7
This Edition is limited to five hundred
copies, of which this is No. ..J? /.<?.....
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
VOLUME IV
RAAB-ZYL
CYCLOPEDIA OF
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS
EDITED BY
JOHN DENISON CHAMPLIN, JR.
CRITICAL EDITOR
CHARLES C. PERKINS
Corresponding Member of thf French Institute
WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS
VOLUME IV
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
MDCCCLXXXVII
N:D
Copyright, 1885, 1887, by
Charles Scribner's Sons
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL- PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
To Face
i. THE PASSING REGIMENT
EDOUARD DETAILLE
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Bonssod, Valadon f-r Co., Paris 18
2. THE ROLL-CALL OF LAST VICTIMS
CHARLES LOUiS MULLER
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 60
1- ROMANS OF THE DECADENCE
THOMAS COUTURE
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boussod, Valadon Sr Co., Paris . 6?
4. THE SHADOW OF DEATH
^ILL/AM HOLMAN HUNT
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. BoussoJ, Valadon Sr Co., Paris . 172
j. IN THE TEPIDARIUM ^«
LAURENZ ALMA-TADEMA
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. "Nichols & Hatuiy, New York . 259
6 TH1SBE
EDWIN LONG
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 266
7. TRUTH
JULES JOSEPH LEFEB^RE
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Boiissod, Valadon & Co., Paris . 304
8. TAMERLANE'S DOOR— PALACE OF SAMARCAND
(1873, TRETJAKOFF COLLECTION, MOSCOW.)
BASIL 1SERESCHAG1N
Etching by H. P. Share . . .... 350
9. THE VESTAL TUCCIA
HECTOR LEROUX
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York
10. THE WAVE
GUSTA^E COURBET
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Bonssod, l/aladon Sr Co., Paris . 414
n. THE WHITE GIRL nfttf
JAMES ABBOTT McNEILL WHISTLER
Photogravure from the original by Messrs. Nichols Sr Handy, New York 427
12. THE YEOMAN OF THE GUARD
S/R JOHN EVERETT M/LLAIS, BART.
Etching by Paul Adolphe Rajon
***The publishers are indebted for permission to reproduce the faint ings in this
list to Messrs. Thomas Agnew Sr Sons, London (for Holman Hunt's THE SHADOW
OF DEATH); to H. Lefcvre (for Alma-Tadema' s IN THE TEPIDARIUM); to A. Lucas,
Esq., London (for Long's THISBE); to the Corcoran Gallery, Washington (for Leroux's
THE VESTAL TUCCIA); to Thomas D. Whistler, Esq., Baltimore ( for Whistler's THE
WHITE GIRL); to the French Government for copies made in the Luxembourg gallery.
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
1. RAINBOW Rubens Louvre, Paris. 4
2. RAPHAEL LEAVING TOBIAS . . .Rembrandt Louvre, Paris. 12
3. READING THE WILL Sir David Wilkie New Munich Gallery. 14
4. REBEKAH AND ELIEZEK Murillo Madrid Museum . 14
5. REBEKAH AND ELIEZER Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 15
6. REBEKAH AND ELIEZEK Paolo Veronese (?) Louvre, Paris. 16
7. RENT DAY Sir Dauid Wilkie John Chapman, England. 26
8. RESURRECTION AnnibdLe Carracci Louvre, Paris . 28
9. RESURRECTION Pietro Perucjino Vatican, Rome. 29
10. RESURRECTION Rqffaelino del Garbo Florence Academy . 29
11. RINALDO AND AflMiDA Domenichiuo Louvre, Paris. 47
12. ROCH, ST., GIVING ALMS. . . . Annibale Carracci Dresden Gallery. 57
13. ROMUALD, ST., VISION OF. . . Andrea Sacchi Vatican, Rome. 65
14. RUBENS AND ISABELLA BRANDT. Rubens Munich Gallery. 85
15. RUBENS AND HELENA POUR- ) _
F Rubens .... Blenheim Palace, England . 86
MENT )
16. RUBENS'S SONS Rubens Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. 86
17. SABINES, RAPE OF THE Luca Giordano. Dresden Gallery. 96
18. SABINES, RAPE OF THE Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 97
19. SABINE WOMEN Louis David Louvre, Paris . 98
20. SEVEN SACRAMENTS ........ Nicolas Poussin Bridgewater House, London . 100
21. SALOME Guercino Louvre, Paris . 106
22. SAMSON AND DELILAH Anton van Di/ck Vienna Museum. 108
23. SAMSON AND DELILAH Rembrandt Cassel Gallery . 109
24. SAMUEL APPEARING TO Suji.Saluator Rosa Louvre, Paris. 110
25. SAPPHIRA, DEATH OF Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 114
26. SASKIA VAN ULENBURGH Rembrandt Cassel Gallery . 116
27. SATYR AND PEASANT Jacob Jordaens Old Pinakothek, Munich. 118
28. SAVIOUR, THE Titian Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 119
29. SCHOOL OF ATHENS Raphael Vatican, Rome . 144
30. Scio, MASSACRE OF Eugene Delacroix. Louvre, Paris. 158
31. SCIPIO, CONTINENCE OF Primaticcio Louvre, Paris . 159
32. SEBASTIAN, ST , Anton van Dyck Louvre, Paris . 163
33. SEBASTIAN, ST Guido Reni Louvre, Paris . 163
34. SEBASTIAN, ST Antonio Pollajuolo National Gallery, London . 164
vui
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS
MM
35. SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF. .Anton Raphael Menys. ............ Madrid Museum. 174
36. SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF . . Nicolas 1'owssin .................. Munich Gallery . 175
37. SIBYLS ................... Raphael ............ Santa Maria della Pace, Rome. 179
38. SIDDONS AS THE TRAGIC MusE.Sir Joshua Reynolds ..... Grosvenor House, London. 180
39. SILENUS, TRIUMPH OF ...... Rubens ................. National Gallery, London. 184
40. SIMPLICITY ................ Sir Joshua Reynolds ........ E. F. Watson, England. 188
41. SNAKE IN THE GRASS ....... Sir Joshua Reynolds ...... National Gallery, London. 195
42. SOCRATES, DEATH OF ...... Louis David ............. . . .Marquise de Vtrac. 198
43. SOLOMON, JUDGMENT OF. ... Nicolas 1'oustsin ........... ....... Louvre, Paris . 202
44. SORTIE OF THE BANNING ] ,
„ n ( Rembrandt .............. ... Amsterdam Museum . 205
COCK COMPANY ..... )
45. SPALATRO ................ Washington Allston ....... H 11. Bishop, New York . 208
46. SPASIMO DI SICILIA ........ Raphael ........................ Madrid Museum . 210
47. STEPHEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OF. Charles Lebrun ..................... Louvre, Paris. 220
48. STRAWBERRY GIRL ......... Sir Joshua Reynolds. ..Sir Richard AVallace, London. 235
49. SUPPER AT EMMAUS ........ Titian ............................ Louvre, Paris . 242
50. SUPPER AT EMMAUS ........ Paolo Veronese ..................... Louvre, Paris . 243
51. SUSANNA ................. Lodovico Garracci ....... National Gallery, London. 244
52. SUSANNA ................. Tintoretto ......................... Louvre, Paris . 245
53. SUSANNA ................. Paolo Veronese .................. Madrid Museum . 24(!
54. SYNDICS OF THE ARQUEBUSI- )
I Bartholomew van der Heist. . . .Amsterdam Museum. 250
ERS .............. )
55. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF . Cima da Coneyliano .............. Venice Academy. 26C
56. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF. Guercino ......................... Vatican, Rome. 2C7
57. THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF . Cecchino del Salviati ................ Louvre, Paris . 267
58. TITUS AND VESPASIAN, TRI- )
\ Ginho Romano ..................... Louvre, rans. 28o
UMPH OF .......... )
59. TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL ..... Salvator Rosa ...................... Louvre, Paris. 286
60. TRANSFIGURATION .......... Lodovico Carraci-i ................ Bologna Gallery . 291
61. TRANSFIGURATION .......... Raphael .......................... Vatican, Rome. 292
62. TRIBUTE MONEY ........... Titian .......................... Dresden Gallery. 290
63. TRIBUTE MONEY ........... Valentin .......................... Louvre, Paris. 297
64. TRINITY, ADORATION OF THE . Albrecht Diirei- .................. Vienna Museum. 298
65. TRINITY, DISPUTE OF THE. . .Andrea del Sarto ........... Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 299
66. TWELFTH NIGHT .......... Jacob Jordaens .................. Vienna Museum . 309
67. UGOLINO ................. Sir Joshua Reynold.-* ......... Knole Park, England . 311
68. URSULA, ST., EMBARKATION OF. Claude Lorrain .......... National Gallery, London.
69. URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF. . . Vittore Garpaccio. . . .Venice Academy. 317
70. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Guercino .............. . .Dresden Gallery.
71. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Ruben* ................ Hermitage, Si Petersburg.
72. VENUS AND ADONIS ........ Titian ............... .Madrid Museum.
73. VENUS ANADYOMENE. ....... Titian ............... Bridgewater House, London .
74. VENUS, BIRTH OF ......... Sandra Botticelli ...... . . Uffizi, Florence .
75. VENUS AND CUPID ......... Titian ................... Palazzo Borghese, Rome.
76. VENUS, FESTIVAL OF ....... Rubens ......................... Vienna Museum. 342
OUTLINE ILLUSTRATIONS OF PAINTINGS.
PAGE
77. VENUS, TOILET OF Francesco Album Louvre, Paris. 343
78. VENUS, TOILET OF Titian Cobbam Hall, England . 344
79. VENDS OF THE TRIBUNE . . . Titian Uffizi, Florence . 345
80. VENUS AND VULCAN Giulio Romano Louvre, Paris . 346
81. VENUS AND VULCAN Anton van Dyc/e Louvre, Paris. 346
82. VILLAGE BRIDE Jean Ilaptiste Greuze Louvre, Paris. 368
83. VILLAGE FESTIVAL David Teniers, younger .Vienna Museum. 369
84. VILLAGE POLITICIANS Sir David Willcii; Earl of Mansfield, England. 370
85. VIRGIN, BIRTH OF THE Annibale Garracci Louvre, Paris. 375
86. VIRGIN, BIRTH OF THE Murillo Louvre, Paris. 376
87. VIRGIN, CORONATION OF THE. Raphael Vatican, Eonie. 377
88. VIRGIN, CORONATION OF THE. Velasquez Madrid Museum . 378
89. VIRGIN, DEATH OF THE Michelangelo da Caravaggio Louvre, Paris . 379
90. VIRGIN, EDUCATION OF THE. Rubens Antwerp Museum. 380
91. VIRGIN, MARRIAGE OF THE. Raphael Brera, Milan . 381
92. VISITATION Mariotto Albertinelli Uffizi, Florence. 383
93. VISITATION Sebastian del Piombo Louvre, Paris . 383
94. VISITATION .Raphael Madrid Museum. 384
95. VISITATION Rubens Antwerp Cathedral . 384
96. VULCAN, FORGE OF Velasquez Madrid Museum . 399
97. WAR, HORRORS OF Rubens Palazzo Pitti, Florence. 406
98. WATER CARRIER Velasquez Apsley House, London . 410
99. WATERING PLACE Philips Wouwerman Munich Gallery. 411
100. WILLIAM, ST Guercino Bologna Gallery . 434
101. WOLFE, DEATH OF Benjamin West Grosvenor House, London . 443
102. WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. Nicolas Poussin Louvre, Paris. 444
103. WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY. Tintoretto Dresden Gallery . 445
104. YOUNG BULL Paul Potter. Hague Museum . 458
105. ZANOBIUS, ST Ridolfo Ghirlandajo Uffizi, Florence . 460
106. ZINGARELLA, LA Correggio Naples Museum . 468
PORTRAITS OF P/t INTERS.
(DKAWN BY JACQUES REICH.)
rxos
1. Bahl, Karl 3 37. Romney, George 65
2. Eamberg, Arthur Georg von 5 38. Roncalli, Cristofano 66
3. Raoux, Jean 6 39. Roos, Johann Heinrich 67
4. Raphael 7 40. Rosa, Salvator 69
5. Rapin, Alexandra 12 41. Rosenstand, Vilhelm Jakob 71
6. Rasmussen, Carl 13 [ 42. Rosenthal, Toby Edward 72
7. Raupp, Karl 13 43. Rossetti, Gabriel Charles Dante . . 73
8. Regnault, Alexandre Georges Henri 18 44. Rosso, H 74
9. Regnault, Jean Baptiste 19 45. Rottenhainmer, Johann 75
10. Reinhart, Johann Christian 21 46. Rottmauii, Karl 76
11. Rembrandt van Rhyn 22 47. Rousseau, Philippe 78
12. Renouf, fimile 25 48. Rousseau, Pierre Eticnne Theodore 78
13. Restout, Jean, younger 28 49. Rubens, Peter Paul 81
14. Rethel, Alfred 31 50. Rugendas, Georg Philipp 87
15. Reynolds, Sir Joshua 33 51. Rump, Christian Gottfred 90
16. Rhomberg, Hanno 35
17. Ribot, Augustin Th6odule 37 ! 52. Sacchi, Andrea 99
18. Richards, William Trost 39 53. Saenredam, Pieter 100
19. Richmond, George 40 54. Saft-Leven, Herman 101
20. Richomme, Jules 40 , 55. Saint-Pierre, Gaston Casimir 103
21. Richter, Adrian Ludwig 41 j 56. Salai, Andrea 104
22. Richter, Gustav Karl Ludwig 42 ' 57. Salentin, Hubert
23. Ridinger, Johann Elias 43 58. Salimbeni, Ventura 104
24. Rieclel, August 43 59. Salviati, Cecchino del 107
25. Riefstahl, Wilhelm 44 60. Sandrart, Joachim von
26. Riepenhausen, Johann 45 ' 61. Santerre, Jean Baptiste .
27. Rigaud, Hyacinthe 46 62. Sargent, John S
28. Riviere, Briton 51 63. Sarto, Andrea del
29. Robert, Louis Leopold 53 64. Sassoferrato, H
30. Robert-Fleury, Tony 55 ' 65. Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm von .
31. Roberts, David 55 66. Schalcken, Godfried ....
32. Roed, Jorgen 58 67. Schefler, Ary. . . .
33. Roelas, Juan de las 59 68. Schelfhout, Andreas
34. Roll, Alfred Philippe 60 69. Schendel, Petnis van. .
35. Romanelli, Giovanni Francesco ... 62 70. Schiavone, Andrea . .
36. Rombouts, Theodoor 64 71. Schidone, Bartolommeo .
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
72. Schinkel, Karl Friedricli
73. Schinner, Johann Wilhelm
74 Schleich, Eduard
75. Schlosser, Karl
76. Schmid, Mathias
77. Schmidt, Willem Hendrik
78. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius .
79. Scholtz, Julius
80. Schongauer, Martin
81. Schotel, Johannes Christianus . .
82. Schrader, Julius
83. Schraudolph, Claudius, younger .
84 Schraudolph, Johann
85. Schreyer, Adolf
86. Schrodter, Adolf
87. Schut, Cornelis
88. Schwartz, Frans
89. Schwind, Moritz von
90. Scorel, Jan van
91. Seel, Adolf
92. Sell, Christian
93. Selleny, Josef
94. Semini, Andrea
95. Shee, Sir Martin Archer
96. Shirlaw, Walter
97. Sigalon, Xavier
98. Signorelli, Luca
99. Sirani, Giovanni Andrea
100. Skovgaard, Peter Kristian
101. Slingelandt, Pieter Cornelisz van.
102. Smillie, George Henry
103. Smillie, James David
104. Smirke, Robert
105. Snayers, Peeter
106. Snellinck, Jan
107. Snyders, Frans
108. Sodoma, H
109. Sohn, Karl Ferdinand
110. Sohn, Wilhelm
111. Solimena, Francesco
112. Sonne, Jorgen Valentin
113. Sorensen, Carl Frederik
114. Sorgh, Hendrik Maertensz
115. Spada, Lionello
116. Spaendonck, Gerardus van
117. Spagnoletto, Lo
118. Spangenberg, Gustav Adolf . . .
PAG:
. 13?
. 133
134
136
136
138
139
141
142
146
146
147
147
148
149
153
155
157
159
166
169
169
170
173
177
181
182
190
190
191
192
193
193
196
196
197
198
200
200
201
203
204
205
207
207
207
209
119. Spitzweg, Karl 212
120. Spranger, Bartholomeus 213
121. Stanfield, William Clarkson 216
122. Steen, Jan 219
123. Steen wyck, Hendrik van, younger. 221
124 Steffeck, Karl 222
125. Steinle, Eduard 224
126. Stella, Jacques 225
127. Stevens, Alfred 227
128. Stevens, Joseph 228
129. Stewart, Julius L 228
130. Stone, Marcus 231
131. Storey, George Adolphus 232
132. Stothard, Thomas 233
133. Strozzi, Bernardo 237
134. Stuart, Gilbert 238
135. Subleyras, Pierre 240
136. Sully, Thomas 242
137. Sylvestre, Joseph Noel 249
138. Tassaert, Nicolas Francis Octave 254
139. Teniers, David, elder 256
140. Teniers, David, younger 257
141. Terburg, Gerard 259
142. Testa, Pietro 261
143. Testelin, Henri 262
144. Thumann, Paul 272
L45. Tiarini, Alessandro 273
146. Tibaldi, Pellegrino 273
147. Tidemand, Adolf 274
148. Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista 275
149. Tiutoretta, La 278
L50. Tintoretto, Jacopo 278
151. Titian 282
152. Tournieres, Robert Levrac 291
153. Trayer, Jean Baptiste Jules 293
154. Trumolliere, Pierre Charles 294
155. Troost, Cornelis 301
.56. Troy, Jean Franjois de 302
.57. Troyon, Constant 303
158. Trumbull, John 304
.59. Tura, Cosimo 306
.60. Turchi, Alessandro 306
161. Turner, Joseph Mallord William . 307
.62. Uden, Lucas van 310
163. Ulft, Jacob van der 312
64. Utrecht, Adriaen van. . .317
ill
PORTRAITS OF PAINTERS
165. Vaenius, Otho
166. Vaga, Perino del
167. Valdes Leal, Juan de
168. Valentin, Le
169. Vargas, Louis de
170. Vasari, Giorgio
171. Vayson, Paul
172. Vedder, Elihu
173. Veit, Philipp
174. Velasquez, Diego Kodriguez de
Silva y
176. Velde, Adriaan van de
176. Velde, Willem van de
177. Venneraan, Charles Ferdinand. . .
178. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph . .
179. Verdier, Francois
180. Vereschagin, Basil
181. Verhaghen, Pierre Joseph
182. Verheyden, Franciscus
183. Verkolje, Jan
184 Verkolje, Nicolaas
185. Vermehren, Johan Fredrik
186. Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace .
187. Vernet, Claude Joseph
188. Vernet, Emile Jean Horace
189. Veronese, Paolo
190. Verrocchio, Andrea del
191. Verschuur, Wouterus
192. Vibert, Jehan Georges
193. Vien, Joseph Marie
194. Vinci, Leonardo da
195. Vollon, Antoine
196. Volterra, Dauiele da
197. Voltz, Friedrich
198. Voltz, Ludwig
199. Vos, Cornelis de
200. Vos, Marten de
201. Vos, Simon de
202. Vouet, Simon
203. Vuillefroy, Dominique Felix de . .
204. Waldmtlller, Ferdinand Georg. . .
205. Walker, Frederick
206. Wappers, Gustaaf
207. Ward, Edward Matthew
208. Ward, James
209. Waterhouse, John William
PAOK
319 210.
320 211.
322 212.
322 213.
325
214.
326
215.
327
216.
329
217.
330
218.
219.
331
220.
334
221.
335
222.
337
223.
347
224.
348
225.
350
226.
351
227.
351
228.
352
229.
352
230.
354
231.
355
232.
355
233.
356
234.
358
235.
360
236.
361
237.
364
238.
366
371
391
392
392
239.
240.
241.
393
394
242.
394
243.
395
244.
395
245.
398
246.
247.
402
248.
403
249.
405
250.
406
251.
407
252.
410
253.
Watteau, Antoine 412
Watts, George Frederick 413
Wauters, Emile 414
Weeuix, Jan 417
Weerts, Jean Joseph 417
Weir, John Ferguson 418
Weir, Julian Aldeu 418
Weir, Robert Walter 419
Wells, Henry Tamvorth 420
Wencker, Joseph 421
Werff, Adriaau van der 421
Werner, Anton Alexander von . . . 423
Werner, Fritz 423
Werner, Karl 424
West, Benjamin 425
Weyden, Bogier van der 426
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill . 427
Whittredge, Worthington 428
Wiertz, Antoine Joseph 429
Wilkie, Sir David 432
Willroider, Joseph 436
Wilson, Richard 436
Winterhalter, Franz Xaver 438
Wislicenus, Hermann 439
Wit, Jacob de 439
Wolgemuth, Michael 444
Woods, Henry 447
Worms, Jules 448
Wouwerman, Philips 449
Yeames, William Frederick 455
Yon, Edmond Charles 457
Yvon, Adolphe 458
Zegers, Geeraard 461
Zeitblom, Bartholomaus 462
Zelotti, Giambattista 462
Zichy, Michael von 464
Zick, Januarius 464
Ziem, Felix .465
Zimmermann, Ernst 467
Zimmermann, Reinhard Sebastian 468
Zucchero, Federigo
Zucchero, Taddeo
ZOgel, Heinrich
Zurbarau, Francisco 472
xiii
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES.
1. Rabe, Edmund
2. Raoux, Jean
3. Raphael
4. Ravesteyn, Jan van
5. Recco, Giuseppe
6. Regnault, Jean Baptiste
7. Rembrandt van Rhyn
8. Restout, Jean
9. Rhomberg, Joseph Anton
10. Ricci, Camillo
11. Ricci, Sebastiano
12. Richard, Fleury Fra^ois
13. Richardson, Jonathan
14. Ridinger, Johaun Elias
15. Riedel, August
16. Riepenhausen, Franz and Johann .
17. Rigaud, Hyacinthe
18. Ring, Pieter de
19. Rizi, Francisco
20. Robert, Hubert
21. Robert, Louis Leopold
22. Robert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas ....
23. Roepel, Koenraad
24. Rombouts, Theodoor
25. Romeyn, Willem
26. Rondani, Francesco Maria
27. Roos, Johann Heinrich
28. Roos, Johann Melchior
29. Roqueplan, Joseph Flienne Canrille
30. Rosa, Salvator
31. Rotteuhammer, Johann
32. Rottmann, Karl
33. Rubens, Peter Paul
34. Rugendas, Georg Philipp
35. Ruisdael, Jacob van
36. Ruisdael, Salomon van
37. Russ, Karl..
AGE
1
38.
6
39.
9
40.
15
41.
17
42.
19
24
43.
28
44.
36
45.
37
46.
38
47.
38
48.
40
49.
43
50.
44
51.
45
52.
46
53.
49
54.
51
55.
53
56.
54
57.
54
58.
59
59.
64
60.
64
61.
66
62.
67
63.
68
64.
69
65.
70
66.
75
67.
76
68.
84
69.
88
70.
89
71.
89
72.
90
73.
Ruthart, Karl 92
Ruysch, Rachel 93
Ryckaert, David 93
Ryckere, Bernaard de 94
Rysbrack, Peeter 94
Sacchi, Andrea 99
Saft-Leven, Herman 101
Sandrart, Joachim von Ill
Santerre, Jean Baptiste 113
Sarto, Andrea del 116
Savery, Roelant 119
Schadow, Felix 120
Schadow, Friedrich Wilhelm von . 121
Schaffuer, Martin 122
Schalckeu, Godfried 123
Schiiufelin, Hans Leonhard 124
Scheffer, Ary 126
Scheits, Mathias 127
Schelver, August Franz 127
Schiavone, Andrea 130
Schirmer, Johann Wilhelm 134
Schloepke, Theodor 136
Schnitzler, J. Michael 139
Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius 140
Schoeff, J 141
Schongauer, Martin 142
Schorn, Karl 146
Schrader, Julius 147
Schreyer, Adolf 148
Schrodter, Adolf ... 149
Schumacher, Karl Georg Christian 152
Scorel, Jan van 160
Seeger, Karl Ludwig 165
Seehas, Christian Ludwig 166
Seghers, Daniel 167
Seibold, Christian 168
ziv
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
Siberechts, Jan
Sigalon, Xavier
Sirani, Giovanni Andrea
Slingelandt, Pieter Cornelisz van .
Snellinck, Jan
Snyders, Frans
Snyers, Peeter
Soggi, Niccolo
Spranger, Bartbolomeus
Stalbemt, Adriaen van
Staveren, Joban Adriaensz van . . .
Steen, Jan
Steenwyck, Hendrik van, elder . .
Steenwyck, Hendiik van, younger
Stella, Jacques
Stilke, Hermann
Stoop, Dirk
Stork, Abraham
Stothard, Thomas
Streek, Juriaan van
Streek, Hendrik van
Stry, Abraham van
Sturm, Fritz
Stunner, Karl
Subleyras, Pierre
Suhrlandt, Johann Heinrich
Suhrlandt, Eudolf Friedrich Karl
Suvee, Joseph Beuoit
Swanevelt, Herman
Swart, Jan
Swebach, Jacques Frauyois Joseph
Taunay, Nicolas Antoine . . .
Tempesta, Antonio
Teniers, David, elder
Teniers, David, younger . . .
Terburg, Gerard
Testa, Pietro
Testeliu, Henri
Thiele, Johaun Alexander . .
Thielen, Jan Philip van
Thulden, Theodorus van. . .
Thys, Peeter
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista.
Tilborch, Egidius
Tilens, Jan
Tischbeiu, August Anton . ,
I V.I
177
181
190
191
196
197
197
199
213
216
219
220
220
221
225
229
231
232
233
235
235
237
240
240
241
241
241
247
248
248
248
255
256
257
259
260
261
262
264
265
272
273
275
276
276
o«r>
120. Tischbein, Johann Heitirich
1 V .1
281
284
286
287
287
289
291
294
302
310
312
318
319
319
320
321
323
331
333
334
335
336
347
348
348
349
349
350
121. Titian
122. Tobar, Alouso Miguel de
123. Tocque, Louis
124. Tol, Dominican van .
125. Toorenvliet, Jacob
126. Touruieres, Robert Levrac
127. Tromolliere, Pierre Charles
128. Troy, Jeau Francois de
129. Uden, Lucas van
130. Ulft, Jacob van der
131. Utrecht, Adriaeu van
132. Vaccaro, Andrea
133. Vadder, Lodewyck de
134 Vaillant, Wallerant
135 Valckenborch Marteu van
136. Valentin, Le
137. Velasco, Luis do
138. Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de
Silva y
139 Velde Adriaan van de
140 Velde Esaias van de . ...
141 Velde Willeiu van dc
142. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph . .
143 Verboeckhoven Louis
145 Verdier Francois
146 Verelst Pieter
148 Verhietrt Tobias
351
353
353
149 Verlat Charles
151. Vernet, Antoine Charles Horace .
152 Vornct Claude Joseph
355
356
359
360
361
361
362
365
366
372
373
374
386
154. Verschaeren, Joannes Antouius . .
155 Verschurin^h Heiulrik
i ^o Vi^n .Tn<w»nh TMarie . . . .
mVinM.- TVvnus Djivicl • • •
162. Vinne, Vincent Laureusz van der.
1 fi3 Vivien. Josenh . .
MONOGRAMS AND SIGNATURES
PAGE
164. Vliet, Hendrik Cornelisz van 387
165. Voelcker, Gottfried Wilhelm 388
166. Vois, Arie de 389
167. Vollmer, Adolf 390
168. Vos, Cornelis de 394
169. Vos, Marten de , 394
170. Vos, Paulus de 395
171. Vos, Simon de 395
172. Vouet, Simon 396
173. Vries, Adriaan de 397
174. Vries, Eoelof de 397
175. Vroom, Hendrik Corneliszen .... 398
176. Vuillefroy, Dominique Fulix de . . 399
177. Wael, Cornelis de 400
178. Wagenbaur, Max Joseph 401
179. Walscapele, Jacob 404
180. Waterloo, Anthonie 411
181. Watteau, Antoine 412
182. Weenix, Jan Baptista 416
183. Weenix, Jan 417
184. Weerts, Jean Joseph 417
185. Wegelin, Adolf 417
186. Weller, Theodor Leopold 420
187. Werff, Adriaan van der 422
188. Werff, Pieter van der 422
189. West, Benjamin '. . . 425
190. Wicar, Jean Baptiste 428
191. Wildens, Jan 431
192. Wilkie, Sir David 432
193. Willaerts, Abraham 432
194. Willaerts, Adam 433
195. Wilson, Eiehard 437
196. Winghe, Jodocus van 438
197. Witte, Emanuel de 440
198. Wouwerman, Philips 450
199. Wyck, Thomas 453
200. Wynants, Jan 454
201. Wytman, Matheus 455
202. Ykens, Peeter 457
203. Zeemau, Reinier 461
204. Ziegler, Jules 465
205. Zurbaran, Francisco 472
xvi
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Acad., Academy.
A.N.A., Associate of the National Academy.
A.R.A., Associate of the Royal Academy.
A.RH.A, Associate of the Royal Hiber-
nian Academy.
A.R.S.A., Associate of the Royal Scottish
Academy.
C. & C., Crowe and Cavalcaselle.
Cat., Catalogue.
Ch., Church.
Col., Collection.
Gal., Gallery.
H., Height.
ib., ibidem.
id., idem.
Insi, Institute.
L. of Honour, Legion of Honour.
Mus., Museum.
N.A., National Academy or Academician.
Nat. Gal., National Gallery.
Pal., Palace, Palais, Palazzo.
R, Royal.
R.A, Royal Academy or Academician.
R.H.A, Royal Hibernian Academy or
Academician.
R.S.A., Royal Scottish Academy or Acad-
emician.
S., San, Santa.
SS., Santi, Sante.
S. M., Santa Marin.
St., Saint.
W. & W., Woltmann and Woermann.
* *
Words in italics Indicate the alphabetical placa of articles on tlie subjects
CYCLOPEDIA
PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS.
R
AAB, GEORG, born in Vienna in 1821,
died there, Dec. 31, 1885. Portrait,
figure, and miniature painter, pupil
of Vienna Academy ; worked in 1841-46 in
Sir D. W. ; Art Journal (London, 1877),
100.
