Potiphar's Wife and Joseph ; Wom-
an of Samaria ; Daughter of Dibutades ;
Portrait of Electress Adelheid, Hofkirche,
Munich ; Portrait of himself, Schleissheim
Gallery.— Lipowsky, i. 220 ; Naglcr, x. 309.
OEHME, ERNST (FERDINAND), born
in Dresden, April 23, 1797, died there,
Sept. 10, 1855. Landscape painter, pupil of
Dresden Academy under Friedrich ; visited
Italy in 1819-25. " Works : Avenue of Trees
on Autumn Evening (1830), Dresden Muse-
um ; View near Castle Tyrol (1842), Nymph
Grotto (1850), Leipsic Museum ; Mountain
Chapel ; View near Castle Moritzburg. —
Cotta's Kunstbl. (1844), 173.
OEHME, ERWIN, born in Dresden,
Sept. 18, 1831. Landscape and genre paint-
er, son and pupil of preceding, and pupil
of Ludwig Richter. He entered the Dres-
den Academy in 1846, but formed himself
more especially by studying nature in Ger-
many, Switzerland, England, and France.
I Honorary member of Di-esden Academy in
1865 ; Professor. Works : Stone Quarry in
Saxon Switzerland
(1860), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Young Couple
before Bridal Night ;
Funeral in the Spree-
wald; Bear-Hunt;
Confirmation (1880) ;
Album with Views of
Compiegne ; In the
Deer Park (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin,
1886).— Miiller, 399 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881),
i. 311, 316.
OEHMICHEN, HUGO, born at Borsdorf,
near Leipsic, March 10, 1843. Genre paint-
er, pupil of the Dresden Academy under
Julius Hiibner; visited Italy in 1866-67, and
settled in Diisseldorf in 1870. His works
show deep feeling, and are characteristic as
well as attractive in colouring. Works :
Grandfather's Blessing (1864) ; Leaving
School (1865), Leipsic Museum ; School
Examination (1870) ; Tax-Day (1871), Dres-
den Gallery ; Convalescent Soldier (1872) ;
Death Message (1873), Wiesbaden Gallery ;
Church Decoration before Wedding ; Mar-
ket Scene ; After the Christmas Tree (1884);
Village Mayor's Office (1885) ; Music not
Mathematics, D. W. Powers, Rochester. —
Miiller, 399.
CENIAS, painter, date unknown ; men-
tioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [143]) as the
painter of a syngenicon, probably a family
group. — Brunn, ii. 300.
OENICKE, CLARA (WILHELMINE),
bom in Berlin, July 29, 1818. History
painter, pupil in Berlin of Remy, then of
Begas and Magnus. Works : Elector John
Frederic of Saxony refusing to accept the
Interim, Schwerin Gallery ; Charlemagne's
Reconciliation with Thassilo of Bavaria ; St.
Elizabeth ; Luther comforting the Ailing
Melanchthon,
Martinsstift at
Erfurt ; Luther's Devotions at Home ; Christ
the Good Shepherd ; Christ on Mount of
OER
Olives ; Leibnitz submitting to Queen So-
phie Charlotte the Plan for Academy of Sci-
ences ; Christ Crucified.— Mttller, 400.
OER, THEOBALD VON, Baron, born at
Nottbeck, near Sternberg, Westphalia, Oct.
9, 1807, died in Dresden, Jan. 30, 1885.
History and genre painter, pupil in Dres-
den, 182G-31, of Matthiii, then in 1832-36
of Dtlsseldorf Academy under Schadow.
Having travelled in Belgium, France, Swit-
zerland, Italy, and Algiers, he settled in
Dresden in 1839 and became professor and
honorary member of the Academy. Works :
Hans Sachs ; Death of St. Elizabeth (1835);
Dying Bedouin ; Algerian Jewess ; Camoens
and his Negro ; Italian Girl (1838), Lucas
Cranach consoling Elector John Frederic in
his Captivity at Innsbruck (1848), Leipsic
Museum ; Albert Diirer visiting Bellini in
Venice (1853), Dresden Museum ; Maria
Theresa at the Coffin of her Husband ;
Death of Tasso, Frederic the Great in
Rheinsberg, The Neapolitan Woman ; First
Beading of Schiller's Bobbers (1845) ; Pul-
pit Candidate before the Old Dessauer ;
Young Officer reading aloud the Sorrows
of Werther ; Weimar's Golden Age ; Winck-
elmann as Librarian of Count von Biinau,
Leibnitz before Queen Sophie Charlotte
(1875).— MOller, 399; Wiegmann, 154;
Kunst-Chronik, xx. 315.
OESEB, ADAM FRIEDBICH, born at
Pressburg, Hungary, Feb. 18, 1717, died in
Dresden, March 18, 1799. German school ;
history painter, pupil of Vienna Academy
and of Raphael Donner, with whom he is
said to have visited Italy ; won the grand
prize at the age of nineteen ; went in 1739 to
Dresden, and in 1749 decorated Castle Hu-
bertsburg ; lived for some time at Dahlen,
painting for Count von Biinau, and in 1763
became director of the Leipsic Academy,
professor at the Dresden Academy, and
court painter. Works : Abraham's Sacrifice
(1835) ; Noah and his Son ; The Good Sa-
maritan ; Disciples at Emmaus ; Isaac and
Esau ; Witch of Endor ; Artist's Children
(1766), Dresden Gallery ; Solomon adoring
Idols, Christ healing the Sick, Young Wom-
an distributing Fruit, Allegory, Marriage at
Cana, Leipsic Museum ; Painter's Studio,
Weimar Museum. Fresco paintings in St.
Nicholas, Leipsic. — Diirr, A. Fr. Oeser
(Leipsic, 1879) ; Huber, ii. 140 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 553 ; Larousse, xi. 1260 ; Wurz-
bach, xxi. 16 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 140,
286.
OESTERLEY, KARL (WILHELM
FRIEDRICH), the elder, born at GOttingen,
June 22, 1805. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of the Dresden Academy under
Friedrich Matthiii ; went in 1827 to Italy,
where he studied the works of Fra Angelico,
Giotto, Masaccio, and Perugino ; returned
to Gi'ittingen in 1829, studied in Diisseldorf
under Schadow in 1835-38, and after the
frescos of Cornelius at Munich in 1838, vis-
ited Paris in 1842, Diisseldorf in 1844, and
became court painter at Hanover in 1845.
| With Ottfried Mttller he published the well-
known work, " Monuments of Antique Art."
Works : GiJtz von Beiiichingen imprisoned
and nursed by his Wife (1826) ; Departure
of Tobias (1829) ; Wittekind converted to
1 Christianity by Ludgerus (1833) ; Moses in
! Prayer between Hur and Aaron, Jephthah's
Daughter (1835) ; Ruth, Naomi, and Orpah,
Christ presenting to his Disciples a Child as
Example (1836) ; Leonore (1839) ; Christ
blessing the Children (1841) ; Christ and
Ahasuerus (1844) ; Beatrice and Dante at
the Gate of Paradise (1845) ; Moses behold-
ing the Promised Land (1846) ; Leonore
with her Mother (1847) ; St. Christopher,
Samuel consecrated to the Service in the
Temple (1849) ; Come ye that are Heavy
Laden (1851) ; Christ Crucified (1852) ; The
Two Brides (1855) ; Sleeping Beauty awak-
ened by the Prince (1862) ; Memling nursed
by Nuns (1866), Provinzial Museum, Han-
over ; Adoration of the Magi, Gypsies Rest-
ing (1867) ; Portraits of King Ernst August
of Hanover, of Professor Gervinus, and
I many others. In fresco : Ascension (1838),
' Royal Chapel, Hanover. — Andresen, iii. 168;
! Foi-ster, v. 529 ; Wiegmann, 186.
361
OESTEELEY
OESTE11LEY, KARL (AUGUST HEIN-
RICH FERDINAND), the younger, born at
GOttiugeu, Jan. 23, 1839. Landscape paint-
er, son of the preceding, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy under Deger, when he paint-
ed two pictures from sacred history ; went
to Liibeck in 1865, and thence visited Nor-
way in 1870, and repeatedly afterwards ;
settled in Hamburg. Medal, 1st class, Mu-
nich, 1879. Works : Street in Liibeck by
Moonlight ; Midnight in the Loffoden ; Ra-
vine in Mountains of Norway ; Romsdal
Fjord ; Norwegian Fjord ; Raft Sund in
North Norway (1879), Breslau Museum ;
View on Palteu Fjord (1882), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Oldenvand in the North Fjord
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 188(5).— Mailer,
402 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 679.
OEVER, HENDRIK TEN, born at
/wolle (?), flourished there second half of
17th century. Dutch school ; landscape
and portrait paiutei', about whose life and
artistic training nothing is known ; his rare
landscapes with animals show him as one
of the best masters of the Dutch school,
who, misjudged in his time, probably took
up portrait painting from necessity. Works :
Family Group (1669), Amsterdam Museum ;
Dutch Landscape with Bathers and Cows
(1675), National Gallery, Edinburgh ; do.
with Peasants and Cows, Mr. Cramer, Co-
logne ; Groups of Church Wardens (1690),
Sacristy, St. Michael's, Zwolle. — Kramm, iv.
1217 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 503.
OFFTERDINGER, KARL, born in Stutt-
gart, Jan. 8, 1829. History and genre paint-
er, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under Rus-
tige. Works : Ceiling in Church of Lauch-
heim ; Frieze in Liederhalle, Stuttgart ;
Peasant W'edding ; Gypsy Camp ; In the
Circus.
OGGIONO, MARCO DA. See Marco da
Oggiono.
OGILVIE, CLINTON, born in New York
in 1838. Landscape painter, pupil of James
Hart in New York. Elected an A.N.A. in
1864. Has visited Europe twice and worked
in Paris. Works : Path by the River ; Farm-
ington River Scenery ; Near Brummer —
Switzerland ; Lake of Killarney ; In the
Woods (1876) ; Afternoon on the Avon
(1879) ; Colline de la Madone at Mentone
(1880) ; Landscape (1882) ; Mediterranean
Coast near Cannes, Near Vichy — France
(1883) ; Summer at Auteuil — France, Near
Monaco — France, Argeles — France (1884) ;
Down by the River (1885) ; Hyores (1886).
OLBIADES, painter of a picture in the
Senate House of the Five Hundred, Athens,
representing Calippus, who repulsed the
invading Gauls at Thermopylae (279 B.C.). —
Pans. i. 3, 5 ; Brunn, ii. 293.
OLD KENTUCKY HOME, Eastman
Johnson, R. L. Stuart Collection, New York.
A typical home in Kentucky, with the usual
negro surroundings in the days before the
war, exhibiting a phase of American planta-
tion life now almost passed away. This
picture first gave Mr. Johnson a reputation.
Exposition universelle, Paris, 1867 ; Cen-
tennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876.
OLD MONARCH, Rosa Bonheur, W.
H. Vanderbilt Collection, New York. The
head, life-size, of a noble male lion. En-
graved by W. H. Simmons.
OLIMPI See Alimpi.
OLIS, JAN, born at Dordrecht (?) about
1610, died, probably at Amsterdam, after
1665. Dutch school ; genre and portrait
painter, entered the guild at Dordrecht in
1632 ; his pictures are similar in style to
those of the followers of Gerard Honthorst,
especially Cesar van Everdingen, Jacob van
Loo, and Jan van Brouchorst. Works:
Kitchen Interior (1645), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Pastoral Scene (attributed to Jan Lys),
Darmstadt Museum ; Peasant with Beer-
Mug (1655), Gotha Museum; The Visit,
Wesselhoeft Collection, Hamburg ; Male
portrait, Victor de Stuers, The Hague. —
Bode, Studien, 330 ; Kramm, iv. 1219 ;
Rep. f. K, iii. 316.
OLIVARES, CONDE DE, portrait, Ve-
lasquez, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7
in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Bust, three-quarters left,
in black dress, green cross of the Order of
OLIVER
Alcantara, with cloak and stiff linen collar ;
folded letter in right hand. Purchased
with Modena Gallery in 1746. Repetitious
with changes : Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Marquia of Lansdowne, London ; Francis
Clare Ford, London. Engraved with varia-
tions by H. Pauneels ; P. Pontius ; Cor.
Gallseus ; F. Navarro ; M. Meriau ; P. de
Jode ; Moncoruet ; L. Noseret. — Curtis,
72.
By Velasquez, Mrs. Henry Huth, Wyke-
hurst, Surrey, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 9
in. x 3 ft. 7 in. Standing, full-length, with
bare head, wearing an embroidered black
dress, with green cross of Alcantara, and a
short cloak ; left hand on his sword ; right,
holding a wand, rests on a table ; red dra-
pery in background. Repetitions : Robert
S. Holford, London ; Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.— Curtis, 71 ; London Ulust. News,
May 21, 1853.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 10 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. On a chestnut
horse galloping to left ; dress, a steel cui-
rass, sombrero, crimson scarf, and long
boots ; points with a baton to a battle rag-
ing in background. Painted about 1640 ;
passed from house of Guzman to the Mar-
quis de la Ensenada, from whom purchased
by Charles III. Etched by F. Goya; B.
Maura. Lithographed by J. Jollivet ; E. C.
Cos. Repetition (white horse), Earl of El-
gin, Broom Hall, Fife, Scotland. Sketches:
Due de Montpensier, Seville ; Sir Richard
Wallace, London. — Palomino, iii. 332 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1880), xxi. 529 ; Gal. Esp. ;
Curtis, 70 ; Madrazo, 611.
OLIVER, ISAAC, born in 1556, died in
London about 1617. Pupil of Nicholas
Billiard and of Zucchero ; attained emi-
nence as a miniature painter, his works be-
ing compared to those of Holbein. He
painted ^
Queen Eliza- / f)0t\ ,„_. , /C~
beth, Maryv/' t/ tU/e*~ / &O ,
Queen of Scots, Prince Henry, Ben Jonson,
a full-length of Sir Philip Sidney (Windsor
Castle), and other noted persons ; also, in
oil, portraits of himself and family. His
son and pupil Peter (1601-60) surpassed
J.
him in his miniatures, many of which are
in old collections. — Redgrave.
OLIVIE, LEON, born at Narbonne (Aude) ;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of
Coedes and Cogniet. Medal, 3d class, 1876.
Studio in Paris. Works : Woman Singing,
The Brother Tailor, Monk Praying (1874) ;
The Question, A Fisherman of the Seine
(1876) ; Brutus's Oath over the Body of
Lucretia (1878) ; Arab Merchant in Paris
(1881) ; Palm Sunday in Etretat (1883) ;
New-Born, Under the Sideboard (1884) ; A
Duty (1885) ; Falstaff and Doll Tear-Sheet,
W. B. Bement, Philadelphia.
OLIVIER, ( JOHANN HEINRICH) FER-
DINAND VON, born at Dessau, April 1,
1785, died in Munich, Feb. 11, 1841. His-
tory and landscape painter, pupil of K. W.
Kolbe and Haldenwang, then in Dresden
of Jakob Mechau ; went in 1807 to Paris,
in 1811 to Vienna, having returned to Des-
sau, in 1810, and in 1833 became professor
and secretary-general at Munich Academy.
Works : Pilgrims' Procession thro' the
Woods (1814), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Franciscan Monastery near Salzburg (1826),
Leipsic Museum ; Equestrian Portrait of
Napoleon, Dessau ; Baptism of Christ, Last
Supper, Gothic Church Worlitz ; The Scouts
with the Grapes of Canaan, Landscape (mas-
ter-piece), Basle Museum ; Replica of latter
(1840), Raczyuski Gallery, Berlin. His
brother Heinrich (born in 1783, died in
Berlin, March 3, 1848), followed the same
course of study, accompanied him to Paris,
and with him painted the portrait of Napo-
leon, and several historical pictures for the
Duke of Anhalt, among which are the two
in the Gothic Church at Worlitz. — Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1839), 17 ; Hagen, i. 328 ; Nag-
ler, x. 340 ; 344 ; N. Necrol. d. D. (1841),
204 ; Soltl, 249.
363
OLIVIER
OLIVIER, MICHEL EARTH £LEMY,
born at Marseilles in 1712, died in Paris,
June 15, 1784. French school ; history,
genre, and landscape painter, member of '
Academy of St. Luke, and court-painter to •
the Prince de Conti ; lived for several years
in Spain, where he left many pictures.
Works : Massacre of the Innocents (1767) ;
Death of Cleopatra (17G9) ; Telemachus
and Mentor conducted to Acestes (1777) ;
Fete given by Prince de Conti to Prince of
Brunswick, Stag-Hunt near Chateau de 1'Ile-
Adam, Little Mozart playing before Court
of Prince de Conti, Supper in the Temple,
Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 176.
OLIVIER, (WOLDEMAR) FRIEDRICH
VON, born at Dessau, April 23, 1701, died
there, Sept. 5, 1859. History and landscape
painter, brother and pupil of Ferdinand,
with whom he went to Vienna in 1811 ; hav-
ing joined Liitzow's Volunteer-corps in the
campaign of 1813-14, he went in 1815 from
Vienna to the Netherlands and England, and
in 1818 to Rome, where he studied under
Cornelius and Overbeck. After his return
to Vienna in 1824 he painted portraits un-
til 1829, when he sought a wider sphere in
Munich, and there painted some of the fres-
cos in the Konigsbau. — Works: Noah's
Family entering the Ark (1818) ; Christ
with the Tribute Money (1821), Naumburg
Cathedral ; House Altar with five Scenes re-
ferring to Nativity (1830); Marriage at Cana,
Visitation of Mary (1832); two Italian Laud-
scapes with Scriptural Subjects, Basle Mu-
seum.— Nagler, x. 342.
OLMENDORF (Olmdorf), HANS VON,
flourished 1460-1518 as court painter to
Dukes Sigmund and Albrecht IV. of Ba-
varia. German school ; his works show a
decided tendency to idealize, deviating from
the then prevailing realism. Works: Pas-
sion of Christ, Altai-piece at Altenittting
(1507-18); Triptych with Crucifixion (1492),
National Museum, Munich ; Triptych with
Trinity, Baptism of Christ, and Coronation
of Mary (1491), Chapel at Blutenburg, near
Munich ; Portrait of Duke Sigmund of Ba-
varia, Schleissheim Gallery. — Forster, ii.
250 ; Marggraff, Miinchen m. sein. Kunst-
schiitzen, 76 ; Schnaase, viii. 465 ; Sighart,
570.
OLYMPIAS, painter, of whom Pliny only
knew that she was the instructor of Auto-
bulus. — Pliny, xxxv. 40 [147] ; Brunn, ii.
300.
OMMEGANCK, BALTHAZAR PAU-
WEL, born in
Antwerp, Dec. 26,
1755, died there,
Jan. 18, 1826. Ani-
mal and landscape
painter, pupil of
H. J. Antonissen ;
painted especially
sheep. Rector of
Guild of St. Luke,
Antwerp, in 1789,
and professor in Academy in 1796. He
was one of the envoys sent to Paris to
procure the restitution of pictures taken by
Napoleon. Works : Landscapes with Cattle
(2), Louvre ; do., and Crossing a Ford,
Antwerp Museum ; Sunset, Sunrise, Baron-
ess Diert, Antwerp ; Scene in the Ardennes,
Brussels Museum ; View in West Flanders,
Museum, Amsterdam ; Landscapes with
Sheep (3), Museum Fodor, ib. ; do. (4),
Rotterdam Museum ; do. (1), Hague Muse-
um ; Landscape and Shepherds, Leuchten-
berg Gallery, St. Petersburg ; Landscape
with Sheep and Goat, Stadel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Landscape with Hunter and Fisher-
men, Cassel Gallery ; do. with Cattle, Bruns-
wick Gallery ; do., Leipsic Museum ; Flemish
Pasture, New York Museum ; Landscape
with Sheep (2), Historical Society, New
York ; do. (1), August Belmont, ib. His
sister, Maria Jacoba, painted landscapes in
%qa#tf. /C
his manner.— Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ;
Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 262 ; Immer-
OMXIA
zeel, ii. 276 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 538 ; j
Kramm, iv. 1221 ; Michiels, x. 551 ; Rooses j
(Reber), 450 ; Van den Branden, 1347-75,
1388.
OMNIA VANITAS, Titian, Accademia di
S. Luca, Rome ; canvas, life-size. A woman
lying, half raised on one arm, on a couch,
with a vase near the shoulder and a crown
and sceptre at the feet. Perhaps by Cesari
Vecelli. Engraved by Lefebre and by G.
Saiter. Copy in Glasgow Museum called
Danao. Another at Kingston Lacy called
Omuia Vauitas. Drawing in sepia in Diis-
seldorf Academy has some of the character
of an original Titian. — C. & C., Titian, ii.
430 ; Hume, Titian, 65.
OMPHALION, painter, first the slave and
afterwards the pupil of Nvian. He deco-
rated the walls of the Temple of Messene,
daughter of Tryopas, at Messene. — Pans., iv.
31, 11, 12 ; Bruun, ii. 201.
ONASIAS, painter and sculptor, about
460 B. c. Painted the First March of the Ar-
gives against Thebes, on the walls of the
portico of the Temple of Athem'a Areia at
Platsea. Polygnotus was his associate in the
decoration of the temple. — Paus., ix. 4, '2 ;
Brunn, ii. 25.
O'NEIL, HENRY NELSON, born in St.
Petersburg in 1817, died in London, March
13, 1880. Historic genre and portrait
painter ; taken by his parents, who were
English, to London in 1823 ; student in
1836 at the Royal Academy, where he exhib-
ited his first picture, Jephthah's Daughter,
in 1839 ; accompanied Elmore to Italy in
1840 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1860. Works :
Ruth and Naomi (1844) ; By the Waters of
Babylon (1846) ; Death of Mozart (1849) ;
Katherine's Dream (1853) ; Return of the
Wanderer (1855); Eastward Ho! (1858);
Home Again (1859) ; Death of Raphael
(1865).— Art Journal (1880), 171 ; Portfolio
(1880), 71 ; Athen., March, 1880, 384.
ONGHERS, OSWALD, born at Mechlin
in 1628, died in Wiirzburg in 1706. Flem-
ish school ; history painter, formed himself
after Van Dyck and settled in Wiirzburg
in 1660. Works : Assumption, Stift Haug,
Wiirzburg ; Scoffing of Christ, Martyrdom
of St. Kilian, Cathedral, ib. — D. Kunstbl.
(1851), 414.
OOMS, KARL, born at Desschel, Ant-
werp, Jan. 27, 1845. History and genre
painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under
N. de Keyser ; visited Holland, England,
Germany, France and Italy. Spanish Order
of Charles IH. Works : Forbidden Reading,
Brussels Museum ; Perfect Happiness ; Ju-
dicial Visit in Plantin's Printing Office at
Antwerp in 1566 ; Philip II. paying the Last
Honours to his Brother. — Meyer, Couv.
Lex., xix. 694 ; Midler, 401.
OORT. See Noort.
OOST, JACOB VAN, the elder, born at
Bruges about 1600, died there in 1671.
Flemish school ; history, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil of his brother Frans ;
master of the guild in 1621 ; visited Italy,
where he took for his model Annibale Car-
racci, although in realistic conception and
colouring remaining essentially true to his
native school. Returned to Bruges in 1629.
Painted large pictures with few figures
in a style similar to that of the Carracci.
Works : St. Augustine washing the Feet of
Christ disguised as a Pilgrim, St. Anthony
of Padua in Ecstasy, Legend in Life of St.
Anthony of Padua, Priest dictating to Clerk
(1668), Bruges Academy ; Resurrection,
Cathedral, Bruges ; Baptism of Christ, Mar-
tyrdom of St. Godelive, St. Hubert invested
by Virgin and St. Ann, St. Joseph and In-
fant Christ, Angels offering to Vii'gin Instru-
ments of the Passion, Christ leaving his
Mother to go to Calvary, St. John and St.
Peter, Church of our Saviour, ib. ; Presenta-
tion, St. James, ib. ; Descent from the Cross
(masterpiece), Jesuits, ib. ; nine pictures,
Abbey of St. Truijen, ib. ; many others in sev-
eral churches, ib. ; Magistrates condemning
a Criminal ^
(1G59), City Hall, 1
J
ib.; St. Charles
Borromeo, Louvre ; Holy Family and Do-
nors Adoring, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
OOST
Nativity, Vienna Museum ; Male Portrait,
New York Museum ; Carnival Scene, His-
torical Society, New York. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Deschamps (Marseilles ed.,
1840), i. 280 ; Immerzeel, ii. 279 ; Michiels,
viii. 421 ; Weale, Cut. Mus. de Bruges, 75.
OOST, JACOB VAN, the younger, born
in Bruges, bap-
tized, Feb. 11,
1039, died there,
Sept. 29, 1713.
Flemish school ;
history painter,
son and pupil of
Jacob the elder ;
studied several
^ years in Italy,
after having
passed two years in Paris. Soon after his
return to Flanders he went to Lille, where
he lived for forty years. Painted like his
father, but in a broader style ; in colouring
somewhat like Van Dyclc. Works : Friar
dressing Monk's Wound, Holy Family, two
others, Museum, Lille ; Martyrdom of St.
Barbara, St. Stephen's, ib. ; Infant Christ
offering to God Emblems of his Sacrifice,
Virgin giving Scapulary to St. Francis, St.
Andrew's, ib. ; St. Francis carrying Infant
Christ (1087), St. Maurice's, ib. ; Virgin giv-
ing Stole to St. Hubert (1GG8), Cathedral,
Bruges ; De:ith of the Virgin, Christ Victor
over Death and Time, Conversion of St. Hu-
bert, Adoration of the Magi, Church of our
Saviour, ib. ; Three portraits of Directors,
St. John's Hospital, ib. ; Male Portrait, Brus-
sels Museum ; do. (1G97), Bruges Academy ;
COjt.DE.KWCHE.
Nativity, Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Immerzeel, ii. 279 ; Michiels, ix.
83 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges Academy, 86.
OOSTEN, IZAAK VAN, born at Ant-
werp, Dec. 10, 1613, died there in Decem-
ber, 1661. Flemish school ; landscape and
animal painter ; worked many years for his
father, an art dealer, and did not register
in the guild until 1652. He painted so
nearly in the manner of Jan Brueghel the
elder, that undoubtedly many of his pictures
pass under the name of that master. Works :
Earthly Paradise with all Kinds of Animals,
I Baron de Wit, Wommelgem, near Antwerp ;
do., with Adam and Eve and many Birds. —
Van deu Branden, 1092.
OOSTERWYCK, MARIA VAN, bom at
Nootdorp about 1G30, died at Eutdam in
1093. Dutch school ; flower and fruit paint-
' er, pupil of Jan David de Heem. Her pict-
ures were bought at high prices by the
Emperor Leopold, the King of Poland, and
William III. of England. They are remark-
able for high finish, brilliant combination
of hues, and truth of local colour. Works :
Flowers in a Glass Vessel, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; do. (1685), Copenhagen Gallery ; do.,
Schwerin Gallery ; do., and Fruit Piece,
Dresden Gallery ; Flower Piece, Still-Life
(1668), Vienna Museum ; Flowers in Vase
with Fruits and Insects, Uffizi, Florence ;
do., New York Museum. — Immerzeel, ii.
281 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 517 ; Kramm, iv.
1223.
OPHELIA, Sir John E. Millais, Bart,,
Mrs. Fuller-Maitland, London ; canvas, H.
2 ft. 4£ in. x 3 ft. 7 in. Immersed in a deep
stream, through whose clear waters her
richly brocaded gown and a tangled mass
of half-floating weeds are visible, Ophelia,
her head just above the surface, with her
I auburn hair spread out like threads of gold,
is singing her last song. The background
was painted on the Ewell River, near King-
ston. Miss Siddal, afterwards Mrs. D. G.
Rossetti, sat for the face of Ophelia. Royal
Academy, 1852. Engraved by J. Stephen-
son (1866).
OPHELION, painter, date and country
; unknown. His pictures of Pan, and of
Aerope, wife of Atreus, are mentioned in
the epigrams of Nicodemus of Heraclea. —
366
OPIE
Anth., 91, 2 (PaL vi. 315, 316) ; Brunn, ii.
287.
OPIE (Oppy), JOHN, born at St. Agnes,
near Truro, Corn-
wall, May, 1761,
died in London,
April 9, 1807. Son
of a carpenter ; be-
gan to paint when
ten years old and
sold portraits at six-
teen. About 1780
he went to London,
heralded by Dr.
John Wolcot (Peter '
Pindar) as the Cornish Genius, was intro-
duced to Sir Joshua Reynolds, and became
the wonder of the hour ; but as his popu-
larity was based upon admiration for the
relative excellence of the painter's works to
his years, it proved a misfortune, as it pre-
vented him from obtaining a solid training
in art. Opie painted some historical sub-
jects, such as the Murder of James I. (1786)
and the Death of Eizzio (1787), but his best
work was in portraiture. He became an
A.R.A. in 1787 and R.A. in 1788 ; in 1805
he was chosen professor of painting in the
Royal Academy, anil his lectures, delivered
in 1807, show good literary ability, though,
like Northcote, he excelled in conversation
rather tbnn in writing. His portrait of
himself at the age of twenty-four (1785) is
in the National Portrait Gallery, and his
Troilus, Cressida, and Pandarus, and his
portrait of 'William Siddous are in the Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Gil Bias securing
the Cook in the Robbers' Cave, Pennsylva-
fj n i a Academy,
*J Qfl/ili 4 SO/ Philadelphia.—
' Rogers, Opie and
his Works (London, 1878) ; F. de Conches,
308 ; Ch. Blanc, F^ole anglaise ; Sandbv, i.
198.
OPPENHEIM,.MORITZ, born at Hanau
in 1801, died in Frankfort, Feb. 26, 1882.
Genre painter, pupil in Hanau of Wester-
mayer and of Munich Academy ; then stud-
ied, 1821-25, in Paris under J. B. Regnault
and in Rome, and settled in Frankfort.
Works: Return of
Young Tobias ; Susanna
at the Bath ; Return of
Jewish. Volunteer to his
Family ; Italian Genre
Scene (1832), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; A Les-
son ; Noah and his Fam-
ily ; Lavater and Lessing '
at Moses Mendelssohn's
(1846) ; Cycle from Jew-
ish Family Life ; Portrait of Heine ; Inter-
ior of Sculptor's Studio (1852), Cross- Ex-
' animation (1866), Portrait of Borne (1827),
Sttidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Mignon and the
Harper, Provinzial Museum, Hanover;
Scene during Entry of Archduke John into
Frankfort in 1848 (1852), Leipsic Museum.
— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1838), 45 ; D. Kuustbl.
(1853), 186 ; (1854), 190 ; (1855), 328; Kau-
len, 44 ; Meyer, Coiiv. Lex., xix. 697 ; Miil-
ler, 401.
OPSTAL, CASPAR JACOBUS VAN, the
younger, born in Antwerp, July 2, 1054, died
there, buried Jan. 12, 1717. Flemish school ;
| history and portrait painter, son and probably
pupil of Caspar, the elder, a pupil of Simon
! de Vos ; master of the guild in 1676, dean
! in 1698-99. Works : Holy Family (1692),
Darmstadt Gallery ; Two Children blowing
Bubbles, Brunswick Gallery ; Infant Christ
adored by Angels (1693), Jesuit Church,
Antwerp ; Mary Magdalen kneeling before
the Crucified, St. Joseph with Infant Christ,
Female Portrait, Orphanage, ib.; Male Por-
traits (2. one
dated 1699),
Museum, ib. ;
Venus and
0 ^/\SUULJL/\. Cupid (1706),
/ Hague Muse-
' um.— Cat. du
Mus. d'Anvers (1874), 491 ; Kramm, iv.
1225 ; Michiels, ix. 93 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 134 ; Van den Branden, 957.
ORBETTO. See Turchi, Alessaudro.
367
OROAGNA
OBCAGNA or ORGAGNA, ANDREA,
born in Florence in 1308 (?), died there in
13G8. Florentine
school ; son of Cione,
a Florentine goldsmith ;
known during his life as
L'Arcagnolo, corrupted
later into Orcagna.
Pupil in painting of his
brother Nardo, and in
sculpture more probably
of Neri Fioravanti than
of Andrea Pisano, who was dead in 1352,
when Orcagna was enrolled in the guild of
the stone cutters. In 1343 he had become
a member of the painters' guild, though his
earliest known frescos in the choir of S. M.
Novella, now completely repainted, were not
executed before 1354. In painting he car-
ried out the maxims of Giotto, and did all
possible to do without a knowledge of per-
spective. With less fertility of invention,
dramatic power, and force of expression
than that great master, he had more tender-
ness and grace, and though not his equal,
stands next greatest among the fourteenth
century painters. The faces of his tall, dig-
nified, well-proportioned, and carefully
draped figures are Giottesque in type, his
compositions are medieval in character, and
his style combines the soft qualities of the
Sienese with the grand severity of the Flor-
entine school. His greatest works are fres-
cos, which have for the most part suffered
so much from time and restoration as to
make it difficult to judge of their original
qualities of colour. Those of the Strozzi
Chapel, 8. M. Novella, — Last Judgment, Par-
adise, and Hell (the latter completely re-
painted by Nardo ?) — are grandly conceived
in the Dantesque spirit. Though ordered
in 1354, they were probably painted before
the altarpiece of this chapel, dated 1357, in
which the dignified, nobly draped SS. Thom-
as and Peter are in Orcagna's best style. The
colouring, as in the panel of St. Zanobius
and two other Saints, in the Duomo, Flor-
ence, and in that of Saints, in S. Croce (1363),
is fine, clear, and luminous. This chapel
contains also a picture in three parts, by
Orcagna, of the Apotheosis of S. Giovanni
Gualberto and episodes of his Legend, and
a Madonna with Pope Gregory and Job,
dated 1305. Other works are : Descent of
the Holy Spirit, cloister of the Badia, Flor-
ence ; altarpiece in the refectory of the nuns
of the Hospital of S. Matteo, Florence ; and
altarpiece in three divisions representing the
Coronation of the Virgin, National Gallery,
London. In 1355 Orcagna was made Head
Master of the Oratory of Or San Michele,
and in 1359 he completed the beautiful
Gothic tabernacle in the church, with all its
fine bas-reliefs and rich architectural orna-
ment. At Orvieto, where he held the office
of Head Master of the Cathedral from June,
1358, to Sept., 13GO, he made a mosaic for
the facade. The latest notice of him (1369)
as a painter, is in the records of the guild
of St. Luke at Florence. The Triumph of
Death, the Last Judgment, and the Inferno,
frescos in the Campo Santo, Pisa, long at-
tributed to Orcagna, are now supposed to
be works of the Sienese school, perhaps by
the Lorenzetti ; and the Legend of S. Ra-
nieri is given to an Andrea of Florence, who
survived Orcagna, and was confounded with
him by Vasari. As the Loggia de' Lanzi, at
Florence, was not begun until 1376, it can-
not have been built by Drcagna. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., i. 593, 617 ; C. & C., Italy, i. 425 ;
Burckhardt, 314 ; Dohme, 2i.
ORCHARDSON, WILLIAM QUILLER,
born in Edinburgh
in 1835. Subject
painter, pupil of
Trustees' Academy ;
painted portraits in
Edinburgh until
1863, when he re-
moved to London
and exhibited at
Royal Academy, An
Old English Song.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1868, and R.A. in
1878. Works : Hamlet and Ophelia, Chris-
ORDINAIRE
topher Sly (1865) ; Story of a Life (1866) ;
Talbot and Countess of Auvergne (1867) ;
Prince Henry with Poins and Falstaff (1868);
Salutation, Duke's Ante-Chamber (1869) ;
Hundred Years Ago (1871) ; Casus Belli,
Forest Pet (1872) ; The Protector, Cinder-
elk (1873) ; Ophelia, Hamlet, and the King
(1874) ; Too Good to be True (1875); Flot-
sam and Jetsam, Bill of Sale (1876) ; Jessica,
Queen of the Swords (1877) ; A Social Eddy,
Autumn (1878) ; Hard Hit (1879) ; Young
Housewife, Napoleon on Board H. M. S.
Bellerophon (1880) ; Housekeeping in the
Honeymoon (1882) ; Voltaire (1883) ; Ma-
riage de Convenance (1881) ; Scotch Lassie,
J. W. Bates, Philadelphia; Salon of Ma-
dame Mecamier (1885) ; Mariago de Conve-
nance—After! (1886). —Academy (1886),
i. 350; Art Journal (1870), 233"; (1884),
188 ; (1885), 52 ; Portfolio (1878), 177.
ORDINAIEE, MARCEL, born at Mai-
sieres (Doubs) ; contemporary. Landscape
painter, pupil of Courbet and of Francais.
Medal, 3d class, 1879. Works: Seligthal
Brook (1868) ; Brook near Maisieres (1870) ;
Under the Willows, ib. (1875) ; Ravine of
Puits-Noir (1875) ; Brook of Puits-Noir,
Winter at Maisicres (1879) ; In Ravine of
Puits-Noir (1882) ; Whirlpool of Roches-
Noires at Cluron (1884).
ORDONNANCE, L' (The Orderly), Jean
Louis Ernest Meissonier, William H. Vau-
derbilt, New York. A hussar has brought
a sealed letter to an officer of dragoons who,
interrupted in smoking his pipe, stands
with his back to the fire reading it, while
another hussar in red, seated in centre,
watches his countenance. — Claretie (1874),
16 ; Gazette des Beaux Arts (1867), xxiii.
322.
ORESTES, pictures. See Thewlorus,
Theon, Timomachus.
ORGAGNA. See Orcagna.
ORIGINAL SIN. See Adam and Eve.
ORIZONTE. See Bloemen, Jan Franz
van.
ORLANDI, BIODATO, of Lucca, close of
13th century. A Crucifixion by him, now
; '
in the magazines of the palace of Parma, is
dated 1288. He painted as late as 1301,
the date of a Madonna by him, in five
arched compartments, now in the Pisa
Gallery. Diodato made no improvement
on debased Christian art.— C. & C., Italy, i.
160.
ORLANDO MUERTO. See \Varnn;
Dead.
ORLEY, BERNAERT (Barend), VAN,
also called Ba-
rend van Brussel,
born in Brussels
about 1491-92,
died there, Jan.
6,1542. Flemish
school ; history
painter, probably
pupil of his fa-
therValentyn van
Orley ; w cut to
Rome after 1509 (before 1515, in which year
he is settled in Brussels), and became a suc-
cessful imitator of, and possibly was even
instructed by, Raphael. In 1520 he was
appointed court-painter to Margaret of Aus-
tria, governor of the Netherlands, and then
to her successor, Mary of Hungary (1524-
35). Albrecht Diirer was entertained at his
house in Brussels, in 1520, and painted his
portrait. His early pictures show good com-
position and elevated sentiment, but his
later style is somewhat mannered and ex-
1 aggerated, though always careful in exe-
cution and brilliant in colouring. Works :
Magdalen Reading, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Holy Family, Liverpool Institution ;
Family praying to St. Christopher, Ladies
in Prayer, Madrid Museum ; Christ on the
Cross, Turin Gallery ; Marriage of the Vir-
gin, Louvre ; Altai-piece with History of
Job (1521), Pieta, Holy Family, Episodes in
Life of the Virgin, Portrait of Guillaume de
Norman (1519), do. of Physician, Brussels
Museum ; Magdalen at the Saviour's Feet,
Christ bearing the Cross, Church of the
Saviour, Bruges ; Infant Christ, Adoration
of the Magi, Madonna, Female portrait,
ORLEY
two Male portraits, Antwerp Museum ; Last
Judgment, Chapel of the Orphans, Antwerp ;
Christ on the Cross, Rotterdam Museum ;
Lady Reading, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort; St.
Norbert refuting the Heretic Tancbellinus,
Adoration of the Magi, Archangel St. Mi-
chael, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Holy Fam-
ily, Darmstadt Museum ; do., Dresden Gal-
lery ; Venus and Cupid, Berlin Museum ;
Shrine with Annunciation, St. Mary's, Lii-
beck ; Altar Shrine, Parish Church, Gils-
trow, Mecklenburg ; Abraham's Sacrifice,
Schwerin Gallery ; Madonna, Oldenburg
Gallery ; do. nursing the Infant, Wiesbaden
Gallery ; Descent from the Cross, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Antiochus Epiphanes
erecting Idol at, Jerusalem, Day of Pente-
cost, Museum, Vienna ; Adoration of the
Magi, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Male and Fe-
male portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
Madonna, Historical Society, New York. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole fla-
mande ; Dohme, li. :
I in m e r z e e 1 , v. 60 ;
Kramm, iv. 1227 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), i. 232 ;
Kunst - Chronik, xviii.
664 ; Michiels, v. GO ;
vi. 445 ; Nagler, Mon.,
i. 50 ; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 10 ; Van den
Brauden, 102 ; Wauters, B. v. (). (Brussels,
1883) ; W. & W., ii. 515 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
ii. 228 ; xix. 20!).
ORLEY, JAN VAN, born in Brussels,
Jan. 4, 16G5, died Feb. 22, 1735. Flemish
school ; history and portrait painter, son of
Pieter van Orley, a landscape painter ; pupil
of his uncle Hieronimus, a Franciscan friar.
Works : Deliverance of St. Peter, St. Nicho-
las', Brussels ; Allegory, Portrait of Philip
II., City Hall, ib. ; Adoration of the Magi,
Dilligheni Abbey, ib. ; Resurrection, Church
at Assche, Brabant. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fla-
mande ; Immerzeel, ii. 283 ; Michiels, x.
398.
ORLEY, RICHARD VAN, born in Brus-
sels in 1G63, died there, June 6, 1732. Flem-
ish school ; history painter, sou of Pieter,
pupil of Hieronimus van Orley. Works :
Reentry of Pope Innocent H into Rome,
Antwerp Museum ; The Pierides metamor-
phosed into Birds, Juno transferring Eyes
of Argus to Peacock's Tail, Ghent Museum ;
Preaching of St. John, City Hall, Louvain.
— Immerzeel, ii. 283 ; Kramm, iv. 1229 ;
Michiels, x. 394.
ORLOWSKY, ALEXANDER OSSIPO-
VICH, born in Warsaw in 1777, died in St.
Petersburg, May 14, 1832. Genre, battle,
and landscape painter, pvipil of Norblin at
the St. Petersburg Academy, then visited
France, Germany, and Italy ; he excelled as
a battle painter ; was made court painter in
1812. Member of St. Petersburg Academy.
Works : Cossack attacked by Tiger (1811),
Return from Hay Harvest, Mountainous
Landscape (1811), Huntsmen Resting, Pas-
torale (2), Coast View (1809), Shipwreck
(1820), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
ORPHEUS, Camille Corot, private gallery,
New York ; canvas. In a landscape, with a
large tree at right and a leafless sapling at
left, Orpheus advances with arms raised and
holding his lyre in his right hand. Painted
in 1861.
ORPHEUS, DEATH OF, Emile Levy,
Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 3
in. x 4 ft. The death of Orpheus at the
bauds of the Thracian Maenads, whom his
grief for the loss of Eurydice had led him
to treat with contempt. He is lying, nude,
in the foreground of a wood, surrounded
by the infuriated women, excited by their
Bacchanalian orgies, some of them in fren-
zied attitudes, others striking him with
sickles and other weapons. Salon, 18G6.
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE, Nicolas
Fuussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 6
in. In a landscape, with the river Peneus
in middleground, a city and mountains in
background, Orpheus, seated at right, sings
to his lyre, while three nymphs listen ; near
by, Eurydice, culling flowers, is stung by a
serpent. Painted in 1659 (?). Collection
of Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Baudet
(1701) ; Desaulx and Bovinet in Musee
370
ORKENTE
franyais ; Niquet. — Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, i.
PL 10 ; Landon, vi. PL 70 ; Smith, viii.
145.
By Rubens, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
6 ft x 8 ft. Scene in Hades. Pluto upon
bis throne, with Proserpine by his side, and
Cerberus lying at his feet ; on opposite side,
Orpheus with his lyre, followed by Eury-
dice, nearly undraped ; before them is the
open portal of Hades, and beyond it the
Styx.— Smith, ii. 13G ; Madrazo".
By George Frederick Watts, London ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Orpheus,
too impatient to wait until Eurydice is out
of the portals of Hades, turns back to look
at her, when, though he drops his lyre and
encircles her with his arm, she is snatched
back into the gloom of the nether world, j
Painted in 1879. Grosveuor Gallery, 1882 ;
then much repainted and exhibited in New
York in 1884.
ORRENTE, PEDRO, born at Monte-
alegre, Murcia, about 1570, died in Toledo
in 1044. Spanish school ; animal and laud-
scape painter, probably pupil of El Greco ;
called the Spanish Bassauo because he imi-
tated the manner of Bassano, painting chief-
ly scriptural subjects in which animals could
be introduced. Worked in Toledo, Murcia,
Valencia, Cueuya, Madrid, and Seville. Was
much patronized by the Duke of Olivarez.
Works : Sacrifice of Isaac, Lot and Family,
Calvary, Adoration of Shepherds, and four
others, Madrid Museum ; Jacob lifting the
Stone from the Well, Dres- i
den Museum ; Multiplica- p f~>
tion of the Fishes, Hermit- '„
age, St. Petersburg ; Christ I.
healing the Sick, St. John . n f\
the Baptist, Herds and Shep-
herds (?), Vienna Museum.— Stirling, i. 503 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole espagnole ; Madrazo, 492 ;
Viardot, Notices, 166.
ORSEL, VICTOR, bom at Oullius, near
Lyons, May 25, 1795, died there, Oct. 31,
1850. History painter, pupil at Lyons of
Pierre Revoil, and in Paris of Gueriu ; stud-
ied in Rome, where, under the influence of
Veit and Overbeck, he strove to imitate the
spirit of the Pre-Raphaelite painters in his
religious pictures. Medals : 2d class, 1822 ;
1st class, 1831. Works : Hagar presented
to Abraham by Sarah (1820), Adam and Eve
finding Body of Abel (1824), Lyons Muse-
um ; Magdalen (1827) ; Moses presented to
Pharaoh (1831), Lyons Museum ; Good and
( Evil (1833, bought by State); Prodigal Sou ;
Abraham and Hagar ; Charity ; Portrait of
Francis I.; Rich and Poor (1844) ; Votive
Picture, Church of Fourvieres, Lyons ; David
and Bathsheba ; Bathsheba coming from
Bath ; Decorations iu Virgin's Chapel in
Notre Dame de Lorette, begun in 1836, and
finished after his death by Perin.— Bellier,
ii. 177 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole frauyaise.
ORSI, LELIO, called Lelio da Novellara,
born at Reggio (?) in 1511, died at Novel-
lara, May 3, 1587. Lombard school ; sup-
posed disciple of Correggio, and by tradi-
tion of Giulio Romano ; was a great painter
and architect. Executed frescos in S. Do-
menico, S. Bartolommeo, S. Giovanni, and
the Carmine, Reggio, and iu the fortress of
Novellara. A Nativity by him is in the Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence, and other works in the
Darmstadt, Munich, Modena, and Parma
Galleries. Iu the Vienna Museum is an Al-
legory on Gentleness. — Lauzi, ii. 350 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecolo lombarde ; Burckhardt, 701 ;
Lavice, 65, 253.
ORTLIEB, FRIEDRICH, born iu Stutt-
gart in 1839. Genre painter, pupil of Stutt-
gart Art School, then iu Berlin of Steffeck,
and settled in Munich in 18(50 ; paints most-
ly humorous scenes. Works : Undesired
Visit ; Under Pious Protection ; Sunday-
School ; Bad Quarters ; Critical News ; Re-
turn from Fair ; Soldiers are Coming ! At
a Sick Friend's ; On Furlough ; Sunday
Afternoon iu Suabia. — Miiller, 401.
ORTOLANO, L', born at Ferrara about
1467 (?), died there iu 1525. Lombardo-Fer-
rarese school ; real name Giovanni Battista
Beuvenuti, but called Ortolauo (Gardener)
from his father's occupation. Studied at
Ferrara and afterwards at Bologna under
S71
OS
Bagnacavallo, but was obliged to leave on
account of a homicide committed by him.
Painted mostly in Ferrara ; works highly
esteemed, often confounded with those of
Garofalo. Among them are : Nativity, Pa- ,
lazzo Doria, Rome ; Organ Portals, S. Fran-
cesco, Ferrara ; Deposition, Palazzo Bor-
ghese, Rome ; Deposition, Naples Museum ;
Adoration of the Magi, Ferrara Gallery ;
Three Saints, National Gallery, London ;
Woman taken in Adultery, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg. — Lauzi, iii. 201 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mou., vi. 324 ; Burckhardt, 094 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fcrraraise.
OS, GEORGIUS JACOBUS JOHANNES
VAN, born at The:
Hague, Nov. 20, 1782, j
died in Paris, July 11,
1801. Landscape,
flower, fruit, and still-
life painter, son and
pupil of Jan, and like-
wise took Huysum for
his model ; won prize
in Amsterdam in 1809,
settled there in 1810,
went to Paris in 1812, and painted a great
deal for the porcelain factory at Sevres,
(iold medals: Paris, The Hague (18-41).
Member of Amsterdam Academy. Works :
Flower-Piece (1810), Dead Game (1818),
Landscape near Hilversum, Museum, Am-
sterdam ; Fontainebleau Forest, Bouquet i
and Bird's Nest, Dead Partridge and Fruit,
Rich Flower-Piece, Museum Fodor, ib. ;
Flowers in Vase, Fruits and Flowers, Land-
scape in Gelderland, Rotterdam Museum ;
Flower-Piece, Fruit-Piece, Czernin Gallery,
Vienna. — Immerzcel, ii. 284 ; Kramm, iv.
1230 ; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 200.
OS, JAN VAN, born at Middelharnis,
baptized Feb. 23, 1744, died at The Hague,
Feb. 7, 1808. Fruit and flower painter,
pupil of Aart Schouman, but took Jan van
Huysum entirely for his model, and in his
best works equalled him in colouring. He
also painted good marines. Was director
of the Academy of Belles Lettres at The
Hague, and author of several books. Works :
Fruit and Flowers, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Flower-Piece, Fruit-Piece, Mr. Hope,
ib. ; Bouquet in Vase, Fruits, Lord Ward, ib. ;
Flowers and Fruit, Louvre ; do. (1774),
Amsterdam Museum ;
do. (2), Musee Rath,
Geneva ; do., Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; do.,
Hermitage, St. Pet-
ersburg ; Marine, Stii-
del Gallery, Frank-
fort ; do. (2), Darm-
stadt Museum ; Dead
Game, Fruit-Piece,
Got ha Museum;
Flower-Piece, Augsburg Gallery. — Immer-
zeel, ii. 283 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 550 ;
Kramm, iv. 1230.
ecu
OS, PIETER GERARDUS VAN, born at
The Hague, Oct.
8, 1770, died
there, March 18,
1839. Landscape
and animal paint-
er ; son and pupil
of Jan van Os, but
took Paul Potter
and Karel du Jar-
din for his mod-
els and imitated
them successfully.
In 1813-14, when captain of the volunteers,
he painted war scenes. Member of several
academies. Works : View on Banks of the
Rhine (1800), Lion, Evening (1810), At Dusk,
Afternoon (1820), Three Views during Block-
ade of Naarden in 1814, Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Landscape with Cattle, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Entry of Cossacks into Utrecht (1824);
Cattle-Pieces in many of the principal gal-
OSOKIO
leries. — Immerzeel, ii. 285 ; Kramm.iv. 1231 ;
Nagler, Mon., iii. 139.
OSORIO. See Meneses Osorio.
OSSENBEEK (Ossenbeck), JAN (Joost),
borii in Rotterdam in 1627, died in Ratis-
bon in 1G78. Dutch school ; landscape
painter ; passed the greater part of his life
in Italy ; finished his studies at Rome ;
formed himself after Pieter van Laer, com-
bining Italian style with Dutch finish. From
Rome he went to Vienna, where he became
court-painter, then to Frankfort, and finally
to Ratisbon. Works : Jacob's Journey to
Mesopotamia, Vienna Museum ; Landscape
with Figures (1664), Dresden Gallery ; Pil-
lage of Caravan, Landscape with Ruins,
Christiania Gallery ; Abraham with Sarah
and Hagar in a Park, New York Museum.
In the Amsterdam Museum is a Mercury
taking lo back to her Father (1G32), by W.
Ossenbeeck, who may have been the father
of Jan. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ;
Kramrn, iv. 1223 ; Nagler, Mon. , iv. 25.
OSTADE, ADRIAAN VAN, born in
Haarlem, bap-
tized Dec. 10,
1610, died
there, April 27,
1685. Dutch
school ; genre
painter, pupil
of Frans Hals,
and after 1640
developed
under Rem-
brandt's influence. His family, which came
from South Brabant, took the name of
Ostade from a village, now called Ostedt,
in the environs of Eindhoven, whence his
father, a weaver, removed to Haarlem about
1605. Adriaan at a very early age became
the favourite pupil of Frans Hals. He mar-
ried twice and died a widower. The story
of his flight to Amsterdam in 1662 and his
death there has no foundation. He had
many pupils, one of whom was the famous
Jan Steen. Adriaan was not only an in-
imitable painter of rustic scenes, but also
\
\
an excellent etcher. Works : A Smoker,
New York Museum ; Artist's Wife and
Child, Head of a Boor, Interior, Allegory
of Five Senses (5), Historical Society, New
York ; Alchymist (1661), National Gallery,
London ; Musical Party (1656), Interior
(1668), six others, Buckingham Palace, ib. ;
Lawyer in his Study (1671), Countryman
drinking a Toast (1677), four others, Bridge-
water Gallery, ib. ; Butcher's Shop, National
Gallery, Edinburgh ; Grotesque Concert,
Rustics at Dinner, Madrid Museum ; Artist's
Family, Schoolmaster (1662), Fish Market,
Cottage Interior (1642), Business-Mail in
his Office, Smoker, Tippler (1668), Tavern
Interior (1641), Reading a Newspaper (1653),
four others, Louvre, Paris ; Tavern Interior
(1666), Lute Player, Montpellier Museum ;
Smoker (1655), Antwerp Museum ; Herring
Eater, Flemish Trio, Museum, Brussels ;
Tavern Interior, Arenberg Gallery, ib. ;
Peasants at the Inn (1662) ; Exterior of
Rustic Cottage (1673), Hague Museum ;
Artist's Studio, Village Reunion (1671),
Quack Doctor (1648), Baker, Man blowing
Horn, Intimate Conversation (1642), Peas-
ants' Company (1661), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Old Philosopher, Rotterdam Museum ;
Dutch Peasant Room, Suermoudt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; do. (1639), Aschafl'enburg
Gallery ; Old Woman sitting before House,
Orgau-Grinder (1640), Smoker (16G7), Peas-
ant Company, Physician in his Study (1665),
Berlin Museum ; Annunciation, Peasant with
Tobacco-Box,PeasantInn(byOudenrogge?),
Brunswick Museum; Fisherman's Hut (1636),
Peasants at Inn, Notary Public, Smoker,
Game of Tric-trac (1660), Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Rustic Scene before Tavern (1676),
Two other Exteriors (16—, 1659), Cassel
Gallery ; Merry Trio, Moltke Collection,
Copenhagen ; Peasants' Frolic in a Barn
(1675), Kirmess, Darmstadt Museum ; Peas-
ant opening Window (1643), Amalienstift,
Dessau ; Interior of Dutch Inn (1639), Ar-
tist's Studio (1663), Three Tavern Interiors
(1663, 1679), Peasants before Tavern (1664),
Dresden Gallery ; Interior of a Shed (1656),
S73
OSTADE
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Rustic Interiors
(3), Clarinet Player, Gotha Museum ; Half-
ligures of Peasants (2, 1640), Peasants with
their Children before House Door, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Old Woman reading News-
paper, do. with Pitcher, Old Man with Glass,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Interior of Peas-
ant's Room (1649), Merry Company at Inn
(164-), Peasants' Brawl (1656), four others,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Peasants' Bout
(1642), Dutch Hurdy-gurdy Player (1645),
Landscape with Herd and Figures (1645),
Violin Player Singing (1(548), Touch, Sight
(1651), Taste, Village Concert (1665), Peas-
ant Family (1667), seven others, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Interiors with Peasants (5),
Man mending Pen, National Gallery, Pesth ;
Peasant's Bust, Schleissheim Crallery ; Tav-
ern Interior (1(560), Figures of Peasants (5),
Schwerin Gallery ; Peasant having Tooth
Extracted, Museum, Vienna ; Peasants at
Cards (1(537), Two other Interiors with
Peasants, Dentist, Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib. ; Tavern Interiors (2), Czernin Gallery,
ib. ; Peasants in Conversation, Sehonborn
Gallery, ib.; Man with Lantern at the Win-
dow, Uffizi, Flor-
e n c c . — L' A r t
(1880), iii. 241,
A S~\ ^265; L'Artistc
-^l ^/tOLtVe, (1881), i. 247 ; Ch.
i e^~fn Blanc, Ecole liol-
landaise ; Bode,
Studio n 20") •
U I, U U i « il , .£U.J ,
' Dohme, Iii. ; Gae-
dertz, Ad. v. O. (Liibeck, 1869) ; Gower,
Figure Painters, 21, 87 ; Graph. K, i. 37 ;
Havard, A. & A. holl., iv. 83 ; Immerzeel, ii.
286; Kramm, iv. 1233; vii. 115; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 418 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 337 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 319 ; Van der Willigen,
233 ; Zalm, iv. 53 ; vi. 189 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., iv. 141 ; v. 20, 229, 305 ; vii. 234 ; xiv.
343 ; xviii. 103, 134.
OSTADE, ISAAK VAN, born iii Haar-
lem, baptized June 2, 1621, died there, bur-
ied Oct. 16, 1649. Dutch school; genre
and landscape painter, brother and pupil of
Adriaan. The pictures in which he attempt-
ed to imitate Adriaan are of little value,
I compared with his landscapes with figures
in which his individuality found scope.
Works : Old Fiddler, New York Museum ;
Dutch School,
Tavern lute r i o r ,
Historical Society,
New York ; Vil-
lage Scene, Frost
Scene, Frozen
River, Nat i o n a 1
Gallery, London ;
Travellers Halting
(1643), Peasant
Family and Fid-
dler (1646), Buckingham Palace, ib.; Horse-
man halting at Village Inn, Country People
before Alehouse, Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ;
La Espulgadora, Madrid Museum ; Travel-
ling Party before Inn, A Halt, Frozen Canal
(2), Louvre ; Winter Scene (1645), Antwerp
Museum ; Halt before Inn, Woman winding
Yarn, Brussels Museum ; Peasant Inn, do.
(1633), Amsterdam Museum ; Tavern in the
Downs, Rotterdam Museum ; Dutch Inter-
ior, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ;
Halt before Inn, Peasant with Slouched Hat,
Berlin Museum ; Environs of a Farm, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Pig-Slaying, Darmstadt
Museum ; Skaters, Drunken Peasants, Dres-
den Museum ; Horseman and Pedestrian
before Inn, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Peasant
Room (1641), Winter Landscape with Skat-
ers, do. (1644? Oudenrogge ?), Peasants'
Frolic before Inn, Laden Donkey and Driv-
er, Village Fair, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Frozen Lake in Holland (1645), Landscape
with Halt of Travellers before Inn (1647),
Winter Scene, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Winter Landscape, Old Tippler, Venice
OSTENDORFER
Academy. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ;
Bode, Studien, 207 ; Dolime, lii. ; Gower,
Figure Painters, 45, 103 ; Immerzeel, ii.
288 ; Kramm, iv. 1234 ; Van der Willigen,
233 ; Zeitscbr. f. b. K., vii. 351.
OSTENDORFEE, MARTIN, first half of
16th century. German school ; court paint-
er to Duke William IV. of Bavaria. Works :
Portraits of Duke William IV. and his Wife
Maria Jacobiia.— D. Kunstbl. (1850), 31C ;
Nagler, x. 411.
OSTENDORFER, MICHAEL, born in
Suabia about 1490, lived in Ratisbon, 1519-
59. German school ; history and landscape
painter of little individuality. Formed
himself after Altdorfer. Works : Altar-
piece (1553), Portrait (1523), Ratisbon Mu-
seum ; Representation from the Apocalypse,
Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Martyrdom of St.
Bartholomew, do. of St. Andrew, Germanic
Museum, Nuremberg ; Christ on the Cross
(1552), Portraits of Duke Albert V. of Ba-
varia (1543), and of Palatine Philip, Cruci-
fixion, Schleissheim Gallery ; Judith, Co-
logne Museum ; Taking of Christ, Pieta,
Execution of Brothers Ewald, Bathsheba,
Altarpiece, formerly in Kriiuner-Miiller Gal-
lery, Ratisbon. — Keaue, Early Masters, 173 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 269; Nagler, x. 413 ; Nied-
ermayer, 270 ; Schuegraf, Lebeusgeschicht-
liche Nachrichten ilber den Maler M. O.
(Ratisbou, 1849) ; Sighart, 587, 589 ; W.
& W., ii. 417 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 191,
193.
OSTER, MICHAEL, born in Strasburg
in 1807. History painter, self-taught ; his
compositions distinguished for deep relig-
ious feeling and purity of form. Works :
Madonna with Saints, Episcopal Seminary,
Strasburg. Frescos : Archangel Michael
and the Fallen Angels, Scenes from Passion
of Christ, Souft'elweyersheim, Alsace.
OSTERROHT, GUSTAV, born at Sten-
sitz, West Prussia, in 1830. Landscape
painter, pupil in Carlsruhe of J. W. Schir-
mer, visited the Baltic Coast, the Black
Forest, Bavarian Alps, and Tyrol. Works :
View in Baden Black Forest ; Landscape
from Inn Valley ; Graveyard Chapel ; For-
est Stream, and others, mostly in the Art
Union Galleries of Carlsruhe, Hanover, Cas-
sel, and Munich. — Miiller, 402.
OSTER WALD, GEORG, born at Riuteln,
Weser Valley, Jan. 26, 1803, died at Co-
logne, July 1, 1884. Architecture, land-
scape, genre, and history painter, pupil in
Munich (1822-25) of Gartner, studied from
nature in Switzerland and North Italy, then
in Paris, 18150-32, lived for some years in
Hanover, studied the Dresden Gallery in
1841, and settled in Cologne, where he bc-
[ came professor; visited Italy in 1854-59 and
, Scandinavia in 1864. Works : Bamberg
! Cathedral, Castle Ruin at Heidelberg
(1834); Market Square at Lemgo (1837),
Cassel Gallery ; Faust in his Study (1836) ;
City Hall of Cologne (1842) ; Jeremiah pre-
dicting Birth of Christ, Honour to Music !
(1843) ; Henry the Lion (1844) ; Cologne
1 Cathedral (1846) ; Siena Cathedral (1855),
View of Rome, Cologne Museum. — Kunst-
Chronik, xix. 643 ; Merlo, 309 ; Miiller,
402.
OTINO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA D'. See
Ci ma da Conegliano.
OTT, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born in
| Munich in 1804, died there in 1870. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Munich Academy
and of Wilhelm von Kobell ; visited Italy in
1833. Works : Convent on Shore by Moon-
light ; Convent of Taormiua in Sic- f~J
ily; View in Upper Inn Valley; Alp Cf^'i'l
near Gastein ; View of Castilani and I
Gaeta (1835), New Piuakothek, Munich.—
D. Kunstbl. (1850), 386 ; (1854), 435 ;
(1857), 61. .
OTTER HUNT, Sir Edwin Landwcr, pri-
vate gallery, England. The huntsman, hav-
ing speared the otter, holds him on high
while the dogs, twenty or more, howl fran-
tically around him. Painted in 1844 for
the Earl of Aberdeen ; at his sale, 2,375
guineas ; bought later by Baron Albert
Grant for 10,000 guineas ; at his sale
(1877), £5,932 10s., to Agnew, London ;
IE. J. Colemau sale (1881), £3,097. Eu-
375
OTTESEN
graved by C. G. Lewis. — Harper's Mag.
(1885), Ixxi. 812.
OTTESEN, OTTO DIDRIK, born at
Broager, Sondeijylland, April 3, 181G.
Flower and fruit painter, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy of which he became a mem-
ber in 18G6 ; visited Holland, France, Swit-
zerland, and Italy.
Professor since
1874. Works:
Fruits and Flow-
ers (1842) ; Grapes
on Silver Tray
(1843) ; Roses and
Strawberries
(1844), Fruit-
pieces (1851, 1852,
1855), Springtime
in the Woods (18(52), Rose-tree (1864), Vase
with Flowers (1809), Gallery, Copenhagen ;
Still-Life (1844), Thorvaldsen Museum, ib.
— Sig. Midler, 272 ; Weilbach, 525.
OTTO, HEINRICH, born in Vienna in
1832. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Steinfeld, then of Rahl ;
visited Tyrol and North Italy, and in
18G3-G4 Rome and Naples. Works : Tasso
reading his Poem at Villa d'Este (18G5);
Battle-field of Aspern (18GG) ; Grove of
Diana ; View on Isle of Capri ; Triumph
of Bacchus ; Four Landscapes in fresco
(1867), Kursalon, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxi.
135.
OTTO, JOHANNES SAMUEL, born at
Unruhstadt, Posen, Jan. 17, 1798, died in
Berlin, Feb. 21, 1878. Portrait and land-
scape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy.
Professor in 1844. Works : Portrait of
Sculptor Kiss (1875), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; King Frederic William IV. (several) ;
Winter Landscapes. — Cotta's Kunstbl.
(1844), 436; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 351;
(1852), 206 ; (1853), 55 ; (1854), 258 ; Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 164.
OTTO, KARL, born at Osterode, Hartz
Mountains, in 1830. History painter, pupil
of Munich Academy under Piloty ; visited
afterwards Holland, Belgium, and France.
Works : Huss in Prison ; Last Way of Mary
Stuart ; Hans Sachs ; First Christians in
Rome ; At the Grave of the Fallen Soldier ;
Homage to Marie Antoinette at Versailles
(1877), Darmstadt Museum ; Procession of
Bacchus ; The Hermits ; Belshazzar's Ban-
quet, Maximilianeum, Munich ; Death of
Elector Max, Taking of General Horn, Na-
tional Museum, ib.— Miiller, 403.
OUDENROGGE, JOHANNES
DIRCKSZ, born at Leyden, died at Haar-
lem in 1653. Dutch school ; genre painter
in the manner of the Ostades, to whom
probably some of his works are attributed
in public galleries ; visited France in 1651.
Works : Weaver's Workshop (1652), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Tavern Interior (? attrib-
uted to A. van Ostade), Brunswick Muse-
um ; Winter Landscape with Skaters (attrib-
uted to Isaak van Ostade), Old Piuakothek,
Munich. — Kramm, iv. 1237 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xix. 337.
OUDRY, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in
Paris, March 17,
1686, died at
Beauvais, April
30,1755. French
school ; history,
portrait, flower,
and animal paint-
er, pupil of his
father Jacques
and o f Michel
Serre and Largilliere. At first painted his-
torical subjects, and portraits, then devot-
ed himself to painting animals, especially
dogs ; became court painter to Louis XV.,
superintendent of the Beauvais factory, later
of the Gobelins. Member of Academy,
1717 ; professor, 1743. Works : Mitte and
Turlu (greyhounds of Louis XV., 1725),
Mignonne and Sylvia (1728), Blanche, Wolf
Hunt (1746), Dog guarding Game (1747),
Cock Fight (1749), A Farm (1750), Dog and
Bowl (1751), Musical Instruments and Sword
(1734), Louvre ; Hunting Piece, Marly ;
Gredinet, Petite-Fille and Charlotte, Lise,
Landscape, Fontainebleau Gallery ; Abun-
376
OTDE WATER
dance, Harvest, Vintage, Palais do Trianon ;
Louis XV. hunting Boars, Palais de Com-
piegne ; Dog and Dead Game, Amiens
Museum ; Fox-Hunt, Arras Museum ; Dog
guarding Game, Farmer's portrait, Besancon
Museum ; Fish and Ducks, Dijon Museum ;
Pug-Dog, Lille Museum ; Wolf and Lamb,
Fox and Stork, Metz Museum ; Game and
Dog, Montpellier Museum ; Rustic Scene,
Wolf-Hunt, Poodle-Dog seizing Duck, Span-
iel by a Cushion, Nantes Museum ; Peacock
and Poultry, Dog watching Dead Partridge,
Orleans Museum ; Deer pursued by Dogs,
Eouen Museum ; Stag-Hunt, Strasburg Mu-
seum ; do. of Louis XV., and Artist's por-
trait, Toulouse Museum ; Dog engaged with
Crane, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Liberation of
Peter (1713), Table in Artist's Studio (2,
one dated 1713), Kitchen Provisions (171<>),
Dead Game (1721), do. (1723), Fox after
Grapes (1725), Fruit-Piece (1725), Vase
with Flowers (1725), Wolf Entrapped
(1732), Wild Boar, Wolf attacked by
Eight Dogs, Stags Fighting, Deer Family
Grazing (1734), Ox Head, Fight between
Dog and Boar, and twenty-six others (dated
1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1745, 1748, 1750,
1752, 1754), Schweriu Gallery ; Stag-Hunt
(1751), and ten others, Stockholm Muse-
um ; Ducks, Dog guarding Dead Game,
New York Museum. — Bellier, ii. 183 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, 13colefrancaise;
Dohme, iii.; Memoires inedits, ii. 3G5.
OUDEWATER, GERARD DAVID VAN,
born at Oudewater about the middle of 15th
century, died at Bruges, Aug. 13, 1523. Flem-
ish school ; history painter, settled in Bruges
probably before 1488 ; was dean of the
guild in 1501. Works : St. John Preaching,
Baptism of Christ, Bruges Academy. —
Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad., 26.
OUGRUMOV, GRIGORY IV ANOVICH,
born in Moscow, April 30, 17G4, died in St.
Petersburg, March 7, 1823. History paint-
er, pupil of Dmitry Lewitzky (died after
1804), and of the St. Petersburg Academy,
of which he afterwards became professor,
and rector. Works : Taking of Kazan in
1552, Election of Czar Michael Feodorovich
Romanoff in 1613, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.
OULESS, WALTER WILLIAM, born at
St. Helier's, Jersey,
Sept, 21, 1848. Por-
trait painter ; elected
an A.R.A. in 1877,
and R.A. in 1881.
Among his sitters
have been Lord Sel-
borne, Charles Dar-
win, Admiral Sir Alex-
ander M i 1 u e, The
Bishop of London, Russell Gurney, M.P.,
Lieutenant-Colonel Lloyd Lindsay, and
Lieuteuaut-General Sir Frederick Roberts.
—Academy (1886), i. 352 ; L'Art (1879), i.
45.
OURI, ALPHONSE, born at Versailles
in 1828. Decorative painter, pupil of Gosse
and of Delacroix, under whose guidance he
decorated part of the Hotel de Ville ; exe-
cuted other works in the Tuileries, the Ho-
tel Fould, at Sandringham for the Prince
of Wales, in the Palais Narischkin, St.
Petersburg, and in the Khedive's palace at
Cairo. L. of Honour, 1868. Other works :
Homage to Beranger, Month of Mary
(1859) ; Fruits and Accessories (1861) ; May
Flowers (1867) ; Souvenir de Montaigne
(1879) ; War, Music, The Sciences, The Arts
(1881).
OUTIN, PIERRE, born at Moulins (Al-
lier) ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil
of Lecointe and Cabanel. Studio in Paris.
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : Death of
377
OUVRIE
a Gentleman (1868) ; A Halt (1879) ; Au-
tumn Races (1880); The Sold Lamb (1882);
Emigrant (1883) ; Souvenir (1884) ; Birth-
day (1885) ; Women of Morocco, H. L.
Dousman, St. Louis.
OUVRIK, PIERRE JUSTIN, born in Par-
is, May 9, 180G, died at Rouen, Oct. 21,
1870. Landscape, history, portrait, and
genre painter, pupil of Abel do Pujol and
Chatillon. Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; 1st
class, 1843 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour,
1854. Works : Funeral of Shelley (1831) ;
Grand Canal at Venice, Hospital of St. Ber-
nard (1833) ; Square of Old Palace in Flor-
ence (1834) ; St. Lawrence of Nuremberg,
Light-House of Aigues-Mortes (1835) ; St.
Peter of Genoa (1836) ; Cathedral of Char-
tres (1837) ; Heidelberg (1841) ; Court of
Chateau of Fontainebleau (1842), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Castle of Pau (1844) ;
Eaux Bonnes (1845) ; Windsor Castle, Som-
erset House (1850); Amsterdam (1853),
August Belmont, New York ; The Hague,
Views on Rhine (1857) ; Rotterdam (1859);
Mont Blanc, Antwerp, Road from Ancona
to Bologna, Moselle near Bern Castel (1861);
Salzburg, Walter Scott's Monument, Calton
Hill and Canongate in Edinburgh (1863) ;
Castle of Amet, Castle of Villepinte (1864) ;
Castle of Picrrefonds (1865) ; Town and
Castle of Heidelberg, Cathedral of Freiburg
in Breisgau (1866) ; Castle of Montorgueil ;
French Army marching on Mascara (1841),
do. on Marengo, Taking of Ratisbon, 1809,
Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 187 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1860), vi. 265 ; do. (1801), x.
30, 109.
OUWATER, ALBERT VAN, flourished
in Haarlem, 15th century. Dutch school ;
history and landscape painter, was one of
the first Dutch painters in oil, probably a
contemporary of the Van Eycks. Nothing
is known of his life. Works attributed to
him : The Last Judgment, Dantzic Muse-
um ; Descent from the Cross (1480?), Co-
logne Museum. — C. & C., Flemish Painters,
246 ; Dohme, li. ; Kramm, iv. 1238 ; Schnaase,
viii. 215.
OVENS, JURIAEN, born in Amsterdam
in 1623, died at Friedrichstadt, Schleswig,
Dec. 7, 1678. Dutch school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt about
1640. His pictures, mostly night pieces,
are full of spirit, his portraits truthful and
of masterly execution, though less warm in
tone than Rembrandt's. In 1675 he was
employed at the court of the Duke of Hoi-
stein. Works : Family of Ryklof van Goens
(1650), Haarlem Museum ; Conspiracy of
j Claudius Civilis, City Hall, Amsterdam ;
Regents'- Piece (1656), Male Portrait, Muse-
um, ib.; Portraits, Htiysittenhuis, ib.; Male
and Female Portrait, Rotterdam Museum ;
Departure of Tobias, Nantes Museum ; Male
Portrait (1666), Musical Lovers, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Taking of Christ, Bamberg Gal-
lery; Head of Christ, Brunswick Museum;
Girl with Chicken, Girl with Grapes, Har-
rach Gallery, Vienna. — Fernow (Riegel),
Carstens, 44 ; Kramm, iv. 1240 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 279 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt,
161 ; Weilbach, 527.
OVER THE HILLS AND FAR AWAY,
Sir John Everett Millais, Bart., Kay Knowles,
Esq., England ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft.
2 in. Landscape-view of Strath Tay, aa
seen from near Birnam, in Perthshire, with
Ben-y-Gloe in the middle distance, the
range of vision extending nearly to Dunkeld.
Royal Academy, 1876 ; Exposition uniyer-
selle, Paris, 1878 (Dans les montagnes
d'Ecosse).
OVERBECK, (JOHANN) FRIEDRICH,
born at Liibeck,
July 4, 1789, died
in Rome, Nov.
12, 1869. His-
tory painter, pu-
pil of Vienna
Academy under
Fiiger ; but, at
variance with its
conventional rou-
N tine, he was ex-
pelled in 1810, and, accompanied by Franz
Pforr, Ludwig Vogel, and Hottinger, went
878
OWEN
to Borne, where, with Cornelius, Schadow, , degli Angeli, near Assisi ; Oil Study for do.,
Veit, and Schnorr, he formed the brother- Leipsic Museum. — Atkinson, Overbeck, Lon-
hood of Pre-Baphaelites, aspiring to the re- , don, 1882 ; Brockhaus, xii. 596 ; Dohme,
vival of German art on a religious basis, K. u. K. des xix. Jahrli., ii. ; Forster, Denk-
who, through their exclusiveness and sane- male, ix. 15 ; do. Geseh., iv. 174 ; v. 540 ;
tity won the epithet of Nazarites. In pur- ' Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 321 ; (18(50), vi.
suance of these views, Overbeck shortly | 86 ; (1864), xvii. 133 ; (1870), iii. 201 ; Ha-
(1813) became a proselyte to the Roman ' gen, Die deutsche Kunst in unserem Jahrli.
Church and devoted himself exclusively to I (Berlin, 1857), i. 141 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
Christian art. All his paintings in oil as 164 ; Organ f. christl. K. (1860), 179 ; Per-
well as in fresco are distinguished for beau- rier, Etudes, 243 ; lleber, i. 250, 302, 315 ;
ty of composition, simplicity of expression, Riegel, D. Kunststud., 418 ; do. Gesch. des
grace, and deep religious feeling, but are : "\\~iederauflebens, der d. K., 241, 247, 2(59,
lacking in force, vividness, and harmony of , 287, 322, 324, 346; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi.
colour. United in closest friendship with 217 ; xvii. 112.
Cornelius for more than half a century, he j OWEN, WILLIAM, born at Ludlow in
also entertained intimate relations with Nit'- ! 1769, died in London, Feb. 11, 1825.
buhr, Bunsen, and Friedrich Schlegel. He , Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Charles
married in 1821, visited Germany in 1831 •- Catton, and of the lloyal Academy in 1791.
33, and again in 1855. Works : Adoration He exhibited the Blind Beggar of Bethnal
of the Magi (1811) ; Jesus in the House of Green, Fortune-Teller, Schoolmistress, and
Martha and Mary (1812) ; The Preaching of
St. John ; Raising of Lazarus (1822), Carls-
other works of this class, but his real
strength lay in portraiture, in which he was
ruhe Gallery ; Italia and Ger mania (1820), the rival of Lawrence, of Hoppner, and of
Portrait of Vittoria Caldoni (1821), Holy Beechey ; and he had many distinguished
Family (1825), Feast of Pentecost, New | sitters. In 1804 he became an A.R.A., in
Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ blessing Little 1806 R.A., and in 1810 was appointed por-
Children ; Ave Maria ; Christ's Entry into trait painter to the Prince of Wales, and in
Jerusalem (1809-24) ; Pietd (1846), Marion , 1813 principal portrait painter to the Prince
Kirche, Liibeck ; Holy Family (1825), as Prince Regent. Some of his pictures
Preaching of St. John (1831), Diisseldorf were engraved. Works : Wilson Croker,
Academy ; Death of St. Joseph (1836), Basle f Lord Loughborough, National Portrait Gal-
Museum ; replica (1838); Christ in the lerv ; Ernst August, Duke of Cumber-
Garden (about 1831-35), Hamburg Hospi- ' laud, Hanover Gallery. — Redgrave ; F. de
tal ; Marriage of the Virgin (1836), Raczyn- Conches, 312 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ;
ski Gallery, Berlin ; Triumph of Religion in
Sandbv, i. 328 ; Kuust-Chronik, xxi. 95.
kAAPE (Pape), ADRIAAN DE, 17th
the Arts (1831-40), Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Incredulity of St. Thomas (1851), Mr.
P^
century. Dutch school ; genre paint-
(.100 1), yuiiiuai, itome ; replica (laua;, | er, probably pupil of Dou or Mieris ;
one of the best masters of his period, true
and speaking in action, harmonious in col-
ouring, and very careful in execution. Lived
at Leyden. Works : Woman plucking a
Hen, Hague Museum ; Drawing Lesson,
Berlin Museum ; Peasant Company, Amali-
Antwerp Museum ; Portrait of himself,
Uffizi, Florence. In fresco : Joseph sold by
his Brethren, (Cartoon in Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort), The Seven Years of Famine
(1818), Casa Bartholdi, Rome ; Jerusalem
Delivered (1817-27), Villa Massimo, ib.
Vision of St. Francis (1830), Santa Maria enstift, Dessau ; Mother's Joy, Schwerin
:tm
PABLILLOS
Gallery.— Kramm, v. 1242 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 542 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 390.
PABLILLOS DE YALLADOLID, TWas-
quez, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 0 ft. 7 in.
x 4 ft. A buffoon called Pablillos, dressed
in black, standing with right hand extend-
ed, as if declaiming. Was supposed to be
the portrait of an actor. Etched by B.
Maura ; H. Guerard.— Curtis, 32 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1880), xxii. 182 ; Madrazo, G2G.
PABST, CAMILLE ALFRED, born at
Colmar ; contemporary. Genre painter, j
pupil of Comte. Medal, 3d class, 1874. j
Works : Young Woman tuning Guitar
(18G5) ; Alsace in 16th Century (18GG) ;
At the Alchymist's (1868) ; Folly and Truth
(1869) ; Duo (1870) ; Alsatian Interior
(1871) ; Heading the Newspaper (1872) ;
Letter from France (1873) ; Alsatians pre-
paring to celebrate Return of French
Troops to Cities East, Alsace at Present
and in Future (1874) ; Married Woman of
Alsace (1875), SchOngauer Museum, Col-
mar ; Game of Ninepins (1876) ; The Noo-
dles (1876), Strasburg Museum ; Cradle,
War- Album (1877); Druggist in Alsace, Cor-
ner of Artist's Studio (1878) ; Grandfather's
Present, Studio Scraps (1879) ; Alsatians at
Paris (1880); Husband's Kansom(1881); En-
voy of Tonquin (1885).— Bellier, ii. 189.
PACCHIA, GIROLAMO DEL, born at
Siena, Jan. 4, 1477, died after 1535. Sien-
ese school ; son of a Hungarian cannon
founder, Giovanni, called Del Bombarde
from his occupation, who died in 1478.
Girolanio, who was educated by his mother
as an artist, was in Rome in 1500, and in
Siena in 1515. In 1533 lie was implicated
with Pacchiai'otti in political troubles, and
two years afterwards left the city. His ear- '
liest extant works, a Coronation of the Vir-
gin, in S. Spirito, and a Madonna with
Saints, in S. Cristoforo, Siena, are in the
manner of Raphael, though treated with
the originality of an independent talent.
The colour in the last-named picture is
powerful, brilliant, transparent, and softly
fused. His Annunciation (1518), Siena
Academy, is an inferior work, which shows
the influence of Bazzi and Francia Bigio.
In 1518 Pacchia competed with Bazzi and
Beccafumi in painting frescos in S. Bernar-
dino, and clearly outstripped the latter.
He repeated his Annunciation on one wall,
and designed a Nativity on another. Other
works : Holy Family and a Madonna, Siena
Academy ; S. Bernardino da Siena, Madon-
na with Angels, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Madonna, National Gallery, London. — C. &
C., Italy, iii. 380 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 428 ;
ed. Le Mon., iv. 163 ; vi. 38 ; xi. 151, 184 ;
Burckhardt, 559, 689 ; Ltibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., ii. 395.
PACCHIAROTTI, GIACOMO DI BAR-
TOLOMMEO, born at Siena in 1474, died
at Viteccio about 1540. Sienese school ;
this artist figured largely in the civic con-
vulsions of Siena in the 16th century, being
now imprisoned for treason, and now out-
lawed, though he was finally restored to
civil rights, and died peacefully in his bed.
All that remains of his art work are an As-
cension and a Visitation, in the Siena Acad-
emy, and a Visitation, in the Florence Acad-
emv. These works want compactness in
arrangement and simplicity in action. Most
of the pictures attributed to him in Euro-
pean galleries are now recognized as the
work of Girolanio del Pacchia.- — C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 377 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 151,
172*; ed. Mil., vi. 415 ; Burckhardt, 689 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 393.
PACHECO, FRANCISCO, born at Seville
in 1571, died
there in 1654.
Spanish school;
pupil of Luis
Fernandez; vis-
ited in 1611
Toledo and Ma-
s drid, where he
saw the works
of the great
Spanish and
Italian painters, and on his return to Seville
380
PACHECO
opened an academy, having among his pu-
pils Velasquez, who married his daughter
Juana, and Alonso Cano. In 1614 he paint-
ed for the convent of S. Isabel his principal
work, the Last Judgment. From 1623 he
spent two years in Madrid with Velasquez.
Notwithstanding continual study, Pacheco
never rose above mediocrity as a painter, and
he is best known as the author of "Arte de la
Pintura " (Seville, 1G49). He succeeded best
in portraits. Works : SS. Agnes, Catharine,
John Evangelist, John Baptist, Madrid Mu-
seum.— Viardot, 131 ; Stirling, 462 ; Ma-
drazo, 496.
PACHECO, Dona JUANA, wife of Velas-
quez, portrait, Vdaxquez, Dudley House,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 3 in.
About twenty years old, half-length, with
right hand on back of a chair, a fan in left ;
wearing a robe with high neck and green
sleeves, gold chain, pearl necklace, and ear-
rings. Salamanca sale (1867), 98,000 francs.
—Curtis, 102.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 8 in. About twenty-four
years old, nearly half-length, seated, holding
a portfolio ; wears a yellow mantle and pearl
necklace. First manner. Formerly in Col-
lection of Queen Isabel Farnese. Etched
by B. Maura ; lithographed by H. Blanco.
— Liibke, Hist. Art, ii. 386 ; "Curtis, 102 ;
Madrazo, 622.
PACHEE, MICHAEL, born at Bruneck,
Tyrol, flourished about 1465-83. German
school ; history painter, free from the ex-
aggerations of his German contemporaries,
and gifted with a rare feeling for beauty.
Works: Altarpiece (1481), St. Wolfgang,
Salzburg ; do. (1465), Vienna Museum ;
do., at Pinzon, near Neumarkt, Tyrol. — D.
Kunstbl. (1853), 131, 175 ; (1854), 427 ;
(1855), 79 ; Forster, Denkmale, i. 17 ; viii.
15, 25 ; do., Gesch., ii. 261 ; Schuaase, viii.
481 ; W. & W., ii. 127.
PACUVTUS, painter and tragic poet, of
Brundusium, born about 220, and died
about 130 B.C. He lived many years in
Rome, where he won fame by both his poe-
try and his paintings. Pliny says (xxxv. 7
[19]) that his picture in the Temple of Her-
cules, in the Cattle Market, was only second
in celebrity to the famous work of Fabius
Pictor.— Brunn, ii. 303.
PADOVANINO, IL, born in Padua in
1590, died in
1650. Vene-
tian school;
real name Ale-
ssandro Varo-
tari ; son of
Dark) Varotari
(Darius Weih-
rotter,of Augs-
burg, who
changed his
German name on removing to Padua), a
reputable painter and architect, who died
when his son was six years old. Alessandro
studied the frescos of Titian at Padua, and
in 1614 went to Venice to study his other
works. He soon became one of his most
successful imitators, and if his design had
equalled his colouring, he would have been
one of the greatest painters of the Venetian
school, but he lacked robustness and virility,
and is well characterized by Charles Blanc
as a feminine Titian. The most important of
his works is the Marriage of Caua, in the
Venice Academy. In the same collection
are the Wife of Darius, Deacon at Prayer,
Virgin in a Glory of Angels, Rape of Pros-
erpine, Judith, Orpheus and Eurydice,
Vanity, and the Jewish Mother at the Siege
of Jerusalem. Other examples are Venus
and Cupid, Louvre ; Orpheus, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Triumph of Venus, Bergamo Gal-
lery ; Lucretia with the Dagger, Uffizi,
Florence ; Venus Attiring, Borghese, Rome ;
Holy Family, Naples Museum ; Cornelia
and her Children, Boy with a Bird, Nation-
al Gallery, London ; Judith with the Head
of Holofernes, Cleopatra, Lucretia, Dres-
den Museum ; Holy Family with Angels,
Konigsberg Museum ; Eumenes promising
Protection to Rosana, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Judith, Holy Family, Christ and
381
PAELINCK
the Woman taken in Adultery, Museum,
Vienna ; The Magdalen, Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, ib. There are also many of his pict-
ures in the churches of Venice and of Padua.
His daughter, Chiara, was a good portrait
painter. — Charles Blanc, Ecolo veiiitieuue ;
Burckhardt, 751.
PAELINCK, JOSEPH, born at Oostack-
er, near Ghent, March
20,1781, died in Brus-
sels, June 19, 1839.
History and portrait
painter, pupil of Ghent
Academy, and in Paris
of David ; after his
return was for a short
time professor at the
Ghent Academy, then
went to Rome, where
he remained five years ; became court-
painter and member of the Institute of the
Netherlands in 1815, and professor at the
Brussels Academy on its erection. First
prize of Ghent Academy in 1817, grand
prize in 1820 ; Orders of Lion and of Leo-
pold ; Member of Antwerp and Brussels
Academies. Works : Judgment of Paris
(1804), Ghent Museum ; Rome under Au-
gustus, Quirinal ; Finding of the Cross, St.
Michael's, Ghent ; Anthia (1820), Juno
(1832), Portrait of Antonius Sanderus
(1825), do. of Van Dyck (copy after Van
Dyck in the Louvre), Museum, ib. ; Ado-
ration of the Shepherds, La Trappe, near
Antwerp ; Psyche's Toilet (1823), Amster-
dam Museum ; Abdication of Charles V.
(183(5). — Alvin, Eloge funebre do J. P.
(Brussels, 1839) ; Immerzeel, ii. 290 ; Rac-
zynski, iii. 439.
* PAGANI, GREGO1H, born at Florence
in 1558, died in 1005. Florentine school;
history painter, son of Francesco Pagani
(1531-G1, an artist of great promise and
successful imitator of Caravaggio and Mi-
chelangelo), pupil of Santo di Titi, but more
influenced by Cigoli, his fellow-scholar,
whose style he adopted, and thence was
often praised as a second Cigoli. His most
celebrated work, Finding of the Cross, in
the church of the Carmelites, was destroyed
with that edifice by fire in 1771 ; it has
been engraved. Other works : Madonna
with Saints (1595), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Tobias restoring his Father's Sight
(1604), Artist's portrait, Uffizi, Florence ;
Male portrait, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; frescos in
S. Maria Novella, and S. Maria del Fiore,
ib. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 214 ; Nagler, x. 459.
PAGE, WILLIAM, born at Albany, N.
Y., Jan. 23, 1811, died
at Tottenville, Stateu
Island, Oct. 1, 1885.
Portrait and history
painter, pupil of Her-
ring, portrait painter
in New York, for one
year ; later of Profes-
sor Morse, and of the
National Academy,
where lie received a
silver medal for drawings from the antique.
Elected N.A. in 183G ; lived in Rome and
Florence in 1849-CO ; President of the Na-
tional Academy in 1871-73. In 1874 he
visited Germany to study the Kesselstadt
death-mask of Shakespeare, and thus ob-
tained material for several portraits which
he painted after his return. Page held
very peculiar theories of colour, derived
from study of the old masters. Wrorks :
Holy Family, Boston Athenaeum ; Infancy
of Henry TV. ; Wife's Last Visit to her Con-
demned" Husband ; Vrmts (1859), W. Bui-
lard, Boston ; Infant Bacchus ; Moses and
Aaron on Mount Horeb ; Mother and Child,
Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; The
Young Merchants, Pennsylvania Academy,
ib. ; Flight into Egypt; Head of Christ
(1870) ; Ruth and Naomi, Historical Soci-
ety, New York ; Farragut at Battle of Mo-
bile, Emperor of Russia ; Antique Timbrel-
Player (1871) ; Shakespeare (1874) ; do. from
German Death Mask (1878) ; Cupid (1880).
Portraits : Governor Marcy, City Hall, New
York ; John Quiucy Adams, Faneuil Hall,
Boston ; Robert Minturn (1868) ; Governor
PAGGI
Fenton (1870), City of New York ; Robert
Browning ; Charlotte Cushm.au ; General
Grant (1880); Colonel Robert G. Shaw,
Thomas Le Clear (1883) ; Hiram Powers
(painted in Florence about 1848), Charles
Sumner (left unfinished at the death of that
statesman), exhibited at the National Acad-
emy, 1884 ; Mrs. Andrews Norton, Profes-
sor Norton, Cambridge.
PAGGI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born in
Genoa ill 1554, died
there, March 1(5, 1027.
Genoese school ; of no-
ble birth and excellent
education; pupil of Lu-
ca Cambiaso ; was a
rising painter, when a
homicide compelled
his flight to Florence,
where he resided twen-
ty years and won repu-
tation. In 1GOO he was invited to return to
Genoa, and executed there many works in
churches and public buildings. Among his
works in Genoa are : Adoration of the Shep-
herds, S. Pietro in Banchi ; Annunciation,
Duomo ; St. Jerome, S. Francesco ; Jesus
and Saints, Modonetta ; Conception, St.
*v — "^ Francis, Cappucciui ; Assump-
/ \ Jiion of the Virgin, SS. Giaoo-
J mo and Filippo. Other works
•J £\ in galleries : Repose in Egypt,
' JL *• Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do.,
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Moses strik-
ing the Rock, Schleissheim Gallery. — Lanzi,
iii. 251 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise ; Burck-
hardt, 768 ; Lavice, 67, 84
PAGLIANO, ELEUTERIO, born at Ca-
sal Monferrato in 1826. History and genre
painter, pupil of Milan Academy ; took part
in campaigns of 1848-49, and afterwards
had much success with battle scenes and
historical genre pieces. Professor at Mil-
an Academy ; Member of Berlin Academy.
Medals : Vienna ; Paris, 3d class, 1867 ; 2d
class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878 ; Orders of
Maurice and Lazarus, and of Leopold ; Of-
ficer, Order of Italian Crown ; Command-
er, Order of Medjidieh. Works : Skirmish
near Cemetery of Magenta ; Bayard's Re-
covery ; Lute-Player ; Girl Knitting ; Aldo-
brani refusing to Dance with Maramoldi ;
Ambuscade ; Optician ; Examining the Leg-
acy, J. J. Astor, New York ; Napoleon dis-
closing to Josephine the Plan of Divorce,
Ladies at Antiquary's ; Origin of the Compa-
gnia della Misericordia in Florence ; Young
Woman smelling a Rose, Fondazione Poldi-
Pezzoli, Milan ; St. Louis of Gonzaga in
Prayer, Allegory on Commerce of Venice, Mu-
seo Civico, Turin. Fresco : Africa, Vittorio
Emanuele Gallery, Milan.— L Art (1878), iii.
221 ; Miiller, 405 ; L'lllustrazione italiana
(1879), No. 9 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 745.
PAGNEST, (AM ABLE) LOUIS
CLAUDE, born in Paris, June 9, 1790, died
there, May 25, 1819. Portrait painter, pupil
of David. His few portraits were painted
with a mirror-like fidelity to detail and mi-
nute finish. Portrait of H. de Nanteuil-La-
norville (1817) ; do. of Grm'ral de Salle,
Louvre. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole franchise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 197 ; LArt
(1882), i. 178, 197, 218, 241 ; ii. 3.
PAINTING, INVENTION OF (Erfindung
der Malerei), Eduard Daege, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft.
5 in.; signed, dated 1832. A nude Greek
youth seated by a well, with a short sword
lying across his knees, his left arm around
a maiden, who, her right knee upon the seat,
is tracing his profile upon the wall, while
holding his chin with the other hand ; on
the ground a helmet and a clay vessel ; in
background, a grove. — Jordan (1885), i. 145.
PALAMEDESZ, ANTONIS (Authoni),
surnamed Stevaerts, born at Delft about
1601, died there m Dec., 1673, or in Jan.,
1674. Dutch school ; genre and portrait paint-
er, sou of Palamedes Stevaerts, also a paint-
er ; formed himself under influence of Miere-
velt and Frans Hals ; entered guild of Delft
in 1621. His friendship with Van Deeleu,
for whose architectural pieces he painted fig-
ures, probably brought him in contact with
Dirk Hals, whose style he imitated in his
PALAMEDESZ
small pictures. Works : Portraits in Brus-
sels (1650), Gotha (1648), and Schwerin
(1635) Galleries ; do.,
Rothan Gallery, Par-
is (1644); do"., Mr.
Hope (2), London ;
Game of Cards, Nan-
tes Museum ; Assem-
blage, Lille Museum ;
Musical do., Brussels
Museum ; An Officer,
Hague Museum;
Chamber Music (1636), Rotterdam Muse-
um ; do., Cologne Museum ; A Concert,
Brentano Gallery, Frankfort ; Cavalier pro-
posing Toast, Stiidel Gallery, ib. ; Span-
ish Soldiers and Girls in Peasant's Cottage
(1632), Officer bargaining with Peasant,
Soldier making Love to Girl, Portrait,
Hausmann Collection, Hanover ; Portrait of
Y'oung Nobleman (1656), Suermondt Muse-
um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Soldiers plundering
Mansion, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Cavalry
Skirmish, Bamberg Gallery ; Dinner Par-
ty, two portraits, Berlin Museum ; Guard-
Room, Copenhagen Gallery ; Assembly and
Oyster Dealer, Concert of Five, Gotha Mu-
seum ; Lansquenets in a Landscape, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Cavalry Skirmish, Olden-
burg Gallery ; Girl's portrait (1635),
Schwerin Gallery ; Sculptor's Studio, Paint-
er's Studio, Stettin Museum ; Guard-Room
(2, one dated 1648), Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna; do., Gsell Gallery, ib. ; Trumpeter
(1654), Lazienki Gallery, Warsaw ; Ladies
and Gentlemen Singing, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Music Party, Historical Society,
New York. — Bode, p. .
Studien, 126 ; Bur- iALAMEJ) £$•
ger, Musees, i. 276 ; «•
Gaz. des B. Arts is •
(1878), xvii. 360 ; Havard, ii. 1 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 414 ; De Stuers, 25 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xv. 287.
PALAMEDESZ, PALAMEDES, sur-
named Stevaerts, born in London in 1607,
died at Delft, March 26, 1638. Dutch
school ; battle painter, brother of Antonis
Palamedesz, perhaps his pupil, and devel-
oped under the influence of Esaias van de
Velde ; entered
guild of Delft in
1627. Works:
Portrait of Prince
Frederik Hendrik,
Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Charge of
Cavalry (1630),
Berlin Museum ;
do. (1638), Muse-
um, Vienna ; do.,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Battle Piece
(1634), Cavalry Combat, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; do. (1634), and Cavalier with Ba-
ton, Dresden Gallery. — Havard, ii. 1 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1878), xvii. 360.
PALERMO. See Antoncllo da Palermo.
PALIZZI, FILIPPO, born at Vasto in
the Abruzzi; contemporary. Landscape and
animal painter ; went to Naples in 1840 and
favourably influenced the Neapolitan artists.
Works : Spring, Capodimonte Gallery, Na-
ples ; Calves at the Trough ; Laden Donkey
attacked by Goats ; Girl nursing Sick Don-
key ; Ettore Fieramosca jumping into the
Abyss ; Neapolitan Corricolo.- — L'lllustra-
zione italiaua, 1876.
PALIZZI, GIUSEPPE, born at Lanciano
in the Abruzzi in 1812. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, brother of Filippo ; studied
first at Cava, near Salerno ; exhibited some
pictures at the Naples Academy ; in 1844
became pupil of Troyon in Paris, where he
afterwards settled. Medal, Paris, 2d class,
1848 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works : Stag-
Hunt ; Return from Fair (1850) ; Spring
(1852); Goats in the Vineyard (1855); Fight
j of Rams ; Obliging Donkey (1857) ; Calf-
Trade in Tonque Valley ; Temple Ruins at
Pjestum, Milking the Cows (1861); Norman-
dy (1863) ; Noah's Ark (1863), Capodimonte
Gallery, Naples ; Wood of Tall Trees, Herds
384
PALKO
of Oxen in Thunderstorm (1864) ; Little
Thatched Cottage ; Cavalry attack at Cus-
tozza ; Wood Interior near Fontainebleau ;
Environs of Naples (18G8) ; Goats of the
Abruzzi, Montpellier Museum ; Buflaloes
near Piestum (1873); Road of San Germane
near Monte Cassiuo (1876); Three Donkey-
Drivers in a Shower (1878); Pasture (1884) ;
In the Mountains, Evening (1885) ; Boars
in Fontainebleau Forest, Wood-Cutters,
(1886); Landscape with Cattle, August Bel-
moiit, New York ; Sheep leaving the Fold,
D. W. Powers, Rochester ; Roman Cam-
pagua, Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia. A
third brother, Nicola, landscape painter,
died in 1870; a fourth, Francesco Paolo,
genre painter, lived a long time in Paris
with Giuseppe, and died in Naples in 1871.
— L'Art (1878), iii. 100 ; L'lllustrazione ita-
liana (1876) ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 664;
Meyer, Gesch., 760 ; Miiller, 405.
PALKO (Palcko), FRANZ ANTON, born
at Breslau, died in Vienna in 1760. Ger-
man school ; history and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Kaspar Palko (died at Pres-
burg, Hungary, in 1745) ; settled and mar-
ried in Briinn, Moravia, where he painted
many portraits ; later went to Dresden, and
thence to Vienna. Works : SS. Francis Xa-
vier and Ignatius, St. Salvator's, Vienna ; St.
Stephen, St. Stephen's, ib. ; Portraits of Ma-
ria Theresa, Emperor Francis I, Stephen,
Joseph II. — Hormayr, Archiv (1817), 371 ;
Wurzbach, xxi. 224.
PALKO, FRANZ KARL, born at Breslau
in 1724, died in Prague in 1767. German
school ; history painter, brother and pupil
in Presburg of the preceding, then of the
Vienna Academy ; won the grand prize, and
studied in Venice after the old masters ; re-
turned to Presburg, became court-painter
in Dresden in 1752, and in Munich in 1764,
whence he went to Prague. Works : Judith
and Holofernes ; Christ on Mount of Olives,
St. Salvator's, Presburg ; Redemption of
Christian Prisoners from Turkish Slavery,
Trinity Church, ib.; St. John, Hofkirche,
Dresden ; Ignatius of Loyola, Schleissheini '
Gallery ; Holy Family, Vienna Museum.—
Hormayr, Archiv (1817), 371 ; Wurzbach,
xxi. 224.
PALLIERE, VINCENT LEON, born at
Bordeaux, July 19, 1787, died there, Dec.
29, 1820. History and genre painter, pu-
pil of his father and of Vincent ; won the
grand prix in 1812, and spent five years
in Rome. His pictures are remarkable for
the grace and simplicity of the figures, good
colour, and lightness of touch. Medal, 1st
class, 1819. Works : Ulysses killing the
Suitors (1812) ; Prometheus Bound ; Flag-
ellation of Christ, Trinita de' Monti, Rome ;
Nymph quitting her Bath (1819), Amiens
Museum ; Tobias restoring his Father's
Sight (1819), Bordeaux Museum ; St. Peter
healing a Lame Man, St. Sc'verin, Paris ;
Shepherd Resting, Bordeaux Museum ; Juno
borrowing Venus's Belt (1819) ; Scourging
of Christ, Trinita do' Monti, Rome.— Bel-
lier, ii. 195 ; Biographic uuiv.
PALM, GUSTAF VILHELM, born at
Christianstad, March 14, 1810. Landscape
painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy ; trav-
elled in Sweden and Norway, Germany,
Switzerland, and Italy ; lived for eleven
years in Rome, then visited France (1855)
and England. Member of Stockholm and
Venice Academies ; Order of Vasa, 1867.
Works : View in Sabine Mountains (1847) ;
Roman Campagna (1847), H. Stouth, New
York ; Naples and Roman Landscape (1848) ;
Sicilian Landscapes, Views of Naples and
Venice (1849) ; Civita Castellana ; Colosse-
um (1855) ; Ritterholm Church in Stock-
holm ; Canal Grande (1860), Stockholm
Museum.— Miiller, 405.
PALMA, GIACOMO, called Palma Vec-
chio (the elder), born at Serinalta (?), near
Bergamo, about 1480, died in Venice, Aug.
8, 1528. Venetian school ; called II Vecchio
(the elder) to distinguish him from his neph-
ew Giacomo. He learned the elements from
Venetian masters, was an original rather
than an imitator, and shared with Giorgione
and Titian the honour of advancing Vene-
tian art to its highest level. Though not
385
PALM A
a great master in the full meaning of the
term, he nearly equalled his two great con-
temporaries. As
a colourist he re-
calls Giovanni
Bellini, and in
other respects
Cima and Car-
pa c c i o. Like
Giorgioue, he was
fond of natural
backgrounds and
loved to paint
smiling landscapes, but he approached that
master more nearly in his portraits of
women, which are remarkable for brilliancy
of tint, softness of tone, and richness of cos-
tume. Among his many pictures are : Christ
and Apostles, Venice Academy ; Madonna,
Palazzo Colonna, Rome ; Madonna (3), Lochis
Carrara, Bergamo ; Virgin Enthroned, Church
of Zerman ; St. Peter Enthroned, Venice
Academy ; St. /'arliara, S. M. Formosa, Ven-
ice ; Glory of Constantino and Helena, Brera,
Milan ; Virgin Enthroned, S. Stefano, Vi-
ccnza ; Kintla Conversazione, Naples Muse-
um ; Entombment, Brussels Museum ; Ad-
oration of the Shepherds, Madrid Museum ;
do., National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Vi.iila-
h'mi, Santa Conversazione, Vienna Museum ;
Madonna, Louvre ; do., and two portraits,
Berlin Museum ; Venus at Toilet, Androm-
eda freed by Perseus, Cassel Gallery ;
Holy Family (3), Three Gnu-ex, Dresden
Museum ; Madonna with Saints, Portrait
of the Artist, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Ad-
oration of the Shepherds, Madonna with
1ACOBVS * PALMA:
Saints, Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. Among his single figures and por-
traits are : Venus, Dresden Museum ; Adam
and Eve, Brunswick Gallery ; Judith, Uffizi,
Florence ; La Schiava, Palazzo Barberini,
Home ; Female Portraits (4), Lucretia, Vio-
lante, Vienna Museum ; Venus, Dresden
Museum.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 456 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., v. 243 ; ed. Le Mori., is. 140 ;
Burckbarc.lt, ^713, 722, 806 ; Seguier, 147 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole veiiitienne ; Dohme, 2iii. ;
Lermolieff, 14 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii.
500 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 214 ; xviii. 96.
PALMA, GIACOMO, called Palma Gio-
vane (the young-
er), born in Ven-
ice in 1544, died
there in 1628.
Venetian school ;
son and pupil of
Antonio Palma, a
mediocre painter,
and n e p b e w of
Palma Vecchio.
Afterwards stud-
ied the works of
Titian, and later, during an eight years' so-
journ in Rome under the protection of the
Duke of Urbino, the compositions of Mi-
chelangelo, Raphael, and Caravaggio. Al-
though Tintoretto and Paolo Veronese were
in high favour when Palma returned to Ven-
ice (15G8), he nevertheless obtained impor-
tant commissions through the friendship of
the architect and sculptor Alessandro Vit-
toria, who bad quarrelled with Tintoretto
and Veronese. He was, says Lanzi, the last
painter of the good, and the first of the bad,
epoch in Venice. Vigorous but not always
correct in design, having great facility, and
distinguished for the freshness of his colour-
ing, which, though less lustrous than that
of Paolo Veronese, is often more pleasing
than that of Tintoretto, he gives evidence
of carelessness in his later pictures, and
may be justly called one of the corruptera
of taste in his age. There are several pict-
ures by him in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice,
the best of which are the Last Judgment,
and the Saviour adored by Two Doges.
Other works from bis hand are : Tarquin
and Lucretia, Venus and Cupid, and Per-
PALMAROLI
seus and Andromeda, Cassel Gallery ; Pres-
entation of Mary, St. Sebastian, Crucifixion
of St. Andrew, Dresden Museum ; Marriage
of St. Catherine, Triumph of David, Con-
version of Saul, Madrid Museum ; Pieta (3,
one dated 1GOO), Nativity, Ecce Homo,
Scourging of Christ, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Death of St. Sebastian, Sehleissheim
Gallery ; Death of Abel, Daughter of Hero-
dias, Pieta (3), The Dead Christ held by
Angels, Immaculate Conception, St. John
and the Angels of the Apocalypse, Truth
and Justice, Vienna Museum ; Madonna with
Saints, Naples Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Kcole
venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xiii. 45 ;
Burckhardt, 751.
PALMAEOLI, Don VICENTE, born in
Madrid in 1835.
Genre and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Madrazo
and of San Fer-
nando Academy,
and in 1857 con-
tinued his stud-
ies in Rome. His
style resembles
partly that of For-
tuny and partly
that of Meissonier. Member of S. Fernando
Academy, director of Spanish Academy in
Eome since 1872. Medals : Paris, 2d class,
1867 ; Madrid, 1871. Works : October Fes-
tival (18G2) ; S. Ildefonso ; Sermon in Sis-
tine Chapel (18GC) ; Trasteveriues in the
Colonnade of St. Peter's ; Burial of the Vic-
tims of May 3, 1808 (1871), City Hall, Mad-
rid ; The "Widow's Tears ; Lucky Accident
(1883) ; Confession, Jealous Clown (1884) ;
The Rising Tide, William Astor, New York ;
Petit Lever — La Bouchee du Cardinal, M.
Graham, ib. ; New Volume, W. Rockefeller,
ib. ; Girl Reading, R. G. Dun, ib. ; Listener,
Connoisseur, T. R. Butler, ib. ; Souvenir of
Granada, Colonel Bennett, ib. ; Girl Read-
ing, H. V. Newcombe, ib. ; Convalescent, E.
B. "Warren, Philadelphia ; Garden Scene,
Hurlbut Collection, Cleveland ; Pompeiiau
Woman's Toilet, Pretty Model, Sketching on
the Sea-side, H. Dousman, St. Louis ; Rev-
erie, Beautiful Marchioness, S. A. Coale,
ib. ; Hiding Abclard, Charles Parsons, ib. —
La Ilustracion, 1873 ; (1883), i. 122 ; (1884),
i. 207, 378 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 317.
PALME, AUGUSTIN, born at Rochlitz,
Bohemia, in 1809. History painter, pupil
of Prague Academy, then of Sclmorr in Mu-
nich, whither he returned after having stud-
ied in Rome. Works : Exposure of Moses
(1839) ; Conversion of St. Norbert ; Estab-
lishment of St. Xorbert's Order in Austria ;
St. Colnian ; The Virgin crushing the Ser-
pent's Head. Fresco : Legend of the 14
Saints, Vicrzchnheiligen, Franconia ; Sketch
for this in Bamberg Gallery. — Cotta's Kunst-
bl. (1848), 140 ; D. Kunstbl. (1850), 55, 114 ;
Forster, v. 104 ; Wurzbach, xxi. 245.
PALMER, SAMUEL, born in Walworth,
Surrey, in 1805, died in 1881. Water-col-
our painter and engraver, pupil of antique
school of British Museum, and studied in
Italy. Works : Evening Bell ; Dream on
the Appennincs (18(54) ; St. Paul lauding in
Italy (1868) ; Coliseum ; Old Castle at Twi-
light ; Fall of Empire (1871) ; Waterfall
in Shadow ; Golden City (1873) ; Sunday
Evening in Old England. — Academy (1881),
i. 420 ; Athemeum (1881), 728, 757 ; Varley,
Memoir (London, 1882) ; Hamerton.
PALMER, WALTER L., born in Albany,
N. Y.; contemporary. Landscape and still-
life painter, son of the sculptor, Erastus D.
Palmer ; studied in Paris. Exhibits at Na-
tional Academy and the Society of Ameri-
can Artists. Studio in Albany. Works :
Interior, Montigny-sur-Loiug (1878) ; Sir
Frederick Leighton's Hall, T. B. Clarke,
New York ; Dining-Room at Appledalo
(1879) ; June, an Interlude (1880) ; Off
the Public Gardens in Venice, Dudley Ol-
cott ; Diuing-Room Interior (1882), Morris
K. Jesup, New York ; End of an October
Day (1883); Upper Hudson, Studio Interior
(1884).
PALMERUCCI, GUIDO, born at Gub-
bio, near Perugia, in 1280, died about 1345.
PALMEZZAM)
Roman school ; name appears in the list of
the Ghibcllines of Gubbio in 1315 ; painted
before 1337 in S. M. cle' Laici, Gubbio, and
in 1342 in the Palazzo del Comuue. On
one of the outer walls of the church are the
remains of a life-size St. Anthony, and an-
other fragment, which may be by Palme-
rucci. They have the flatness of a minia-
ture, with little or no relief. — C. & C., Italy,
ii. 185 ; Cibo, 14.
PALMEZZANO, MARCO (DI ANTO-
NIO), born in Forli in 145G (?), died after
1527. Umbrian school ; pupil of Melozzo
da Forli, and inheritor of his style ; his
works show the same accuracy in linear per-
spective, and but little feeling for colour.
His best works in churches are in S. Giro-
lamo and in the Carmine, Forli, and a Ma-
donna and Saints (1500), in the orphan asy-
lum of the Michelline Faenza. Of those in
galleries, good examples are : Madonna En-
throned with Saints, Christ bearing the
Cross, Berlin Museum ; St. Sebastian, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Madonna and Saints (1513),
Old Pinfikothek, Munich ; Coronation of
the Virgin, Madonna with Saints, Brera,
Milan ; Circumcision (1535), Bergamo Gal-
lery ; Crucifixion, Uffizi ; Entombment, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Madonna with
Saints (1537) ; Museum of S. Giov. Latc-
rano, Rome. — C. it C., ii. 56G ; Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., iv. 201 ; xi. 92 ; Burckhardt, 560 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 401.
PALOMINO DE CASTRO Y VELASCO,
ACISCLO ANTONIO, born at Bujalance in
1053, died in Madrid in 1725. Spanish
school ; pupil in Cordova of Yaldcs Leal
and of Alfaro ; went to Madrid in 1G78,
after lie had received minor orders in the
church, and became famous for works in
the Alcuzar and the Escorial, and at Sala-
manca and Granada. After the death of his
wife lie entered into full orders. Though
a fair painter, Palomino is best known as
the historian of the artists of Spain, a work
in two folio volumes, entitled "El Museo
Pictorico y Escala Optica" (Madrid, 1715-
•24). Works : Conception, St. John, St. Ber-
nard, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, iii. 1120 ;
Cean Bermudez ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espa-
gnole ; Madrazo, 499.
PALTRONIERI, PIETRO, called II Mi-
randolese dalle prospettive, born at Bologna
in 1073, died there in 1741. Bolognesc
school. Architecture painter, pupil of F.
Cassana, and of Marcantonio Chiarini (1652-
1730), whose manner he adopted. Many of
his pictures, in which the figures were fre-
quently supplied by Ercole Graziani, may be
seen in public buildings at Bologna, Rome,
and Vienna ; they usually represent arches,
fountains, aqueducts, temples, and ruins,
tinged with a certain reddish colour. In the
Dresden Museum is a specimen with Ruins
of Palaces. — Lanzi (Roscoe), iii. 176.
PAMPHILUS, painter, of Amphipolis in
Macedonia, pupil of Eupompus, about 377
B.C. He became the head of the Sicyonic
school, and did much more for it than even
his master. His pupils, among whom were
Apelles and Melanthius, paid him a talent
for a course of study extending over twelve
years. His scientific attainments enabled
him to found a school based on the exact
knowledge of proportion and perspective ;
and he did for painting what Polycletus did
for sculpture. Among his pictures were the
Battle of Philios, Victory of the Athenians,
and Ulysses in his Ship. — Pliny, xxxv. 75, 76;
Plut. Arat, 13 ; Quin., xii. 10, 6 ; Snid., v.;
and Schol. Arist. Plut., 385 ; Brunn, ii. 132.
PAN, SCHOOL OF, Luca Signorelli, Pa-
lazzo Corsi, Florence ; canvas, signed. Pan,
sitting on a rocky throne ; Olympus, stand-
ing beside him, playing, with two shepherds
listening. The sounds are supposed to be
wafted away by the reeds held united by a
man lying on the ground, and a nymph
(Echo?), standing; two other nymphs in
background. Nearly same subject painted
by Signorelli iu Palazzo Pctrucci, Siena.
Probably the picture mentioned by Vasari
as painted for Lorenzo de' Medici ; found in
Florence in 1865. Engraved in C. & C.—
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 689; C. & C., Italy,
iii. 5.
388
PAN
PAN AND SYRINX, Rubens, Bucking-
ham Palace ; wood, H. 1 ft, 8 in. x 2 ft. 2
in. Pan pursuing the nymph Syrinx, who
is seeking shelter among a cluster of reeds
in a stream ; background, a woody land-
scape. Collection of \V. Porter (1810),
1,000 guineas.— Smith, ii. 220; AVaagen,
Treasures, ii. 2.
PAN^ENUS, painter, brother or nephew
of Phidias, about middle of 5th century
B.C. Strabo says (viii., iii. 30) that he aided
Phidias in ornamenting his statue of Zeus
at Olympia with colour, and that many ad-
mirable pictures of his were shown around
the temple. From Pau-
sanias (v. 11) we learn that
the following subjects were
represented on three sides
of the parapet about the
base of the statue : Atlas
with the Earth on his
Shoulders ; Theseus and
Peirithoiis ; Hellas and Sal-
amis ; Hercules overcoming
the Nemean Lion ; Ajax
insulting Cassandra ; Hip-
podameia ; Pro m e t h ens
Bound ; Penthesilia Expir-
ing ; and two of the Hes-
perides with the Golden
Apples. Pausanias (i. 15)
also describes a large pict-
ure in the Pcecile at Ath-
ens, representing the Battle of Marathon,
•which Pliny says (xxxv. 34 [57]) was the
work of Panaenus, though ascribed by oth-
ers to Micon. — Bottiger, Arch. d. Malerei,
243-251.
PANETTI, DOMENICO DI GASPARO,
born in Ferrara about 1460, died in 1511-
12. Lombard-Ferrarese school ; first efforts
dry and feeble ; was the early master of
Garofalo, but became his pupil when the
latter returned from Rome (1591), bringing
with him the style of Raphael. In Panetti's
later works he resembles Costa in his Um-
brian phase. AVorks : Madonna, Duomo,
Ferrara ; Dead Christ and the Marys, Ber-
lin Museum ; Annunciation and Aasitation,
Ferrara Gallery ; Organ Shutters, S. Andrea,
Ferrara ; St. Andrew, Ferrara Gallery ;
Pieta, Berlin Museum.— C. k C., N. Italy, i.
552; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 458; Cittadella,
Doc., etc., Art. Ferrarese, 4G ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., i. 485.
PANICALE. See Maaolino.
PANNINI, GIOVANNI PAOLO, born at
Piacenza about 1G95, died iu Home, Oct.
21, 17G8. Roman school ; pupil in Rome of
Benedetto Luti and of Andrea Lucatelli ;
painted many remains of ancient edifices
in and around Rome. Member of Roman
School of Pan, Luca Signoreili, Palazzo Corsi, Florence.
Academy and of French Institute (1732).
Neither his interiors nor his exteriors can
be depended on for
accuracy, as he
treated them sim-
ply as material for
picturesque effect,
sometimes even
combining parts of
different edifices
and introducing
imaginary accesso-
ries. Looked at,
however, from the painter's point of view,
Pannini's pictures are often strikingly ef-
3t>9
PANTOJA
fective. Among his works are : Interior of
St. Peter's, Piazza Navona at Rome, Antique
Ruins (2), Louvre; Interior of St. Peter's,
and four others, Turin Gallery ; Ancient
Ruins with Figures, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Interior of St. Peter's, Interior of Ba-
silica of St. Paul, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; various ancient Roman buildings,
Windsor Castle ; Cardinal Polignac visiting
Interior of St. Peter's, New York Museum ;
others in Museums of Berlin (1735), Brus-
-*^ sels, Dresden (2), Gotha (2,
W Y^ . one dated 1754), Madrid (6),
' U\kll II and Nal)les (2) ; Galleries of
Vy "l|N|Cassel, Frankfort (2), Ham-
L) * burg, Schleissheim (4), Wies-
\OtVi baden ; Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg (2) ; Czcrnin (2),
Harrach (2, 1751), and Liech-
tenstein (2) Galleries, Vien-
na ; Uffizi, Florence ; Historical Society,
New York ; Pennsylvania Academy, Phila-
delphia (2).— L'Art (1880), ii. 97, 121 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole ombrieune ; Siret (1883), 127 ;
Mi-moires im'dits, ii. 371.
PANTOJA DE LA CRUZ, JUAN, born
in Madrid in 1551, died there after 1G09.
Spanish school ; pupil of Sanchez Coello,
and his equal as a portrait painter. He
succeeded his master as court-painter to
Philip II., and held the same rank at the
court of Philip III. While his style resem-
bles that of Coello, it is more remarkable
for care and finish than for force and free-
dom ; his drawing is good, and his colour-
ing rich and pleasing. Ho painted both re-
ligious and historical compositions. Works:
Portraits of Infanta Dona Maria, Queen
Isabel do Valois (2), Queen Margaret of
Austria, Emperor Charles V. (2), Infanta
Dona Juana, Philip II., Birth of the Virgin,
Nativity, Madrid Museum ; Portraits of
Archduke Albrecht of Austria (1600), and
his Wife Infanta Isabella (1599), Old Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Portrait of a Child, do.
(1604), Vienna Museum.— Stirling, i. 266 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot, 250 ;
Madrazo ; La Ilustracion (1882), ii. 283.