RABE, EDMUND, born in Berlin, Sept
2, 1815. Genre and animal painter, pupil
Pesth ; visited Munich, and settled in Vi- j of Berlin Academy and of Franz KrQger ;
enna, where he has had great success with visited in 1835 Dresden, Prague, Nurem-
ideal figures and heads, and for many years berg, and the Baltic Coast, in 1841-42 the
was the favourite portrait painter of the Netherlands, Paris, Switzerland, and North-
Imperial family and high aristocracy. A ern Italy, and in 185C Palestine. Member
collection of his works was exhibited by the of Berlin Academy in 1843. Works : Trans-
Austrian Art Union in April, 1886. Works : portation of French Prisoners of War in
Deborah (1858) ; The Maiden (1862) ; Mi- 1813 (1838), National Gallery, Berlin ; Re-
gnon (1869), Empress of Austria; Lady 'port to Officers Carousing (1840), Schwe-
with White Veil, Vienna Museum ; Por- j rin Gallery ; Call to Arms before Town Hall
traits of Emperor and Empress (38) of Aus- of Prussian Town in 1813 ; Travellers be-
tria, Crown Prince Rudolf, Archdukes and fore Inn ; Cir- — -^
Archduchesses, etc.— Allgem. K. C., x. 13, cus Riders in V Ys^Vip \9vll ft
298, 317 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 157. French Town. °^ U
RABBIT ON THE WALL, Sir David — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1843), 83 ; D. Kunstbl.
Wttkie, Sir William G. Armstrong ; canvas. (1850), 246 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 175 ; Rac-
Called in Scotland the Hare among the ' zynski, iii. 113 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
Kale. Six figures : the father making with 287.
his fingers the shadow of a rabbit on the RACHOU, HENRI, born at Toulouse ;
wall, which the mother holds her babe to contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Bon-
see ; in foreground, a girl with a light- [nai Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Knit-
ed candle ; at left, two boys looking on. | ters (1881) ; Fishmonger, Studio Interior
Painted in 1815; bought by Mr. Turner (1882); St. Jerome, Breton Cobbler (IS
for 200 guineas ; sold in 1842 to Sir W. Portraits (1884, 1885, 188G).
G. Armstrong for 700 guineaa Sketch] RADIN, SALEH, Prince, born in Java,
in Baring Collection. Engraved by John died at Buitenzorg, near Batavia, April
Burnet ; W. Greatbach.— Heaton, Works of 1881. Animal, landscape, and marine paint-
RADL
er, pupil at The Hague of Sclielfhout and
J. A. Kruseman ; visited Germany, Italy,
and France in 1841-46, and returned to
The Hague. Copied most successfully The
Young Bull by Potter, in The Hague Mu-
seum. Works : Lion Hunt ; Bull Hunt in
India, Leipsic Museum ; Storm at Sea. —
Cotta's Kunstbl. (1840), 328 ; (1845), 72 ; D.
Kunstbl. (1850), 373 ; Immerzeel, iii. 1.
RADL, ANTON, born in Vienna, April
16, 1774, died in Frankfort, March 4, 1852.
Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy, then in Brussels (1790) of Kormer ;
settled in Frankfort in 1794. Works :
Woods in Sunshine, Entrance to Forest
(1807), Four Views in the Taunus (1815,
1817, 1823, 1825), Darmstadt Gallery ; View
in Lorsbach Valley, Wood Landscape, Stii-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Views in the Tau-
nus, Black Forest, and on the Danube. — N.
Necrol. der D. (1852), 141 ; Wurzbach, xxiv.
202.
RAEBUKN, Sir HENRY, born at Stock-
bridge, near Edinburgh, March 4, 1756,
died near there, July 8, 1823. Apprenticed
to a goldsmith in Edinburgh ; tried minia-
ture painting and then portrait painting,
copying the works of David Martin. A fort-
unate marriage enabled him to visit (1778)
London and Italy, on his return from which,
in 1780, he set up as a portrait painter in
Edinburgh. He soon won high rank in his
art, was elected in 1812 president of the
Society of Artists in Scotland, and in 1813
an A.R.A., and in 1815 R.A. On the visit
of George IV. to Edinburgh in 1822 he
was knighted, and the next year he was ap-
pointed his majesty's limner for Scotland.
Nine of his portraits are in the National
Gallery, Edinburgh, and four in the Na-
tional Portrait Gallery, South Kensington,
viz.: F. Homer, Rev. I. Home, Sir I. Sin-
clair, H. Mackenzie ; Portrait of Sir Walter
Scott (1808), Duke of Buccleuch ; do. of
Helen Stirling, Earl of Dunmore. — Cun-
ningham ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole an-
glaise ; F. de Conches, 401 ; Sandby, i. 359 ;
Portfolio (1879), 200.
RAFFAELLINO. See Bottalla.
RAFFAELLINO DEL GARBO. See
Garbo.
RAFFAELLO or RAFFAELLINO DAL
COLLE, born in Colle about 1500, died at
Borgo San Sepolcro, Nov. 17, 1566. Roman
school ; said to have been a pupil of Raph-
ael's, but was rather the disciple of Giulio
Romano, whom he assisted in his principal
works in Rome and in the Palazzo del Te,
Mantua. Among his own works are : Res-
urrection, Almighty with Angels, Cathedral,
Borgo San Sepolcro ; Assumption, Minori
Asservanti, ib.; Assumption, S. Francesco,
and Madonna and Saints, S. Michele Arch-
angelo, Citta di Castello. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
ombrienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 163.
RAFF ALT, IGNAZ, born at Weisskirch-
en, Styria, in 1800, died at Haimbach, near
Vienna, July 7, 1857. Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works :
Mill at Obersteier ; Foggy Landscape ; Mill
in the Woods; Convent Soup (1846); Fish-
erman's Hut (1848) ; River Landscape with
Castle (1852) ; Golden Wedding at Murau ;
Postilions returning Home, Evening Land-
scape (1849), Vienna Museum. His son
Johaiin Gualbert (born at Murau, Styria,
in 1836, died in Rome in 1865) was a tal-
ented genre painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy and of Pettenkofen. Works : Land-
scape with Horse-Pond, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; Market in Hungary (1862) ; Gypsy
Camp (1863) ; Wall on the Puszta ; Hunga-
rian Vehicle (1864); Cattle Fair in Hungary.
—Wurzbach, xxiv. 216, 220.
RAFFORT, ETIENNE, born at Chalon-
sur-Saone, May 11, 1802. Landscape and
history painter, pupil of Castillet. Visited
Italy (1829-32), and the East in 1842.
Medals: 3d class, 1837; 2d class, 1840;
1st class, 1843. Works : View of Palermo,
Partanico, Genoa (1831) ; Seat of Govern-
ment in Algiers (1833) ; St. Malo, Moun-
tain Road in Burgundy, View of Auxerre
(1834) ; View of Naples (1835), Chalon-sur-
Saone Museum ; Nantes, Babazoun in Al-
giers, Powder Magazine at St. Malo (1835) ;
RAUL
Palermo, Montereau, Dieppe, Havre (1836);
Chalon-sur-SaOne, Harbour of St. Halo
(1837); Farm-Yard in Burgundy (1838);
Grand Canal and S. M. della Salute in Ven-
ice (1840); Thun (1841); Entry of Emperor
Henry IV. into Venice (1843), Grenoble
Museum ; Square and Fountain of Tophane
in Constantinople (1846) ; Mosque at Scu-
tari ; Wall paintings in Notre Dame at
Chardonnay. — Bellier, ii. 336 ; Larousse.
RAHL, KAKL, bora in Vienna, Aug. 13,
1812, died there, July
9, 1865. History and
portrait painter, son of
the engraver Karl
Heinrich Rahl, pupil
of Vienna Academy;
won the first prize in
1832, visited Germany,
Hungary, and France,
then studied in Rome
(1836-43) after the antique ; returned to
Vienna, and in 1845 went to Holstein, and
in 1847 to Copenhagen, where he painted
several members of the Danish court. After
living a few years in Munich, he was called
in 1850 to Vienna as temporary professor at
the Academy, but resigned after one term
and opened a school of painting, where he
instructed eighty pupils, among whom were
Bitterlich, Eisenmeuger, Griepenkerl, Lotz,
and Than. For years disregarded and slight-
ed— his grand compositions for the decora-
tion of the Vienna Arsenal having also been
refused — he at last obtained deserved prom-
inence through the patronage of Baron Siua,
executed a number of monumental exterior
and interior decorations in palaces and
public buildings of Vienna, and in 1863
was nominated professor at the Academy.
Works, Altarpieces : Madonna (1829); Bap-
tism of Christ (1830) ; Marriage of the Vir-
gin, St. Joseph of Calasanz (1841), Pia-
ristenkirche, Vienna ; Assumption (1848) ;
Trinity, St. Catharine, St. Simon, St. Georg,
Madonna, Greek Church, Vienna. Mythol-
ogy and Allegory : Prometheus rejecting
Pandora (1834), Development of the Sci-
ences in Greece (I860), Jason taking the
Golden Fleece, Sacrifice of Iphigenia (1861),
Rape of Helen (1863), Baron Sina, Vienna;
Arion singing to the Nereids (1848); Orestes
| pursued by the Furies (1852) ; Hercules
serving Omphale (1860) ; Four Elements
(1861) ; Four Cardinal Virtues of Austria's
Regents, Vienna Academy ; Boreas eloping
with Eireithyia, Munich Art Union ; Arts
of Peace (12, 1861), Heiurichshof, Vienna.
History : David hiding in Cave of Adullam
(1832); Confederation on the Rotli in 1307 ;
Hagen declared Siegfried's Murderer (1835),
Charles of Anjou finding Manfred's Body
(1838), Vienna Museum ; Hagen and Volker
before Chriemhilde's Door (1836); Persecu-
tion of Christians in Rome (1844), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; replica (1847), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Bishop Kolouitsch bring-
ing Christian Prisoners from Turkish Camp
(1853) ; Samson and Delilah (1854) ; Man-
fred's Entry into Luceria in 1254 ; Moses
protecting Reuel's Daughters ; Leopold the
Virtuous on the Walls of Ptolemais. Genre
and Landscape : Woman saving her Child
from Lion (1834) ; Rugantino, Old Catalo-
nian, Old Roman (1838); Woman from Pro-
cida (1839) ; View near Terraciua (1840) ;
Neapolitan Marinaro singing to his Sweet-
heart (1841) ; Fortune-Teller (1841), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Rural Scene near
Rome, Girl at the Well (1842); Lute-Player
(1850) ; Italian Woman with Tambourine
(1853) ; do. at the Well (1856). Portrait* :
The Painters Wiichter (1834), Riepenhau-
sen (1846), Cornelius, Genelli, Heinrich
Hess, Kaulbach (1848), Aigner (1851), Ko-
vacs, Ricard (1854), Willers (1857), the
sculptors Braudcnburger (1836), Martin
: Wagner (1838), Hiihnel (1850), and Pilz,
the architects Ernst and Hansen (1854),
the poets Robert Prutz (1848), Ludwig A.
Frankl (1855), the philosopher Ludwig Feu-
erbach (1848), all at the Deutches Hoch-
stift, Frankfort ; Martin Wagner, New Pi-
uakothek, Munich ; Ernst Willers, Old Man,
Two Female Heads, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
the poets Keruer (1833), Schwab, Lenau,
KAIBOLINI
Hebbel (1855) ; Franz Liszt (1858) ; King
Christian of Denmark; King Otto and
Queen Amalie of Greece. Frescos : History
of War and Strategy, Fame and Honour,
Courage and Wisdom, Unity and Power,
Arsenal, Vienna ; Myth of Paris (9, 1862),
Baron Todesco, ib.; The Maiden from Afar
(1864), Villa Wisgrill, Gmunden.— Hottner,
Carl Eahl (Vienna, 1863); Dioskuren (1863),
Nos. 14-18, 30-35 ; D. Kunst-Zeitg. (1863),
viii. Nos. 14-17, 33-35; Forster, v. 508;
niustr. Zeitg. (1855), ii. No. 631 ; (1865),
ii. 355 ; (1872), i. 139 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
175; Kolnische Zeitg. (1865), No. 203;
Rainbow, Rubens, Louvre.
Kunst-Chronik, i. 43, 102; ii. 55; N. fr.
Presse (1865), Nos. 329, 338; Reber, ii.
207; Recensionen (1863), 3; Eiegel, D.
Kunststud., 303 ; Schack, Meine Gemiilde-
sammlung (1884), 176 ; Land und Meer
(1865), xiv. 692 ; Unsere Zeit (1866), ii. 401 ;
Wurzbach, xxiv. 230 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i.
109 ; iii. 34 ; iv. 90, 244 ; ix. (Mittheilung-
en, ii. 27) ; xii. 25, 90, 122, 217 ; xiii 115,
188, 221, 250, 316, 355.
EAIBOLINI. See Francia.
RAILWAY STATION, William P. Frith,
Holloway Institute, Egham, near London ;
canvas. Station of Great Western Railway
at Paddington, at time of departure of a
train. Painted in 1862 ; commissioned by
Mr. Flatou for 8,000 guineas. — Art Journal
(1862), 95, 122.
RAINBOW, Rubens, Louvre ; wood, H. 4
ft. x 5 ft. 8 in. A valley with a river crossed
by two bridges, with buildings on the banks
and mountains in background, spanned by
a rainbow ; in foreground, shepherds, sheep,
and a dog, and a couple reclining. Collec-
tion of Louis XIV. Engraved by Bolswert ;
Garreau in Musce francais. — Ch. Blanc,
licole flamande ; Cat. Louvre ; Smith, ii.
119 ; Reveil, ix. 586.
RAKE'S PROGRESS, Hogarth, Soane
Museum, London ; eight pictures, canvas,
H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.
They represent the career
of an extravagant and dis-
sipated young man, begun
in falsehood and profligacy,
ending in poverty, despair,
and madness. 1. The Rake
comes to his Fortune ; 2.
The Rake as a Fine Gen-
tleman ; 3. The Rake in a
Bagnio ; 4. The Rake Ar-
rested ; 5. The Rake's Mar-
riage ; 6. The Rake at the
Gaming-Table; 7. The Rake
in Prison ; 8. The Rake in
Bedlam. Painted in 1735.
Sold in 1745 for 176 guin-
eas ; bought by Sir John
Soane for £598. — Jameson, Hand-Book to
Public Gal., ii. 565.
RALLI, THEODORE JACQUES, born in
Constantinople, of Greek parents ; contem-
porary. Genre painter, pupil of Gerome,
and of Lecomte du Nouy ; mention hon-
ourable, 1885. Studio in Paris. Works :
Watch by the Body of Ahmed-el-Kalib
Pasha (1884); Christian Vestal (1885);
Refectory of Greek Convent (1886).
RAMBERG, ARTHUR GEORG VON,
Baron, born in Vienna, Sept. 4, 1819, died
in Munich, Feb. 5, 1875. History and genre
painter and illustrator, pupil of Prague and
Dresden Academies and of Julius Hu'bner ;
went in 1850 to Munich, in 1860 became
RAMELAAR
professor at the Weimar Art School, and in
1866 at the Munich Academy. His illus-
trations to Goethe's
Hermann and Doro-
thea made him espe-
cially popular. Mem-
ber of Vienna and
Berlin Academies;
Order of Michael.
Works: Henry the
Fowler fighting the
Huns;Dachauer Wom-
en on Sunday (1855) ; Walk with the Tutor,
After the Masked Ball (1858) ; Hide and
Seek ; Court of Frederick H. at Palermo
(1867), Maximilianeum, Munich ; After Din-
ner, Morning Devotion in the Mountains
(1855), New Pinakothek, ib.; Meeting on
the Lake ; At the Embroidery-Frame ; In-
vitation to Boating ; Reading ; Illustrations
to Schiller's Poems, Goethe's Hermann and
Dorothea, Voss's Luise ; Frescos in Luther-
Room at the Wartburg ; Fairy Tale of the
Frog King, Weimar Museum ; Girl with
Goat on the Alp, Wiesbaden Gallery. —
Deutsche Warte, is. 447 ; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1875), i. 153; Kunst-Chronik, vii. 315;
x. 425 ; Reber, iii. 241 ; Land und Meer
(1875), i. 474, 510 ; (1877), i. 242 ; (1887),
i. 31 ; Unsere Zeit (1875), ii. ; Wurzbach,
xxiv. 305 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 64 ; v. 24 ;
x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 41).
RAMELAAR See Coninck, David de.
RAMENGHL See Bagnacavallo.
RAMSAY, ALLAN, born in Edinburgh
in 1713, died at Dover, Aug. 10, 1784. Son
of the author of "The Gentle Shepherd."
Went to London about 1733, and after stud-
ying in St. Martin's Lane Academy re-
turned to Edinburgh, whence he set out for
Italy in 1736. Studied portraiture in Rome,
and on his return to London attained dis-
tinction ; was vice-president of the Society
of Artists in 1766, and in 1767 was appoint-
ed principal painter to George HI., whose
portrait he painted so many times that he
was obliged to employ assistants. He died
on his return from a fourth visit to Italy.
Walpole praises his portrait* of women, pre-
ferring some of them to those of Reynolds.
Works : George HI., Queen Charlotte, Lord
Chesterfield, Dr. Mead, National Portrait
Gallery; David Hume, Artist's Wife, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh.— Dutton Cooke,
123 ; Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 86 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole anglaise.
RAMSAY, MILNE, born in Philadelphia,
Pa.; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of
Bonnat in Paris, where he has long resided.
Exhibits in Paris Salon and National Acad-
emy, New York Works : Still-Life, Monk,
Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia ; Home
of a Naturalist (1876) ; Moral Lesson ;
Douce Bt'atitude ; Cromwell and his Daugh-
ter Elizabeth, Bird Fanciers (1878) ; Nature
Morte, Visit to the Cellar (1881).
RANC, JEAN, born at Montpellier about
1674, died at Madrid, July 1 (?), 1735.
French school ; history and portrait painter, .
son of and first instructed by Antoine Ranc,
a skilful portrait painter (still living in
1715), then pupil of Hyacinthe Rigaud ; was
invited to the court of Spain in 1724, and
became first painter to the king, who sent
him to Portugal to paint the royal family.
Works : Portrait of Louis XIV., Male Por-
trait, Montpellier Museum ; Portraits of
Philip V. (4), Queen Isabel Farnese (3),
and five others, Madrid Museum ; others in
Brunswick Museum. — Bellier, ii. 341 ; Jal,
1041.
RANFTL, JOHANN MATHIAS, born in
Vienna, Feb. 21, 1805, died there, Nov. 1,
1854. Genre and animal painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy and of Peter Krnfft ; paint-
ed portraits in Moscow and St. Petersburg
in 1826-27, and visited London in 1838.
Works : Scene from Inundation of Pesth
(1839), Museum, Vienna; Dog Family,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Mid-day Rest of
Mowers; Return of Apprentice (1846); Con-
gratulation ; Children gathering Wood
(1850) ; Hunting Booty. — D. KunstbL
(1854), 409 ; Wurzbach, xxiv. 328.
RANKLEY, ALFRED, born in England
in 1819, died in London, Dec. 7, 1872.
KANSONNET-VILLEZ
Genre painter, pupil of the Royal Academy,
where he first exhibited, in 1841, Scene
from Macbeth. His pictures are generally
domestic subjects, carefully painted. Works:
The Lonely Hearth (1857) ; Return of the
Prodigal (1858) ; The Day is Done (1860) ;
The Doctor's Coming (1804); Follow My
Leader (1867); Following the Trail, Hearth
of his Home (1870); The Benediction
(1871) ; Milton's First Meeting with Mary
Powell ; George Stephenson at Darlington.
RANSONNET-VILLEZ, EUGEN, Baron,
born at Hietzing, near Vienna, June 7, 1838.
Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy ; visited Constantinople, Greece, and
Asia Minor in 1860, Palestine, Egypt, Ara-
bia in 1862, Ceylon and Hindostau in 1864
-65, India, Siam, China, Japan, and a part
of America in 1868. Lives at Vienna and
at Nussdorf on the Atter Lake, Upper Aus-
tria. "Works : Morning on Banks of the
Ganges ; Sail of Austrian Embassy to Bang-
kok (1870) ; Hindu Women in Bombay ;
First Knitting, Moutuiu Forest in India
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Wurz-
bach, xxiv. 349.
RANVIER, VICTOR JOSEPH, born at
Lyons ; contemporary. Genre and laud-
scape painter, pupil of Janmot and Richard.
Medals : 1865 ; 2d class, 1873 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1878. Works : Racing for the Wreath
(1864), Infancy of Bacchus (1865), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Echo, Exiled Virtues
(1873) ; Release of Prometheus (1884), Ly-
ons Museum ; Morning (1876) ; Little Tur-
tle (1879) ; Bacchus and Ariadne (1880) ;
Child with a Swan (1882).— Claretie, Pein-
tres, vii. 332, 387.
RANZONI, GUSTAV, born atUnternalb,
Lower Austria, May 10, 1826. Landscape
and animal painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy. Works : View on Karst Mountain (5,
1858, 1866, 1867) ; View on Traun Lake
(1864) ; Ruin of Neukosel on the Karst
(1865) ; Sunset in Autumn (1867) ; Sheep |
on the Puszta, Sunset near Klosterneuburg
(1869) ; Before the Storm (1870, 1871), Vi-
enna Academy ; Cows Drinking (1870); Vil-
lage Pond (1871) ; Oxen Ploughing ; Cattle
Herd Resting. — Wurzbach, xxiv. 353.
RAOUX, JEAN, born at Montpellier, June
12, 1677, died in
Paris, Feb. 10,
1734. French
school; genre
painter, pupil of
Ranc at Mont-
pellier and of
Bon Boulogne in
Paris ; won the
grand prix de
Rome in 1704.
Member Academy in 1717, in which year he
refused the position of painter to the King
of Spain, on account of ill health. Made a
short visit to England in 1720. Works :
Telemachus and Calypso, Louvre ; Dame
Boucher as a Vestal (1728), Bordeaux Mu-
seum ; do. (1734), Versailles Museum ; La-
dy Musician, Douai Museum ; Young Girl
surprised by her Grandmother, Marseilles
Museum ; Vestal bearing the Sacred Fire,
Montpellier Museum ; Rinaldo and Arm id a
with Nymphs and Cupids, Nantes Museum ;
Madame du Noyer, Orleans Museum ; Ceph-
alus and Procris, Berlin Museum ; Judith
with Head of Holofernes, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Floi-a, Historical Society, New York ;
Pygmalion in Love with his Statue ; Con-
tinence of Scipio ;
Alexander Sick. —
Bellier, ii. 342 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole
francaise ; Wurz-
bach, Fr. Mai. des
xviii. Jahrh., 16 ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre; Lejeune, Guide, i. 208.
RAPHAEL or RAFFAELLO, born at
Urbino, April 6, 1483, died in Rome, April
6, 1520. Umbrian and Roman school ; fam-
ily name Sante, Santi, Sanctius, or Sanzio ;
son and pupil of Giovanni Santi, after whose
death (1492) he was probably taught by Ti-
moteo Vite or Luca Signorelli, until his un-
cle, Simon Ciarla, took him to Perugia, at
some time between June, 1499, and May,
J. /Lo-o u,x
F*
RAPHAEL
1500, and apprenticed him to Perugino, by
whom he was employed with other assist
ants in painting the
frescos of the Sala del
Cambio, then in prog-
ress. The master re-
turned to Florence
(1502), and Raphael
followed him two years
later, after having
painted a Crucifixion
(1500), Earl Dudley,
London ; a Coronation
of the Virgin (1503), Vatican Gallery, Rome ;
and assisted Pinturicchio at Siena in deco-
rating the so-called Library of the Cathedral
with frescos. After remaining at Florence
for perhaps a year, during which he painted
the Marriage of the Virgin, Brera, Milan,
for S. Francesco, Citta di Castello, Raphael
returned to Perugia (1505) to commence a
fresco of the Trinity, at S. Severo, which
was finished by Perugino (1521). In 1505
he was commissioned to paint a Coronation
of the Virgin, for the Convent of Monteluce,
at Perugia. He commenced it many years
later at Rome, and it was finished five years
after his death, by Giulio Romano and II
Fattore. Returning to Florence in 150G,
at the time when Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo were engaged upon their cel-
ebrated cartoons for the great Hall of the
Palazzo Vecchio, Raphael studied both, but
especially those of Leonardo, who, together
with Fra Bartolommeo, exercised great in-
fluence over him during his two years' resi-
dence in that city, which, with the exception
of a short visit to Urbino and Bologna,
lasted until the summer of 1508. In the
pictures painted by Raphael at Florence, a
growing individuality is distinctly visible.
Umbrian in spirit, they show a tenderness
of feeling, an element of ideality, a love of
nature, unknown to the art of Perugino.
Called to Rome in 1508 by Pope Julius H.,
whose favour he secured through the good
offices of his compatriot and relative, the
architect Bramante, Raphael began his great
series of frescos in the Stonze of the Vatican
by painting the Dixjmte of the Sacrament
(1508-11), — the last work in his second or
Florentine style. He hail, however, already
given token, in the Entombment (1507),
Borghese Gallery, Rome, of the dramatic
and constructive elements of his genius,
which were to find opportunity for a full
display in those master works of his third
or Roman manner,— the IMiodorua (1512)
and the School of Athens (1511). During
the twelve years of his life at Rome, in the
service of Julius H and Leo X., Raphael ac-
complished a prodigious amount of work as
painter, architect, sculptor, and archajologist
His wonderful genius, his personal charm,
his engaging manner, and his obliging dis-
position, won him troops of admirers, friends,
and scholars, whose flattering praises served
but to stimulate him to renewed effort
Eager only to perfect his work, and inca-
pable of jealousy, ho studied the grandiose
style of Michelangelo and the rich colour of
Sebastiano del Piombo that he might im-
' prove his own style and colour, and to the
1 day of his death achieved ever-increasing
excellence. Leo X. made him inspector of
all marbles dug up at Rome, commissioned
him to make plans and elevations of her
ancient edifices, and on the 1st of August,
1514, appointed him to succeed Bramanto
I as head architect at St. Peter'a Some idea
! of his work under both Popes can be formed
j from the following general sketch : Between
j his arrival in Rome in 1508 and the deatli
of Julius H. in 1513, he painted in the Vat-
ican the frescos of the Camera della Se-
gnatura, the Heliodorus, and a part of the
Miracle of Bolsena in the Stanza d'Eliodoro,
' the Isaiah (1512), S. Agostino, the Madonna
di Foligno (1511), with other pictures and
portraits, such as those of Julius H., Palazzo
Pitti, the Fornarina (1509), Palazzo Barbe-
rini, etc. Under Leo X. Raphael painted in
the Vatican the Altila, the Liberation of St
Peter, with the ceiling decorations in the
same chamber ; and among easel pictures pro-
duced the Madonna del Pesce (15H), Madrid
RAPHAEL
Gallery, the Madonna della Seclia (1516-17),
Palazzo Pitti, Florence, with many other
pictures mentioned in the accompanying
list of his -works; designed the Cartoons
(1515-16), S. Kensington Museum, London ;
painted a great number of portraits, deco-
rated the Loggie of the Vatican with 48
frescos (1516-19), grotesques, and ara-
besques, carried out by his pupils ; executed
for Agostino Chigi the frescos of Oalatea
(1514), and History of Psyche, at the Farne-
sina (1517), with the assistance of Giulio
Romano and II Fattore ; designed the mo-
saics and the statue of Jonah for the Chigi
Chapel at S. M. del Popolo, the frescos of
Attila, Deliverance of St. Peter, Noah, Abra-
ham, Joseph, Moses and Burning Bush
(1511-14), Stanza d'Eliodoro, Vatican ; In-
cendio del Borgo (1514), Oath of Leo HI.,
Stanza dell' Incendio del Borgo, Vatican ;
History of Old and New Testament, com-
monly called Raphael's Bible (1516-19),
Loggie, Vatican ; Isaiah (1512), S. Agostino ;
Prophets and Sibyls (1513), S. M. della Pace ;
Triumph of Galatea (1514), History of
Psyche (1517), Palazzo Farnesina, Rome.
Works in oil: Resurrection (1495-1500),
Vatican, Rome ; Alfani Madonna (1500),
Casa Fabrizi, Terni ; Solly Madonna (about
1500), Berlin Museum ; Crucifixion (about
the History of Venus and Cupid (1519), and 1 1500), Earl Dudley, London ; Madonna
painted the Holy Family of Francis I. (1518), | (1502?), Berlin Museum ; Connestabile Ma-
Louvre, Paris, the Madonna di San Sisto j donna (1502-3), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
(1519), Dresden Gallery, and last of all the \ Coronation of Virgin (1503), Vatican ; Mar-
Transfiguration (1519-20), Vatican Gallery,
upon which he was at work at the time of
his death. If in the work of Raphael's Ro-
man period, here enumerated but in part,
riage of the Virgin (1504), Brera, Milan ;
Christ in the Garden (about 1504), Stan-
stead House, Sussex; St. George and the
Dragon (1504), St. Michael (1504-5), St.
that indescribable, spring-like freshness is i John in "Wilderness, Apollo and Marsyas
wanting which marks those of his Florentine (1504-5), Louvre ; Madonna del Gran' Duca
period, its absence is compensated by an
unrivalled skill in composition, an added
power of expression, an increased grandeur
(1504-5), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Knight's
Vision (1504-5), National Gallery, London ;
Three Graces (1504-5), Due d'Aumale, Chan-
of style, an improvement in the use of i tilly ; Madonna of St. Anthony of Padua
colour, a mastery of portraiture, and a per- (1504-5), ex-King Francis IL of Naples ;
ception of ideal beauty which culminates in Cowper Madonna (1505), Panshanger House,
the Madonna di San Sisto. Nor must we, England ; Madonna di Terranuova (1505),
in speaking of this great painter's life-work, ! Diotalevi Madonna (?), Berlin Museum ; Holy
forget to mention the immense number of
exquisite studies and designs in pen and ink,
Family of the Palm (1506), Bridgewater
House, London ; Madonna di Casa Tempi
silverpoint, pencil, and chalk, which consti- , (150G), Canigiani Holy Family (1506), Mu-
tute by no means the least precious part of nich Gallery; Orleans Madonna (1506?),
the world's inheritance from the Prince of Chateau de Chantilly, France ; Madonna in
Painters. Works in fresco : The Trinity
(1505), S. Severe, Perugia ; Dispute of Sac-
rament, School of Athens, Parnassus, Pru-
dence, Fortitude and Temperance, Justinian,
Gregory IX., Adam and Eve, Apollo and
Marsyas, Judgment of Solomon, Astronomy,
Theology, Philosoj}hy, Poetry, and Jurispru-
dence (1508-11), Justice, Camera della Se-
gnatura, Vatican ; God appearing to Noah,
Jacob's Dream, Heliodorus, Mass of Bolsena,
the Meadow (1506), Vienna Museum ; Ma-
donna del Cardellino (1506), St. John in
Wilderness, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna di
Ansidei (1507), National Gallery, London;
Portraits of Agnolo and Maddalena Doni
(1506), Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. George
and the Dragon (1506), Holy Family with
Beardless Joseph (1506), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; Portrait of Raphael (1506-7),
Portrait of Young Woman, Uffizi, Florence ;
RAPHAEL
Holy Family del Cordero (1507), Madrid
Museum ; Entombment (1507), Palazzo Bor-
gbese, Borne ; St. Catharine (1507), National
Gallery, London ; Belle Jardiniere Madonna
(1507-8), Louvre, Paris ; Niccolini Madonna
(1508), Panshanger House, England ; Co-
lonna Madonna (about 1508), Berlin Mu-
seum; Eszterlmzy Madonna (about 1508),
Buda-Pesth Gallery; Madonna della Casa
d'Alba (1508-9), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Madonna del Baldacchiuo (1508),
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna with Dia-
dem (1508-13), Louvre; Fornarina (about
1509), Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; Aldobran-
dini Madonna (1510-11), National Gallery,
London; Rogers Madonna (1511), Mrs. R.