PAOLINO, FRA, born in Pistoja about
1490, died there in 1547. Florentine school;
pupil of his father, Bernardino del Siguo-
racchio, a feeble artist ; took orders in S.
Domenico of Prato, and became assistant to
Fra Bartolornmeo and Mariotto, to whom he
was probably chiefly indebted for instruc-
tion, in their workshop at S. Marco. His
most successful work is a Madonna with
Saints (1510), Vienna Museum. By him
are also a Nativity (1511), Palazzo Borghese,
and a Madonna and Baptist, Palazzo Sci-
arra Colonna, Rome ; a Madonna with
Saints (1511), Palazzo Corsini, Florence ;
and a Crucifixion, fresco (15 1C), in S. Spi-
rito, Siena. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 478 ; Ltibke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 170.
PAOLO AND FRANCESCA, Alexandre
Caband, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 4 in. The death
of Paolo Malatesta and Francesco, da Rimini.
She is stretched upon the bench, where
they have been reading the story of Lance-
lot and Guinevere, her head sustained upon
his shoulder ; in the background, her de-
formed husband Gianciotto or Lanciotto,
with bloody sword, savagely contemplates
his victims from behind the arras. Salon,
1870. Replica, in small, Mrs. A. E. Kidd,
New York. — Larousse, xiii. 1218.
PAOLO AND FRANCESCA. See also
Francesco da Rimini.
PAOLO FIAMMINGO. See Franceschi.
PAOLO VERONESE. See Veronese,
Paolo.
PAPE, EDUARD, born in Berlin, Feb.
28, 1817. Landscape painter, pupil of
Berlin Academy in 1834-39 ; studied first
decorative painting under Gorst, painted in
1849-53 the frescos in the Roman hall of
the New Museum, travelled in Bavaria,
Switzerland, and North Italy. Member of,
and professor at, Berlin Academy. Gold
medals, Berlin. Works : Grin del wald Gla-
cier ; Lake Vierwaldstiidt ; Lake of Geneva ;
Rosenlaui Glacier ; Woodland on Seelis-
berg ; Mill in Jura Mountains ; Chiem Lake ;
View of Intra on Lago Maggiore ; Glacier
390
PARIS
PAEIS, CAMILLE ADRIEN, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Ary Scheffer and of Picot. Medal,
3d class, 1874 Works : After Storm in the
Campagna, Palatiu Chapel at Palermo (18G5);
The Three Village Fates (1870); Bull of the
Campagna (1874), Luxembourg Museum ;
Temple of Neptune atLatium (1S7(>); Night
in the Campagna (1878) ; Autumn in Fon-
taiuebleau Forest (1878), Bayoune Muse-
um; Victorious Bull (1880)'; The Ford
(1881) ; Morning in the Fields (1882) ; Pas-
purchased after his death by C. W. Wass,
who sold it in 184:5 to Mr. Fontaine. En-
graved by C. W. Wass.— Art Journal (1847),
224.
By Henry Peters Gran, Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 4
in. Venus, partly nude, seen to knees, gaz-
ing languidly over her shoulder at Paris,
who has the golden apple in his hand ; at
right, Cupid. Photogravure in Art Treas-
ures of America.
By Hubm.*, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 1
Judgment of Paris, Rubens, Dresden Gallery.
ture (1883) ; After the Fight (1884) ; Old
Gate of Tibur in Homo (188G) .— Bellier, ii.
202.
PARIS, JUDGMENT OF, William Ell;/,
A. Fontaine, Narford Hill, Norfolk ; canvas,
H. G ft. x 9 ft. Figures full-length, nude.
Paris, seated at left beside Mercury, hands
the apple to Venus, who is attended by Cu-
pid ; at her right is Minerva ; at her left,
Juno with her peacocks ; at right, three
nymphs ; at left, a satyr peeping from un-
der a curtain hung between trees. Royal
Academy, 1826 ; painted for Lord Darnley ;
ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. The original of the larger
picture in the National Gallery, London,
and precisely like it with the exception that
Paris has a hat on his head. It formed part
of Rubcns's estate and was purchased by
Count H. von Bruhl, prime minister to the
King of Poland, from whose collection it
passed to the Dresden Gallery. Engraved
by A. Lommeliu ; P. F. Tardieu ; P. E.
Moitte. — Reveil, viii. 526 ; Gal. roy. de
Dresde, iii. 37.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ;
wood, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. Paris, seat-
393
PARISH
eel at foot of a tree at left, with a dog lying
at his feet, is presenting the golden apple
to Venus, who stands between Juno and
Minerva, while Mercury looks on ; the de- !
ities are distinguished by the peacock, Cu-
pid, and the owl. Formerly in Orleans Gal-
lery (1798) ; Collection of Lord Kinnaird
(1813), 3,000 guineas ; then in Collection
of T. Peuryce, whence purchased in 1844.
Sketch in Dresden Gallery ; repetition in
Madrid Museum. Engraved by Lommelin ;
Couchc.' ; R. Woodman. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 349 ; Smith, ii. 83, 208.
Subject treated also by Giulio Romano,
Ducal Palace, Mantua; Francesco Albani,
Madrid Museum ; Luca Giordano, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg, and Berlin Museum ;
Giorgioue, Lord Malmesbury ; Laurent de
la Hire, Dijon Museum ; Pietro Liberi,
Dresden Museum ; Carlo Maratti, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Raphael Mengs, Her-
mitage ; Thcodor Boeyermans, Hague Mu-
seum ; Joseph Paehnck, Ghent Museum ;
Johaini Rotteuhamer, Munich Gallery ; An-
drea Schiavone, Turin Museum ; Lo Scar-
sellino, Uffizi, Florence ; Alessandro Turchi,
Dresden Museum ; Adriaan van der Werff,
Dresden Museum ; Philippe Parrot (Salon,
1874); Claudio Francesco Beaumont, Royal
Palace, Turin.
PAKISH BEADLE, Sir David Wilkie,
National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 1 ft.
11 in. x 2 ft. 11 in. The beadle is convey-
ing to prison some Savoyards who have
been exhibiting a bear, a monkey, and a
dog ; an assistant is unlocking the prison
door, while another is keeping off the crowd
of boys who are following. Painted in 1822
for Lord Colborue, who bequeathed it to the
National Gallery in 1854. Engraved by A.
Raimbach; G. Greatbach.— Cat. Nat. Gal.;
Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. ; Redgrave, Cen-
tury, ii. 252 ; Mollett, G6.
PARKER, JOHN A., born in New York
in 1827. Landscape painter, self-taught.
Began to paint in 1859, elected an A.N.A.
in 1804. Studio in Brooklyn. Works : Twi-
light in the Adirondack* (187G) ; Winter
(1879) ; Winter Twilight (1880) ; Landscape
in Adirondacks— Twilight (1882) ; Winter
Evening (1884). Winter Evening (1884) ;
The Gothics— Adirondacks (1885); Close
of a November Day on Ausable Pond — Adi-
rondacks (1880).
PARLAGHY, VILMA, bom at Hajdy-
Doug, Hungary, in 1864. Portrait and still-
life painter, pupil of the National School of
Design at Buda-Pesth, then in Munich of
Lenbach. Gold medal of the Societe scien-
tifique europeenne in 1883 ; went in 1885
to Turin to paint Kossuth, which favor had
been craved in vain by many French, Ger-
I man, and English artists of note. Works :
Male Portrait, still-life (1883) ; Portrait of
herself (1884) ; Portraits of Kossuth (4,
1885).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 875 ; ix. 292, 330,
i 818, 983 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 578.
PARMA, DUKE OF, portrait. See Far-
?ie.se, Pier' Luigi.
PARMIGIANINO or PARMIGIANO, IL,
born in Parma, Jan.
11, 1504, died at
Casal Maggiore,
Aug. 24, 1540. Lom-
bard school; real
name Francesco
Mazzola ; son of Fi-
lippo Mazzola, a
painter of Parma,
who died in 1505,
leaving Francesco to
the care of his brothers, Michele and Pieri-
lario, painters of Parma, who brought him
up. His early pictures show how carefully
he had studied Correggio's works before
going in 1522 to Rome, where study of its
great masters profoundly affected his man-
ner. He had won such reputation there
before 1527, when the sack of the city in-
terrupted his career, that the soul of Raph-
ael was said to have passed into him. From
Bologna, where he first took refuge after his
escape from Rome, he went to Parma in 1531,
and made a contract to execute frescos in S.
M. della Steccata, to be completed in 1532 ;
illness and other causes prevented his fiu-
394
PARNASSUS
ishing them, and he was thrown into prison
by the authorities in 1537. Released on
promise of completing the work, he fled to
Casal Maggiore and soon died. His princi-
pal works are : Madonna with St. Margaret,
Bologna Gallery; Painter's Portrait, and Holy
Family, Uflizi, Florence ; Madonna del Collo
Lungo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. Cath-
arine and Infant Jesus, Palazzo Brignole
sale, Genoa ; Annunciation, Ambrosian Li-
of France, Cassel Gallery ; Madonna Hello,
Rosa, two other Madonnas, Rape of Gany-
mede, Dresden Gallery ; St. Catharine, Cu-
pid carving Bow, Portrait of the Artist,
Three Male Portraits, Vienna Museum.
The four frescos of the Martyrdom of St.
Agatha, St. George, St. Lucia, and St. Apol-
lonia, and two Deacons, S. Giovanni, Parma,
are perhaps Parmigiauino's masterpieces. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole lombarde ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
Parnassus, Andrea Mantegna, Louvre, Paris.
brary, Milan ; Portrait of Amerigo Vespucci,
Lucretia, Madonna, Male Portrait, Female
Portrait, Portrait of Columbus (?), Naples
Museum ; SS. Catharine and Angels, Ma-
donna with Saints, Parma Gallery ; Mar-
riage of St. Catharine, Palazzo Barberini,
Rome ; S. Catharine, Palazzo Borghese, ib. ;
Cupid, St. Barbara, Holy Family, Two Por-
traits, Madrid Museum ; Holy Family, Ma-
donna and St. Margaret, Louvre ; Vision of
St. Jerome, National Gallery, London ; Mar-
riage of St. Catharine, Portrait of Francis I.
v. 217 ; Lanzi, ii. 402 ; Burckhardt, 701 ;
Lavice, 10, 44 ; Affo, Vita (Parma, 1784).
PARNASSUS, Andrea Mantegna, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 6ft. 3 in. Mars
and Venus on a natural rock arch, with Cupid
sending his darts into the cave of Vulcan ;
the Muses dance to the sound of Apollo's
lyre, and Mercury leans on Pegasus to listen.
Painted after 1492, probably in co-operation
with Bonsignori, but composition due to
Mantegua alone. History same as that of
Wisdom victorious over the Vices. — C. & C.,
PARNASSUS
N. Italy, i. 408 ; Villot, Cut, Louvre ; Miind-
lor, 137.
By Jlnpliaii, Camera della Segnatnra, Vat-
ican ; fresco, arched top, H. 16 ft. x 21 ft.
4 in. ; dated loll. On the summit of the
mountain, under the shade of laurels, Apollo
sits playing a violin, with his eyes raised in
poetic transport ; around him are grouped
the Muses ; at left, Homer, between Dante
and Virgil, is reciting from the Iliad, the
youth behind them being supposed by some
to be Raphael himself ; below them, Alcieus,
PARODI, DOMENICO, born in Genoa in
1(568, died there in April, 1740. Genoese
school ; son of Giacomo Filippo Parodi, a
sculptor (1630-1708); pupil in Venice of
Sebastiauo Bombelli, and in Rome of Carlo
Maratti. Painted in many churches and
palaces in Genoa ; most noted work, the
decoration of the great hall of the Palazzo
Negrone, Genoa. He was also a sculptor
and an architect. His brother, Gio. Battista
(born 1674, died 1730), was a good painter
in the Venetian manner ; worked in Milan
¥'
•-
/• ' is\
H I 1 ;
m . : s H l
. ^
- --; ;• '',- •• '' '' :: '.'•-': -7''
'•. - •'> • ^^4fefe-\
Parnassus, Raphael, Came
Anacreon, and Petrarch converse with Co-
rinna of Thebes, while Sappho listens ; at
right, in foreground, Pindar, seated, talking
with Horace, next to whom is Sannazzaro ;
behind them is Ariosto conversing with one
of the Muses, and Ovid talking with Boc-
caccio, Antonio Tebaldes, and others. En-
graved by Marc Antonio ; Volpato ; J. Ma-
tham ; P. Fidanza.— Miintz, 340 ; Passavant,
ii. 77 ; Springer, 168 ; Kugler (Eastlake),
ii. 428 ; Perkins, 120.
PARNASSUS, CHRISTIAN. See Tri-
umph of Religion in Arts.
a della Segnatura, Vatican.
and in Bergamo. Gio. Battista's son, Pelle-
grino (1700-69), was a noted portrait paint-
er in Lisbon. — Lanzi, iii. 279 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole gi'noise.
PARRHASIUS, Ionic school, one of the
greatest of Greek painters, born in Ephe-
sus, son and pupil of Euenor, about 400 B.C.
Most of his life was spent at Athens, of
which he was made a citizen. He attained
to so high a degree of excellence and was
held in such honour that he became arro-
gant, called himself the descendant of Apol-
lo, and the prince of painters, and claimed
PARKOCEL
that lie bad assigned to art precise limits
which could never be transgressed. Quin-
tilian says (xii. 10. 5) that Pan-basins was so
exact in bis drawing that be was called the
legislator of painting, and that other painters
followed, as a matter of obligation, his models
of gods and heroes. Pliny adds (xxxv. 3C)
that he was the first to give expression
to the features, elegance to the hair, and
gracefulness to the mouth ; and that it was
universally admitted that he bore oft' the
palm for contour, or the rounding off of his
outlines. Parrhasius was a prolific artist
and left many works. Among those men-
tioned by Pliny (1. c.), one of the most cel-
ebrated was an allegorical picture of the
Athenian People. Another famous one was
a Theseus, preserved in the Capitol at Rome.
His Archigallus (high priest of Cybele),
valued at 600,000 sesterces, was kept by
the Emperor Tiberius in his own chamber.
Other scarcely less celebrated pictures by
him were an Armed Runner contending for
the Prize, and the same taking oft' his ar-
mour ; a Meleager, Hercules, and Perseus ;
an Achilles, Agamemnon, and Ulysses ; and
an JEneas, Castor, and Pollux. Plutarch
(De And. Poet, 3) says that he painted also
Ulysses feigning Madness. On being de-
feated at Samos by Timanlhes in a painting
competition, the subject being the Contest
for the Arms of Achilles by Ajax and Ulys-
ses, Parrhasius remarked that he felt quite
disgraced at seeing Ajax defeated a second
time by an unworthy opponent (Pliny, 1. c. ;
Ath., xii. 543 ; Ml V. H., ix. 11). He was
more sucessful in a contest with Zeu.rix.
The story told by Seneca (Coutrov., v. 10)
about Parrhasius's torturing a slave, pur-
chased from among the captives taken at
Olyntbia (346 B.C.), that be might serve as a
model for a picture of Prometheus, is chron-
ologically impossible, as the pamter was
then dead.— Brunn, ii. 97.
PARROCEL, BARTHELEMY, born at
Montbrison (Loire), about 1600, died at
Brignolles (Var), in 1660. French school ;
painter of sacred history. Having aban-
doned the priesthood he went to Italy to
study art. Before reaching Rome, where
he lived several years, he is said to have
visited Spain with a nobleman who took a
fancy to him, and to have been taken pris-
oner by an Algerian corsair during the voy-
age to Italy. On his return to France he
settled at Brignolles, where he died at an
early age. His two sous, Joseph and Louis,
were painters, as were their sons, Charles,
Ignace, and Pierre, and Pierre's son, Jo-
seph Ignace Franc;ois. Bartlu'lcmy's only
known work is a Descent from the Cross,
in the Church of the Saviour at Brignolles.
Louis also is known by a single picture, an
Agony in the Garden, in the Church of St.
Martin at Marseilles.— Bellier, ii. 206 ; Mt>
moires im'dits, ii. 40.
PARROCEL, CHARLES, born in Paris,
May 6, 1688, died
there, May 24, 1752.
French school ; bat-
tle painter, son of
Joseph Parrocel, and
pupil of Charles de
Lafosse and BonBoul-
logne. After serving
two campaigns in a
cavalry regiment, be
' went to Italy to study
painting. In 1721 he painted two pic-
I tures for Louis XIV., and in 1744-45 ac-
companied Louis XV. in his campaigns,
! to paint bis victories. Died of apoplexy at
1 the Gobelins, where be resided. Member
of the Academy, 1721 ; councillor, 1735 ;
professor, 1746. "Works : Cavalry Fighting
(1709) ; Cavalry Charging (1711) ; Battle
of Cavalry and Infantry (1721) ; Entry of
the Turkish Ambassador for an Audience,
His Departure after the Audience, Entry of
Louis XV. into Mons, 1747, Portraits (2) of
Louis XV., Versailles Museum ; King's
! Guards Halting (1737), Louvre ; Attack of
PARROCEL
Cavalry, Amiens Museum.— Bellier, ii. 207 ;
Jsil, 941 ; Mt'moires im'dits, ii. 405 ; Le-
jenne, i. 345 ; Larousse ; Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre ; Ch. Blanc, ]5cole franchise.
PARROCEL, JOSEPH, born at Bri-
gnolles.Oct. 3,
1646, died in
Paris, March 1,
1704. French
school; history
painter, son
of Barthele-
my, pupil of
Ii i s eldest
brother, Louis
(1(534-1703),
in Languedoc, and of Courtois in Home,
where he was much influenced by Borgo-
gnone. Spent eight years in Italy. Pro-
duced some spirited, though often sketchy,
battle-pieces, and painted a few religious
pictures. Member of Academy, 1G76 ; coun-
cillor, 1703. Works: Battle-Pieces (2),
Louvre ; Louis XIV. repulsing a Sortie of
the Maestricht Garrison (167G), Combat of
Leuze, 1691, View of the Place Royale with
Ambassador's Corti'ge, Versailles Museum ;
Conquests of Louis XIV., Invalides, Paris ;
St. John preaching in the Desert (1G74),
Notre Dame, Paris ; Cavalry Combat, do. at
Crossing of Bridge, Besan«;on Museum; Bat-
tle in Antiquity, Dijon Museum ; Halt of
Horsemen, Lyons Museum ; Battle, Marseil-
les Museum ; Monks healing the Sick, Nantes
Museum ; others in Museums of Caen, Niort,
and Tours ; Cavalry Skirmish, Uffizi, Flor-
ence.— Bellier, ii. 208 ; Jal, 941 ; Mcmoires
iiu'dits, ii. 40 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole franyaise ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 345.
PARROCEL, JOSEPH IGNACE FRAN-
COIS, born at Avignon, Dec. 3, 1704, died
in Paris, Dec. 15, 1781. French school ;
history and genre painter, son and pupil of
Pierre. Member of Academy, and court-
painter, 1753. Works : Baptism of St.
John (1751), Saint-Sulpice, Paris ; Triumph
of the Cross (1755) ; Assumption (1757,
1771) ; Hagar and the Angel (1759) ; Adora-
tion of the Magi (17G1) ; Holy Trinity
(17G3) ; Reconciliation between Cephalus
and Procris, Death of Procris (1765) ; Christ
on Mount of Olives (1767) ; Siege of Tour-
nay, 1745 (2), Combat of Melle, 1745, Siege
of Oudenarde, 1745, do. of Charleroi, 1746,
do. of Namur, 1746, Versailles Museum.
His eldest daughter, Mme. de Valsaureaux,
painted animals and flowers ; the two others
were also painters, one of flowers, and the
other of miniatures. — E. Parrocel, Mono-
graphic des Parrocel (Paris, 1861) ; Bellier,
ii. 208 ; Jal, 941 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Le-
jeune, Guide, i. 345 ; iii. 312 ; Larousse.
PARROCEL, PIERRE, born in Avignon,
March 10, 1G70, died in Paris in 1739.
French school ; history painter and decora-
tor, son of Louis, and pupil of his vincle, Jo-
seph Parrocel, and of Carlo Maratti, at Rome.
Subjects generally sacred. Member of Acad-
emy, 1730. Works : Coronation of the Vir-
gin, Captivity of Israelites, Sixteen Epi-
sodes in Life of Tobias, Marseilles Museum ;
Resurrection, Angers Museum ; Portrait of
himself, Avignon Museum. His brother,
Ignace Jacques (1GG7-1722), and the lat-
ter's son, Etienne, were artists, but neither
of great merit.— Bellier, ii. 207, 209 ; La-
rousse ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 345.
PARROT, PHILIPPE, born at Excideuil
(Dordogne) ; contemporary. Portrait and
genre painter. A skilful artist of fair tal-
ent. Medals : 1868, 1870 ; 2d class, 1872 ;
3d class, 1878. Works : An Elegy (1868) ;
Sleep ; Judgment of Paris (1874) ; Spring-
time (1880) ; An Asp (1883) ; The Foun-
tain ; Galatea ; Before the Ball (1885).
PARSONS, CHARLES, bom in England
in 1821. Landscape painter, pupil of Na-
tional Academy ; has lived and painted many
years in New York. Elected an A.N.A. in
I860 ; exhibits at the National Academy,
though more frequently at the exhibitions
of the Water Colour Society. Since 1862
PARTHENON
he has furnished illustrations for Harper's
Magazine, and has had the direction of the
Art Department of Harper's publishing-
house. Works : Salem (1876) ; November
(1877) ; Gravesend Bay (1878) ; Old Or-
chard—Long Island (1884).
PARTHENON, Sauford E. Gi/ord, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 2
ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. View looking south
from the Acropolis over the head of the Sa-
ronic Gulf ; at the left, the Parthenon ; at
the right, the Erechtheum. Painted in
1880.
PARTON, ARTHUR, born at Hudson,
N. ¥., March 26, 1842. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of W. T. Richards, of Philadelphia.
Visited Paris and London in 1870, and
sketched in Scotland the following summer.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1873 ; N.A. in 1884.
Studio in New York. Works : On the Road
to Mount Marcy (1874), Charles Farwell,
Chicago; Mountain Brook (1875), A. T.
Stewart Collection, New York ; Stirling
Castle, Solitude (1876) ; November (Lord
Moucke) ; Sycamores in Old Shokan (Ani-
herst Collection) ; Delaware River, near Mil-
ford (1879) ; Buttonball Trees on the Hou-
satonic (1880) ; Night-fall, Old Home in the
Catskills (1881) ; Sycamores by the River-
side (1882) ; River Marsh (1883) ; Morning
Ride, Passing Shower, Pine Wood (1884) ;
Winter Morning, June Day in the Catskills,
In the Gloaming (1885) ; Midday, Veteran
of the Woods (1886).
PARTON, ERNEST, born at Hudson, N.
Y., in 1845. Landscape painter, pupil in
New York of his brother, Arthur Parton ;
visited England in 1873, and has since lived
in London ; was in New York in 1884-86.
Has made sketching tours in Italy and in
Switzerland. Exhibits at Royal Academy
and Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Morning
Mist (1873) ; Papa's Luncheon (1875) ;
Placid Stream (1876); Sunny September,
High Hall Garden (1877) ; Silent Pool, Re-
flections, Au bord de 1'eau (1878) ; Waning
of the Year, Midday (1879) ; Silver and Gold
(1882) ; Old River-side Tree, Falling Leaves
and Fading Trees, Banks of the Llugwy
(1883) ; Where Memory Dwells, Vale of
Light (1884) ; Streatley-ou-Thames (1885) ;
Last of October (1886).
PASIAS, painter, Sicyouic school, pupil
of ErujonuK, about B.C. 220. He was brother
of the sculptor /Egineta. — Pliny, xxxv. 40
[145].
PASINELLI, LORENZO, born in Bo-
logna in 1629, died there in 1700. Bo-
lognese school ; pupil of Simone Cantarini
and of Flaminio Torre ; afterwards studied
in Vienna works of Paolo Veronese, and
imitated his style, though not servilely.
After painting in Rome, where he studied
the designs of Raphael, he returned to Bo-
logna and taught at the same time with
Cignaui, though he never attained the rep-
utation of that artist. Works : Miracle of
St. Antonio, S. Petronius, Bologna ; Appa-
rition of Christ, and Entry into Jerusalem
(1657), Church of Public Cemetery, ib. ;
Madonna and St. Joseph, Scalzi, ib. ; Mar-
tyrdom of St. Catharine, St. Margaret, Pina-
coteca, ib.; The Magdalen (1680), St. Mary,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Lanzi, iii.
142 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole bolonaise ; Gualandi,
9, 14, 110.
PASINI, ALBERTO, born at Busseto,
near Parma ; con-
temporary. G e n r e
painter, pupil of Eu-
genio Ciceri, of E.
Isabey, and Theodore
Rousseau ; paints
chiefly subjects taken
from Turkey, Arabia,
and Persia, where he
lived several years.
His treatment is
broad, the light effects in his pictures are
often peculiar, and the aerial perspective
especially fine. Honorary professor at
Parma and Turin Academies. Medals :
Paris, 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1863, 1864 ;
L. of Honour, 1868 ; Officer, 1878. Works :
Shah of Persia travelling through his Coun-
try ; Caravan in the Desert. Florence Acad-
39'J
PASSAVANT
envy ; Courier Asleep in the Deserts of
Persia, Falcon Chase on Lake Urumiah,
The Nile, Sunset, Museo Civico, Turin ;
Persian Street Scene at Night ; Oriental
Garden ; Begging Dervish ; Order of Ar-
rest ; Harem in the Country ; Venice, Mar-
ket Scene — Constantinople, T. A. Have-
ineyer, New York ; Entrance to Mosque,
Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Mosque of St. So-
phia, C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Sultan's Es-
cort, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Arabs crossing
the Desert, J. C. Runkle, ib. ; Persians
at a Ford, John Hoey, ib. ; Palanquin and
its Guard, Mrs. F. A. Scott, Philadelphia ;
Street in Constantinople, Fairrnan Rogers,
ib. ; Mussulman Pilgrims (18G7), John G.
Johnson, ib. ; Persian Cavalcade, C. H.
Wolff, ib.; Damascus (1880), W. T. Wal-
tors, Baltimore ; Sultan visiting a Mosque
-15th Century (1885).— L'Art (1878), iii.
244 ; Miillcr, 407.
PASSAVANT, JOHANN DAVID, born
at Frankfort, Sept. 18, 1787, died there,
Aug. 12, 1801. History painter, pupil in
Paris of David and Gros, after having fought
as a volunteer in the war of independence,
1813-15. In Rome he joined in 1847 the
romantic school of Cornelius, Overbeck,
Veit, and Schnorr, and after his return be-
came inspector of the Stiidel Institute at
Frankfort. More noted as a writer on art.
W'orks : St. Hubert and the Stag with the
Cross (1822), Stitdel Gallery, Frankfort ; Por-
trait of Emperor Henry II., Rdmer, ib. —
Autobiog. (Frankfort, 1863); Nagler, x. 563 ;
Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d.
K. (Leipsic, 1882), 329, 339.
PASSERI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Rome about 1610, died there, April 2,
1679. Roman school ; worked at Grotta
Ferrata with Domenichino, and followed his
style. Painted a Crucifixion in S. Giovanni
della Malva, Rome, and a St. Peter baptiz-
ing Two Saints in Prison, which was copied
in mosaic for St. Peter's. His Portrait of
Domenichino is in the Academy of St. Luke,
of which he was prince in 1641. Passeri is
best known by his "Vite de' Pittori, Scul-
tori, ed Architetti, 1641-73," published in
1772. He became a priest in 1675. His
nephew, Giuseppe Passeri (born 1654, died
1714), was a pupil of Maratti and a good
colourist. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne.
PASSEROTTI, BARTOLOMMEO, born
in Bologna about
1520, died there,
June 3, 1592.
Bolognese
school ; pupil of
Jacopo da Vig-
nola, whom he
followed to
Rome; afterward
assistant to
Taddeo Zucche-
ro. Established an academy of painting
in Bologna, where he was considered the
equal of the Carracci. Excelled as a por-
trait painter, being esteemed by some as
second to Titian only. Among his sitters
were Pius V., Sixtus V., Gregory XIII., and
Cardinals Alessandrino and Guastavillano.
Wrote a work on anatomy, and was among
the first to introduce nude figures in relig-
ious subjects. Was also a good engraver
and designer with the pen. Works in Bo-
logna : Presentation of the Virgin in the
Temple, Portrait of Pope Sixtus V., Pinaco-
teca ; Altai-piece, Oratory of the Notaries ;
Madonna with Saints, S. Petronio ; Adora-
tion of the Magi, Sacristy, Duomo ; An-
nunciation, S. Martino Maggiore ; Madonna
with Saints, S. Giacomo Maggiore ; St.
Catharine, S. M. Maddalena ; St. Ursula and
Virgins, Mendicanti ; Portrait of the Ar-
tist and his Family, Dresden Gallery. Bar-
tolommeo left four sons, Tiburzio, Aurelio,
Passerotto, and Ventura, all mediocre paint-
ers.—Mai vasia, i. 187; Siret, 681; Burck-
hardt, 761 ; Lanzi, iii. 45 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole
bolonaise ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., viii. 16.
400
PASSIGNAIsO
PASSIGNANO, DOMENIGO DA, Cava-
liere, born at Passignano about 1550, died
in Florence, May 17,
1638. Florentine
school; real name
Domeuico Cresti ;
pupil successively of
Girolamo Macchietti,
Battista Naldini, and
of Federigo Zuccliero,
whom he aided in
painting the cupola of
S. M. del Fioro (the
Duoino), Florence, and with whom he went
in 1581 to Venice, where he profited by the
advice of Paolo Veronese ; returned to Flor-
ence in 1589, and was thrice called to Rome,
— byClement VIII., who made him a knight j
of the Order of Christ, by Paul V., and in
1625 to execute important works. Though
neither correct in design nor select in his
forms, he aided in the reform of the Floren- \
tine school by improving the taste for col-
our. He was a prolific and rapid painter,
and many of his pictures have faded. He
formed many pupils, among others, Alessan-
dro Tiarini and Lodovico Carracci. Per-
haps his most perfect work is a Glory in
the Church of the Fathers of Vallombrosa
at Passignano. Other works : Finding of
the Cross, Louvre, Paris ; Adoration of the
Shepherds (1600), Darmstadt Museum ;
Banquet of Ahasuerus, Vienna Museum ;
Entombment, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; As-
sumption, S. Andrea della Valle, ib.; Dead
Christ, Capella di Mondi'agoue, Frascati ;
Christ bearing the Cross, Collegio S. Giovan-
nino, Florence ; Descent of the Holy Ghost,
S. Maria Maggiore, ib. ; Assumption, St. An-
drew, St. Peter, Academy, ib. ; Christ bearing
the Cross, Madonna, Artist's Portrait, Uffizi,
ib. ; others in Palazzo Brignole, Genoa, and S.
Martino, Lucca. — Ch. Blanc, ficoleflorentine;
Burckhardt, 766 ; Lanzi, (Roscoe), i. 215.
PASSINI, LUDWIG, born in Vienna,
July 9, 1832. Genre painter, son of the en-
graver, Johann Passini, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy under Kupelwieser, Fiihrich, and En-
Berlin, I860,
tier ; went in 1850 to Trieste, thence to Ven-
ice, allied himself to Karl Werner and ac-
companied him to Dal-
matia and Rome, where he
settled in 1855 ; after his
marriage, in 1864, he lived
for several years in Berlin,
returned to Rome, and in
1873 settled in Venice.
Ranks among the first mas-
ters in water-colour. Mem-
ber of Vienna, Berlin, and
Venice Academies. Medals
1871 ; Paris, 1870 ; Vienna, 1873 ; L. of
Honour, 1878. Works : Young Priest Cate-
chizing ; Girls' School ; Choir Masters at
Church (1870), National Gallery, Berlin;
Vespers at St. Paul's, Rome ; Confessional ;
Ponte della Paglia ; Melon-Seller at Chiog-
gia ; Girl with Doll ; Madonna del Humilla-
tlero ; Reader of Tasso among Fishermen
at Chioggia (1874) ; II Passeggio, Viaticum,
Lisetta (1883).— Allgem. K. C., x. 232 ; II-
lustr. Zeitg. (1869), ii. 271 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xviii. 510 ; xix. 510 ; xxi. 547 ; Kunst fur
Alle, i. 177 ; Miiller, 408 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
iv. 15 ; vi. 172 ; viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 57).
PASTORIS DI CASABROSSO, Coute
FEDERIGO, born at Asti, Italy ; contem-
porary. Genre painter. Works : Monks
going to Prayer, University Library of Tu-
rin ; Country Life in Piedmont ; Rope Dan-
cer ; Bishop's Banquet ; Harvest and Vin-
tage.
PASTURE, ROGELET DE LA. See
Wei/den.
PATEL, PIERRE, born in Picardy (?)
about 1605, died in Paris, Aug. 5, 1676.
French school ; son of a landscape painter
of the same name, and pupil of Simon Vouet.
His landscapes somewhat resemble those of
Claude Lorraiu. Was employed to decorate
the apartments of Anne of Austria in the
Louvre. Works : Exposure of Moses, Mo-
ses burying the Egyptian he Killed, Land-
scape with Animals, do. with Architecture,
Louvre, Paris ; Landscapes in Museums of
Besan<;on, Marseilles (2), Montpellier, Nantes
401
PATEXIER
(2), Orleans (2); Hermitage, St. Petersburg. York; Landscape with Figures, Historical
By bis son and pupil Pierre Antoine (born Society, ib. — L'Artiste (1851), vi. 11, 21 ;
in 1648 or 1654, died in 1705), who was al- ' Bellier, ii. 216 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise,
so employed in the Louvre, are : Four Land- ii. ; do., Les peiutres ties futes galantes
scapes representing January, April, August, (Paris, 1854); Dohme, iii. ; Jal. 943 ; Gaz.
September (1699), Louvre ; Landscape with des B. Arts (I860), iv. 13 ; do. (1863), xiv.
Mill, do. with River and Fortified Castle, 391.
Valenciennes Museum ; Landscape with Ru- PATIENCE, CecchinodeLSaZi-ia/i, Palazzo
ins, do. with a Hermit, Basle Museum ; Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 3
September, December (1699), Schwerin Gal- ft. 4 in. A female figure, full-length, stand-
lery. — Bellier, ing, chained by one ankle to a rock, watch-
n- 216; Jal, j ing the drops of water which fall one by one
942; Ch. Blanc, , from a vase upon her shackles, and which
T-icole fran raise ; Yillot, Cat. Louvre; Le- are sure eventually to liberate her. — Gal. du
jeune, Guide, i. 153, 154.
PATEXIER. See Pat Mr.
PATER, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH,
Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 89.
PATINHl (Pateuier), JOACHDI DE, born
at Dinant about 1490, died in Antwerp about
born at Valenciennes, Dec. 29, 1695, died 1524. Flemish school ; painter of script-
in Paris, July 25, 1736. French school ; ural subjects, in which the figures are sub-
genre painter, sou of a sculptor and pupil of ordinate to the landscape. Matriculated in
Watteau, for whose pictures his own are St. Luke's guild at Antwerp in 1515 ; sup-
sometimes taken, although the master was posed to have previously studied under
by far the greater painter. Their subjects Gheerardt David at Bruges. Albrecht Dii-
are of the same character, and are treated , rer was present at Patinir's second marriage
in much the same style and taste. Though in 1521, and painted his portrait at Antwerp.
weak as a draughtsman, Pater was an ex- ( Early pictures fantastic, hard, and bad in
cellent colourist. Overwork is said to have perspective ; the later, more truthful and in
shortened his days. Member of Academy, better taste. He is considered the founder
Dec. 31, 1728. Works : Picnic (1728), Re- of the landscape school of the Low Coun-
union of Comedians in a Park, The Toilet, tries. Works : Flight into Egypt, Antwerp
Conversation in a Park, Bather at a Brook, Museum ; Virgin of the Seven Sorrows,
Louvre, Paris ; Women Bathing, Bal Cham- Brussels Museum ; History of Tobias, Haar-
potre, Angers Museum ; Pleasure Party in lem Museum ; Flight into Egypt, Kunst-
a Garden, Group reposing in a Garden, halle, Hamburg ; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Nantes Museum; Portrait of Artist's Sister, \ Charon crossing the Styx, Flight into Egypt
The Soin'e, Valenciennes Museum ; Women (3), St. Francis, Rocky Landscape with St.
Bathing, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Jerome and the Lion, Madrid Museum ;
Guitar Play- f) Crucifixion, St. Christopher carrying Infant
er, Young jCL\SL^ ^ " Christ, St. John at Patmos, Nun (?), Flight
Lady Eyeing r~) ^-^ S into Egypt (?), National Gallery, London ;
a Man lean- / S I ft+f -- J[ Repose in Egypt, Conversion of St. Hubert,
ing against v ' ^^J^r~ f Berlin Museum ; Rocky Landscape with
Pedestal, 7 *> 'T* Tff t~*' -^ st- Jerome before the Crucifix, Carlsmhe
Cassel Gal-y AJ. / &(£" //jl Gallery; Nativity, St. Bernard carried in
lery ; Man and Woman dancing to Music of Triumph by Emperor Conrad HI. , Triumph
a Hurdy-gurdy, Men and Women dancing of Love, Triumph of Time, Christ bearing
around a Tree, Dresden Museum ; The ' the Cross, Christ fallen under the Bur-
Comical March, Metropolitan Museum, New den of the Cross, Three Portraits, Cologne
402
PATOX
Museum ; Madonna, Darmstadt Museum ;
Christ on the Cross, Old Pin.ikothek. Mu-
nich ; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, German-
ic Museum, Nuremberg ; Baptism of Christ.
Repose in Egypt (2), Martyrdom of St.
Catharine, St. Jerome, Battle of Pa via (?),
Museum, Vienna ; Christ on the Cross, St.
Jerome, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; do.,
Wiesbaden Gallery. — Krauim, v. 1258 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 122 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole
flarnande ; Booses (Reberl, 11-3; Van den
Branden, 112 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 93.
PATON, Sir JOSEPH NOEL, bom in
Dunferznline, Scotland,
Dec 13, 1821. History
painter, first instructed
in art by his father, who
had been a pupil of An-
drew Wilson ; employed
in drawing designs for
damask fabrics until
twenty years old, when
he -went to London and
became a pupil in Royal Academy schools.
In 1845 his Spirit of Religion gained one
of the three prizes at the Westminster Hall
competition, and in 1847 his Christ bearing
the Cross, and Reconciliation of Oberou and
Titauia (National Gallery, Edinburgh) won
the prize of £300 at a similar competition.
He became a member of the R.S.A. in 1*30,
and settled permanently in Edinburgh in
1857 ; in 1866 he was appointed Queen's
limner for Scotland, and in 1867 was
knighted. Works : Dead Lady (18541:
Pursuit of Pleasure (1855) ; Home (l85<!i ;
Hesperus, In Memoriam (1857) ; Sir Ber-
tram's Dirge (1859) ; Silenus Singing, En-
tombment, Gethsemane (1860) ; Luther at
Erfurt (1861); Death Barge of King Arthur
(1865); Mors Janua Vita (1866); Fairy Raid
(1867) ; Faith and Reason (1871) ; Oskold
and the Elle Maids (1873) ; Man of Sorrows
(1875); Spirit of Twilight, Christ the Great
Shepherd (1876) ; Man with the Muck Rake
(1877); Lux in Tenebris (1879); Faith arm-
ing the Christian Warrior. Sir Noel made
the cartoons for the glass of the great win-
dow of Dunfennline Abbey, restored by An-
drew Carnegie, of New York, in Lss4. He
is also a learned archa-ologist. a sculptur,
and a writer of both prose and poetry. — Art
Journal (1881 1, 78 ; Meynell, 52.
PATROIS. ISIDORE, born at Noyers
(Yonue) in 1815. Genre and history paint-
er, pupil of Lenfaut and Mouvoisiu. While
his early pictures of Russian life are charac-
teristic and vigorous, those of historical sub-
jects painted at a later date are better in the
details than in the ensemble. Medals : 3d
class. I.s61, 1*63, 1*64 : L. of Honour, 1872.
Works : Procession of the Holv Images in
*
St. Petersburg (1861). Luxembourg Muse-
um ; Joan of Arc taken Prisoner (18G4),
OrK-ans Museum ; Joan of Arc led to the
Stake (1*67). Rouen Museum ; A Friend's
Troubles. The Bond i!86M; Russian Girls
Reading, Russian Girls Talking : Russian
Girls with Fruit i!874i ; New Wine; The
Visit : Young Mother. Mrs. Maynard, Bos-
ton ; In the Garden, Friendly Judge (1*70 i;
Visit. First Suspicion (1877); The Betrothed
in Russia (1880); The Ball of Wool (1881),
Two Children warming themselves, Fodor
Museum, Amsterdam. — Bellier. ii. 218 ; Cla-
retie, Peiutres. il*74). 331; Miiller, 4ns.
PAUDITZ (Paudissi, CHRISTOFFER,
lx>rn in L>wer Saxony about 1018, died
at Freisiug, Bavaria, in 1G66. German
school ; history, genre, and portrait painter
in manner of Rembrandt, perhaps his pu-
pil ; court painter to the Bishop of Frei-
sing. Works : Lady and Gentleman at a
Table in Consultation, Bust Portrait of Old
Man (1654), Male Portrait (1689)., do.,
Dresden Gallery; St. Jerome (1664), Ma-
rauder (1665), Male Portrait (1660), Peas-
ant resting and Bov, Portrait of Young
Man, Vienna Museum; Still-Life (1660),
Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Wolf devouring
403
PAUL
Lamb (1GC6), Old Man with Tablet, Peas-
ants Dancing, Male Portrait, Scbleissheim
Gallery ; Lute Player, Old Pinakotliek, Mu-
nich ; Diogenes and Old Tippler, Augsburg
Gallery ; Christ and the Venders, Bearded
Man, Laudauer Briiderhaus, Nuremberg ;
St. Jerome, Freising Cathedral. — Furster,
iii. 147 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 275 ; xx. j
542.
PAUL, ST., CONVERSION OF, Lodovi-
co ( 'armed, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 8
ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Saul, falling from his
horse, which is rearing, raises his hand in
astonishment at the sight of Christ appear-
ing in glory in the heavens ; the soldiers
around him are blinded by the light, from
which they seek to escape. From S. Fran-
cesco, Bologna. Engraved by Trabalesi ;
Tomba. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 17.
By Mu-helangdv, Cappella Paolina, Vati-
can, Rome ; fresco on wall.
By Mnrillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
!! ft. 11 iu. x 5 ft. C in. Saul, lying pros-
trate, with right hand outstretched, looks
up to Christ, seen in clouds on left, holding
a cross ; on left lies the white horse of the
Saint ; on right, several soldiers, one of
whom tries to raise his master. Best man-
ner.— Curtis, 2G2 ; Madrazo, 478.
By lialiens, Leigh Court, England ; can-
vas, H. 8 ft. xll ft. 6 in. Saul has been
thrown from his horse, which has fallen on
its knee, and lies on the ground with his
eyes closed, his features convulsed with
terror at the supernatural appearance of
Christ in the heavens ; one of the attend-
ants is aiding him ; all the others are terror-
stricken, and the horses of three of them
are running away. One of Rubens's mas-
terpieces. Purchased from Montesquieu
Gallery by Delahante, who sold it in Eng-
land ; bought of Hastings Elwyn by Hart
Davies for 4,000 guineas; sold in 1810
for 2,550 guineas ; bought in at Leigh
Court sale (1884), for 3,300 guineas. En-
graved by Bolswaert. Same subject, varied
(H. 3 ft. x 3 ft. 10 in.), Munich Gallery.
— Waagen, Treasures, iii. 186; Smith, ii. 217.
PAUL, ST., ECSTASY OF, Domenichino,
Louvre ; copper, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.
St. Paul, his arms and eyes raised towards
heaven, is borne up by three angels. Paint-
ed for Domenichino's friend and protector,
Cardinal Agucchi, carried to France by M.
Lybaut, secretary of Louis XIV., and given
to Jesuits, who presented it to the king
after having had a copy made by Lebrun.
Engraved by G. Rousselet ; Massard ; Le-
blond ; and others. — Laiidoii, Musce, iii. PI.
35 ; Musee royal, ii.
By Nicolas Pou&sin, Louvre ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. St. Paul, with up-
raised hands, iu the midst of clouds, borne
up by three angels ; below, on the steps of
a building, a book and a sword, his attri-
butes ; in background, a vast plain with
mountains. Painted in Rome in 1C49.
Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by G.
Chasteau ; Dughet ; Laugier (1841). Simi-
lar composition painted in 1648, in Orleans
Gallery (1798), now iu England. — Cat. Lou-
vre ; Filhol, vi. PI. 409 ; Landon, Musee, ii.
PI. 72 ; Smith, viii. 82.
PAUL, ST., AT EPHESUS, Eustache
Lexueur, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 2
in. x 10 ft. 9 in.; signed, dated 1649. Scene
from Acts XIX. St. Paul, standing upon
the steps of a portico, centre, is preaching
to the people of Ephesus, who are gathered
in the square. Some, who had practised
curious arts, are bringing their books and
burning them. In background, left, Tem-
ple of Diana. Engraved by E. Picart ; P.
Sobeyran ; J. C. Ulmer ; R. U. Massard. —
Musee fraucais ; Filhol, ix. PI. 746 ; Landon ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre.
PAUL IH. AND HIS GRANDSONS,
Titian, Naples Museum ; canvas, figures
full-length, life-size. The Pope, seated in
an arm-chair, looks sharply round at Otta-
vio Faruese, who advances, bowing obse-
quiously, hat in hand, to the right ; back of
the Pope's chair, with one hand on the ball
of it, stands Cardinal Alessandro Farnese,
in his robes of office. Painted in 1545 ; un-
finished.—C. & C., Titian, ii. 124.
404
PAUL
PAUL III., Pope, portrait, Titian, Naples
Museum ; canvas, figure to knees, life-size.
An aged man, seated in a crimson chair.
Painted in 1543 for Cardinal Sautafiore ; a
replica of an older picture now lost. Cop-
ies and variations in Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Turin Mu-
seum ; Palazzo Spada, Rome ; Naples Mu-
seum ; Vienna Museum ; Almviek Castle
Collection, England ; and Lord Northwick
Collection, ib. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 443 ; C.
& C., Titian, ii. 85.
PAULESEN, ERIK, born at Bygom near
Viborg, Oct. 14, 1749, died in Copenhagen,
Feb. 20, 1790. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; won
great gold medal in 1777, visited France
and Italy in 1780-83, Norway in 1787.
Member of Copenhagen Academy in 1784.
In a fit of melancholia committed suicide
by throwing himself out of a window.
Works : Solomon's Judgment (1777) ; Alle-
gory on Union of the Norse Kingdoms
(1784) ; Priest Madseu bringing News from
the Enemy ; Anne Colbjurnsen at the Par-
sonage of Norderhoug ; Murder of Knud in
St. Albani's; Two Family Scenes (1784),
Copenhagen Gallery ; The Nymphs thank-
ing Hercules for killing the Hydra, Schwerin
Gallery.— Weilbach, 531.
PAULSEN, FRITZ, born at Schwerin,
May 31, 1838. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and in Mu-
nich of Piloty ; studied four years in Paris
and in 1870 settled in Berlin. Professor.
Works : Suabian Mother ; Opportune Mo-
ment for Revenge (1867), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Girls' Boarding School ; Visit to Nur-
sery (1872) ; Modern Don Quixote ; Sleep
Well ! ; Mother's Pride ; Bunko-Steerers
(1874); Jour fixe (1876); After Dinner;
Lady's Portrait (1878) ; Portrait of Burgo-
master Forckenbeck (1879) ; Report of the
Ball (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).-
Leixner, Mod. K, i. 73 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 319 ; D. Rundschau, ix. 476.
PAULYN, HORATIUS, second half of
17th century. Dutch school ; genre paint-
er, lived long at Amsterdam, and under-
took an adventurous journey to the Holy
Land. His works show the influence of
Rembrandt. Works : Man counting Mon-
ey, Uffizi, Florence ; Mandoline Player,
Count Belgiojoso, Milan ; Abraham's Sacri-
fice (? attributed to Ferdinand Bol), Mentz
Museum. — Bode Studien, 158 ; Immerzeel,
ii. 296.
PAUSIAS, one of the best of Greek paint-
ers, of Sicyon, son and pupil of Bryes, and
scholar of Pamfihilus, about 360-330 B.C.
He became most famous for his paintings
in encaustic, which art he had learned from
Pamphilus, and he was the first to use this
method in the decoration of walls and ceil-
ings. Art in his hands made great techni-
cal progress, especially in the modelling of
objects through skilfully treated light and
shadow. This was most conspicuous in his
picture of a Sacrifice, preserved in the por-
tico of Pompey at Rome. The victim, a
black ox, was so admirably foreshortened
that, though standing with his head to the
spectator, his length seemed to be measur-
able ; and the shadow of the animal falling
on a group of people in a strong light caused
both to appear to stand out from the pict-
ure. Another famous picture of his was the
portrait of Glycera, a flower-girl, for a copy
of which L. Lucullus paid two talents. Pliny
says (xxxv. 40 [123]) that Pausias painted
many small pictures, chiefly miniatures of
children. Pausauias (ii. 27, 3) mentions
two paintings by Pausias, in the Tholus at
Epidaurus, the one representing Love, the
other Drunkenness.
PAUSIAS AND GLYCERA, Rubens,
Grosvenor House, London ; canvas, H. 7 ft.
| X 6 ft. 2 in. Sitting on a bank ; Pausias
j holding the portrait of his mistress Glycera ;
she holding a wreath of flowers ; other flow-
ers in a vase and basket. Erroneously called
1 portraits of Rubens and his first wife. —
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 164 ; Smith, ii. 219.
PAUSINGER, FRANZ VON, born in
405
PATTSON
Salzburg in 1839. Animal and landscape
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then in
Carlsruhe of Schirmer, and in Zurich of
Roller. Gold medal, 1873. Works : Foxes ;
Wounded Chamois ; Butting Time ; Wood
Interior, Vienna Museum ; After the Fight ;
Stags Fighting ; Deer in the Hollengebirge.
His wife Rosalie paints pleasing genre pict-
ures.—Miiller, 409 ; Wurzbach, xxi. 380 ;
Graph. K., i. GO ; Kunst-Chronik. xix. 518 ;
xx. 349 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 696 ; II-
lustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 387.
PAUSON, painter, of Athens, probably
near the beginning of the 4th century B.C.
Aristotle says (Poet., 2, 2) that he delighted
in painting what was defective or repulsive
in men, from which we infer that he was a
painter of caricatures. — Aristoph. Acharn.,
854; Pint., G02.
PAUWELS, FERDINAND, born at Eck-
eren, near Ant-
werp, April 13,
1830. History
painter, pupil of
Antwerp Academy
in 1842-50, un-
der Dujardin, then
of Wappcrs ; won
the grand prix de
Rome in 1852; spent
four years in Italy,
where he painted several biblical subjects ;
visited Dresden, and on his return to Ant-
werp took up successfully subjects from lo-
cal history. In 18G2-72 he was professor
at the Art School in Weimar ; returned to
Antwerp, and in 187G became professor at
the Dresden Academy. Gold medals, 1857,
18G4, 18G8; Order of Leopold, 1861.
Works : Balduiu and his Daughter Joanna
(1851) ; Coriolanus persuaded by his Mother
(1852) ; Deborah as Judge over Adultery ;
Rizpah watching over the Bodies of her
Sons (1856) ; Miracle of St. Eugenia, Call-
ing of St. Clara (1859) ; Jacob van Artevel-
de's Widow (1860), Brussels Museum ; Sal-
vation of Levyn Pyn (1862), Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington ; Keturu of Exiles to
Antwerp (1863), H. 0. Miihlberg, Berlin ;
Louis XIV. receiving Delegation of Genoa
(1864), Maximilianeum, Munich ; Burghers
of Ghent before Philip the Bold (1865) ;
America abolishing Slavery, Persecution
of Protestants in the Netherlands (1868),
Ki'migsberg Museum ; Queen Philippine as-
sisting the Poor at Ghent (1866) ; Visit of
Count Philip of Alsace to Hospital of St.
Mary at Ypres (1877), Dresden Museum ;
Admonition, Leipsic Museum ; Frescos in
Luther's House at the Wartburg ; Joanna
of Flanders liberating Prisoners at Ypres in
1214 (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).—
Kaulen, 234 ; Riegel, D. Kunststud., 425 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 186.
PAX VOBIS, Raphat-l, Count Tosi, Bres-
cia ; wood, H. about 1 ft. 4 in. The risen
Christ, with red drapery round the body
and on the right shoulder, and crown of
thorns upon his head, raises one Land in
benediction, and points with the other to
wound in his side. Probably painted in
1505. In good preservation. Belonged
formerly to the Mosca family at Pesaro.
Engraved by L. Gruiier. — Passavant, ii.
32.
PAYER, JULIUS VON, Ritter, born at
Schoeuau, near Teplitz, Bohemia, Sept. 1,
1842. History painter, pupil at the Stiidel
Institute, Frankfort, of Hasselhorst, and at
the Munich Academy of Alexander Wagner ;
having taken up painting after his return
from the second Austrian north-pole expe-
dition (1872-74), he achieved a marked suc-
cess, even with his first work : Starmtion-
Cove (Bay of Death, 1883), representing the
end of the Franklin expedition, the princi-
pal phases of which he intends to depict in
a series of four paintings. In 1884 he went
to Paris to continue his studies under Mun-
kucsy. He is commissioned to paint, for the
Museum of Natural History in Vienna, two
views of Francis Joseph-Land in the polar
region explored by him. Great gold medal,
Munich, 1883; gold medal, Berlin, 1886.
— Allgem. K. C., viii. 601 ; Brockhaus, xii.
767 ; Kuust-CLrouik, xix. 110, 123, 157 ; xx.
406
PEACE
335 ; London Times, Jan. 29, 1884, 5 ; Re-
ber-Pecht, iii. 293.
PEACE, Sir Edwin Landseer, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 4 f t. 4
in. Coast scene, Dover harbour in distance ;
goats and sheep browsing on cliff, a lamb
lying with its head in the muzzle of a dis-
mounted gun ; near them, three bare-headed
children. Companion to War. Royal Acad-
emy, 184C. Engraved by T.L. Atkinson; Lumb
Stocks ; J. Cousen. — Art Journal (1854), G5.
monarch's court as envoy for Spain. It
passed to the Doria Collection, Genoa, from
which purchased by Mr. Irvine (1802) for
£1,100 ; sold in same year for £3,000 to
Marquis of Stafford, who presented it in
1827 to National Gallery. Engraved by J.
Heath, — "\Vaagcn, Treasures, i. 349 ; Smith,
ii. 1G1 ; Sainsbury, Orig. Papers, 147.
PEACHUM, POLLY, Iloyarth, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, oval, H. 2 ft. 5
in. x 1 ft. 11 in. Portrait of Miss Fentoii,
Peace and War, Rubens, National Gallery, London.
PEACE AND WAR, David Cox, private
gallery, England. Harvest-field, with troops
marching towards the town of Lancaster.
Painted in 1846 ; belonged in 1870 to David
Price ; Gillott sale (1872), 3,430 guineas.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 9 in. Peace, a
beautiful woman, nude, giving her breast
to a child, is surrounded by Abundance,
Wealth, and Happiness ; while Minerva,
emblematical of Wisdom, repels Mars and
the Harpies. Painted for Charles I. in
1630, when Rubens was residing at that ,
the original Polly Peachum in Gay's "Beg-
gar's Opera," afterwards Duchess of Bolton.
Figure life-size, seen to waist, in pale-green
silk bodice with pearl necklace, and a lace
cap. Leigh Court sale (1884), 800 guineas.
PEALE, CHARLES WILSON, born in
Chesterton, Md., April 16, 1741, died in
Philadelphia, Feb. 22, 1827. Portrait paint-
er, pupil of Copley in Boston, and in 1770-
74 of Benjamin West in London. On re-
turning to America he practised his art in
Maryland and Philadelphia, painting many
of the celebrated men of his time. He is
407
PEALE
said to have painted fourteen portraits of
Washington ; one of the most noted, ordered
by Lafayette for the French King, was pur-
chased by the Count de Menou during the
French Revolution and presented to the Na-
tional Institute, where it is still preserved.
Among his other portraits are those of Gen-
erals Lincoln, Green, Rochambeau, Hamil-
ton, Reed, Gates, DeKalb, Bishop White,
Charles Carroll, John Hancock, Jefferson,
Dr. McKean, Dr. Franklin, and Lord Stir-
ling ; Group of the Peale family (1773-
1809), Alexander Hamilton, Washington,
Historical Society, New York.
PEALE, REMBRANDT, born in Bucks
County, Pa., Feb. 22,
1787, died in Phila-
delphia, Oct. 3, 1860.
Portrait painter, pu-
pil of Benjamin West;
sou of Charles Wilson
Peale, for whose mu-
seum in Philadelphia
he spent some time
in Paris painting the
portraits of European celebrities. His most
noted picture is a portrait of Washington,
purchased by the United States Senate in
1832 for $2,000. Exhibited four pictures
at the Royal Academy, London, in 1833.
Works : Court of Death (frequently en-
graved), S. A. Coale, St. Louis ; Babes in
the Wrood, Mrs. M. O. Roberts, New York ;
Errina, H. C. Carey, Philadelphia ; Song of
the Shirt, G. W. Riggs, Washington; Wine
and Cake, Italian Peasant, Claghorn Collec-
tion, Philadelphia. Portraits : Rammohuu
Roy, Gilbert C. Stuart, Thomas Jefferson,
Dr. Priestley, Mrs. Madison, Stephen De-
catur, Jacob Jones, William Bainbridge,
Oliver H. Perry, William Tilghman, George
W. Bethune, Historical Society, New York ;
Dr. Houghton, A. M. Cozzens Collection,
ib. ; Thomas Sully, Martha AVashington,
Mrs. Oliver, Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Phila-
delphia; Houdou the sculptor, Denon, Penn-
sylvania Academy, ib. ; Equestrian Portrait
of Washington, Independence Hall, ib.
PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE, born
in Boston, Mass., in 1851. Portrait and
figure painter, pupil of Leon Bonnat, in
Paris. Sketched in Algiers ; has lived in
Europe since 1866. Honourable mention,
Paris, 1881 ; medal, 3d class, Paris, 1883 ;
medals in Boston, 1878, 1881 ; Philadelphia,
1881. Studio in Paris. Works : LTtalienne
(1876) ; Lamentation over the First Born in
Egypt, Pet of the Harem (1878) ; Beatrice,
Ophelia, Mannette, Guitar Player, Water
Carrier (1883) ; The Prayer, Meditation,
Philomena, Flower Girl (1884) ; Heartache
(1885) ; Shepherdess of Picardy (1886).
PEASANT BOY, Murillo, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. A
boy, standing before a wall, holding a bas-
ket in right hand, looks towards a dog
whose head is seen below on right. Due
de Choiseul sale (1772), with its companion,
Peasant Girl (Hermitage), to Prince Galitzin,
4,600 livres. Engraved by C. Weisbrod ;
lithographed by V. Dollet— Curtis, 276 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1875), xi. 35 ; Scott, Murillo ; Hermit-
age Cat,, 132.
By Murillo, Earl of Lonsdale, Lowther
Castle, Westmoreland ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6
in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Boy herding cattle and rid-
ding himself of vermin. — Stirling, iii. 1441 ;
Waagen, Treasures, iii. 265 ; Curtis, 278.
By Murillo, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in.
x 3 ft. 9 in. A ragged boy, seated on floor
of a room near a window, ridding himself of
vermin ; at left, a pannier and a jar. Proba-
bly painted about 1650. Gaignat sale (1788),
1,544 livres; Sainte-Foy sale (1782), bought
in at 3,000 livres ; afterward sold to Louis
XVI. for 2,400 francs. Old copy with vari-
ations, Museo del Prado. Engraved by
Boutrois, Masson, Jazet ; etched by Cha-
taignier, Boutrois, L'Hotellier; lithographed
by G. Engelmann, Langlume, Marigny, I.
Baker.— Curtis, 276 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole es-
pagnole.
By Murillo, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. A ragged
boy, with one shoulder bare, leaning his el-
408
PEASANT
bows on the sill of a window, laughing as
he looks out. Marquis of Lansdowne sale
(1806), £115 10s. ; presented to National
Gallery in 1826 by M. Zachary. Engraved
by J. Kogers, W. Humphreys, W. H. Watt,
W. Ward.— Curtis, 27G ; Jones, Nat. Gal.,
PI. 75 ; Cunningham, Cabinet Gal., ii. 33.
PEASANT GIRL, Marillo, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft.
Half-length, standing, holding to her face
with right hand the end of a scarf which
covers her head ; in left hand, a basket of
fruit ; on right, a wall. Companion to Peas-
ant Boy (Hermitage), which see. Engraved
by C. Weisbrod ; lithographed by V. Dollet.
— Curtis, 282 ; Armengaud, La llussie ; Art
Journal, Oct., 18G ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875),
xi. 43 ; Scott, Murillo.
PECHEUX, LAURENT, born at Lyons
in 1721, died in Turin in 1821. Hislory
painter, pupil of Mengs at Rome, where
and in other Italian cities ho spent the
greater part of his life. He finally became
painter to the King of Sardinia and direc-
tor of the school of painting at Turin.
Member of the Turin Academy. Works :
Frescos in the Casino of the Villa Borghese.
— Cotta's Kunstblatt (1821), 3GO.
PECHMANN, HEINRICH VON, Barou,
bora at Wiirzburg, March 10, 1826. Por-
trait, genre, and history painter, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy and of Philipp Foltz ; served
as officer in the army in 1848-53 ; visited
France in 1858 and Italy in 1863-64. Works :
Four fresco paintings, National Museum,
Madrid ; six do. at Staffelsee, Bavaria ; Al-
tarpiece, Kupferberg, ib. ; Return from Bap-
tism ; Jacob and Rachel at the Well ; Peas-
ant Women near Florence ; many portraits.
PECHT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH, born
at Constance, Oct. 2, 1814. History, genre,
and portrait painter, and illustrator, pupil
of Munich Academy, then in Paris of Dela-
roche ; lived alternately in Munich, Leipsic,
and Dresden, painting chiefly portraits; vis-
ited England in 1848, Italy in 1851-54, and
settled in Munich. Distinguished as a
writer on art. Court painter to Grand
Duke of Baden. Medal : Vienna. Works :
Hostess' Daughter ; Goethe reading his
Faust Fragment at
Court of Carlsruho,
Carlsruhe Museum;
Schiller's Reception
after Performance of
'• Robbers " at Mann-
heim; Coiiquestof Ven-
ice in 1849 ; Henry
VHI. and Anna Boleyn
at Cardinal Wolsey's,
Schwerin Gallery ;
Goethe's Introduction
at Court of Weimar ; Characters from Schil-
ler's Works, with A. von llamberg); Lessing,
Goethe, and Shakespeare Galleries. In
fresco : Statesmen and Generals (18G6-70),
National Museum, Munich ; Scenes from
RP I » Local History, Town Hall,
. /C(/lf« Constance.— Mtlller, 410; Dr.
Vine. M filler, Mfinchen, 1G4 ; Prutz, D.
Mus. (1859), 517 ; Laud und Meer (1874), ii.
92G.
PECORI, DOMENICO, born at Arezzo
about 1450. Florentine school ; pupil of
Bartolommeo della Gatta, through whose
medium Signorelli and Perugino are reflect-
ed in his style. His Adoration of the Vir-
gin is in the Sacristy of the Pieve, and his
Virgin of Mercy in S. M. della Pieve, Areg-
gio.— C. fcC., Italy, iii. 43 ; Vasari, v. 51, 198.
PEDIUS, QUINTUS, Roman painter, lat-
ter part of 1st century B.C. He was grand-
son of the Consul Q. Pedius, nephew of Ju-
lius Csesar, and was brought up a painter
because he had been born dumb. He died
in youth, after making great progress in
art.— Pliny, xxxv. 7 [21].
PEDRINI, GIOVANNI, called sometimes
Giampetrino, flourished in Milan about 1520
-50. Milanese school ; history painter, sup-
posed pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, but prob-
ably only an imitator. Works : Magdalen,
Brera, Milan ; Madonna, S. Sepolcro, ib. ;
do. (1521), San Marino, Pavia ; Magdalen
Penitent, St. Catharine, Berlin Museum ;
Madonna in a Landscape, Carlsruhe Gal-
4U'J
PEE
lery ; do., Old Pinakothek, Munich ; The
Saviour, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Liib-
ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 447.
PEE, JAN VAN, born at Amsterdam
about 1G52 (?), died at Antwerp, buried Oct.
7, 1710. Flemish school ; genre painter,
settled at Antwerp, where he received pu-
pils in 1G87 and 1C95. In the Antwerp
Museum is an Interior with Pastry Baker
by him. By his son Theodoor van Pee
(1669-1750), is a Family Room (1740) in the
Schwerin Gallery. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers
(1874), 502 ; Van den Brandeu, 1189.
PEEL, LADY, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Sir
Robert Peel, Bart., London. Half-length,
standing, wearing a broad hat with feathers,
somewhat like that in Ruben s's Chapeau de
Paille, for which it was designed as a com-
panion-piece. Royal Academy, 1827. — Gow-
er, Romney and Lawrence, 33, 72.
PEELE," JOHN T., born in Peterbor-
ough, England, in 1822. Genre painter,
self-taught. Taken to America in his sec-
ond year ; in early youth painted portraits
in the chief cities of the United States and j
England. In 184(i ho settled in New York
and turned his attention to the painting
of children ; in 1851 finally returned to
England. Associate of the National Acad-
emy and member of the Society of British
Artists. Exhibits in London and New
York. Studio in London. Works : Chil-
dren of the Wood, Osborne House, Isle
of Wight ; Music of the Reeds ; Children
of Robert Thornton (1874); Highland Sup-
per ; Prayer for Health ; Recitation for
Grandpa, George A. Moss ; Village School
(1879) ; Heavily Laden (1888) ; Cornish Fish
Girl (1884) ; Bit of Gossip, Bird's Nest (1885).
PEERDT, ERNST TE, born at Teckleu-
burg, Westphalia, Nov., 1852. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Ben-
demann, then in Munich of Piloty and Diez,
and in Berlin of Knaus ; since 1878 settled
in Rome. Works : Convent Toilet ; About
Nothing !.— Miiller, 411.
PEETERS, BONAVENTURA, born in
Antwerp, baptized July 23, 1614, died at
\
Hoboken, near Antwerp, July 25, 1652.
Flemish school ; marine painter, who espe-
cially repre-
sented the sea
in its most
tempestuous
forms. Mas-
ter of the
guild in 1634;
travelled ex-
tensively at
sea. Works :
Storm at Sea,
Historical Society, New York ; Coast of Agi-
tated Sea, Meu-of-War near Harbour (1636),
Berlin Museum ; Ships and Boats in Agitat-
ed Sea, Venetian Fort stormed by Turks,
Fortified Harbour, Vienna Museum ; View
of Middelbourg, Museum, Antwerp ; View
of Antwerp, City Hall, ib. ; Stormy Sea with
Shipwreck, Brussels Museum ; Roadstead
of Vlissingen, Amsterdam Museum ; View
of Corfu (1652) ; View of Scheveningen,
Dresden Gallery ; Dutch Coast Scene, Diis-
seldorf Gallery ; River Bank (1636), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; View of Dordrecht (1647),
Storm at Sea, Darmstadt Museum ; others
in Museums of Aix-la-Chapelle, Basle, Dun-
kirk, Gotha (2), Nantes, Naples, Stock-
holm, Stuttgart, Weimar ; Galleries of As-
chaffenburg, Augsburg (2), Bamberg, Cas-
sel, Christiania, Schleissheim (2, one dated
1G42), Schwerin (3); Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Harrach, and Liechtenstein (3, one
dated 1647) Galleries, Vienna. — Annales de
1'acad. d'archeol. de Belgique, vi. 71 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Kellen, i. 75 ; Kramm,
v. 1262; Kugler (Crowe), i. 262; Rooses
(Reber), 420 ; Van den Branden, 1046.
PEETERS, CATHARINA, born at Ant-
werp, Aug. 16, 1615, died there in 1676.
Flemish school ; marine and still-life paint-
er, sister and pupil of preceding, with whom
she lived until his death, when she took up
her home with her brother Jan at Hoboken,
whence both removed to Antwerp in 1654.
Works : Birds and Table-Service, Salad-
Bowl with Fruit, etc., and two similar
410
PEETEKS
subjects, Madrid Museum. — Van den Bran-
den, 1050.
PEETERS, JAN, born in Antwerp, April
24, 1624, died in 1677. Flemish school ;
marine painter, brother and pupil of Boua-
ventura, and master of the guild in 1045 ;
was also a picture dealer, from 1658 ; spent
six months in Holland in 1659. Works :
View on the Scheldt (1670), Antwerp Muse-
um ; Destruction of English Fleet at Chat-
ham (1667), Amsterdam Museum ; Storm
and Shipwreck, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Agitated Sea (1667), Tropical Coast, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Vessels engaged in Whaling,
Darmstadt Museum ; Cottages and Peas-
ants, Dresden Museum ; Storm at Sea (?),
Schleissheim Gallery ; do., Sehwerin Gal-
lery ; Rocky Seashore, three others, Muse-
um, Vienna ; others in Harrach and Liech-
tenstein Galleries, ib. His son, Jan Fraus,
born in 1655, and his daughter, Isabella
Josina, born in 1662, were also painters, and
his pupils. —
Cat. du Mus.
d'A n v e r s
(1874), 267 ; Kramm, v. 1264 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 262 ; Van den Brandon, 1051.
PEIGNE (Pegua, Peguia), HYACINTH
DE LA, born in Brussels about 1700, died
in Rome (?) after 1766. Flemish school ;
landscape and battle painter, entered French
service as an engineer draughtsman, then
was in Sardinian and Austrian service ; lived
in Rome at an advanced age. Works : Two
Views of the Pont Neuf in Paris (1743), Vi-
enna Museum. — Kramm, v. 1265.
PEIRSON, DEATH OF MAJOR, John
Singleton Copley, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 11 in. Major
Peirson was killed in an engagement with
French troops at St. Helier, Jersey, Jan. 6,
1781. Scene : his body carried, out of the
fight, while his black servant shoots the
French soldier who killed him. Principal
group all portraits, mostly officers of 95th
Regiment. Painted in 1783 as companion
to Death of Chatham ; bought for National
Gallery at Lord Lyndhurst's sale, 1864.
^p y*
s. J / f>j&t£, t*
s >— S
Engraved by James Heatli (1784) ; copied
by A. Kessler.— Cat, Nat. Gal.
PELEGRET, TOMAS, born in Toledo,
died in reign of Philip H. (1556-98) aged
84. Spanish school ; pupil in Italy of Bal-
dassare Peruzzi and of Polidoro da Caravag-
gio ; settled in Saragossa about 1530 and
decorated the fayades of many palaces and
churches. Painted also in Huesca, about
1 1550, the sacristy of the Cathedral. Pict-
ures in oil in Convent of S. Engracia, Sara-
gossa, attributed to him. — Stirling, i. 150.
PELEZ, FERNAND, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Cabanel
and Barrias. Medals : 3d class, 1876 ; 2d
' class, 1879 ; 1st class, 1880. Works : Adam
and Eve (1876); Death of the Emperor Corn-
modus, Roman Girl about to Bathe (1879) ;
At the Bathing Place, Little Chickweed-Sel-
ler (1880); Motherhood, Girl Selling Chick-
weed (1881); A Philosopher, Irreconcilable
(1882V, Homeless (1883); A Family (1884),
M. de Lesseps ; A Martyr, La Mist're (1885);
The Victim (1886), John G. Johnson, Phila-
delphia.
PELHAM, PETER, born in London (?),
died in Boston in Dec., 1751. Portrait
painter and engraver ; the earliest artist resi-
dent in New England. Settled in Boston
in 1724-26, opened a school (1734) in which
painting was taught as a branch of educa-
tion, and in 1748 married Mrs. Mary Single-
ton, widow of Richard Copley and mother
of the artist J. S. Copley. Work : Portrait
of the Rev. Cotton Mather, American Anti-
quarian Society, Worcester (engraved by
Pelham in 1727). Engravings : Rev. C.
Mather (1727) ; Rev. I. Moorhead (1731) ;
Rev. Benjamin Colmau (1734), after Smi-
bert ; Rev. W. Cooper (1743), Rev. I. Sew-
all, both after Smibert ; Rev. T. Prince
(1750), after Greenwood ; Gov. W. Shirley
(1747); Thomas Hollis (1750).— W. H. Whit-
more, Notes concerning Peter Pelham (Cam-
bridge, 1867).
PELLEGRIN, LOUIS ANTOINE VIC-
TOR, born at Toulon in 1836. History
painter, pupil of Charles Comte. Works :
PELLEGRINO
Louis XIV. giving Presents to the Duchess of
Burgundy (1864) ; Marie Antoinette in the
Conciergerie (1868) ; Game of Vert- Vert ;
Interior of Saint Suverin ; Marie Antoinette
led to the Scaffold ; St. Severiu's on Christ-
mas Eve (1873); Communion of the Virgin
(187!)).
PELLEGRINO DA BOLOGNA. See Ti-
baldi.
PELLEGRINO DA CESENA. See Pel-
Iff/rino da San Daniele.
PELLEGRINO DA MODEXA, born in
Modeua in 14(58 (?), died there, Nov. 20,
1524. Umbrian school ; real name Pelle-
grino Munari or Aretusi ; son and pupil of
Giovanni Munari ; mentioned as a skilful
young painter in 1483. About 1509 he went
to Rome and studied with Raphael, who em-
ployed him as his assistant at the Vatican.
His work was so satisfactory that he was
commissioned to paint frescos in S. Eusta-
cliio and in S. Giacomo degli Spagnuoli.
Those in the latter church, representing the
legend of St. James, still extant, are worthy
in design and execution of a scholar of Raph-
ael. On his return to Modem, Pellegrino
painted in churches and other public build-
ings, but few of his works have survived.
He was slain in a street quarrel by the
friends of a man whom his son had killed.
A Nativity by him is in the Modem Gallery.
— Ch. Blanc, Kcole ombrienne ; Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., viii. 24G ; x. 4, 357 ; ed. Mil., iv.
(549.
PELLEGRINO PELLEGRINI. See Ti-
Mdi.
PELLEGRINO DA SAN DANIELE,
born in latter half of 15th century, died
at San Daniele, Dec. 23, 1547. Venetian
school ; called also Martino da Udine ; son
of Battista da San Daniele (died before
1491), a Dalmatian painter resident in Udine,
of whom no picture remains. In 1491, Mar-
tino was the partner of a goldsmith at San
Daniele, and had contracted to decorate
with frescos the Church of Villanuova.
Probably studied under his father, and af-
terwards in Venice (1494), where he perhaps
obtained the surname of Pellegrino from
Giovanni Bellini. Painted for several years
at San Daniele and Udine, but was obliged
to leave for political reasons, and spent four
years (1508-12), in Venice and Ferrara.
Up to this time his style had been chiefly
influenced by Cinia, but after this his work
shows a careful study of Giorgione. In
1512 he returned to Udine and painted
thenceforth there and at San Daniele, where
he decorated the Church of Saut' Antonio
with frescos. This long and arduous task
was not completed until 1522. Among his
other works are the Madonna with Saints
(1529), Santa Maria, Cividale ; Glory of St.
Joseph, Cathedral of Udine ; Madonna with
Saints, Collection of Prince Giovanelli, Ven-
ice ; and Madonna enthroned with Saints,
National Gallery, London. Duchesue, who
calls him Pellegrino da Cesena, gives a list
of GG niellos by him.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
189 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 28 ; ed. Mil.,
v. 105 ; Hartzen, Kuustblatt (1853), No. 24 ;
Duchesne, Essai sur les Nielles (Paris,
182G), 322; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii.
583.
PELLETIER, LAURENT JOSEPH, born
at ficlaron (Haute-Marne), in 1813. Land-
scape painter ; appointed in 1845 professor
at the school of design in Metz. He gener-
ally painted views of the Rhine and North-
ern France. Medals : 3d class, 1841 ; 2d
class, 184G. Works : Bacharach, St. Goar,
Coblentz (1840); Environs of Troves, Losch,
The Rhine, Environs of J^pemay (1841); Val-
ley of Sierck (1846); Souvenir of Savoy, Sun-
set on Edge of Forest, Entrance to the
Woods, The Moselle (1848) ; Bad Weather,
Pond (1852) ; and others (1857-78).— Bel-
lier, ii. 225 ; Larousse.
PELLICER, JOS£ LUIS, bom in Cata-
lonia ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil
of Giuseppe Palizzi in Rome, where he close-
ly studied popular life in Trastevere and in
the Ghetto. Medal, 1871. Works: Noc-
turnal Hour ; Governor of Arabia and Span-
ish Consul at Dizifut ; The Charlatan ; Lot-
tery Prize ; Montanara Square ; Priest on
412
PELLIC011NE
Winter Evening in Rome ; Pantheon of the
Poor. — La Ilustracion, 1877.
PELLICORNE, JAN, AND SON, por-
trait, Rembrandt, Sir Richard Wallace, Hert-
ford House, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in.
x 3 ft. 9 in. Also portrait of wife and
daughter of Jan, same size. Members of an
old Amsterdam family, in whose possession
the pictures remained until 1842, when sold
to Mr. Nieuwenhuys for 35,046 florins.
Bought at sale of King of Netherlands
(1850) by Lord Hertford for 1,200 guineas.
— Waagen, Treasures, ii. 158.
PELOUSE, LF.ON GERMAIN, born at
Pierrelaye (Seine-et-
Oise); contemporary.
Landscape painter.
Pond of painting views
in Normandy. Med-
als: 2d class, 1873;
1st class, 1870; 2d ,
class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1878. Works:
Arm- of the Sea at Low
Tide (1868); Souvenir of Ceruay (1872); Oc-
tober Morning in Woods (1874) ; Views of
Fiuisterre, Morning (1877); Old Wells (1879);
Cernay in January (1879), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; First Leaves, Rocks at Coucarneau
(1880) ; Overflowed Meadows in Holland,
Wheat at Grandcamp (1881) ; River Ellc
(1882) ; Valley of Ardoisi.Tcs (1883) ; Bor-
ders of Loing (National Gallery, New South
Wales), Grandcamp (1884); At Saint-Jeau-le-
Thomas, Evening (1885); Geese-Island, Pla-
teau of Montjoie (1886).— Bellier, ii. 22G.
PEMBROKE FAMILY, Anton van D,jck,
Earl of Pembroke, Wilton House ; canvas,
H. 11 ft. x 19 ft. Ten figures : Philip, Earl
of Pembroke, and his wife, seated on a dais,
with their family standing around them ;
above, two sons and a daughter, deceased,
represented as angels. Engraved by Baron.
Studies : Earl of Carnarvon, and in Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Waagen, Treasures,
iii. 153 ; Smith, iii. 144.
PENA MUNOZ, Don MAXIMINO ; con-
temporary. Works : Two Interiors, Return
from Market (1883) ; Roman Vestal guard-
ing Sacred Fire (1884). - La Ilustracion
(1884), i. 395. 404.
PENCZ, GEORG, born at Nuremberg
about 1500, died there
in Oct., 1550. German
school ; history and por-
trait painter, pupil or
follower of Diirer. Ad-
mitted into the guild in
1523, ho was banished
for unbelief in 1524,
with Hans and Sebald
Beham ; but he appears
to have been allowed to settle in the neigh-
bourhood soon afterwards, and probably
returned to Nuremberg in 1532. After his
return from Rome, which he visited before
1530 and again in 1539, he was frequently
employed by the council of his native city.
He was one of the best German portrait
painters of his time, and as an engraver he
occupies the lirst place among the followers
of Diirer. Worts : Adoration of the Magi,
Dresden Gallery ; St. Jerome (1544), Por-
trait of Field Marshal Sebaldus Schirmer
(1545), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
Judith with Head of Holoferues, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; St. Jerome, Stuttgart Muse-
um ; Crucifixion, Wijrlitz Gallery ; do., and
Portrait of Young Man (1543), Vienna Mu-
seum ; do. (1534), and of the Painter
Schwetzer (1544) and Wife (1545), Berlin
Museum ; Scholar in his Stud}-, Rotterdam
Museum ; Charity, Madrid Museum ; do.,
Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Portraits in
Brunswick, Carlsruhe (1545), Darmstadt
(1544), Dresden (1552), Gotha, Copen-
hagen Galleries ; Erasmus of Rotterdam
(after Holbein), Windsor Castle. — Keane,
Early Masters, 139 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 183 ;
Scott, Little Masters, 115 ; W. & W., ii. 406.
PENGUILLY-L'HARIDON, OCTAVE,
born in Paris, April 4, 1811, died there,
Nov. 3, 1870. Genre painter, pupil of Char-
let. Entered the ficole Polytechnique in
1831, became captain of artillery in 1841,
inspector of studies in the ficole Polytech-
413
PENNACCHI
nique in 1850-54, custodian of the artillery ' was raised to the rank of an engineer, and
museum in 1854, chief of battalion in 18GO,
and in I860 retired on a pension. His pen-
aud-iuk sketches, exhibited in 1835, were
so much admired that he was encouraged
to take up art professionally. Medals : 3d
as such commanded the works at the siege
of Boulogne, where he was killed by a can-
non-shot— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 230 ; Burck-
hardt, 113, 192, 728 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., ii. G04.
class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, j PENNACCHI, PIETRO MARIA, born at
1851 ; Officer, 18G2. Works : Two Riders ' Treviso in 14C4, died there in 1528. Paint-
(1842) ; Tennis-Court, Interior of Farm ed first in Treviso, where he produced pict-
ures remarkable for dryness and patient
finish, one of them being so German that it
has been ascribed to Albrecht Diirer. After-
wards studied in Venice, where he changed
his style, wavering between imitation of
(1855); Battle of the Thirty (1857); The Bellini and Carpaccio. In his early manner
Beach, Stroke of the Spur, Little Sea-Gulls is the Christ in the Tomb, in the Berlin
(1859); Rocks of Grand Paow, Death of Ju- , Museum ; in his second, the Annunciation,
das, St. Jerome (18G1); Riding Lesson, The in S. Francesco della Vigna, Venice. Still
Shepherds guided by the Star to Bethlehem, later he adopted the free system of treat-
Arrival at the Inn (18G3) ; Arrival of the ment of Rondinello, examples of which are
House, Beggar (1847) ; Don Quixote's Re-
turn (1848) ; Sancho Pauza (1849) ; The
Revels, Robbers, Flemish Cavalry (1850);
Calvin (1852); Cavalier (1853); Gallic Scout,
Breton Bagpipe, An Inventor, An Invitation
Magi, The Hurricane (18G4) ; Knight dic-
tating a Letter to a Monk (18G5) ; Proteus
and the Phocians (18GG); Prodigal Son, The
Beach (18G8); Spoonbills, View of the Belle-
ville Coast (18G9) ; Ruins of Roman Town
in Dauphiny, Storm in Channel (1870). —
Bellier, ii. 228 ; Larousse.
PENNACCHI, GIROLAMO DI PIER
MARIA, born at Treviso in 1497, died in
1545. Called also Girolamo da Treviso. grand prix de Rome, 1857. Medals : 3d
Probably pupil of his father, Pietro Maria class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1883. Works : Christ
Pennacchi, but early exhibited a more mod- and the Woman of Samaria, Chateau Du-
ern spirit. Of this period are three pict- nois (1857) ; Halt of Gypsies (1859) ; Views
ures of his in the Casa Origo, Treviso, two j in Fontaiuebleau Forest (1861) ; Hunting
of which bear the name of Giorgione. Giro- Scenes (1870, 1872, 1873, 1874) ; Stag-
lamo went early to Venice, and was prob- Hunt, Dogs of St. Hubert (1875) ; Boar-
ably in Genoa between 1528 and 1532. In Hunt (187G) ; Dogs' Pictures (1877, 1878,
the Madonna- in s- M-
della Salutc> Veuice'
and the Assumption, in
the Duomo, Treviso. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
227 ; Burckhardt, 192, 728 ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. G04.
PENNE, CHARLES OLIVIER, born in
Paris, Jan. 11, 1831. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet ; 2d
1532 he painted frescos in the Castello of
Trent, and in 1533 he executed a largo
1879, 1880, 1881); Relay, Let Loose!
(1883) ; Collies, Mimi (1884) ; Fleet-Hounds
fresco of the Madonna, in the Church of of the Vendee, Terriers of the Ardennes
the Cominenda, Faenza. About the same
time he painted several pictures also in Bo-
logna, one of the best of which, a Madonna,
is in the National Gallery, London. He re-
turned to Venice, and about 1538 entered
the service of Henry VIII. of England ; in
1542 he was architect to the king, and de-
signed a palace for him ; and in 1544 he
(1885) ; Welfare, Relay in the Snow (1886).
—Bellier, ii. 229.
PENNI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. See
Fatlora.
PENNI, LUCA, born in Florence about
1500, died in Rome about 1560. Umbrian
school ; brother of II Fattore, and, like him,
pupil of Raphael. He painted with his
11 1
PENN'S TREATY
brother-in-law, Perino del Vaga, in Genoa,
Lucca, and other cities in Italy, and then
with II Eosso at Fontainebleau. Thence
he went to England, where he was employed
by Henry VHL He had considerable tal-
ent, though his compositions are often con-
fused. His infants are pretty, but his fe-
male figures lack the simplicity of those of
Raphael. His landscape backgrounds
are carefully finished. A Holy Fam-
ily by him is in the Palazzo Pitti,
Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., viii. 244 ; ix. 291 ; Se-
guier, 149.
PENN'S TREATY, Benjamin West, Inde-
pendence Hall, Philadelphia. Treaty made
by William Penn with the Indians at Shack -
amaxon, now Kensington, October 14, 1082.
West's picture represents the traditional in-
terview under the great elm, blown down in
1811, the site of which is marked by a small
monument.
PENNY WEDDING, Kir David Wilkie,
Buckingham Palace ; canvas. A wedding
party assembled in a cottage interior, some
feasting in the background, others dancing
the reel to the music of a violin and violon-
cello. Called a penny wedding because
each visitor pays a small fee, the money
thus collected going to help furnish the
house of the bride. Painted in 1818 for the
Prince Regent, who paid for it 500 guineas.
Loan Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1883. Origi-
nal sketch, Gillot sale (1872), 700 guineas.
Engraved by James Stewart ; W. Greatbach.
— Heaton, \Vorks of Sir D. W. ; Waagen,
Art Treasures, ii. 25 ; Art Journal (1860), 184.
PENTHEUS PURSUED BY THE
MAINADES, Charles Gleijre, Basle Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. G in. Pen-
theus, King of Thebes, being opposed to
the introduction of the worship of Diony-
sus in his kingdom, was torn to pieces by
his mother and two other Mainades, who,
in their Bacchic frenzy, believed him to be
a wild beast.
PEPYN, MARTEN, born in Antwerp,
baptized Feb. 21, 1575, died there about
1642-43. Flemish school ; history painter,
admitted into guild in 1600. Influenced by
school of Frans
Floris. Probably
visited Italy, and
had his portrait
painted by Van
Dyck. Darwing
correct, colour
vigorous, heads
true to nature
I and animated.
Works : Passage
through the Red Sea (1626), St. Luke
Preaching, Saints (4), Museum, Antwerp ;
Two Triptychs (1623), St. Elizabeth's Hos-
pital, ib. ; St. Norbert (1037), Cathedral,
ib. ; Holy Family, St. Paul's, ib. ; Portrait
of a Lady, Aremberg Gallery, Brussels ;
St. Ann and Trustees of Orphanage,' Mu-
seum, ib. ; Madonna, Basle Museum ; Ador-
ation of the Magi, Circumcision, Wiesba-
den Gallery. By his daughter Catharina
(born Feb. 13, 1619) are two able portraits
• (1657) in the
Af ^ 0 S^ilJTl Abbey of Tou-
V \JJ &P (/H/ oeiloo -Cat
l^/ du Mus. d'An-
vers (1874), 269; Kramm, v. 1269 ; Kuglcr
(Crowe), ii. 292 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
llooses (Reber), 159 ; Van den Branden, 474.
PERAIRE, PAUL EMMANUEL, born at
Bordeaux; contemporary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Eugene Isabey and of Luminais.
Medal, 3d class, 1880/ Works: Isle of
Croissy at Bougival (I860) ; Spring Morn-
ing in Grove of L'lle-Adani (1876) ; Banks
of the Marne (1877) ; Mill of Andelys (1879) ;
The Seine at Saint-Denis (1880) ; Morning
at Pond of Mortefontaine (1881) ; Golden
Season on Banks of the Seine (1882) ; Chfi-
teau-Gaillard (1883) ; The Marne at Cham-
pigny (1884) ; On Banks of the Seine
(1885) ; Sunset at Ballancourt (1886).— Bel-
lier, ii. 231.
PERBANDT, LLNA VON, born at Lang-
endorf, East Prussia, May 25, 1836. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Kiiuigsberg Academy
415
PERCELLES
under Belirendsen, and of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Diicker ; travelled extensively in
Germany and Switzerland ; lives in Diissel-
dorf. Works : View on Kurisli Haff ; Land-
scape in Holstein ; View in Hartz Moun-
tains; Schweudi Alp in Switzerland; Au-
tumn Morning ; Landscape with Cows.—
Miiller, 411.
PERCELLES. See PorceJlis.
PEREDA, ANTONIO DE, born at Valla-
dolid in 1599, died in Madrid in 16(59.
Spanish school ; pupil of Pedro de las Cue-
vas ; when only eighteen years old painted
a Conception which won him reputation.
Employed by the Duke of Olivurez, he
painted soon after, in the Palace of Buen
Retiro, the Raising of the Siege of Genoa,
for which lie received five hundred ducats.
His masterpiece, The Disenchantment of
Life, is in the Academy of San Fernando.
Other works : St. Jerome, Madrid Museum ;
Fruits and Musical Instruments, Louvre,
Paris ; Fruit-Piece, Brussels Museum ; Fort-
une Teller, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Officers
playing at Draughts, Spanish Nobleman,
, »-) , OldPinuko-
A- fa reread.**' £r
inch ; Still-
life (two,
1652), Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Stirling,
ii. 701; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole ; Viardot,
263 ; Madrazo, 515.
PEREIRA, GONCALVES, born in Lis-
bon, July 23, 1839, died Oct. 2, 1878. Ani-
mal painter, pupil of Lisbon Academy, es-
pecially successful in painting the horse; was
also a sculptor, and as such excelled in por-
traits. Works: Vista da Tapata ; Turtle Dove
and Cut ; Romeo and Juliet (Doves) ; many
horse pictures. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xx. 764.
PEREIRA, LEONEL MARQUES, born
in Lisbon, Feb. 25, 1828. Genre painter,
pupil and member of Lisbon Academy.
Medal : Spanish Order of Isabella. Works :
Market ; Village Festival.
PERGER, SIGMUND FERDINAND
VON, Ritter, born in Vienna, Aug. 17, 1778,
died there in 1841. History and animal
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy ; went to
Italy in 1810, became court-painter in 1817,
and custodian of the Belvedere Gallery in
1825. Works : Eucles bringing News of
Victory at Marathon (1809) ; Horse-Race at
Kopcsan (1816) ; Napoleon's Battle-Horse,
William of Albarack compelling Alfred I. to
marry his Daughter (1820) ; Margrave Leo-
pold refusing Imperial Crown (1824) ; Afri-
can Horse pursued by Tiger (1826) ; Ab-
duction of Ganymede (1828) ; Horse Stable
(1830) ; Stallions Playing (1832) ; Homer
singing at Athens (1834); Emperor Rudolph
I. at Royal Banquet in Aachen, Cupid flee-
ing from Psyche (1835). — Wurzbach, xxii.
13.
PERICLES, picture. See Aristolaus.
PERIGNON, ALEXIS, born in Paris in
1806, died there in April, 1882. Genre,
history, and more especially portrait paint-
er ; pupil of his father, Alexis Nicolas (1785
-1864), and of Gros. Medals : 3d class,
1836 ; 2cl class, 1838 ; 1st class, 1844 ; L.
of Honour, 1856 ; Officer, 1870. Works :
Death of Montaigne (1836) ; Woman taken
in Adultery (1838) ; Christ carrying the
Cross (1840) ; Christ in the Garden, Roger
and Angelica (1841) ; Portraits of the King
of Belgium and others. — Bellier, ii. 234 ;
Courrier de 1'Art (1881-82), 156 ; Larousse.
PERFN, ALPHONSE, born in Paris,
March 12, 1798, died in 1875. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Guerin and of the
Ecole des Beaux Arts ; went to Rome in
1827, became intimate with Orsel, and was
influenced, like him, by the so-called Naza-
rites, Overbeck, Veit, and others. Medals :
2d class, 1827 ; L. of Honour, 1854. Works :
Samaritan Woman, Holy Family (1827) ;
Italian Landscapes. Mural paintings : Glo-
rification of the Eucharist, etc., Notre Dame
de Lorette. — Bellier, ii. 235, 305 ; Larousse.
PERINO or PIERINO. See Vaga, Pe-
rino del.
PERNHARDT, MARCUS, bom at Unter-
mieger, Carinthia, July 6, 1824. Landscape
painter, pupil in Klagenfurt of Eduard von
Moro ; excels in winter landscapes. Works :
416
PERM A
View on Klopein Lake (1854) ; Castle Feis-
tritz (1856) ; The Gross Glockner (1857) ;
Album of Carinthia (30) ; Panorama of the
Gross Glockner (9), Alpenvereiu, Vienna. —
Wurzbach, xxii. 35.
PERNIA, portrait, Velasquez, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. G ft. C in. x 4 ft. Com-
monly called Portrait of Barbaroja or Bar-
barossa, but now identified as Peruia, an
actor of the time of Philip IV. A mail in Ve-
netian costume, standing, looking to right ;
in right hand a sword, in left the scabbard.
Unfinished. Latest manner. Engraved by
L. Croutelle. Etched by F. Goya ; C. Ala-
bern. — Curtis, 31 ; Madrazo, 627.
PERNOT, ALEXANDRE FRANCOIS,
born at Vassy (Haute-Marne), Feb. 15, 1793,
died there, Nov. 3, 18G5. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Herseut and Victor Bertin. Be-
tween 1818 and 1828 he made many sketches
for oil and water-colour pictures in Scotland,
Germany, Switzerland, and France. Med-
als : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1839 ; Aus-
trian grand gold medal, 1840 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1846. Works : Ditches of Vincenncs
in 1815 (1822), Angers Museum ; William
Tell's Chapel ; Marius at, Carthage ; Castle
of Bayard ; Valley of Domrcmv ; Abbots-
ford ; Edinburgh ; Holyrood ; Precipices
of Bozouls (1829) ; View of Part of Loch
Loinoud (1833); Ruined Castle on the Rhine,
Ruins of the Convent of Thusenbach (1834);
Loch Leven Castle, Bridge of Clammecy
(1835); Monument to Turenue at Sasbach
(1836), Versailles Museum ; View of Conches,
Langres Museum ; View of Strasburg Ca-
thedral (1836), Rheims Museum ; Burning
of Chartres Cathedral in 1836, Chartres Mu-
seum ; View of Chateau do Plessis-les-Tours
(1851), Tours Museum ; View of Nancy,
Dijon Museum. — Bellier, ii. 236 ; Larousse ;
Cotta, Kunstblatt (1846), 175.
PEROFF, BASIL, born at Tobolsk, Si-
beria, Dec., 1833. A natural son of Baron
Kriidener, he was debarred by Russian law
from taking his father's name, and was
called Peroff (Russian ': pero," pen) for his
early proficiency in writing. Genre painter,
' pupil in drawing and painting of Stoupin
at Arsamass, whence he went to Moscow
and studied three years in the Academy
under Vasilieff. Ho received medals at St.
Petersburg for his Boy's Head (1856) and
his Village Magistrate, First Uniform, and
Village Church (1861), and finally won the
gold medal and was sent to Paris to study.
About 1865 he settled permanently in Mos-
cow, and devoted himself to painting Rus-
sian life. Member of and professor in the
Moscow Academy. Works : Easter Proces-
sion (1861); En Route for the Troiski (1862);
' The Funeral (1865); New Governess, Draw-
ing Master (1866); Last Wine Shop (1868);
Students and the Monk (1871); Portraits of
Turgenieff, StepanofF, Pissemski, Pogodin,
the brothers Rubinstein, Ma'ikoff, Dahl, and
others (1870-72) ; Bazarorf's Grave (1874,
from Turgeuieffs "IVres et Eufauts"). He
has not exhibited since 1876, but he has
painted historical, religious, and allegorical
works, such as Czarevitch Ivan and the
Grey Wolf; The False Demetrius and tho
Monk Pymen ; Descent from the Cross ;
Garden of Gethsemane ; The Snow Maiden.
—Mag. of Art (1886), 315.
PERRAULT, LEON BAZILE, born at
Poitiers ; contemporary. Genre painter,
pupil of Picot and Bouguereau. Medals :
1864 ; 2d class, 1876. Works : Feeding
Chickens ; The Window, Coquetry (1868) ;
Young Bather surprised by Tide, Rebellious
Love, Rest (1874); Women Bathing ; Char-
ity ; John the Baptist ; The Rustic Oracle
(1876) ; Christ in the Tomb (1877), Pan
Museum ; Far from Home, Natural Mirror
(1878) ; Moses Exposed on the Nile, Bct-
tina (1879) ; Victorious Love, Love Asleep
(1880) ; Meditation (1881) ; Hymeuia's Tri-
umph (1882); Marsaniua, Sleep (1883); Le-
gal Marriage
(1884) ; Mother
andChild(1884),
Knoedler & Co.,
New York ; Nymph teasing Cupid, Artist's
Children (1886) ; My Pussy, C. S. Smith,
New York ; Education of Azor, D. W. Pow-
_
H
1
417
PERRfiAL
ers, Rochester ; Fisher Girl, W. B. Bement,
Philadelphia ; Prayer, H. L. Dousman, St.
Louis ; do., Daniel Catlin, ib. ; Poverty, S.
A. Coale, ib.— Bellier, ii. 239 ; Claretie,
Peintres (1874), 210.
PERREAL, JEAN, called Jehau de Paris,
flourished in 1455-1527. French school ;
battle painter ; mentioned in 1455 as in the
service of the Due d'Orleans ; in 1489 the
city of Lyons entrusted to him decorations
for the entry of Charles VIII. Court-paint-
er to the latter in 1483-98, and in 1498-
1515 to Louis XII., whom he accompanied
in his Italian campaign. His latest biog-
rapher, Baucel, attributes to him a Betrothal
of Charles VIII. with Ann of Brittany, re-
cently presented by him to the Louvre ; also
a Madonna della Misericordia, in the Muse-
um at Puy, and the Magdalen, assigned to
llogier van der Weyden, in the National Gal-
lery, London. — Bancel, Jehau Perreal (Paris,
1885); Bellier, ii. 232; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1861), xi. 380 ; (1885), xxxi. 322 ; Kuust-
Chronik, xx. 4GO ; Kunstfreund (1885), No.
7; Renouvicr, Jehau de Paris (Paris, 18G1);
Schiiaase,viii.330; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 326.
FERRET, AIME, born at Lyons in 1847.
Genre painter, pupil of Guichard, Vollou,
and of the Ecolo des Beaux Arts of Lyons.
Medal, 3d class, 1877. Works : Return to
Stable in a Snow Storm (1869) ; Women on
Banks of the Rhc">ne (1870) ; Fisherman's
Daughter, Return from Fishing (1873) ;
Between two Fires (1875) ; Burgundian
Wedding in 18th Century (1876) ; A Bap-
tism (1877), Lyons Museum ; A Dream in
the Grass, Portrait of Mine. Judic (1878) ;
Stirrup Cup (1879) ; The Eucharist in Bur-
gundy (1879), Luxembourg Museum ; Con-
flagration in a Village (1880) ; Seedsman
(1881) ; Vintage in Burgundy, Rural Post-
man (1882) ; Maiden of the Fields (1883) ;
Sunday in Burgundy (1884) ; Spring of
Life (1885) ; Shepherd's Betrothed, Mower
(1886).— Bellier, ii. 239.
PERRIER, FRANQOIS, called II Borgo-
gnoue, born at Saint-Jean-de-Losne (Bur-
gundy) in 1590, died in Paris in July, 1656.
French school ; genre painter and engraver,
' pupil of Lanfranco in Rome, where he stud-
ied in 1620-30. After a second visit to
Rome, which he finally left in 1645, he be-
came one of the twelve founders, caUed An-
cients, of the French Academy of Painting
and Sculpture (1648). Works : Acis and
Galatea, Orpheus before Pluto, ^Bueas and
Warriors fighting
Harpies (1645),
Louvre ; David of-
fering Thanks to
God after Victory
over Goliath, Ly-
ons Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 241 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole franchise ;
Jal, 958 ; Memoires inedits, i. 127 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
PERRIN, JEAN CHARLES NICAISE,
born in Paris in 1754, died there, Sept. 23,
1831. Genre painter, pupil of Doyen and
Durameau. Won the second grand prix in
1775. Director of the free school of draw-
ing and mathematics ; Member of Academy,
1787. Works : Venus healing the Wound
of jEueas (1787), France consecrating Capt-
ured Flags to Our Lady of Glory (1806),
Louvre ; Death of the Virgin (1789), Palais
de Trianon ; Cyrus condemned to Death
by Astyages (1802), Palace of Versailles ;
Portrait of Marshal Lanues (1810), Museum,
ib. ; Assumption (1804), Montpellier Cathe-
dral ; Pauline, wife of Seneca, refusing to
survive her Husband, Dijon Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 243 ; ViUot, Cat. Louvre ; Le-
jeune, Guide, i. 388.
PERRY, E. WOOD, born in Boston,
Mass., in 1831. Genre painter, pupil of
Emanuel Leutze in Dilsseldorf, and of Cou-
ture in Paris. Visited Europe in 1852-60 ;
studied and sketched in London, Paris,
Diisseldorf, Rome, and Venice. In 1860
returned to America, made a tour of the
South and West, and in 1864 visited the
Sandwich Islands. Elected an A.N.A. in
1868, and N.A. in 1869. Studio in New
York. Works in oil : The Weaver, Fireside
Stories (1869) ; Lost Art (1871) ; Old Story
418
PERRY
(1875) ; Young Franklin and the Press, Buf-
falo Academy ; Hospitality, Words of Com-
fort (Leland Stanford, San Francisco); Old
Lady (Mrs. George Hearst, ib.) ; Bit of
Gossip (1876) ; Sower (1877) ; The Story
(1878) ; Tabouret (1880); Mother and Child
(1881) ; Afternoon Nap, Story-Book (1882) ;
Too Little to Smoke, Grandfather's Slip-
pers (1883) ; What's that you say ? Good
Doggie ! Solitaire, Is Huldy to Home ?
(1884) ; The Letter, A Modern Eve (1885) ;
Milkmaid, Fortunes, Portrait of General
Grant (188G) ; Watching the Wheel, C. P.
Huntingtou, New York ; Thanksgiving Time,
F. C. Sales, Pawtucket, R. I. Water-col-
ours : Anne Hathaway's Kitchen, Month's
Darning (187C) ; Milkmaid, Spun Out, Nice
Book (1877).— Sheldon, 70.
PEERY, IONE, born in New York in
1839. Figure painter, pupil of the Cooper
Institute schools, and of Henry Loop in
New York, where her professional life has
been spent. Works : Called by the Angels ;
Fidalma ; Hypatia ; Romola ; Consuelo ;
Heavenward ; Zenobia ; Elsa at the Coining
of Lohengrin ; Aida ; Portrait of Miss Mary
L. Booth (1880) ; Meditation (1881) ; Queen
of the Amazons (1882) ; Mariquita (1883).
PERRY'S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE,
William H. Powell, staircase to Senate gal-
lery, Capitol, Washington. Commodore Oli- 1
ver H. Perry, in a boat, transferring his
flag from the disabled flag-ship Lawrence
to the Niagara, under a heavy fire, during
the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813.
Painted in 18— for $25,000.
PERSEUS, Greek painter. Ionic school ;
pupil of Apelles, about 308 B.C. Apelles
dedicated to him a work on painting. —
Pliny, xxxv. 36 [111] ; Brunn, ii. 257.
PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA, Rubens,
Blenheim Palace ; wood, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 3
ft. 1 in. Andromeda, nearly nude, erect,
chained to the rock ; a Cupid, with a torch,
flies over her head ; in distance, Perseus on
Pegasus approaching through the air. —
Smith, ii. 244.
By Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
| wood, H. 3 ft. 2i in. x 4 ft, (] in. Perseus,
in armour and bearing the shield of Medu-
sa, is advancing with extended hand to An-
dromeda, who is bound nude to a rock ;
three Cupids attend her, one of whom is
unbinding her ; two others hold Pegasus,
and a fifth has removed the helmet of Per-
seus, that Victory may crown him. En-
graved by Tardieu. Similar composition,
Berlin Museum. — Smith, ix. 301 ; Meyer,
Museen, 302.
By llitlu'tix, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
8 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. Perseus hastens to
deliver Andromeda, who is bound to the
i rock ; above, two Cupids. Collection of
Charles II.— Madrazo.
By Tintoretto, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. G in. x l(i ft. 2 in. The
daughter of Cepheus, bound to a rock, is
delivered from the monster by Perseus ; in
background, the palace of Cepheus. For-
merly in gallery of Prince B. Kourakinc. —
Cat. (18G9), 55.
Subject treated also by Paolo Veronese,
Rennes Museum ; Annibale Carracci, Palaz-
zo Farnese, Rome ; Giuseppe Cesari, Vienna
Museum ; Federigo Zucchero, Palazzo Cor-
sini, Florence; Emile Bin (18G5), Tours Mu-
seum ; Raphael Mengs, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg; Heinrich Btirck (1880).
PERSEUS AND PHINEUS, Luca Gior-
dano, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x 12
ft. 10 in.; signed. Perseus overcomes Phin-
eus and his companions by showing them
the head of Medusa, by which they are
turned into stone. Painted for Due de
Crc-qui ; bought in Paris at Carignan sale
(1742) for 2,000 livres. Engraved by J. F.
Beauvarlet. — Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PI. 39.
PERSEUS, EDVARD, born at Lund,
Dec. 23, 1841. History and genre painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy ; went in 18G7
to Diisseldorf, studied in Munich under Pi-
loty (1869-72), went in 1872 to Italy, and
returned to Sweden in 1875. Works : Ju-
dith ; Katharina Mftusdotter visiting Erich
XIV. in Prison ; Katharina M;\nsdotter in
Old Age. — Illust. Tidning, 1876.
•H!)
PEIIUGLNI
PERUGINI, CHARLES EDWARD, born
in Italy ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
lias resided in England many years, and
been a constant exhibitor at lloyal Academy.
Works : Playing at Work (1872) ; Cup of
Tea (1873) ; Labour of Love (1874) ; Hop
Picker (1877); Girl Reading, Quoits-
Evening, Roses and Butterflies (1878) ;
Fresh Lavender (1879) ; Siesta, Dead Leaves
( 1880) ; The Loom, Little Xell (1881) ;
Dolce far Xiente (1882) ; Xerina (1883) ;
Idle Moments, Donna i' Mobile (1884) ; Cup
and Bull (1885) ; Tempora Mutantur (188C).
PERUGIXI, Mrs. KATE DICKENS ;
contemporary. Genre painter ; daughter of
Charles Dickens and wife of Charles Edward
Perugini. Works : In a Scrape, Music hath
Charms (1877) ; Competitive Examination
(1878); A Little Woman (1879) ; Civettina,
Multiplication (1880) ; Violet and Muriel, Old
Curiosity Shop (1881) ; Rabbit Hutch, Dolls'
Dress Maker (1882) ; Effie, Bebelle (1883);
The "Tick-Tick," Little Redcap (1884) ; Mol-
lie's Ball Dress (1885) ; All for Her (188G).
PERUGIXO, PIETRO, born at Citta del-
la Pieve in 144G,
died at Fonti-
gnano, Feb. or
March, 1523.
Umbrian school;
real name Pietro
di Crist of oro
Vannucci ; ap-
prenticed in 1455
in Perugia to a
painter, proba-
bly Benedetto Bonrigli, though Xiccolo da
Foligno and Fiorenzo di Lorenzo lay claim
to the honour. At an early age he may
have acted as assistant to Pietro della Fran-
cesca (with whom, as with Luca Pacioli, he
studied perspective) in painting frescos at
Arczzo. Before 1475 or after 1478, the year
in which he painted the now destroyed fres-
cos at Cerqueto, Perugino went to Florence,
where he is said to have studied with Veroc-
chio.and during his two years' residence there
painted a Madonna with Saints and Angels,
now in the Louvre. In 1480 he was called
to Rome by Pope Sixtus IV. to paint in the
Sistine Chapel. Some of his frescos were
destroyed to make room for the Last Judg-
ment of Michelangelo ; those which remain
are the Moses and Zipporah, Baptism of
Christ, and Christ's Charge to St. Peter, fin-
ished in 1486. Four years later he was in
Florence as member of a congress of artists
called to deliberate about giving a facade to
the Duomo ; but he again returned to Rome
to decorate the palace of Cardinal Giuliauo
della Rovere, and in 1491 painted the Na-
tivity, Crucifixion, etc., now in the Villa
Albani. Two large altarpieces, of which
one, Madonna and Saints, is in the Uffizi,
Florence, and the other is in the Vienna
Museum, were painted in 1491. At this
time he established himself in Florence for
six years and opened a workshop, where he
and his assistants painted many panels and
prepared cartoons for frescos. Remains of
those executed in the Convent of the Gesu-
ati are in the Academy. Other works paint-
ed before 1499 are : Madonna and Saints,
S. Agostino, Cremona ; Portrait of Perugino
(1494), Uffizi; Pu'M, Pitti ; Piettl, Christen
the Mount (149G), Florence Academy ; Ma-
donna and Saints, Vatican, Rome; Frescos in
S. M. Maddalena dei Pazzi, Florence ; and
the Ascension of our Lord, S. Pietro, Peru-
gia. In 1499 Perugino began to decorate
the Sala del Cambio, Perugia, with frescos
of religious and classical subjects, which
constitute his most important work. He
himself painted the personifications of the
Virtues, and the twelve figures of classic
personages, as well as the God the Father,
the Nativity, and the Transfiguration, and
designed the arabesques for the pilasters
and flat spaces of the walls and ceiling,
which were painted by his assistants, Pintu-
ricchio, Lo Spagna, Alfani, and Girolamo
Genga. While the frescos were in progress
Raphael became his pupil, and doubtless
had his share in such preparatory work as
might safely be entrusted to a novice of ex-
traordinary ability. The series of frescos,
420
PERUGINO
the Sposalizio or Marriage of the Virgin,
now in the Museum of Caen, Normandy ;
the Madonna in Adoration, National Gal-
lery, London (painted for the Certosa, at
Pavia) ; the Piett), of the Pitti, Florence ;
the Ascension of Christ, in the Museum at
Lyons ; the Adoring Madonna, in S. Agos-
tino, Perugia ; and the fresco in S. M. Mad-
dalena dei Pazzi, Florence, are Perugino's
finest works. Many of those painted after
1500 are studio works, in which the master
supplied his pupils with his old cartoons to
be applied, in whole, in part, or in combina-
tion, to the carrying out of new commissions.
Vasari, who is evidently unjust towards Pe-
rugiuo in many respects, may be right in
attributing the haste and carelessness as to
result of his latter years to the master's
greed of gain. It is certain that by the
practice above alluded to he injured his rep-
utation in Florence and lost many of his
pupils. In his best days, when he laboured
conscientiously to produce the best work
for its own sake, Perugino painted many
pictures of incontestable excellence. He
possessed the ability to feel and the power
to express the deeper emotions of the hu-
man soul, and his spirit, though limited in
its range of thought and narrow in its scope,
was progressive up to the time when press
of work and the habit of mechanical repeti-
tion made him somewhat negligent. He was
a careful draughtsman, an excellent colour-
ist in the Umbrian manner, understood an-
atomy and perspective, paid special attention
to backgrounds, both landscape and archi-
tectural, and treated accessories with care
and diligence. Among his works painted
after 1504 are : Resurrection of Christ, Vati-
can, Rome, in which he was assisted by
Raphael ; Adoration of the Magi, Chapel of
the Disciplinati, Citta clclla Pieve ; Assump-
tion, Annuuziata, Florence ; Madonna and
Saints, Palazzo Penna, Perugia ; Adoration
of the Magi, Freri ; Adoration of the Infant
Christ (1509), Historical Society, New York ;
and a fresco, now in the Kensington Muse-
um, painted in 1522 for Fontiguano, where
he died of the plague the following year.—
C. & C., Italy, iii. 170 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
5G5, 001!, 010; Burckhardt, 82, 172, 558,
1 569 ; Miiudler, Essai, etc., 159 ; Dohme,
2L; Mezannotti, Commentario della Vita,
etc., di Pietro Vaunucci (Perugia, 1S3G) ;
Liibke, Geseh. ital. Mai., i. 425.
PERUGINO, portrait, I'crwjino, Sala del
Cambio, Perugia ; dated 1500. Bust in a
painted frame hanging by a string of beads
from a nail. Another portrait in Raphael's
School of Athens.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 214 ;
Perkins, 25.
By Pcrnyino, Uffizi, Florence ; wood,
dated 1494. Bust, with black skull-cap, a
red vest laced over a white shirt, and pur-
ple coat with brown facing. — C. & C., Italv,
iii. 194 ; Lavice, 52.
PERUXXI, BALDASSARE, born at Si-
ena, Marc h 7,
1481, died in
Ro m e, Jan. 6,
1537. Sienesc
school ; son of a
weaver of Voltcr-
ra ; he was per-
haps indebted to
II Sodoma for his
early instruction,
but soon learned
to follow Pinturicchio. Went about 1504
to Rome, where he speedily won a favour-
able position. He executed frescos — an
Eternal, Coronation of the Virgin, and
Madonna with Saints — in S. Ouofrio, and
made designs for mosaics in S. Croce in
Gerusalemme. By him also is the ceiling
in the Camera dell" Eliodoro in the Vatican,
partly repainted by Raphael. Peruzzi was
an architect as well as painter, and built
•121
PESAIIESE
(1509) the Palazzo Chigi, called the Far-
iiesina, and decorated its ceilings with fres-
cos. He painted also many other frescos,
the best of which are those in S. M. della
Pace. In these he endeavoured to rival
Michelangelo and Raphael, and some of
them recall the grandeur of their works.
In 1520 he succeeded Raphael as architect
of St. Peter's, and held that position until
the sack of Rome by the Spaniards in 1527,
when he was captured and plundered of all
he possessed. He was employed in archi-
tectural and engineering work until 1535,
when he returned to Rome and began the
Palazzo Mnssimi, which he did not live to
finish. He was the last of the great artists
of Siena.— C. <fc C., Italy, iii. 38-4 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 5G9, G15 ; ed. Le Mon., viii.
211) ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florcntine ; Burck-
hardt, 82 ; Dohme, 2i. ; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., ii. 410.
PESARESE, IL. See Cantarini, Simone.
PESARO, JACOPO, portrait, Titian, Ant-
werp Museum ; wood, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x G ft.
Jacopo (nicknamed Baffo f rom his bishopric
of Paphos in Cyprus), in the dress of a Do-
minican, praying for victory before St. Pe-
ter, to whom Alexander VI, in full pontifi-
cals, is presenting him ; in the distance, a
military harbour, with galleys at anchor.
Painted in 1503, when Pesn.ro was on the
eve of sailing against Santa Maura. Passed
from collection of Charles I. of England to
Spain and to the Netherlands ; presented in
1825 by William I. to municipality of Ant-
werp. Injured by repainting. Copy in
Casa Lazara, Padua. See Madonna di Casa
Pesaro. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 479 ; C. &
C., Titian, i. 74.
PESCHEL, KARL GOTTLIEB, born in
Dresden, March 31, 1798, died there, July
3, 1879. History painter, pupil of Dresden
Academy under Pochmann (17G2-1830) ;
went in 1825 to Rome, where he contracted
a life-long friendship with Ludwig Richter ;
after his return he painted frescos at Castle
Pillm'tz, and in 1838 assisted Bendemann in
the decoration of the royal palace at Dres-
\'
Kunst-
den, where he was professor at the Acad-
emy iii 1837-77. Works : Rebekah at the
WTell ; Entombment
(1832), Weimar Mu-
seum ; Joseph sold by
his Brethren ; Tobias ;
St. Stephen before the
High Priests ; Angels
appearing to Jacob
(1845), Come ye that
are heavy laden!
(1851), Dresden Gal-
lery; Madonna (1829),
Rebekah and Eliezer, Leip-
sic Museum; The Apostles
crossing the Sea (1853), (
Schwerin Gallery; Cruci-
fixion ; Ezckiel under the
Willows of Babylon (1858).
— Cotta's Kunstbl. (1838),
253; D. Kunstbl. (1858),
151 ; Grosse, 5G ; Kaulen,
Chronik, xiv. 731 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 198.
PESELLINO, FRANCESCO, born in
Florence in 1422, died there, June 29, 1457.
Florentine school ; real name Francesco di
Stephano Giuochi ; grandson and pupil of
Giuliano Giuochi, called Pesello, whom he
aided in experimenting with an oil medium.
Francesco imitated Fra Filippo Lippi, ac-
cording to Vasari, and this is evident if we
accept as his work the predella of Lippi's
altarpiece (three parts in Florence Academy
and two in Louvre), and an Adoration of
the Magi, Uffizi, which shows him to have
been one of the best animal painters of his
day. Among his other works are : Madon-
na, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Trinity, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Exhibition of a
Relic, Liverpool Institution ; and two pre-
della scenes, Palazzo Doria, Rome. — C. &
C., Italy, ii. 358 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv.
128, 180 ; ed. Mil., iii. 35, 41 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole florentine ; Ltibke, Gesch. ital. Mai. ,
i. 310.
PESELLO, born in Florence in 1367,
died there, April 6, 1446. Florentine
school ; real name Giuliano d'Arrigo di
•133
PESNE
Giuocolo Giuochi. Vasari erroneously calls
him Francesco Peselli, and makes Pesellino
his son instead of his grandson. He is also
wrong in making him a pupil of Andrea del
Castagno, who was not born until 1390.
None of his works extant. He was also an
architect and a sculptor. — C. & C., Italy, ii.
354 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 136, 155 ; iv.
74, 180 ; ed. Mil., iii. 35, 41 ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., i. 310.
PESNE, ANTOINE, born in Paris, May
23, 1683, died in Berlin, Aug. 5, 1757.
French school ; history and portrait painter,
nephew of the famous engraver Jean Pcsne
(1623-1700), pupil of his father, Thomas
Pesue, a portrait painter, and of Charles do
la Fosse, his uncle ; studied then at Rome,
Naples, and Venice, and while in Italy was
called in 1710 to Berlin, where he became
court-painter in 1711, and director of the
Academy. Member of Paris Academy in
1720. Works : Portrait of Frederik Will-
iam II., do. of the Painter Nicolaas Wleu-
ghels, Versailles Museum ; do. of Frederick
the Great (1739), do. of Engraver G. F.
Schmidt and Wife (1748), Family of Cap-
tain von Erlach, Berlin Museum ; Girl with
two Pigeons (1728), Fortune Teller, Cook
plucking Turkey (1712), Artist's Portrait
(1728), three other portraits, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Girl with Basket, Old Piuakothek,
Munich ; Lady's Portrait, Schweriu Gal-
lery ; Story of the Widow of Corinth, Wor-
litz Gallery.— Bellier, ii. 246 ; Jal, 960 ; Nag-
ler, xi. 159.
PETER, ST., Carlo Dolci, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 11 in.
St. Peter, sitting in a grotto, with clasped
hands, weeping over his fault ; in back-
ground, the cock. Painted in 1654 for
Carlo Corbiuelli. Engraved by V. Benucci.
—Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 34.
By Guido Reni, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. The Apostle, in a blue tunic and
yellow mantle, is represented with clasped
hands, expressive of repentance.
PETER, ST., CHRIST'S CHARGE TO,
Pietro Pcrwjino, Sistiue Chapel, Vatican ;
fresco. Christ, attended by the Apostles
and others in a palatial court, gives the keys
to Peter, who is kneeling ; background, an
octagonal temple with two porches, and a
triumphal arch on each side, with landscape
in background, figures in middle distance.
One of his finest mural works. Finished in
I486.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 179 ; Woermann,
ii. 238.