J. Mackintosh, London ; Madonna di Foli-
gno (1511), Vatican, Rome; Bridgewater
Madonna (1511-12), Bridgewater House,
London; Portrait of Julius H. (1511-12),
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Portrait of Bindo
Altoviti (1512-13), Eiccio Portrait, Munich
Gallery; Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena
(1513), Madrid Museum ; Portrait of Tom-
maso Inghirami (about 1513), Madonna dell'
Impannata (about 151-4), Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; Madonna del Pesce (1514) Madrid
Museum ; Portrait of Young Man (1515-20),
Louvre ; Raphael's Cartoons (1515-1G), S.
Kensington Museum, London ; Madonna
della Teuda (1516), Munich Gallery; Por-
trait of Baldassare Castiglione (about 151C),
Louvre ; Madonna della Sedia (1516-17),
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna dei Cau-
delabri (1516-17), Butler-Johnstone Col-
lection, London; St. Cecilia (1516-17),
Bologna Gallery ; Kpasimo di Sicilia (1510-
18), Madrid Museum ; Holy Family La Per-
la (about 1517), Holy Family del Lagarto
(about 1517), Madonna della Rosa (1517),
Visitation (about 1517), Madrid Museum ;
Vision of Ezekiel (about 1517), Palazzo Pitti,.
Florence; Holy Family, (1517-18), Holy
Family of Francis I. (1518), St. Margaret
(1518), St. Michael (1518), Louvre ; Portrait
of Leo X. (1517-19), Palazzo Pitti, Florence;
Madonna di S. Sisto (1518), Dresden Gallery ;
Portrait of Joanna of Aragou (about 1518),
Kaphael and his Fencing Master, Louvre;
Violinist (1518), Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna,
Rome ; Trawfiguration (1519-20), Vatican.
Other works attributed to Raphael : Ad-
oration of the Magi (1503 ?), Berlin Muse-
um ; Madonna witli the Pink (about 1507 ?),
Count Spada, Lucca ; Madonna (La Viergo
au Sein, 1510), Professor Nicoln, Lausanne ;
Holy Family of Loreto (1512-13), lost ; Ma-
donna del Pozzo (?), Uffizi, Florence ; Donna
Gravida, Donna Velata, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ;
Holy Family del Divino Amore (about 1513),
Naples Museum ; St. Margaret, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Madonna di S. Luca, Accadeinia di
S. Luca, Rome. —
Milntz, Raphael
(Paris, 1881);
Forster, Raphael ;
Springer, Raffael
und Michelangelo
(Leipsic, 1878);
Gruyer. Les Fres-
ques de Raphael;
Raphael et 1'Anti- /
quite (Paris, 1864); U
Vierges de Raphael (Paris, 1869) ; Raphael
Peintre de Portraits (Paris, 1881) ; C. & C.,
j Raphael (London, 1882); Lttbke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., ii. 211 ; do., Rafaels Leben (Dres-
den, 1882); Grimm, Das Leben Raffaels
(Berlin, 1886) ; Minghetti, Raffaelo (Bologna,
1885); Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 311; Gutbier,
Raf ael-Werk ; J. Dennistoun, Memoirs of
Dukes of Urbino (London, 1861) ; Burck-
hardt, 648 ; Ch. Clement, Michel Ange, L.
da Vinci, Raphael (Paris, 1861), 240 ; Passa-
vaut, Raphael d'Urbin et son pi-re Gio.
Snnti (French tr., Paris, 1860); Planche,
Portraits d' Artistes (Paris, 1853), i. 25;
Quatremere de Quincy, Histoire do la vie de
Raphael (Paris, 1835) ; C. C. Perkins, Raph-
ael and Michelangelo (Boston, 1878) ; East-
lake, Five Great Painters (London, 1883) ;
Bigot, Raphael et La Farm'sine (Paris,
1884) ; Lermolieff, 95, 309, 330, 339, 348,
359, 471; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859-69);
(1870), iii. 79; (1872), vi. 353; (1873), vii.
336, 417; viiL 82; (1875), xii. 114 ; (1877),
KAPHAEL
xv. 238; (1878), xvii. 44; (1879), xx. 173;
(1880), xxii. 307, 379, 453, 465, 531 ; (1881),
xxiii. 140 ; (1882), xxv. 281, 385 ; xxvi. 465 ;
(1883), xxvii. 158 ; xxviii. 474 ; Graph. K, v.
53 ; Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 622 ; xv. 6 ; x. 337 ;
xv. 6; xviii. 425, 457, 576, 579; xix. 429,
712 ; xx. 39 ; xxi. 141 ; Mag. of Art (1886),
ix. 371 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 273, 298 ; iv.
153, 187 ; viii. 65 ; ix. 381 ; xvi. 253 ; xix.
60, 92 ; xxi. 43, 263.
EAPHAEL, portrait, Raphael, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; wood, H. 18 in. x 12£ in. The pict-
ure so often engraved — bust of a young man
about twenty-three years old, in black doub-
let and cap, from which luxuriant chestnut
hair falls in curls upon his bare neck.
Painted in Florence in 1506-07. In Urbino
until 1588, when it was transferred by Fe-
derico Zucchero to the Academy of St. Luke,
Kome ; afterward sold to Cardinal Leopoldo
de' Medici. Suffered from abrasion and re-
painting. Old copies in Palazzo Borghese,
Kome, and Palazzo Albani, Urbino. En-
graved by F. Muller ; F. Forster.— C. & C.,
Raphael, i. 281 ; Passavant, ii. 49 ; Miintz,
217.
EAPHAEL'S BIBLE, a series of fifty-
two frescos in the Loggie of the Vatican,
Eome. The Loggia which leads to the
apartments of the Pope consists of thirteen
arcades arched in cupolas. Each of the
arcades contains four pictures ; forty-eight
subjects are from the Old Testament, and
four from the life of Christ. The sketches
were made by Raphael, the cartoons were
prepared by Giulio Romano, and the paint-
ing was done by Giulio Romano, II Fattore,
Perino del Vaga, Pellegrino da Modena,
Vincenzio da San Gimignano, Polidoro da
Caravaggio, and others. Painted about
1516-19.
1st Arcade. Creation of the World.
Four compositions : 1. God brings Light
from Chaos ; 2. God creates the Earth ; 3.
God creates the Firmament ; 4. God creates
Animals.
2d Arcade. Adam and Eve. Four com-
positions : 1. God presents Eve to Adam ;
2. Adam and Eve disobey God ; 3. Adam
and Eve driven from Paradise ; 4. Adam
and Eve out of Paradise.
3d Arcade. History of Noah. Four com-
positions : 1. Noah building Ark ; 2. Del-
uge ; 3. Noah leaving Ark ; 4. Sacrifice of
Noah.
4th Arcade. History of Abraham. Four
compositions : 1. Abraham and Melchisedec ;
2. God reveals himself to Abraham ; 3. Abra-
ham visited by the Angels ; 4. Lot and his
Family flee from Sodom.
5th Arcade. History of Isaac. Four
compositions : 1. God appears to Isaac ; 2.
Isaac and Rebecca with Abimelech ; 3. Ja-
cob receives the Blessing of Isaac ; 4. Esau
demands his Father's Blessing.
6th Arcade. History of Jacob. Four
compositions : 1. Dream of Jacob ; 2. Ja-
cob at the Fountain ; 3. Jacob reproaching
Laban ; 4. Jacob returning to Canaan.
Painted by Pellegrino da Modena after de-
signs of Raphael.
7th Arcade. History of Joseph. Four
compositions : 1. Dreams of Joseph ; 2. Jo-
seph sold by his Brethren ; 3. Joseph and
Potiphar's Wife ; 4. Joseph explains Dreams
of Pharaoh.
8th and 9th Arcades. History of Moses.
Eight compositions : 1. Moses saved from
the Waters ; 2. Burning Bush ; 3. Passage
of the Red Sea ; 4. Moses strikes the Rock ;
5. God gives Moses the First Tables of the
Law ; 6. Worship of the Golden Calf ; 7.
The Column of Cloud ; 8. Moses presents
to Israelites the New Tables of the Law.
10th Arcade. History of Joshua. Four
compositions : 1. Passage of the Jordan ; 2.
Taking of Jericho ; 3. Joshua causing the
Sun to stand still ; 4. Division of Land of
Canaan.
llth Arcade. History of David. Four
compositions : 1. Oath of David ; 2. David
kills Goliath ; 3. Triumph of David ; 4.
David and Bathsheba.
12th Arcade. History of Solomon. Four
compositions : 1. Oath of Solomon ; 2.
Judgment of Solomon ; 3. Building of
10
RAPHAEL
the Temple ; 4 Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba.
13th Arcade. History of Jesus Christ.
Four compositions : 1. Nativity ; 2. Ado-
ration of Magi ; 3. Baptism of Christ ; 4.
Last Supper.
Engraved in whole or in part by S. Ba-
dalocchio ; O. Borgiani ; F. Villamena ;
Nic. Chaperon ; A. Aveline ; Montagnani ;
Volpato ; Ottaviani ; in chiaroscuro by Nic-
cola Conzoni for Gruner. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 362 ; v. 624 ; Passavant, ii. 166 ; Miintz,
429 ; Springer, 326 ; Perkins, 184 ; Gruyer,
Loges de Raphael ; Vaticano descritto, viii.
PI. 1-59 ; Liibke, 171 ; Gutbier, PL 36-52.
RAPHAEL'S CARTOONS, Raphael and
his assistants, S. Kensington Museum, Lon-
don. A series of designs, drawn with chalk
on paper and coloured in distemper (1515-
16), to be worked in tapestry for the deco-
ration of the Sistine Chapel, Rome ; tapes-
tries made at Arras, in Flanders, under
direction of Bernhard van Orley and sent to
Rome in 1518. The tapestries were carried
off at the sack of Rome by the Constable de
Bourbon in 1527 ; restored by Constable
Anne de Montmorency to Julius IH. in
1553 ; again carried off by the French in
1798 and sold in Genoa to a Jew, who is
said to have burned one to get the gold it
contained, and sold the others in 1808 to
Pius VH. They are now in the Hall of the
Arazzi in the Vatican ; much faded. The
cartoons remained at Arras nearly a cen-
tury, when Charles I. purchased them, by
advice of Rubens, for use of his tapestry
weavers at Mortlake. Only seven of the
original eleven remained, and these had
been cut into strips about two feet wide.
On the death of Charles L, Cromwell bought
them for the nation for £300. They re-
mained neglected in a lumber room at
Whitehall until the reign of William HI,
who had them repaired and hung in a gal-
lery erected for them at Hampton Court by
Sir Christopher Wren. They are now ex-
hibited under glass at South Kensington Mu-
seum. Cartoons : 1. Miraculous Draught of
Fishes, H. 10 ft. 6 in.x 13 ft G in.; 2. Paul
preaching at Athens, H 11 ft. 4 in. x 14 ft
7 in.; 3. Elymas the Sorcerer struck with
Blindness, H 11 ft 4 in. x 14 ft 7 in. ; 4.
Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, H. 11 ft. 4 in.
x 18 ft.; 5. Healing of the Lame Man, H.
11 ft 4 in. x 18 ft; 6. Death of Ananias, H.
11 ft 4 in. x 17 ft. 6 in.; 7. Christ's Charge
to Peter, H 11 ft 4 in. x 17 ft 6 in. The
remaining three subjects in tapestry, of
which the designs are lost, are : Stoning of
St. Stephen, Conversion of St. Paul, and St
Paul in Prison at Philippi. The llth, of
which all trace is lost, was the Coronation
of the Virgin, for the altarpiece. — Passavant,
ii. 189, 225 ; Clement (Corkran), 278, 371 ;
Blackburn, Pictures at S. Kensington, 7 ;
Liibke, 188 ; Gutbier, PL 80-92.
RAPHAEL AND HIS FENCING-MAS-
TER, attributed to Raphael, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 3 ft 3 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. A powerful,
bearded man, standing behind a parapet,
with one hand on his sword-hilt, turns to
a younger man behind him and points to
some object without the picture. Younger
man supposed to represent Raphael himself.
Picture has been attributed both to Sebas-
tian del Piombo and to Poutormo. From
Collection of Francis L Engraved by Ar-
douin ; N. Larmessin. — Passavant, i. 354 ;
Villot, Louvre ; Musce franeais, i. ; Cab.
Crozat, i. PL 9.
RAPHAEL AND THE FORNARINA,
Sir A. W. Galcott, Sir G. R Philips, Bart ;
canvas. Figures life-size, full-length, seated.
Exhibited in 1837. Engraved by Lumb
Stocks. — Redgrave, Century, ii. 403; Art
Journal (1856), ii.
By J. A. D. Ingres, Baroness Nathaniel de
Rothschild, Paris. Painted at Rome in 1813;
replica (1840), M. Dauban, Paris. Engraved
by Pradier ; lithographed by Christophe.
Original sketch acquired by Louvre in 1881.
— Ch. Blanc, Life, 46.
RAPHAEL OF MESSINA. See Ali-
brando, Girolamo.
RAPHAEL D'UN MILLION. See J/o-
donna of St Anthony of Padua.
n
RAPHAEL
RAPHAEL'S MISTRESS. See Forna-
rina.
RAPHAEL DBS PORCEAUX. See
Jacque.
RAPHAEL LEAVING TOBIAS, Rem-
brandt, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft.
9 in. ; signed, dated 1637. Above, the an-
gel Raphael in full flight heavenward, his
back to the spectator ; below, at left, Sarah
wife of Tobias, and Anna her mother, stand-
ing at the entrance to the house, with hands
clasped in astonishment ; in front of them
a dog, and at the foot of the steps, Tobias
and his father Tobit, the latter prostrate.
Raphael Leaving Tobias, Rembrandt, Louvre.
Engraved by Denon ; J. de Frey ; A. and E.
Varin ; MalbGte in Musue francais. — Lan-
don, Musue, vi. PI. 3.
RAPHON (pronounced Rap-hon), JO-
HAN, flourished at Elmbeck, lower Saxony,
early part of 16th century, died in 1528.
German school. The heads in his pictures
are strong and individual, but wanting in
feeling. Works : Two Altar Wings (1503),
Collection Hausmann, Hanover ; Resurrec-
tion, Brunswick Gallery ; Crucifixion (1508),
Halberstadt Cathedral. — Kugler, Kl. Schr.,
i. 486 ; Nagler, xii. 294 ; W. & W., ii. 435.
RAPIN, ALEXANDRE, born at Noroy-
le-Bourg (Haute
Saone) ; contempor-
ary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Gerome,
Frangais, Gleyre,
and Lancrenon.
Medals : 3d class,
1875; 2d class, 1877;
L. of Honour, 1884.
Works: Sarrazin
Brook at Nans-Lison (1867), Besancon Mu-
seum ; Shore of a Pond, Ravine of Puits-
Noir (1874) ; The Val-Bois in November
(1878) ; Morning in Val-Bois, The River
Loue at Scey (1879) ; End of Autumn, Mill
at Cressonieres (1880); Winter in the Woods
at Cernay, Morning at Froeschwiller (1881);
The Black Pits, River in Franche-Comte
(1882); A Shower, An Inlet (1883); Novem-
ber (1884) ; Banks of the Doubs, Path
(1885); Indian Summer, Evening (1886).—
Bellier, ii. 343.
RAPISARDI, MICHELE, born at Catan-
ia, Sicily ; contemporary. History and genre
painter of talent, whose works show care-
ful study of the old masters. Professor.
Works : Cola Rienzi among the Ruins of
Rome (1867) ; Hamlet's Monologue ; The
Troubadour ; Lady as Ophelia ; Girl of Ca-
tania, Museo Civico, Turin. — Zeitschr. f. b.
K., iii. 124.
RASCH, HEINRICH; contemporary.
Genre and landscape painter. Works : Bal-
tic Landscape with Figures, View on Eng-
lish Coast, A Confession (1882), Boating
Party, Gatherers on Coast of Lucca, Even-
ing in Lagoons of Venice, Morning at Via-
reggio (1883).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 376 ; D-
lustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 400; Kunst-Chronik,
xvii. 294 ; xviii. 496 ; Land und Meer (1884),
ii. 1044 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 135.
RASMUSSEN, CARL, born at Aeroskjob-
ing, Isle of Aero, August 31, 1841. Marine
and figure painter, pupil of John Didrik
Frisch (1835-67), then of the Copenhagen
RATGEB
Academy, in 1862-66, and of Aagaard ; trav- 1 berg Academy, then (1872) of Wilhelm Diez
_n _ ,1 . "r\—«. ..i i— 1 Qf? tt f*^ . . t i /"i—_ I i Ttif ; _i_ i i .iii.i •»» * i »»
elled in Denmark in 1865-67, visited Green
land in 1870, Italy in
1872, England and Paris
in 1878. Works : View
near Ska gen (1863) ;
Coast Views (1864) ;
Midnight on Coast of
Greenland (1872), Co-
penhagen Gallery;
Dance of Greenlauders
(1872); Father and Son,
Winter in Greenland
(1874) ; Grandfather with the Little Ones
(1875) ; June Day in Godthaabs FJ9rd
(1878) ; Vessels in Morning after Storm
(1878), Winter Evening near Fjord in
Greenland (1883), Copenhagen Gallery. —
Sig. Mailer, 285 ; Weilbach, 577.
EATGEB, JEEG, born at Schwiibisch
Ginttnd, Bavaria ; flourished early part of
16th century. German school ; history
in Munich, where he settled. Medal, Mu-
nich, 1883. Works : Hunting Privilege in
Olden Times, Horse Bargain (1879); On By-
Ways (1880) ; Travelling in Good and Bad
Weather (1880) ; Rest (1881) ; Excursion ;
Scene before Taveni (1882); Surrender of
, Wai-saw in 1656 (1883); Festive Entry of
the Bride, Falcon Chase in 18th Century
(1884).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 586 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1880), i. 299 ; Kuust. Chronik, xix.
645 ; Meyer, Couv. Lex., xxi. 745 ; Zeitachr.
f. b. K, xvii. 324 ; xix. 135.
RAUPP, KARL, born in Darmstadt,
March 2, 1837.
Genre and landscape
painter, pupil in
Frankfort of Stiidel
Institute under
Jakob Becker, then
of Munich Academy
under Piloty (1860-
painter, one of the ablest masters of the 66); became professor
Suabian school, whose works have generally at the Industrial Art
been erroneously attributed to one Schwed.
Works : Altarpiece (1519), Stiftskirche Her-
renberg, Wiirternberg ; Cycle in fresco from
Creation of World to Last Judgment (1514),
Carmelites, Frankfort ; Coloured Drawings
of do., Stiidel Gallery, ib. — Kuust-Chrouik,
xviii. 482 ; xix. 301.
RATZER, HELLMUTH, born at Neutar-
now, Brandenburg, in 1838. Landscape
painter, studied first in Berlin, then for
twelve years in Diisseldorf under Oswald
Achenbach, settled in Carlsruhe, whence he
visited Germany, Switzerland, Tyrol, and
Italy. Lives now in Diisseldorf. Works :
Mountain Brook in the Ramsau ; View on
the Dachstein ; The High G<">11 near Berch-
tesgaden ; Pine Wood (1876); Views in the
Hartz Mountains and on Isle of IlUgcn ;
Evening on Isle of Riigen, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Coast View on Riigeu (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1886).— Midler, 431.
RAUBER, WILHELM (KARL), born at
Marienwerder, West Prussia, July 11, 1849.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of KOnigs-
School at Nuremberg
in 18C8, but afterwards returned to Munich.
Works : Two Mothers ; Return of Country
Postwoman on Christmas Eve ; Mid-day Bell
during Harvest (1866) ; Sunday Morning in
Hesse; Falling Leaves; Rain in May; Re-
turn Home before Storm ; The Prussians arc
Coming ! General Military Duty ; At Home ;
Secret Farewell ; Peasant Girl Resting un-
der a Tree, Darmstadt Museum ; Thunder-
storm ; On the Silent Waves ; Hour of Chat-
ting; A Storm is Coming! (1882), Dresden
Museum; Boating on Chiem Lake (1883);
Merry Journey (1884); Avo Maria; Safely
Landed, (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
—Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 491 ; ii. 97 ; La
Ilustracion (1883), ii. 275 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xviii. 308; N. illustr. Zeitg. (1885), i. 288;
Land und Meer (1869), i. 11; (1880), L
169
RAVANA, DEATH OF, Fernand Cormon,
bought by the State. The result of the
struggle between the ten-headed and twenty-
armed giant Ravana and Rama (Viahnu in-
13
RAVAUT
carnate), as related in the Ramayana. The
picture represents the finding of the body
on the field of battle by the favourite and
Reading the Will, Sir David Wilkie, New Munich Gallery.
the other wives of the King of Lanka (Cey-
lon). Salon, 1875 ; bought by Ministry of
Fine Arts.
RAVAUT, REN£ HENRI, born in Paris;
contemporary. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Laurens and Butin. Medal, 3d
class, 1880. Works: Awaking
(1879) ; Raising of a Child by St.
Benedict (1880) ; Deluge (1881) ;
The Imprudent, The Caldron (1882) ;
St. Colomban (1883) ; St. Julia,
(1884) ; Quai at Trouville (1885).
RAVEN, JOHN S., born in Suf-
folk, England, Aug. 21, 1829, died
at Harlech, Wales, July 14, 1877.
Landscape painter, son of Rev. J.
Raven, an amateur water-colour
painter ; self-taught, first exhibited
at the Royal Academy, in 1845,
Salmsley Church. Works : Hamp-
shire Homestead, Monk's Walk
(1872) ; The Lesser Light to rule
the Night (1873) ; The Heavens
declare the Glory of God (1875). He was
accidentally drowned while bathing. — Red-
grave.
RAVENSTEIN, PAUL VON, born in
pupil in Carlsruhe, of Gude, studied nature
in the Silesian mountains, the German Alps,
and Italy. Works : Oak Landscape at Even-
ing ; Road near Partenkir-
chen ; Antique Baths at Al-
bano (1880).— Mttller, 432.
RAVENZWAAY, JAN
VAN, born at Hilversum,
Nov. 29, 1790, died there
March 2, 1869. Landscape
and animal painter, pupil at
Amersfoort of Jordanus
Hoorn (1753-1833), then of
Pieter Gerardus van Os,
who had settled near Hil-
versum ; visited Belgium,
Switzerland and Germany,
and settled at Westerborg,
Drenthe. Member of Am-
sterdam Academy, 1822.
Works ; Pasture with Cattle, Sheep Stable,
Cow Stable, Amsterdam Museum. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 2 ; Nagler, xii. 339.
RAVESTEYN, JAN VAN, born at The
Hague in 1572 (?), died there, buried June
21, 1G57. Dutch school; portrait painter,
Rebekah and Eliezer, Murillo, Madrid Museum.
master of the Hague guild in 1615 ; painted
assemblies of magistrates and corporations
with great skill, in the manner of Mierevelt.
Works: Civic Guard, Officers of do. (1616),
Breslau, Oct. 23, 1854. Landscape painter, Banquet of Town Council (1618), Meeting
14
KAZZI
of Council (1636), Town Hall, Hague ; Series
of portraits (24) of Colonels (1611, 1612,
1615, 1616, 1621, 1624), Museum, ib. ; five
portraits, Amsterdam Museum ; two do.
(one dated, 1616), Brussels Museum; Fe-
male portraits (2, 1633, 1634), Louvre,
Paiis ; Family Group, Portrait of a Lawyer
(1622), Brunswick Gallery ; Old Man in Ar-
mour (1605), Dresden Gallery; Scholar and
Little Daughter, Male Portrait (1633), Ber-
lin Museum ; Male Portrait (1622), two
| READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN, lx>rn in
Chester County, Pa., March 12, 1822, died
in New York, May 11, 1872. Portrait and
genre painter ; began the study of sculpture
in Cincinnati in 1839, but soon turned hia
attention to painting. In 1841 ho opened a
studio in New York, and afterwards painted
in Philadelphia and Boston. Visited Europe
in 1850, and after studying in Florence
settled in Rome, whence ho made occasional
visits to America, during one of which he
Rebekah and Eliezer, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; others in
Copenhagen, Gotha, Oldenburg (1620), and
Turin (3) Galleries; Portrait of Lucretia
van der Meulen, Historical Society, New
York — Archief v. ned. Kunstgesch., iii. 261,
285; iv. 3; Burger, Musees, i. 57; ii. 195;
Kramm, v. 1341 ; Kunstkronijk (1867), 83,
86 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 355 ; Biegel, Beit-
rage, i. 125 ; ii. 198.
RAZZL See Sodoma.
died. Works : Portrait of George Pealxxly
(Peabody Institute, Baltimore) ; Star of
Bethlehem ; Water-Sprite ; Sheridan's Ride ;
Lost Pleiad ; Undine ; Excelsior (Mrs. Jo-
seph Harrison, Philadelphia). Mr. Read was
better known as a poet than as a painter.
— Tuckerman, 460 ; Kunst-Chrouik, vii.
348.
READING THE WILL, Sir David Wil-
He, New Munich Gallery ; canvas. A party
gathered in a room listening to the reading
of a will by a lawyer, who is seated at a table
in centre ; group of 21 figures. Painted in
1820 for King of Bavaria, who paid for it
IB
EEBEKAH
£425 ; sold after his death for £1,200 and
placed in New Pinakothek. Engraved by J.
Bui-net. — Kedgrave, Century, ii. 269; Hea-
ton, Works of Sir D. W.
KEBEKAH AND ELIEZEK, Murillo,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 5
ft. Eliezer drinks from a copper kettle held
by Rebekah, who, with three other maidens
bearing jars, stands near a well at right ; at
left, in middle distance, men and camels;
Engraved by G. Rousselet (1677) ; G. Au-
dran ; Picart le Remain ; Bouchers-Desnoy-
ers.— Cat. Louvre; Filhol, i. PI. 49; Lan-
don, Musee, i. PI. 49 ; Smith, viii. 5.
By Paolo Veronese (?) Louvre, H. 8 ft. 1
in. x 11 ft. 4 in. ; transferred to new canvas
in 1834, and former size reduced. Eliezer,
beside a well, at the foot of a ruin shaded
by trees, presents to Rebekah jewels which
two negroes have brought; at left, several
dromedaries. Formerly in Casa
Bonaldi, Venice ; bought by Ja-
bach, and sold by him to Louis
XTV. Engraved by Moyreau. —
Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 13 ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre.
REBELL, JOSEF, born in Vi-
enna, Jan. 11, 1787, died in Dres-
den, Dec. 18, 1828. Landscape
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy
under Wutky, went in 1809 to Mi-
lan, painted there for Eugene
Beauharnais, then in Naples (1811
-15) for Murat ; went to Rome, and
in 1824 was called to Vienna as di-
rector of the Belvedere Gallery.
Works : Storm near Grotto of Foc-
cia near Naples, Portici with Vesu-
vius, Italian Landscape at Sunset
(1819), Vienna Museum ; do. at
Sunrise, do. with Figures, Ferdi-
nandeum, Innsbruck ; Mole of Por-
tici (1818), View near Amalfi, Coast
near Capri, Stormy Sea, New Pi-
Rebekah and Eliezer, Paolo Veronese (?), Louvre. r *_
nakothek, Munich ; View of Capri,
background, landscape with mountains. In j Casamicciola on Ischia, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
second manner. Etched by E. Buxo ; litho- 1 Castle Persenbeug on the Danube, Czernin
graphed by F. Decraein ; C. Mugica. — Cur-
tis, 118 ; Madraza, 467.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. In centre, near a
well, Eliezer offers necklaces and bracelets
Gallery, Vienna ; Arco di Focci near Cumae
during Storm (1828), National Gallery, Ber-
lin.—Hormayr, Archiv. (1823), 339 ; (1829),
No. 30; Kunstbl. (1860), iii. 320; Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1820), 263 ; (1829), 87 ; N. Necrol.
to Rebekah, who seems to hesitate to accept ! der D. (1828), 859 ; Schack, Meine Gemitl-
them ; at right, three young girls ; at left, a : desnmmlung (1884), 205 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 78.
group of nine women ; in background, hills
with buildings. Painted in Rome in 1648
for M. Pointel, on whose death passed to
Due de Richelieu, and finally to Louis XIV.
RECAMATORI, GIOVANNI DE'. See
Giovanni da Udine.
RECAMIER, MADAME, SALON OF,
William Quiller Orchardson, London ; can-
16
RECCO
vas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. The hostess,
seated at the right upon a sofa, is the cen-
tre of a group including Canova, Cuvier,
Fouche, Delille, and Metternich, while at
the other end of the salon a second group,
including Lucien Bonaparte, Talleyrand,
Brillat-Savarin, Talma, Bernadotte, and
Sieyes, are gathered around Madame de
Stael. Royal Academy, 1885.
BE CCO, GIUSEPPE, born at Naples
in 1634, died there in 1695. Neapolitan
school ; still-life painter, pupil of Porpera,
but seems to have been influenced by other
masters, especially Marseus van Sehrick.
The King of Spain made him a knight of
Calatrava in 1667 and summoned him to his
court. Works : Four pictures with Fish and
other Marine Animals, Madrid Museum ;
Dead Fish watched by Dog, Suermondt Mu-
seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Fruit-Piecc, Haus-
manu Collection, Hanover ; Animal Life
around Pool (2), Schwerin Gallery ; Fishes,
Wiesbaden Gallery ; Flowers and Dead
Game, Naples Museum ; A Thief, New York
Museum. His daughter Elena excelled in
the same branch of art. — Madrazo ; Schlie,
513.
EECHBERGER, FRANZ, born in Vienna,
Oct. 4, 1771, died there in 1842. Landscape
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under F.
A. Brandt ; afterwards custodian of the Al-
bertina in Vienna. Works : Landscape with
Temple of Vesta, Vienna Academy ; Views
in Italy, Styria, Saxony. — Wurzbach, xxv.
95 ; Nagler, Mon., ii. 863.
REDGRAVE, RICHARD, born in Lon-
don, April 30, 1804. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of Royal Academy, where he
exhibited his first picture, River Brent near
Hanwell, in 1825 ; elected an A.R. A. in 1840,
and R.A. in 1850 ; in an honorary retired
Academician. Has held several official po-
sitions in the government art institutions
and is general inspector of art schools.
Works : Cymbeline (1833) ; Gulliver on the
Farmer's Table (1837) ; Quinten Massys,
Olivia's Return (1838) ; Reduced Gentle-
man's Daughter, Cure of Paracelsus (1840);
Vicar of Wakefield finding his Lost Daugh-
ter (1841); Ophelia, Cinderella (1842); Fash-
ion's Slaves (1847); Country Cousins (1848);
Marquis and Griselda (1850) ; Flight into
Egypt (1851); Well-Kuown Footstep, Moor-
land Child (1857) ; Strayed Flock (1861) ;
Way through the Woods (1863); Jane Shore
(1864); Woodman's Dinner (18G6); Eugene
Aram (1868); Jack-o'-Lantern (1870); Char-
coal Burners (1871) ; Expectation (1872) ;
Sermons in Stones (1874); Mill Pool, Start-
ing for a Holiday (1875); Calling the Sheep,
Oak of the Millhead (1876); Deserted (1877);
The Heir Come of Age, Friday Street (1878);
Hidden Among the Hills (1881).— Art Jour-
nal (1850), 48 ; (1859), 205 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, v. 375.
REFORMATION, AGE OF, Wilhclm
von Kaitlbach, New Museum, Berlin ; mural
painting, staircase hall Church interior ;
Luther, standing before the altar, in centre,
raises the Bible in his hands ; at sides, peo-
ple at communion ; the aisles are filled with
modern representative men ; in background,
a choir singing. Cartoon, Mrs. Durfee, Fall
River, Mass.
REGEMORTER, IGNATIUS JOSE
PHUS VAN, born at Antwerp, Dec. 4, 1785,
died there, July 20, 1873. Landscape and
genre painter, son and pupil of Petnis Jo-
hannes van Regemorter. He went in 1809
to Paris, where he studied after the mas-
terpieces in the Must'e Napoleon, and then
from nature on the banks of the Mouse,
and in Luxembourg. Won prizes in Ant-
werp, Ghent, and Brussels ; member of In-
stitute of the Netherlands in 1829, and of
Amsterdam Academy. Order of Leopold,
1855. Works: Fishmarket of Antwerp
(1827), Jan Steen's Household (1828), Am-
REGEMORTER
sterdam Museum ; Interior of Garret, Man
and Wife at Table in Front of House (1839),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Eembraudt paint-
ing an Ape in a Family-Group (1832) ; Wed-
ding of Jan Steen (1836) ; Van Craesbecke
testing his Wife's Love (1839); Wedding of
Prince de Ligne (1841) ; King Leopold I.
and Queen Victoria visiting Tomb of Ru-
bens (1843) ; Peasant Brawl, Italian Fam-
ily Travelling (1854) ; Kirmess near Ant-
werp (1860). — Immerzeel, iii. 8 ; Kramm,
v. 1344.
REGEMORTER, PETRUS JOHANNES
VAN, born in Antwerp, Sept. 8, 1755, died
there, Nov. 17, 1830. Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy, and
perfected himself by study of old masters
in a private gallery at Antwerp. Dean of
the guild in 1785 ; professor at the Acad-
emy in 1796-1804. He was one of the del-
egates sent to Paris by the city of Antwerp
in 1815 to reclaim the pictures carried off
by the French in 1794, and on his return
was awarded a medal struck in his honour.
Excelled in painting moonlight scenes, and
possessed an unusual talent for restoring old
pictures, of which he saved more than three
thousand for posterity ; formed many pu-
pils. Works : Figures in Landscape by
Lucas van Uden, Antwerp Museum ; Peas-
ant Company in Vine Arbour (1796), Assem-
bly of Ladies and Gentlemen (2), Gotha
Museum. — Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 513 ; Im-
merzeel, iii. 7.
REGILLO. See Pordenone.
REGIMENT, PASSING (Regiment qui
passe), Edouard Detaille, Corcoran Gallery,
AVashington ; canvas, 4 ft. 2 in. square.
A regiment of the line passing down the
Boulevard St. Martin at the close of a wet,
snowy day in December. On extreme right
is a portrait of Meissonier ; in background,
Portes St. Martin and St. Denis. Salon,
1875 ; exhibited in Brussels, where bought
for Corcoran Gallery.— Art Treasures of
America, i. 7 ; Corcoran Gal. Cat.
REGNAULT, (ALEXANDRE GEOR-
GES) HENRI, born in Paris, Oct. 30,
1843, died there, Jan. 19, 1871. Genre
painter, pupil of Montfort, Lamothe and
Cabanel. Won the grand
prix de Rome in 1866,
and spent the next two
years in Italy ; then went
to Spain, where he made
himself famous by an
equestrian port rait of
General Prim. In 1869
he revisited Italy, and
in the next year went to
Africa, whence he re-
turned to iight in the German War, and
was killed at Buzenval during a sortie of the
69th Battalion of the National Guards, in
which he had enrolled himself. His untime-
ly death threw a halo about his name, and
enhanced the already great reputation which
lie enjoyed as a painter of uncommon talent,
surpassed by few in energy of expression
and feeling for colour. Works : Automedon
(1867), Boston Museum, 1884, on deposit ;
Portrait of General Prim (1869), Louvre ;
Judith (1869) ; Salome (1870); Execution in
Granada (1870), Louvre ; Judith and Holo-
fernes, Marseilles Museum ; Veturia at the
Feet of Coriolanus ; Thetis giving to Achil-
les the Arms of Vulcan ; Going to the Fan-
tasia in Tangiers, (Knoedler and Company,
New York) ; The Pasha leaving Tangiers
(left unfinished) ; Haoua ; Hassan and Na-
mouna ; Inside a Harem ; Mountain Road
in the Pyrenees, John G. Johnson, Philadel-
phia.— Bellier, ii. 350 ; Ch. Blanc, Artistes
de mon Temps, 347 ; Bailliere, Henri Re-
gnault (Paris, 1872); Claretie, Peintres, etc.
(1882), i. 1 ; Cazalis, Henri Regnault (Paris,
1872); Gaz. desB. Axis (1872), v. 66 ; (1873),
vii. 119 ; (1882), xxv. 430 ; Old and New,
xi. 99 ; Hamerton, Mod. Frenchmen, 334 ;
Marx, H. Regnault (Paris, 1886) ; Na-
tion, xvi. 13 ; Temple Bar, Iviii. 344 ; D.
Rundschau, xvi. 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv.
93.
REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTS, Baron,
born in Paris, Oct. 19, 1754, died there, Nov.
12, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Bardin
18
JK
.: ifcf/
HEUNIER
at Rome in 1769 ; returned to Paris, won
the 2d prix in 1775 and the grand prix de
Home in 1776,
with his Alexander
and Diogenes.
Member French
Academy, 1783;
professor in 1795 ;
received the title
of baron in 1819.
i
His school was for
a time the rival of
that of David.
Among his pupils were Hersent, Gucrin,
Blondel, Boissellier, and Richomme.
Works : Baptism of Christ (1776) ; Educa-
tion of Achilles (1783), Descent from the
Cross (1789), Pygmalion and Venus (1785),
Origin of Painting, Three Graces, Louvre ;
Death of Priam (1785), Amiens Museum ;
Cupid and Psyche, The Three Graces, An-
gers Museum ; Education of Achilles (sketch
for painting in Louvre), Avignon Museum ;
Deluge, Compiegne Palace ; Pygmalion in
Love with his Statue, Foutainebleau Palace ;
Orestes and Iphigenia meeting in Tauris
(1787), Marseilles Museum ; Male Heads (2),
Montpellier Museum ; Young Girl, Orleans
Museum ; The Senate receiving the Flags
captured in the Campaign against Austria
(1808), Marriage of Prince Jerome Bona-
parte (1810), Death of General Desaix at
Marengo, Portrait of Comte Montalivet
(1810), Versailles Museum ; A Genius show-
ing to France Liberty or Death (1795),
/ VjzmMAJui'
Kunsthalle, Hamburg.— Bellier, ii. 351;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise ; Journal des
Artistes, 1829 ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 387 ;
L'Universel (1829), No. 339 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
77 ; Quatremere de Quincy, Notice histo-
rique sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1834); Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
REGNIER, JACQUES AUGUSTIN, born
in Paris, Aug. 28, 1787, died there, June 2,
1860. Landscape painter, pupil of Victor
Bertiu. Medals : 2d class, 1819 ; 1st class,
1828 ; L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Woods
in Puy ; Coucy-le-Chateau ; Paris from the
Champ de Mai's ; King Arthur's Tomb ;
Monks Praying ; Joan of Arc, Fontainebleau
Gallery ; Cemetery of Royat ; Bridge of Ba-
tigny, Drinkiug-Place at Pierrefouds (1834);
SaintJean-au-Bois ; Forest of Compiegne,
Ruins of Pierrefouds (1835); View in Forest
of Compiegne (1836); View near the Grande
Chartreuse of Grenoble (1850), Chartres
Museum ; Entrance to Forest, Arras Mu-
seum ; Carthusian Monastery in Auvergne,
Toulouse Museum. — Bellier, ii. 353.
REGULUS LEAVING ROME, Joseph
M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 3 f t. x 4 ft Marcus Atilius Reg-
ulus was allowed by the Carthaginians to
go back to Rome, after five years' captivity,
in order to negotiate a peace, promising to
return if unsuccessful. He advised the Sen-
ate not to make peace, and, fulfilling his prom-
ise, was put to death, about B.C. 250. Paint-
ed in Rome, 1829 ; British Institute, 1837 ;
Turner Collection. Engraved by D. Wil-
son ; S. Bradshaw in Turner Gallery.
REHBERG, FRIEDRICH, bora at Han-
over, Oct. 22, 1758, died in Munich, Aug.
20, 1835. History and portrait painter,
pupil in Leipsic of Oeser and in Dresden
of Casanova and Schenau ; went in 1777 to
Rome, where he studied the old masters
under Mengs and was closely allied with
David ; returned to Hanover in 1783, and
painted many portraits ; went as instructor
in drawing to Dessau in 1784, became mem-
ber of Berlin Academy in 1786, and profes-
sor in 1787 ; went again to Rome and in
1791 to Naples, visited London in 1813-14,
and left Rome in 1820 to settle in Munich.
Works : Belisarius (1790, prize, Berlin Acad-
emy); CEdipus and Antigone (twice); Cain'8
Fratricide ; Julius Sabinus (twice); Bacchus,
Cupid, and Bathyllus (8 times) ; Orpheus
and Eurydice (2) ; Jupiter and Venus (twice);
18
REHN
Narcissus ; Venus and Cupid ; Cupid and
Psyche ; 2Eneas and Dido ; Metabus in-
structing his Daughter in Archery ; Niobe
with her Children ; Endymion ; Allegory
on Dethronement of Napoleon (1814); Pan-
orama of Innsbruck (5, 1819). — Andresen,
ii. Cl ; Goethe, Winckelnmnn, ii. 150 ; Nag-
ler, xii. 373 ; do., Mou., ii. 864 ; Naumann,
iii. 140.
EEHN, FRANK KNOX MORTON, born
in Philadelphia, Pa., April 12, 1848. Ma-
rine painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania Acad-
emy. Exhibited first at National Academy,
New York, in 1879. First prize for marine
at St. Louis Exhibition, 1882 ; prize for
water colour, New York, 1885 ; gold medal,
2d Prize Fund Exhibition, New York, 188C.
Studio in New York. Works in oil : Fish-
ing Boats in a Calm, High Tide — Cape
Elizabeth (1879); Portland Light-House,
Surf — New Jersey Coast (1880); Sun-shower
—Atlantic Coast (1881), T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Old Fish Houses — Gloucester Har-
bour, Bracket's Cove — Maine (1882); Ocean
Beach — New Jersey, Sundown (1883) ; Bay
of Fundy, Little Good Harbour Beach —
Massachusetts Coast (1884) ; Drifted on the
Reef, Fishermen's Huts (1885) ; Incoming
Fog, Three Fishers (1886).
REID, JOHN R, born in England ; con-
temporary. Genre and portrait painter,
exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor
Gallery. Medal, Jubilee Exhibition, Ber-
lin, 188C. Works: Forbidden Ground (1877);
Village Belle, Toil and Pleasure (1879) ;
Peace and War (1881) ; Leaving the Old
Home, Homeless and Homewards, Dead for
a Ducat— Dead (1882); Darby and Joan, A
Spill, The Yarn (1883); An Ugly Customer,
Rival Grandfathers (1884) ; The Fatherless,
The Mermaid, Seed Time— Cornwall (1885);
The Shipwreck, Calm Evening (1886).
REIFFENSTEIN, KARL THEODOR,
born in Frankfort, Jan. 12, 1820. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Stiidel Institute un-
der Veit and Jakob Becker, and studied
nature in the mountains of Middle Ger-
many, in Switzerland, Belgium, England,
France, and Italy. Medal, Vienna, 1873.
Corresponding member of Cercle artistique
in Belgium, 1768. Works: Forest Still-
ness (1845), Magdeburg Gallery ; Black
Pond in the Riesengebirge (1855) ; Lake
Vierwaldstitdt, The Orteler (1856); Morn-
ing in the Ramsau (1857); 17 Views of Cas-
tle Waldleiningen and Amorbach in the
Odenwald (1857), Queen Victoria ; Acqua
Claudia near Rome ; Approach to Burg
Landskron ; The Dachstein (1861) ; Castle
Braunfels (1866) ; Picturesque and Roman-
tic Frankfort (1,700 water-colours, 1875),
Archival. Museum, Frankfort. — Kaulen, 247;
Miiller, 433.
REIGNIER, JEAN, born in Lyons, Aug.
3, 1815, died there in January, 1886. Flower
painter, pupil of the Lyons School of Art,
where he became professor in 1854. Med-
als : 2d class, 1848, 1861 ; L. of Honour,
1863. Works : Garland around Cross by
which is a Dog as Emblem of Fidelity
(1842), Nimes Museum ; Memorial to the
Flower-Painter Berjon Antoine (1845) ; do.
to Queen of Belgium (1852) ; do. to Queen
Hortense (1857), Lyons Museum ; Fruits,
Grenoble Museum. — Bellier, ii. 354.
REINAGLE, PHILIP, born in 1749, died
at Chelsea, Nov. 27, 1833. Portrait, land-
scape, and animal painter, pupil of Allan
Ramsay in portraiture, and student at Royal
Academy in 1769 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1787,
and R.A. in 1812. Painted chiefly hunting
and sporting subjects, many of which were
engraved by J. Scott. Also made copies of
the Dutch masters, some of which have
passed as originals. His son, Richard Ram-
say Reinagle (1775-1862, R.A. 1823), was a
landscape and animal painter ; and his grand-
son, George Philip Reinagle, son of Richard
Ramsay (1802-35), was a marine painter. —
Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 345.
REINER, WENZEL LORENZ, born at
Prague in 1686, died there, Oct. 9, 1743.
German school ; history, genre, and land-
scape painter, pupil of Peter Brandel, and
of Schweiger in Prague. His early battle-
pieces resemble those of Pieter van Bloe-
IlEINIIART
men. Painted equally well in fresco and
oiL Works : Martyrdom of Jesuit Mission-
aries (4), Prague Gallery ; Orpheus charm-
ing the Animals, Landscape with Horses,
do. with Birds, Nostitz Gallery, Prague ;
Altai-piece, St. Peter's, ib.; do., All Saints
and St. Jacob's, ib.; Frescos in Crusaders'
Church, ib.; do., St. Thomas, St. .iEgidius,
Loretto, and Ursulines, ib.; Fall of the
Giants, Czeruin Palace, ib.; Battle-Piece,
Count Krakowsky-Kolowrat, ib. ; Campo
Vaccino in Eome, Golden House of Nero,
ib., Dresden Gallery. — Dlabacz, ii. 551 ; D.
Kunstbl. (1850), 413 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
553 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 202.
REINHAET, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
born at Waynesburg, Penn., Aug. 29, 182!),
died in Philadelphia, May 3, 1885. Por-
trait, genre, and history painter, studied iu
Diisseldorf, Paris, and Rome in 1850-53 ;
went in 18G1 to England, whence he re-
turned to America in 18G8 and travelled in
the South and West. Elected an A.N.A. in
1872. Works : Cleopatra (1865); After the
Crucifixion (1875) ; Katrina Van Tassel,
Pocahoutas (1878) ; Nymphs of the Wood
(1879) ; Captain Kidd and the Governor,
Baby Mine (1884). Portraits: Princess of
WTales ; Countess of Portsmouth ; Lady
Fane Tempest ; Lord Brougham ; Carlyle ;
Tennyson ; Charles O'Couor ; Chief Jus-
tice Daly ; Bishop Mcllvaiue ; John Phil-
lips, R.A.
REINHART, CHARLES STANLEY,
born at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1844. Genre
painter, studied in Paris and at the Royal
Academy, Munich, under Professors Strey-
hiiber and Otto. Has drawn illustrations
for several American periodicals, and exhib-
ited works in oil, water-colour, and black
and white, at the National Academy in New
York, where his professional life has chiefly
been passed. Member of art clubs in Mu-
nich, Pittsburgh, and New York. Studio in
Paris, 1882-86. Works in oil : Clearing
Up, Caught Napping (1875) ; Reconnoitring
(1876); Rebuke (1877) ; September Morn-
ing (1879) ; Old Life-Boat (1880) ; Coast of
Normandy (1882) ; In a Garden (1883) ;
Mussel Fisherwoman, Flats at Villerville
(1884) ; Sunday (1885) ; English Garden,
Fisherman of Villerville (1886). Water-
colours : Gathering Wood, Close of Day
(1877) ; At the Ferry (1878).
REINHART, (JOHANN) CHRISTIAN.
bom near Hof,
Franconia, Jan.
24, 1761, died in
Rome, June 8,
1847. Land-
scape and animal
painter, pupil in
Leipsic of Oeser,
and in Dresden .
of Klengel ; after
painting for Duke
of Meiningen, went in 1789 to Rome, where
he was allied with Koch, Carsteus, Fernow,
Voogd, and Wagner ; visited Naples in
1804-5, made excavations at Ostia in 1810-
11, and became member of Berlin Academy
in 1810, of Accadcmia S. Luca in Koine in
1813, and of Munich Academy in 1830.
Works : Landscape with Cain and Abel, do.
with Story of Queen Hypsipyle, Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort ; Storm Landscape (1824) ;
Landscape with Psyche (1829), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Four Views near Rome (two dated
1836, 1846), New Piuakothek, Munich;
Ideal Landscape, Gotha Gallery ; Acqua
Acetosa near Rome, Landscape with Castle,
do. with Bathers, Kohlrausch Collection,
Hanover ; Storm Landscape, Stuttgart Mu-
seum ; eight Historical Landscapes (1825),
Villa Massimi, Rome. — Andresen, i. 177 ;
Forster, iv. 81 ; Goethe, Winckelmaun, it-
172 ; Kugler, kL Schr., iii. 46 ; Nagler, xil
399 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens
der d. K., 123, 334 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K, xviii.
67.
REINHOLD, FRD3DRICH PHILIPP,
born at Gera in 1779, died in Vienna, April
22, 1840. Landscape painter, first instruct-
ed in Dresden, then pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy, and the head of a numerous family of
artists; painted at first history and por-
REINHOLD
traits, took up landscape painting in 1814,
and soon acquired reputation and great fa-
vour in Vienna. Works : Peasant Cottage
with Two Women and a Child, Hohenstau-
fen Mountain seen from Aigen, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Ideal Landscapes (1816, 1820, 1822,
3 ; 1826, 3 ; 1835) ; Cemetery with Chapel,
Cupid shedding Arrows among the Animals
(1824) ; Views in Salzburg (3), do. in Sor-
rento (1832) ; Si George's Fight with the
Dragon (1834) ; Grass Mower Drinking
(1837) ; The Outcast (1838). His sons,
Franz and Friedrich, were also landscape
painters, and exhibited in Vienna in 1816-
50. Landscape by Franz in Vienna Muse-
um.—Hormayr, Archiv (1821), Nos. 27, 28 ;
(1822), Nos. 95, 152 ; (1824), Nos. 105, 106 ;
Wurzbach, xxv. 217.
REINHOLD, HEINRICH, born at Gera
in 1790, died at Albano, Jan. 15, 1825.
Landscape painter, brother of preceding,
studied first in Dresden, then at Vienna
Academy, and in 1809-14 in Paris ; went
to Koine in 1819. Works : Capo d'Orlando
on Coast of Sicily (1821), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Capuchin Garden near Sorrento,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; View in Carin-
thian Alps ; Grotto La Cucumella in Naples ;
View of Capri ; View in Piano di Sorrento,
Leipsic Museum ; View of .ZEtna from Ta-
ormina. His younger brother, Gustav, land-
scape painter, pupil of Friedrich Philipp,
exhibited in Vienna in 1826-46, and lived
also some time in Rome. — Hormayr, Archiv
(1821), 108 ; N. Necrol. der D. (1825), 1279 ;
Riegel, Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d.
K, 337 ; Wurzbach, xxv. 220.
REMBRANDT VAN RYN, born in Ley-
den, July 15, 1607, died in Amsterdam,
buried Oct. 8, 1669. Dutch school; his
father, Harmen Gerritsz, a miller, and his
mother, Neeltgen Willems van Suyddtbroek,
daughter of a baker, lived in a house situ-
ated in the Weddersteeg (Street of the
Tank), near the Witte Poort (White Gate)
and there Rembrandt was born. Having
little taste for books, and a strong natural
love of art, he was early apprenticed for
three years to lakob Isaacz van Swanen-
burch, a second-rate painter, who had set-
tied at Leyden in
1617 after his return
from Italy. Then
followed six months'
study with Pieter
Lastman, and a re-
turn to Leyden
about 1624. Rem-
\ brandt's earliest
signed works date
from 1627. Three
years later (1630) he removed from Leyden
to Amsterdam, where he spent the remain-
der of his life. He never left Holland, and
in it visited only Dordrecht, Friesland,
Gueldres, and perhaps Cloves. With his
first wife, Saskia van Ulenburgh, whom he
married in 1634, and who died in 1642, he
lived very happily, and the portraits of her
at Cassel (1633), Dresden (1633, 1641 ?), and
Berlin (1643), are among his finest works.
They lived in a house at Amsterdam, in the
Breedstraat, where he collected many fine
Italian and Dutch pictures, glass, armour,
porcelain, etc. Here he painted, etched,
and directed the studies of numerous pu-
pils. For fourteen years after Saskia's death
Rembrandt and his son, Titus, lived in this
house, at the end of which time, as his af-
fairs were hopelessly involved, it was sold
by auction with its contents. For the re-
mainder of his days the great artist lived
in comparative poverty. As etcher and
painter, he holds a unique place in the his-
tory of art. No one has rivalled him in the
management of light and shade ; few in col-
our, in character, in the expression of home-
ly but deep sentiment. Absolutely origi-
nal, he taught many able scholars, whose
best efforts only show how unapproachable
he is. Works : Old Man with Gorget and
Turban (1630 or 1631), Portrait of Coppe-
nol (1631), Youth (1634), Portrait of a Turk
(1636?), Sobrisky Portrait (1636?), Elderly
Lady (1637 or 1638), Rembrandt's Mother
(1640), Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel (1645),
REMBRANDT
Warrior (1650), Three Female Portraits
(1654), Two Portraits of Old Men (1654),
Young Lady at Toilet Table (1654), Young
Woman (1656), Girl with Broom, Portrait
of a Youth (1660), Male do. (1666), Incre-
dulity of St. Thomas (1634), Descent from
the Cross (1634), Workers in the Vineyard
(1637), Return of Prodigal Son, Sacrifice of
Abraham (1635), Denial of St. Peter, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; Susanna (1633),
Youssoupoff Collection, St. Petersburg ; St.
Anastasius (1631), Saskia? (1632), Old Man
(1633 ?), Rembrandt's Cook (1651), Old Man
and his Wife (1655), Oath of Ziska (1662),
Stockholm Museum ; Dutch Noble and his
Wife (1656), Christ at Emmaus (1648), Co-
penhagen Museum ; Old Woman, Moltke
Collection, Copenhagen ; Presentation in
Temple (1631), Lesson in Anatomy (1632),
Susanna (1637), Portrait of a Youth, do. of
Rembrandt, Hague Museum ; Sortie of the
Banning Cock Company (1642), Jewish Bride
(1657?), Syndics of the Cloth Hall (1661),
Fragment of Lesson in Anatomy (1656), Fe-
male Portrait, Amsterdam Museum ; Alle-
gory on Westphalian Peace (1648), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Burgomaster Sis, Van Six
Collection ; Young Angler, Old Jew, Wom-
an, Antwerp Museum ; Male Portrait (1641),
Old Lady's do. (1654), Brussels Museum ;
Two Portraits of Saskia (1633 and 1641 ?),
Rape of Ganymede (1645), Seven Male Por-
traits, Samson's Wedding (1638), Sacrifice
of Manoah (1641), Rembrandt and his First
Wife, Rembrandt (1657), Landscape, Dres-
den Gallery ; Old Man, Turk (bust), Por-
traits of Flinck and his Wife, do. of a Young
Lady and a Young Man, Nativity, Descent
from the Cross (1653), Resurrection, Abra-
ham and Hagar, Landscape, Christ in the
Temple, Munich Gallery; Wife of Tobias
with the Goat (1645), Joseph's Dream (1645),
Moses breaking the Tablets (1659), Jacob
wrestling with the Angel, Money Changer
(1627), Rape of Proserpine, Joseph and Poti-
phar's Wife (1655), Vision of Daniel, Por-
trait of Saskia (1643), do. of a Rabbi (1645),
do. of himself (2), Samson threatening his
Father-in-Law, Berlin Museum ; Six Por-
traits of Old Men (1630), do. (1632), do.
(1635, 1656), Portrait of Lieven van Coppe-
nol (1632) ; do. of Saskia (1633), do. of Young
Man (1633), do. of Jan Krul (1634), Man
with Helmet (1634), Samson and Delilah
(1636), Winter Scene (1636), Male Portrait
(1639), Young Lady (1642), Holy Family
(1646), Landscape (1653), Man in Armour
(1655), Standard-Bearer (1655), Jacob's
Blessing (1656), Two Male Portraits (1656),
Portrait of Rembrandt (1656), do. of Bruy-
ningh (1658), Cassel Gallery ; Portrait of
Grotius (1631), Student Philosophers (1633),
Lady (1633), Warrior (1638), Noli me Tan-
gere (1653), Landscape (1656), Rembrandt
and Family (1662-64), Brunswick Gallery ;
St. Paul in Prison (1627), Stuttgart Gallery ;
Two Female Portraits, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; St. Paul (1636), Rembrandt's Mother
(1639), Vienna Museum ; Raphael leaving
Tobias (1637), Good Samaritan (1648), St
Matthew (1661), Supper at Emmaus (1648),
Philosopher in Meditation (1633), Mi'nage
du Menuisier (1640), Venus and Cupid,
Four Portraits of Rembrandt (1633, 1634,
1637, 1660), Old Man (1638), Young do.
(1658), Woman at the Bath (2, one dated
1654), Male (1651), and Female Portrait,
Louvre, Paris ; Artemisia, Madrid Museum ;
Deposition from the Cross, Woman taken
in Adultery (1644), Adoration of the Shep-
herds (1646), Jew Merchant, Woman Bath-
ing (1654), Landscape with Tobias and the
Angel, Capuchin Friar, Rabbi (?), Portraits
of Rembrandt (2, one dated 1640), do. of a
Woman (1666), Male Portrait (1659), Old
Lady (1634), Male Portrait (1635), National
Gallery, London ; The Door of the Sepul-
chre (1638), Portrait of Rembrandt (1642?),
Shipbuilder (1633), The Burgomaster and
his Wife, Woman with the Fan, Adoration
of the Magi (1657), Buckingham Palare ;
Portraits of Burgomaster Pellicorne, his
Wife, Son, and Daughter, Unjust Steward,
Hertford House ; Woman token in Adul-
tery, Isaac blessing Jacob, Blenheim sale,
London, 1886 ; Visitation, Man with Falcon
REMBRANDT
and Wife, Portraits of Berghem and "Wife,
Landscape, Grosvenor House ; Rembrandt's
Mill, Marquis of Lansdowne ; Male Portrait,
St. John Preaching, Lord Dudley ; Old Wom-
an, Landscape, Lord Overstone ; Feast of
Belshazzar, Lord Derby ; Tribute Money,
Interior with Figures, Hope Collection ;
Daniel before Nebuchadnezzar, Lord Scars-
dale ; Standard-Bearer, Lord Warwick ; Bust
of a Young Man (1632), Girl at Window
(1645), Dulwich Gallery; Jewish Eabbi,
Turin Gallery ; Old Man, Portrait of Rem-
brandt, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Cottage
Interior, Landscape, Uffizi, Florence ; Le
Doreur (1640), William Schaus, New York.
— Ch. Blanc,
L'CEuvre complet
de R. (Paris,
1880); Dutuit,
1880); Amand-
/~~^ , f Durand, CEuvre
C/Te/m wcunat de R- (Paris,
" 1880); Scheltema,
Eembrandt (Par-
is, 1866); Mollett,
Rembrandt (London, 1882); Vosmaer, Rem-
brandt (2d ed., 1877) ; Bode, Studien, 24,
29, 354, 359-611, 617; Burger, Trt-sors
d'Art (3d ed., 1855), 244 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures ; Eug. Fromentin, les Maitres d'Autre-
fois ; Immerzeel, iii. 9 ; Jal, 1046 ; Kramm,
v. 1346 ; vii. 122 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 363 ;
Middleton, Descriptive Catalogue ; Richter,
Dulwich Cat.; Riegel, Beitriige, i. 67, 73, 88,
133, 146, 154 ; ii. 232, 265, 273 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1885), xxxii. 328, 498 ; Graph. K,
iii. 49 ; Kunst-Chronik, xii. 425, 457, 571,
697, 785 ; xvii. 267 ; xviii. 473 ; xix. 10 ; xxi.