By Rnbcnf, Hertford House, London ;
wood, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. Figures half-
length, life-size. Christ, in the presence of
three of his disciples, delivers the keys to
Peter, to whom he appears to say : " Feed
my sheep ;" near the Saviour the heads of
two sheep. Painted for chapel of tomb of
Viscomto d'Arnant, Chancellor of Brabant ;
sold to Lafontaino in Paris, whence taken
to England and passed finally to Mr. Cham-
pion for C5.000 ; sold by Mr. Pinny (1824)
to Prince of Orange for 2,500 guineas ; sale
of William II. (1850) to Lord Hertford,
18,375 francs. Engraved by Kraaft ; Van
Eisen ; AVinstauley. Same subject, differ-
ent composition, painted for chapel of tomb
of Jan Brueghel, in Chartreux, Brussels. —
Smith, ii. 51 ; Waageu, ii. 157.
Subject treated also by Jacopo da Empo-
li, Trinita, Florence ; Guido Reni, Cathedral
of Fano ; Heinrich von Hess, Church of All
Saints, Munich ; Jean Franyois Bremoud,
Church of La Villette, Paris ; Girolamo Mu-
tiano, chapel in St. Peter's, Rome.
PETER, ST., DELIVERANCE OF,
Raphael, Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; fresco,
dated 1514. In three compartments : mid-
dle, the angel awakening St. Peter, who lies
between two slumbering guards ; at right,
he is leaving the prison with the augel, pass-
ing soldiers asleep on the steps ; at left, the
keepers awaking in dismay at the escape of
their charge. In allusion to the escape of
423
PETER
Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici (Leo X.) from
prison just a year before his elevation to
the pontificate. Engraved by Volpato. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 343 ; Miintz, 368 ; Pas-
savant, ii. 134 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombri-
eiine ; Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 435 ; Perkins,
155.
By }'cliii>qi(cz, Francis Cook, Richmond
HilC Surrey, England ; H. 4 ft. 7 in. x G ft.
2 in. The Saint, in yellow drapery, is be-
ing raised from the ground by an angel ; on
left, three guards asleep ; in background, a
urn ; Coruelis Wael, St. Ambrose, Genoa ;
Kobert-Fleury, Salon, 1840.
PETER, ST., DENIAL OF, Rembrandt,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
G in. x 5 ft. St. Peter, standing before a
fire, with his left hand extended, is speak-
ing to a young woman on his right, who
bears a lighted candle in her hand ; near
by are two soldiers, one of whom has re-
moved his helmet and is about to drink
from a bottle. — Smith, vii. 46.
1 By David Tenters, younger, Louvre, Paris ;
b £».
-' - _- -- =^=- - -—^~=j-^=j
'•;': ^ ' (5->
;r"vj'' ''"-'-
Christ's Charge to St. Peter, Pietro Perugino, Sistine Chapel, Vatican.
staircase. Early work, in manner of Alonzo |
Cano.— Curtis, 12.
Subject treated also by Francesco Albani,
Uffizi and Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; II Cala-
brese, Dresden Museum ; School of Cara-
vaggio, Louvre ; Domenichino, S. Pietro in
Vincoli, Rome ; Guercino, Madrid Museum ;
Gerard Honthorst, Berlin Museum ; Pieter
Neefs, Louvre ; Spagnoletto, Dresden Muse-
um ; Rubens, Palazzo Pallavicini, Genoa ;
Hendrik van Steemvyck, elder (1G04), Vi-
enna Museum ; Heudrik van Steeuwyck,
younger (1621), ib.; Valentin, Dijon Muse- i
copper, H. 1 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. ; signed,
dated 1G4G. In front, four Walloon soldiers
playing cards, with a fifth, standing, looking
on ; in background, left, St. Peter, standing,
warming himself before a fireplace, against
the side of which a peasant, seen from be-
hind, is seated ; a woman is interrogating
the Saint, and a man behind him, with a
pipe in his hand, awaits his answer ; above,
on the mantelpiece, the cock which crowed ;
background, right, soldiers going out. Col-
lection of Louis XVI. ; sale of Comte de
Merle (1784), 10,320 livres. Engraved by
424
PETER
Delaunay in Musee fran9ais. — Filhol, ix. PI.
615 ; Kugler (Crowe), 324 ; Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre.
PETEE, ST., HISTORY OF, See Jla-
saccio.
PETEE, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Sebas-
tien Ilourdon, Louvre ; cauvas, H. 11 ft. 10
in. x 8 ft. G iu. St. Peter is fastened head
downwards to the cross, which is held by
one executioner, at right, while a second
one, at left, pulls it with a rope ; in front,
at right, a woman, seen from behind and half-
length, holds an infant in her arms ; in back-
ground, the statue of a pagan divinity; above,
an angel with a torch, and another with the
trying to raise upright. Head of St. Peter
engraved by Calamatta (1851).— Smith, ii.
14
By Guercino, Modem Gallery ; canvas.
St. Peter and executioners fastening him to
a cross, which lies on the ground ; above,
an angel points out to him the celestial re-
gions, and two others hold the crown of
martyrdom. Painted in 1018, by order of
I Orazio Cabassi, for S. Bernardino, Carpi.
One of the best works in his first manner.
Carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned in 1815.
Engraved (outline) by C. Normaud. — Lan-
dou, Musre, ii. PI. 36.
By Gindo Eeui, Vatican, Rome ; wood,
Martyrdom of St. Peter, Filtppino Lippi, Brancacci Chapel, Carmine, Florence.
palm and crown of martyrdom. Given iu
1643 by the merchant jewellers of Paris to
the chapter of Notre Dame ; later in Musee
Napoleon. Engraved by Nicolas Tardieu.
By Michelangelo da Carai-ayyio, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. Six soldiers raise the
cross, to which the Saint is nailed with his
head downwards, while an old man leaning
on a staff looks at them. Probably from
S. M. del Popolo, Eomo. Altai-piece, for-
merly in the Giustiniani and Montmorency
collections. Bought for Hermitage in 1808.
— Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., i. 621.
By Anton van Dyck, Brussels Museum ; '
canvas, H. G ft. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Apostle, !
bound head downwards to the cross, which
two executioners and a soldier in armour are '
H. 9 ft. G in. x 5 ft, St. Peter is being fas-
tened to the cross, head downwards, by two
executioners. First manner, in style of Car-
avaggio. First placed, by order of Clem-
ent XIII., in palace of Monte Cavallo ; after-
wards in Vatican ; carried to Paris in 1796 ;
returned in 1815. Copies in mosaic in St.
Peter's, and at S. M. del Popolo, Rome.
One of Guide's best works ; said to have
been so much admired that it procured him
the commission for the Aurora, in the Pa-
lazzo Rospigliosi. — Landon, Musee, vii. PI.
51 ; Lavice, 314
By Filippino Lippi, Brancacci Chapel,
Carmine, Florence. One of the series of
the history of St. Peter, begun by Masaccio,
and formerly attributed entirely to him, but
425
PETER
several of which, including this one, were
finished by Filippino Lippi after his mas-
ter's death. The picture represents at right
the judgment of St. Peter, and at left his
crucifixion. Engraved by C. Lasinio. — Be-
veil, xi. 757.
Bv Michelangelo, Cappella Paolina, Vati-
can, Koine ; fresco on wall, under the win-
dow.
By Jtttbens, St. Pierre, Cologne ; canvas.
Three executioners bind and nail the hands
and feet of the martyr to the cross, which a
fourth plants in the ground ; a fifth holds
the Saint's left hand. Kubens's last picture ;
painted in 1(538 for Jabach, who gave it to
the church. Executed with the utmost vig-
our, aud finished with great care, it shows
no sign of diminished power. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 28G ; Michiels, 357.
PETEH, ST., IN PRISON, Murillo, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x
8 ft. G in. In blue tunic and yellow mantle,
seated on floor of prison, turning his head
towards the angel, who points the way of
escape ; background, architecture and sleep-
ing guards. Painted about 1G74 ; one of
eight large pictures for Hospital of La Cari-
dad, Seville ; carried off by Soult ; Soult
sale (185-2), 151,000 francs.— Curtis, 2G3 ;
I/Illustration, May 31, 1852; Hermitage Cat.,
130.
PETEE, ST., BAISING TABITHA, Guer- ;
<-in<>, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 4
ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 5 in. Tabitha lying dead
upon a bier, surrounded by weeping wom-
en ; beside the bier, one of the messengers
sent to Lydda, pointing to the corpse, and
beside him, St. Peter, with his right hand
raised. Black in tone. Engraved by C.
Ferrari.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL 19 ; La-
vice, GO.
PETEE AEBUEZ, ST., Murillo, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 6 in.
x 6 ft. 9 in. Two executioners, seizing the
Saint from behind, attack him with sword
and poniard as he kneels on the steps of an
altar, looking up to an angel who brings
the palm of martyrdom ; a night scene.
Taken in 1804 from baptistery of Cathedral,
Seville, by the Prince of Peace, who left in
its place a copy by Joaquiu Cortes ; pur-
chased for Hermitage in 1831. Eepetition
in Vatican. Copy in Chapel of Belen, Se-
ville Cathedral ; another in Cordova Muse-
um. Etched by M. Arteaga ; lithographed
by H. Eobillard. This Saint, sometimes
called St. Peter Martyr, was born in Aragon
about 1441 ; was an efficient aid to Torque-
mada, and was slain in 1484 in the Cathe-
dral of Saragossa. — Curtis, 2G4 ; Hermitage
Cat., 131.
PETEE MAETYE, ST., Oima da Conc-
gliano, Brera, Milan ; wood, H. 10 ft. 6 in. X
7 ft. ; signed. The Saint, on a pedestal at
the foot of which an angel plays the violon-
cello, in an arched cloister between SS. Nich-
olas and Augustin ; background, a fine land-
scape.— Vasari, ed. Mil, iii. G45, 6G4 ; San-
sovino, Ven. Des., 174.
By Carofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H. 8
ft. G in. x 5 ft. 11 in. A group of three fig-
ures, with landscape background ; above, a
glory of angels. Eepresents death of Peter
Martyr, of Verona ; some authorities declare,
says Lanzi, that it was painted in competi-
tion with Titian. Painted forS. Domenico,
Ferrara. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 4G5 ; Lanzi,
iii. 203.
PETEE MAETYE, ST., DEATH OF, Do-
menichino, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 10
ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 2 in. Peter Martyr, lying on
the ground beneath trees, is about to be de-
spatched by the sword of a ruffian, while his
companion takes to flight ; above, five boy
angels, one bearing the palm of martyrdom
and the crown. The composition is a pla-
giarism on Titian's celebrated picture of the
same subject, simply reversed, treated with
extreme and painful realism. From Church
of Dominicans at Brisighella. Was taken
to Paris. Engraved by Eosaspina. Pinac.
di Bologna, PI. 13.— Viardot, 107 ; Lavice,
21.
By Lorenzo Lotto, S. Pietro Martire, Al-
zano ; wood, figures life-size. Peter Martyr,
with the knife in his forehead and the dag-
426
PETERS
ger in his breast, points to the ground, temporarily in 1807, during repairs in the
where the first word of the creed is written church, to the Chapel of the Rosary, and
in the sand ; near him, the two murderers ; burned there, in the night of Aug. 10,' with
in iniddleground, to right, the companion other valuable pictures. Copy by Cardi da
friar fleeing ; in background, a grove where Cigoli, once in the Uffizi, now in the origi-
woodmen fell trees and herdsmen tend nal picture's place in the church. Another
flocks, with hills in distance ; above, God old copy in S. Domeuico, Aucoua. Engraved
the Father with winged children
and cherubim. — C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 505.
By Titian, burned in the Chapel
of the Rosary, in SS. Giovanni e
Paolo, Venice, Aug. 10, 1807 ; wood
(transferred to canvas in Paris in
1799), arched at top, H. 10 ft. 8 in.
x 10 ft. The Saint wounded, lying
prostrate at the edge of a wood, the
hired murderer grasping his mantle
and bending over to strike the fatal
blow with his sword; to the left, the
Saint's companion flying in terror ;
to the right, in the distance, the
suborner of the murder in armour
on horseback, with a satellite hurry-
ing from the scene ; above, two an-
gels with the palm of martyrdom ;
background, a mountain landscape.
St. Peter Martyr, born in Verona
about 1205, was director of the In-
quisition in N. Italy under Gregory
IX. and Innocent IV., and persecut-
ed the heretics of Milan with so
much zeal that they assassinated
him. This was one of the great mas-
terpieces of the world. The dra-
matic power of the figures, the in-
effable charm of the descending an-
gels, the grandeur of the landscape
background, and the incomparable Death of st Peter Mar1yr' T'tian'
harmony of tone can never be forgotten by | by Rota, Lefebre, Laurent, Zuliani, and
those who were privileged to see it. It was others. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 439 ; C. & C.,
painted in 1528-30, in competition with Titian, i. 328 ; Boschini, Navegar Pittores-
Palma Vecchio and Pordenone, for the co, 12 ; Zanotto, Pinacoteca Veneta ; Musee
brotherhood of St. Peter Martyr, and placed, franyais, i. ; Filliol, ii. PI. 138; London,
April 27, 1530, over their altar in SS. Gio- Musce, iii. PI. 17 ; Klas. der Malerei, i. PI.
vanni e Paolo, Venice; earned by the French 57.
to Paris, where it was transferred to canvas ;
returned to the church in 1816 ; removed
PETERS, ANNA, born at Mannheim,
February 28, 1843. Flower and landscape
-127
PETERS
painter, daughter and pupil, in Stuttgart,
of Picter Francis Peters ; visited Holland,
Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Tyrol; executed
decorations in royal castles at Stuttgart and
Friedrichshafeu. Medals: Vienna, 1878;
London, 1874 ; Munich, 187C ; Amsterdam
and Antwerp, 1877. Works : Cat and Up-
set Flower Pot ; Blossoms and Fruits ; Au-
tumn Flowers; Magnolias and Glyciua ;
Roses and Grapes, National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Autumn Flowers, Stuttgart Museum.
Her sister Pctrouella (born in Stuttgart,
March 4, 1848), pupil of her father, is a
successful genre painter. — Jordan (1885),
ii. 1('>7 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 349 ; Miiller,
413.
PETERS, PIETER FRANCIS, born at
Nymwegen in 1818. Landscape painter, son
and pupil of the glass painter of same name ;
went in 1831! to Germany, and settled in
1845 at Stuttgart, whence he frequently
visited the Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and
France. With Herdtle he founded the per-
manent Art Exhibition in Stuttgart. Med-
als : London, 1872 ; Order of Michael, 18G9.
Works : Drachenstein in the Suabian Alps ;
Marble Quarry of Crestola ; Mill near Mo-
naco ; View near Nymwegen ; Falls near
Laufenburg ; Hohenaschau in Upper Ba-
varia ; Hunter's Lodge in Winter ; Granada ;
Hornberg ; Liebenzell (40 water-colours) ;
Isle of Meinau (20 do.) ; Views in Franconia
(15 do.) ; do. in East Switzerland (10 do.).
PETERSKN, JOHAN ERIK CHRIS-
TIAN, born in Copenhagen, April 3, 1839,
died in Boston, March 19, 1874. Marine
painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy,
then of Melbye and Dahl ; took part in cam-
paign of 1864, and went to America in
1805.— Kunst-Chronik, ix. 498 ; Weilbach,
543.
PETERSSEN, EILIF, born in Christi-
ania, Sept. 4, 1852. History painter, pupil
in Carlsruhe of Riefstahl and Descoudres,
then in Munich of Diez ; formed himself
chiefly during travels in Italy and the Neth-
erlands, and in Paris, and settled in his1
native city. Medal, Munich, 187li. Works :
Death of Corfitz Ulfeld ; Elizabeth of Swe-
den interceding for Torbon Oxe, Hamburg
Gallery ; Portrait of a Lady (1878), Christi-
ania Gallery ; Kiss of Judas ; Instruction on
the Piano (1879); Corte delle Mende in
Venice (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). —
Miiller, 414 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 709.
PETIT, JEAN LOUIS, born in Paris,
Nov. 30, 1795, died in 1876. History and
marine painter, pupil of Mandevare, Re-
gnault, and Remond. Appointed professor
of design in Stanislas College, Paris, in
1831. Medals: 3d class, 1834; 2d class,
1838 ; 1st class, 1841 ; L. of Honour, 1864.
Works : Wrecked Bark (1819) ; Festival of
Diana (1822) ; Fight between Roland and
Rodomont (1827); Moonlight (1829); Light-
house of Honfleur (1831), Valenciennes Mu-
seum ; View of the Tarn (1833) ; Old Gam-
bling-Room in Toulouse (1834) ; Port-Bail
near Cherbourg (1834), Boulogne Museum ;
Sands of Port-Bail (1834) ; Rescue (1835) ;
View of Calais (1836) ; Fort of Tatihou
(1837); Harbour of St. Waast-La-Hogue
(1837), Grenoble Museum ; Harbour of
Cherbourg, and the six French harbours on
the Channel (1838) ; View of Granville Har-
bour (1840), Caen Museum ; City and Port
of Saint-Malo (1843), Cambrai Museum ;
Harbour of Calais (1857), Boulogne Muse-
um.— Bellier, ii. 249 ; Larousse.
PETIT, (FRANCOIS CHARLES) SAVI-
NIEN, born at Frc'milly (Haute-Marne) in
1815, died in 1878. Religious painter, pu-
pil of Auguste Hesse. Medals : 3d class,
1844 ; 2d class, 1855, 1857. W'orks: Christ
expounding the Scriptures (1840) ; Fall of
Eve (1841) ; Descent from Cross (1844) ;
Institution of the Sacrament (1857) ; Christ
and the Samaritan W7oman (1864). — Bellier,
ii. 248 ; Larousse.
PETITJEAN, EDMOND, born at Neuf-
chateau (Vosges) ; contemporary. Land-
scape and marine painter. Works : Village
near Dordrecht (1875) ; Canal, ib., The
Moselle near Dieulouard (1876) ; Pilots'
Stockade in Rough Weather (1877) ; Village
Mill in Holland (1878) ; Pier at Vliessingen,
PETITOT
The Meuse near Dinant (1879) ; Street at 1
Liverdun, Norman Coast at Hennrcjueville
(1880) ; Views in Lorraine (1881, 1882,
1883) ; Ostend (1882) ; Village of Circourt-
Vosges (1883) ; Basin of Canal at Antwerp,
Village in Country of Neufchateau (1881) ;
Street at Liverdun — Lorraine, Ramparts of
Vliessingen (1885) ; Domgermain-le-Vigno-
ble, Stockade of Ostend (1880).— Bellier,
11. 252.
PETITOT, JEAN, born at Geneva, July
12, 1607, died at Vevay in 1G91. French
school ; portrait painter in enamel of great
renown, supposed to have gone to Paris at
an early age, and about 1G34 to London,
where the king's physician, Sir Theodore
de Mayerne, an excellent chemist, communi-
cated his discoveries in the treatment of
enamels to Petitot, and introduced him to
Charles I., who took him into his service
and gave him apartments at Whitehall. He
painted the portrait of that monarch and :
the royal family several times, and copied
several pictures after Van Dyck, who assist-
ed him with his advice. After the death of
Charles I. he followed the royal family to
France, where he found equal favour with
Louis XIV., but on the revocation of the
Edict of Nantes, in 1G85, retired to his na-
tive laud. He may almost be considered
the inventor of painting in enamel, which
he carried to a perfection before unknown ;
his works are extremely scarce and valuable.
The Apollo Gallery in the Louvre contains
about sixty of the finest, the most interest-
ing of which are : Several portraits of Louis
XIV. at different periods, three of Anne of
Austria, two of Madame de Maintenon, La
Duchesse de La Valliere, Ninon de 1'Enclos,
Madame de Sevigue, Duchess of Portsmouth,
Christina of Sweden, Cardinal Richelieu,
Madame de Moutespan, Marechal de Villars.
The beautiful portrait of the Countess of
Southampton (1G42, after van Dyck), now
in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire,
is declared to be the finest specimen of en-
amel painting in existence. — Bellier, ii. 253;
Jal, 9G3 ; Nagler, xi. 177 ; Spoouer, ii. G84.
PETRARCH, TRIUMPH OF, Louis Bou-
't; private gallery. The return of the
cortege from the Capitol, Rome, whither the
poet had gone at the summons of the sen-
ate, in 1341, to receive the laurel crown.
His chariot is surrounded by the Muses,
and llevery is seated at his feet. Salon,
183G.
PETRI, HEINRICH, born at G.Htingen
in 1835, died at Diisseldorf, Feb. 15, 1872.
History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy ; allied himself closely with Deger,
and, after a short stay in Munich in 1857,
studied in Rome (1858-59), with Overbeck
as liis model, and returned there in 18G8.
Works : Descent from the Cross (18G2) ;
Madonna (3, 1861-G2-G3) ; Mary and John
beside the Cross (18G4) ; Entombment
(187(1) ; The Virgin as Patron of Poor Chil-
dren (1871). — Blanckarts, 5G ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K., viii. 97.
PETROXILLA, ST., Giwrcitw, Capitol
Gallery, Rome; canvas. The body of St.
Petronilla, in her bridal dress, is being low-
ered into the tomb. Three grave-diggers
support the corpse, while a young man and
two old men look on. To the right are
two women and a person holding a taper,
probably Flaccus, her betrothed ; above,
the Virgin in glory, surrounded by angels,
kneeling before Christ, receives the Saint
into heaven. A masterpiece in Guercino's
second manner. Painted about 1G22, by
order of Gregory XV., for St. Peter's, Rome,
where is a copy in mosaic, considered one
of the finest in the church. Engraved by
N. Dorigny ; J. J. Frey. — Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., iii. 2 ; Lavice, 331.
PETTEXKOFEN, AUGUST VON, born
in Vienna in 1821. Genre painter of great
local fame ; loves to paint soldier and peas-
ant life of Hungary, where he has travelled
much. Member of Vienna Academy in
186G, of Munich Academy in 18G7 ; knight-
ed in 187G ; professor in 1880. Works :
Russian Bivouac near Igmand (1851) ; Monks
in a Cloister (1853) ; Hungarian Puszta, do.
Farm, do. Market (1854); Horses before
42!)
PETTEE
Inn, Wandering Gypsies, Gypsies in the
Puszta (1856) ; Hungarian Volunteers (18GO) ;
Soldier sharing Bread with Children (1866);
Vehicle with Wounded Soldiers ; Kissing
Couple ; Gypsy lighting his Pipe ; A Ren-
dezvous, Vienna Museum ; Hungarian Peas-
ants' Halt in the Puszta, After the Duel,
Museum Foclor, Amsterdam ; Ambulance
Wagon, Hungarian Volunteers, W. H. Van-
St. Petromlia, Guercino, Capitol Gallery, Rome.
derbilt, New York ; Sunrise, T. A. Havc-
meyer, ib. ; Market Scene in Hungary, J. (
H. Stebbins, ib. ; Market of Sznolnok, W. '
T. Walters, Baltimore.— Allgem. K. C., viii.
G02 ; Miiller, 414 ; Wurzbach, xxii. 134 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., viii. (Mittheilungen, i. GO).
PETTER, ANTON, born in Vienna, April '
2 (12 ?), 1781, died there, May 14, 1858.
History painter, self-taught by copying in
the Belvedere and Liechtenstein Galleries,
Vienna ; won six prizes at the Academy, of
which he became a member in 1814, profes-
sor in 1820, and director in 1828. Visited
Rome in 1808 ; honorary member of Milan,
Venice, and Florence Academies. Works :
Death of Meleager (1814) ; Alcibiades sur-
prised by Socrates, Phsedra slandering
Hippolytus, Lais surprised by Aristippus
(1820) ; Maximilian I. meeting his First-
born (1822, masterpiece); Joanna of Aragou
(1824) ; Peter and Sapphira (1826) ; Wen-
ceslaus of Bohemia begging for his Fath-
er's Body (1828) ; Caius Gracchus (1832) ;
King Ahasuerus condemning Hainan (1835);
Junius Brutus swearing Vengeance (1843) ;
Rudolph von Hapsburg weeping over the
Body of Ottocar ; Maximilian meeting Ma-
ria of Burgundy, Johanneum, Gratz.— Cot-
ta's Kunstbl. (1845), 219 ; Wurzbach, xxii.
135.
PETTER, FRANZ XAVER, born in Vi-
enna, Oct. 22, 1791, died there, May 11,
18GG. Flower painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Wegmaier, and afterwards
professor. Works : Flowers in a Vase,
Fruits and Parrot (1833), Vienna Museum ;
many in private galleries and collections in
Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxii. 137.
PETTIE, JOHN, born in Edinburgh in
x 1839. History and genre
/ T^ painter, pupil of the Trus-
L** 45? JW tees' Academy, Edinburgh ;
•«*l exhibited in 1861 The Ar-
mourers at the Royal Acad-
emy, and in 1862 removed
to London ; elected an A.
R.A. in 1867, and R.A. in
1874. Works: The Ar-
mourers (1860); What d'ye
lack, Madam? (1861); George Fox refusing
to take the Oath at Holker Hall (1864),
Drumhead Court Martial (1865) ; Arrested
for Witchcraft (1866) ; The Doctor (1867) ;
Pax Vobiscum, Tussle with a Highland
Smuggler, Weary with Present Cares, The
Rehearsal (1868); Disgrace of Wolsey, Gam-
bler's Victim (1869) ; A Sally, Ely the May
Day, Touchstone and Audrey (1870) ; Ped-
•ino
PETZIIOLDT
lar, Love Song, Scene in the Temple Gar- [ Tavern Scene on Prussian Frontier at Time
dens (1871); Gypsy's Oak, Terms to the of the Cholera (1833), Konigsberg Museum ;
Besieged (1872); Flag of Truce, Sanctuary, Tyrolese in Flight ; Invalid ; Best Shot.'
Midnight Watch (1873) ; Juliet and Friar His brother Ferdinand (born in Munich,
Lawrence, State Secret, Ho ! Ho ! Ho ! Oct. 19, 1819), is an architecture painter ;
(1874); Jacobites in 1745, Hal o' the Wynd's an Interior of the Frauenkirche, Munich, by
Smithy (1875); Knight of the Seventeenth him, is in the Provinzial Museum, Hanover,
Century (portrait of William Black), Hunted ! and the Frauenkirche in Munich before
Down (1877) ; Rob Roy, The Laird (1878) ; ! its Restoration in 1858 (12 oil-sketches), in
Death Warrant (1879) ; Before the Battle, ' the New Pinakothek, Munich.— Dioskureu
His Grace (1880); Her Grace, Trout Fishing (1871), 147, 215 ; V. Miiller, Haudbuch
in Highlands, Before his Peers (1881); Palm- Miinchen, 164; Nagler, Mon., iv. 95.
er's Tale, Eugene Aram, Duke of Monmouth PEYROL. See Bonheur, Juliette.
before James H. (1882); Queen's Scholar at | PEYRON, JEAN FRANCOIS PIERRE,
Westminster, Dost know this Waterfly ? The born at Aix, Dec. 15, 1744, died in Paris,
Ransom, Jester's Merry Thought (1883) ; Jan. 20, 1814. Genre painter, pupil of Ar-
Reductio ad Absurdum, The Vigil, Site of , nulfi and Lagreiu'e the elder. Won the
Early Christian Altar (1884) ; Challenged ! grand prix de Rome in 1773. Returned to
(1885); The Chieftain's Candlesticks (188G). France in 1781 ; appointed director of the
— Meynell, 196 ; Portfolio (1878), 129. : Gobelins, and admitted to the Academy in
PETZHOLDT, ERNST CHRISTIAN 1787. Works: Death of Seneca (1773);
FREDERIK, born in Copenhagen, Jan. 1, Cimon going to Prison ; Socrates inducing
1805, died in Patras, Aug. 1, 1838. Land- Alcibiades to leave the House of a Cour-
scape painter, pupil of Copenhagen Acad- , tcsan ; Curius Deutatus surprised by the
emy and of Eckersberg ; travelled in Hartz Samnite Ambassadors ; Funeral of Miltiades
Mountains in 1829 and in Italy and Sici- (1782); Alcestis devoting herself to Death
ly in 1830-35 ; returned to Denmark, and to save Admetus (1785), Paulus yEmilius
went in 1836 to Greece. Works : View in the Conqueror of Perseus (1804), Louvre ;
Capri ; Villa of Hadrian at Tivoli (1833), Curius Dentatus refusing the Presents of
Coast of Sicily (1836), Copenhagen Gallery ; the Samuites (1787), Fontainebleau Palace
View from Villa Pamtili ; View in Pontiue (sketches for this in Marseilles and Greno-
Swamps. — Weilbach, 552. ble Museums) ; Death
PETZL, JOSEF, born in Munich, Dec.
of General Walhubert
23, 1803, died there, April 23, 1871. Genre in Battle of Austerlitz
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under (1808), Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 258;
Langer, then in Berlin (1827) of Begas ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole frau<;aise ; Villot, Cat.
spent one year in Dresden ; travelled in Ger- Louvre ; Biographic univ.
many, Denmark, and Sweden ; returned to P F A N N S C H M I D T, K A R L G O T T-
Munich in 1831 ; went to Rome in 1832-34, I FRIED, born at Miihlhausen, Thuringia,
and in the suite of King Otto to Greece and Sept. 15, 1819. History painter, pupil in
Constantinople; afterwards lived in Venice Berlin of Daege and Cornelius; visited Italy
two years. Works : Greek Chiefs ; Greek several times, and studied especially the mas-
Wedding ; Distribution of Inheritance ; ters of the 15th and 16th centuries. Mem-
Runaway Daughter among Actors ; Slave- ber, professor, and senator of Berlin Acad-
Dealer and Eunuch showing Three Slaves emy. Gold medal, Berlin, 1884. Works :
to Pasha ; The Novice, Berne Museum ; On Last Supper, Schlosskapelle, Berlin ; Holy
the Alp (1830), Signing of Marriage Con- ' Family, Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Altai-piece,
tract in Rome (1838), Kuiisthalle, Hamburg; St. Paul's, Schwerin; Wall Paintings, Schloss-
431
PFEIFFEE
kirchc, ib. ; Resurrection, St. Mary's, Earth,
Pomerania ; Altai-piece, St. GottharcVs, Bran-
denburg ; Entombment, The Holy Women
at Christ's Tomb (Jubilee Exhibition, Ber-
lin, 1886).— Christl. Kunstbl. (1873), 38 ;
Miillcr, 415 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
120.
PFEIFFER, WILHELM, born at Wol-
fenbtittel, Jan. 15, 1822. Genre and animal
painter ; studied in Munich, where ho now
lives and paints chiefly small equestrian
pieces, which are in great demand. Works :
Landscape with Horses ; Runaway Farm-
Horse ; Bringing in Hay before Storm, Pro-
vinzial Museum, Hanover ; Old Peasant and
Scarecrow, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Morn-
ing Ride (1879) ; Sowing (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1S8C).
PFLEGER, KARL NIKOLAUS, born in
Munich, died there in 1G88. German school ;
history painter, studied in Munich and for
three years in Italy. Master of the guild
in 1G59, and one of the notable artists who
worked in Munich during the second half
of the 17th century. Court-painter in 1685.
Works : Christ, Joachim, Joseph, Zachari-
ah and Elixabcth (life-size), Incredulity of
Thomas, Frauenkirche, Munich. — Nagler,
xi. 218.
PFLUG, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Biberach, Wiirtemberg, in 1785, died there
in 1865. Genre painter, pupil of Munich
Academy, where he copied old Dutch mas-
ters, especially Netscher ; painted mostly
humorous scenes from Suabian peasant life
and military subjects ; many of them are
in the royal palaces at Stuttgart and Fried-
richshafen. Works : The Gamblers ; Peas-
ant Wedding; Gypsy Family; Peasant Inn ;
Battle of Stockach (1842) ; Distribution of
Medals among Veterans (1843) ; Austrian
Hussars (1844); Departure of Russians from
Waldsee ; Several pictures at Villa Rosen-
stein, near Stuttgart. — Nagler, xi. 219.
PFORR, JOHANN GEORG, born at
Upfen (Ulfen?), Hesse, Jan. 4, 1745, died
in Frankfort, June 9, 1798. German school ;
animal painter, pupil of Cassel Academy ;
won the first prize in 1778, became mem-
ber in 1779, and settled in Frankfort in
1781. Called the German Wouwerman, from
his skill in painting the horse. Works :
Horse Market, Falcon Chase (1786), Two
English Horses (1797), Turkish Stallion
(1798), four others, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Others in Rehn Collection, ib. ; Horses
taken to Pond, Oldenburg Gallery. His
sou Franz (born in Frankfort, April 5, 1788,
died at Albano, June 16, 1812) was a history
painter, pupil of Tischbein in Cassel, then
of Vienna Academy, where he was allied
with Overbeck, with whom he went to Rome
and became a follower of Cornelius. Work :
Rudolph von Hapsburg giving his Horse to
the Priest, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort. — Fors-
ter, iv. 228 ; Nagler, xi. 221 ; do., Mon., ii.
795 ; Riegel, Gesch. ties Wiederauflebens
der d. K (Leipsic, 1882), 244, 247.
PHASIS, painter, date unknown ; men-
tioned in an epigram by Cornelius Longi-
nus as having painted a picture of the Athe-
nian general Cynegirus, distinguished at
Marathon (490 B.C.).— Herod, vi. 114 ; An-
thol. Gr., ii. 184, 2 (Planud., iv. 117) ; Sil-
lig, 33.
PHELAN, CHARLES T., born in New
York in 1840. Landscape painter, pupil of
Professor Rondel. Exhibits at the National
Academy. Studio in New York. Works :
Storm and Sheep, Brook in Ulster County
(1880) ; Near Ravenswood, Suburb in Long
Island (1881); Sheep Drinking, Sheep going
to Pasture (1882); Autumn Study — Ravens-
wood (1884), T. B. Clarke, New York.
PHELPS, WILLIAM PRESTON, born
in New Hampshire ; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Velten in Munich.
Occasionally exhibits at National Academy.
Studio in Lowell, Mass. Works : Forest
Scene near Munich, Morning, Evening
(1878) ; Tillers of the Soil, Autumn (1880).
PHILIP II., portrait, Titian, Palazzo Gi-
ustiniaui, Padua ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3
ft. 1 in. The Prince, in black-silk doublet
and white pelisse, sitting in an arm-chair.
Painted in Augsburg in 1550 ; from the Bar-
432
PHILIP
berigo collection. The original sketcli from
which later portraits were painted. — C. &C., |
Titian, ii. 205 ; Vasari, eel. Mil., vii. 450 ; '
Kidolfi, Maraviglie, i. 2G2.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6
ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. The Prince, in armour,
with the collar of the Golden Fleece. Paint-
ed in Augsburg in 1551 ; sent in 1553 to
Queen Mary of England by Mary of Hun-
gary, sister of Charles V., when the latter
was preferring Philip's suit ; returned, after
the marriage in 1554, to Mary of Hungary,
who took it to Spain in 1550. Replica,
probably by Orazio or Cesare Vecelli, at
Chatsworth ; a poor copy, probably by a
Spaniard, in Northwick Collection. — C. it
C., Titian, ii. 208 ; Revue uuiverselle des
arts, iii. 132.
By Titian, Naples Museum ; canvas, full-
length, life-size ; signed. The Prince, stand-
ing, in a doublet of white silk shot with
gold, the left hand holding a glove. Painted
in 1553. Repetitious or copies in Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Palazzo Corsini, Rome ;
Blenheim ; Castle Howard ; and Lord Stan-
hope Collection. Engraved by Cipriani. —
C. & C. , Titian, ii. 210 ; Klas. dor Malerei,
i. PI. 02 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, PI. 109.
PHILIP HI., portrait, Velasquez, Madrid
Museum; canvas, H. 1) ft. 10 in. X 10 ft. 4
in. The King, on a spirited horse, holding
in his left hand the baton of command, gal-
lops on the seashore ; he wears steel armour,
a black hat with plumes, a ruff, and a crim-
son scarf which floats behind from his shoul-
der. Painted about 1044. As Philip III.
was dead before Velasquez went to Madrid,
the features were taken from contemporary
portraits. Etched by F. Goya ; Fatcho.—
Curtis, 43 ; Gal. Esp.; Madrazo, GOG.
PHILIP IV., portrait, liubenz, Munich
Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Face three-quarters view ; dress, black silk
and velvet mantle, with Order of Golden
Fleece suspended by a gold chain. Com-
panion piece, same size, Elizabeth de Bour-
bon, his consort, in black silk adorned with
pearls. Both pictures engraved by Pontius
and Louys ; in small, by Viennot.— Smith,
ii. 75.
By Rubens, Windsor Castle ; canvas, H. 8
ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. On horseback, in armour
covered with a silk mantle, crowned with
laurel by Victory, who hovers above him
with a palm branch in her hand ; back-
ground, an open country with a combat of
cavalry in distance. — Yvaageu, Treasures, ii.
435 ; Smith, ii. 240.
By Velasquez, Mrs. Henry Huth, Wyke-
hurst, Surrey, England ; canvas, H. G ft. 9
in. x 4 ft. About fifty years old, full-length,
standing ; black dress and cloak, Order of
Golden Fleece ; left hand, resting on his
sword, holds his hat ; in right, a paper ;
behind, a table covered with a red cloth ;
background, red drapery. Same history as
Isabel of Bourbon, of Mrs. Huth, of which
it is the companion. — Curtis, 50.
By ]'elaxquez, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. G ft. 11 in. x 4 ft. The King,
full-length, in a black dress with the Order
of the Golden Fleece, stands in a room
opening on a balcony ; his right hand holds
a letter, his left is on his sword ; near him
a chair, and a table on which is his hat ; on
left, a red curtain. Sold, with the compan-
ion portrait of Olivures, at King of Holland
sale (1850) for 38,815 florins.— Curtis, 50.
By Velaaqiiez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 11 in. x4 ft. 10 in. Full-length, in
black dress, kneeling behind a desk covered
with rich orange and pearl-coloured tapes-
try ; left hand holds his hat ; above, a cur-
tain similar to covering of desk. Latest
manner. Companion to similar picture of
same size of Mariamia of Austria, Madrid
Museum. — Curtis, 49 ; Madrazo, 019.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 10 in. xlO ft. 4 in. The King,
mounted on a bay horse and carrying a
baton, gallops to right ; he wears steel ar-
mour inlaid with gold, a narrow linen col-
lar, a plumed chapeau, and a crimson scarf
which floats behind from his waist. Painted
about 1644 ; second manner. Old copy in
Vienna Museum. Other repetitions : Earl
433
PHILIP
of Northbrook, London ; Sir Richard Wal-
lace, ib. ; Sir Pliilip Miles, Leigh Court ; Due
de Montpensier, Seville ; Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; Drawing iu Albertiua Collection, Vi-
enna. Etched by F. Goya. — Curtis, 44 ;
Madrazo, (106.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. (5 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. The King, full-
length, in black dress and bare head, stand-
ing ; in right hand, a folded paper ; his left
on a table on which is his hat. Earliest
known portrait by Velasquez ; painted about
1(523, soon after he went to Madrid. — Cur-
tis, 47 ; Madrazo, 612.
By Velasquez, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. G ft. C in. x 3 ft, 8 in. Full-
length, about thirty years old, standing
three-quarters right, bare head, in black
dress trimmed with silver, cloak on right
shoulder, short breeches, white stockings,
Order of Golden Fleece on breast ; right
hand holds a folded letter, left on hilt of
sword ; at left, his hat on a table ; behind,
a curtain. Taken from Royal Palace, Ma-
drid, by General Desollc, whose daughter
sold it to Mr. Woodburn ; afterwards at
Fouthill and Hamilton Castle, Lanark ; Duke
of Hamilton sale (1882), £6,300. Identical
with portrait in Vienna Museum, except that
latter is only three-quarters length. — Cur-
tis, 51, 37!) ; Buchanan, i. 147 ; Stirling, iii.
1397 ; Waagen, iii. 297 ; L'Art, July 2, 1882 ;
Art and Letters (1882), i. 326.
By Velazquez, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. Bust,
about fifty years old, in black silk habit,
linen collar, and chain of Order of the Gold-
en Fleece ; his long hair falls on his collar.
Painted about 1G55 ; formerly belonged to
Prince Demidoff ; purchased in 18G5 in
Paris from M. Sano, with landscape by Ruys-
dael, for .£1,200. Copy by Carreno, Acade-
mia S. Fernando, Madrid. This picture is
the type or model of all the bust portraits of
Philip IV. by Velasquez. Engraved by E.
Rodrigues ; P. Perete ; P. Rajon ; and others.
—Curtis, 53 ; Portfolio (1874), 81 ; Wornum,
Etchings from Nat. Gal. (London, 187G).
By Velasquez, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, H.
11 ft. 1 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. The King, in armour
and wearing a sword, is mounted on a prauc-
ing horse, holding a baton in his right hand
over his horse's head ; behind him, two boy
angels and a negro bearing a helmet ; in
the air above, two female figures — one with
a cross and olive wreath, the other with a
thunderbolt ; background, landscape and a
building. Probably painted in 1G38 and
sent to Florence to assist Tacca in model-
ling the statue of the King (1640), now in
front of Royal Palace, Madrid. Engraved
by C. Mogalli.— Curtis, 46.
By Velasquez, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. x 2 ft. 8 in. Identical with portrait
in National Gallery, London, but only three-
quarters length. — Curtis, 52, 379.
PHILIP PROSPER, Don, son of Pliilip
IV. and Maria of Austria, Velasquez, Vienna
Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 3 in.
About two years old, in a dark frock and
white apron, standing, his right hand on
back of an arm-chair, on which lies a small
white dog. Called in catalogue Margarita
Theresa. Painted in 1G59. Etched by W.
Unger. — Palomino, iii. 349 ; Curtis, 61.
PHILIPPI, HEINRICH, born at Cleve in
1838, died in Diisseldorf, Sept. 18, 1874.
History, genre, and animal painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf and Munich Academies, then
studied in Rome ; took part in the cam-
paigns of 18G6 and 1870-71. Works : Thus-
nelda iu Triumph of Germanicus ; Scene
from Peasants' War ; Scenes from Roman
and Pompeiau Life ; Letter and Picture
from Son at Capital ; Ewes of High Breed.
— Blanckarts, 74.
PHILIPPOTEAUX, HENRI EMMANU-
EL FELIX, born in Paris, April 3, 1815,
died there, Nov. 8, 1884. History and battle
painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet. Medals : 2d
class, 1837 ; 1st class, 1820 ; L. of Honour,
1846. Works : Rock of Ice (1833) ; Retreat
from Moscow (1835), Palais de Trianon ;
Capture of Ypres (1837), Siege of Antwerp
in 1792 (1838), Battle of Stockach (1839) ;
: Bayard on the Bridge of Garigliano (1840),
434
PIIILISCUS
Versailles Museum ; Death of Tureune
(1838), Marseilles Museum ; Louis XV. vis-
iting Battle-Field of
Fontenoy (1840), for-
merly in Luxembourg ;
Battle of Mount Tabor,
Battle of Rivoli (1845),
Versailles Muse u m ;
Entrance to Pass of
Mouza'ia, Defence of
Mazagran (1842); At-
tack on Mededeah
(1843) ; People of Se-
dan returning after Battle of Douzy, Battle
of Oued-Jer (1844) ; Battle of Rivoli (1845) ;
Due d'Orlcans releasing Prisoners, Alge-
rian Women, Street in Algiers (1840), Colo-
nel Gourgaud saving Napoleon's Life (1848);
Incident of Campaign in France, Halt of
Light Cavalry, Crown of Periwinkles (1849);
Last Banquet of the Giromlins (1850), Mar-
seilles Museum ; General Bonaparte, De-
ception, Returning from Tavern (1853) ; In-
cident of Defeat of Cimbri (1855); Charge
of African Cavalry at Balaklava (1859), Ver-
sailles Museum ; General Forey applauded
by Troops after Battle of Moutebello, Em-
peror Napoleon embracing General Forey
in the Station at Voghera, Nuns in a Chapel
(1861) ; Battle of Montebello (1863), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Battle of Diernstein (1863);
Siege of Puebla, General Forey entering
Mexico in Triumph— June 10, 18G3 (18G5) ;
Return of Sainte-Anne-la-Palude's Pardon
(18G6) ; Arrival of Remains of Napoleon I.
at Courbevoie (1867) ; Capture of Great
Redoubt at Moskowa, St. Si'verin's Sunday
(1870) ; Bombardment of Paris (1873) ; Por-
trait of Napoleon as Lieutenant, Portraits of
Generals Dampierre and Reyuier, Versailles
Museum ; Panorama of the Defence of
Paris (on the Champs Elyst'es, Paris) ; De-
fence of Clmteaudun (1879) ; " They are
Here " (1880) ; The Discovery, Wm. Astor,
New York. — Bellier, ii. 263 ; Larousse.
PHILISCUS, painter, date unknown ;
mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [141]) in con-
nection with his picture of a Painter's
Studio, with a boy blowing the fire Sillio-
350.
PHILLIP, JOHN, born in Aberdeen,
April 17, 1817, died
at Kensington,
Feb. 27, 18G7. His-
tory and portrait
painter, pupil in
London of T. M.
Joy in 183G, and of
Royal Academy in
1 183 7; exhibited
portraits in 1838-
39, and Tusso in
Disguise in 1840. During the next ten
years he painted many clever Scotch sub-
jects, among the best of which were Bap-
tism in Scotland (1850) and Scotch Wash-
ing (1851). Visited Spain in 1852 and 1856,
after which his style changed and his art
and subjects became Spanish. Elected an
A.R.A. in 1857, and R.A. in 1859 ; went to
Spain again in 18(50, and to Rome in 18GG.
Phillip was one of the best, colourists of the
British school. Works : Visit to the Gyp-
sy Quarter (1853), Letter Writer of Seville
(1854), belonging to the Queen ; Death of
the Contrabandista (1858) ; Marriage of the
Princess Royal (I860) ; Dolores (1802) ;
Agua Beudita (18G3) ; La Gloria (18G4) ;
Early Career of Murillo (1805); Chat around
the Brasiers (18GG) ; Antonio (1867).— Red-
grave ; Wilmot-Buxtou, 161 ; -Art Journal
(1867), 127, 153 ; Sandby, ii. 306.
PHILLIPS, THOMAS, born at Dudley,
Warwickshire, Oct. 18, 1770, died in Lon-
don, April 20, 1845. Studied with Francis
Eginton, glass painter, Birmingham ; went
to London in 1790, and was employed by
Benjamin West on the window of St.
George's Chapel, Windsor. Became an ex-
hibitor in 1792 at the Royal Academy ;
A.R.A. in 1804, and R.A. in 1808. In 1825
lie succeeded Fuseli as professor of paint-
ing, and after his resignation, in 1832, pub-
lished his lectures on the "History and Prin-
ciples of Painting" (London, 1833). Ho
executed some historical .subjects, but was
PIIILOGHAKES
more successful as a portrait painter, though
he does not occupy high rank as a colourist.
Among his sitters were the Prince of Wales,
Duke of York, Duke of Sussex, Marchioness
of Stafford, Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Egre-
mont, Lord Byron, Hallam, Sou they, Cole-
ridge, Crabbe, Faraday, and many other
notabilities. Works : Wood Nymph, Sir
David Wilkie, National Gallery ; Sir N. Tin-
dal, Lord Tlmrlow, Blake, Faraday, Sir F.
Burdett, Byron, Chantrey, Dibdin, National
Portrait Gallery, London. His son, Henry
Wyndham Phillips (1820-68), was also a
successful portrait painter. — Redgrave ; F.
do Conches, 373 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole auglaise ;
Sandby, i. 331.
PHILOCHARES, Greek painter, supposed
to have been identical with the brother of
-ffischines (389-31-4 B.C.), of whom Demos-
thenes speaks contemptuously (De Fals.
Legat., 237), but whom Ulpian ranks with
the greatest painters (Ad. Demos., 380).
Pliny says (xxxv. 10 [27]) that Augustus
consecrated two of his pictures, one of
which represented an old man and his son,
on the wall of the Curia and iu the Comi-
tium, Rome. — Bruun, ii. 257.
PHILOCLES, a very early Egyptian
painter, date unknown. Pliny says (xxxv.
5 [1C]) that the invention of line drawing
has been assigned both to him and to Cle-
anthes of Corinth.
PHILOMELA AND PROCNE, William '
Adolphe Bouguereau, Luxembourg Muse-
um ; canvas, oval, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. Fig-
ures draped, three-quarters length, one with
a lyre, the other with a tambourine. Paint-
ed in 1801.
PHILOSOPHER IN MEDITATION,
Rembrandt, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 11 in.
x 1 ft. 1 in. ; signed, dated 1G33. A bearded
old man, in a fur-trimmed robe, seated in
contemplation before an open window, in a
vaulted apartment, beside a table on which
are books and an inkstand ; at right, a wom-
an ascending a winding staircase ; in fore-
ground, at right, another woman tending a
fire. This, and the following picture, sold
at the sale of Comte de Vence (1750), 3,000
livres ; sale of Due deChoiseul(1772), 14,000
livres; sale of M. Randon de Boisset (1777),
10,900 livres ; sale of Comte de Vaudreuil
(1784), 13,000 livres. Engraved by Surugue
(1754) ; R. Houston ; Herstel ; W. Baillie ;
M. Bisi, with changes ; Wattelet ; J. Longhi.
— Musee francais ; Filhol, viii. PI. 575 , Vos-
maer, 35, 431 ; Smith, vii. 66.
By Bembrandt, Louvre ; wood, H. 11 in.
x 1 ft. 1 in. An old man, in dark robe and
velvet cap, seated iu meditation before a
Philosophers, Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
closed window, in a vaulted room, beside a
table on which are books and a globe ; at
left, a winding stairway. History and en-
gravers same as preceding. Painted in
1633.— Filhol, iv. PI. 261 ; Muse~e fran5ais ;
Vosmaer, 35, 431 ; Smith, vii. 66.
PHILOSOPHERS, Rubens, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. 2 in. Fig-
ures half-length, around a table. At right,
Hugo Grotius, his dog with his paws on his
knee ; in centre, Justus Lipsius, with an
open book before him ; next, Philip Rubens,
with a pen in his hand ; behind the last,
at left, the painter himself, standing. En-
4.%
PHILOSOPHY
graved by Paradisi.— Smith, ii. 149 ; Gal. j ful followers of Titian, although he imitated
du Pal. Pitti, i. PI. 84. Giorgione also, and afterwards studied at
PHILOSOPHY, Raphael, Camera della Brescia under Eomanino ; settled at Lodi
Seguatura, Vatican ; fresco, medallion of about 1529, and in 1539 went to Spain and
ceiling. Female figure seated on a marble painted in the Escorial, and thence to Lis-
throne-chair ; symbolical representations of bon, where he was the recipient of great
the four elements are woven into her dress, ' honours. His earlier works are distinguished
and on her knees are books entitled " Na- for grand conception and powerful colour-
turalis et Moralis ; " two genii stand by, ing, but in his latter years he became flat
holding inscribed tablets. Painted in 1512
probably entirely by Raphael. — Engraved
and mannered. His masterpiece is an As-
sumption (1533), in the parish church at
by 13. Audran ; 11. Morghen ; and others. — | Codogno, said to be worthy of the ablest dis-
Passavant, ii. 88 ; Miintz, 311, 310, 350. ; ciple of that school. Other works : Visita-
By Raphael (fresco). See School of Ath- ; tion of Mary (1521), S. Maria in Calchera,
ens. ; Brescia ; Nativity (1524), S. Clemente, ib. ;
PHILOXENUS, painter, of Eretria, pupil Daughter of Herodias (152(5), Vienna Muse-
of Nicomachus, probably about 330 ji.c. He um ; Massacre of the Innocents, Cathedral,
painted for King Cassander a picture of one ' Lodi ; Beheading of (1530), and four other
of the battles between Alexander and Dari- ; Episodes in Life of St. John, Pieta (1538),
us, which, says Pliny (xxxv. 3G [110]), was j Mysteries of the Passion, Life of the Vir-
inferior to none. A grotesque picture rep- gin, S. Maria Incoronata, ib ; Madonna En-
resenting three Sileni at their revels was al- throned, St. Stephen crowned by Angels,
so his work. Marriage at Cana (1545), Brera, Milan. His
PHRYLUS, painter. See Erillux. brothers Cesare and Scipione were also
PHRYNE GOING TO THE BATH AS painters. A Madonna (ascribed to Cesare
VENUS, Joseph M. \\. Turner, National da Sesto) is in the Turin Gallery.— C. <fc C.,
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 5 N. Italy, ii. 432 ; Kunstbl. (1838), No. 75 ;
ft. 5 in. An extensive landscape, with baths Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 188; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
in middle distance, and a crowd of figures Mai., ii. 022; Nagler, xi. 252.
in foreground; among them, on right, PIAZZETTA, GIOVANNI BATTISTA,
Phryne as Venus in her chariot ; on left born in Venice in 1G82, died there, April
foreground, Demosthenes taunted by ^Es- 28, 1754. Venetian school ; pupil of Anto-
chiues. Royal Academy, 1838 ; Turner Col- nio Molinari, a mediocre painter ; afterwards
lection. Engraved by J. B. Allen. — Hamer-
ton, Life ; Cat. Nat, Gal.
PHRYNE BEFORE THE TRIBUNAL,
studied the works of Guercino and adopted
his system of chiaroscuro and bold relief.
Among the last of the Venetian painters of
Jean Leon Gerome,, Paris ; canvas. Phryiie, , any note. Among his best works are : Glo-
accused by Euthias of a capital crime, was ry of St. Dominick, in SS. Giovanni e Paolo,
defended by one of her lovers, the orator Venice ; and the Decollation of St. John,
Hyperides. When his eloquence failed to Santo, Padua.
move the judges, he bade her unveil her Most of his
charms and thus secured her acquittal. Sa- works have
Ion, 18G1. Engraved by Flameng. — Gaz. ' been engraved. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole veni-
des B. Arts (1861), x. 266.
PIAZZA, CALLISTO, born at Lodi, died
there in 1561 (?). Venetian school ; history
tienne, Appendice, 48 ; Burckhardt, 799.
PICHON, PIERRE AUGUSTE, born at
Soreze (Tarn), Dec. 6, 1805. History and
painter, son and pupil of Martino Piazza portrait painter, pupil of Ingres. Medals ;
(died in 1527), and one of the most success- ! 3d class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1844 ; 1st class,
•137
PICK-A-BACK
184C, 1857, and 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1861.
Works : Adam and Eve (1836); Virgin with
Angels (1837); St. Francis receiving the Stig-
mata (1838); St. Martin dividing his Cloak,
Christ at the Column (1830); Joan of Arc
(1858), Orleans Museum ; Paintings at St.
Suverin, St. Eustache, St. Sulpice, St. Roch,
and Jesuits, Paris ; Portraits of Isambert,
D. Miguel, and Bresson. — Bellier, ii. 265 ;
Larousse.
PICK-A-BACK, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord '
Monson, England. Portrait of Mrs. Payne-
Galhvey, with her little daughter on her
shoulder, enjoying a frolic together. The
lady was Philadelphia, daughter of General
De Lanccy and wife of Stephen Payne, who
took name of Gallwey — of Tofts Hall, Nor-
folk. The little girl, their only child, was
Charlotte, who married, in 1797, John Mose-
ley, Esq., of Glenham House, Suffolk.
Painted about 1779. Engraved by J. R.
Smith; Zobel (1874).— Atheuseum, Dec.,
1874, 758 ; Stephens, English Children by
Sir Joshua Reynolds.
PICKERING, Miss EVELYN; contem-
porary. Figure and portrait painter. Ex-
hibits chiefly in Grosvenor Gallery. Works :
Ariadne in Naxos(1877); Venus and Cupid
(1878); Night and Sleep (1879); Mater Do-
lorosa, Medea (1880) ; The Gray Sisters,
Angel of Death (1881) ; Christian Martyr,
Phosphorus and Hesperus (1882) ; By the
Rivers of Babylon (1883) ; Mater Dolorosa,
Subject from Tibullus (1884) ; A Dryad
(1885) ; The Dawn (188(5).
PICKERSGILL, FREDERICK RICH-
ARD, born in London in 1820. History
painter ; nephew of H. W. Pickersgill ; pu-
pil of his mother's brother, W. F. Wither-
ington, and student in 1840 of Royal Acad-
emy, where he exhibited in 1841, Combat
between Hercules and Achelous, andAmoret
delivered by Britomart. Won in 1843 a
prize of £100 for cartoon of Death of King
Lear, exhibited at Westminster Hall, and in
1847 one of £500 for painting of Burial of
Harold, bought for Houses of Parliament.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1847, and R. A. in 1857 ;
1 keeper and trustee of Royal Academy since
j 1874. Works : Britomart unveiling Amo-
ret (1848); Circe (1849); Rape of Prosperine
(1850) ; Pan and Syrinx (1852) ; Death of
Francesco Foscari (1854); Britomart Unarm-
ing (1855) ; Duke Orsino and Viola (1857) ;
The Bribe (1858) ; Delilah asking Forgive-
i ness of Samson (1859) ; Frederick banishing
Rosalind (1861) ; Crusader's Return (1862) ;
Ferdinand and Miranda (1863); Unfriended
(1865) ; Columbus at Lisbon (1868) ; Old
Letters (1875).— Sandby, ii. 304.
PICKERSGILL, HENRY WILLIAM,
born in London, Dec.
3, 1782, died April 21,
1875. Portrait and
history painter, pupil
of George Arnold, and
student of Royal Acad-
emy in 1805. Elected
an A.R.A. in 1822, and
R.A. in 1826 ; librarian
in 1856. Began by
painting historical and
mythological subjects, but finally devoted
himself almost exclusively to portraiture, in
which he was very successful. His portrait
of Robert Vernon (1846) is in the National
Gallery ; portraits of Wordsworth, Godwin,
Bentham, M. G. Lewis, Hannah More, Ste-
phenson, Talfourd, National Portrait Gal-
lery. Many works in the College Halls at
Oxford. Among other ideal works are :
Falconer of the Olden Time (1861) ; Rivals
(1862); First Lesson (1871); Streamlet (1872).
His son, Henry Hall (died 1861), was a por-
trait and history painter. — Saudby, ii. 47 ;
Art Journal (1875), 231.
PICKNELL, WILLIAM L., born in Bos-
ton, Mass., in 1853. Landscape painter,
pupil in Rome of George Inness, and in
Paris of Gerome ; painted in Brittany for
several years under Robert Wylie. Hon-
ourable mention, Paris Salon, 1880. Re-
turned to America in 1882. Studio in
Boston. Works : On the Lande — Brittany
(1875) ; Breton Peasant Girl feeding Ducks
(1877) ; Fields of Kerreu (1878) ; Road to
4.-I8
PICOT
Concarneau (1880), Fairman Eogers, Phila-
delphia ; Scene in Brittany — France (1880);
Unloading Fish, Meadows of St. Vast (1883);
Getting under Way, Coast at Ipswich, Coast
at Aunisquam (1884).
PICOT, FRANCOIS EDOUARD, born
in Paris, Oct. 17, 178G, died there, March
15, 1808. Genre painter, pupil of Vincent,
and a follower, though not an imitator, of
the school of David. Won the grand prix
in 1813, and spent five years in Rome.
Known as Le Pore Picot on account of his
many distinguished pupils, among whom
were Pils, Cabanel, Henner, Bouguereau,
Lenepveu, Benouville, Gustave Moreau, and
Emile Levy. Member of Institute, 183G.
Medal, 1st class, 1819; L. of Honour, 1852.
Works : Meeting of /Eneas and Venus (1815),
Brussels Museum; Death of Sapphira (1819),
Saint-Sulpice, Paris ; Cupid and Psyche
(1819), Due d'Orli'ans ; Orestes sleeping in
the Arms of Electra (1822) ; Raphael and
the Fomarina, Due d'Orli'ans and his Fam-
ily (1823); Release of .St. Peter (1824); Ceph-
alus and Procris (1824), Amiens Museum ;
Annunciation (1827); Genius unveiling Egypt
to Greece, Cybele protecting Cities from Ve-
suvius (1833) ; Capture of Calais by Due de
Guise (1838), Truth with Justice anil Wis-
dom protecting France, Monarch}' protect-
ing Order and Liberty, France defending
the Charter (1835), Frederic Barbarossa,
Baldwin L Emperor of Constantinople, Mar-
shals Boucicault, La Marck, La Force, Mont-
morcncy, and three other portraits, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Episode during Plague at
Florence (1839), Grenoble Museum ; Ceil-
ings in the Louvre, and decorations in sev-
eral churches of Paris. — Bellier, ii. 260 ;
Claretie, Peiutres (1874), 38.