705 ; Les Lettres et les Arts, i. 91 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, i. 192 ; iv. 101, 159 ; v. 169, 237,
304 ; viii. 16, 145, 190, 234, 267, 343 ; x. 319
(Mittheilungen, iii. 37) ; xi. 125, 222 (Mit-
theilungen, iv. 42) ; xii. 32, 322 ; xiii. 224 ;
xvii. 58, 386 ; xix. 30.
REMBRANDT, portraits, Rembrandt.
There are more than forty portraits by him-
self, representing himself at different ages
and with various accessories. Among those
in public galleries are : Louvre (4, 1633,
1634, 1637, 1660) ; National Gallery, Lon-
don (2, 1640, and about 1664) ; Dresden,
(1657) ; Cassel (4) ; Hague (2) ; Carlsruhe ;
Brunswick ; Gotha ; Nuremberg ; Berlin (2,
1634, and about 1634-35); Vienna (2, about
1658, and 1666-68) ; Naples ; Uffizi, Flor-
ence (2); Palazzo Pitti, ib. (2); Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge (1650) ; Dulwich Gal-
lery (1632) ; Buckingham Palace (about
1642) ; Lord Ashburton (old age) ; Bridge-
water House (about 1657) ; Lansdowne
House (old age) ; Grosvenor House (1630) ;
Sir Richard Wallace (3, one dated 1643) ;
Earl of Leconfield ; Earl of Portarlington ;
Earl of Kinnaird ; Duke of Bedford ; Duke
of Buccleugh ; Lord Caledon ; M. Secretan,
Paris. — Bode, Studien ; Vosmaer, Rem-
brandt ; Smith, Cat. Raisonnee.
REMBRANDT AND HIS FAMILY, Rem-
brandt, Brunswick Gallery ; H. 4 ft. 4 in.
x 5 ft. 9 in.; signed. A lady seated, with a
child on her lap, while two little girls of five
and seven stand beside her ; at left, stand-
ing, a man with brown hair and moustaches,
giving a flower to one of the girls. The
same persons as those represented in the
Jewish Bride. — Mollett, Rembrandt, 73 ;
Vosmaer, 301, 491.
REMBRANDT'S MILL, Rembrandt, Mar-
quis of Lansdowne, Bowood ; canvas, H. 2
ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. A mill and a house in
a landscape, with water below and figures ;
background, a luminous evening sky, with
dark rain-clouds. — Waagen, Treasures, iii.
157.
REMY, MARIE, born in Berlin, Nov. 21,
1829. Flower painter, daughter and pupil
of the history and portrait painter, August
Remy, then studied with Hermine Stilke,
and Theude Gronland ; visited England,
Paris, Switzerland, Tyrol, and Italy. Works :
Italian Flowers and Fruits (26), National
Gallery, Berlin.— Miiller, 435.
RENARD, EMELE, born at Sevres ; con-
temporary. Landscape, genre, and portrait
24
RENE
painter, pupil of Cabanel and of Cesar de
Cock. Medal, 3d class, 1876. Works:
Path in Woods of Sevres, Pond in Woods of
Chaville (1873); In the Woods, Autumn, Re-
pose (1875); Grandmother's Portrait (187C),
Luxembourg Museum ; Bad News, Violetta
(1878); Flotsam (1879); Antonietta (1880) ;
Palm Sunday, The Little Arm of the Orge
at Athis (1882) ; Repose, Seamstress Day
(1883); Sweet Slumber (1885).
RENE D'ANJOU, surnamed the Good,
born in castle of Augers in 1408, died in
Provence in 1480. French school ; illumi-
nator, painter, poet, and patron of arts ;
second son of Louis IE., Duke of Anjou,
Comte de Provence and titular King of Na-
ples. Summonzio, the Neapolitan writer,
says that King Reno was a good painter in
the Flemish style, but several pictures at-
tributed to him are now shown to be by
another hand ; as, for example, the famous
Triptych with the Burning Bush, etc., in the
Cathedral at Aix, a work of Nicolas Froment
of Avignon (1475), who was in King Rene's
employ ; and another Triptych by the same
hand in the Uffizi. The illuminated MS. of
" La tres douce mercy " (1497), at Vienna,
is admitted to be the King's handiwork.
Many pictures attributed to him in churches
at Aix, Angers, Lyons, Avignon, and Mar-
seilles, were destroyed during the revolution.
Works attributed to King Rene : Diptych,
Vision of S. Bernardino of Siena, Coronation
of Virgin, Hospital at Villeneuve ; Praying
Cardinal, Avignon Museum ; Portraits of
Charles VH., and Philip the Good, Duke of
Burgundy. — W. & W., ii. 78 ; Schuaase, viii.
321 ; Mtintz, La Renaissance, 481 ; Michiels,
iii. 187 ; CEuvres completes du Roi Rene
avec une biographie (Angers, 1845).
RENI, GUIDO. See Guido RenL
RENOIR; contemporary. Genre, por-
trait, landscape, flower, and fruit painter ;
impressionist Of his works were exhibited
in New York, 1886 : Femme au Corset,
Head of Young Girl, The Bather (2), Flow-
ers (2), Apples, Melons and Figs, Young
Lady in a Garden, Fishermen's Children,
On the Terrace, Dejeuner at Bougivol, Box
at the Opera, Rain in Paris, Dmiee at Bou-
gival, Windy Day at Guernsey, In the Cir-
cus, A Servant, The Bath, Sail-Boats on the
Argenteuil, Bather on Seashore, Woman
Reading, Venice, After the Bath, Peonies,
Child's Toilet, Preparing for the Bath, Gera-
niums and Cats, Summer, Winter, On Shore,
Six Portraits.— La France, Dec. 8, 1884.
RENOUF, EMILE, born ill Paris, June
23, 1845. Land-
scape, marine, aud
genre painter, pupil
of Boulanger, Jules
Lefebvre, and Caro-
| lus-Duran. Medals :
Paris, 2d class, 1880;
Munich, 1st class,
1883. Visited Amer-
ica in October, 1886.
J Works : Views near Honfleur (1870, 1872,
! 1873, 1875, 1877) ; After the Rain at Sun-
set, Tounie done, mousse ! (1876) ; Valley
in Finistere (1877) ! Maisou du Haut-du-
Vent at Mouth of the Seine (1878) ; End of
Day, Last Repair, my poor friend ! (1879) ;
The Widow, La Pierre-des-Pendus (1880) ;
A coup de main, Corcoran Gallery, Wash-
ington ; After a Gust of Wind (1881) ; The
Pilot (Wm. Sclwus, New York), Lizzie
(1883); Sunset (1884); ATar(1885); Adrift
(1886).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 758 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K., six. 258.
RENOUX, CHARLES CAlUS, Iwrn in
Paris in 1795, died there, March 15, 1846.
Landscape and architecture painter. Med-
! als : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1831 ; L. of
' Honour, 1838. Works : Interior of Saint-
Etieune-du-Mont (1824), formerly in Lux-
embourg Museum ; Views at MonU'-limart,
Corps, and near Gerame, Subterranean do.
in the Arena at Aries, Interior in 16th Cen-
tury (1831); Taking of Chateau de 1'Esoal-
cette, 1676, do. of Ghent, 1678, do. of Phil-
ipsbourg, 1688, do. of Roses, 1693, do. of
Palamos, 1694, Treaty between the Crusa-
ders and Venetians in St. Mark's, 1201
(1839), Marriage of the Due de Berry, 1816
KENT-DAY
(1843), Opening at the Louvre of the Leg-
islative Session in 1823 (1843), Versailles
Museum ; Henri d'Albret received into the
Chapter at Auch, Amiens Museum ; Land-
scape with Factories, Interior of Monastery
near Aries, Interior of a Vault, Landscape,
do. with Figures, Bordeaux Museum ; In-
terior of Basle Cathedral, Colmar Museum ;
Vault Interior, Lisieux Museum ; Rocks,
Nantes Museum ; Rhine View (1831), Or-
leans Museum ; The Antiquary, Leipsic
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 361.
RENT-DAY, Sir DcmdWUkie, John Chap-
man (?); canvas. Tenants paying their rent
to the landlord, who is seated behind a table
Rent-Day, Sir David W.lkie, John Chapman (
at left ; at right, a table with several persons
eating ; 18 figures. Painted in 1808 ; sold
for £150 to Earl of Mulgrave, after whose
death it was offered for sale, but bought in
for 750 guineas; afterward sold to J. Chapman
for about £2,000. Engraved by A. Raimbach.
— Heaton, Works of Sir D. W. ; Mollett, 30.
RENTZELL, AUGUST VON, born at Ma-
rienwerder, West Prussia, in 1810. Genre
painter, pupil in Berlin of Karl Begas ;
went for some time to Diisseldorf and set-
tled in Berlin ; represents comical situations
and little fatalities of human life. Works :
Cab in Rainstorm claimed by Several Per-
sons ; Late Packing (1842); Picture Dealer
in Tyrolese Village ; In the Stable ; First
Ride ; Sunday Morning ; Alpine Hunter ;
Travellers on Austrian Frontier ; Afternoon
on Lake Vierwaldstiidt ; Mid-day Rest in the
Open, Sleeping Grandmother (1847), Raveno
Gallery, Berlin. — Rosenberg, Berl. Maler-
schule, 70.
REPOSE IN EGYPT, Paul Delaroche, Sir
Richard Wallace, Bart., London. The Vir-
gin seated with Infant Jesus asleep on her
knees ; in background, St. Joseph. Called
sometimes Vierge au lezard. Painted for
Lord Hertford. Engraved by Martinet. —
Larousse, xiii. 995.
By Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; canvas, H. 7 ft.
x 9 ft. 1 in. Same as the
Palazzo Pitti picture, ex-
cept that the angels are re-
placed by some partridges,
whence sometimes called
Madonna with the Par-
tridges. In Collection of
Charles I, valued at £40 ;
Collection of M. van Loo,
Amsterdam (1713), 12,050
florins ; Collection of M.
Valkenburg, Rotterdam
(1731), 12,150 florins;
bought by Earl of Orford
for £800 for Houghton
Collection, and sold, with
other pictures, to Empress
Catherine in 1795 for £36,000. Engraved
by S. G. and J. G. Facius ; lithographed by
Huoi— Guiffrey, 245 ; Smith, iii. 81.
By Anton van Dijck, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Vir-
gin seated under a tree, with Jesus sleeping
on her breast ; at left, St. Joseph. En-
graved by Bolswert ; Ragot ; C. Waumans ;
Edelinck ; J. Burger.— Smith, iii. 17 ; Klas.
der Malerei, PI. 13 ; Guiffrey, 244.
By Anton van Dyck, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. The
Virgin seated on a bank under trees, hold-
ing Jesus erect in her lap, and St. Joseph
sitting behind ; their attention is directed
REPUBLICAN
toward eight boy angels dancing in a ring
before them ; above, in clouds, a choir of
four angels. Passed from Collection of
Marquis Gerini to Palazzo Pitti in 1818.
Engraved by Bolswert ; J. Coelemans
(1698) ; J. Troyen ; Susanna Verbruggen ;
L. Martelli ; Pilizotti. Replica (3 ft. 8 iu.
x 4 ft. 9 in.), Collection of Lord Ashburton.
—Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PL 110 ; Guiffrey,
245 ; Smith, iii. 81 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii.
102.
By Luc Olivier Merson, S. A. Coale, Jr.,
St. Louis ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 4 ft. Night
scene, the Nile in the distance ; in fore-
ground, left, the Sphinx, with the Virgin
and Child reposing between its paws ; at its
foot, St. Joseph, asleep, and the ass, teth-
ered beside him, cropping the herbage. Sa-
lon, 1879. — Art Treasures of America, iii.
52.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. The Vir-
gin, seated by a tree, in centre, watches Je-
sus sleeping on a rock beside her ; at right,
St. Joseph, holding the bridle of the ass ;
at left, beside the Virgin, two cherubs ; in
foreground, a bottle, a pack, and a broad-
brimmed hat ; background, landscape. Gai-
gnat sale (1768), 17,535 livres. Mezzo-tint,
J. Walker. Repetitions : Earl of Northbrook,
London ; Leigh Court Collection, Somer-
set ; Glasgow Museum. Copy (?) by Tobar
in Munich Gallery. Engraved by Sanders.
— Descr. de 1'Ermitage, 25 ; Curtis, 169 ;
Hermitage Cat., 129.
By Murillo, Earl of Strafford, Wrotham
Park, Herts, Eng. ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x
6 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated in centre,
adores Jesus in her lap ; at left, St. Joseph,
holding the ass, also in adoration ; on
ground, between the group, a gourd bottle,
a straw hat, and a bundle ; at right, two
cherubs in adoration ; above, three cherubs,
one of them hanging a curtain between trees,
as a screen ; background, mountains. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, iv. 320 ; Curtis, 170.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2
ft 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. The Virgin seated,
holds on her knees Jesus, who caresses the
young St. John, who is presented by St.
Elizabeth, kneeling; behind, St Joseph
standing. Painted in 1651 for Due de Crv-
qui Engraved by J. Pesne ; Massard ; Ni-
quet— FilhoL vii. 487 ; Cat. Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Munich Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. X 5 ft 2 iu.; signed. The
Virgin gives the breast to Jesus while some
angels gather fruits.
REPUBLICAN COURT, Daniel Hunting,
ton, A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. x 10 ft A reception at Wash-
ington in the second term of President
Washington's administration. Mrs. Wash-
ington at left, standing, with Nelly Custis and
Mrs. Robert Morris on her left, Alexander
Hamilton, John Adams, and Johu Jay at her
right, and other celebrites of the time be-
hind her ; in centre, background, General
Washington in conversation with Harriet
Chew and surrounded by Jonathan Trum-
bull, Oliver Ellsworth, Thomas Jefferson,
the Duke of Kent, and others ; at right,
Mrs. George Clinton, seated, in conversation
with Mrs. Ralph Izard, with Mrs. John Jay
and other ladies iu foreground and many
prominent men in background. Painted iu
1876. Engraved by Alexander H. Ritchie.
RESPECT, Paolo Veronese, Cobham Hall,
England ; canvas, 5 ft 10 in. square. A
woman, nude, lying asleep, toward whom
Cupid is drawing a man, who is held back
by an old man in the background. Waagen
thinks it wrongly named, and says it ap-
pears rather to exemplify the triumph of
passion over reason. From collection of
Queen Christina of Sweden to Orleans Gal-
lery ; valued at sale in 1793 at £150, sold
for 44 guineas. Engraved by L. Desplaces ;
M. Pelletier. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 499 ;
iii 20 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 25.
RESTOUT, JEAN, the younger, born at
Rouen, March 26, 1692, died in Paris, Jan. 1,
1768. French school ; history painter, son
of Jean Restout, the elder (1663-1702), pu-
pil of his uncle, Jean Jouvenet In 1717 he
won the grand prix de Rome and was ac-
RESTOUT
cepted as an honorary member of the Acad-
emy. Full member of the Academy in 1720,
professor in 1733, and
director in 1760. Was
also associate of
the Academies
of Rouen and
Caen. Works :
Venus asking
Vulcan for Arms
for .ZEneas
(1717) ; Ananias
laying Hands on
St. Paul (1718), Louvre ; Arethusa
escaping from Alpheus (1720), Com-
piegne Palace ; Christ healing a
Paralytic (1725), Louvre ; Alexander
the Great taking the Potion from
Philip, Last Supper, Amiens Muse-
um ; Good Samaritan (1736), An-
gers Museum ; Prophet Ezekiel,
Presentation in the Temple, Bor-
deaux Museum ; St. John having
baptized Christ, humbles himself
before the Son of God, Dijon Mu-
seum ; Martyrdom of St. Andrew,
Grenoble Museum ; Christ at Em-
maus (1735), Lille Museum; Christ's
Charge to St. Peter, Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Portrait of himself, Metz
Museum ; Portrait of an Architect,
Nancy Museum ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Annunciation, Orleans
Museum ; Presentation of the Vir-
gin, Rouen Museum ; Telemachus
relating his adventures to Calypso, Rennes
Museum ; Old Man's Head, Valenciennes
Museum ; Portrait of a Physician, Versailles
sumption, Sens Cathedral. Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre ; Ch. Blanc, ficole fran§aise ; Jal, 1054.
RESTOUT, JEAN BERNARD, born in
Paris, Feb. 22, 1732, died there, July 18,
/ 7 J4
Museum ; Herminia at the Shepherd's, Toi-
let of Herminia, Fontainebleau Palace ; As-
Resurrection, Annibale Carracci, Louvre.
1797. French school ; history painter, son
and pupil of preceding ; won the second
prize in 1755, and the grand prize in 1758 ;
then studied in Rome, returned in 1765,
and was received into the Academy in 1769,
but severed his connection in 1771, not wish-
ing to submit to its regulations. Member
also of Caen, Rouen, and Toulouse Acad-
emies. Works : St. Bruno in Prayer in the
Desert (1763), Louvre ; Diogenes, Phile-
mon and Baucis (sketch), Toulouse Muse-
um ; Anacreon singing his Poems to his
Mistress (1765), Jupiter and Mercury at the
28
RESURRECTION
Table of Philemon and Baucis (1769), Tours
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 364 ; Chennevieres,
Peintres provinciaux de 1'ancienne France,
iii. 317.
RESURRECTION, Annibale Carracci,
Louvre ; canvas, arched, H. 7 f t 1 in. x 5 ft
Resurrection, Pietro Perugino, Vatican, Rome.
3 in. ; signed, dated 1593. Christ, within a
glory of angels, has risen from the tomb ;
one of the soldiers is sleeping on the sepul-
chre, the seals of which are unbroken ; an-
other, at left, runs with a flag ; a third, at
right, is about to draw his sword ; others
stricken with fear. Painted for the Luchi-
ni, rich merchants ; bought for Louis XIV.
in 1685 for 4,000 livres. Copy, small with
variations, on copper, in Louvre ; engraved
by G. M. Mitelli.— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Lan-
don, Musee, xi. PI. 33.
By Filippino Lippi, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in.; predella, 1 ft.X
4 ft. 10 iu. Christ appears to the Virgin
with the marks of the Crucifixion on his
body ; above, in a glory of cherubim, God
the Father, with the Virgin and Gabriel
kneeling on clouds at sides ; below, in laud-
scape, people in adoration. In the predella,
Christ rising from the sepulchre, supported
by angels and attended on right by SS.
Dominic, Clara, and Catharine of Siena ; on
left, by SS. Francis, Louis of Toulouse, and
Bernardino of Siena. Belonged to the Bare-
foot Monks of Palco, near Prato. The order
was given to Domenico Ghirlandajo in
1491, but it was executed by Filippino Lip-
pi in 1495.— C. & C., Italy, ii. 444.
By Francesco Manteyna (?), National Gal-
lery, London ; wood, H. 1 f t 6 in. x 1 ft.
Christ, partly clad in a red mantle, stands
on edge of the sepulchre, which is built
into a pyramidal rock that rises in centre
nearly to top of picture ; five soldiers at
base, four asleep and one watching. The
expressions are excellent, and the execution
is marked by careful finish. Bought in
1881 from A. W. Thibaudeau for £300.—
- ->:'TI
• rt~^rL>' x*7v3
'~- i &3U
. j«v; ' Vv
; i n^'^t^s —
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56 M .n i
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Resurrection, Raffaellino del Garbo, Florence Academy.
Athenseum (1881), No. 2807, 216 ; Richter,
68, 110.
By Murillo, Academia S. Fernando, Ma-
drid ; canvas, H. 8 ft X 5 ft 4 in. Christ
ascending, with a red banner in his left
RETIIEL
hand and pointing up with his right ; be-
low, guards sleeping by the tomb. Former-
ly in Convent of the Merced Calzada, Sev-
ille ; carried off by Marshal Soult ; returned
to Madrid in 1814. Engraved by Franch.
Study was in Standish Collection.— C. Ber-
mudez, ii. 59 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 107 ; Curtis,
206.
By Pietro Peritgino (and Raphael ?), Vati-
can, Rome ; wood, arched. Christ, in an
almond-shaped glory, with an angel on each
side, has risen from the tomb ; three sol-
diers sleeping and one running away. The
flying soldier is said to be the portrait of
Perugino, and the sleeping youth on the
right that of Raphael, who probably had a
share in the painting of this picture. Paint-
ed for S. Francesco de' Conventuali, Peru-
gia, after 1504 Taken to Paris ; returned
in 1815.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 219 ; Pistolesi,
Vaticano, vi. PI. 69 ; Miintz, 53 ; Passavant,
ii. 4.
By Baffaellino del Garbo, Florence Acad-
emy ; wood, figures half life-size. Christ
rises from the sepulchre, the cover of which
has fallen on one of the guards ; other sol-
diers running away in terror ; landscape
background of a town, ruins, rocks, and
trees. Formerly in S. Bartolommeo at
Monte Oliveto. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 235 ;
C. & C., Italy, iii. 419.
By Raphael, Vatican ; wood, H. 7 ft. 6 in.
x 5 ft. 6 in. Christ, supported on a cloud,
blesses the world as he rises from the tomb ;
two guards, thought by some to resemble
Raphael and Perugino, sleep near ; in dis-
tance, two more run away. Attributed to
Perugino, but probably by Raphael when
under him (1495-1500). Painted for S.
Francesco, Perugia ; carried to Paris in
1797 ; sent to Vatican in 1815. Engraved
by Graffonara ; Rehberg. Studies for the
two groups of soldiers in Oxford Collection.
— Passavant, ii. 2.
By Rembrandt, Munich Gallery ; canvas,
arched, H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 f t. 2 in. An an-
gel is removing the stone from the entrance
to the sepulchre, within which Christ is seen
in his grave-clothes ; some of the guard have
fallen to the ground, others are endeavour-
ing to escape. Engraved by Hess. — Smith,
vii. 43.
By H Sodoma, Naples Museum ; wood,
signed, dated 1535. Christ, with the ban-
ner of victory, rising above the clouds ; at
the tomb, two angels. Formerly in S. Tom-
uiaso, Naples. — Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 214,
226.
By Tintoretto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. Christ rising
from the sepulchre, with white banner in
his hand ; soldiers dazzled by the light, and
flying, abandoning their arms ; background
of military tents. Engraved by Viviani. —
Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iv. PI. 78.
By Tintoretto, S. Cassiano, Venice ; can-
vas, signed, and dated 1565. Not a picture
of the Resurrection, but of Saints thinking
about the Resurrection ; a mass of Renais-
sance absurdities. On one side of the tomb
is S. Cassiano, a bishop in full robes, on the
other a female saint, St. Cecilia ; beneath
it an angel playing on the organ, which a
cherub is blowing ; above, cherubs flying
about with flowers. — Ruskin, Stones of Ven-
ice, iii. 290 ; Zanotto, 383.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven-
ice ; canvas. Christ rising, and some por-
traits of the Monsini family. — Zanotto, 633.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Eocco, Venice ;
canvas. " Characteristic of the worst points
of Tintoret. Christ bursts out of the tomb
like a thunderbolt, and the angels them-
selves seem likely to be crushed under the
rent stones. The best part is the two dis-
tant figures of the Marys." — Ruskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 337.
RETHEL, ALFRED, born at Diepen-
bend House, near Aix-la-Chapelle, May 15,
1816, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 1, 1859. His-
tory painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy
under Schadow, when a mere lad, and with
his earliest compositions excited the admi-
ration of his instructors ; -visited Munich
and the Bavarian Alps in 1835, went in 1837
to Frankfort, where he became an enthu-
30
RETI1EL
siastic follower of Philip Veit, and widely
known throughout Germany by his Neme-
sis ; visited Italy in
1844—45, and execut-
ed his famous frescos
in the Coronation
Hall at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle in 1847-51, liv-
ing alternately in
Dresden in 1848-51 ;
visited Borne again
in 1852, when the
first signs of a men-
tal disease appeared, resulting in softening
of the brain. Works : St. Boniface (1832),
National Gallery, Berlin ; do. Preaching
(1835) ; several others from life of this
Saint ; Charles Mortel in Battle of Tours
(1833) ; Prayer before Battle of Sempach
(1834) ; Nemesis (1837), Herr von Keuter,
Frankfort; Daniel in Lions' Den (1838),
Guardian Angel of Emperor Maximilian I.,
Stadel Gallery, ib.; Charles V., Maximilian
I. and II., Philip of Suabia (1838), ROmer,
ib.; Finding of Gustavus Adolphus after
Battle of Ltitzen, Stuttgart Museum ; Rec-
onciliation of Emperor Otto I. with his
Brother Henry, St. Martin (1837-39); Scenes
from Life of Rudolph von Hapsburg, Battle
of the Huns, Prayer of Crusaders, Job, sev-
eral pictures in History of David, Theodo-
sius and Ambrosius, Death of Barbarossa,
Battle of Merseburg (about 1839); Emperor
Max on the Martiuswand, Charles V. enter-
ing St. Yuste, Coffin of Henry IV., St. Peter
and St. John healing the Lame (1840-41),
Leipsic Museum ; Joshua, Absalom, Ba-
laam's Ass, David anointed King, Moses
destroying Tables of the Law (1842-43); St.
Sebastian's Body taken by Christians from
Cloaca Maxima, Martyrdom of St. Stephen ;
Resurrection, St. Nicholas, Frankfort ; Cycle
(6) representing Hannibal crossing the Alps
(1844-45). Frescos : Opening of Charle-
magne's Tomb by Otto HI., Destruction of
the Irmen Column, Battle of Cordova, Char-
lemagne's Entry into Pavia, Baptism of Wit-
tekind, Coronation of Charlemagne, Build-
ing of Minster at Aix-la-Chapelle, Delivery
of the Crown to Louis the Pious (1847-51),
City Hall, Aix-la-Chapelle ; cartoons of do.i
and of Resurrection, National Gallery, Ber-
lin.—Allgem. Zeitg. (1859), 5985 ; Art Jour-
nal (18C5), 337 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole allemaude ;
Jordan (1885), ii. 180 ; Wolfg. Mailer, Dds-
seldf. K., 64 ; do., Alf. Rethel (Leipsic, 1861);
Nagler, Mon., i. 507 ; Pecht, ii. 129 ; Reber,
ii. 141 ; Riegel, D. Kunststud., 326 ; Vischer,
Altes u. Neues, iii. 1 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi.
132 ; x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 49) ; xx. 208, 287.
RETHEL, OTTO, born at Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, Dec. 26, 1822. History, genre, and
portrait painter, brother of Alfred ; pupil of
DUsseldorf Academy under his brother, Karl
Sohn, and Schadow. Works : Boaz and
Ruth (1855), Leipsic Museum ; Return of
Tobias ; Paul and Silas ; Christ on Mount
of Olives ; Reunion after Sickness ; Little
Congratulators ; At the Hearth ; In the
House of Mourning ; Serious Infancy ; Hap-
py Age ; Artist's Portrait (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).— Midler, 435.
RETTICH, KARL LORENZ, born at Ro-
senhagen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1841.
Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Lier,
then in DUsseldorf (1862-67) of Albert
Flamm and Theodor Hagen ; lived in Dres-
den in 1867-70 and settled in Weimar in
1871. Medals; London, 1874
1876. Works : After Sunset
Morning ; Landscape in Holstein
Munich,
Autumn
After the
Storm ; Sheep on Baltic Coast ; Norwegian
Coast ; Devastation of Baltic Coast by
Storm Tide ; Cows on Baltic Coast. — M(ll-
ler, 435.
RETURN FROM BEAR HUNT. See
Stone Age.
RETURN FROM DEER STALKING,
Sir Edwin Landseer, Windsor Castle. A
young chief and his old companion, a
mountaineer, are going carefully down a
hill, with two magnificently antlered staga
bound across the backs of a black and a
white pony ; two dogs accompany them,
one of which turns to a deer's skull lying
in the grass. Royal Academy, 1827.
KETURN
BETUEN PEOM EGYPT, Rubens, Blen-
heim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 11
in. The Virgin, holding Jesus by her right
hand, is advancing to left ; on farther side,
Joseph leading the ass ; in middle of pict-
ure, a palm tree. Painted about 1G10. En-
graved by Vorsterman (1620); Lowrie ; Voet ;
McArdell ; in reverse, anonymous. Blen-
heim sale (1886), £1,500, to Murray.— Waa-
gen, Treasures, iii. 124 ; Smith, ii. 243.
By Mubens, Metropolitan Museum, New
York ; wood, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 10 in.
The Virgin and St. Joseph lead Infant Je-
sus by the hand ; above, the Father looking
down from heaven. Painted for Jesuits'
Church, Antwerp, in 1620 ; bought at sale
after suppression of Jesuits (1777), by M.
Danoot ; at his sale (1828), bought by Mr.
Buchanan, London. Transferred to can-
vas, 1880. Engraved by Bolswert. — Smith,
ii. 21 ; Van Hasselt, Hist, de Eubens, 248 ;
Cat. New York Mus.
EETUEN FEOM HAWKING, Sir Ed-
win Landseer, Ellesmere Collection. The
party have just halted under an arch at the
entrance to the mansion ; Lord Francis
Egerton (afterwards first Earl of Ellesmere),
who has dismounted from a white horse,
held by a page, stands leaning upon the
neck of a black horse, on which is seated
his wife with a child in her arms ; at left,
the falconer with the victorious bird on his
gloved hand and others on a perch sus-
pended from his neck ; in front, a little girl
teasing one of the falcons, game, hounds, and
pet dogs. Eoyal Academy, 1837. Engraved
by Samuel Cousins. — Landseer Gallery.
EETUENING FEOM MARKET, SLr Au-
gustus Wall Callcott, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Dutch
peasants, two girls on foot and a woman
and child on ponies, fording a brook on
their way home from the market-town,
which is seen between the trees in back-
ground. Eoyal Academy, 1834 ; Vernon
Collection, 1847. Engraved by Finden ; J.
Cousen.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Painters of Geor-
gian Era, 76.
EEUTEEN, GERHAEDT WILHELM
VON, born at Rosthof, Livland, July 18,
1794, died in Frankfort, March 22, 1865.
History and genre painter, pupil in 1834 of
Diisseldorf Academy under Schadow and
Hildebrandt, after having served in the
Eussian army and lost his right arm in the
campaign of 1813 ; became court painter to
Czar Nicolas I. in 1835 and settled in Frank-
fort in 1844. Works : Page in Mediaeval
Costume, Girl opening Jewelry Box (1835);
Girl Knitting ; Children's School ; Domes-
tic Devotions of Schwalmer Peasants ;
Mother and Child praying at a Grave ; St.
George issuing from Church Door ; Sacri-
fice of Isaac (1849), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Mother with Sleeping Child (3 times);
Madonna, Girl under a Tree, Three Singers
in a Boat (1858-59), Summer Palace at Zars-
koe Selo ; Trinity, Crucifixion, Last Supper,
Fall of Man, Temptation of Christ. — Andre-
sen, iii. 223.