PICOU, HENRI PIERRE, born at Nantes
in 1822. History and genre painter, pu-
pil of Delaroche and of Gleyre. Medals :
2d class, 1848, 1857. Works: Children of
the Nile (1847) ; Cleopatra on the Cydnus
(1848), Aix Museum ; Birth of Pindar, Be-
side the River (1849) ; The Styx (1849),
Nature (1850), Nantes Museum ; Growing
Love, Waning Love (1850) ; Temptation,
Spirit of Night, Fates (1852); Octavius and
Cleopatra (1853), Amiens Museum ; Rural
Scene (1853) ; Love at Auction, Harvest of
Loves (1855) ; Star of Evening, Sultana's
Bath (1857); Marshes of Philostratus (1859);
Dressing (18(!1) ; Sappho, Women of Batz
(1863) ; Inundation of the Loire (1S65) ;
Dream of Fra Angelico (1866) ; First Kiss
(1867) ; Moliere at Versailles, Moses on the
Nile (1870) ; Psyche in Hades (1873) ; Aqua-
rium (1874) ; Discord (1879) ; Love and
Folly (1881) ; Love is Lighter than the But-
terfly, Here is Pleasure, Ladies (1882); Love
on the Penitential Stool, Love is not to be
Chained (1883) ; Stella, Love (1884) ; Sans
Souci ! (1885) ; Woman Recumbent (1886).
— Bellier, ii. 267 ; Larousse.
PIENEMAN, JAN WILLEM, born at
Abcoudc, near Am-
sterdam, baptized
Nov. 7, 1779, died
at Amsterdam, April
8, 1853. History
and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Amster-
dam Academy,
where he won a
gold medal in 1800,
and prizes in 1803
I and 1804, but mostly self-taught ; appoint-
i ed in 1805 instructor of drawing at the ar-
tillery school at Amersfoort, he removed
with it to The Hague and then to Delft,
and in 1815 was made director of the royal
gallery at The Hague, and in 1820 of the
Amsterdam Academy. Visited London three
times ; was there in 1819-21 to paint por-
traits for his Battle of Waterloo. Member
of Institute of the Netherlands, of Amster-
dam, Brussels, and Ghent Academies. Or-
der of Lion ; Commander Order of Oaken
Crown. Works : Lysimachus pardoned by
Alexander the Great (1804); Death of Prince
of Orange at Quatre-Bras ; Surrender of
Hasselt, Military Academy, Breda ; Arca-
dian Landscape (1812), Battle of Waterloo
(1824), Portraits (6, four dated 1819, 1825),
439
PIENEMAN
Museum, Amsterdam ; Portrait of Carel Jo-
seph Fodor, Fodor Museum, ib. ; Deathbed
of William of Orange, August Belrnont, New
York. — Immerzeel, ii. 30-4 ; Kramm, v 1279 ;
D. Kuustbl. (1853), 157 ; Nagler, xi. 285 ;
Schotel, Biog. Woordenboek der Nederlau-
den.
PIENEMAN, NICOLAAS, born at Amers-
foort, Jan. 1, 1810,
died at Amsterdam,
Dec. 29, 18GO. His-
tory and portrait
painter, son and pu-
pil of preceding, and
one of the best Dutch
artists of modern
times ; skilful group-
ing, powerful colour-
ing, and a happy
distribution of light and shade make his
historical paintings very effective. Visited
England, France, Germany, and Belgium.
Member of Amsterdam Academy. Order
of Lion, 18-44 ; L. of Honour, 1855 ; Com-
mander Order of Oaken Crown. "Works :
Archimedes murdered at Syracuse (1830) ;
Death of Admiral Ruyter (1834) ; Peter the
Great at Zaandam (1834); Magdalena Meus
entreating Valdes, her Betrothed, to raise
Siege of Leydeu (1835); Sentence of Olden-
barneveld (1835) ; Jacobca of Bavaria and
her Ladies (1830); Prince Willem I. wound-
ed at Antwerp (1838) ; Prince Maurice an-
nouncing to States General that he will
besiege Dunkirk (1838); Prince Willem I.
nursed by Charlotte of Bourbon (1840) ;
Homage to King Willem II. at Amsterdam
in 1840 (1841), Portrait of Jan Willem
Pieneman, Museum, Amsterdam ; do. of
King Willem III., Child's Head, Museum
Fodor, ib. ; Portrait of King Willem HI.,
Rotterdam Museum ; An Arab, Stuttgart
Museum. — Immerzeel, ii. 308 ; Kramm, v.
1281 ; vii. 118 ; Nederl. Kunstblad (1844),
No. 4G ; Schotel, Biog. Woordenboek der
Nederlanden.
PIERO DI COSIMO. See Coximo.
PIEUO DI LOliENZO. See Cosimo.
PIERRE, JEAN BAPTISTE MARIE,
born in Paris in 1713, died in Paris, May 15,
1789. French
school ; history
painter, pupil of
Natoire and of De-
broq ; won grand
prix de Rome in
1734. Member of
Academy, 1742 ;
assistant professor,
1744 ; professor,
1748 ; assistant
rector, 1768 ; director, 1770 ; painter to the
Due d'Orloans, and succeeded Coypel as
painter to the king ; superintendent of the
Gobelins. Works : Beheading of John Bap-
tist, Aglaurus changed into Stone, Louvre ;
Diomed killed by Hercules (1742); St. Peter
healing the Lame Man, Death of Herod, St.
Germain des Pres, Paris ; St. Francis, St.
Sulpice, ib. ; The Cupola of St. Roch, ib.;
Andromeda carried to the Boat, Aix Muse-
um ; Martyrdom of St. Stephen, Marseilles
Museum ; Hercules overcoming Diomed
(1742), Montpellier Museum ; Birth of the
Virgin, Presentation of the Virgin, Grand
Seminary, Orleans ; The Boy Christ with
his Parents returning from Jerusalem, Basle
Muse u m ; ^ — >.
Bacchus, f 0 J
Prometheus,
C a r 1 s r u h e
Gallery.—
Bellier, ii.
269;Jal,968;
Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, J5cole frangaise ; Biog.
universelle ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 245 ; iii. 207.
PIERSON, CHRISTOFFEL, born at
The Hague, May 19, 1631, died at Gouda,
Aug. 11, 1714. Dutch school ; painted still-
life, drinking-vessels, and eatables with much
skill, though in a somewhat heavy brown
tone. Works : Implements of the Chase,
Haarlem Museum ; Still Life (assigned to
Willem Gabron ?), Darmstadt Museum ; do.
(?), Leipsic Museum. — Bode, Studien, 224;
°C6,
W.B.R
440
PIETA
Immerzeel, ii. 309 ; Kramm, v. 1284 ; Quel-
lenschriften, xiv. 258 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
521.
PIETA, (pity, compassion), the lamenta-
tion of the Virgin and the Holy Women
over the deposed body of Christ. The in-
cident is not mentioned in the Gospels, but
is a late invention of art.
By Giovanni Bellini, Brera, Milan ; wood,
tempera, half-lengths, life-size. The dead
body of Christ, sustained in a standing po-
sition, behind a marble parapet, by the Vir-
gin and St. John. Fine work of the mas-
ter's early time ; formerly in Zampicri Col-
lection, Bologna ; presented to
Brera in 1811 by Eugene Beauhar-
nais, then Viceroy of Italy.- — C. &
C., N. Italy, iii. 144 ; Meyer, Ktinst.
Lex., iii. 414.
By Correytjio, Parma Gallery,
canvas. The body of Christ, after
the descent from the cross, in the
lap of Mary ; weeping Magdalen at
the Saviour's feet, and other mourn-
ers by his head ; Joseph of Arima-
thea descending ladder, whence the
picture is sometimes called Vierge
de 1'Eohelle (of the Ladder). Paint-
ed at same time as Martyrdom of
Sts. Placidus and Fkvia (1522-24).
Old copy, attributed to Correggio,
in Madrid Museum. Engraved by
Kosaspina, Hubert, and Ravenet. — Meyer,
Correggio, 305, 480; Kiinst. Lex., i. ; Lan-
don, (Euvres, viii. PI. 14 ; Laudon, Musee,
x. PI. 3.
By Anton van Dijck, Munich Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. The Virgin,
seated at foot of a rock, and St. John kneel-
ing by her side, support between them the
body of Christ ; behind, one of the holy
women wringing her hands ; in foreground,
emblems of the crucifixion. Sketch in Mu-
nich Gallery. — Eastlake, Notes, 70.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. The body
of Christ extended on drapery on the ground,
the upper part resting on the knees of the
Virgin, behind whom is the cross ; at left,
three angels ; above, in clouds at right, three
j cherubim. Sketch also iu Munich Gallery.
Same composition (1 ft. x 1 ft. G in), Louvre.
Engraved by Vosternian ; Viennot ; J. Smith;
Normaud ; Schiavonetti ; Chr. de Mi'-chcl. —
Smith, iii. 1G ; Gal. de Diisseldorf, PI. 70 :
Guiffrey, 249 ; Filhol, xi. PI. 50 ; Klas. der
Malcrei, PI. 15 ; Eastlake, Notes, 71 ; Lan-
don, Musee, v. PI. 3.
By QUID ten Massy*, Antwerp Museum ;
wood, triptych, centre panel, H. 8 ft. (! in.
x G ft. 9 in. ; wings, H. 8 ft. G in. x 3 ft. 10
, iu. Centre : The body of Christ mourned
Pieli, Correggio, Parma Gallery.
over by his friends and the holy women ;
the Virgin, overcome with grief, is support-
ed by John ; Joseph of Arimathea and Nico-
olemus sustain the head and the upper part
of the body, whilst the holy women anoint
the wounds of the Saviour. Eight wing,
face : the head of John Baptist is placed on
the table of Herod, while musicians play on
an elevated platform ; do., reverse, St. John
Baptist. Left wing, face : John Evangelist
in the caldron of boiling oil, under which
executioners stir up the fire ; do., reverse,
St. John Evangelist. Ordered in 1508 by
the carpenters' guild of Antwerp for their
altar in Notre Dame, where it remained
until 1580, when it was removed to the
441
FIETA
Hotel do Villo ; in the cathedral tigaiu from
1589 until 1798.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 115 ;
Reynolds, Journey, ii. 288 ; Cat. du Musee
d'Anvers.
By Jlut-illii, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
5 ft,"G in. x 7 ft. The body of Christ lying
on a white sheet, the head in the lap of the
Virgin, who is seated with outspread arms ;
on right, two cherubs, one of whom, kneel-
ing, holds the Saviour's left hand. Painted
about 1G7G for Capuchin Convent, Seville ;
deposited in Museum in 1840. Repetition :
Philip W. S. Miles, Kings- Weston, Glouces-
tershire.—Curtis, 204.
By Johann Friedrich Overbcck, Marion
Pietil, Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery.
Kirche, Liibeck ; canvas, arched at top, H.
8 ft. x 10 ft. The dead Christ lies stretched
on the ground in a white winding-sheet, in
a landscape of dark rocks, cypresses, and
distant hills ; surrounding the body are the
holy women weeping, with disciples and Ni-
coclemus and Joseph of Arimathea. Painted
in 1846.— Atkinson, 77.
By Pietro Pcmyino, Florence Academy ;
wood, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. Dead Christ
on lap of the Virgin, in front of a colon-
nade ; head supported by Joseph of Arima-
thea, and feet by Mary Magdalen ; on left,
St. John Evangelist ; on right, Nicodemus.
Painted about 1493 for Convent of the Ge-
suati, Florence ; removed when that was
I demolished, at siege of Florence, by Philip
of Orange, in 1529, to S. Giovanni della
Calza, whence transferred to Academy. A
replica with variations was in the Orleans
Gallery, and passed with it to England ;
now at Stoke, near Windsor. Engraved by
Chiossonc ; replica by C. du Flos. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 573 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 193 ;
Gall, dell' Accad. di Firenze, PI. 53 ; Cab.
Crozat, i. PI. 3 ; Waagen, ii. 41G.
By Pietro Perurjino, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x G ft. 3 in. ;
signed, dated 1495. Christ, in his winding
sheet, supported by Joseph of Arimathea ;
the head held by the Magdalen, the left arm
by the Virgin, behind
whom stands Mary Cleopas.
Mary Salome kneels be-
tween the Virgin and a
youth, who raises a corner
of the winding sheet ; at
left are St. John and the
wife of Zebedee ; at right,
Nicodemus showing the
nails to two men ; back-
ground, Jerusalem and a
winding river. Painted for
convent of S. Chiara, Flor-
ence.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
5G9 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 196 ;
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PI.
118; Lavice, 7G.
By Sebastian del Piombo, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 6 f t. 6
in. ; signed. Christ, lying on winding sheet,
with the Magdalen at his feet, wringing her
hands, and St. John kneeling ; to the left,
the fainting Virgin and other persons. Jo-
seph of Arimathea points to the tomb, from
which the slab is being raised. Painted
about 1512. Bought from collection of
William II., King of Holland, for 29,600
florins. A magnificent picture. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 325 ; Cat. Hermitage, 11.
By Girolamo Romanino, Sir Ivor Guest,
England ; wood, figures less than life-size.;
signed, dated 1510. The body of Christ on
the cover of the tomb, with John Evange-
PIETRO
list, Nicodemus, Joseph of Arimathea, and
the Marys grieving. Formerly in Manfrini
Collection, Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
369.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas, H.
12 ft. 11 in. x 10 ft. 7 in. The body of the
Saviour resting on a stone at the entrance
to the tomb, supported by the Virgin ; on
her right stands St. Francis, on her left two
angels, — one removing the linen and point-
ing to the wound in the Saviour's side ; be-
hind the Virgin, St. John and two Marys ;
in front, kneeling, the Magdalen. Present-
ed in 1616 by Due d'Aremberg to Church
of the Capuchins, Brussels. Carried to '
Paris ; returned in 1815. Study in Louvre. '•
Engraved by Bolswert ; P. Pontius. — Smith,
ii. 49 ; Klas. der Malerei, PI. 1.
By Andrea del Sarlo, Vienna Museum ;
wood, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. ; signed.
The dead Christ, lying on a yellow winding
sheet, guarded t>y two angels, — one of whom
supports his head, and the other holds the
instruments of the Passion ; the Virgin,
with clasped hands, weeping. Painted about
1518. Copies in Fairer and Butler John -
stone Collections, London. — C. <fc C., Italv
iii. 563.
By Titian, Venice Academy ; canvas, H.
11 ft. 6 in. x 12 ft. 10 in. The Virgin,
grieving as she holds the dead Christ in her
lap ; at right, Joseph of Arimathca kneels ;
at left, the Magdalen wails, with dishevelled
hair and outstretched arms ; an angel stoops
over the vase of ointment, and a second one
in the air bears a lighted torch. Titian's
last work ; begun in 157G, when he was
ninety-nine years old, and finished by
Palma Giovane. Removed from the sup-
pressed church of S. Angelo, Venice ; in-
jured by repainting. Engraved by Viviani
in Zauotto's ''Pinacoteca Veueta." — C. &C.,
Titian, ii. 411 ; Vasari, cd. Mil., vii. 459.
PIETEO DA CORTONA, born in Corto-
n a, Nov. 1,
159(5, died in
Rome, May
1C, 1669. Ro-
man school ;
real namePi-
etro Berrct-
tini ; pupil in
Florence of
Andrea Coin-
modi, and in
Rome (1611),
of Baecio Ciarpi ; also studied works of
Raphael, Michelangelo, and Polidoro da
Caravaggio. Cardinal Sacchetti procured
him many commissions, among others the
decoration of the ceiling of the Palazzo Bar-
berini, finished in 1630. This work brought
him into vogue, and he received orders in
many cities. Employed in Florence by
Ferdinand II. to decorate the Palazzo Pitti,
where he painted several large historical
compositions, but left without finishing the
series. On his return to Rome he executed
many works for churches, and enjoyed there
a great reputation. Pietro da Cortona was
little more than a scenic painter, who cov-
ered walls and ceilings with superficial, rap-
idly executed works in a baroque style.
Among his easel pictures are : Nativity of
443
PIETRO
the Virgin, Jacob and Laban, Holy Family,
Madonna and St. Martina, and others, Lou-
vre ; Madonna with Saints, Brera ; Christ
and the Magdalen, Holy Family, Martyrdom
of St. Stephen, and others, Hermitage. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Burckhardt,
253, 258, 278, 767, 771 ; Scguier, 48.
PIETRO, GIOVANNI DI. See Spagna.
PIETRO DI LORENZO. See Lorenzetti.
PIGLHEIM, (ELIMAR ULRICH) BRU-
NO, born in Hamburg, Feb. 19, 1848. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Weimar
Art-School under Pamvels, and in Munich of
Wilhelm Diez. Began as a sculptor, pupil in
Hamburg of Lippelt, and of Dresden Acad-
emy, then visited Italy and took up paint-
ing. Works : Domestic Happiness ; Day
and Night ; Moritur in Deo (1879).— Mai-
ler, 417 ; D. Rundschau, xx. 457 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1881), i. 310 ; K. f. Alle, i. 58 ; All-
gem. K. C., ix. 287.
PIGNEROLLE, CHARLES MARCEL
DE, born at Augers about 1815. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Cogniet.
Medals: 2d class, 1848, 1855. Works:
Pilgrimage to Notre Dame de Lorctte (1847),
Orleans Museum ; Inundation Scene in the
Campagna (1855) ; Raphael painting Por-
trait of Princess of Aragon (1859) ; Vintage
at Naples (1861).— Bellier, ii. 273.
PILGRIMS, EMBARKATION OF, Rob-
ert W. Weir, rotunda of Capitol, Washing-
ton ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft. The Pilgrim
Fathers embarking at Delft Haven for South-
ampton, July 22, 1620. Painted in 1845 for
$10,000. Engraved on back of $50 United
States national bank note.
PILLE, CHARLES HENRI, born in Es-
sommes (Aisne), contemporary. History
and genre painter, pupil of Barrias ; known
since 18G4 by his clever pen-and-ink sketch-
es, and his humorous, well-painted genre
pictures. Medals: 1869; 2d class, 1872;
L. of Honour, 1882. Works : Sybille de
Cleves haranguing the Defenders of Wit-
temberg (1868) ; Sancho Panza before the
Duchess, Tavern at Todtenau (1870); Au-
tumn (1872) ; Matrimonial Harmony, The
First^Born (1873) ; Pardon near Guemene
(1874); Reading the Decree of Feb. 24,
1793, in Brittany,
Market at Antwerp,
Old Clothes (1875) ;
Morning Interview,
Intemperance, So-
briety (1876) ; Tav-
ern (1877) ; Coquelin
as Fritz (1878) ; Don
Quixote (1879);
Woods of Sandraie
(1880) ; Three Jugs
(1881) ; Gustave Jundt (1882) ; The Body-
Guard (1883) ; Portrait of Benjamin-Con-
stant (1884) ; Temptation (1885).— Gaz. des
B. Arts (1868), xxv. 17 ; Meyer, Gesch., 680.
PILLEMENT, JEAN, born at Lyons in
1727, died there, April 26, 1808. French
school. Landscape and marine painter,
first instructed in his native city, then stud-
ied in Paris and for a time was employed as
a designer in the Gobelins factory ; went to
London, where he met with great success,
and visited Germany (1767), and Portugal.
He was painter to the king of Poland and
to Mario Antoinette. Works : Bridge over
Torrent, Storm, Fishing Scene, Shipwreck,
Besancon Museum ; Rustic Bridge on Rocks,
Lyons Museum ; Cascade among Rocks, five
others (two elated 1791, 1792), Montpellier
Museum ; Two Landscapes, Bordeaux Mu-
seum ; do., Madrid Museum ; Agitated Sea
on Rocky Coast, Burning Castle by Moon-
light, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Bel-
lier, ii. 273 ; Nagler, xi. 308.
PILLIARD, JACQUES, born in Vienne
(Isere) in 1814. Religious painter of repute,
pupil of Orsel and Bonnefond. Medals : 3d
class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1844, 1848. Works :
Virgin Fainting (1843); Christ with Martha
and Mary (1844); Raising of Jairus's Daugh-
ter (1848).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), ii. 273 ;
Larousse.
PILOTY, FERDINAND, born in Munich,
Oct. 9, 1828. History and genre painter,
brother of Karl von Piloty, pupil of Munich
Academy under Karl Schorn, and greatly
PILOTY
influenced by his brother ; visited repeatedly
Rome, Paris, and Vienna. Honourary mem-
ber of Munich Academy.
Works: Sir Thomas
More in Prison, Wies-
baden Gallery ; Raphael
on his Death -Bed ;
Queen of Naples as He-
roine at Gaeta ; Count
Eberhard of Wiirtem-
berg beside the Body of
his Son (18 65); Solo-
mon's Judgment ; Re-
view of Queen Elizabeth in Sight of the Ar-
mada, Maximilianeum, Munich ; After the
Meeting ; Doctor of Last Century ; Capu-
chin Sermon in Rome. In fresco : Entry of
Max I. into Prague, Golden Ago of Augs-
burg, and three others, National Museum,
Munich Foundation of Holy Ghost Hospital,
Dancing Festival of Landsberg Burghers,
Town-Hall, Laudsberg.— Miiller, 418 ; Land
und Meer (1886), ii. 1103; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, iii. 197, 198.
PILOTY, KARL VON, born in Munich,
Oct. 1, 1826, died
there, July 21, 1886.
History painter, son
of and first instruct-
ed by the lithog-
rapher, Ferdinand
Piloty, then pupil
of Munich Academy
under Schnorr, and
later under his
brother-in-law, Karl Schorn. In 1847 he
visited Venice, painted genre pictures, and
at Leipsic (1849) many portraits, then visit-
ed Dresden, where Velasquez became his
ideal ; went in 1852 to Antwerp and Paris,
and thenceforth entered upon the path of
colouristic realism to which he owed his
great renown. In 1856 he became professor
at the Munich Academy ; went in 1856 to
Paris and twice to Rome to make studies
for his Nero on the Ruins of Rome. From
1874, director of Munich Academy. Works :
Bathing Girls (1848); Dying Mother (1849);
The Nurse (1853); Foundation of the Catho-
lic League (1854), Maximilianeum, Munich;
Seni beside Walleustein's Body (1855), New
Piuakothek, ib. ; Tilly before battle on White
Mountain ; Scene after Murder of Wallen-
stein (1858), Mrs. W. H. Aspiuwall, New
York ; X<>ro on the Ruins of Rome (1861),
National Museum, Pesth ; Wallenstein's En-
try into Eger ; Galileo in Prison, Cologne
Museum ; Entry of Godfrey de Bouillon into
Jerusalem (1862), Maximilianeum, Munich ;
Columbus discovering Land (1866), Schaek
Gallery, ib. ; Procession of Crusaders in Je-
rusalem ; Death of Ciesar (1867), Colonel
D. H. McAlpin, New York ; Abbess of
Frauen-Chiemsee defending her Convent
(1868), Kiinigsberg Museum ; Mary Stuart
listening to her Sentence (1869); The Win-
ter King receiving News of Battle on White
Mountain (1870) ; Dauphin Louis XVII. at
Master Simon's (1871) ; Triumph of Ger-
mai>icnn (1873), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Henry VIII. condemning Anna Boleyn (1874),
Jacob H. Sliiff, New York ; Apres vous, Mon-
sieur ! John Hoey, ib.; Sick Mother, Mrs.
J. G. Fell, Philadelphia ; Elizabeth of Bo-
hemia, H. Probasco, Cincinnati ; Last of the
Girondists, G. A. Drummond, Baltimore ;
History of Munich (1880), City Hall, Mu-
nich ; Wise and Foolish Virgins (1882); Un-
der the Arena (1883) ; Council of Three in
Venice (1884); Death of Alexander the Great
(1886), National Gallery, Berlin. Frescos :
Foundation of Kloster Ettak, do. of Ingol-
stadt University, Minstrels' Contest at the
Wartburg (1865, seq.), Maximilianeum, Mu-
nich.— Art Journal (1865), 297 ; Athenaeum
(1886), ii. 122 ; Garteulaube (1880), 648 ;
(1886), 565 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 247 ;
(1884), i. 292 ; (1886), ii. 122 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, iv. 71 ; xvii. 10 ; xx. 125, 681 ; Kuust
f. Alle, i. 327 ; La Ilustraciou (1879), ii. 106 ;
Land und Mcer (1870), i. 130 ; N. illustr.
Zeitg. (1886), ii. 730 ; Pecht, iii. 202 ; Rc-
gnet, ii. 77 ; Schaek, Meine Gemaldesamm-
lung (1884), 159 ; Westermann's Monats-
hefte, Hi. 115 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., v. 121 ; vi.
146, 307 ; xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 23) ; xix.
4J5
PILS
after five
130 ; Allgem. K. C., x. 737 ; Dioskuren j
(1860), 101, 107 ; The Studio (1886), ii. 46.
PILS, ISIDORE ALEXANDRE AU-
GUSTE, born in
Paris, Nov. 7, 1815,
died at Douarne-
nez, Sept. 3, 1875.
History painter,
pupil of Lethiere,
of Picot, and of the
Kcole des Beaux
Arts, where lie won
the grand prix de
R o in e in 1838;
years in Homo he returned to
France, and in 1849 attracted attention by
his Rouget de 1'Isle singing the Marseillaise.
This was the beginning of a highly success-
ful career. Member of Institute, 1SG8. Med-
als : 2d class, 1846, 1855 ; 1st class, 1857,
1867 ; Medal of honour, 1861 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1857 ; Officer, 1867. Works : St. Peter
healing the Lame Man (1838); Christ preach-
ing from Simon's Boat, Incident of St. Bar-
tholomew (1846); Death of Mary Magdalen
(1847, bought by State) ; Passage of the
Berezina, Bacchantes and Satyrs, Women
and Satyrs Bathing (1848) ; Hwtrjet de lisle
(1849), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
Gondola (1849) ; Death of a Sister of Char-
ity, Holy Family (1850); Athenian Slaves in
Syracuse, Soldiers giving Bread to Poor
(1852) ; Prayer in Hospital (1853) ; Trench
before Sebastopol (1855) ; French Troops
disembarking in Crimea (1858) ; Zouaves in
Trenches before Sebastopol, Shooting Prac-
tice at Vincennes (1859); Artillery Practice,
The Zouave (1860), W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; Artillery Men, B. Wall, Providence ;
Zouaves behind lledoubt, Mr. Wigglesworth,
Boston ; Battle of the Alma (1861, bought
by State) ; Reception by Emperor and Em-
press in Algiers in 1860 (1867) ; Return of
Hunters to Castle (1869) ; Tuileries in 1871
(1873) ; Holy Thursday in an Italian Con-
vent (1874). — Becq de Fouquieres, Pils, sa
vie, etc. (Paris, 1876) ; Bellier, ii. 275 ; Cla-
retie, Peiutres (1882), i. 145 ; Hamerton,
French Painters ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875),
xii. 481; L'Art (1875), iii. 48; (1876), v.
256 ; Revue des Deux Mondes (1876), xiii.
864 ; Meyer, Gesch., 647 ; Kunst-Chronik,
x. 810.
PINCHART, KfflL AUGUSTS, born at
Cambrai ; contemporary. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Gc'rome.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works: Worship
of Ibis (1868) ; Venus Wounded (1870) ;
Rendez-vous (1872) ; The First Tooth, New
Year's Day (1878) ; The Bath (1879) ; Edu-
cation of Bacchus (1880); Temptation of St.
Anthony, Return from Festival (1882) ; At
the Fountain (1884); Market Corner at Ge-
neva (1885) ; Tobias and the Angel (1886).
PINTURICCHIO (Little Painter), BER-
NARDINO, born
at Perugia in 1454
(?), died at Siena,
Dec. 11, 1513.
Umbrian school ;
real name Bernar-
dino di Betti Biagi ;
sometimes called
also Lo Sordicchio
on account of his
deafness and the
insignificance of his personal appearance.
Representing Perugian art as practised by
Bonfigli and Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, he almost
always painted in tempera, and worked in
the spirit of the early Umbrian painters.
He was all his life, says Charles Blanc, what
Raphael was at twenty years old ; for while
the latter enlarged his horizon and devel-
oped his genius, he remained a faithful fol-
lower of Perugino. In 1484 Piuturicchio
became the partner of Perugino at Rome,
and worked with him in the Sistine Chapel.
He then decorated a chapel in S. M. del
Popolo with an Adoration of the Shepherds
and scenes from the life of St. Jerome (1485),
laid out the choir ceiling in the church, and
also painted frescos in the Palazzo Belve-
dere and the Palazzo di S. Apostolo, now
mostly destroyed. His frescos in the Ca-
thedral of Orvieto (1491-92) and those of
446
FIX US
1492-94 in the Vatican still exist, but those
painted (1495) in the Castle of S. Ajigelo
are no longer extant. To finish such vast
works so rapidly many assistants were need-
ed, and the result achieved represents rather
the skilled labour of art than exceptional
talent. About 1495 Piuturicchio painted a
series of frescos from the life of S. Bernar- {
dino, in the Bufalini Chapel in Aracceli,
Rome, in a purer and better style than had
been his wont. The Madonna and St. John
the Baptist, in the Perugia Academy, and
the Madonna and Donor, in the Duomo of
S. Severino, belong to a little later period,
while the important frescos of the Annun-
ciation, Nativity, and Christ disputing with
the Doctors, in S. M. Maggiore at Spello,
were painted about 1501. The next year
he was engaged by Cardinal Piccolomini to
decorate his family chapel, the so-called Li-
brary, in the Duomo, Siena, with frescos
illustrating the history of the great Piccolo-
mini Pope, Pius II., the learned ^-Eneas Sil-
vius, which he completed in 1507 with the
aid of many apprentices, one of whom was
Ilaphael, who came to Siena in 1503. Va-
sari's statement that Ilaphael designed the
whole series is probably greatly exaggerated, ,
but his drawings in the Uffizi, at Perugia,
and at Chatsworth, of single figures and
draperies of two of these frescos, proves
that it is not altogether untrue. His co-
operation is also substantiated by the fact
that Pinturicchio introduced him as a spec-
tator in the fresco of the Canonization of
St. Catharine. Pinturicchio's last authentic
picture is a cabinet miniature of Christ bear-
ing the Cross (1513), Palazzo Borromeo, Mil-
an. Among his easel pictures in galleries !
are : Altarpiece, Perugia Academy ; Holy j
Family, Siena Academy ; Coronation of the
Virgin, Vatican ; Adoration of the Magi, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; Reliquariurn with SS.
Augustine, Benedict, and Bernard, Madonna,
Berlin Museum ; several Madonnas, Lou-
vre ; St. Catharine, Madonna, Return of
Ulysses (fresco transferred to canvas), and
the Story of Griselda (3, in tempera on
wood), National Gallery, London.— C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 256 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 261 ;
ed. Mil., iii. 493, 529 ; Burckhardt, 571 ;
Ch. Blanc, iJcole ombricnne ; Vermiglioli,
Mem. di Bern. Pinturicchio (Perugia, 1837);
Liibke, Geseh. ital. Mai., i. 38, 438.
PINUS, CORNELIUS, Roman painter,
about A.D. 70. Decorated, together with At-
tius Priscus, the Temple of Honos and Vir-
tus, near the Porta Capena, Rome, when it
was restored by Vespasian. — Pliny, xxxv. 37
[120J ; Sillig, 357.
PIOLA, DOMENICO, born in Genoa in
1628, died there in 1703. Genoese school ;
brother and pupil of Pellegro Piola ; after-
wards studied under Cappellino. Associated
with Valerio' Castello, he executed large
mural paintings in S. M. clella Passione and
S. Marta, Genoa, and painted many frescos
in his style. Afterwards adopted the man-
ner of Pietro da Cortoua. His works are
in many churches and l~i\ f^
palaces in and around ^^ J (jO
Genoa. Domenico had S s\ t\
three sons who were • V»^f "
painters— Antonio Maria (1654-1715), Gi-
ambattista, and Paolgirolamo (1666-1724).
— Lanzi, iii. 261 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole gvnoise.
PIOLA, PELLEGRO, born in Genoa in
1617, died there, Nov. 24, 1640. Genoese
school ; pupil of Giovanni Domenico Cap-
pellino, who was a disciple of Paggi, but
formed his style on study of the best mas-
ters. Displayed exceptional talent before he
was assassinated at the age of twenty-three.
Works : St. Ursula, Palazzo Brignole sale,
Genoa ; Madonna del Rosario, Genoa Acad-
emy ; Madonna and St. John, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Bacchante, Turin Museum ; Unus
Vestrum, S. Stefano, Genoa ; Madonna, Pa-
lazzo Brignole, ib. ; SS. Peter and John cur-
ing the Paralytic, Carignano Church, ib.
— Lanzi, iii. 260 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole geuoise ;
Burckhardt, 787 ; Lavice, 84.
PIOMBO, Fra SEBASTIANO DEL, born
in Venice (?) in 1485, died in Rome, June 21,
1547. Venetian school ; real name Luciani,
but commonly called as above from the office
447
PIOTROWSKI
of the Piombo (Keeper of the Leaden Seals)
which he held under Clement VIE. and Paul
HI. Pupil of
Giovanni Bel-
lini and after-
wards of Gior-
gione. An ex-
ample of his
work at this
period is the
'-\f- Majesty of St.
John Chrysos-
tum, in S. Gio-
vanni Crisostomo, Venice. Ho was called to
Eome soon after 1509 by Agostiuo Chigi to
assist in decorating the Farnesina with fres-
cos, but after painting nine lunettes in the
garden lodge, with little success, ceased to
work there about 1512. Meantime his por-
traits in oil had won him fame. Among the
best of this period are the so-called Forna-
rina, in the Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence,
the For nar ina, of Blenheim, and the Tc-
baldeo, in the Galleria Scarpa at La Mot-
ta, all of which have been ascribed to Raph-
ael. The papal court was at this time di-
vided into two strong parties, one led by
Raphael, the other by Michelangelo, and the
latter, feeling his own defects as a colour-
ist, courted Sebastiano in hope that, by unit-
ing Venetian colour with his own grand
design, Itaphacl could be outdone. Se-
bastiano, under the guidance of Michelan-
gelo, who in many cases supplied him with
designs, executed pictures which to some
eyes equalled those of Raphael, and after
the death of the latter won him the name of
the best painter in Rome. "When Cardinal
Giulio de' Medici commissioned Raphael to
paint the Transfiguration, he also commis-
sioned Sebastiano to paint the almost equal-
ly renowned Raising of Lazarus, National
Gallery, London. The Martyrdom of St.
Ayatha, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, is of about
the same time. Henceforward Sebastiano
had many commissions, and was engaged to
paint chapels, especially in S. M. del Popolo,
S. M. della Pace, and S. Pietro in Montorio,
in the last of which he painted the Flagel-
lation and the Transfiguration, now damaged
by time and restoration. The Visitation,
Louvre, was painted in 1521 for Francis I.
In 1527 Sebastiano went to Venice, and
there probably painted the wonderful por-
trait of Andrea Doria, now in the Palazzo Do-
ria, Rome. He returned to Rome in 1529,
and two years afterwards was appointed
Piombatore to the Pope, which obliged him
to become an ecclesiastic. Deriving a good
income from his office, he built a house, and
working little was charged with idleness in
his later years. Other pictures by him are :
Christ shown to the Multitude, Historical
Society, New York ; Hohj Family, Baring
Collection, London ; Christ in Limbo, and
Christ on the Road to Golgotha, Madrid
Museum ; Portraits of himself with Cardinal
Ippolito de' Medici, and of an Italian Lady
as St. Agatha, National Gallery, London ;
Portrait of Cardinal Pole, Descent from the
Cross, Christ bearing his Cross, Pield, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Pieta, Two Male
Portraits, Berlin Museum ; Christ bearing
the Cross, Dresden Museum ; The Dead
Christ supported by Angels, Oldenburg Gal-
lery; Portrait of Cardinal Pucci, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Portraits of Adrian VI., Naples Mu-
seum, and Labouchere Collection, London ;
A Bearded Man, Pitti, Florence ; Portraits of
Clement VII., Naples Museum, and Parma
Museum.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 310 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Hon., x. 121 ; Burckhardt, 647, C60,
722 ; Ch. Blanc, ftcole venitieune ; Dohme,
2iii.; Kugler(Eastlake),ii.512; Liibke.Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. 144 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 553.
PIOTROWSKI, MAXIMILIAN ANTON,
born at Bromberg, Posen, in 1815, died at
Konigsberg, Nov. 29, 1875. History and
genre painter, pupil of Berlin Academy un-
der Hensel ; painted at first romantic epi-
sodes from Polish history, later on scenes
of popular life in Poland, cleverly conceived
and of vigorous colouring. Was profes-
sor at Konigsberg Academy. Works : The
Prince of Toreu (1847), A Little Word
(1878), Konigsberg Museum ; Marie An-
448
P1FP1
toinette in the Temple ; Lithuanian Grain-
shippers ; Baptism of the Fox, etc.
PIPPI, GIULIO. See Giulio Komano.
PIR^ICUS (Pyreicus), painter, probably
close of 4th century B.C. He painted low
subjects, such as barbers' shops and cob-
blers' stalls, but so skilfully that his works
brought higher prices than the largest works
of many masters. — Pliny, xxxv. 37 [112J ;
Brunu, ii. 259.
PISANO, GIUXTA. See Ginnta Pisauo.
PISANO, VITTORE, born at S. Vigilio,
on the Lago di Garda, about 1380 (?), died
in March, 1456. Venetian school (of Vero-
na) ; sometimes called Pisanello. Vasari
says he was the pupil of Andrea del Cas-
tagno in Florence, but the statement is
doubtful. Wherever he was educated, he
appears to have settled early at Verona.
Between 1417-22 he painted the story of
Otho, a fresco in the Sala del Gran Consi-
glio, Venice, and also decorated some rooms
in the Castle of Pavia. His fame as a por-
trait painter was considerable, and in 1435
he painted Nicholas III., Duke of Ferrara.
Having completed the series of pictures in
S. Giovanni Laterano, Rome, begun by Gen-
tile da Fabriauo, he settled permanently at
Verona ; he appears to have painted also at
Mantua. He was noted among his contem-
poraries for his portraits, scenery, birds, and
quadrupeds ; but he is now known princi-
pally as a medallist. Still, he must be re-
garded as one of the most original and
remarkable painters of the loth century,
who did not come at all under Mantegna's
influence. Works : Annunciation (fresco), ,
S. Fermo Maggiore, Verona ; Portrait of Li-
onello d'Este, Galleria Costabili, Ferrara ;
Madonna with Saints, ib. ; Madonna, Gallery,
Verona ; St. George and the Dragon, S. An-
astasia, ib. Frescos : S. Maria della Scala ;
SS. Anthony and George, National Gallery,
London ; Adoration of the Magi, Berlin
Museum.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 450 ; Vasari, !
ed. Mil., iii. 8, 23 ; ed. Le Mon., iv. 152 ;
Bernasconi, 59 ; Burckhardt, 588, 605 ; Liib-
ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 479.
•— .
L
Lf
, Berl.
PISTORIUS, EDUARD, born in Berlin,
Feb. 28, 1796, died at Karlsbad, Aug. 20,
1862. Genre painter, pupil of Willich, then
of Berlin Academy ; studied in 1818-19 in
Dresden, and after a visit to the Netherlands,
; in 1827-29, in Diisseldorf ; returned to Ber-
j liu in 1830, and became member of the Acad-
emy in 1833. Works : Bowling Alley ; Old
Man, Old Woman (1824), Geography Les-
son, Toilet (1827), Artist's Studio (1828),
Village Fiddler (1831), Sound Sleep (1839),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Reading the Bi-
ble, Amsterdam Museum ;
Village Fiddler (1833), Coop-
er at the Cask (1834), KOnigs-
berg Museum. — Grosse, 176;
Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii. 168 ; Rosenber
Malersch., 169 ; Wiegmann, 270.
PIXIS, THEODOR, born at Kaisurslau-
tern, July 1, 1831.
Genre painter and il-
lustrator, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy under
Philip Foltz and Kaul-
bach, then spent two
years in Italy and later
visited the mountain-
ous districts of Ger-
many ; painted at first
historical s u b j c c t s.
Works : Huss taking Farewell of his Friends
(1856), Berne Museum ; Pictures from Gu-
druu Saga (1857-59); Skaters; City Dandy
on the Alp ; Woman from Black Forest ;
Enjoyment of Nature; Before and After the
Ball ; Thwarted Departure and Doubtful
Arrival ; Moltke in the Black Forest ; Scene
from Life of Travelling Actors. In fresco :
Coronation of Charles X. of Sweden, Cross-
ing the Belt, Charles XI. in Battle of Lund
(1860-62), National Museum, Munich ; Cal-
vin's Last Conversation with Michael Ser-
vetus (1861).— Miiller, 420 ; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1872), i. 303 ; ii. 38.
PIZZOLO, NICCOLO, 15th century.
Paduan school ; pupil of Squarcione, co-
labourer with Mantegna in the Eremitani,
where he painted the Eternal amidst Saints,
449
PLACE
and Assumption of the Virgin, in the semi-
dome of the chapel ; and journeyman of
Donatello in the Santo. Vasari says that his
works were good, though he produced but
little, and his example was of great value to
Mautegna. He was treacherously slain by
enemies while re-
turning from his
work one day. —
C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 314 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 121 ; v.lCO;
vi. 93 ; Burokliardt, 577.
PLACE, HENRI, born in Paris, April 5,
1812. Landscape and marine painter. Med-
als : 3d class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of
'475
Honour, 1855. Works: Cliils
(1846); View of Pont d'Es-
pagnc, Fisherman's Bark
(1847); Pic du Midi at Pan,
Environs of Cherbourg
(1848); View at Rosenlaui
—Canton Berne (1849) ;
Cliffs of Douvres (1849),
formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; Fishermen sur-
prised by Storm, Meluu
Museum.- — Bellier, ii. 284.
PLACIDUS AND FLA-
VIA, STS., MARTYRDOM
OF, Correggio, Parma Gal-
lery ; canvas. Placidus,
son of the patrician Ter-
tullus, newly converted to
Christianity, went to Mes-
sina to found a convent,
accompanied by his sister
Flavia and the brothers Eutychius and Vic-
torinus. Soon afterwards a ship landed an
Arabian horde who put them to death.
Placidus and Flavia are represented sing-
ing under the strokes of the executioners,
the two others having already fallen. Paint-
ed between 1522 and 1524 for the Benedic-
tine Don Placido del Bono, and placed,
together with a Pietd, in a Chapel of S. Gio-
vanni, Parma. Carried to Paris, and re-
turned in 1815. Copies attributed to Cor-
reggio in Madrid Museum. Engraved by
G. B. Vanni and by S. F. Raveuet. — Landon,
(Euvres, viii. PL 26 ; Musue, x. PI. 5 ; Mey-
er, Correggio, 305, 480 ; Kunst. Lex., i. 428.
PLAGEMANN, CARL GUSTAF, born at
Sodertelje, Sodermanland, in 1805. His-
tory painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy ;
studied two years in Florence after the old
masters and in 1820 went to Rome, where
he remained twenty-two years and finally
spent two years and a half in Madrid.
Works : Judas throwing the Money at the
High Priest's Feet ; Adoration of Shepherds ;
Last Supper ; Holy Family, Stockholm Mu-
seum.
PLAGUE OF ASHDOD, Nicolas Poussin,
of Etretat Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. X 6 ft. 3 in.
Plague of Ashdod, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
A street in the city of Ashdod, filled with
the sick and dying ; at one side, many peo-
ple in consternation around the temple of
their deity, whose broken image lies on its
[ pedestal. Painted in Rome in 1630, for 60
crowns ; sold to Due de Richelieu for 1,000
crowns, whence passed to Louis XTV. En-
graved by E. Picart (1677) ; B. Tolozani ;
Niquei— Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, ii. PI. 127 ;
Landon, Musoe, ii. PI. 37 ; Smith, viii. 22.
PLAGUE OF ATHENS, Nicolas Pom-
sin, Leigh Court, England ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
450
PLAGUE
x 5 ft. 8 in. Illustration of the description
by Thucydides (ii. 47-52). A magnificent
street in Athens, with many groups of
plague-stricken inhabitants, some extended
on the ground, others prostrated at the
portals of the temples and other public
buildings. A masterly treatment of a
heart-rending subject. Engraved by J.
Fittler. Taken to London from Cadiz ; sold
at Christie's in 180-4 for 1,000 guineas ;
collection of Henry Hope (181G), 200 guin-
eas ; Leigh Court sale (1884), bought in at
£420.— Waagen, Treasures, iii. 180 , Smith,
viii. 95.
PLAGUE OF JAFFA. See Ju/«.
PLAGUE OF SERPENTS, Tintoretto,
Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; centre of ceil-
ing of upper room. Rubens and Michel-
angelo make the fiery serpents boa-con-
strictors, but Tintoretto's conception is
truer to Scripture ; his serpents are little,
fluttering monsters, like lampreys with
wings, perhaps suggested by the sea-horses
of the lagoons. They are biting the people
everywhere, and to give the appearance of
great extent to the plague a cavern opens
in the right of the foreground, through
which are seen another sky and horizon ;
above, the Supreme Being is borne by an-
gels, passing over the congregation in
wrath ; in background, the angel of mercy
is descending towards Moses, surrounded
by a globe of white light. The upper part
of the picture is magnificent ; the lower
figures are not so interesting. Painted in
1576. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 345 ;
Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 198.
PLASSAN, (ANTOINE) EMTLE, born at
Bordeaux, Sept. 29, 1817. Genre painter.
Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1857, 1859 ; L. of
Honour, 1859 ; medal, Philadelphia Expo-
sition, 1876. Works : Market in the House,
Indolence (1868) ; Studio, Armed to the
Teeth (1872) ; Breakfast (1873) ; Branch
of Boxwood, Sick Child, Good Digestion
(1874) ; Sleeping Girl ; Before the Mirror
(187G); Contemplation, Reading (1877);
Palm Sunday (1878) ; Letter, Slipper (1879) ;
Interrupted Work (1880) ; Quay of Lower
Meudon, Factories of Molineaux (1882) ;
Two Sisters, A Suburb of Chinon (1883) ;
Entrance to the Bath (1884) ; Lady and Gen-
tleman in Painter's Studio, Fodor Museum,
Amsterdam ; Table Supplies, New York Mu-
seum ; Disappointment, Prayer, Devotion,
The Model, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Al-
bum, August Belmont, New York ; Lesson,
Robert Hoe, ib. ; Lady Undressing, R. G.
Dun, ib. ; Lady at Bedside, At the Mantel,
Scene from " Le Bourgeois Gentilhoinme,"
Israel Corse, ib. ; Table Supplies, T. R. But-
ler, ib. ; Maiden's Night Toilet, Mrs. Paran
Stevens, ib. ; Landscape, J. C. Runkle, ib. ;
Gallant Reading at Mantel, Lady Listen-
ing, J. P. Morgan Collection, ib. ; Maternal
Love, Morris K. Jesup, ib. ; Demand in
Marriage, New-born Babe, Young Mother,
R. L. Stuart Collection, ib. ; Home Pleas-
ures, C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Return of the
Nurse, Toilet, Maternal Love, John Hoey, ib.
-Bellier, ii. 285 ; Claretie, Peintres (1874),
331
PLATHNER, HERMANN, born at Gro-
nau, Hanover, in 1831. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Diisseldorf Academy, and of Tide-
mand and Jordan ; travelled in Northern
Germany and the Black Forest. Works :
Old Woman and her Pupils (18(10) ; Mid-
day Nap (1861) ; Hour of Rest (18G3) ;
Politicians (1866) ; Unstamped Cards (1867) ;
Caught in Evil Ways (1874), Leipsic Muse-
um ; Christmas Eve ; Successful Portrait ;
Joyous Surprise ; Household Pets, Game of
Checkers, John D. Lankenau, Philadelphia.
— Miiller, 426.
PLATTE-MONTAGNE, NICOLAS DE
(la), born in Paris, Nov. 19, 1631, died there,
Dec. 25, 1706. French school ; history and
portrait painter, sou of Mathieu van Plat-
tenberg (1608-60, an able landscape and
marine painter of Antwerp who settled in
Paris at an early age and changed his name
to the French form), pupil of Philippe de
Champaigue, of Le Brun, and of the en-
graver Jean Morin, his uncle, with whom
he lived. Member of the Academy, 1663 ;
451
PLATTNER
adjunct professor, 1679 ; professor, 1681 ;
painter to the king, and was employed in
the Tuileries in 1683-84. Works : Christ
with Disciples in the Boat, Translation of
Hercules (1673) ; Descending of the Holy
Ghost (167C), Saint-Sulpice, Paris ; St.
Paul in Prison, Calling of St. John and St.
James, Hercules and Juno, (1699) ; Apol-
lo and the Muses, St. Charles receiving
the Viaticum, Conversion of St. Augustine
(1704). In the Uffizi, Florence, are ascribed
to him two Storms at Sea, which are prob-
ably by his father, by whom are also two
similar marine pieces in the Bamberg Gal-
lery, and his own portrait in the former. —
Bcllier, ii. 285 ; Jal, 977 ; Mi-moires im'dits,
i. 350.
PLATTXER, FRANZ, born at Zirl, Tyrol,
in 182(5. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy, then in Rome of Cornelius, to
whose style and traditions he adhered in all
his works, which treat almost exclusively
religious subjects. Works : Veleda, a Ger-
man Prophetess, Ferdiuaudeum, Innsbruck.
In fresco : Adoration of Shepherds, Resur-
rection, All Saints' Parish Church, Zirl ;
Last Judgment, Resurrection, etc. (1863-
73), Chapel in Cemetery, Innsbruck ; others
in Theological Seminary (1884), and Uni-
versity Church (1885), ib.; Legend of St.
Martin, Dornbiru, Vorarlberg. — "\Vurzbach,
xxii. 407.
PLATZER, JOHAXN GEORG, born at
Eppan, Tyrol, in 1702, died at St. Michael,
ib., in 1760. German school ; history and
genre painter, son of Johann Victor Platzer
(1665-1708, flourished many years in Vi-
enna), pupil of his stepfather Bossier, then
studied at Passau, and in 1721 went to Vi-
enna, where he worked conjointly with Franz
Christopher Janneck. Seems to have lived
also at Breslau and Glogau, where many of
his paintings are to be found. Works :
Tower of Babel ; Destruction of Jerusalem ;
Croesus and Solon, Curius Dentatus and the
Samnites, Mercury and Herse, Ariadne and
Bacchus, Dresden Gallery ; do., and Wed-
ding Feast of Pirithous and Deidamia, Cassel
Gallery ; Assemblage in a Garden (2), Prague
Gallery ; Men and Women at Table, Card-
Players, Vi-
enna Mu-
seum ; Two
pictures, Innsbruck Museum. — Wurzbach,
xxii. 410.
PLATZER, JOSEF, born in Prague in
1752, died in Vienna in 1810. Architecture
painter, son of the sculptor Ignatz Platzer,
the elder, pupil in Prague of Franz Wolf ;
went to Vienna, where Maria Theresa and
Joseph II. patronized him ; under Leopold
II. became court-painter and member of the
Academy. Works : Julius Sabiuus in Pris-
on, Tomb with Octavius Csesar finding An-
tony and Cleopatra (1820, figures by Fiiger),
Museum, Vienna ; Cimou in Prison, Rape of
Helen, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Hercules lead-
ing Admetus to Alcestis ; Cleopatra beside
the Body of Antony (1802) ; Murder of Semi-
ramis, Prague Gallery. — Wurzbach, xxii. 411.
PLAUTIUS, MARCUS, painter, probably
Greek. Decorated Temple of Juno at Ardea
with paintings at very early period of Roman
history.— Pliny.xxxv. 37 [115]; Brunn,ii.303.
PLEYSIER, ARY, born at Naardingen,
April 16, 1809. Marine painter, self-taught
during numerous voyages on the Atlantic
and the Mediterranean. His pictures, dis-
tinguished for transparency of the waves
and the details of ships, are mostly in pri-
vate collections in England, Holland, and
France. View on Coast of Flanders, Bruges
Museum.— Miiller, 421.
PLOCKHORST, BERXHARD, bom at
Brunswick, March 2,
1825. History and
portrait painter, pupil
in Munich of Piloty
and in Paris (1851) of
Couture ; visited Hol-
land and Belgium in
1854, afterwards Italy,
especially Venice, set-
tied in Leipsic, and
later in Berlin, whither he returned after
having been professor at the Weimar Art
452
\
PLOUGH
School in 1866-69. Gold medal, Berlin,
1858. Works : Mary and John returning
from Christ's Tomb, Lowenstein Gallery,
Moscow ; Christ and the Adulteress, Mater
Dolorosa (1860), Leipsic Museum ; Contest
of Archangel Michael and Satan (1801-GG),
Cologne Museum ; Exposure of Moses ;
Finding of Moses ; Kesurrection (18C7),
Marienwerder Cathedral ; Christ's Farewell
of his Mother, Christ's Walk to Emmaus,
H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Christ appear-
ing to Mary Magdalen ; Portraits of Em-
peror William and Empress Augusta (187G),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Guardian Angel,
Gift from Heaven (Jubilee Exhibition, Ber-
lin, 1886).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1875), i. 453 ;
(1877), i. 263; Jordan (1885), ii.; Laud und
Meer (1868), ii. 525 ; Miiller, 421 ; Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 223 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., iii. 36 ; vi. 106.
PLOUGH, THE, Frederick WaWn;
Messrs. Aguew, London. A man plough-
ing, with a boy helping him with the horses ;
a sunset sky with the moou rising, and in
background an immense granitic quarry-
face. Eoyal Academy, 1870 ; Walker Ex-
hibition, 1875, after the painter's death ;
exhibited at Agnew Gallery, London, 188(i.
PLOUGHING IN NIEVRE (Labourage
nivernais), Rosa Bonheur, Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 6 in.
Two teams of six oxen each ploughing in
an open field, with a wooded hill in the
background at left. Time, evening. Salon,
1849.
PLUDDEMANN, HERMANN (FREI-
HOLD), born at Kolberg, July 17, 1809,
died in Dresden, June 24, 1868. History
painter, first instructed in Magdeburg by
Sieg, then pupil in Berlin of Begas, and
(1831-37) of Diisseldorf Academy under
Schadow ; lived at Diisseldorf until 1848,
when he removed to Dresden ; treated chief-
ly subjects from mediseval history, saga and
poetry in the spirit of the romanticists.
Well known as illustrator of several popu-
lar works. Works : Loreley (1833) ; Death
of Roland at Roncesvalles (1834) ; Columbus
discovering Land (1836), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Death of Columbus (1840) ; Entry
of Columbus into Barcelona (1842) ; Colum-
bus at La Rubida (1845) ; Finding of Bar-
j barossa's Body (1846) ; Columbus in Chains
landing at Cadiz (1848) ; Landgrave Lud-
wig the Iron of Thuringia (1849) ; Crusa-
ders at a Well (1850) ; Columbus disputing
with the Junta at Salamanca (1856) ; Barba-
j rossa as Umpire at Besam;ou (I860), Dres-
den Gallery ; Prince Henry and Falstaff
(1860) ; Couradiu 011 the Scaffold, Stettin
Museum ; Emperor Henry TV. at Canossa
(1863) ; Wallenstein and Seui. In fresco :
Finding of Barbarossa's Body (1841), Castle
Heltorf ; Scenes from Medieval Life (1843),
Town Hall, Elberfeld.— Andresen, iv. 228 ;
Blanckarts, 13; Wolfg. Miiller, Diisseldf.
K., 83 ; Riegel, D. Kuust-stud., 424 ; Wieg-
mann, 149.
PLUMB, HENRY G., born at Sherburne,
N. Y., in 1847. Genre painter, pupil of
National Academy, New York, and of Kcole
des Beaux Arts, Paris ; also studied under
Gi'roino and Yvon, remaining four years in
Europe. Exhibited first in 1878 at Paris
Salon. Studio in New York. Works : A
votre santo (1879) ; A Smile for the Old
Gentleman, Pet Canary (1880) ; Going
Halves, Tropical Birds (1881) ; Comfortable
Berth, First Ride (1882) ; Fresh from the
Well, Pull for the Shore (1883;. Water-
colour : Comiu' thro' the Rye, T. B. Clarke,
New York.
POCAHONTAS, BAPTISM OF, John G.
Chapman, rotunda of Capitol, Washington ;
canvas, H. 12 ft, X 18 ft. Baptism of Poca-
hontas, daughter of Powhatan, before her
marriage to John Rolfe, at Jamestown, Vir-
ginia, April, 1613. Painted in 18 — for
$10,000. Engraved on back of $20 United
States national bank notes.
POCCETTI, BERNARDINO, born in
Florence in 1548, died there, Nov. 9, 1612.
Florentine school ; real name Bernardino
Barbatelli ; pupil of Michele di Ridolfo, but
afterwards studied works of Raphael and
other masters in Rome. He was a success-
POEL
ful decorator, in the baroque style, of walls
and ceilings in many Florentine palaces and
churches, as, for instance, the first corridor
of the Uffizi, the portico of the Iimoceuti,
and the chapels of the Sacrament and St.
Anthony in S. Marco. The hall of the side
court to the left in the Pitti Palace was also
decorated by him. — Ch. Blanc, 35cole flo-
rentine ; Burckhardt, 184 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., ii. 717. ,
POEL, EGBERT VAN DER, born at
Delft, baptized March 9, 1G21, died at Rot-
terdam, buried July 29, 16(54. Dutch school ;
genre and landscape painter. Probably
scholar of Esaias van de Yelde, and of Aart
van dei1 Neer ; member of the guild in Delft,
Oct. 17, 1(550 ; painted especially conflagra-
tions, but also pleasing genre pieces and in-
teriors, with life-like figures of clear and
warm colouring. Works : View near Delft
(1G54), National Gallery, London ; View of
Breda after Fire, Mr. Henderson, ib.; Peas-
ants before Cottage Door, Man feeding Poul-
try, Louvre ; Rustic Interior, Brussels Mu-
seum ; Tide rising by Moonlight, Hague
Museum ; Interior with Woman and Little
Girl (1G40), Explosion of Powder Magazine
(1G54), Amsterdam Museum ; Conflagration,
Rotterdam Museum ; do., Suermondt Mu-
seum, Aix-la-Chapellc ; do., Stockholm Mu-
seum ; Conflagration at Night of a Dutch
City (1G58), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Nocturnal
Festival, Domestic Scene, Cologne Museum ;
Burning and Pillage of Italian Town (1GG1),
Gallery, Copenhagen ; do., Moltke Collec-
tion, ib. ; Fire in a Farmhouse, Christiania
Gallery ; Cottage Interior (1G48), Dresden
Museum ; Vessels with many Figures by
Moonlight, Gotha Museum ; Conflagrations
(2), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; do. (1), Ferdi-
nandeum, Innsbruck ; Farm Yard, Old Pi-
nakothek, Munich ; Interior of Peasant Cot-
tage, Oldenburg Gallery ; Yard Interior,
Conflagrations (3, two dated 1G58, 1GG4),
Schwerin Gallery ; Nocturnal Surprise by
Robbers, Stuttgart Museum ; Peasant Fam-
ily by Cottage (1G47), Museum, Vienna ;
Annunciation to the Shepherds, Conflagra-
tions (2, one dated 1654), Peasant Room
(1646), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Fishmon-
gers on Seashore, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Burn-
ing of a Ship near Amsterdam, Fishermen
on Seashore, Turin Gallery ; Three Kitchen
Pieces (1647, 1659, 1664), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Winter Scene, Burning of Cot-
tage at Night (2), Historical Society, New
York. By A. van der Poel, probably broth-
er of Egbert, is in the Darmstadt Museum :
Skating near a Village (1652). — Immerzeel,
ii. 31(5 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 425 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole hollandaise ; De Stuers, 106.
POELENBURG (Poeleuborch), CORNE-
LIS VAN, born at
Utrecht in 1586,
died there, Aug. 12,
1667. Dutch school;
history and land-
scape painter, pupil
of Abraham Bloe-
maert; went early to
Rome, where he took
Elsheimer for his
model, and studied Raphael. His small land-
scapes, enlivened with nymphs or figures
taken from sacred history, are tender in
colour, but fail in composition and draw-
ing. He was invited by the Grand Duke to
remain at Florence, but preferred to return
home, where he was treated with much dis-
tinction. Rubens visited him, and Charles
I. invited him to England. Free of the
guild at Utrecht, 1649; master in 1664.
Works : Landscape, New York Museum ;
do. (3), Historical Society, New York ; Ruin
with Bathing Women, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Campo Vaccino, Buckingham Palace,
ib.; Diana and Nymph Bathing, Ruins of
Hot Baths of Diocletian, Madrid Museum ;
454
POLLASTEINI
became one of the most famous goldsmiths
of bis time, as well as an eminent painter,
sculptor, and engraver.
Pietro, who studied paint-
ing under Andrea del Cas-
tagno, afterwards became
his brother's associate.