EEVOTL, PIEEEE, born at Lyons, June
13, 1776, died in Paris, March 19, 1842.
History and genre painter, pupil of David
with Fleury Francois Richard, whom he
greatly surpassed ; founder of the roman-
tic school, which turned from the hack-
neyed gods and heroes of antiquity to more
appealing episodes in history. Happy in
the choice of his subjects from the middle
ages and renaissance, he combined with an
attractive conception great care in repre-
senting costumes and accessories with his-
torical truthfulness, and a brilliant colour-
ing. Became professor at Lyons Academy
in 1809, but resigned in 1830 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1814 ; corresponding member of the
Institute, 1825. Works: The Ring of
Charles V. (1810), formerly in Luxembourg
Museum ; The Tourney (1812), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Convalescence of Bayard (1817) ;
Jeanne d'Arc imprisoned at Eouen (1819) ;
Jeanne d'Albret (1819), Fontainebleau Pal-
ace ; Mary Stuart's Farewell of her Servants
(1822); Tancred taking Possession of Beth-
lehem in 1099 (1840), Philippe Auguste tak-
ing the Oriflamme at Saint-Denis in 1190
32
REX
(1841), Versailles Museum ; Giotto as a Child
(1841), Grenoble Museum ; Ransom of Chris-
tians by the Trinitarians, Aix Museum.—
Bellier, ii. 367 ; Meyer, Gesek, 150 ; Nag-
ler, xiii. 68.
REX TIBICEN (King Flutist), Jean Louis
G'ertime, private gallery, Paris. Frederick
the Great, full-length, standing, playing the
flute in his cabinet, before a table on which
are a music book, writing implements, and
papers. The floor is strewn with books
and rolls and at the right a hound is lying
asleep. Salon, 1876.
REYN, JAN DE, born at Dunkirk in
1610, died there in 1678. Flemish school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil at Ant-
werp of Van Dyck, whom ho followed to
England, and assisted in bis works, until
that master's death, when he returned to
his native town. Very probably many of
his works, especially portraits, are attrib-
uted to his master. Works : The Four
Chief Martyrs, St. Eloy's, Dunkirk ; Death
of Totila, English Convent, ib. ; Herodias
with the Head of St. John, St. Martin's,
Bergues, near Dunkirk ; Thetis and Peleus,
Madrid Museum ; Female Portrait (1637),
Brussels Museum. — Kramm, v. 1632.
REYNOLDS, Sir JOSHUA, born at
Plympton, Devonshire,
July 16, 1723, died in
London, Feb. 23, 1792.
Son of Rev. Samuel
Reynolds, master of the
grammar school at
Plymptou St. Mary,
Plymouth. Went to
London in 1741 as a
pupil of Thomas Hud-
son, and after less than two years' study
returned home and painted many portraits
at a low price. In 1746 he began practice
in London, and in 1749 accompanied Com-
modore (afterward Lord) Keppcl in the ship
Centurion to the Mediterranean. At Rome,
where he caught a cold while working in
the Sistine Chapel, which made him deaf
for the rest of his life, he remained two
years ; he then visited other parts of Italy
before returning to England via Paris, in
October, 1752, and spent three months in
Devonshire before settling in London, at
first in St. Martin's Lane, where in 1763 he
painted the portrait of Commodore Keppel
(Collection of Lord Albemarle), which laid
the foundation of his fortune. In 1768, on
the establishment of the Royal Academy,
he was chosen its first president, and was
knighted by George HI.; and in 1769, Jan.
2, he delivered his first discourse to the
students of the Academy. On the deatli
of Allan Ramsay (1784), he became princi-
pal painter in ordinary to the king. He
exhibited 245 works at the Royal Academy,
his contributions averaging eleven annually.
He died unmarried, and was buried in St.
Paul's Cathedral, near Sir Christopher Wren.
Reynolds painted many historical and fancy
subjects, but it is as a portrait painter that
he excelled all his contemporaries. Ruskiu
calls him the " prince of portrait painters "
and "one of the seven colourists of the
1 world," placing him with Titian, Giorgione,
f Correggio, Tintoretto, Veronese, and Tur-
ner. But though his pictures still have a
peculiar grace and elegance from the artis-
tic pose of the figures and the happy ar-
rangement of accessories, many of them
have lost their freshness in consequence of
his use of fading colours and his experi-
ments with fugitive mediums. Among the
best preserved of his works arc those in the
National Gallery. A collection of Reynolds's
works was exhibited in the winter of 1883-
84 at the Grosvenor Gallery, London, in-
cluding the following : Portrait of Sir Joshua
(1748), Mrs. Gwatkin ; Mrs. Field (1748),
I E. R Pearce, Esq.; Caricatures (1751), Duke
of Devonshire ; Admiral Keppel (1753), Earl
of Albemarle; Lord Cathcart (1754), Earl
Cathcart; Lord Brownlow ; Lord Anson
(1755), Earl of Lichfield ; Lady Cathcart
and her Daughter (1755), Earl Cathcart;
Alderman W. Beckford (1755), Duke of Ham-
ilton ; Hon. W. Keppel (1758), Earl of Al-
bemarle ; Duke of Hamilton (1758), Duke
38
REYNOLDS
of Hamilton; Lady Caroline Fox (1758),
Lady Holland; Hon. John Byron (1759),
W. Byron, Esq.; 1st Marquis of Hertford
(1759), Marquis of Hertford ; Earl of Sus-
sex (1759), Lord Donington ; Marchioness
of Tavistoek (1759), Earl of Albemarle ;
Duchess of Gloucester (1759), Earl Walde-
grave ; Lady Selina Hastings (1759), Lord
Douington ; Venus and Cupid (1759), Lord
Castletown ; 2 Portraits of Admiral Keppel
(1860-G5), Lord Albemarle ; Miss Jacobs
(1761), Marquis of Hertford ; Countess
Waldegrave, Earl Waldegrave (17G1), Lord
Carlingford; Lord Erroll (1763), Earl of
Erroll ; Miss Abington as Miss Prue (1764),
Sir Charles Mills ; Master T. Lisker (1764),
Lord Eibblesdale ; Mrs. Collyer as Lesbia
(1764), Sir W. Knighton ; Lady Ann Stan-
hope (1765-66), Earl of Mesborough ; Earl
of Pembroke and Son (1765), Earl of Pem-
broke ; Lord Borringdon (1766?), Earl of
Morley ; Warren Hastings (1766), Lord
Northwick ; Marquis of Eockingham and
his Secretary, Edmund Burke (1766), Sir
Frederick Leigh ton, P.E.A.; Eev. Zachariah
Mudge (17G6), Mrs. Gwatkin ; 2 Portraits
of Sir Joshua's Black Servant (1767?), Et.
Hon. George Cavendish Bentinck, and Sir
George Beaumont ; Et. Hon. Sir John Cart
(1767), Lord Brownlow ; Crossing the Brook
(1767), Mrs. Buchanan Eiddell ; Lord Am-
herst (1768 ?), Hon. Paive C. Glyn ; Garrick
as Kitely (1768), L. Huth, Esq.; Duchess
of Devonshire (1769), Earl Spencer ; Por-
trait of Sir Joshua (1770), Dilettanti Soci-
ety ; Mrs. Pelham (1770), Earl of Yarbor-
ough ; Lord George Seymour (1770), Hon.
G. S. Conway ; Miss Palmer (1770), G. W.
Currie, Esq.; Bartolozzi (1771), Earl of
Morley ; Venus chiding Cupid (1771), Earl
Northbrook ; Duchess of Buccleuch and her
Child (1772), Duke of Buccleuch ; Strawberry
Girl (1773), Col. Copley Wray ; repetitions,
Sir E. Wallace and Marquis of Lansdowne ;
Nymph and Young Bacchus (1773), I. Bent-
ley ; Lady Borringdon and her Sou (1773),
Earl of Morley ; Joseph Baretti (1774), Lady
Holland ; Mrs. Morris (1775), W. B. Beau-
mont, Esq.; Infant St. John (1776), Sir
Watkin W. Wynn ; 2d Earl of Spencer
(1776), Earl Spencer; Lord Porchester as
Infant Bacchus (1776), Earl of Carnarvon ;
Young Fortune-Tetter (1777 ?), Duke of Marl-
borough ; Countess of Powis (1777), Earl of
Powis ; Two Groups of Members of Dilet-
tanti Society (1777-79), Dilettanti Society ;
Ariadne (1778), Th. Evans, Esq.; Earl of
Dalkeith (1778), Duke of Buccleuch ; Lady
Beaumont (1779), Sir G. Beaumont ; The
Gleaners (1780), Eobert Gosling, Esq. ;
Lord Cavendish (1780), Duke of Devon-
shire ; Portrait of Sir Joshua (1780), Eoyal
Academy ; Prince William Frederick (1780),
Trinity Collection ; Miss Nesbitt as Circe
(1781), Lady Stanley of Alderley ; The
Three Ladies Waldegrave (1781), Lord Car-
lingford ; Mrs. Thrale and her Daughter
(1781), Lady Ashburton ; Hon. Mrs. Beck-
ford (1782?); W. Beckford, M P. (1782),
Duke of Hamilton ; Calling of Samuel (1782),
Earl of Darnley ; Countess Spencer, Bich-
ard Burke (1782), Earl Spencer ; Sir Abra-
ham Hume (1783 ?), Earl Brownlow ; Miss
Fanny Kemble (1783), Et. Hon. George
Cavendish Beutinck ; Countess of Erroll
(1783), Earl of Erroll; Infant Academy
(1783), Lord Mount Temple; Girl with
Dead Dove, Lord Houghton ; Marchioness
of Thomond (1784), Mrs. Gwatkin; Lady
Spencer and Child (1784), Earl Spencer ;
Muscipula (1784), Lady Holland ; Lady Or-
mond, Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse
(1784), Grosvenor House ; Adoration of the
Shepherds (1785), Earl Fitzwilliam ; Duch-
ess of Devonshire and her Child (1786),
Duke of Devonshire ; Dr. Johnson (1786),
Ch. Morrison, Esq.; Lady Cornwall (1786),
Miss A. Duff Gordon ; Lady Anne Bingham
(1786), Earl Spencer ; Felina (1787), Earl
of Feversham ; Sir George Beaumont (1787),
Sir G. Beaumont ; Miss Gwatkin as Sim-
plicity (1788), E. F. Watson, Esq.; Portrait
of Sir Joshua (1788), Mrs. Gwatkin ; Guard-
ian Angel, Portrait of Sir Joshua (1788),
Duke of Leeds ; Babes in the Wood (1788),
H. N. Pym, Esq.; Infant Hercules (1788),
34
REZZONICO
Lord Northwick ; do., Earl Fitzwilliara ;
View from Richmond Hill (1788), Earl of
Northbrook ; Death of Dido, Cimon and
Iphigenia (1789), Buckingham Palace ; Lady
Francis Cole (1789), Earl of Darnley ; Sheri-
dan? (1789), H. N. Pym, Esq.; Man's Head
in Profile (1773), Holy Family, The Graces
(1774), Banished Lord, Lord Heathfield,
Hon. William Wyndham, Infant Kamuel,
Lord Ligonier on Horseback, Sir A. Hume,
Admiral Keppel (1780), Sir William Hamil-
ton (1784), Aye of Innocence, Captain Orme,
Heads of Angels (1787), Portraits of Two
Gentlemen (1788-89), Snake in the Grass,
Dr. Johnson, Bos well, Portrait of Sir Joshua,
George TV. as Prince of Wales, Portrait of
a Lady, Robinetta, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Mother and Sick Child, 2 Portraits
of Sir Joshua, Death of Cardinal Beaufort,
A Sketch, Prophet Samuel, Mrs. Siddons as
the Tragic Muse, Dulwich Gallery ; Snake
in the Grass, Soaue Museum and Baron
Rothschild's Collection ; Lord Ashburton ;
Earl of Bath ; Admiral Boscawen ; Earl
Camden ; Sir W. Chambers ; Duke of Cum-
berland ; Viscount Keppel ; Marquis of
Lansdowne ; Portrait of Sir Joshua. Other
noted works are : Kitty Fisher (1759), Hope
nursing Love, Sleeping Girl, Lausdowue
House ; Nellie O'Brien, Miss Bowler, Hert-
ford House ; Death of Cardinal Beaufort,
Macbeth and Witches, Lord Lecoufield, Pet-
worth House ; Mrs. Barrington as St. Ce-
cilia, Bowood ; Garrick between Tragedy
and Comedy (1761), Sir W. W. Wynn ;
Vgolino (1773), Earl Amherst, Knole Park ;
.Picfc-a-Back (about 1779), Lord Monson ;
Venus and Cupid, Continence of Scipio,
Hercules strangling the Serpents (1788),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Puck (1787),
Earl Fitzwilliam ; Penelope Boothby (1788),
Earl of Dudley. Sir Joshua was distin-
guished also for literary ability. His "Dis-
courses on Painting," which formed his an-
nual addresses as head of the Academy, are
admirably composed and excellent in their
precepts. His sister, Frances Reynolds
(1729-1807) painted miniatures and copied
his pictures.— Leslie and Tom Taylor, Life
(London, 1865) ; Northcote, Memoirs (Lon-
don, 1813) ; Farington, Memoirs (London,
1819); Malone, Works of J. R (1801); Cot-
ton, Sir J. R and his Works (1856) ; Cun-
ningham ; Redgrave, Century ; Ch. Blnne,
Ecolo anglaise ; Waagen, Art Treasures ;
Quarterly Review, April, May, and July,
18G6 ; Pulling, Biog. Great Artists ; Knight,
Works of J. R (1798) ; Beechey, Literary
Works, etc., of J. R (London, 1835) ; Ste-
phens, English Children painted by J. R,
witli 15 photos.; Portfolio (1873), 66, 82.
REZZONICO, MARC ANTONIO, por-
trait, Titian, Spedalo Maggiore, Milan ; can-
vas, figure to thigh, life-size. Painted in
1558 ; left to the hospital by Rezzouico, a
benefactor, at his death in 1584. Injured
by cleaning and repairing. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 266.
RHODEN, JOHANN MARTIN VON,
born at Cassel in 1778 or 1782, died Sept.
19, 1868. Landscape painter, studied in
Rome, whither he returned in 1833, having
been called to Cassel as court painter in
1827. Works : View near Lake of Albano,
Gotha Museum ; Italian Landscape with Pil-
grim and Hermit ; Villa of Hadrian ; Con-
vent of S. Benedetto near Subiaco. — Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1842), 112 ; D. Kuustbl. (1858),
285 ; Furster, iv., vii. ; v. 543 ; Riegel,
Gesch. des Wiederauflebens der d. K., 124,
334.
RHOMBERG, HANNO, born in Munich
in 1819, died at
Walchsee, Tyrol, July
17, 1869. Genre
painter, son and pupil
of Josef Anton Rhom-
berg, then pupil of
Munich Academy un-
der Schnorr, and of
Bcruhard ; was much
influenced by Enhu-
ber and rapidly won
fame with his humorous scenes from every-
day life. Works: Watchmaker, National
Gallery, Berlin; Village Painter's Studio
KIIOMBERG
(1857) ; Votive Tablet (1858) ; Tight Boot,
Best Scholar (1859) ; Punished for stealing
Tid-Bits, Acrobats at Village Inn (1860) ;
The Second Glass (1860) ; Sledge Carver
(1861), Buying a Bird, First Trial in Smok-
ing (1853), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Ink-
Spot, Juggler (1861); Boy at Whetstone
(1862) ; Badly Sewed Shoe, Mother's Er-
rand (1863) ; Children begging Father to
buy a Dog (1864); Little Patient, Breakfast
in Tyrol (1865); Tavern Scene (1869); Buy-
ing the Rabbits, R. L. Stuart, New York. —
D. Kunstbl. (1854), 6 ; (1856), 72 ; (1857),
403 ; (1858), 226 ; Propyliien (1869), 720 ;
Eegnet, ii. 93 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 285.
EHOMBERG, JOSEF ANTON, born at
Dornbirn, Vorarlberg, in 1786, died in Mu-
nich, Dec. 3, 1853. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Peter von Langer, and won first prize in
1814 ; lived alternately in Vienna and Mu-
nich, where he finally settled and became
professor at the Polytechnic School in 1827.
Works : Noah's Sacrifice (1814) ; Rebekah
at the Well, Holy Family (1820) ; Sybilla
(1822), Innsbruck Museum ; Death of Abel,
Deluge, Swiss on the Riitli (1822) ; Adora-
tion of Shepherds, Frauen-
kirche, Munich; Chamois
Hunter and Girl Cow-Keeper
(1832), Leipsic Museum. —
Soltl, 251 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 4.
RIBALTA, FRANCISCO DE, born at
Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, between
1550 and 1560, died in Valencia, Jan. 12,
1628. Spanish school ; studied in Valencia
and afterwards in Italy, where he was influ-
enced by the works of Raphael, Sebastian
del Piombo, and the Carracci. On his re-
turn to Spain he was received with honour
and patronage, and painted many pictures
for the churches and convents of Valencia.
His best works are remarkable for grandeur
and freedom of drawing, good taste in com-
position, and knowledge of anatomy. Among
his best scholars were his son Juan, Grego-
rio Castaneda, and Spagnoletto. Cean Ber-
mudez gives a list of six pages of his works.
JB.
Among the best are : Dead Christ and An-
gels, St. Francis, Blessed Soul, Lost Soul,
Madrid Museum ; St. Francis embracing
Christ, Assumption, St. Peter the Apostle,
Conception, St. John Baptist, and others,
Valencia Museum ; The Virgin and St. John
walking homeward from the Sepulchre, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Joachim and St.
Ann, Christ on the Cross (1582), The Magda-
len at the Sepulchre, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.— Stirling, i. 491 ; Viardot, Peintres
de 1'Espagne, 145 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espa-
gnole ; Madrazo, 520 ; C. Bermudez.
RIBALTA, JUAN DE, born in Valencia
in 1597, died there, Oct. 10, 1628. Spanish
school ; son and pupil of Francisco de Ri-
balta, and painted so nearly in his father's
style that their works are often confounded.
When only eighteen years old he painted
the admirable Crucifixion, now in the Va-
lencia Museum. Had he lived he would
probably have taken rank among the most
famous of Spanish painters. Works : SS.
John and Matthew ; SS. Mark and Luke ;
Singer, Madrid Museum ; Pope Gregory
the Great celebrating Mass, Dresden Muse-
um ; Jephtha's Sacrifice, Martyrdom of St.
Catherine, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Stirling, i. 496 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagnole;
Madrazo, 524.
RIBERA, Don CARLOS LUIS, born in
Rome, of Spanish parents, in 1812. Span-
ish school ; history painter, son and pupil
of Juan Antonio Ribera, then pupil of De-
laroche in Paris, where he lived for many
years. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1839 ; 2d
class, 1845. Works : Legislators of the
Spanish Nation, Room of the Cortes, Ma-
drid ; Tellez Giron rescuing Alfonso I. ;
Apocalypse of St. John ; Virgin worshipping
Infant Christ ; Mary Magdalen at Christ's
Tomb ; Don Roderigo de Calderon led to
Execution (1839); Assumption (1840); Bat-
tle against the Moors at Toledo (1845) ; View
of Notre Dame in Paris (1848) ; Origin of
Los Girones Family (1855). — Vapereau
(1880), 1534.
RIBERA, JUSEPE DE. See Spagnoletto.
86
HIBERA
RIBEEA, ROMAN; contemporary. Genre
painter. Works : Popular Paris Types,
Vengan Penas ! Unforeseen Case, At the
Theatre (1883); At Break of Day (1884).—
La Ilustracion (1883), L 26, 91, 210, 362 ;
(1884), i. 26.
RIBERA Y FERNANDEZ, Don JUAN
ANTONIO, born in Madrid, May 17, 1779,
died there, June 15, 1860. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Bayeu, and of San
Fernando Academy, then in Paris of David ;
afterwards went to Rome and in 1811 be-
came court painter to Charles IV. and mem-
ber of Accademia di S. Luca ; in 1820 hon-
orary member of Academia S. Fernando ;
lived at Navalcarnero from 1835, became
professor in 1838, and afterwards second
director of the Madrid Museum. Works :
Cincinuatus, Wamba, Allegories of Summer,
Autumn, Evening, Night, Madrid Museum ;
St. Ferdinand surrounded by Famous Span-
iards, Royal Palace, Madrid ; Paradise of
Great Spaniards ; Christ crowned with
Thorns, Resurrection, Aranjuez ; Portrait
of Cardinal Ingranzo, Toledo Cathedral ;
do. of Sculptor Jose- Alvarez.
RIBOT, (AUGUSTIN)
born at Breteuil
(Eure), Aug. 8,
1823. History,
genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of
Glaize. Style vig-
orous, realistic, and
somewhat coarse.
Medals: 1864,1865;
3d class, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1878.
Works : Cooks at Dinner Time, Merry Cook,
Chickens Roosting (1861) ; Rooster's Song,
Tinsmiths (1864) ; St. Sebastian (1865),
Christ and the Doctors (1866), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Torture (1867), Rouen
Museum ; Philosophers ; Lawyers and the
Oyster (1868) ; Good Samaritan (1870),
Luxembourg Museum ; Old Man (1882) ;
Parchments, Artist's Daughter (1884); Pere
Bresteau, Marie (1886) ; Artist's Children,
Col. Erwin Davis, Now York. — L'Art
(1880), XXL 127 ; Bellier, ii. 370 ; Claretio
(1874), 62, 110 ; Gaz. des 13. Arts (1869), L
500.
RICARD, GUSTAVE, born at Marseilles,
Sept. 1, 1823, died in Paris, Jan. 23, 1872.
Portrait painter, pupil of Cogniet ; took the
great colourists of the Italian school and
Van Dyck for his models. He excelled in
rendering individual characteristica Med-
als : 2d class, 1851 ; 1st class, 1852. Works :
Madame Sabatier (1850) ; Marshal Comte
Harispe, Versailles Museum ; Diodore Rn-
hoult, painter, Grenoble Museum ; £milo
Loubon, painter, Marseilles Museum ; Male
Portrait, Moutpellier Museum ; do., and
Artist's Portrait, Luxembourg Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 371 ; Meyer, Gesch., 386.
RICCI, CAMILLO, bom at Ferrara in
1580, died there in 1618. Lombard school ;
pupil and assistant of Scarsellino, whose
manner ho followed so exactly that his
works are sometimes confounded with his
master's. Although he died young ho left
enough pictures of merit to insure him on
honourable
place among his
countrymen. —
Lanzi, iii. 209 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ferrar-
aise.
RICCI, MARCO, born at Bellunoin 1679,
died in Venice in 1729. Venetian school ;
nephew, pupil, and associate of Scbastiano
Ricci, whom he accompanied in 1710 to
France and England, where he painted
landscapes and architecture pieces, to bo
found in many collections. Thougli seldom
without merit, these are little more than
studies, executed, like the pictures of his
uncle, in a slight and hasty way. In the
Dresden Museum are ten of his landscapes.
In Vienna: Landscape with Baptism of
Christ, Museum ; Two Landscapes, Liech-
tenstein Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole vi'niti-
enne ; Bartsch, xxi. 312.
RICCI, SEBASTIANO, born at Cividale
di Belluno in 1659, died in Venice, May 15,
1734. Venetian school ; pupil in Venice of
f
EICCIARELLI
F. Cervelli, whom he accompanied to Milan ;
resided several years in Florence, Rome, and
other Italian cities, studying and executing
many works. From Vienna, where he deco-
rated the Palace of Schonbrunn, he went to
England, in the reign of Queen Anne, and
during a ten years' residence painted the
chapel at Bulstrode for the Duke of Port-
land, the hall of Burlington House, an altar-
piece for the chapel of Chelsea College, and
other works, some of which are at Hampton
Court. In 1718 he returned to Venice,
where he lived rich and honoured until his
death. With a fertile invention and great
facility of execution, Sebastiano excelled in
imitating the great masters of the Venetian
school, especially Paolo Veronese. There
is much grandeur and force in his composi-
tions, but they generally want finish ; per-
haps because he had more orders than he
had time to fill. Among his works in Ven-
ice are : Christ appearing to the Holy Wom-
en, Academy ; Resurrection, S. Geminiano ;
Communion of the Apostles, and St. Domi-
uick, Corpus Domini ; Massacre of the In-
nocents, Scuola della Carita ; Baptism of
Christ, and Apostles' Supper, Capucines ;
Madonna with Saints, S. Giorgio Maggiore ;
Discovery of the Cross, and Miracle of St.
Francis, S. Rocco. Other works : Moses
striking the Rock, Magdalen washing the
Feet of Christ, Turin Gallery ; Ascension,
SS. Apostoli, Rome ; Apostles adoring the
Sacrament, S. Giustina, Padua ; Continence
of Scipio, Polyxenes before the Tomb of
Achilles, Louvre ; Venus Sleeping, National
Gallery, London ; A Sacrifice, Similar Sub-
ject, Ascension, Dresden Museum ; Tempta-
tion of St. Anthony, Schleissheim Gallery ;
Battle between Romans and Sabines, Rape
of the Sabine
/ 730 Women, Liech-
' tenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
RICCIARELLI. See Volterra.
RICCIO. See Brusasorci.
RICCIO, portrait, Raphael, Munich Gal-
lery ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 4 in.; signed.
Bust of a youth of the Riccio family, with
straight hair falling from beneath a little
black cap ; background, marble columns
and a meadow with a wood. Long in pos-
session of Riccio family, Florence ; bought
from Trautmann, banker, by King Louis of
Bavaria. Many of Michelangelo's letters are
addressed to Luigi del Riccio, his intimate
friend ; but whether this portrait is of that
individual in his youth is not certain. — Pas-
savant, ii. 26.
RICHARD, FLEURY FRANgOIS, born
at Lyons, Feb. 25, 1777, died at Scully
(Rhone), March 14, 1852. History and genre
painter, pupil of David, and leader of the
older romantic school of art in Lyons. L.
of Honour, 1815 ; painter to the King, 1825 ;
director of the Lyons School of Art, 1825.
Works : St. Blandine (1801); Valentine de
Milan (1802); Blind Man's Buff, Francis I,
Charles VH. leaving Agnes Sorel (1804) ;
Vert- Vert (1804), Lyons Museum; Bayard
consecrating his Arms to the Virgin, St.
Louis (1807); Henri IV. and Gabrielle d'Es-
trt-es, Jacques Molay going to the Scaffold
(1808) ; Funeral of Henri IV. in St. Denis,
Louis XIV. and Mile, de la Valliere, Mile, de
la Valliere as a Carmelite, Gil Bias and Can-
on Sedillo (1814) ; Mary Queen of Scots ;
Duchesse de Montmorency at the Monas-
tery of Moulins (1817), Hermitage of Vau-
couleurs (1819), formerly Luxembourg Mu-
Montaigne visiting Tasso (1822),
Lyons Museum ; Tanneguy-Duchatel saving
the Dauphin ; Death
of Talmont at Pavia
(1823) ; Louis de la
Tremouille (1824) ; Comminge and Adelaide
(1846).— Bellier, ii. 372 ; Larousse ; Meyer,
Gesch., 150.
RICHARD, THEODORE, born at Millau
(Aveyron), Nov. 24, 1782, died at Toulouse,
Dec. 10, 1859. Landscape and porcelain
painter, pupil of Bertin, Aubry, and Ingres.
Medals : 2d class, 1831 ; L. of Honour,
1854. Works : Don Quixote and Sancho,
River Tarn, Wood-Choppers, Crossing the
Brook, Pic du Midi near Pau, Forest of
RICHARD
Beeches, Castle of Roque, Mill of Creissels,
Forest in Winter, Game-Keeper and Poach-
er, Pau ; Sheep in a Pasture, Morning, Last
Tree of the Forest, Hollow Roatl, Sunset
(1831 to 1848) ; Woods in Autumn (1853);
Spring, Leafless Oaks (1857) ; Torrent
(1859) ; Three Landscapes, Herd March-
ing, Bordeaux Museum ; Farm near Pau
(1841), City and Chateau of Pau, Land-
scape with Figures, Montpellier Museum ;
Forest in the Mountains (1842), Orleans
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 373 ; Negrin, Ar-
tistes vivants du Midi (Toulouse, 1857).
RICHARD H., portrait, Jerusalem Cham-
ber, Westminster, formerly in the Choir of
the Abbey. The King on his throne. This
precious and carefully painted portrait,
which had been covered with several coats
of paint, and converted into a different per-
sonage, was cleaned and repaired by George
Richmond and H. Merritt. Engraved in Car-
ter's Specimens (1780-94).— Geo. Scharf,
Hist, of Old London, 285 ; Observations on
the Westminster Abbey Portrait, reprinted
from Fine Arts Quarterly (Jan. 1867).
RICHARD IL, WITH MADONNA AND
SAINTS, probably English, Wilton House,
England ; diptych, wood, tempera ; assumed
date, 1381. The King in a scarlet mantle
embroidered with his badge (white hart),
accompanied by SS. John Baptist, Edward
the Martyr, and Edward the Confessor,
kneels, in one panel, facing the Madonna
and angels on the other. The Virgin is clad
in deep blue, Christ in a mantle of cloth of
gold, and the angels have blue wings and
white hart badges. Charles I. obtained this
picture from Sir T. Jermyn, and James H.
(1688) gave it to Lord Castlemaine, at whose
death it passed to 8th Lord Pembroke
(1705). Engraved by Hollar (1C39) ; H.
Shaw in "Dresses of the Middle Ages" (i. PI.
43). Waagen thought it an Italian work. —
Arundel Soc. Chromolithograph, Essay by
Geo. Scharf (1883) ; Athenaeum (March 17,
1883) ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 150.
RICHARDS, THOMAS ADDISON, born
in London, Dec. 3, 1820. Landscape paint-
er ; went, when a boy, to Georgia with hw
parents, and removed thence, in 1845, to New
York, where he has since lived, with the ex-
ception of occasional trips to Europe. Pu-
pil of National Academy in 1845-47 ; elect-
ed an A.N.A. in 1848, N.A. in 1851 ; Los
been corresponding secretary since 1852.
He was the first director of the Cooper Un-
ion School of Design for Women in 1858-GO ;
since 1867, professor of art in University of
New York. Studio in New York. Works :
Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude, Mr. Wool-
sey, New Haven ; Indian Paradise (1854) ;
Edisto River, French Broad River (1859) ;
Rhine, Warwick Castle (1869); LakeWinni-
piseogee ; Chatsworth — England ; Lake
Thun — Switzerland ; Sunnyside ; Lake Bri-
enz — Switzerland (1879); Squantum Road —
Providence, Meadow Brook, At Hunt's Mill
— Providence (1880); Dingman Creek — Pa.,
Lilacs (1881) ; Flower of the Period, Mar-
shal Niel Roses (1882); Pennsylvania Home-
stead, Van Elton's Peak — Delaware River
(1883); Ferry Road at Dingman, In the Val-
ley of the Delaware, Basket of Roses (1884);
Mountain Brook, Delaware River (1885) ;
Midsummer on the Delaware, River Road at
Dingman's Ferry (188G).
RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST, bom in
Philad elphia, Pa. , Nov.
14, 1833. Landscape
and marine painter,
pupil of Paul Weber,
a German artist in
Philadelphia. In 1855
visited Florence, in
18G6-C7 France and
Germany, and in 1878
-79-80 London and
the coast of England.
Exhibited at Royal Academy, London, in
1869 and 1878-81*; Paris Salon, 1873. Hon-
orary member of National Academy. Med-
als : Philadelphia, 1876 ; Temple, 1885.
Works in oil: Wood Scene (1861); Leafy
June (1862); June Woods (1864); Mid-
Ocean ; New England Coast ; At Atlantic
City (1873); Yellow Cam at Cornwall (1879) ;
39
RICHARDSON
On the Wissahickon, Indian Summer, C. P. j
Huntington, New York ; Portsmouth Light |
— New Hampshire, J. J. Astor, ib.; Forest,
Wissahickon, Land's End — Cornwall, G.
Whitney, Philadelphia ; Atlantic Coast, Fair-
man Rogers, ib. ; Narragansett Pier, K. C.
Taft, Providence ; Sea Shore, Charles Par-
sons, St. Louis; do., Daniel Catlin, ib.;
Trebar with Strand— Cornwall (1881) ; G.
Schwabe, Henley on Thames ; Marine View
(1882) ; On the Coast of New Jersey (1883),
Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; Wild New
England Shore (1884); Trevalga Head-
Cornwall, England (1885); Summit of Mount
Tacoma (1886). Water-colours : 47 Land-
scapes and Marine Views (1871-76), Metro-
politan Museum, New York ; Marine — At-
lantic City, T. B. Clarke, New York ; South-
west Point — Conanicut ; Gooseberry Island
— Newport ; Gull Kock — ib., Limits of the
Unresting Sea (1884).
EICHARDSON, JONATHAN, born in
1665, died in London, May 28, 1745. Por-
trait painter, pupil of John Riley ; ranked,
after the death of Kneller and Dahl, at the
head of his profession. His heads are in-
dividual and characteristic, but his full-
lengths are weak. Among his best known
portraits are those of Anne Oldfield, Pope,
Prior, Steele, Vertue, and Lord Chancellor
Talbot, National Portrait Gallery, London ;
Pope and his Dog Bounce, Lord Lyttleton.
He was also distinguished as the author of
" An Essay on the whole
Art of Criticism in rela-
tion to Painting " (1719),
" An Argument in be-
half of the Science of a
Connoisseur" (1719),
and other works. His son,
Jonathan (1694-1771),
was an amateur portrait painter and often
assisted him in his labours. — Redgrave ;
F. de Conches, 84 ; Portfolio (1872), 66.
RICHMOND, GEORGE, born in 1809.
Portrait painter, pupil of Royal Academy ;
elected an A.R.A. in 1857, and R.A. in 1867.
Has painted a few ideal pictures, such as
Christ's Agony in the Garden (1858), and
Scene from Comus (1864), but he owes his
reputation to his
more than 3,000 por-
traits, among which
are those of the Earl
of Elgin (1860), Bish-
op of Oxford, Duke
of Buccleugh (1865),
Dr. Keble, Sir R. H.
Inglis, Sir Moses
Montefiore (1875) ;
Earl Granville, Bishop of Carlisle, Marchion-
ess of Salisbury (1877).
RICHMOND, WILLIAM B.; contempo-
rary. History and portrait painter, and
sculptor, son of George Richmond, and pu-
pil of Sir Frederick Leighton. Gold medal,
Berlin, 1886. Works : Electra at Tomb of
Agamemnon (1877) ; Phidyle, Sarpedon
(1879) ; Calves, Song of Miriam (1880) ; Be-
hold the Bridegroom Cometh (1881) ; Re-
lease of Prometheus (1882) ; May (1884) ;
Audience in Athens during the Representa-
tion of the Agamemnon (1885), Birming-
ham Gallery ; Cicely Worinald, Hermes
(1886). Among his portraits are those of
Princess Louise, Gladstone, Darwin, Brown-
ing, William Morris, Holman Hunt, and
Lord Lyttleton.
RICHOMME, JULES, born in Paris,
Sept. 9, 1818. His-
tory and portrait
painter, son of the
engraver Joseph
Theodore Richom-
me, pupil of Droll-
ing. Paints relig-
ious subjects chief-
ly, in a cold and
correct style. Med-
als : 3d class, 1840 ;
2d class, 1842, 1862, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1867. Works : Abraham taking Hagar as
his Wife (1842) ; St. Sebastian saved by
Holy Women (1843) ; Incredulity of St.
Thomas (1845) ; Christ appearing to St.
Martin, St. Peter's Repentance, Leda (1848);
IlICHTER
Erigone, King of Garb's Betrothed (1849) ;
View of St Peter's in Rome, Lamentano
Bridge, Tower of Cervaro, Mary Magdalen's
Conversion (1850) ; Italian Beggar Woman
(1852) ; Christ healing the Paralytic, Love
fleeing from Drunkenness (1853, bought by
State); Christ healing a Sick Woman (1855);
St. Nicholas saving the Sick (1857) ; Christ
and the Children, Young Mother (1861) ;
St. Peter of Alcantara healing a Child (1864),
Luxembourg Museum ; Baptism of Christ
(1865), Prefecture de la Seine, Paris ; Be-
heading of John Baptist (1866), Besanyon
Museum ; Christ on the Cross (1868), Pa-
lais de Justice ; Castle in Spain (1870); For-
get-Me-Not (1872) ; Education of Achilles
(1873); Don't awaken a Sleeping Cat, Toilet
(1874) ; First Lesson on the Violin (1875) ;
Dove (1876) ; Arab Woman, Chinese Doll
(1877) ; The Feast in the Pharisee's House
(1882) ; Around the Fountain (1884) ; Port
de la Joliette (1886) ; Ignorance is Bliss, j
Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; decora-
tions in St. Vincent de Paul and St. Suverin,
Paris, and in other churches. — Bellier, ii. 376.
Richter ; went in 1820 with Prince Narisoh-
kin through France to Nice, travelled and
studied afterwards in
the German Alps, and
in 1823-26 in Italy.
Appointed instructor
in drawing at the por-
celain factory in Meis-
sen in 1828; called to
the Dresden Academy
in 1836, and professor
there in 1841-76.
Has illustrated many works. Ph.D., Leipsio
University ; honorary member of Berlin, Mu-
nich, and Vienna Academies ; Commander,
Saxon Order of Albert ; Order of Francis Jo-
seph ; Bavarian Order of Michael. Works :
The Watzmann at Sunset (1824) ; Valley of
Amain, View near Roccadi Mezzo (1823-26);
Lauterbrunn Valley ; Views in the Campa-
gna and in the Apennines ; Ariccia, Civitella
(1827) ; Storm on Monte Serrono near Ole-
vano (1830), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Ferry
at the Schreckenstein near Aussig (1837),
Spring Landscape with Bridal Procession
RICHTER, ADOLF, born at Thorn in I (1847), Dresden Gallery; View in Sabine
1816, died at Ddsseldorf, Nov. 20, 1852. Mountains (1825), Valley near Amalfi (1826),
Genre painter, pupil of Academy at DUssel- 1 The Schreckenstein near Aussig( 1835), Even-
dorf, where he settled, and became very ] ing Landscape with Worshippers (1842),
popular with well composed and effectively Harvest Procession in Roman Campagna,
coloured scenes from home life, especially i Leipsic Museum ; View in the Riesenge-
such as introduced children. Works : Christ- birge (1839), National Gallery, Berlin ; Rich-
mas Eve (1837) ; Vintage on the Moselle ter Album.— Hoff, A L Richter (Frankfort,
(1839) ; do. on the Rhine (1840) ; Hessian 1877) ; Jahn, Biogr. Aufsiitze ; Richter, Le-
Emigrants on Seashore (1841) ; Souvenir of
Cologne Carnival (1841); Sunday Afternoon
benserinnerungen ; Wessely, Ad. L. R (Vi-
enna, 1883) ; Allgcm. K. C., viii. 531, 573 ;
in the Country (1842) ; Morning on the Ahr j Brockhaus, xiii. 693 ; Fr.rster, v. 434 ; II-
(1846) ; Last Comfort (1847) ; The Fifth | lustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 266 ; Jordan (1885),
Child (1848) ; Children's Breakfast (1849) ; i ii. 182 ; Reber, ii. 261 ; Graph. K, vi 1 ; D.
Rhenish Village Life (1850) ; Return of ' Kunstbl. (1850), 407 ; (1851), 208, 410 ;
Landwehrruann (1851) ; Before the Village (1852), 12 ; (1853), 251 ; (1855), 131, 390 ;
School (1852).— Wolfg. Muller, Ddsseldf.
K., 268 ; Wiegrnann, 316.
RICHTER, (ADRIAN) LUDWIG, born
in Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803, died at Losch-
witz, near Dresden, June 19, 1884. Land-
scape and genre painter and illustrator, son
(1856), 451 ; Kuiist-Chronik, xix. 605, 645 ;
Kunst f. Alle, i. 47 ; Mflller, 437 ; Pecht, L
57 ; Land und Meer (1869), i. 171 ; Zeitsohr.
f. b. K, x. 257 ; xviii. 377 ; xxi. 36 ; xii.
(Mittheilungen, v. 1).
RICHTER, AUGUST, born at Dresden,
and pupil of the engraver Karl August June 3, 1801, died at Pirna, Nov. 19, 1873.
IIICHTER
History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy,
then in DUsseldorf under Cornelius, for
whom he painted in fresco one of his wall
pictures at Helldorf. Spent several years
in Italy, and became professor in Dresden
Academy. His style suggests Kaphael ; sud-
denly he fell into mannerism, and soon af-
ter became insane. Works : Hagar and Ish-
mael in the Wilderness, Dresden Museum ;
Kebekah and Eliezer, Weimar Museum. —
Forster, v. 421 ; Nagler, xiii. 134.
EICHTEE, EDOUARD, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Hubert and Bonnat. Works :
News at the Studio (18G8); Waiting (1870);
At the Fortune-Teller's, Baby's Photograph
(1875) ; The Slave's Narrative (187G) ; Veil
Dance (1877) ; Jewess of Morocco (1880) ;
Othello, Salome (1881); Harem in Old Gra-
nada (1883) ; Sultana going to the Bath,
Young Girl with Narghileh (1884) ; Nym-
phea lotus (1885); Bazaar in Tunis, Jewess
of Algiers (1886). In United States : Ju-
dith, B. Wall, Providence ; Gallery of the
Louvre, J. H. Stebbins, New York ; In the
Cathedral, W. B. Bement, Philadelphia ;
Love Song, T. M. Scott, San Fi-ancisco.
RICHTER, GUSTAV, born in Dessau,
May 12, 1847. Landscape painter, pupil
of Berlin Academy (18G3-G8) and of Max
Schmidt, then studied from nature, travel-
ling in Middle Germany ; paints chiefly
mountain landscapes. WTorks : Group of
Black Poplars on the Elbe, Ducal Palace,
Dessau ; Forest Border ; Castle Giessmanns-
dorf (1873); Landscape in Hartz Mountains
(1874) ; Entrance into Bode Valley (1876).
EICHTER, GUSTAV (KARL LUDWIG),
born in Berlin, Aug. 31, 1823, died there,
April 3, 1884. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy under Ed uard Hol-
bein, and in Paris (1844-46) of Coguiet ;
studied in Rome in 1847-49, visited after-
wards France and Italy repeatedly, Egypt
in 1861, and the Crimea in 1873. One of
the most successful portrait painters of
modern times. Member of and professor
in Berlin Academy ; honorary member of
Munich and Vienna Academies. Medals :
Berlin, Paris (1855, 1857, 1859), Brussels,
Vienna (1873), Phila-
delphia (1876), Mu-
nich (1883); Order
pour le merite.
Works: Portrait of his
Sister(1852); Daugh-
ter of Jairus (1856),
National Gallery,
Berlin ; Baldur, The
Walkyrieg, Walhalla,
New Museum, ib.; Building of the Pyramids
(1859-73), Maximiliaueum, Munich ; Fe-
male Portrait (1852) ; do. (1856) ; Portrait
of Painter Hoguet (1862) ; do. of him-
self (1862-G4) ; do. of Eduard Hildebrandt
(1865), Dantzic Museum ; Egyptian Girl,
Odalisque, Neapolitan Fisher-Boy, Egyptian
Dancers (1870) ; Pygmalion ; Gypsy Girls
in the Crimea (1873) ; Sultan Abdul Aziz
(1867) ; Count and Countess Koberinsky ;
Princess Carolath (1872) ; Duchess of Ed-
inburgh ; Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg
(1874) ; Hon. George Bancroft ; Artist with
Boy, Artist's Wife with Younger Child
(1874); Banker's Wife (1876); Emperor Will-
iam (187G, 1877); Empress Augusta, Count-
ess Karolyi (1878) ; Prince Pless ; Queen
Louise (1879), Cologne Museum ; Countess
Donhoff ; General Count von Blumenthal
(1883), National Gallery, Berlin.— Allgem.
K. C., viii. 446, 902 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1884),
i. 338 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 182 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, v. 83 ; ix. 712 ; x. 51 ; xiii. 2 ; xiv. 5 ;
xix. 442, 541 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 87 ; ii.
43 ; Miiller, 438 ; Eosenberg, Berl. Maler-
seh., 191 ; D. Rundschau, ix. 471 ; xiii. 327 ;
xvii. 303 ; xx. 461, 463 ; xxi. 148 ; Land und
Meer (1872), i. 23 ; (1880), i. 47 ; (1884), ii.
710 ; Westermann's Monatshefte, liii. 40,
168 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 92, 105.
RICHTER, WILHELM, born in Vienna
in 1820. Genre, battle, and animal painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Girl
before Shrine (1838) ; View from St. Mi-
chael; Street Sweeper (1839); Uhlans March-
ing ; Storming of a Church (1844) ; Sally
RICO
from a City (1845) ; Attack of French Cav-
alry (1846) ; Death of Hensel at Malbor-
ghetto (1847) ; Piedmonteao Prisoners of
War (1858); Dragoons in a Skirmish (18C5);
Equestrian Portrait (1870) ; Horses at Past-
ure (1870) ; Kennel (1871) ; Royal Hunt in
Hungary (1882).— Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 87 ;
xix. 518 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 65.
RICO, MARTIN, born in Madrid ; con-
temporary. Architecture painter, pupil of
Federico de Madrazo, then studied in Paris
and Rome. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Doge's Pal-
ace in Venice, Samuel Hawk Collection,
New York ; Grand Canal — Venice, Miss C.
L. Wolfe, ib. ; Italian Garden, Metropolitan
Museum, ib. ; Court Interior — Granada,
Boating Party in Bois de Boulogne, Washer-
women at Poissy, The Seine at Poissy, J. H.
Stebbins, ib. ; On the Seine, Morris K. Jes-
up, ib. ; Ferry of San Stefano — Venice, C. L.
Smith, ib.; Ancient Convent Walls near Se-
ville, On the Seine, R. L. Cutting, ib.; Ven-
ice, Canal near Poissy, A. J. Drexel, Phila-
delphia ; The Seine, Alex. Brown, ib. ; Canal
in Venice, Boric Collection, ib. ; Gathering
Oranges at Toledo, Venice, W. T. Walters,
Baltimore ; Entrance to Canale Grande —
Venice, H. L. Dousman, St. Louis ; Village
of Bougival, Daniel Catlin, ib. ; Bridge of,
Toledo (1883) ; S. M. del Giglio in Venice
(1884).— La Ilustracion (1883), i. 2 ; ii. 307 ;
(1884), i. 267.
RIDINGER (Riedinger), JOHANN ELI-
AS, born in Ulm,
Feb. 16, 1698 (Feb.
15, 1695 ?), died in
Augsburg, April 10,
1767. German
school ; animal and
landscape painter,
pupil in Ulin of
Christoph Resch
and in Augsburg of
Johann Falk, then
lived for three years in Ratisbon ; returned
to Augsburg, where he was much influenced
by Rugendas, and in 1759 became director of
the Academy. Unsurpassed in tho reprewn-
tation of wild animals. Works : Three Stags,
Grosvenor Gallery, London ; Stag pursued
by Dogs, Cassel Gallery ; Stag Resting (2),
FUrstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Two
Bears in a Wilderness (1710), Schwerin Gal-
lery; Pheasant Hunt at
Night, Weimar Museum.
— Ch. Blanc, £colo alle-
maude ; Kugler (Crowe) ;
Nagler, xiii. 160; N. Bibli-
othek der Wisseuschaften, ii. 137 ; Thiene-
mann, Leben (Leip., 1856); Weyennann, 437.
RIEDEL, AUGUST, born at Baireuth,
Dec. 27, 1802, died in
Rome, Aug. 8, 1883.
Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy under
Peter von Langer;
went in 1828 to Rome,
where he adopted a
manner differing wide-
ly from the academic
style, and excelling in brilliancy of colour-
ing, which made his pictures very popular.
Was member of and professor in Accademia
di S. Luca in Rome, member of Berlin, Mu-
nich, Vienna, and St. Petersburg Academies.
Works : Sakuntala, Medea, Stuttgart Gal-
lery ; Girls Bathing, Two Albanian Women
(1838), National Gallery, Berlin ; Child and
Nurse (1865), Raczynski Gallon-, ib.; Wom-
en of Albano, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Vit-
toria d'Albano, Wittelsbach Palace, Munich ;
Neapolitan Fisher Family (1834), Judith
(1840), Young Girl in Mother's Lap (1848),
Portrait of Carl Rottmann (1827), five other
portraits (1831, 1842, 1865), New Pinako-
thek, ib.; Roman Woman ; Bayadere (1862);
Neapolitan Mother by tho Sea ; Bacchante,
Sappho, Herodias, Sakuntala, King of Wflr-
trmberg's Collection ; Puck ; Cupid and
Psyche feeding Nightingales ; Beautiful
Stella ; Agrippina with Ashes of Germani-
cus ; Rezia ; Spring ; Angel of Light ; The
Peri ; Love among the Roses, J. J. Astor,
New York; Italian Woman, August Bel-
RIEDER
mont, ib.; many portraits. — Allgem. K.
C., viii. 491, 902 ; Brockhaus, xiii. 690 ;
ACotta's Kunstbl. (1844), 105 ; D.
Kunstbl. (1851), 139 ; (1853), 427 ;
(1857), 39 ; Mailer, 439 ; Land
und Meer (1880), i. 499.
EIEDER, WILHELM AUGUST, born at
Dobling, near Vienna, Sept. 30, 1796, died
in Vienna, Sept. 8, 1880. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy, and afterwards professor ; in 1857 be-
came custodian of the Belvedere Gallery ;
visited Tyrol and North Italy in 1830, Flor-
ence and Rome in 1833. Works : Christ on
Mount of Olives ; St. Rosalia (1820); Lily of
St. Leonard (1841), Vienna Museum ; Mary
Stuart taking Farewell of her Ladies (1843);
Scene from Walter Scott's Prison of Edin-
burgh (1844) ; Portrait of Franz Schubert ;
Emperor Francis I., Gratz University. — D.
Kunstbl. (1857), 325 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 107.
RIEDMULLER, FRANZ XAVER VON,
born at Constance, Jan. 22, 1829. Land-
scape painter, pupil in Carlsruhe (1856-G1)
of J. W. Schirmer, then lived for some time
in Strasburg and Frankfort, and settled in
Stuttgart in 18G4. Medals : Carlsruhe and
London. Baden court painter since 1873.
Works : Heidenlocher on Ueberling Lake ;
Charcoal-Burner's Hut ; View on the Ko-
nigssee ; do. on Lake Constance ; do. near
Berchtesgaden ; do. near Strasburg (1875) ;
Stuttgart Museum ; Italian Landscapes ;
Views in Grand-ducal Garden at Carlsruhe.
— Miiller, 440 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex. , xviii. 821.
RIEFSTAHL, WILHELM, born at Neu-
strelitz, Mecklenburg,
Aug. 15, 1827. Land-
scape and figure paint-
er, pupil of Berlin
AcademyunderF. W.
Schirmer ; studied
nature on Isle of Rii-
gen, afterwards visit-
ed Middle Germany,
the banks of the
Rhine, Tyrol, Switzerland, and Rome (1869);
was professor at the Carlsruhe Art School
in 1870-73, and director in 1875-77 ; settled
in Munich in 1878. Excels in harmonious
combinations of landscape scenery with fig-
ures. Member of and professor in Berlin
Academy ; honorary member Munich Acad-
emy, 1881. Gold medal : Berlin, 1864 ;
Vienna, 1873. Works: Northern Heath;
Coast of Rilgen ; Westphalian Village
Church ; Procession of Capuchins ; Mourn-
ing Assembly in Appenzell, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Similar subject, Wiesbaden Gallery ;
Bridal Procession in Passeyer Valley ; Re-
turn from Baptism ; Pilgrimage in the Moun-
tains ; In the Refectory ; Shepherds' Devo-
tions in the Fields (1864), All Souls' Day
(1869), National Gallery, Berlin ; Funeral
Procession in Front of Pantheon (1871),
Dresden Gallery ; Blessing of the Alps
(1881) ; Missionaries in Rhatia (1884) ;
Child's Burial in Passeyer (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886) ; Wedding Procession in
Tyrol, J. J. Astor, New York ; do., Israel
Corse, ib. ; Chapel in Tyrol, D. H. McAlpin,
ib. ; Return from Christening, Mrs. Wils-
tach, Philadelphia.— Allgem. K. C., viii. 942 ;
Brockhaus, xiii. 700 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1863),
i. 96 ; Jordan, 250 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 8,
380 ; xix. 644, 661 ; Miiller, 440 ; D. Rund-
schau, ix. 477 ; xiii. 336 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 348 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 117 ;
v. 123 ; vi. 175 ; xx. 76.
RIEGER, ALBERT, born in Vienna; con-
temporary. Landscape painter ; has trav-
elled in Europe and the East. Works : Ru-
ins of Mosque in Greece, Storm on Coast
of Dalmatia, Sunset, Coast View in Istria,
Eddystone Lighthouse in Stormy Night,
do. at Sunrise, Storm in the Tropics (1871-
72); Waterfall in the Pryenees(1872); Rainy
WTeather on the Danube ; Summer Even-
ing near Florence (1874) ; Ruins of Athens
(1878) ; Polar Night in Spitzbergen (1880) ;
Castle Hohenbaden, Queen Waldlieb (1881);
Shipwreck on Norwegian Coast (1882). —
Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), ii. 16 ; (1875), ii. 383 ;
(1878), ii. 271 ; (1881), ii. 369, 378 ; (1882),
ii. 465 ; (1883), i. 293 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii.;
Wurzbach, xxvi. 133.
KIENZI
RIENZI, Holman Hunt, private gallery,
England. Rienzi vowing to revenge his
brother's death. Painted in 1849 ; Hunt's
first Pre-Raphaelite picture.
RIEPENHAUSEN, FRANZ and JO-
HANN, born in
Gottingen in 1786
and 1788, died in
Rome, Franz, Jan.
3, 1831, Johann,
Sept. 17, 1860. His-
tory painters, sons
of and first instruct-
ed by the engraver
Ernst Riepenhau-
sen, then studied
under W. Tischbein in Gottingen and in
Cassel (1804), and after Hartmann's draw-
ings from Pre-Raphaelite masters in Dres-
den (1805), where they embraced Catholi-
cism ; returned to Gottingeu, and weut in j
1807 to Italy. In 1810 they published a
history of painting in Italy. The portrait
is of Johann Riepenhausen. Works : The
Minstrel (after Goethe); Maiden from Afar
(after Schiller) ; Magnificat ; Casting off of
Hagar; Christ blessing Children (1819),
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Madonna and
St. John (1820), Schwerin Gallery ; View
of Rome (1820) ; Legend of St. Elizabeth
(2,1821) ; Raphael's Vision (1822), Raczyn-
ski Gallery, Berlin ; Conradin hearing his
Death Sentence ; Henry the Lion defending
Barbarossa in Rome (1825), Royal Palace, I
Hanover. By Johann : Duke Erich saving i
Emperor Maximilian's Life in Battle of Re-
gensburg (1834); First Communion of Girls j
in Rome ; Cupid as Musician ; Madonna j
and St. John, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Cu- j
pid and Psyche (1835), Provinzial Muse-
um, Hanover ; Raphael's Death, Apparition
(1836) ; Charity, Cupid instructing Two
Girls in Love, Duke Ernst of Brunswick J
interceding for Prisoners (1837) ; Beatrix ',
before Emperor Otto IV. (1838); Extinction
of Cenci Family (1839); Poetry, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg. — Andresen, iii. 86 ; Brockhaua,
xiiL 702 ; Furster, iv. 232 ; N. Necrol. d. D.
(1831), 38 ; Reber, i. 325 ; Riegel, Gesch.
des Wiederauflebens der d. K, 258.
RIESENER, (LOUIS ANTOINE) LEON,
born in Paris, Jan. 21, 1808, died in 1878.
Figure and portrait painter, pupil of his
father, Henri Francois Riesener (portrait
painter, 1767-1828), and of Gros. Medals :
3d class, 1836 ; 2d class, 1855, 1864 ; L. of
Honour, 1873. Works : Flora, Bacchante
(1836) ; Egyptian Girl and Nurse (1855) ;
Idyl in Normandy (1863) ; Erigone (1864),
Luxembourg Museum ; Bacchus and Ari-
adne, Awaking, The Toilette (1875) ; Brook
in the Wood ; Country Pleasures. — Bellier,
ii. 379 ; Meyer, Gesch., 286.
RIESER, MICHAEL, bom at Schlitters,
Tyrol, Sept. 6, 1828. History painter, pu-
pil of Munich (1848-50) and Vienna (1852-
61) Academies, at the latter under Ruben,
then studied for three years after the old
masters in Florence, Rome, and Venice.
Member of Vienna Academy in 1864 ; pro-
fessor at Industrial Art School in Vienna
since 1868. Works : Holy Family (1858) ;
Baptism of Christ ; Death of St. Weuces-
laus (1859) ; Eve of Nativity, Prague Gal-
lery ; many cartoons for church glass-paint-
ings.—Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 511 ; Mflller,
440 ; Wurzbach, xxvi. 148.
RIETSCHOOF, JAN CLAASZ, born at
Hoorn in 1652, died there in 1719. Dutch
school ; marine painter, pupil of Backhuy-
zen, whose style he imitated very skilfully.
Works : Calm Sea, Stormy Sea, Amsterdam
Museum.— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 505.
RIGAUD, HYACINTHE, born at Per-
pignan, July 18, 1659, died in Paris, Dec. 29,
1743. French school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Pezet, Verdier, and Ranc ;
won grand prix in 1682, but, by Le Brun's
advice, instead of going to Rome, devoted
himself to portrait painting, in which he be-
came a master. Member of Academy, 1700 ;
professor, 1710 ; rector, 1733 ; Order of St
46
RIGAUD
Michael, 1727. Works : Cain building the
City of Enoch (1C82) ; Crucifixion (1G84) ;
Presentation in the
Temple, St. Andrew,
Portrait of Louis
XIV. (1701), Philip
V. of Spain, Bossuet
(1705), Le Brun and
Mi guard, Cardinal
Polignac, and nine
others, Louvre ;
Louis XIV., Louis
XV. (4, two dated
1715, 1730), Mignard, Portrait of him-
self, twelve others, Versailles Museum ;
Pierre Puget, Amiens Museum ; Saint-Si-
mon, Bishop of Metz, Marshal Noailles,
Grenoble Museum ; Louis XIV., Metz Mu-
seum ; Fontenelle, Montpellier Museum ;
Marshal Turenne, Nimes Museum ; Louis
XV., Rouen Museum ; Philip of Orleans,
Eacine, Toulouse Museum ; Louis XIV.,
Valenciennes Museum ; others in Museums
at Chartres, Douai, Lyons (2), Nantes, Or-
leans, Strasburg, Basle, Geneva, Zurich (2);
Sculptor Bogaert, Berlin Museum ; Portrait
of himself, Cassel Gallery ; Cardinal Fleury,
Knight of St. Michael, Darmstadt Museum ;
Augustus III. of Poland, Dresden Museum ;
Louis XPV., Madrid Museum ; Fontenelle,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Bossuet, Por-
trait of himself, Uffizi, Florence ; Cardinal
Fleury, National Gallery, London ; others
in Bamberg and Carlsruhe (2) Galleries ;
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Museum (2),
Liechtenstein (1740) and Czernin Galleries,
Vienna ; Naples Museum ; Historical Soci-
ety, New York (2). His brother Gaspard
(born at Perpignan, baptized June 1, 1661,
/ iLy
///v
died in Paris, March 27, 1705), was also a
portrait painter of merit, several of whose
works are probably attributed to his more
famous brother. — Bellier, ii. 381 ; Ch. Blanc,
tfcole franyaise ; Dohme, 3 ; Houssaye, 140 ;
Jal, 1062 ; Mi'moirs inedits, ii. 114 ; Nagler,
xiii. 179 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Mai. des XVIH.
Jahrh., 6.
EIGAUD, JOHN FRANCIS, born at Tu-
rin, Italy, May 18, 1742, died at Packing-
ton, England, Dec. G, 1810. History and
portrait painter, son of a French merchant ;
early studied art and became painter to
the King of Sweden ; afterwards studied in
Rome, Bologna, and Parma, and in 1766
was elected a member of the Bologna Acad-
emy. Went in 1772 to Paris, and thence
to London, where he became an exhibitor
at the Royal Academy, was elected an A.R.A.
in 1782, and R.A. in 1784. His diploma
picture was entitled Samson. He painted
also in fresco, and decorated ceilings, and
translated into English Leonardo da Vinci's
"Treatise on Painting" (1806).— Redgrave.