Their pictures show the
effect of their training as
goldsmiths in a certain
precision and neatness of
line and a metallic quality
of surface. The style of
the Pollajuoli, for it is difficult to assign to
each that which belongs to him in the pict-
ures assigned to one or the other, is man-
nered and exaggerated, though vigorous and
full of life. Those displaying most sculpt-
ural elements are probably by Antonio,
and those in which the pictorial element
prevails are perhaps by Pietro. They are
said to have been the first to dissect dead
bodies for artistic purposes. Among the
pictures generally assigned to Antonio are
Martyrdom of St. tieba.-ilian (1475), Angel
Raphael and Tobias, The Virgin adoring
the Infant Christ, and Apollo and Daphne,
National Gallery, London ; St. Sebastian,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. Sebastian, Gal-
leria Estense, Modeua ; Holy Family, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome ; Tobias and the Angel, Tu-
rin Gallery ; St. Christopher and the Infant
Christ, New York Museum. To Pietro be-
long the Coronation of the Virgin (1483),
in the Pieve of S. Gemiguauo, and the An-
nunciation, Berlin Museum. The Hercules,
Three Saints, and Prudence, Uffizi, Flor-
ence, and three other panels in the Munich
Gallery, are probably joint works of the two
brothers.— C. & C , Italy, ii. 382 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., v. 90, 104 ; vii. 240 ; xi. 291,
Ch. Blanc, Ecole floreutine ; Burckhardt,
96, 134, 357 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i.
313.
POLLASTRINI, ENRICO, born at Leg-
horn in 1817, died in Florence, Jan. 12,
1876. History painter, studied after the
old masters, and became president of Flor-
ence Academy. Works: Death of Duke
Alessandro de' Medici ; Inundation of Ser-
chio ; Pia dei Tolomei ; Death of St. Joseph ;
St. Lawrence giving Alms ; Battle of Le-
guano ; Fugitives of Siena.— LTllustr. ital.,
187C.
POLLET, VICTOR FLORENCE, born
in Paris, Nov. 22, 1811, died in Paris, Dec.
20, 1882. Genre painter, pupil of Dela-
roclie and Richomme ; won grand prix de
Rome in 1838. Medals : 3d class, 1845 ;
L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Lydia (18C5),
Baroness Rothschild ; Innocence, A Study
(18G6) ; Bacchante (18G7) ; Siesta, The Bath
(18G8) ; Idleness (1872) ; Dream of one of
the Daughters of Eve (1873) ; Pandora, Ly-
: coeuiou (1874) ; Mignon, Leaving the Bath
(187G) ; Venus taking off her Belt, Girl
Wounded in the Foot (1878); Wretched
Lodging, Victorious Omphale (1879) ; Ve-
nus Victrix, Age of Innocence, Venus and
Cupid, Convalescence, S. A. Coale, St.
Louis. — Bellier, ii. 291 ; Courrier de 1'Art
(1881-82), G12 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. ; Art
Journal (1883), 63.
POLYCLES, painter, of Adramyttium
in Mysia. Said by Vitruvius (iii. Prsef., 2)
to have deserved fame, but to have failed
through adverse fortune to attain it.
POLYDOR. See Glauber, Jan.
POLYGNOTUS, the first really great
Greek painter, son and pupil of Aglaophon,
born in Thasos about the beginning of 5th
century B.C. He probably accompanied Ci-
mon on his return from the expedition
against Thasos (4G3 B.C.), to Athens, where
he was employed in the decoration of the
walls of the public buildings, and Polygno-
tus refusing any compensation for his labour,
the Athenians bestowed citizenship upon
him. He assisted Micon in the decoration
of the Theseum, and painted in the portico
of the Pcecile, The Greeks assembled after
the Fall of Troy to judge Cassandra's Case,
and in the Anicseum, The Marriage of the
Dioscuri with the Daughters of Leucippus.
He also decorated the walls of the temple at
Thespiau, painted Ulysses after Slaying the
457
POLYIDUS
Suitors, in the portico of the Temple of
Athena Areia at Platsea, and adorned the
Lesche of the Cnidiaus at Delphi with a
series of pictures representing the Trojan
War and the adventures of Ulysses (Paus.,
x. 25-31). Polygnotus made so great an
advance over the artists who had preceded
him that Theophrastus ascribed to him the
invention of painting (Pliny, vii. 57). Pliny
says (xxxv. 35) that he gave expression to
both faces and figures, and elegance and
variety to draperies, his work being in
strong contrast to the stiff attitudes and
rigid draperies of the earlier painters. Lu-
cian (De Imag., 7) gives him similar praise,
and Aristotle says (Poet,, 2) that Polygnotus
represented men better than they are, mean-
ing that he idealized his characters. Cicero
records (Brut., 18) that he was one of those
who painted with four colours only, but ac-
cording to Pliny (xxxiii. 56, xxxv. 25) he
and Micon introduced new pigments. We
learn from the latter also (xxxv. 30, 40) that
he worked both with the cestrum and with
the hair pencil.— Paus., x. 25-31 ; BOtt., 274
-291 ; Hermann, Epikritische Betrachtung-
on fiber die Polygnotischen Gemiilde (Got-
tingen, 1840) ; Lenormant, Mi'moire sur les
peintures que Polygnote avait executes dans
la Lescht'; de Delphes, Memoire de 1'Acad.
royale de Belgique (Brussels, 18G4), xxxiv.,
and works there cited ; Sillig, 3G1.
POLYIDUS, painter, musician, and poet,
about 39G B.C.— Diod. Sic., xiv. 4G.
POMERANCE or POME1UNCIO. See
lioncaUi, Cristoforo.
POMPEIAN DANCE, Joseph Ooomans,
George Hoadley, Cincinnati ; canvas. A
Pompeian girl dancing to the music of pipes
played by a youth reclining upon a sculpt-
ured marble slab, at the base of which sits
another girl with a tambourine, holding in
her lap the head of a rose-crowned boy,
who, stretched on a leopard's skin, plays the
cymbals ; at right, an open court, with foun-
tain and ladies sitting. Painted in 1878.
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America.
By Joseph Cuomans, John Hoey, New
York. A Pompeian girl of twelve dancing,
with her tambourine above her head, sur-
rounded by a ring of romping boys, crowned
with ivy or wreathed with garlands, one of
whom has tumbled over upon his back ; at
right, the mother reclining, a harp-girl sit-
ting, and another maiden standing. Photo-
gravure in Art Treasures of America, ii. 81.
PONCET, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at
Saint-Laurent de Mures (Isere) ; contem-
porary. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Hippolyte Flandrin, whom he assisted
for nine years in his works in the Church
d'Ainay at Lyons, and in Saint-Germain-
des-Pres at Paris, the latter of which he
was commissioned to engrave after Flan-
drin's death. Medal, 3d class, 1861 ; medal,
1865. Works: Toilet of Phryne, Young
Flute-Player by the Sea (1861) ; Portrait of
Flandrin (1863), Lyons Museum ; Orpheus
on Mount Rhodope (1864), Villefranche Mu-
seum ; Christ appearing to Magdalen (1866),
Noyon Cathedral ; Ariadne crowned by Bac-
chus, Noli me tangere (1870) ; Night (1884).
— Bellier, ii. 295.
PONCHINO. See Bazacco.
PONTE, DA. See Bassano.
PONTOEMO, JACOPO DA, born at Pon-
tormo, May
25 or 26, 1404,
died in Flor-
ence, buried
Jan. 2, 1557.
Florentine
school; real
name Jacopo
Carucci, son
o f Bartolom-
meo Carucci,
a mediocre painter. Studied under Leo-
nardo da Vinci, Albertinelli, Pier di Cosimo,
and Andrea del Sarto. His early efforts are
said to have been praised by Michelangelo,
who prophesied that if Pontormo continued
as he had begun he would carry painting to
its highest perfection. But Pontormo did
not realize his hopes. Though he worked
sometimes, like Sebastian del Piombo, from
458
1'OOLE
Michelangelo's designs, he never approached
Sebastian as a colourist. His portraits are
superior to his compositions. Among his
works are : Holy Family, Madrid Museum •
do., Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Visitation,
SS. Annunziata, Florence ; Madonna and
Saints, Visitation, Louvre ; Portrait of An-
drea del Sarto, Berlin Museum ; Supper at
Emmaus, Florence Academy ; Joseph pre-
senting his Father to Pharaoh, Joseph ac-
cused by Potiphar, Venus kissed by Love,
Birth of St. John Baptist, and portraits, Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Portrait of a Boy, National
Gallery, London ; others in the Louvre, Cas-
sel and Oldenburg Galleries, Vienna Muse-
um (3), Palazzo Pitti, Florence.— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole florentiue ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., xi.
29 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 200.
POOLE, PAUL FALCONER, born at
Bristol iu 1810, died
in London, Sept. 22,
1879. History and
genre painter ; ex-
hibited first picture,
The Well— a Scene
in Naples, at Royal
Academy in 1830 ;
elected an A.E.A. in
1846 and K.A. in
1861. Works : Her-
man and Dorothea at the Fountain (1840) ;
Solomon Eagle preaching during the
Plague in London (1843) ; Beleaguered
Moors (1844); Arietta of Falaise (1848); The
Tempest (1849) ; Goths iu Italy (1851) ;
Seventh Day of the Decameron (1855) ; Es-
cape of Glaucus and lone (1860) ; Lighting
the Beacon on the Appearance of the Span-
ish Armada (1864); Vision of Ezekiel (1875),
National Gallery.— Cat. Nat, Gal.; Am. Art
Rev. (1879), 91 ; Art Journal (1859), 41 ;
Sandby, ii. 311.
POOEE, HENEY E., born in Newark,
N. J., in 1858. Landscape painter, pupil
of the National Academy (1876), of the Penn-
sylvania Academy, of Peter Moran (1877),
and of Luminais in Paris (1883). Studio
in Philadelphia. Works : Burro Train leav-
ing the Pueblo of Taos (1882) ; March Hill-
side, Baying Hounds (1884), T. B. Clarke,
j New York ; Ulysses feigning Madness (1884);
After a Shower— Pinciau Hill, Rome (1886).
POOETEE, WILLEM DE, born at Haar-
lem, nourished there in 1635-43, died after
j 1645. Dutch school ; history and still-life
painter, pupil of Rembrandt, probably at
Leyden in 1627-30. His colouring is pow-
erful and the execution careful ; painted
also interiors. Works : Solomon offering to
the Strange Gods, Amsterdam Museum ;
do. (1643), Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ;
Taking of Samson, Berlin Museum ; Ahasu-
erus and Esther (1645), Woman taken in
Adultery, Simon with Infant Christ in the
Temple, Dresden Gallery ; liaising of Laza-
rus, Old Pinakothek, Munich; The Offer-
: ing, Queen of Sheba before Solomon (?),
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Mercury
and Proserpine, Allegory of Peace (1643),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Interior, Aremberg
Gallery, Brussels ; Skull, Crown, Sceptre,
J and Arms, Brunswick Gallery ; Companion-
piece (1630 or S* (T> •*.
1636), Eotterdam (r C\S>J OOV'Z*"
Museum ; Allegorical Figure of Emperor
Matthias, Worlitz Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 378 ; Eiegel, Beitriige, ii. 436 ; Vosmaer,
Rembrandt, 63.
POPELIN-DUCAEEE, CLAUDIUS
MAECEL, born in Paris ; contemporary.
History painter, pupil of Ary Scheffer and
of Picot. Medal, 1865 ; L. of Honour, 1869.
Works : Daute reading his Poem to Giotto
(1852); St. Jerome (1853); Eobert Estienne,
famous printer of 16th Century, surrounded
by Savants aiding him (1857); Calvin preach-
ing before Duchess of Ferrara, Guillaume
Budt'e, founder of College de France, study-
ing Greek (1859) ; Dante re-entering Flor-
ence after Battle of Campaldiuo (1861) ;
Julius Caesar (1864) ; Eenaissance of Liter-
! ature (1865); Truth, Dante Alighieri, France
(1867).— Bellier, ii. 298.
PORCELLIS (Parcelles, Percellis), JAN,
born in Ghent about 1597 (?), died prob-
ably at Soeterwoude, near Leyden, before
45!)
PORCELLIS
or in 1G32. Dutch school ; marine painter,
supposed pupil of Hendrik C. Vroom, more
probably developed under the influence of
Adam Willaerts ; living in 1615 in Antwerp,
where he was master of the guild in 1017,
then in Haarlem (1622-28) and at The Hague
(1629) ; was skilful in representing the sea
in its more terrible phases, and in his time
considered the greatest painter of storms.
Works : Seaport, Madrid Museum ; Vessels
at Sea, Berlin Museum ; do. (1629), Old Pi-
uakothek, Munich ; do., Gotha Museum,
and Oldenburg Gallery ; Whaling (1664),
Amalieustift, Dessau.— D e sc am p s (Mar-
seilles, 1840), i. 252; Kramm, v. 1270;
Meyer, Museen, 351 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii.
29 ; xviii. 604 ; Rep. f. K, i. 68 ; Siret
(1883), ii. 128 ; Van den Branden, 843 ;
Van der Willigen, 242 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
vii. 176.
PORCELLIS, JULIUS (V or Johannes),
born at Leydeu (?), died at Lcyderdorp (?).
Dutch school ; marine painter, supposed
son and pupil of preceding, although noth-
ing authentic is known beyond the fact that
one Johannes Percellis van Delden entered
the guild at Leyden in 1658, was dean in
1660, and still" living in 1680. Wrorks,
signed J. P., uncertain whether by father
or son, in Darmstadt Museum, Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort, and Schiinborii Gallery,
Vienna. — Rep. f. K., i. 72.
PORCIUNCULA, LA. See .f 'raw-is of
Assisi.
PORDENONE, BERNARDINO LICI-
NIO DA, of Pordenoue, born about begin-
ning of 16th century, died after 1541. Ve-
netian school ; kinsman of G. A. Pordenone ;
educated in Friuli, and later lived iu Ven-
ice. Earliest pictures dated 1524 ; latest,
1541. His strength lay in portraits, and
he was fond of family groups, though he
painted some religious pieces. Works :
Madonna and Saints (1535), Frari, Venice ;
do., Sarego ; Salome, Palazzo Sciarra, Rome ;
Holy Family and Saints, Palazzo Borghese,
ib. ; Holy Family, Palazzo Doria, ib. ; do.,
Palazzo Balbi, Genoa ; Madonna and Saints,
Rovigo Gallery ; Madonna and Saints, Four
Saints, Venice Academy ; Female Portrait,
Dresden Gallery ; do., Buda-Pesth Gallery ;
Lady and Spinet, Portrait of Himself and
Family, Hampton Court ; Adoration of Magi,
Portraits, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — C. &
C., N. Italy, ii. 293 ; Burckhardt, 732.
PORDENONE, GIOVANNI ANTONIO
LICINIO DA,
born at Pordeuone
in 1483, died at
Ferrara in 1539.
Venetian school.
He bore many
names. About
1517 he assumed
the title of De
Corticellis or Cu-
ticelli, from his
father's native village near Brescia ; af-
terwards called Sacchiensis or De Sacchis,
and lastly Regillo or Licinio. His descend-
ants took the name of Regillo. A pupil
of Pellegrino, he learned at Venice to imi-
tate Palma and Giorgione, and in his sub-
sequent career acquired something from
Correggio, Titian, Raphael, and Michelan-
gelo. At his best he remained second to
Titian, and when careless he sank to a still
! lower level. Pordeuoue executed many
frescos in Friuliau churches, most of which
have greatly suffered from time and by res-
toration. In 1528 he went to Venice and
decorated the tribune of S. Rocco with
frescos, no longer extant. Two pictures
on panels by him are in this church : St.
Martin and St. Christopher. The next year
Pordenoue painted several compositions in
chapels of the Madonna di Campagua, Pia-
cenza, now much injured, and subsequently
executed frescos in the palace of Andrea
Doria, Genoa, and in S. Pietro, Treviso.
He also finished a Trinity for Santissima
Trinita, San Daniele, and began for the Du-
omo of Pordenone an altarpiece, Glory of
St. Mark, which, though unfinished, shows
great talent. In 1535 King John of Hun-
gary sent him a patent of knighthood ; and
4WI
PORIOX
Pordenone, taking the name of Regillo, set-
tled at Venice, where his services were eager-
ly sought, as Titian was out of favour with
the Venetian rulers. He covered the walls
of many palaces with frescos, and executed
several public woi'ks, all of which have per-
ished. The Glory of St. Lorenzo Giustini-
ani, Venice Academy, is one of the finest
pictures of Pordenoue, and the altarpiece in
S. Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice, is also a
noble though much damaged work. Among
the few easel pictures ascribed to him are :
Madonna of Ottobon family, Venice Acad-
emy ; Salume, Palazzo Doria, Home ; St.
George and the Dragon, Quirinal, Home ;
Madonna, Church of Torre in Friuli ; Ma-
donna with Saints, Church of Moriago, near
Treviso ; Calling of St. Matthew, Woman in
Mourning Dress, Dresden Museum ; Taking
of Christ, Gotha Museum ; Assumption, Por-
trait of a Lady, Madrid Museum ; Old Man
tempting Young Girl, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Assumption, Portrait of a Lady, Ma-
drid Museum ; An Apostle, National Gal-
lery, London.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 238 ;
Vasiiri, ed. Le Mon., vii. 87 ; ix. 26 ; xi. 252 ;
ed. Mil., v. 103 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vunitienne ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 591.
PORION, CHARLES, born at Amiens ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Drolling and of Ingres. Medal, 3d
class, 1844 ; L. of Honour, 1884. Works :
Spanish Dance (1844) ; Bull Race at Seville
(184G) ; El Descanso — custom of Valencia
(1857), Bordeaux Museum ; Gypsies of Con- '
stautiue (18CG) ; Queen of Spain surround-
ed by Principal Dignitaries of the Army
(1868); Edward III. of England doing
Homage to Philip of Valois, Amiens Muse-
um.—Bellier, ii. 299.
PORTA, BARTOLOMMEO DELL A.
See Bartolommeo, Fra.
PORTA, GIUSEPPE, born at Castelnuo-
vo di Garfaguana about 1520, died in Ven-
ice about 1575. Venetian school ; pupil in
Rome of Francesco Salviati, from whom he
acquired name of younger Salviati. Followed
his master to Florence, Bologna, and finally
Venice, where he remained after Salviati's
return to Rome. Falling under the influence
of Titian he abandoned the Roman style, be-
came the intimate friend of that great paint-
er, and was selected by him to assist in
\ decorating the Library of St. Mark, in com-
pany with Paolo Veronese, both being paid
at a higher rate than the other assistants.
After the death of Salviati (1563), Porta was
invited by Pius IV. to Rome to aid in deco-
rating the Vatican, where he painted, in the
Sain Regia, Barbarossa doing Homage to
Alexander III., and won general admiration.
After his return to Venice he executed works
in the Palazzo Ducale, which were destroyed
in the fire of 1577. Giuseppe was a good
designer, skilful in composition, and a vig-
orous and brilliant colourist. He excelled
in the treatment of costumes, ornaments, and
architectural accessories. The Dead Christ
held by Angels, Dresden Museum. — Ch.
Blanc, Kcole venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
xii. 81 ; ed. Mil., vii. 45.
POHTAELS, JEAN FRANCOIS, born at
Vilvorde, near
Brussels, May 1,
1818. History,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Navez and
in Paris of Dela-
roche ; won the
grand prize for
Rome in 1841,
and afterward
visited the East, Spain, and Hungary. Mem-
ber and (since 1878) director of Brussels
Academy; Order of Leopold, 1851. Medal:
Paris, 2d class, 1855. Works : Star of Beth-
lehem ; Flight into Egypt ; Rebekah ; Fu-
neral in the Desert ; Leah and Rachel ;
Daughter of Jephthah and Daughter of
Zion ; Suicide of Judas ; Box in the Theatre
at Buda-Pesth ; Girl from Istria ; Drought
in Egypt (1873) ; Gypsies ; Jewess from
Tangier (1876) ; The Simoom (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1886) ; Bohemian Cabin, J.
H. Stebbins, New York ; Jealousy, C. H.
PORTER
Wolff, ib. ; Thought, A. Adams, Watertown,
.Mass. — Allgem. Zeitg., 1865 ; Art Journal,
1866, 133 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii. 247.
POKTEK, BENJAMIN CURTIS, born in
Melrose, Mass., Aug. 27,
1845. Portrait and fig-
ure painter, pupil of A.
H. Bicknell. In 1872
he visited Europe for
study, chiefly Paris and
Venice, and repeated the
visit in 1875, 1878, and
1881. Elected an A. N. A.
inlS7SandN.A.iiil880.
Studios in Boston and
New York. Of late years he has devoted
himself principally to portrait painting, and
has executed works now in the possession
of W. K. Vanderbilt, Henry Clews, Charles
Francklyu, W. Seward Webb, Buchanan
Winthrop, and W. W. Astor, of New York ;
and F. L. Ames, Amos A. Lawrence, Peter
C. Brooks, Mrs. Hollis Hunnewell, James
Lawrence, Arthur Lymau, T. F. dishing,
and others, of Boston.
PORTMAN, CHE1STIAAN JULIUS LO-
DEWYCK, born at
Amsterdam, Oct. 20,
1799. History, por-
trait, and genre
painter, pupil of Cor-
nelis Kruseman, and
much influenced by
Jan Willem Piene-
man ; went to Paris,
where he studied un-
der Lothier ; visited
Belgium in 1822, Germany in 1828 and 1831,
Paris again in 1829, and London in 1830.
Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1825.
Works : Admiral Ruyter by the Body of
Tromp (1824), Teylers Museum, Haarlem ;
Adam and Eve by the Body of Abel (1825);
Duke of Saxe-Weimar at Leuven (1832);
Fisherman's Family awaiting Return of
Father after Storm (1833) ; Heemskerk
taking Leave of Barends (1836) ; Peter the
Great as Carpenter (1839) ; Luther at Me-
lanchthon's Sick Bed (1839) ; Columbus in
Chains sent to Europe (1840) ; Grandduke
Alexander of Russia visiting the House of
Peter the Great at Zaandam (1840), Old Man,
1 Amsterdam Museum. — Immerzeel, ii. 321.
PORTRAIT OF YOUNG MAN, Raph-
ael, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 6 in.
Young man, head turned three-quarters to
right, with light hair and black cap, leaning
upon a table, his head resting on his right
j hand. Painted about 1515-20. Supposed
by some to be portrait of Raphael. En-
graved by N. Edelinck ; Gandolfi ; F. Fors-
ter ; Pannier. — Musue francais ; Filhol, vi.
PI. 371 ; Passavant, ii. 100 ; Cab. Crozat, i.
PI. 10.
PORTRAIT OF YOUNG WOMAN,
Raphael, Uffizi, Florence ; wood. Young
woman, half-length, full face, in Florentine
costume, with a gold chain on her neck. An
admirable picture in Raphael's first man-
ner. Long supposed to be Maddalena, wife
of Angelo Demi, and engraved by J. Scotto
under that name. — Passavant, i. 76 ; ii. 41 ;
Moliui, Gall, di Firenze, i. 105 ; Miintz, 221.
PORTMANN, WILHELM, born in Diis-
seldorf in 1819. Landscape painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer.
Takes his subjects chiefly from Swiss and
Tyrolese Alps. Works : Susten Glacier ;
Waterfall in Tyrol ; Storm in the Woods ;
Torrent near Charnbt'ry ; Lake in Savoy ;
Avalanche on Rosetta Alp ; Mountainous
Landscape (184G), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ;
Wood Landscape, Wiesbaden Gallery. His
son Karl is a genre painter. — D. Kunstbl.
(1857), 225 ; Wiegmann, 395.
POSCHINGER, RICHARD VON, born
in Munich in 1839. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of Lier ; travelled in the Netherlands,
England, and France ; lives in Munich.
Medals : Vienna, 1873 ; Sydenham, 1874,
, 1875 ; Philadelphia, 1876. Works : Spring ;
Moonlight ; Rainy Landscape ; Moonlight
on South Coast of England ; Autumn near
Dachau ; Strand near Dover ; Evening,
Landscape with Sheep (Jubilee Exhibition,
1 Berlin, 188G).
POSE
POSE, (EDUAED) WILHELM, born in
Diisseldorf, July 9, 1812, died in Frankfort,
March 14, 1878. Landscape painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf Academy under Schadow ;
went witb Andreas Achenbacb to Muuicli,
in 183C to Frankfort, visited Belgium and
Paris, spent tbree years in Italy, and in
1842 settled in Frankfort, Works: Burg
Eltz (1836), View on CLiem Lake (1837),
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Castle in Tyrol ;
KOuigssee ; Falls of Tivoli ; Theatre at Ta-
ormina, Prague Gallery ; Temples at P;es- !
turn ; View in Homburg Forest ; Mountain
Lake (1834), National Gallery, Berlin ; View !
in Roman Campagua (1855), Diisseldorf
Gallery. — Jordan vy T-J
(1885), ii. 170 ; Kau- ,Q J^AJ-J Id
len, 126; Kuiist- IO V-Y v c" '
Chronik, xiii. 480 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
707 ; Nagler, Mou., ii. ; Passavant, 35 ; Wieg-
mann, 353.
POST, FRANS, born at Leyden in 1612
(?), died at Haarlem, buried Feb. 16, 1680.
Dutch school ; landscape painter, especially
of views of Dutch colonies in Brazil, which
he visited in 1637, probably through medi- ]
ation of his brother Pieter, an architect who
accompanied Prince John Maurice of Nas-
sau to South America ; returned to Haarlem
in 1644, and entered the guild in 1646.
Works : Portrait of Johan Maurits of Nas-
sau, Governor of Brazil (1679), View in Bra-
zil, Amsterdam Museum ; Views in West
Indies (2, 1649), Schleissheim Gallery ; do.,
Schwerin Gallery ; Cavalry Skirmish, Schi 'in-
born Gallery, Vienna. — Kramm, v. 1303 ;
Van der Willigen, 247 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
vii. 352.
POT, HENDRIK GERRITSZEN, born
in Haarlem in 1600, died in 1656. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter ; lived
several years in England, where, in 1632,
he painted Charles I. From 1633 to 1639
lieutenant of the archers' guild at Haarlem ;
painted in 1633 by Frans Hals in picture
at Museum there. Works : Scene from a
Play, Hampton Court Palace ; Ladies and
Gentlemen at Cards (attributed to Le Ducq),
Sir Richard Wallace, London ; Portrait of
Charles I. (1632), Louvre, Paris ; Male Por-
trait, Rothan Gallery, ib. ; Triumph of Will-
iam of Orange, Haarlem Museum ; Militia-
piece ; Judith with the Head of Holofernes.
— Cli. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Bode, Stu-
dien, 157.
POTATO HARVEST, Jules Breton, H. C.
Gibson, Philadelphia ; canvas. Two Farm
Women, gathering potatoes at dusk, in the
Landes ; one, standing, is holding a sack,
into which the other, kneeling, is emptying
a basket. — Art Treasures of America, i. 74.
By Jean Franyois Millet, W. T. Walters,
Baltimore ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 1 in.
Exposition universelle, 1867.
POTATO PLANTERS, Jean Fran<;ois
Millet, private gallery. Peasants at work in
a great plain at the edge of which a village
is lost in the luminous horizon ; a man is
opening the ground with his hoe, while a
woman casts in the seed-potatoes ; a large
apple-tree shades a donkey with a child
asleep in its panier. Exhibition univer-
selle (1S67) ; sold to M. Soultzeuer ; after
varied adventures sold for 57,000 francs. —
Sensier, 222.
POTTER, PAULUS, born at Enkhuyseu,
baptized Nov. 20,
1625, died in Am-
sterdam, buried
Jan. 17, 1654.
Dutch school;
animal and land-
scape painter, son
and pupil of Pie-
ter Potter. Fam-
ily settled at Am-
sterdam in 1631, and in the following year
Paul went to study painting at Haarlem
under Jacob de Weth the elder. His earli-
est known picture, in the Gallery at Gotha
(1641 ?), and his etching of Le Vacher
(1643), show the precocity of his talent,
which attracted notice at Delft, where he
was made a member of the Guild of St.
Luke, Aug. 6, 1646, and at The Hague,
where he resided from 1649 to May, 1652.
483
POTTEE
He then removed to Amsterdam, where he
lived during the rest of his life. He painted
from 130 to 140 pictures, seven-eighths of
them between 1G47 and 1654. His most re-
nowned work is The Young Bull, signed, and
dated 1C47, Hague Museum. T. van West-
rheeue's biography of Paul Potter contains
a complete catalogue of his works, chiefly
rural subjects. Among them are : Land-
scape with Cattle (1651), Old Gray Hunter,
National Gallery, London ; others in Buck-
ingham Palace (5), Bridgewater, Grosve-
nor, and Somerset Galleries, Baring, Hert-
ford, Hoi ford, Hope, and Miles Collections,
ib. ; Horses at a Trough before Cottage
(1647), Vast Meadow with Oxen, etc.
(1652), Louvre, Paris; Shepherd's Hut
(1645), Bear-Hunt, Horses in Pasture (1649),
Orpheus charming the Animals (1G50),
Herdsmen with their Herds, Cows in Past-
ure (1651), Landscape with Cattle (1(553),
Amsterdam Museum ; Young Bull (1G47),
Cows by River, and Bathers (1648), Meadow
with Cattle and Swine (1652), Hague Mu-
seum ; Start for the Chase in the " Bosch "
near The Hague (1652), Berlin Museum ;
Great Cattle-piece, two others, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Cows on Hill-Top (1648), Gallery,
Copenhagen ; Bowling Green by a Farm
(1652), Moltke Collection, ib.; Park with
Hunting Party, Herdsman driving Cattle
up a Hill, Cattle Horse and Sheep (1G52),
Dresden Museum ; Cattle-pieces (3, two
dated 1645, 1647), Gotha Museum ; Man
taking Horses to Pond (1G50), Peasants at
Foot of a Hill, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Farm
Scene (1646), Herd driven by Man and Wom-
an, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cattle-pieces
(2, 1G49, 1651), Halt of Huntsmen (1650),
Hunter's Life, Landscape with Figures
(1650), three others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; Milkmaid (1648), In Pasture (2,
1649), Before the Tavern (1650), Truly Ru-
ral (1651), Schwerin Gallery ; Cattle-piece
(1649), Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Herd
driven to Pasture, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Sun-
set Landscape with Cows, Naples Museum.
— Ch. Blanc, P^cole hollandaise ; Dohme,
lii. ; Immerzeel, ii. 324; Kramm, v. 1307;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 435; Kuust-Chronik,
xvii. 283 ; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 92 ; De
Stuers, 109 ; "Westrheene, Paulus P. (Hague,
1867) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 221 ; v. 121 ;
xvii. 182.
POTTER, PIETER, born at Enkhuysen
in 1587, died probably in Amsterdam after
1650. Dutch school ; genre, animal, and
still-life painter ; shows in his earlier works
the influence of Frans Hals, in his later that
of Rembrandt. They are painted in grayish
tone ; the treatment is powerful and elegant.
His still-life pieces are excellent. Settled
at Amsterdam in 1631 ; lived also at The
Hague, where he was admitted to the guild
in 1647. Works : Girl busy in the Kitch-
en (1640), Mentz Museum ; Expulsion of
Hagar (1643), Amalieustift, Dessau ; Stag-
Hunt (165-), National Gallery, London ;
Straw Cutters, Still-Life (1646), Amster-
dam Museum Shepherds and Shepherd-
esses (1638), Hague Museum ; Guitar Play-
er, formerly Mr. Goldsmith's Collection,
Hague ; Landscape with Figures (1662),
Rotterdam Museum (?) ; Backgammon Play-
ers (1629), Copenhagen Gallery ; Boas and
Ruth (1648), Amalienstift, Dessau ; Guard
Room (1631), Prague Gallery ; Cavalier
(1640), Schonborn Gallery, Vienna ; Still-
Life (1636), Berlin Museum.— Bode, Studi-
en, 167, 227 ; Kramm, v. 1311 ; Meyer, Mu-
seeu, 352.
POTTGEESSER, JOHANN WILHELM,
German school, second half 17th century.
History and portrait painter, master of the
guild iii Cologne in Feb., 1656. Works:
464
POULTERER'S SHOP
Portrait of Young Woman and Child, J. J.
Merlo, Cologne ; Hagar, Visit of Alexander
to Diogenes, Male and Female Portrait,
Museum, ib. — Meiio, 329.
POULTERER'S SHOP, Gerard Don, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; wood, H. 1 ft. 11
in. x 1 ft. 6 in. ; signed. Through the
arched window of the shop a young woman,
holding a tin pail containing a skinned rab-
bit, is cheapening a hare with the shopwom-
an ; two other figures in background. On
the window-sill are dead fowla ; above, left,
hangs a bird-cage ; outside, a cock iu a bas-
ket, feeding. The lower front of the shop
is elaborately decorated with a bas-relief.
POURBUS, FRANS, the elder, born in
Bruges in 1545, died in Antwerp, Sept. 19,
1581. Flemish school ; history and portrait
painter, son and pupil of Peeter, the youiig-
er ; studied afterwards under Frans Floris ;
master of the guilds in Antwerp and Bruges
in 1569. Works: Triptych witli Christ in
the Temple (1571), Ghent Cathedral ; Christ
on the Cross, Prophet Isaiah predicting to
Hezekiah his Recovery, Triptych with Last
Supper, Ghent Museum ; Judgment of Sol-
omon, Tournai Cathedral ; Sermon of St.
Aloysius, Antwerp Academy ; Male Portrait
(1575), Female do., Amsterdam Museum ;
St. Matthew inspired by Angel (1573), Male
Portrait (1573), Brussels Museum ; do.
(1575), Brunswick Gallery ; General in Ar-
mour, Augsburg Gallery ; Male and Female
(2) Portrait, Berlin Museum ; Female Por-
trait, Dresden Museum ; Andromeda (?),
Gotha Museum ; Portrait of Ferdinand II.,
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Angels gathering in
Chalices the Blood of the Crucified, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Knight of Calatrava, Six
other portraits (one
dated 1568), Muse-
um, Vienna ; do. (3),
Liechtenstein G a 1 -
lery, ib. ; do. (2), Her-
mitage, St. Peters-
burg. — Ch. Blanc,
£cole flamande ; Kramm, v. 1312 ; Messager
des sciences hist. (1870), 19 ; Michiels, vi.
272 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i. 25 ; ii. 28 ; Rooses
(Reber), 108; Kervyn de Volkaersbekes,
Les Pourbus (Ghent, 1870) ; Van den Bran-
den, 278.
POURBUS, FRANS, the younger, born
in Antwerp in
1570, died in Par-
is, buried Feb. 19,
1C22. Flemish
school ; history
and portrait paint-
er, son and pupil
of Fraus, the el-
der. Free of the CmV^M^-' , ^T^
guild in 1591 ; for
some time in Brus-
sels, from 1000 court-painter to Vincenzo I.
Gonzaga at Mantua, then from 1610 flour-
ished at court of Henry IV. of France, and
painted various pictures of that monarch
and his queen. His portraits and historical
pictures are superior to those of his father.
Works : Portrait of Henry IV., Nobleman
and Lady leaving Chateau, Historical Soci-
ety, New York ; Portrait of Marie de Medi-
cis, Amsterdam Museum ; Ball at Court of
Albrecht and Isabella (with Frans Francken,
the younger), Hague Museum ; Portraits of
Henri IV., Marie de Medicis, Guillaume du
Vair, Last Supper (1G18), Francis of Assisi,
Louvre ; Portrait of Marie de Medicis, Two
others, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Portrait of
Marie de Medicis, and two others, Madrid
Museum ; Henri IV. lying in State, Ber-
lin Museum ; Portraits (Groups, 3), Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Male and Female
Portraits in Old Piuakothek, Munich (2,
one dated 1616) ; Christiania, Oldenburg,
Schleissheim (2) Galleries ; Darmstadt,
Nuremberg, Stuttgart (3), Vienna (2), and
Weimar Museums ; Liechtenstein, Harrach
(1613), and Czernin (2) Galleries, Vienna ;
Uffizi, Florence (of himself, 1591, and two
others) ; Palazzo Pitti, ib. (4).— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1868),
xxv. 277, 438 ; Fetis, Artistes belgea a
1'etranger, i. 258 ; Jal, 991 ; Messager des
sciences hist. (1870) ; Michiels, vi. 282 ;
463
POUEBUS
Rooses (Reber), 374 ; Van den Brnnden,
284.
POURBUS, PEETER, the younger, born
at Gouda, 1510
or 1513, died in
Bruges or in Ant-
werp, Jan. 30,
1584. Flemish
school ; history
and portrait
painter, supposed
pupil of Lanzelot
Blondeel in Bru-
ges, whoso daugh-
ter he married. Was a remai'kable geom-
etrician. Works : Portraits of John and
Adrienno Fernagant (1551), Last Judgment
(1551), Triptych with Descent from the
Cross, Bruges Academy ; Last Judgment,
City Hall, Bruges ; others in several churches,
ib.; Portrait of Charles V. (1551), Annun-
oiata Convent, ib.; Resurrection, Louvre ;
Portrait of J. Van der Gheenste (1583),
Brussels Museum ; Moses with the Deca-
logue, Hague Museum ; Portrait of a Lady,
Rotterdam Museum ; Male Portrait, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; do. (5, two dated 1548,
1550), Vienna Museum ; Portrait of a Prin-
cess, Naples Museum ; Portrait of Dr. Am-
broise Pare, Historical Society, New York. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamando ; Brandon, 278 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 253; Messagerdes sciences
hist. (1870) ; Michicls, v. 386 ; De Stuers,
236 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad. (1861), 34.
POUSSIN, GASPARD. See Dughet.
POUSSFN, NICOLAS, born at Andelys,
Normandy, in June,
1593, died iu Rome,
Nov. 19, 1665.
French school ; his-
tory and landscape
painter, pupil of
Quentin Varin in
Andelys, and of Noel
Jouvenet, Ferdinand
Elle, and Lallemont
in Paris. Despite needy circumstances and
two unsuccessful attempts, he made his
way in 1624 to Rome, where he studied nat-
ure and the antique with the sculptor Du-
quesnoy ; married the daughter of Jacques
Dughet, and adopted his son Gaspard, who
j took his name and afterwards rivalled him
in fame as a painter ; painted for Cardinal
Barberini, and remained until 1640, when
Louis Xni. sent M. de Chanteloup to bring
him back to France. Although the king
made him his first painter and showered
honours upon him, Poussiu found his po-
sition at Paris so intolerable on account of
the jealous intrigues of Vouet, Fouquieres,
and Mercier, that he returned to Rome on
a leave of absence after two years, and con-
sidering himself freed from keeping his
promise to return, by the death of Cardinal
Richelieu in 1642, and of the king in the
following year, remained there the rest of
his life. His noble style, his skill in com-
position, his elegance in the grouping and
disposition of his figures, and his truly
grand and poetic feeling in landscape, en-
title him to the first place among painters
of the French school. Works : Rebekah and
Eliezer, Moses saved from the Waters (seven
figures), same subject (ten figures), Moses
and Pharaoh's Crown, Moses and Aaron's
Rod, Manna in the Desert, Plague of Ash-
dod, Judgment of Solomon, Adoration of
| Afagi, Holy Family, another Holy Family,
Blind Men of Jericho, Woman taken in
Adultery, Last Supper, Assumption, Appa-
rition of Virgin to St. James, Death of Sap-
phira, St. John Baptizing, St. Paul in Ecs-
tasy, St. Francis Xavier restoring to Life a
Girl, Rape of the Sahines, Camillus and the
Schoolmaster, Rescue of Pyrrhus, Mars and
Venus, Mars and Rhea Sylvia, Bacchanal
(2), Echo and Narcissus, Triumph of Flora,
The Concert, Shepherds of Arcadia, Time
protecting Truth from Envy and Discord,
Portrait of Poussin, Paradise, Ruth and
Boaz, Return of the Spies, Deluge, Orpheus
and Eurydice, Diogenes throwing away his
Tub, Apollo and Daphne, Louvre ; Repose
of Holy Family, Avignon Museum ; Rebek-
ah and Eliezer, Baptism of Christ, Death
466
POU8SIN
of St. Cecilia (?), Venus and Adonis, Birth
of Bacchus, Landscape, Portrait of Pope
Clement IX. as Cardinal, Montpellier Muse-
um ; Entry of Christ into Jerusalem, Nancy
Museum ; Ruins of Triumphal Arch with
Figures, Reunes Museum ; Saint in Ecstasy,
Nantes Museum ; Moses Saved, Lille Muse-
um ; View near Eome, Pyramus and Thisbe,
Cherbourg Museum ; A Bacchanal, Lyons
Museum ; Landscape, Nimes Museum ; Holy
Family, Sacrifice to Priapus, Shepherd watch-
ing his Flock, Bordeaux Museum ; Death of
Germanicus, Bacchus and Ariadne, Palazzo
Barberiui, Rome ; Triumph of Flora, Capi-
tol, ib.; Slumber of Shepherds, Angel dic-
tating Gospel to St. Matthew, Apollo and
Daphne, Several Landscapes in Fresco, Pa-
lazzo Colouua, ib. ; Aldobrandini Wedding,
Birth of Adonis, Palazzo Doria ; Artist's
Portrait, Palazzo Rospigliosi, ib.; Triumph
of Ovid, Sacrifice of Noah, Palazzo Corsini,
ib.; Martyrdom of St. Erasmus, Vatican, ib. ;
Theseus lifting the Stone, Venus and Adonis
on Mount Ida, Three Landscapes, Uflizi,
Florence ; St. Margaret and the Dragon,
Turin Gallery ; Bacchus and his Train, Basle
Museum ; Juno and the dead Argus in Ital-
ian Landscape, Infancy of Jupiter, Helios
and Phaeton with Saturn and the Four Sea-
sons, View in Roman Campagna with St.
Matthew and the Angel, Berlin Museum ;
Murder of Pompey, Flight of Myrrha, Satyr
and Bacchante followed by Fauns, Cassel
Gallery ; Jehovah in the burning Bush (1041),
Gallery, Copenhagen ; Death of Eudamidas,
Moltke Collection, ib. ; Landscape in a Storm,
Darmstadt Museum ; Noah's Sacrifice, Moses
exposed in the Ark, Adoration of the Magi
(1633), Martyrdom of St. Erasmus, King-
dom of Flora, Narcissus, Venus Asleep, The
Nymph Syrinx pursued by Pan, Portrait of
the Artist (1640), Dresden Museum ; Land-
scape, Gotha Museum ; Mary and Elizabeth
with their Children (?), Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Pieta, Midas and Bacchus, Artist's
Portrait (1650), Old Pinakothek, Munich;
Israelites in the Desert attacked by Snakes,
Oldenburg Gallery ; Two Landscapes, Stutt-
gart Museum ; Titus pillaging the Temple,
SS. Peter and John healing the Lame, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Holy Family (2), SS. Peter
and John healing the Lame, four others,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Landscape with
Ancient City (1(549), Harrach Gallery, ib.;
Scene from Plague at Marseilles, Baptism
of Christ, Czernin Gallery ; Woodland with
Narcissus, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Parnassus,
Sacrifice of Noah, Bacchanal, JMeayer and
Atalanta, St. Cecilia, and 15 others, Madrid
Museum ; Moses striking the Rock (I(i49),
Holy Family, Triumph of Galatea, Conti-
nence of Scipio, and 18 others, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Nursing of Bacchus, Cepli-
alus and Aurora, Bacchanalian Festival (2),
Venus surprised by Satyrs, Plague of Ash-
dod, Landscape, National Gallery, London ;
Adoration of Magi, Education of Jupiter,
Triumph of David, Flight into Egypt, Ri-
naldo and Armida, and others, Duhvich Gal-
lery ; Seven Sacraments, Moses striking the
Rock, Bridgewater House, London ; Holy
Family, Bacchante and Satyr, Stafford House,
ib. ; Jehovah in Glory, Shepherds of Arca-
dia, Holy Family, Devonshire House, ib.;
Dance of the Reasons, Hertford House, ib. ;
Madonna, Landscape, Grosvenor House, ib. ;
I'layuc at Athens, Leigh Court ; Adoration
of the Golden Calf, Repose in Egypt, Pha-
raoh's Daughter about to Bathe in the Nile,
Diana and Nymphs, Landscape, Portrait of
Dnchesnois, Historical Society, New York;
Mythological Subject, Museum, ib. — Bel-
lier, ii. 305 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole francaise ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Bouchette, Poussin
(Paris, 1858); Gonder, Andelys et N. Pous-
sin (Paris, 1860); Guibal, Eloge de Poussiu
(Paris, 1783) ; Poillon, N. Poussiu (Paris,
POWELL
18G9); Graham, Memoirs of P.; Jal, 997;,
Keane, Early Masters, 486 ; Memoires in-
tklits, i. 245, 315, 342 ; Colburn's Mag., cxii.
490 ; cxxxiv. 214 ; Penny Mag., xi. 161 ;
Fine Arts Quarterly, i. 175, 263 ; iii. 105 ;
Bliickwood's Mag., ix. 23 ; London Mag.,
iv. 176 ; Eclectic Eev., xxxi. 214 ; Art Jour-
nal, v. 9, 46 ; Fortnightly Kev., xvii. 472 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 308 ; xi. (Mittheilung-
en, iv. 10) ; Mag. of Art (1885), 152.
POWELL, WILLIAM H., born in Ohio
in 1824, died in New York, Oct. 6, 1879.
Portrait and history painter, studied in
Italy and France. Associate of the National
Academy, New York. Works : Perry's Vic-
tory on Lake Erie, Capitol, Washington ;
Landing of the Pilgrims, Scott's Entry into [
the City of Mexico (Mrs. M. O. Roberts,
New York) ; Discovery of the Jlissixnipjti,
Capitol, Washington. Portraits : General
McClellan, Major Anderson, City Hall, New
York ; Albert Gallatin (1843), Erastus C.
Benedict, Historical Society, ib. ; Washing-
ton Irving ; Lamartine ; Alexandre Dumas.
—Am. Art. Kev. (1880), 47 ; Tuckermau,
458.
POYNTER, EDWARD JOHN, born in
Paris, March 20, 1836.
History painter, sou of
Ambrose Poynter, ar-
chitect ; pupil in Lon-
don of Leigh's Art-
School, of W. C. T.
D o b s o n , and of the
Royal Academy, and in
Paris of M. Gleyre in
1856-59 ; in 1860 re-
turned to London, where lie has since re-
sided. He became an A.R.A. in 1869, and
R.A. in 1876 ; was Slade professor of fine
arts at University College, London, from
1870 to 1875, when he was chosen director
of the art schools at South Kensington Mu-
seum. He has done some fine decorative
work in mosaic in the Houses of Parliament
and in St. Paul's, and in fresco in St. Ste-
phen's, Dulwich. Works : The Syren, Egyp-
tian Sentinel (1864) ; Faithful unto Death
(1865) ; Offerings to Isis (1866) ; Israel in
Egypt (1867) ; The Catapult (1868) ; Pros-
erpine (1869) ; Andromeda (1870) ; Suppli-
ant to Venus, Feeding the Sacred Ibis
(1871) ; Perseus and Andromeda (1872) ;
Dragon of Wantley (1873) ; Rhodope (1874) ;
Festival, Golden Age (1875) ; Atalanta's
Race (1876) ; Fortune-Teller (1877) ; Jersey
Lily (Mrs. Langtry), Zeuobia Captive (1878) ;
Nausicaa and her Maidens (1879) ; Venus
and ^sculapius (1880) ; Helen (1881) ; In
the Tepidarium (1882) ; Psyche, The Ides
of March (1883) ; Diadnmene (1884) ; do.
(H. 7 ft. 1 in. X4 ft. 2 in., 1885).— Art Jour-
nal (1881), 26; (1885), 340; Athemeurn
(1881), i. 271; (1886), i. 463; Portfolio
(1870), 1 ; (1877), 11 ; Univ. Mag. (1878),
ii. 24 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 371.
PRADILLA, FRANCISCO, born at Villa-
nueva de Gallego, Saragossa, in 1847. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of San Fer-
nando Academy, Madrid, then of Spanish
Academy in Rome, of which he was after-
wards director ; has acquired reputation at
exhibitions of late years. Medal of honour,
Paris ; L. of Honour, 1878. Medals : Vien-
na, 1882 ; 1st class, Munich, 1883. Works :
Strand of Vigo ; The Elopement ; Rape of
Sabine Women ; Jeane la Folle following
her Husband's Coffin (1878) ; replica (1879) ;
Don Alfonso the AVarrior, Don Alfonso the
Scholar, Procession in Venice (1879); Read-
ing on Balcony (1880) ; La Fiorella (1881) ;
Surrender of Granada (1883) ; Lackey Asleep
(1884).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 752 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xix. 616 ; D. Rundschau, xx. 467 ;
La Ilustracion (1879), i. 6 ; (1881), i. 27 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 318.
PRADO, BLAS DEL, born at Toledo
about 1540, died about 1600. Spanish
school ; probably pupil of Francisco de
Commontes ; became in 1591 second paint-
er to the chapter of the Cathedral of Toledo.
In 1593 sent by Philip H. to Sultan of Fez,
who had asked him for a good artist.
Prado painted some portraits for him, among
them his daughter, and returned home en-
riched with gifts. He is said to have re-
468
PRAIRIE
turned to Fez, and to have died there.
Works : Virgin and Saints, Madrid Muse-
um ; Christ blessing the World, The Virgin
in Prayer, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.—
Stirling, i. 263; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espa-
gnole ; Madrazo, 518.
PEAIEIE DE LACKEN, Rubens, Buck-
ingham Palace ; wood, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x -4
ft. 1 in. A hilly landscape, with a pool of
water, and figures of peasants and cuttle.
One of the master's finest landscapes. Pur-
chased for George IV. at Aguard sale, Paris.
Engraved by Van Udeu ; J. Neefs. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 3 ; Smith, ii. 237.
PRATT, MATTHEW, born in Philadel-
phia in 1734, died there in 1805. Portrait
painter, pupil of West in London in 1764-68.
He was for many years a sign painter in
Philadelphia before he seriously turned his
attention to art. In England he painted
the portraits of the Duchess of Manchester,
Duke of Portland, and Governor Hamilton ;
in America, among others, Lieutenaut-Gov-
ernor Cadwallader Golden, for the New
York Chamber of Commerce in 1772.
PREISLER, DANIEL, born in Prague,
March 8, 1G27, died in Nuremberg, June
19, 16G5. German school ; history and
portrait painter, settled in Nuremberg in
1654, and became master of the guild there.
Works : Death of Abel, Female Portrait,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Sending
of the Holy Ghost, Hospital Church, ib. ;
Ascension, Schlosskirche, ib. ; Christ and
the Children, Vienna Museum ; Male Por-
trait (1663), Brunswick Gallery.— Huber, ii.
64 ; Rettberg, 193.
PRELL, HERMANN, born at Leipsic,
April 29, 1854. Genre painter, pupil of
Dresden and of Berlin Academies under
Grosse and Gussow respectively, studied in
Rome in 1880-81, and then was commis- :
sioned to decorate the Banquet Hall in the
House of Architects at Berlin. Works :
The Last Chase (1878) ; Girl's Head (1883).
In fresco : Justice and Valour, Incident in
Life of Emperor Henry IV. (1883), City
Hall, Worms ; Epochs of Architecture (11
pictures, 1882), House of Architects, Ber-
lin.— Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 28 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K., xviii. 3G7, 401 ; xx. 149 ; Allgem. K.
C., ix. 542.
PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (JO-
HANN CHRISTIAN
ERNST), the elder,
born in Eisenach,
April 25, 1804, died
in Weimar, April 23,
1878. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Weimar Art-School
under Kunschtmey-
er, studied in Dres-
den in 1820, returned
following year to Weimar, where he en-
tered into friendly relations with Goethe,
and spent the next two summers again in
Dresden, studying after Ruysdael and Pot-
ter, then in 1823-25 under Van Bree at
Antwerp Academy, two years at Milan
Academy, and in 1827-31 in Rome, where
he attached himself especially to Koch. Re-
turning to Weimar, he became professor,
court painter, and honorary member of
Dresden Academy ; visited Italy again in
1859-G1 and 1875. Works: Six Thurin-
gian Landscapes with historical figures,
Grand Ducal Palace, Weimar ; Scenes from
Oberon (1835-37), Wieland Room, ib.; 7
Scenes from Odyssey (1834-36), Dr. Hartel,
Leipsic ; Norwegian Coast (1850), Heroic
Landscape (1874), Dresden Gallery ; do.,
and Styriau Landscape (1853), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Nausicaa and Ulysses in Isle
of the Phseacians (1864), Raczynski Gallery,
ib. ; View in Sabiue Mountains with Good
Samaritan, Leipsic Museum ; Leucothea ap-
pearing to Ulysses, Calypso taking Fare-
well of Ulysses, Schack Gallery, Munich ;
Bear-Trainer in Street of Antwerp (1824),
Three Views in Norway (1840, 1846), Vult-
ures in Bavarian Highlands (1856), Cycle
of 16 scenes from Odyssey (1863-68, mas-
terpiece), Weimar Museum ; Cartoons for
do., Leipsic Museum. — Allgem. Zeitg. (1878),
No. 141 ; Art Journal (1881), 289 ; Cotta's
PEELLER
\ifs3
Kunstbl. (1837), i.; D. Kunstbl. (1855), 401 ;
FGrster, v. 483, 487 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1878),
i. 307 ; (1879), ii. 85 ; Im
neuen Reich (1878), No. 20 ;
Graph. K., i. 34 ; Jordan
(1885), ii. 171 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xiii. 52C, 589, 610 ; xiv. 393 ; six. 513;
Pecht, i. 209 ; Kcber, ii. 277 ; Roquette, Fr.
P. (Frankfort, 1883) ; Roland, Zur Erriu-
nerung an Fr. Preller (Weimar, 1878) ;
Westermarm's Monatshefte, xlviii. C24 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K., i. 17 ; xvii. 357 ; xviii. 2C2.
PRELLER, FRIEDRICH, the younger,
born in Weimar, Sept. 1, 1838. Landscape
painter, son and pupil of preceding ; visited
Italy in 1859-02 and in 18G4-G6, and bor-
rows most of his subjects from there. Pro-
fessor and Councillor at Dresden Academy.
Works : Bay of Baia- ; Rocca di Papa ;
Swiss Evening Landscape ; Tivoli ; Hanni-
bal's Field ; Forum Romanum ; Convent of
Scolastica near Subiaco, Dresden Gallery ;
Prometheus, Hippolytus, Nero's Flight, The-
seus leaving Naxos, Vestibule of Court The-
atre, Dresden ; Twelve Scenes from Greek
Mythology, Royal Box, ib. ; Four Views in
Saxony (1878), Albrechtsburg, Meissen ;
Ideal Landscape with Sappho (1879), Leip-
sic Museum ; Lonely Ride (1884) ; Tivoli,
View iu Rlft'm Mountains (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1880).— Miiller, 425; Kunst-
Chronik, xi. 484 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xi. 384.
PRESENTATION IN TEMPLE, Fra
Barlolommeo, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 4
ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. ; dated 1510. Simeon, stand-
ing before the altar, holds the Child pre-
sented by the Virgin ; on left, SS. Joseph,
with two pigeons, Elizabeth, and Anna.
Painted for Convent of S. Marco, Florence ;
bought by Grand Duke Leopold I. in 1781 ;
obtained by exchange from him by the Em-
peror Joseph II. Engraved by A. Campa-
nello ; Massard ; C. Rahl ; Langer. — Gal.
de Vienne, i. PI. 9 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 470 ;
Marchese, ii. 119 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 190.
By Carpaccio, Venice Academy ; wood,
H. 13 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated
1510. The Virgin, attended by two women,
presents Jesus to Simeon the High Priest,
who is represented as a pontiff between at-
tendant cardinals, one of whom bears his
mantle ; below, three boy angels playing
musical instruments. Painted for S. Gi-
obbe, Venice. Carpaccio's masterpiece. Of
the three angels, the middle one playing on
a lute is world-famed and widely known by
photographs.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 207.
Presentation in Temple, Fra Bartolommeo, Vienna Museum.
By Domenico Ghirlindaju, S. M. Novella,
Florence ; fresco iu the choir.
By Guido Reni, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 10 ft, x G ft. 7 in. The Virgin, kneeling
in prayer, attended by a train of women and
by boys bearing candles ; behind the altar,
Simeon, with Jesus iu his arms ; at his left,
Joachim and Anna ; at his right, Joseph.
In Guide's second manner. In foreground
a little boy plays with two doves, and a girl
kneeling offers two other doves for sacrifice.
Sixteen figures. Replica, smaller, in the
Louvre. Engraved by J. Kovatsch and by
Couet. — Gal. de Vienue, ii. PI. 65 ; Rcveil,
xii. 812.
By Andrea Manlegna, Berlin Museum ;
canvas, tempera, H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
The Virgin presents Jesus to Simeon, in
presence of Joseph, Anna, and another.
Painted about 1464 ; formerly in Bembo
470
PliETE
Collection, and later in that of the Grade-
uigo, Padua. A late work of the master
(1490-1500). It is really a Circumcision,
probably the picture spoken of by 1'Anonimo
as in the Bembo Collection. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iii. 419 ; C. & C., N. Italy, i. 380 ; Lermo-
lieff, 433 ; 1'Anouimo, 17.
Presentation in Temple, Guido Reni, Vienna Museum.
By Rembrandt, Hague Museum ; wood,
arched, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. G in. ; dated
1631. A lofty temple with several groups
of worshippers ; at left, a broad flight of
steps, with people ascending and descend-
ing ; in foreground, Simeon kneeling, with
Jesus in his arms, the Virgin and Joseph
kneeling before him, and the High Priest
and rabbis standing. Collection of Prince
of Orange Nassau in 1770 ; carried to Paris ;
returned in 1815. Engraved by J. de Frey ;
Devilliers ; Bierweiler (1835). — Smith, vii.
26 ; Musee francais ; Filhol, v. PI. 325 ;
Vosmaer, 16, 421 ; Mollett, Rembrandt, 21.
By Tintoretto, S. M. del Carmine, Venice.
A very beautiful picture, reminiscent of the
influence both of Schiavoue and of Titian ;
one of the few of the early period of Tinto-
retto still unharmed.— Osier, 23.
By Titian, Venice Academy ; canvas, H.
12 ft. 4 in. x 25 ft. G in., but part at top and
bottom is new. The Virgin ascending the
steps of the temple, the High Priest stand-
ing at the top with a priest in a cardinal's
robe beside him ; below are Anna, Joachim,
and others, looking up. Painted in 1539 for
brotherhood of S. M. della Carita. The fin-
est and most complete creation of Venetian
art since the Peter Martyr and the Madonna
di Casa Pesaro (C. & C.). Much injured by
cleaning and restorations. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 449 ; C. & C., Titian, ii. 31 ; llidolfi,
Maraviglie, i. 198.
By Paolo Vermi-ae ('?), Dresden Gallery;
canvas, H. 5 ft, 11 in. x 13 ft, 2 in. Ac-
quired in 1747 from Casa Boufadini, Ven-
ice. Ascribed to Carletto Caliari by Guari-
enti, and to Paolo Farinato by Eumohr.
By Paolo 1'eronete, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 6 in.
The Virgin kneeling, with Jesus in her
arms, before the High Priest, who is at-
tended by two Levites ; behind the Virgin
is Joseph, holding a lighted candle ; at the
right a kneeling female figure with a scroll.
Engraved by Dala. — Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv.
PI. 19.
PliETE GENOVESE, IL. See Strozzi,
Bernardo.
PHETI, MATTIA. See Calabrese, II
Cavaliere.
PKEVITALI, ANDREA, born at Ber-
gamo about 1480 (?), died there (?), Nov.
7, 1528. Venetian school ; at the close of
the 15th century he was known in Venice
as Andrea Cordeliaghi or Cordelia. After
painting there for several years with Gio-
vanni Bellini, he settled at Bergamo and
assumed (about 1515) the surname of Pre-
vitali. He was at best a second-rate painter,
who copied from Bellini, Carpaccio, and
Cima, and fell into a style akin to that of
Catena and Basaiti, with whose works his
471
PIIEYER
own are often confounded. His canvases
are to be seen in Bergamo, Milan, Venice,
Berlin, and other places. Among the best
are : Flight into Egypt, Venice Academy ;
Marriage of St. Catharine, S. Giobbe, Venice ;
Annunciation, S. M. del Mesco, Ceneda ;
Madonna, National Gallery, London ; do.
(1510), Dresden Museum ; Madonna with
Saints, SS. Lucia, Magdalen, and Catharine,
Marriage of St. Catharine, Berlin Museum ;
John Baptist in the Desert (1521), Olden-
burg Gallery.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 271;
Burckhardt, 602; Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
i. 553.
PREYER, JOHANN WILHELM, born
at Rheydt, near Diisseldorf, July 19, 1803.
Still-life painter, of great excellence, pupil
of Diisseldorf Academy in 1822-27 ; vis-
ited Holland in 1835, Munich in 1837 and
1842, Venice, Milan, and Switzerland in
1840, Tyrol and Venice in 1843, and the
private galleries in Berlin in 1848, then set-
tled in Diisseldorf. Most of his pictures
are in America. Works : Spring Flowers
(1831), Fruit-Pieces (1832, 1833, 1838,
1846), Wild Flowers (1857), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Fruit-Piece (1855), Raczynski
Gallery, ib. ; do. (4, 1843, 1847, 1850, 1851),
Flower-Piece (1849), Still-Life (1848), Spar-
rows' Breakfast (1852), Raveno Gallery, ib. ;
Still-Life (1834), KOnigsberg Museum ;
Fruit-Piece (1851), Leipsic Museum ; Still-
life in Bock Cellar at Munich, New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Still-Life (1859), W. T. Wal-
ters, Balti-
more. His
son Paul
paints genre and still-life, his daughter
Emilie also still-life.— Jordan (1885), ii. 173;
Miiller, 425.
PRIEUR, ROMAIN tiTIENNE GA-
BRIEL, born at La Ferte-Gaucher (Seine-
et-Marne), Aug. 21, 1806, died in 1880.
Landscape painter, pupil of Victor Bertin
and of the ficole des Beaux Arts ; won
grand prix de Rome in 1883. Medals : 3d
class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1845. Works : Hay-
making, View at Villette (1833) ; Forest of
'/?£/£/? Itll
Fontainebleau (1836) ; Jacob discovering
the Wells, View near Rome (1842) ; Slaves'
Tower, Brook at Bougival, Mill of St. Ouen
(1845) ; Approaching Storm, Woods of Sa-
tory (1846); etc. — Bellier, ii. 316 ; Larousse.
PRIMATICCIO, FRANCESCO, bom in
Bologna in 1504,
died in Paris in
1570. Bolognese
school ; pupil of
Innocenzo da
Imola and of
Bagnacav allo ;
went in 1525 to
Mantua and as-
sisted Giulio Ro-
mano in the Pa-
lazzo del To and elsewhere. In 1531 he
went, on the invitation of Francis I., to
France, where he worked under Rosso in
the decoration of the Chateau at Fontaiue-
bleau. He is said to have executed the first
stucco work and the first frescos of any ac-
count in France. In 1540 he was sent by
the King to Italy to collect antiques and
works of art, but he was recalled the follow-
ing year to finish the works left by Rosso at
his death. His efforts were so satisfactory
that Francis made him (1544) abbot of St.
Martin de Troyes, which gave him a reve-
nue of 8,000 crowns. After the King's death
he continued in the royal service under
Henry II., Francis II., and Charles IX., and
executed many works with the aid of his
assistant, Niccolo dell' Abbate. Only a few
of his frescos at Fontainebleau are left, the
most important series, illustrating the Odys-
sey, having been destroyed in 1738, when
the Gallery of Ulysses was pulled down.
Primaticcio also decorated the Chateaux of
Chantilly and of Beauregard, the pavilion
of Meudon, and other buildings with mural
paintings. Among his pictures in oil, which
are rare and none certain, are : Three Graces,
Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Continence of
Scipio, Louvre ; Lady of Court of Francis
II. at her Toilette, Venus and Cupid (por-
trait of Diana of Poitiers), Musee de Cluny ;
478
PRIMO
Return of Ulysses, Castle Howard, England. | catcd by the shadow of a man on the wall.
— Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. -105; Burekhardt, } The young king wears the Garter. Eoyal
682 ; Vatout, Palais de Fontainebleau (Par- ; Academy, 1878 ; painted from a sketch made
is, 1852) ; Reiset, Gaz. des Beaux Arts in the Tower at the foot of the staircase
(1859), iii. 193 ; W. & W., ii. 788 ; Laborde, : where, in the reign of Charles II , the bones
Renaissance ii la cour de France (1850-55) ; of two youths were discovered. Purchased
Ch. Blanc, iSeole bolonaise.
PRIMO, EL, or EL ESCRIBANO, Velas-
quez, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4
in. x 2 ft. 9 in. A dwarf, in black dress and
broad-brimmed hat, seated on a stone, turn-
ing the leaves of a book on his lap ; on
by Mr. Holloway at the E. T. Coleman sale
(1881), for £3,990. Engraved by S. Cous-
ins ; Lumb Stocks. — Art Journal (1884), 7.
PRINCESS ELIZABETH, Sir John E.
Bart., Holloway Institute, Egliam,
near London ; canvas, H. -1 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft.
ground, other books and an inkstand. 74- in. The Princess Elizabeth, daughter
Probably painted in 1044. Copy by Gui- j of Charles I, imprisoned in St. James's, is
giiet in Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. En- seated at a cabinet in the act of writing a
graved by F. Muntaner ; etched by F. letter to the Parliamentary Commissioners
Goya ; Laguillermie ; B. Maura ; Pineda ; begging them to allow her to retain the
Pirie ; H. Gm'rard. — Curtis, 31 ; Portfolio servants she was accustomed to. The cabi-
(1873), 49 ; Madrazo, 628. net, which was formerly at Theobalds, the
PRIMO, LUIS, called Gentile, born in favourite house of James I., now belongs to
Brussels in 1606, died in Rome in 1670. the painter. Painted in 1879 ; Fine Art
Flemish school ; history and portrait paint- Society, 1881. Engraved by T. L. Atkin-
er, lived for thirty years in Rome, where lie son.
became a member of the Accademia di S. PRIXCETEAU, RENE, born at Libourne
Luca, and, by the elegance of his style and (Giroude) ; contemporary. Genre and por-
personal demeanour, acquired the above trait painter, pupil of the Ecole des Beaux
surname. "Works : Christ Crucified, St. Arts ; is also a sculptor. Medal, 3d class,
Michael's, Ghent ; Phoebus in his Chariot ; • 1883. Works : Patrol of Uhlans surprised
St. Raimund ; St. Charles Borromeo and by Franc-tireurs (1872); Portrait of Marshal
the Plague-Stricken, Ghent Museum ; Por- MacMahon (1874) ; Horses frightened by
trait of Pope Alexander VII— Desehamps Train, Halt (1875) ; Return from Walk
(Marseilles, 1840), i. 298 ; Immerzeel, i. 275, (1878) ; On Vedette (1879) ; Old Solitary,
PRINCES IN THE TOWER, Paul Dela- ' The Two Neighbours (1880); Relays (1881);
roche, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 11 in. Hallali (1882) ; Stable Interior (1883) ; Ox
x7 ft.; signed, dated 1830. Children of at Labour (1884); Span of Oxen drawing
Edward IV.— Edward V. and Richard, Duke Manure (1885); Return to the Farm during
of York, his younger brother— in the Tower Inundation (188G).— Bellier, ii. 317.
of London. ' Supposed to have been mur- PRINETTI, CONSTANTINO, born at
dered in the Tower of London in 1483 by Canobbio in 1830, died in Milan in 1855.
order of Richard, Duke of Gloucester, after- Landscape painter, pupil of Milan Academy
wards Richard III. Salon, 1831. Formerly j under Canella, visited Germany, the Nether-
in Luxembourg. —Engraved by Prudhomme. . lands, Paris, Normandy, England, and Scot-
By Sir John E. Millais, Bart., Holloway ' land. Works : Lake of Brienz (1853 and
Institute, Egham, near London ; canvas, H. 1855) ; Battlefield of Naefels (1854) ; Castle
3 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Two fair-haired boys, ; Dundas, The Thames with Houses of Par-
full-length, dressed in black, stand on a wind- liament, Street in Edinburgh, Valsasina,
ing staircase, looking anxiously as if in dread November Sun on Lago Maggiore, Monte
of some one descending behind them, iudi- ; di Colico, Grotto of Catullus on Lago di
473
PRINSEP
Garcia, View of Edinburgh (1855). — Wurz-
bach, xxiii. 310.
PRINSEP, VALENTINE CAMERON,
born in India in 1836.
History and genre
painter ; studied in
England, and in 1862
exhibited in the Royal
Academy, Bianca Ca-
pello and the Cardi-
nal de' Medici. Be-
came an A.R.A. in
1879. Works: My
Lady Betty (1864); Belinda (1805); Miriam
(18(17); Venetian Lover (18G8); Bacchus and
Ariadne (1809) ; Death of Cleopatra (1870) ;
News from Abroad (1871); Harvest of Spring
(1872); Lady Teazle (1873); Newmarket
Heath (1874) ; Minuet (1875) ; Linen Gath-
erers (1870); Venetian Gaming House (1877);
Kashmiree Nautch Girl (1878) ; An Un-
professional Beauty (1880) ; Palace in the
Lake, Young Solomon (1881) ; At the Gol-
den (late, Death of Siward the Strong (1882);
Returning after the Honeymoon, Titian's
Niece (1883) ; Punjabee Girl, In Ambush,
Saturday Dole at Worcester (1884) ; Cot-
ter's Saturday Evening in Wiltshire (1885) ;
Five o'clock Tea, Handmaidens of Siva
(1880).— Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 377.
PRIOU, LOUIS, born at Toulouse in
1845. Genre painter, pupil of Gibert and
Cabanel. Medals: 1809; 1st class, 1874.
Works : Hercules and Pan (1809); Cup and
Lyre (1872) ; Cupid reduced to Reason
(1873) ; Family of Satyrs (1874), Corcoran
Gallery, Washington ; Last Moments of John
Baptist, SportsofLove(1875); Wood Nymph,
Souvenir (1870) ; Venetian Duo, Education
of Satyrs (1877) ; First Miseries of a Young
Satyr (1878) ; Oath (1880) ; Awakening of
Spring-time, Normandy (1882) ; Father Ti-
ge's Soup (1883); Awakening, Petite Jeanne
(1884) ; Pleasures (1885).
PRISCUS, ATTIUS, Roman painter,
about A.D. 70. Decorated, together with
Cornells Pinus, Temple of Honos and Vir-
tus, Rome. Pliny says (xxxv. 37 [120]) he
approached the ancient masters more nearly
than his colleague.
PRISONERS FROM THE FRONT,
Winslow Homer, Robert Lenox Kennedy,
New York ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 3 ft. 2 in.
Camp scene in the Civil War, with a group
of ragged, travel-stained Confederate pris-
oners, just brought in from the front. Paint-
ed in 1805 ; Paris Exposition, 1807 ; pur-
chased by John Taylor Johnston ; at his sale
(1877), $1,800.
PROBST, KARL, born in Vienna in 1854.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Angeli ;
imitates Meissonier in treatment of details
in his figures. Works : Forbidden Book ;
Shopkeeper and Lansquenet ; Garden Scene ;
Marine Painter (1870) ; Lady on Balcony
feeding Pigeons ; Lady before Book-Case ;
Girl at Church ; Kunstpause (1883) ; After
trying Days, The Messenger (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1880) ; Reader, T. A. Have-
meyer, New York. — Miiller, 420.
PROCACCINI, CAMILLO, born in Bo-
logna in 1540,
died in Milan in
1026. Bolognese
school ; son and
pupil of Ercole
Procaccini, the
elder; studied
the works of
Raphael and of
Michelangelo i n
Rome, but formed
his style chiefly on that of Correggio and
of Parmigianino. He had great facility of
execution, and abused it by painting too
many works, some of which show evidences
of carelessness ; but generally his pictures
are pleasing and well coloured. Many of
his works are in the churches of Milan, es-
pecially in S. Alessandro, S. Marco, S. M.
del Carmine, S. M. presso S. Celso, and S.
M. della Passione. Several also in S. Gi-
orgio, Bologna. In galleries are : Nativity,
Bologna ; St. Roch healing the Sick, Dres-
den ; Baptism of Constantine, Gotha ; An-
nunciation, Leipsic ; Madonna, Munich ;
474
PROCACCINI
Repose in Egypt, Oldenburg ; The Dead
Christ, Stuttgart ; Calling of St. Peter,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Holy Family,
Augsburg ; do., Madrid ; do. and Angels,
Hermitage ; Saint preaching in a Temple, S.
Marco, Milan ; Adoration of the Shepherds,
Brera, Milan. — Ch. Blanc, licole bolonaise ;
Burckhardt, 760, 784 ; Lavice, 125, 150.
PROCACCINI, CARLO ANTONIO, born
in Bologna about 1555, died in 1G05 (?).
Bolognese school ; youngest son and pupil
of Ercole Procacciui, the elder. Painted
landscapes, fruit, and flowers ; was the
weakest of the family, but was a favourite
with the court and had many orders from
Spain. — Lanzi, ii. 515 ; Ch. Blanc, Kcole
bolouaise ; Siret, 72C.
PROCACCINI, ERCOLE, called the el-
der, born in Bologna in 1520, died after
1591. Bolognese school, pupil of the Car-
racci ; removed to Milan, where he estab-
lished a famous school of painting, in which
his sous and many other noted painters were
educated. Lomazzo calls him a happy imi-
tator of the style of Correggio, but Lanzi
better characterizes his art as minute in de-
sign and feeble in colouring, though more
pleasing and accurate than that of most ar-
tists of his time. His principal works are in
Bologna ; Annunciation, S. Benedetto ; Con-
version of St. Paul, Christ in the Garden, S.
Giacomo Maggiore ; St. Michael overthrow-
ing the Rebel Angels, S. Bernardo ; Pieta,
Annunciation, St. Augustine and Angel, Pi-
nacoteca. — Lauzi, ii. 511 ; Ch. Blanc, ]5cole
bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 238, 700, 784 ; Se-
guier, 158 ; Siret, 726 ; Gualandi, 91, 95.
PROCACCINI, ERCOLE, called the
younger, born in Milan in 159G, died there
in 1676. Bolognese school ; son of Cai'lo
Antonio Procaccini and pupil of his uncle
Giulio Cesare. Painted historical and still-
life subjects, but excelled in the latter. Af-
ter the death of Giulio Cesare, he became
director of the Academy of the Procaccini.
One of his best works is the Assumption in
S. M. Maggiore, Bergamo. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bolonaise ; Siret, 727.
PROCACCINI, GIULIO CESARE, born
in Bologna in 1548, died in Milan in 1626.
Bolognese school;
son and pupil of
Ercole Procaccini
the elder, and
brother of Camil-
lo. Said to have
studied in the
school of the Car-
racci at Bologna,
but more prob-
ably took Cor-
reggio for his model ; and was so good an
imitator of that painter's style that some
of his pictures have been ascribed to him.
Many of his works are in the churches of
Milan, especially in the Duomo, S. Fedele,
S. Prassede, S. Antonio Abbate, S. Celso, S.
Tomaso, S. Angelo, S. Giuseppe. He paint-
ed also in Genoa, where his Last Supper,
called his masterpiece by Charles Blanc, is
in the Auuunziata. Other works : His own
portrait, Uffizi, Florence ; Apotheosis of S.
Carlo, Palazzo Adorno, Genoa ; Adoration
of the Magi, Madonna, Palazzo Balbi, ib. ;
Holy Family, Palazzo Brignole Sale, ib. ;
Last Supper, St. Sebastian, Palazzo Spiuola,
ib.; Martyrdom of St. Agatha, Ambrosian
Library, Milan ; Adoration of Shepherds,
Brera, ib.; Marriage of the Virgin, Parma
Gallery ; Virgin and Saints, Turin Gallery ;
Samson defeating the Philistines, Madonna,
Madrid Museum ; Dead Christ with Magda-
len and Angels, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; St. Sebastian saved by Angels,
Brussels Museum ; Joseph's Dream, Berlin
Museum ; Holy Family, Man with a Wom-
an in his Arms leaping into a Boat, Dresden
I Museum ; Holy Family and Angels, Madon-
na and St. John, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
do., and Angels, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Liberation of Peter, Stuttgart Museum ;
Holy Family,
Pieti'i, Vienna
Museum. —
Lanzi, ii. 514 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Lavice, 46, 84.
j-iiuerauoii 01 jrutei, ouuui
LC.Bs.dlF-
475
PROCLAMATION
PROCLAMATION, EMANCIPATION.
See Emancipation.
PROCLAMATION AT VERSAILLES,
Anton von Werner, Emperor of Germany ;
canvas, H. 15 ft. x 27 ft. The Proclama-
tion of the German Emperor, January 18,
1871, in the Galerie des Glacea of the Cha-
teau at Versailles. On a carpeted platform
stands King "William, who has just been pro-
claimed German Emperor, with the Crown
Prince on his right and his son-in-law, the
Grand Duke of Baden, on his left ; grouped
sides (narrow panels in grisaille), left — the
swineherd, right — the return home, the
father receiving him in the robes of a doge.
This is the study of the larger picture (Sa-
lon, 18G7), which was bought by Mr. Stew-
art for $30,000, exhibited throughout the
United States, and finally burned in the
West. Photogravure in Art Treasures of
America. — Art Treasures of America, i. 44.
By David Toilers, younger, Louvre, Paris ;
copper, H. 2 ft. 3 in. X2 ft. 11 in. ; signed,
dated 1644. The prodigal son, seated at
Prodigal Son, David Teniers, younger, Louvre, Paris.
about them are the German sovereigns and
princes, Prince Bismarck, who holds the
proclamation in his hand, Von Moltke, Von
Blumenthal, Von Stosch, Von Hartmaun,
and many others. The artist, who was pres-
ent at the scene, has illustrated the moment
when the throng wave their helmets and
shout their huzzahs.
PRODIGAL SON, Edouard Dubufe, A. T.
Stewart Collection, New York. A trilogy,
the central panel representing in colours the
prodigal's riotous living, the characters in
Venetian costumes of Titian's time ; the
table, left, before a hostelry, with two cour-
tesans ; an old woman, leaning upon a stick,
asks alms ; a servant pours wine into a glass
for the Prodigal, another is coming out of
the door, and a third is making out the bill ;
behind the table, two musicians ; at right,
background, a river, on the further bank of
which the Prodigal is seen kneeling near a
hog-trough. Collection of Louis XVX ; sale
of M. Blondel de Gagney (1776), 28,999
livres; Dazincourt (?) sale (1783), 25,000
livres. Engraved by J. P. Le Bas. — Filhol,
i. PI. 21 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
478
PliOBIGAL
Subject treated also by Gerard Honthorst,
Munich Gallery ; Jacob Jordaens, Dresden
Museum ; Guercino, Vienna and Turin Mu-
seums ; Liouello Spada, Louvre ; Poinpeo
Battoui (1773), Vienna Museum ; llem-
braiult, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; II Ca-
labrese, Naples Museum ; Leandro Bassano,
Madrid Museum ; Jacopo Bassano, Marquis
of Exeter ; Domeuico Feti, Dresden Gallery ;
Salvator Eosa, Hermitage ; Theodore Chas-
seriau (Salon, 183G) ; A. Masson (Salon,
1839) ; James Tissot (Salon, 1863) ; Al-
phonse Legros (18G5) ; Jean
Fauvelet (Salon, 1809).
PRODIGAL SON RE-
CEIVING HIS PORTION,
Murillo, Dudley House,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5
in. x 4 ft. 5 in. The aged
father, seated at end of a
table, looks anxiously at his
son, who is grasping a bag
of gold ; on left, behind the
father, the prodigal's broth-
er and sister — the brother
said to be a portrait of Mu-
rillo. Salamanca sale (18(!7),
28,500 francs. Belonged
once, with four others of
the series (now in Dudley
House), to the Marquis de
Narros, Chateau de Campo
Zarana ; afterward to Don
Jose de Madrazo. Sketch in Madrid Mu-
seum.— Curtis, 193.
PRODIGAL SON LEAVING HOME,
Murillo, Dudley House, London ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Wearing a purple
mantle, and mounted on a chestnut horse,
with a plumed hat in his hand, he salutes
his parents arid his brother and sister, who
stand in the door of their house ; on left,
middle distance, loaded mules driven along
a road. Salamanca sale (18G7), 32,000
francs. Companion to preceding ; same
history.— Curtis, 193.
PRODIGAL SON FEASTING, Murillo,
Dudley House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5
in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Seated at table, wearing a
red doublet and plumed hat, receiving a cup
; of wine, offered by a page on a salver ; his
left hand is on the shoulder of a courtesan
seated beside him ; on right, another courte-
san seated, behind whom is a servant with a
plate ; in foreground, left, a musician play-
ing a guitar ; a dog thrusts his head from
under the table-cloth ; background, a red
curtain fastened to columns ; on right, land-
scape and entrance to a park. Salamanca
sale (18C7), 73,000 francs. Companion to
Return of Prodigal Son, Murillo, Stafford House, London.
Ma-
preceding ; same history. Sketch
drid Museum. — Curtis, 194.
PRODIGAL SON BEGGING, Murillo,
Dudley House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5
in. x 4 ft. 5 in. The Prodigal fleeing, a dog
leaping up before him barking, pursued by
a man with a drawn sword, two young wom-
en (one with a broom, the other with a stick),
and an old woman with a staff; on left, a
house ; on right, landscape and sky. Sala-
manca sale (1867), 35,000 francs. Compan-
ion to preceding ; same history. — Curtis,
194.
PRODIGAL SON FEEDING SWINE,
Murillo, Dudley House, London ; canvas, H.
PRODIGAL
3 ft. 5 in. x4 ft. 5 in. He kneels half-naked
amongst a herd of swine, penitently raising
his eyes to heaven ; behind him, a ruined
hut, a river on left, and small trees on right ;
background, mountains. Salamanca sale
(18(57), 39,000 francs. Companion to pre-
ceding ; same history. Sketch in Madrid
Museum. — Curtis, 194.
PRODIGAL SON, RETURN OF, Murillo,
Dudley House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5
in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Half-naked, falling on his
knees in the arms of his father, who, fol-
lowed by the mother, brother, and sister,
has come from the house to receive him.
Bought from a dealer by Queen Isabella,
who presented it in 1850 to Pius IX. ; ac-
quired from Vatican by Lord Dudley in
1872 in exchange for a Holy Family by Bo-
nifazio and a Madonna with Saints by Fra
Angelico. How it became separated from
the five others of the series is not known. —
Curtis, 195.
By Murillo, Stafford House, London ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 9 in. x 8 ft. 0 in. He falls on
his knees as his father embraces him ; a lit-
tle dog leaps up to welcome him ; behind
him, a man and a boy leading the fatted
calf ; on right, servants bringing rich gar-
ments and the ring. Companion to Christ
healing the Paralytic. Painted in 1G70-74
for Hospital of La Caridad, Seville ; bought
in 1835 by Duke of Sutherland, with the
Conception, and Abraham and the Angels,
for 500,000 francs. Viardot calls it "the
most beautiful of all the pictures that have
come out of Spain." — C. Bermudez, Carta,
78 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 148 ; L'lllustration,
May 31, 1852 ; Viardot, Musoes de France ;
Curtis, 195 ; Gower, Hist. Gal. of England ;
Waagen, ii. G7.
By Rembrandt, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x C ft. 3 in.; signed.
The Prodigal kneeling before his father,
who is dressed in a scarlet mantle over yel-
low ; at right, an aged man ; at left, an aged
woman ; in background, two women. Paint-
ed in 163G. Sold in 17G4 for 6,000 livres.
— Smith, vii. 51.
PROMETHEUS, pictures. See Evan-
thus, Pancenus.
PRON, LOUIS HECTOR, born at Se-
zanne (Marne), in 1817. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Lapito and of Flers. Medal,
3d class, 1849. Works : Spring-time near
Troyes (1849); Fontainebleau Forest in De-
cember, Path in Bois de Vincermes (1852) ;
Pictures in Salons of 1853, 1855, 1857, 1859,
1861, 1863-68, 1870, 1875 ; Spring Morning
in Valley of the Oriie (1878) ; The Neigh-
bours, Hill-side (1879) ; Banks of the Seine
(1881) ; April Morning (1882).— Bellier, ii.
317.
PROPHETS, Raphael and Timoteo della
Vile, S. M. della Pace, Rome ; fresco, over
the Sibyls. On left, Daniel seated and King
David standing ; on right, Jonas standing
and Hosea sitting ; behind each group, an
angel in repose, and above, another flying.
Designed by Raphael ; painted in 1514 by
Timoteo della Vite.- — Passavant, ii. 138 ;
Miintz, 491 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 340.
PROSCRIBED ROYALIST, Sir John E.
Millaix, Bart., John Fender, Esq., M.P. ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 5^- in. A Cava-
lier, hiding in a tree from his pursuers, is
visited by his betrothed, who, bringing food
for her lover, looks anxiously around as she
yields one hand to his caresses and with
the other searches her pocket for the pro-
visions. The tree, an ancient oak, lies in
the full sunlight ; back of it the eye passes
from tree to tree till lost in a labyrinth of
boughs. The model for the Cavalier was
Arthur Hughes, the painter ; for the lady,
Miss Ryan, who sat also for the lady in the
Huguenot. The background was painted
in the summer of 1852, in a wood near
Hayes Common, Kent. Royal Academy,
1853 ; sketch in oil, Mr. C. Langton, Liver-
pool. Engraved by W. H. Simmons.
PROSERPINA, Dante Gabriel Bossetli,
F. Leyland, near Liverpool. Illustrative of
Rossetti's poem, " Proserpina." The god-
dess, holding in her hand the pomegranate,
by eating of which she precluded her return
to earth, is passing along a corridor in her
478
PEOSERPINE
palace, which is enlivened only by the pale
smoke of an incense-burner and a few rays
of cold, bluish, earthly light, which have
penetrated the subterranean gloom. — Athe-
neeura, Aug., 1875, 220 ; April, 1882, 482.
PKOSERPINE, RAPE OF, William Ettij.
Sold for 1,000 guineas at Gillot sale, 1872.
— Gilchrist, Life, ii. 95.
By Rembrandt, Berlin Museum ; wood, H.
2 ft. 9 in. X 2 ft. G in. Pluto, in a Roman
chariot drawn by three rearing horses, has
one arm around Proserpine, who struggles ;
three of her companions, who seize her gar-
ments, are overthrown. Painted about 1(!32.
Formerly attributed to Jan Joris van Vliet.
— -Vosmaer, 42G ; Meyer, Museeu, 305.
By Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 8 in. x 13 ft. Pluto, on his car drawn
by four spirited brown horses, is carrying
off the struggling nymph, despite the efforts
of her attendants, among whom are Minerva,
Venus, and Diana, to hold her back ; above,
two cupids, and on the ocean two naked
uereids. One of the capital works of the
master. Etched by Soutman. Same sub-
ject, Madrid Museum. — Waageu, Treasures,
iii. 133 ; Smith, ii. 241.
PROTAIS, PAUL ALEXANDRE, borii
in Paris, Oct. 17,
182G. Battle paint-
er, pupil of D e s -
moulins. Accompa-
nied General Bos-
quet in the Crimean
campaign, and later
made the campaign
in Italy with Gen-
eral Ladmirault.
Medals: 3d class,
1863, 1864, 1865, 1878
Officer, 1877. Works
Capture of a Battery of the Green Mamelou,
Death of Colonel Brancion (1857) ; Capture
of Green Mamelon, Last Thought (1859) ;
General Cler's Brigade on Road to Magenta,
Passage of the Sesia, Female Sentinel (1861);
Morning before Attack, Evening after Battle
(1863) ; Turn of the Trenches (1864) ; End
L. of Honour, 1865 ;
Battle of Inkerman,
of the Halt, Passage of the Mincio, Burial
in the Crimea, Conquerors returning to
Camp (1865), Comte de La Valette ; Wound-
ed Soldier, Bivouac (1866) ; General Halt,
Evening Prayer on Shipboard (1868) ; Cut-
ting a Road (1869); Marching, Night of Sol-
ferino (1870), Comte de La Valette ; Prison-
ers near Metz, Separation (1872) ; Rest (1873),
Comte Carl de Mercy -Argeuteau ; On the
Watch, Metz (1874) ; French Guards and
Swiss Guards (1875) ; The Colour-Guard, A
Staff (1876) ; Crossing a River in August,
1870 (1877); The Flag and the Army (1881);
At Dawn (1882) ; Marching (1883) ; Recou-
uoissance, Passage of the Ford (1884); Out-
post, Chasseurs on Foot (1885) ; Battalion
1876.
Square, 1815 (1886),— Belher, ii. 318 ; Ham-
erton, French Painters, 36 ; Claretie, Pein-
tres (1874), 150 ; Quarterly Rev., i. 255 ; Art
Journal, x. 189.
PROTOGENES, one of the most famous
of Greek painters, born in Caunus, Caria ;
resided chiefly in Rhodes, but painted much
at Athens ; best period, 332-300 B.C. Until
his fiftieth year he supported himself by
painting ships, then decorated with fanciful
devices ; but his reputation was established
by Apelle*, who visited Rhodes and made
its people recognize his merits (Pliny, xxxv.
36). The Rhodians became so proud of his
works that when Demetrius Poliorcetes was
besieging their city they sent a herald to
beg him to spare the picture of lalysus or
Jalysus, which Protogenes was then paint-
ing in the suburbs (Pint. Demet., 22). Pliny
tells a similar story (xxxv. 36 [105]), but
makes the lalysua a finished picture, and
represents Protogenes as at work on his
Satyr in Repose, known as the Anapauome-
nos (see also Suidas, v., and Aulus Gellius,
xv. 3). The lalysus, on which the artist
spent seven years, was seen at Rhodes by
479
PROUT
Cicero (Orat, 2) and by Strabo (xiv. p. G52),
but when Pliny wrote it was in the Temple
of Peace at Rome, where it was destroyed
by fire (A.D. 101). At Athens, Protogenes
painted on the walls of the Propyhea the
picture of Paralus and Ammonias, called by
some the Nausicaa (Pliny, 1. c.), and in the
Senate House of the Five Hundred another
picture of the Thesmothetse (Pans., i. 3, 4).
Other works of his, noted by Pliny, were a
Cydippe ; a Tlepolemus ; an Athlete ; por-
traits of Philiscus, the tragic poet, of King
Antigonus, and of the mother of Aristotle ;
and a picture of Alexander and Pan. His
pictures were comparatively few, on account
of the labour and minute care bestowed
upon them. — Brunn, ii. 233.
PROUT, SAMUEL, born at Plymouth,
FJ n g 1 a n d , Sept. 1 7,
1783, died at Cam-
berwell, Feb. 10,
1852. Landscape
painter, water- col-
ours ; went to Lon-
don about 1805, and
painted rustic scen-
ery and sea-pieces.
About 1818 he began
a series of artistic tours on the Continent,
from which resulted many views on the
Rhine, in the Alps, etc., especially architec-
tural drawings, in which he preserved the
picturesque beauties of many old cities.
He was one of the oldest members of the
Society of Painters in Water-Colours. — Ott-
ley ; Art Journal (1849), 76 ; (1852), 188,
291 ; (1857), 337 ; Ruskin, Notes on S.
Prout and Wm. Hunt (London, 1879).
PRUDENCE, FORTITUDE, AND TEM-
PERANCE, also called The Three Virtues.
Ea.pha.el, Camera della Segnatui'a, Vatican,
fresco, in arch above window. The three
handmaids of Justice : in centre, Prudence,
Janus- faced, to whom one genius presents a
mirror while another holds a torch ; on left,
Fortitude, an armed woman sitting, with a
branch of oak in her hand and a lion by her
side ; on right, Temperance, holding a bri-
dle. Painted in 1511. Engraved by R.
Morghen, and others.— Mfintz, 311, 344 ;
Passavaut, ii. 86 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 337 ;
Ch. Blanc, F^cole ombrienne ; Kugler (East-
lake), ii. 430.
PRUD'HON, PIERRE (PAUL), born at
Cluny (Saone-et-Loire),
April 4, 1758, died in
Paris, Feb. 16, 1823.
History and portrait
painter. Son of a ma-
son, who owed his edu-
cation to the monks of
the monastery at Cluny,
where the pictures de-
veloped in him a love
of art at a very early age. Seeing this, the
Bishop of Macon placed him under the care
of Desvoges, director of the school of paint-
ing at Dijon, with whom he remained until
1780, when he entered the Ecole des Beaux
Arts in Paris. Two years later he won the
grand prix de Rome, and in that city passed
seven years, became intimate with Cauova
and contracted a feeling for the antique
which influenced his style. After his return
to Paris in 1789 he was long obliged to sup-
port himself by designing vignettes, address
I cards, etc., nor was it until 1794 that hebe-
! came able to devote himself to work of a
higher character. In 1794-98 he stood at
the height of his reputation and produced
his best pictures. About this time he ob-
tained a separation from his wife, who had
long rendered his life miserable, and formed
a liaison with Constance Mayer, whose sym-
pathetic companionship brightened the re-
mainder of his days. While in such ambi-
i tious attempts as his Justice and Vengeance
pursuing Crime, at the Louvre (1804-08),
Prud'hon is mannered and melodramatic,
he is altogether charming in hia representa-
tions of children. The classic spirit shown
in his Demeter in the House of Nesera,
though genuine, is not free from exaggera-
tion. Despite a prevailing monotony of
type in his faces, and the use of imperfect
mediums which have caused many of his
480
PSYCHE
pictures to darken, greatly to their detri-
ment, Prud'bon deservedly holds a high
place among the artists of his school.
Works : Union of Love and Friendship
(1793) ; Wisdom and Truth descending
upon Earth (1800) ; Study guiding the Ef-
forts of Genius (1800, ceiling in Itothschild
Palace, Hue Lafitte, Paris) ; Diana implor-
ing Jupiter (1803) ; Justice and Vengeance
(1808) ; Venus and Adonis, Rape of Psyche,
Zephyr hovering over the Water (1812); In-
terview between Napoleon I. and Francis II.
after Austerlitz, Sketch of the ceiling in the
Diana Hall of the Louvre, Study, Assump-
tion, Christ on the Cross (1822), several
porti'aits of Mine. Jarre and others, Louvre ;
Study guiding Genius, Angers Museum ;
Two Male Portraits, Dijon Museum ; Young
Girl's Head, Lille Museum ; Allegorical Fig-
ures : Wealth, Art, Pleasure, Philosophy,
Montpellier Museum ; France Triumphant
after Restoration of Louis XVIH. (sketch to
a ceiling at Dijon), Historical Society, New
York ; Josephine at Malmaison ; Portrait of
the King of Rome ; Andromache Weeping
over the Fate of Astyanax (1817) ; Portraits
of Duchess of Moutcbello, Mme. A. Talley-
PSYCHE AND CUPID, Francois Gerard,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. f> ft. x 4 ft. 3 in.
At left, Psyche, nearly nude, seated upon a
hillock, with a butterfly fluttering above her
head ; Cupid, standing before her, gives her
the first kiss of love ; in background, hills.
rand ; Mme. Roland.— Bellier, ii. 320 ; Cle-
ment, Prud'bon sa vie, ses oeuvres et sa cor-
respondance (Paris, 1872) ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
franyaise ; Dohme, K. u. K. des xix. Jahrh.,
ii. ; Goncourt, ii. 385 ; Houssaye, 376 ; Jal,
1010; Stothert, 154; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1869), ii. 377, 495 ; (1870), iii. 14, 152, 214,
329, 418, 542 ; (1870), iv. 89 ; (1874), ix.
564 ; (1879), xix. 476 ; (1879), xx. 337, 525 ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 255.
PSYCHE, Mariano Fortimy, W. H. Van-
derbilt, New York. Represented as a hu-
man butterfly — an ethereal female figure
flitting over flowers, sucking their sweets.
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America.
Psyche and Cupid, Francois Gerard, Louvre, Paris.
Salon, 1798 ; acquired at sale of General
Rapp (1822), 22,100 francs. Engraved by
Godel'roi ; lithographed by A. le Comte. —
Cat. Louvre.
PSYCHE, HISTORY OF, llaphae.l and
pupils, Farncsiua, Rome ; fresco, on ceiling
of Loggie. Theme from Metamorphoses
(Golden Ass) of Appuleius. The myth is
represented in twelve pictures, ten on the
pendeutives of the arches and two (large
compositions) on the flat part of the ceiling.
In the fourteen lunettes of the bays are
Amoriui or Cupids, with the attributes of
the deities who have done homage to Love.
Pendeutives : 1, Venus jealous of Psyche ;
2, Cupid showing Psyche to the Graces ; 3,
Venus reproaching Juno and Ceres for pro-
481
PSYCHE
tecting Psyche ; 4, Venus going in her car
to ask aid of Jupiter ; 5, Venus imploring
Jupiter to send Mercury in search of Psyche ;
6, Mercury in pursuit of Psyche ; 7, Psyche,
by order of Venus, bringing a vase from the
infernal regions ; 8, Psyche presenting the
vase to the astonished Venus ; 9, Jupiter
giving his consent to the marriage of Cupid
and Psyche ; 10, Mercury conveying Psyche
to Olympus to be married. Ceiling : 1,
Council of the Gods, before which Cupid
and Psyche are pleading their cause ; Mer-
cury offers Psyche ambrosia which is to
give her immortality. Painted by G. Ro-
mano. 2, Banquet of the Gods in celebra-
tion of the marriage of Psyche and Cupid,
who occupy the post of honour at the table.
The Graces pour perfumes over the bride,
Bacchus and genii fill the flagons, the Hours
scatter flowers, and Apollo sings and plays
the Ivre, while Venus, crowned with roses,
prepares to dance. Painted by II Fattore.
Lunettes : 1, Cupid with his arrows ; 2, Cu-
pid with Jupiter's thunderbolt ; 3, Cupid
with Neptune's trident ; 4, Cupid with Plu-
to's staff ; 5, Cupid with shield and sword
of Mars ; 6, Cupid with bow and quiver of
Apollo ; 7, Cupid with caducous and cap of
Mercury ; 8, Cupid with thyrsus of Bac-
chus ; 9, Cupid with Pan's flute ; 10, Cupid
with helmet and shield of Minerva ; 11, Cu-
pid with helmet and shield of Mars ; 12,
Cupid with club of Hercules ; 13, Cupid
with hammer and trident of Vulcan ; 14,
Cupid subduing a lioa and a sea-horse. Or-
dered by Agostiuo Chigi in 1512, but exe-
cution delayed and not completed until
about 1519 ; cartoons finally drawn by
Raphael and frescos painted by Giulio Ro-
mano, II Fattore, and Giovanni da Udine,
by whom are the festoons, arabesques, and
other ornamental parts. Only one figure,
the nearest of the Graces in the second
pendentive, is attributed to Raphael. Re-
stored and much repainted by Carlo Ma-
ratti. Engraved by N. D. Gallus, F. P.
Burgundus, Joseph Insler ; the whole pen-
dentives engraved by Marc Antonio, Marco
da Ravenna, Cherubini, Alberti. The de-
signs of a series of thirty-two engravings,
by pupils of Marc Antonio, representing
the history of Psyche, but differing from
these frescos, are attributed to Raphael ;
but Vasari ascribes them to Michael Coxcie,
a Flemish painter who worked in Raphael's
school.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 366 ; v. 436,
524 ; Miintz, 499 ; Passavant, ii. 281 ; Fors-
ter, Farnesina-Studien ; Gruyer, Raphael et
1'Autiquite, ii. 1G9 ; Mariette, Abecedario,
iv. 317 ; Springer, 338 ; Bigot, Raphael et
La Fame-sine (1884) ; Liibke, 176 ; Gutbier,
; PI. 53-63.
PSYCHE RECEIVED INTO OLYM-
PUS, Polidoro da Caramggio, Louvre ; wood,
H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Jupiter, seated
at right and surrounded by the divinities
| of Olympus, offers the cup of immortality
to Psyche, presented by Mercury. In his
early style ; shows influence of Raphael.
Formerly in collection of Louis XIV. — Fil-
hol, ix. PI. 649 ; Landon, Musee, xiii. PI.
41.
PUBLIUS, animal painter, Rome, about
A.D. 90. Mentioned by Martial (i. 110), but
it is doubtful whether he was the painter or
owner of the animal spoken of.
PUCCIO CAPANNA. See Capanna, Puc-
cio.
PUCINELLI, ANTONIO, born in Flor-
ence ; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of Florence Academy, where he won
; several prizes ; studied afterwards in Rome
and became director of Bologna Academy.
Works : Moses treading upon Pharaoh's
Crown (1846) ; Israelites in Captivity at
Babylon (1851) ; Episode in Massacre of
the Innocents (1852), Florence Academy ;
Party Men taking Oath of Peace before
Dino Campagni.
PUEBLA, DIOSCORO, bom in Spain ;
contemporary. History and genre painter.
Works : Landing of Columbus in America ;
Compromise of Caspe ; Daughters of the
Cid ; A Minuet ; Family Consultation ; The
Maja on the Balcony.
PUJOL. See Abel de Pujol.
482
PUIJAN
PULIAN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, born
at Meissen, July 27, 1809, died in Diissel-
dorf, March 4, 1875. Architecture and land-
scape painter, pupil of Dresden and Diissel-
dorf Academies in 1837-42. Works : Burg
Eltz ; City Gate at Neuss (1810) ; Limburg
Cathedral (1842), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Bacharach on the Rhine ; St. Nicholas in
Ghent ; Michael's Wharf, ib. (1850); Klos-
ter Schwalbach ; Views of Asmannshausen,
Oberwesel ; Village on a Lake in Salzburg
(1870), Diisseldorf Gallery ; Canal at Mech-
lin ; Town on Moselle ; Dutch Village. —
Blanckaiis, 83 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 380 ;
Wiegmann, 407.
PULIDO PAREJA, Don ADRIAN, Velas-
quez, Duke of Bedford, Woburn Abbey, Bed-
fordshire, Eng. ; canvas, H. G ft. 5 in. x
3 ft. G in. Full-length, standing, in black
dress with white sleeves ; baton in right
hand, hat in left ; red curtain behind and
•vessel under sail on right. Don Adrian was
Captain-General of the Armada and of the
fleet of Nueva Espafia. — Stirling, ii. G22 ;
Waagen, Treasures, iii. 4G5 ; Curtis, i. 74.
By Velasquez, Earl of Radnor, Longford
Castle, Wilts, Eng. ; canvas, H. G ft. 9
in. x 3 ft. 8 in. ; inscribed and dated 1639.
Full-length, standing, in black velvet dress
with sleeves of flowered satin, broad lace
collar, and sword suspended by a white
belt ; baton in right hand, hat in left. Prob- j
ably painted in 1639. — Palomino, iii. 331 ;
Stirling, ii. G21 ; Waageu, Treasures, iii.
141 ; Curtis, 74.
PUUGO, DOMENICO, born at Florence j
in 1492, died in 1527. Florentine school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of Ri-
dolfo Ghirlandajo, but became a follower of
Andrea del Sarto, with whom he formed an
intimate friendship, often assisting him in
his works, and painting from his designs
pictures which were mistaken for the pro-
ductions of that great master. Works :
Holy Family (3), Madonna with Angel, San-
ta Conversazione, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Holy Family, Madrid Museum ; Madonna
with St. John and Angels, Old Piuakothek,
Munich ; Young Nobleman, Fondazione
Poldi-Pezzoli, Milan.— Vasari, ed. Mil iv
4G1.
PULZONE, SCIPIONE, called H Gae-
tano, born at Gaeta in 1550, died in Rome
about 1588. Roman school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil of Jacopino del Coute,
but seems to have formed himself on the
styles of Raphael and Andrea del Sarto ;
was particularly distinguished as a painter
of portraits, and had many distinguished
sitters in Rome, Naples, and Florence. His
style is extremely minute, his drawing cor-
rect, and colouring harmonious. Works :
j Assumption, with Apostles, S. Silvestro a
Monte Cavallo, Rome; Pieta, H Gesu, ib.;
j Crucifixion, S. Maria della Vallicella, ib. ;
j Holy Family, Palazzo Borghese, ib. ; Christ
in the Garden, L'ffizi, Florence ; Portraits
of Eleonora and Maria de' Medici, and three
other Princesses (one dated 1595), Palazzo
Pitti, ib. ; Annunciation, Male Portrait, Na-
ples Museum ; Male Portrait, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Female do. (1584), Old Piuakothek,
Munich. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 408.
PURGATORY, SOULS IN, Saloalor Rosa,
Brera, Milan ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 2
in. The Virgin and Child, seated upon
clouds, borne up by angels, is delivering
souls from Purgatory. Formerly in S. Gi-
ovanni alle Case Rotte, Milan ; carried to
Paris in 1799 ; returned in 1815. — Laudon,
Musi'e, xiv. PI. 7.
PURIFICATION. See Presentation in
Temple.
PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH,
George H. Bouyhton, R. L. Stuart Collec-
tion, New York. Motive from Bartlett's
" Pilgrim Fathers." Pilgrims going on foot
in winter to a church in the wilderness ; the
preacher walks a little behind the vanguard,
a soldier in steel helmet guards the women
and children, and other men, gun in hand,
keep a sharp lookout for the savages. Pho-
togravure in Art Treasures of America, ii.
117.
PtiTTNER, JOSEF, born at Plan, Bohe-
mia, July 26, 1821, died at Hallstadt, Upper
483
PUVIS
Austria, in 1881 or 1882. Marine painter,
self-taught, studying nature in Hungary,
and in 1846 in Italy ; spent one year in
Rome and returned to Vienna, where he
obtained many orders ; has visited South
America, the islands of the Pacific, and trav-
elled through nearly the whole continent
of North America. Court painter in 1865.
Works : Storm and Shipwreck at Cape Horn
(1854), Vienna Museum ; In the Lagoons of
Venice (1857) ; Naval Battle off Helgoland
(1804) ; do. oil'Lissa (I860) ; Moonlight on
Coast ; Ship in Breakers ; Lake of Hallstadt;
Shipwrecked People ; Stormy Evening on
Traun Lake ; Coast of Normandy (1873) ;
Coast, of Sorrento. — Wurzbach, xxiv. 58.
PUVIS DE CHAVANNES, PIEREE,
born in Ly-
ons, Dec. 14,
1824. His-
tory an d
genre paint-
er, pupil of
Henri Sclief-
fer and of
Couture.
Leaving the
beaten track,
he sought to
revive the monumental painting of the Re-
naissance. His works, though wanting in
organic cohesion, precise drawing, energetic
modelling, and colour, are redeemed by a
certain grandeur, clearness of thought, and
novelty of invention. Like all would-be
reformers, this painter has been heart-
ily abused by the critics and excessively
praised by his admirers. Medals : 2d class,
1861 ; medal, 1864 ; 3d class, 1867 ; of hon-
our, 1882 ; L. of Honour, 1867 ; Officer,
1877. Works: Return from Chase (1859),
Marseilles Museum ; Work, Rest (1863) ;
Autumn (1864) ; Peace, War (1861) ; Ave
Picardia Nutrix (1865), Amiens Museum ;
Vigilance, Fancy (1866) ; Sleep (1867) ; Mas-
silia the Greek Colony, Marseilles .'he Gate
of the East (1869), Marseilles Museum ; Be-
heading of John Baptist, Magdalen in Des-
ert (1870) ; Hope (1872) ; Summer (1873),
Chartres Museum ; Charles Martel Saviour
of Christendom (1874), Poitiers Museum ;
Radegonda protecting Poetry and Literature
from Barbarism (1875), Hotel de Ville, Poi-
tiers ; St. Genevieve as a Child, St. Germain,
and St. Genevi&ve, Pantheon, Paris ; Fisher-
man's Family (1876) ; Prodigal Son, Girls
by Sea-Shore (1879) ; Poor Fisherman
(1881) ; Young Men of Picardy practising
with Lance (1882); Dream (1883); The
Sacred Grove (1884) ; Autumn (1885) ; An-
tique Vision, Christian Inspiration, The
T Tavls e)e
the Saone
(1886).— Bellier, ii. 327 ; Claretie, Peintres,
v. 189 ; Hamerton, Painting in France ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1876), xiii. 694 ; Ch. Blanc,
Artistes de mon Temps, 475 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
613 ; Mag. of Art (1885), 61.
PUYROCHE, ELISE, nee Wagner, born
in Dresden, March 31, 1828. Flower paint-
er, sister of Adelheid Salles, pupil at Lyons,
where she resides, of Simon St. Jean, whose
harmony of colour she acquired, surpassing
him in modelling and tasteful arrangement.
In the Dresden Museum is by her : The Torn
Wreath (1850).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1860).
PYNACKER, ADAM, born at Pynacker,
near Delft, in 1621,
died in Amsterdam,
buried March 28,
1673. Dutch
school ; landscape
painter, went to
Italy very young
and remained there
three years. He
approaches Jan
Both, and while inferior to him in the taste
and grandeur of his conception of Italian
nature, surpasses him in variety. Works :
Landscapes (4), Historical Society, New
York ; Rocky Coast on Mediterranean, Mr.
Munro, London ; Lofty Bridge Sunlit, Mr.
Baring, ib.; Recesses of a Forest, National
Gallery, Edinburgh ; Sea Coast with Tower
and Vessels, Muleteer before Tavern, Land-
4S4
QUAKTLEY
in
New York, May 19,
188G. Marine painter,
self-taught. Taken to
America as a child ; pro-
fessional life passed in
Baltimore and New
York. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1878, N.A. in
188G ; member of Soci-
ety of American Artists.
Burger, Musees,
7S
Kramm, v. 1327 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
1829) and Franz (born there in 1844), genre ' lery, ib.-Archiof. v. nod. Kunst-esch iii
painters, pupils of their father and of Franz 263 ; Bode, Studien, 171
Adam, the latter also of Jozef Brandt, live
in Munich.— Europa, 18G9 ; Jordan (1885),
ii. 174 ; Kuust-Chronik, xiii. 500 ; Miiller,
427 ; Nagler, xii. 135.
QUARTLEY, ARTHUR, born of English
parents in Paris, France,
May 24, 1839, died
— • - _ mf "\k
ii. 267 :
ii. 318.
QUATRE BRAS, Mrs. Elizabeth liu/ler,
London ; canvas. The 28th Regiment at
Quatre Bras, formed in a hollow square, re-
pelling the attack of the French Imperial
Guard. Painted in 1875. Engraved by F.
Stacpoole.
QUELLINUS (Quellin), ERASMUS, the
Visited Europe younger, born in
Antwerp, Nov.
19, 1607, died
there, Nov. 7,
in 1882. Works : New York from North
River, Star Island, Sinepuxent Bay, J. W.
McCoy, Baltimore ; Morning Effect— North
River, John Taylor Johnston Collection, New 1678. Flemish
York ; Close of Stormy Day (1877) ; After- 'school ; history
noon in August — Coast of Maine (1878); and portrait
Market Boats— Norfolk, Va. (1879); Trinity ' painter, son of
from the River (1880); Low Country on the sculptor
North Shore of Long Island (1881); Rugged Erasmus Quelli-
Maine (1882); From a North River Pier nus, the elder,
Head, Queen's Birthday (1883); Low Water pupil of Verhaeghe (1633-34), and of Rubens,
on Long Island Shore, T. B. Clarke, New among whose imitators and adherents he,
York ; Lofty and Lowly, Dignity and Im- save Diepeubeeck, stands foremost ; master
of Antwerp Guild in 1634 ; friend of the
scholar Caspar Gevaerts, assisted by whose
suggestions he executed in 1660 a great
decorative painting, celebrating the peace
between Spain and England ; Mars and
Bellona expelled by Pax and Hymen ; Mar-
riage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa of
Spain. Works : Bacchus and Ariadne, Death
pudence (1884).
QUAST, PIETER, born probably at The
Hague about 1G02, died there between 1G45
and 1647. Dutch school ; genre painter in
the manner of Adriaan Brouwer and Adriaan
van Ostade. His subjects were peasant scenes,
bouts, barber shops, boldly executed and
full of humour. Works : Triumph of Folly
(1643), Hague Museum ; Village Surgeon,
Rotterdam Museum ; Surgical Operation,
Dentist operating on Young Peasant, Barn-
berg Gallery ; Liquor Vender, Beggar Man
and Woman, Peasant Tippling, Brunswick
Gallery ; Dutch Barber Shop, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Peasants' Dance (1633), Museum, Vi-
enna ; Similar Subject, Liechtenstein Gal-
of Eurydice, Jason, Rape of Europa, and
three others, Madrid Museum ; Christ hold-
ing Globe, Museum, Brussels ; Martyrdom
of St. Barbara, Eglise du Sablon, ib.; Queen
of Sheba, Lille Museum ; St. Augustin wash-
ing Feet of Christ, Mystery of Trinity, Church
of the Saviour, Bruges ; Defenders of Holy
Sacrament, Liege Cathedral ; Holy Family,
487
QITELLINUS
Tournay Cathedral ; do., Dunkirk Museum ;
do., Church of the Saviour, Ghent ; Cruci-
fixion, St. Nicholas, ib. ; Last Supper, Mech-
lin Cathedral ; Healing of St. Eoch (1660),
St. Jacob's, Antwerp ; Guardian Angel (1GG7),
St. Andrew's, ib. ; Two Miracles of St. Hugh,
Molenaer saved by St. Catharine, Portrait
of Bishop Nemius (1649), Portrait of him-
self, Antwerp Museum ; Assumption, Wom-
an with Kitchen Utensils, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Cavalry Combat, Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Three Children with Par-
rot, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Venus with Tri-
tons and Cupids, Schleissheim Gallery ; Mar-
riage of St. Catharine, Schwerin Gallery ;
Coronation of Charles V., Museum, Vienna ;
Queen of Sheba, Ulysses finding Achilles
among the Women (1648), Male Portrait,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Betrothal of Mary
and Joseph, Coronation of St. Catharine,
Dresden Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fla-
mande ; Cat. du Mus. d'Auvers, 272 ; Ge-
nard, Revue d'Histoire, ii. 310 ; Immerzeel,
ii. 332 ; Kramm, v. 1330 ; Michiels, viii. 53 ;
Rooses (Reber), 321 ; Van den Braudeu,
786.
QUELLINUS (Quellin), JAN ERASMUS,
born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 1, 1634,
died at Mechlin, March 11, 1715. Flemish
school ; history painter, son and pupil of
Erasmus Quellinus, the younger ; visited
Italy and studied especially after Paolo Ve-
ronese ; master of Antwerp Guild in 1660 ;
painter to Emperors Leopold I. and Joseph
I. ; treated large compositions with skill, but
heads unattractive, colouring cold and heavy.
Works : Pool of Bethesda, Martyrs of Gor-
cum, Miracle of St. Hugh (1685), Christ in
House of Simon (1692), Martyrdom of St.
Agatha, and others, Museum, Antwerp ;
Walk to Emmaus (1674), St. Andrew's, ib.;
Adoration of Shepherds, St. Jacob's, ib.;
Finding of the Cross (1692), Dunkerque
Museum ; St. Charles Borromeo (1694),
Kglise du Beguinage, Mechlin ; St. Francis
Xavier, St. Peter's, Ghent ; Circumcision,
Rouen Museum ; Alexander the Great with
Diogenes, Darmstadt Museum ; Dead Game,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Holy Fam-
ily (2), St. Dominick adoring Madonna, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Martyrdom of St.
Andrew, Museum, Vienna ; Esther before
Ahasuerus, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Ma-
donna among Flowers (by Van Thielen),
Uffizi, Florence.— Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers
(1874), 277; Descamps (Marseilles, 1842),
ii. 162 ; Immerzeel, ii. 335 ; Kramm, v.
1331 ; Michiels, x. 373 ; Rooses (Reber),
334 ; Van den Brandon, 940.
QUERENA, LACTANZ, bom at Clusone,
Venetia, in 1768, died in Venice, July 10,
1853. History painter, pupil of Verona
Academy under Saverio della Rosa, then
studied in Venice after the old masters.
Member of Venice Academy. Works : St.
Marina at Gate of her Convent, S. M. For-
mosa, Venice ; Repose in Egypt, S. M. del
Piauto, ib. ; Descent from the Cross, SS.
Giovanni e Paolo, ib. ; do., and Mater Dolo-
rosa, S. M. del Carmine, ib. ; several others
in churches, ib. — Wurzbach, xxiv. 141.
QUERENA, LUIGI, born in Italy ; con-
temporary. Landscape, architecture, and
battle painter, son of preceding ; imitates
Canaletto. Works : Old Sacristy of the
Certosa at Pavia ; Interior of S. Niccolo
dei Mendicoli ; Bacchanal on Lago Mag-
giore ; Battle of S. Martino, Regatta on
Canale Grande in 1782 ; Bull-Fight in
Court- Yard of Palazzo Ducale in 1696 ;
Pope Pius VI. returning from Vienna ;
Fight of the Castellani and Nicolotti in
Venice (1855) ; Sunset on the Lagoons, En-
trance into Canale Reggio (1860) ; Two
Views in S. Marco in Venice (1861) ; View
of Venice Academy ; Departure of Frances-
co Morosini for Morea in 1692. — Wurzbach,
xxiv. 143.
QUERFURTH, AUGUST, born at Wolf-
eubiittel in 1697, died in Vienna in 1761.
488
QIIESNET
Painter of battles and hunting-pieces, pupil
of his father Tobias, and in Augsburg of
Itugendas,. but formed his style especially
after Wouverman. His carefully executed
pictures excel in transparency of colour and
solidity of impasto those of llugendas, whose
inferior he is, however, in invention. Works :
Battle-Piece, Historical Society, New York ;
Two Hunting-Pieces, Vienna Museum ; Four
do., and Skirmish, Augsburg Gallery ; Start
for Falcon Chase (2), Bugle Call (2), Aschaff-
enburg Gallery ; Cavalry Combat (2), Barn-
berg Gallery ; Robbers attacking Travellers.
do. sharing Booty, Cassel Gallery ; Lady on
Horseback giving Alms, Halt before Peas-
ant's Hut, Horseman with Falcon (2), two
others, Dresden Gallery ; Portrait of Michel-
angelo, Gotha Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish,
Plundering of Farm, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Horse-Pieces (2), Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg ; Horse Fair (?), Olden-
burg Gallery ; Procession of Turkish Em-
bassy, Stag Hunt, Falcon Chase, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Tin-smith driving his Family
over a Bridge, three others, Stuttgart Muse-
um ; Horsemen with Horses, Czeruiu Gal-
ery, Vienna ; Start for the Chase, Museo
Civico, Venice ; _^
Ladies and Gentle- /\ \J A
TT 1 1 <* *• ^Xi t*f\
men on Horseback
(2), Turin Gallery.— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 5G2;
Wurzbach, xxiv. 144.
QUESNET, EUGENE, born in Paris, in
March, 1816. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Dubufe. Medals : 3d class, 1838 ;
2d class, 1843 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works :
Study of a Turk (1834); Convalescent Wom-
an (1836) ; Portraits. His son Jules, pupil
of Cabanel, is a portrait painter. — Bellier, ii.
331.
QUINAUX, JOSEPH, born at Namur,
March 29, 1822. Landscape painter, pupil
of Louvain and Antwerp Academies. Pro-
fessor at Brussels Academy. Order of Leo-
pold, 1875. Works : Views in Flanders,
Holland, and Dauphiny.
QriNCKHARD, JAN MAURITS, born at
Rees, Jan. 28, 1C88, died at Amsterdam,
Nov. 11, 1772. Dutch school ; portrait
painter, pupil of his father, then of Arnold
Boonen, Christoft'el Lubieuietzki (1G59-
1722), and Nicolaas Verkolje ; worked at
Amsterdam, and temporarily at Utrecht.
Works : Five Regents of the former Sur-
geons' Guild at Amsterdam (1732), Seven
do., Four do. (1744), A Poet of the 18th
century and his Wife (1743), Amsterdam
Museum ; Male and Female Portrait (1744),
Haarlem Museum ; others in Utrecht. His
son and pupil, Julius (173G-7G), was a genre
painter. Works : The Lovers of Music
(1755), The Art Lovers (1757), Amsterdam
Museum.
QORICIO DA MURANO, second half of
15th century. Venetian school ; pupil of An-
tonio or Giovanni da Murano : produced but
few works, and those of little importance.
His St. Lucy (14G2), is in the Palace of Car-
dinal Silvestri, at Rovigo.— C. & C., N.
Italy, i. 34 ; Siret, 734 ; Burckhardt, 58!).
QUOST, ERNEST, born at Avallon
(Yonne) ; contemporary. Flower and still-
life painter, pupil of Hypolite Auniont (died
in 18G5). Medals : 3d class, 1880 ; 2d class,
1882. Works : Flower-pieces (186G-75) ;
Spring Song (1878) ; Flowers, Game, Fish
(1880) ; The New Season (1882), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Le Ru fleuri, A Glade
(1884) ; Morning Flowers (1885) ; Wild
Flowers (188G).
489
END OF VOLUME III.
Qj
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
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C44
1886
v.3
Ghamplin, John Denisor
Cyclopedia of paint
and paintings
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