RIGO, JULES (VINCENT ALFRED),
born in Paris in 1810. Battle painter, pu-
pil of L. Cogniet. Medals : 3d class, 1857 ;
2d class, 1859, 1861, 1863. Works : Bona-
parte at Siege of Toulon— 1783 (1849), Min-
istry of Interior, Paris ; Crossing of the
Tagliamento in 1809, Taking of Zaatcha —
, 1849 (1853), French Surgeons at Battle of
Inkerman— 1854 (1857), Marshal Canrobert
in Trenches of Sebastopol (1859), Portrait
of Mayor of Versailles (1856), Versailles
Museum ; Baptism of Clovis (1859, bought
by the State) ; Battle of Magenta (1861) ;
do. of Solferino (1866) ; Totila King of the
Goths visiting St. Benedict (1865), Com-
munion of St. Benedict (1867), St. Etienne
du Mont, Paris ; Crossing of the Beresina —
1812 (1870); Charge of Cuirassiers at Reichs-
hoffen (1879) ; Start for the Promenade
(1880).— Bellier, ii. 382.
RILEY, JOHN, born in London in 1646,
died there in 1691. Portrait painter, pupil
of Gerard Soest and of Isaac Fuller; be-
came noted after death of Lely, and had
among his sitters Charles H., James H. and
his Queen, and William and Mary, to whom
RINALDO
be was appointed court painter. Works : heads of Ubaldo and his companion. Eu-
Bishop Bumet, James II, William Lord graved by P. do Jodo (1644). Same sub-
Russell, Waller, National Portrait Gallery ; ject, Bordeaux Museum. — Cat. Louvre ;
others at Hampton Court. — Redgrave ; F.
Waagen, Treasures, iv. 511.
By Antou van Dyck, Duke of Newcastle,
England ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft 8 in.
Armida, iu floating red drapery, leans over
Rinaldo, who sleeps at the foot of a tree,
and envelopes him iu garlands of flowers
which cupids bring to her ; above, other
cupids flying ; at left, a siren, her head
and bust out of the water, sings to prolong
the enchantment to which the hero has suc-
cumbed. A copy, formerly iu collection of
de Conches, 61.
RINALDO AND ARMIDA, Subject from
Tasso's " Gerusalerame liberata" (Jerusalem
Delivered). Rinaldo, who has fled from the
camp of the Crusaders after slaying Gernan-
do, gives himself up to amorous delights iu
the gardens of the enchantress Armida.
By Agostino Carracci, Naples Museum ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Armida,
seated upon a hillock under a tree, arranges
her hair with the aid of a
mirror which Riualdo, re-
clining, holds for her ; at
left, Ubaldo and Charles
the Danish knight con-
cealed in foliage ; in back-
ground, left, palace of Ar-
mida. From the Farnese
Collection. Engraved by
Lasinio fils. — Museo Bor-
bonico, viii. PL 1.
By Domenichino, Louvre;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft.
5 in. Annida and Rinaldo
in nearly same position as
above ; a cupid, in the air,
aims an arrow at Armida,
while two others embrace,
a fourth lies asleep, and a
fifth sits on the bank near Armida ; at left,
Ubaldo and Charles the Danish knight ; iu
background, middle, the palace of Armida.
Collection of Louis XIV., who bought it iu
1685. Engraved by Croutelle.— Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Musue francais, i.; Landon, Vies,
PI. 142 ; Reveil, xi. 733.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Rinaldo, disarmed,
reclines on the sward with his head on Ar-
mida's knees ; at left, cupids play with his A „ „
sword ; at right, a cupid holds his hands distance, two warriors near a column
to receive fruit from another one in a tree ; ried to Paris ; returned in 1!
in foreground, two cupids near an open
coffer of jewels ; at left, behind a bush, the
Rinaldo and Armida, Domenichino, Louvre.
the Due do Tallard (1756), was sold at his
sale for 7,000 florins to the King of Prussia.
Engraved by F. Ragot ; P. de Baillu.
By Nicolas 7'oiissin, Berlin Museum ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 9.1 in. Armidn,
clothed in a yellow mantle, bearing away
the sleeping Rinaldo. She supports his
head, four cupids bear up his body and
legs, and a fifth flies in advance towards a
river. On the opposite side an aged man,
personifying a river, and two nymphs ; at a
by Chasteau ; anonymous.— Smith, viii. 147.
By Nicolas Poussin, Dulwich Gallery ; can-
47
KINALDO
vas, H. 2 ft. 7£ in. x 3 ft. 7£ in. Armida,
armed with a dagger, is bending cautiously
over Kinaldo, who, clad in splendid armour,
lies sleeping at the foot of a tree ; overcome
by love, as she contemplates his beautiful
face, she withholds the blow, her arm being
restrained by a cupid who has alighted be-
side her. Engraved by J. Audran ; P. Du-
pin. — Smith, viii. 145.
By Nicolas Poussin, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. C in. Ar-
mida bends affectionately over the sleeping
Kinaldo and places her hand on his breast ;
at his head are two cupids, a third plays
with his shield, and a fourth is on the
farther side of a bank ; on opposite side,
emblems of fertility and abundance ; on a
cloud, Armida's splendid car, with spirited
coursers, held by two nymphs. Engraved
by Sanders. — Smith, viii. 146.
Subject treated also by Alessandro Tia-
rini, Munich Gallery ; Francois Boucher
(1734), Louvre ; Auguste Leloir (1879).
KINALDO AND ARMIDA, HISTORY
OP, David Teniers, younger, Madrid Mu-
seum ; copper. Series of twelve pictures,
each H. 9 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. :
1. Armida arrives at the Christian camp
and presents herself to Godfrey de Bou-
illon.
2. Godfrey deliberates with his compan-
ions concerning the means of giving Armida
the aid she asks for ; in the background, the
death of Gernando at the hands of Rinaldo.
3. Charles and Ubaldo, seeking for Ri-
naldo, who has fled the camp to escape the
punishment of his deed, arrive on the banks
of a river near Ascalon, where they hear of
his ensnarement by Armida.
4. Rinaldo in the Island of Orontes.
5. Armida, in her chariot, conveys Ri-
naldo asleep to the Fortunate Isles.
6. Charles and Ubaldo land in the Fortu-
nate Isles.
7. The Gardens of Armida ; Rinaldo, dis-
armed, with his head on the breast of the
enchantress.
8. Separation of Rinaldo and Armida.
9. Rinaldo and his companions flee from
the Fortunate Isles, and Armida disappears
into the air in her chariot.
10. Prowess of Rinaldo against the Sara-
cens.
11. Armida in her chariot incites the
Saracens against Rinaldo.
12. Armida is about to stab herself when
Rinaldo arrests her hand and is reconciled
to her.
RINCON, ANTONIO, born in Guadala-
jara about 144G, died in Seville about 1500.
Spanish school ; doubtfully said to have
studied in Italy, either with Andrea del
Castagno or Domenico Ghirlandajo ; paint-
ed chiefly at Toledo ; became painter to
Ferdinand and Isabella, whose portraits he
frequently painted. Best extant work, al-
tarpiece in Church of Robleda de Chavila,
containing seventeen panel pictures of the
Life of the Virgin. His son Fernando was
also a painter. — Stirling, i. 89 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole espagnole.
RING, HERMAN TOM, born at Mtin-
ster in 1521, died there in 1597. German
school ; history and portrait painter, son
and pupil of Ludger the elder, but influ-
enced by the Italians. "Works : Waking of
Lazarus (1546), Crucifixion, Companion-
piece to do., Minister Cathedral ; Crucifix-
ion and others, also portraits, Art Union,
Mi'mster ; twelve Prophets and Sibyls, Augs-
burg Gallery ; Portraits of John of Leyden
and Wife (1535), Schwerin Gallery. His
son Nicolaus, who flourished second half
of 16th and beginning of 17th century, was
a follower of the Italian schools. Work :
Entombment (1598), Ludgeri Church, Miin-
ster.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 268 ; Schlie, 524 ;
W. & W., ii. 504 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii.
256, 319.
RING, LUDGER TOM, the elder, born
at Miinster in 1496, died there in 1547.
German school ; a versatile master, of a
family of painters that flourished in Miin-
ster in the 16th century. Works : Portraits
of Man and Wife, Bust Portrait of Young
Man (1536), Museum, Miinster ; God the
RING
Father as Avenger (1538), Art Union, ib.;
Male Portrait, Berlin Museum. — Kugler
(Crowe), i. 268; Liibke, Mittelalterliche
Kunst in Westfalen, 3G6 ; W. & W., ii.
503 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xii. 257.
RING, LUDGER TOM, the younger,
born at Miinster after 1521, died at Bruns-
wick in 1583 or 1584. German school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, son and pupil of
Ludwig the elder ; settled in Brunswick,
where he obtained the freedom of the city
in 1561. Works : Portrait of Doctor Chem-
mitzer (1569), Art Union, Mttnster ; others
in private collections there ; Marriage at
Cana (1562), Berlin Museum ; Portrait of a
Lady (miniature), Suermoudt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 268 ; W. &
W., ii. 505 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 320.
RING, PIETER DE, flourished about
1650-60. Dutch school ; fruit, flower, and
still-life painter, and a successful follower of
Jan D. de Heem ; master of
Guild at Leyden in 1648.
Works : Still-Life, Amster-
dam Museum ; Vanitas (1650),
Berlin Museum ; Table with
Oysters, Lobster, and Fruits,
Dresden Gallery ; Breakfast
Table (2, one dated 1659),
Schwerin Gallery. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 520 ; Krainm, v. 1370
527.
RIOULT, LOUIS EDOUARD, born at
Montdidier (Somme), Oct. 26, 1780, died in
Paris, March 10, 1855. Genre painter, pu-
pil of David and Regnault. Won second
grand prix in 1814. First exhibited in 181 9 ;
soon after, having lost the use of his right
hand, he learned to paint with his left.
Medals: 2d class, 1844; 1st class, 1838.
Works : Endymion Asleep (1822); Angelica
rescued by Roger (1824), Compiegne Palace ;
School Boy giving his lunch to a Poor Mau
(1824) ; Women Bathing (1827) ; Calabrian
Brigand (1829); Going into the Bath (1831);
Bath at the Fountain (1834) ; Torregiano,
Two Girls in a Boat (1835); St. Jerome Pray-
ing, Two Girls in a Bath (1836) ; Siege of
Ostend (1837), Versailles Museum; Girl
with a Goat, Magdalen (1838) ; Death of
Chevalier d'Assas, Girl with Dogs (1841) ;
Visitation, Diana Bathing, Leda Bathing,
Woman Bathing with a Zephyr, Wounded
Love (1850); Battle of Hastcmbeck, 1757,
Portraits of the Grand Condi', and his Wife,
of Philip V. of Spain, Princesse de Lam-
balle, Count and Countess of Albany, Ma-
dame de Genlis, and twenty-one others,
Versailles Museum ; Little Savoyard Asleep,
Douai Museum ; Dorine and Tartuffe, Mou-
targis Museum ; Aurora, Saint-foienne Mu-
seum.—Bellier, ii. 384 ; D. KunstbL (1851),
188 ; Larousse.
RIPOSO, IL. See Ttyow in Egypt.
RISSE, ROLAND, born in Cologne in
1835. History, genre, and portrait painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Karl
Sohn, Schadow and Bendemann ; visited
afterwards Munich, Dresden, the Nether-
lands, and Paris. Works : Christ before
Pilate (1856) ; Christ with a Dove (1858) ;
Christ presenting a Child as Example to his
Disciples (1862) ; Johanna Sebus (1864) ;
Snowdrop and the Dwarfs (1866); Sleeping
Beauty (1867); Cinderella (1868); Last Days
of Pompeii ; Ophelia ; God and Bayadere ;
Portraits of 11 Members of Academy Senate
in Tdbiugen (1878).— Mailer, 441.
RITCHIE, ALEXANDER HAY, born in
Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 14, 1822. Por-
trait and genre painter, and engraver ; stud-
ied under Sir William Allen in the Royal In-
stitution, Edinburgh. Removed in 1841 to
New York, where he has since lived. Elect-
ed N.A. in 1871. Works : Washington and
his Generals ; Death of Lincoln ; Mercy at
the Wicket Gate ; Fitting out Moses for the
Fair; Baby, who's that? Portraits: Presi-
dent McCosh and Professors Charles Hodge
and H. M Alexander of Princeton College
(1881).
RTTTER, EDUARD, born in Vienna in
1808, died there in 1853. Genre painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy. Works : Scene
in Peasant Family (1838), Country People
around Well (1846), Sick Bugle-Player
KITTEE
(1847), Vienna Museum ; End of Church-
Day (1846) ; Bequest of Grand-parents
(1847) ; Ballad Singer (1848) ; Farewell of
the Bride (1850) ; Rural Meal, Singing Re-
hearsal (1851) ; Bout at Inn, End of a Vil-
lage Church-Day (1852).— Wurzbach, xxvi.
179.
RITTER, HENRY, born at Montreal,
May 24, 1816, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 21,
1853. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
of Groger in Hamburg, whither he went
early in life, then of Dusseldorf Academy
under Sohn, where he was much attracted
by Jordan ; excelled in representing epi-
sodes from sailor-life, with great vividness
and brilliant colouring. Works : Smug-
glers attacked by Dragoons (1839) ; The
Boaster (1841) ; Betrothal in Normandy
(1842), Leipsic Museum ; Fisherman's Son
Drowned (1844), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ;
Poacher (1847); Fire in the Prairies (1851),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Middy's Sermon
(1852), Cologne Museum. — Cotta's Kunstbl.
(1846), No. 63 ; Forster, v. 395 ; Hagen, i.
353; Wolfg. Miiller, Dusseldf. K, 224;
Wiegmann, 313.
RITTER, PAUL, born in Nuremberg,
March 4, 1829. Architecture painter, pupil
of Heideloff ; became deaf and dumb when
four years of age ; travelled in France, Aus-
tria, Denmark, and Italy. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1880. Works : Sacrament Shrine in St.
Lawrence, Nuremberg ; Choir of St. Law-
rence, ib. ; Court of Old Post Office, ib. ;
Peller Hof, ib. ; Well in Time of Thirty
Years' War, ib. ; Arrival of Crown Jewels in
1424 (1883), City Hall, Nuremberg. His
brother, Lorenz (born Nov. 27, 1832), paint-
ed for the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg
many views in Nuremberg and Heidelberg;
View of Pentagonal Tower in Nuremberg
(1882), Entry of Gustavus Adolphus into
Nuremberg (1884).— Mttller, 441 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xvii. 353 ; xix. 94 ; Ulustr. Zeitg.
(1884), i. 131; Land und Meer (1887),
i. 15.
RIVALZ, ANTOINE, born at Toulouse,
March 6, 1667, died there, Dec. 7, 1735.
French school ; history and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Jean Pierre Rivalz (1625-
1706), then studied in Paris and in Rome,
where he received the first prize of the Ac-
cademia di San Luca from the hands of Pope
Clement XI. After his return to his native
city he painted, during thirty years, many
pictures relating to its history, and in 1726
established an art school, which was raised
to the rank of an academy in 1750. Works :
Foundation of City of Ancyra, Sosthenes
King of Macedon taken Prisoner, Litto-
rius vanquished by Theodoric, Raymond de
Saint-Gilles taking the Cross in 1096, Defeat
of Henry H. of England before Toulouse in
1159, The Huguenots expelled from Tou-
louse in 1562, Pope Urban H. consecrating
Church of St. Saturnin, Portrait of the Ar-
tist, five others, Toulouse Museum ; Diana
and Actseon, Narbonne Museum. — Bellier,
ii. 387 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole fran9aise, ii.
RIVER, GOING DOWN TO THE, Alma-
Tadema, W. H. Vanderbilt Collection, New
York ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. A Ro-
man lady, attended by her little daughter
and a slave-girl, descending stairs leading
down to the Tiber, with two ferrymen clam-
ouring for custom ; at right, the river, with
a marble bridge in background, and a galley
coming into view through one of its arches.
— Art Treasures of America, iii. 95.
RIVEY, ARSENE, born at Caen; con-
temporary. History and portrait painter,
pupil of Picot, Couture, and Bonnat. Med-
al, 3d class, 1880. Works : Intimacy (1870);
Brenda (1873); St. Sebastian (1876); David
appeasing the Anger of Saul (1878); Nea-
politan Woman (1881); Flemish Gentleman
(1882); Estudiante (1883); In the Armoury,
A Missive (1884); Study (1886).
RIVIERE, BRITON, born in London,
Aug. 14, 1840. Subject and animal painter,
son and pupil of William Riviere (1806-
1876), teacher of drawing at Cheltenham
College and afterwards at Oxford, where
Briton took his degree of A.B. in 1867. Ex-
hibited in 1858-59, at the Royal Academy,
pictures entitled Rest from Labour, Sheep
50
RIXENS
on the Cotswolcls, and Road to Gloucester.
In 1876 he received a medal at Philadel-
phia. Obtained much re-
pute in 1866 by the Poach-
er's Nurse. Elected an
AR.A. in 1878, and R.A.
in 1881. Works: Strayed
from the Flock, Long
Sleep (1866) ; Charity
(1870); CTree and the Com-
panions of Ulysses, Come
Back (1871) ; Daniel in the Den of Lions
(1872) ; Argus (1873) ; Apollo (1874) ; War
Time, Last of the Garrison (1875) ; A Stem
Chase, Swineherd's Dogs, Pallas Athenso
(1876) ; Legend of St. Patrick, Lazarus
(1877) ; Lions, Sympathy, An Anxious Mo-
ment, Victims (1878) ; Poacher's Widow, In
manus tuas — Domine (1879); Night- Watch,
Endymion, Last Spoonful (1880); Envy, Ha-
tred and Malice, Hope Deferred, Roman
Holiday, Let Sleeping Dogs Lie (1881) ;
The King Drinks, Magician's Doorway
(1882); Giants at Play, Herd of Swine, Old
Playfellows, Last of the Crew (1883) ; Eve
of St. Bartholomew, King and his Satellites,
Actseon, Enchanted Castle (1884) ; Stolen
Kisses, After Naseby, Sheepstealers, Vse
Victis (1885) ; Rizpah, Union is Strength,
The Exile (1886).— Art Journal (1878),
5, 145 ; Meynell, 141 ; Portfolio (1880),
141.
RIXENS, JEAN ANDRti, born at Saint-
Gaudens (Haute-Garonne) ; contemporary.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Gt>
rome. Medals : 3d class, 1871 ; 2d class,
1881. Works : Morning Farewell (1868) ;
Death of Cleopatra ; Caesar's Body ; May
Jane (1879) ; Harvesters in the Pyrenees
(1880) ; Death of Agrippina (1881) ; Head
of Old Man (1882); Glory (1883); Coquetry,
Study (1884) ; Don Juan (1886).
RIZI, FRANCISCO, born in Madrid in
1608, died in the Escorial, Aug. 2, 1685.
Spanish school ; son of Antonio Rizi, a
painter of Bologna, who accompanied Fe-
derigo Zucchero to Spain in 1585 ; pupil of
Vincenzio Carducho. Appointed in 1653
670
painter to Cathedral of Toledo, and in 1G56
painter to Philip IV., an honour which ho
enjoyed also under Charles H A very
rapid worker, who painted many superficial
pictures in Madrid and Toledo, and did
much to aid the decline of art in Spain.
Works: Au- fTr\
to da Fe in LJr \J . . .
1680, Por- J X^^-%
trait of a <*S
General, Madrid Museum.— Stirling, ii. 696 ;
Viardot, 272 ; Madrazo, 554.
RIZI, Fray JUAN, born in Madrid in
1595, died at Monte Cassiuo, Italy, in 1675.
Spanish school ; brother of Francisco Rizi,
pupil of Juan Bautista Mayuo ; in 1626 be-
came a Benedictine monk at Montserrat,
and, after filling several conventual offices,
was made abbot of Medina del Campo.
Painted many altarpieces and religious pict-
ures, and won so much fame for hia talents
and his piety that all the houses of his
order were anxious to have him as an in-
mate. In his old age he went to Italy, and
the Pope conferred on him an Italian bish-
opric, but he did not live to take it. Work :
St. Francis receiving the Stigmata, Madrid
Museum.— Stirling, ii. 693 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
espagnole ; Viardot, 270 ; Madrazo, 561.
RIZO. See Francem-o da Santa Croce.
RIZPAH, Georges Jtttivr, canvas. The
seven sons of Saul, whom David delivered
to the Gibeonites to be hanged to avert the
famine, are seen suspended from a lofty
gibbet, beneath which Rizpah is fighting
away a large eagle, come to prey upon the
dead (2 Sam., xxi. 10). Painted in 1873 ;
Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876.— Art Gal.
PhiL Ex., 33.
By Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft x 4 ft. Riz-
pah watching the bodies of her sons. Tur-
ner Collection. Engraved, with alterations,
in Liber Studiorum. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
RIZZONI, ALESSANDRO, born at Riga,
Jan. 23, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of St
Petersburg Academy, where he won the
grand prize in 1860 ; visited Germany, Bel-
ROBBE
gium, Spain, and Portugal ; lived several
years in Paris, and settled in Rome in 1865.
Member of St. Petersburg Academy in 18G4 ;
professor since 1869. Medals : London, Vi-
enna. Works : Synagogue in Livonia ; In-
terior of Koman Tavern ; Visit of Cardinal
to S. Onofrio ; Vegetable Store at Frascati ;
Refectory in Capuchin Monastery in Rome ;
Cardinal Council.
ROBBE, LOUIS, born at Courtray, Nov.
17, 1806. Animal and landscape painter,
self-taught, studying from nature since 1833 ;
settled at Courtray in 1830, and at Brussels
in 1840. Medals at Brussels (1839-42) ;
Paris, 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1855 ; L. of
Honour, 1845 ; Order of Leopold, 1843 ;
Officer, 1863 ; Spanish Order of Charles
III., 1844. Member Amsterdam Academy,
1855. Studio in Brussels. Works : Cam-
pine in Brabant ; Sheep and Shepherd ;
Rest in the Pasture ; Pond with Cows ;
Roosters after Fight ; Bull attacked by
Dogs, Brussels Museum ; Landscape with
Cattle, Ghent Museum ; Sheep in Moun-
tainous Landscape, Kunsthalle, Hamburg.
His brother, Henri, is a still-life painter.
Medals : Bruges, 1850 ; Ypres, 1855.— Im-
merzeel, iii. 18 ; Kramm, v. 1371 ; Vape-
reau (1880), 1551 ; Sunaert, 123.
ROBBINS, HORACE WOLCOTT, born
in Mobile, Ala., Oct. 21, 1842. Landscape
painter, pupil of August Weidenbach, Ger-
man landscape painter, and of James M.
Hart. In 1865 visited England, Holland,
and France, where he received some in-
struction from Rousseau in Paris, and in
the same year sketched in Jamaica, W. I.;
in 1866 sketched in Switzerland. Elected
an A.N.A. in 1864, and N.A. in 1878. Stu-
dio in New York. Works in oil : Blue
Hills of Jamaica (1874) ; Roadside Elms ;
Mt. Philip ; New England Homestead, Har-
bour Islands — Lake George (1878) ; Moun-
tain Stream (1879) ; Summer Afternoon —
Keene Valley (1880) ; Cloudy Afternoon,
Solitude (1881) ; Lake Katahdin — Maine
(1882) ; Early Autumn— Adirondacks, Twi-
light Hour (1883) ; Summer Afternoon-
Essex County, Keene Valley Runway, Sun-
set— Island of Jamaica (1884) ; Showery Af-
ternoon in the Mountains (1885) ; Darken-
ing in the Evening Glory (1886). Water-
colours : New England Road Scene (1877) ;
New England Homestead (1878).
ROBER, ERNST, born at Elberfeld, June
23, 1849. History painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy and of Bendemann. Works :
Hunting Expedition of the Nibelungs ; Gods
of Olympus, National Gallery, Berlin ;
Nymphs surprised by Fauns, Faun's Love
Song (1878). His brother, Fritz (born Oct.
15, 1851), also pupil of Bendemann, paint-
ed Death of Sophonisba ; The Great Elec-
tor consoling the Peasantry after Battle of
Fehrbellin ; then (together with his brother
and with Rudolf Bendemann), Allegorical
Figures, Cupid and Psyche, Groups of Ge-
nii, National Gallery, Berlin. — Miiller, 443 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 647 ; xxi. 243, 245 ;
D. Rundschau, xvii. 300.
ROBERT, ALEXANDRE, born at Traze-
gnies, Renault, Feb. 17, 1817. Portrait and
genre painter, pupil of Brussels Academy
under Navez, then studied in Italy, 1843-
48. Medals at Brussels, 1845, 1848 ; Paris,
1855 ; Officer, Order Leopold ; Order Fran-
cis Joseph of Austria. Member Royal Acad-
emy of Belgium. Studio in Brussels. Works :
Ransacking of Carmelite Monastery in Ant-
werp, Luca Siguorelli painting his Dead Son,
Brussels Museum ; Regret (1849), Ghent
Museum ; Chorus of Capuchins ; Young
Mendicant ; Dolce far nieute ; Charles V.
before his Death ; Souvenirs of Rome and
Naples. —Miiller, 443; Vapereau (1880),
1553.
ROBERT, AURELE, born at Les Epla-
tures, near La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchatel,
Dec. 18, 1805, died at Ried, near Bienne
(Biel), Canton Berne, Dec. 21, 1871. Ar-
chitecture and genre painter, brother and,
from 1822, pupil in Rome of Leopold Ro-
bert, whom he accompanied on study trips
in 1828-29, and, after a short separation,
joined again in Paris in 1831, then in Ven-
ice in 1833, to return home after Leopold's
52
ROBERT
suicide in 1835. Occupied in Paris mostly
with copies after his brother's works in |
1836-37, he went to Venice again in 1838,
and five years later returned to Switzerland,
whence he visited the Breisgau in 1869.
His execution was very careful, though
somewhat heavy. Medal, Paris, 2d class,
1831. Works : Interior of St. Mark's, Ven-
ice, Basle Museum ; do. (1854), Berne Mu-
seum ; do. (1844), Interior of Baptismal
Chapel, ib. ; Young Girl of Procida, Interior
of Leopold Robert's Studio in Rome (1829),
Neuchatel Museum ; Chapel in St. Mark's,
Venice, Sacristy at Lugano, Zurich Gallery ;
Baptismal Ceremony in Chapel in St. Mark's,
Venice (1842), National Gallery, Berlin. —
Jordan (1885), ii. 186 ; Rahn, Kuust- und
Wanderstudien in der Schweiz (Vienna,
1883), 346.
ROBERT, HUBERT, called Robert des
Ruines, born in Paris, May 22, 1733, died
there, April 15, 1808. Landscape painter,
pupil of Pannini ; spent twelve years at
Rome. Member of Academy, 1766 ; and
appointed custodian of the Louvre by the
Directory. Works : Harbour of Ripetta near
Rome (1766), Triumphal Arch at Orange
(1767), Portico of Octavius (1785), Temple
of Jupiter in Rome (1787), Maison Carn'e
(1787), Round Temple (1788), and seven
others, Louvre ; Two Views in Gardens of
Versailles (1777), Pont Notre Dame, Paris,
Poiit-au-Change and Clock Tower, ib.
(1788), National Confederation on the
Champ de Mai's (1790), Versailles Museum :
View of Ancient Aqueducts, Trianon Pal-
ace ; Interior of Maison Carree at Nimes,
Pont du Gard, Fontainebleau Palace ; Foun-
tain of Minerva, Rome (1772), Angers Mu-
seum ; Ruins of Imperial Palace — Rome, do.
of Temple, Interior of Thermae of Diocletian,
Besanyon Museum ; Antique Ruins (2),
Bordeaux Museum ; Aqueducts of Mainte-
nant, Ruins of Forum Palladium, Chartres
Museum ; Interior of Antique Temple with
Religious Ceremony, Stable under Ancient
Building, Dijon Museum ; others in Muse-
ums of Marseilles, Montpellier, Orleans,
11
Ii
s~s
f \
C l
Rouen (6), Troyes ; View of the Pantheon,
Darmstadt Museum ; Ruins of Temple at
G i r g en ti,
Stone Bridge,
Hermitage, St.
Petersburg. —
Bellier, il 391 ; tJ
Ch. Blanc, »
£cole franeaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Le-
jeune, Guide, L 272 ; iii. 317.
ROBERT, LEO PAUL, born at Bienne,
Switzerland ; contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of his father and of
Gi'rome. Medal, 3d class, 1877. Works :
Evening Zephyrs (1877); The Nymph Echo
(1878) ; Christ with Lazarus, Genii of the
Forest (1879); First Spring (1882); Beech-
Woods at Romont (1883).
ROBERT, (LOUIS) LEOPOLD, born at
La Chaux-de-Fonds,
Neuchatel, Switzer-
land, May 13, 1794,
died in Venice, March
25, 1835. Genre
painter, pupil of
David iu Paris,
whither he had gone
with the engraver
Charles Ghirardet,
his first instructor. After winning the 2d
grand prix for engraving (1814), and fre-
quenting for a short time the studio of Gros
in 1815, he returned home, where he paint-
ed many excellent portraits and found a
patron in M. Roullet Mezerac, who offered
him the means to go to Rome in 1818 ;
there he devoted himself to painting scenes
from the life of the people. This he did
with a poetry which raised his popular sub-
jects to the dignity of history, and made
him equal to the foremost artists of his
time. In 1824 he won the first prize in
Paris, visited that city, and his native coun-
try in 1831, but soon returned to Italy, set-
tling at Florence, whence he removed to
Venice to complete his picture, The Fish-
ers of the Adriatic. In a fit of melancholia
he committed suicide. Medal, Paris, 1822 ;
68
EOBERT-FLEUEY
L. of Honour, 1831. Works : Neapolitan
Improvisator (1824); Peasant Woman of the
Campagua (1824); Festival of the Madonna
dell' Arco (1827), Arrival of Harvesters in
the Pontine Marshes (1830), Louvre ; Her-
mit of Monte Epomeo— Isle of Ischia, Re-
ceiving. Fruit from Young Girl, Nantes
Museum ; Italian Bandit Wounded, Bandit
Women in Flight, Basle Museum ; Roman
Girl with Tambourine, Berne Museum ;
Children of Canton Berne, Italian Girls,
Sacristy of S. Giovanni in Laterano, Rome,
Musee Rath, Geneva ; Basilica of S. Paolo
fuori le Mura in Rome after the Fire (1823),
Interior of do., Central Fragment of L'lm-
provisatore, Fishers of the Adriatic (1834),
Views iu Rome (2), Retreat of Brigands,
Le Septembriseur, Portraits (4), and Stud-
ies (5), Neuchatel Museum ; Italian Brigand
Asleep (1822), National Gallery, Berlin;
The Mowers (1835, last work), Raczynski
Gallery, ib.; Woman of Procida with her
Child " (182G), New Piuakothek, Munich ;
do. (1831), Konigsberg Museum ; Robber
Asleep guarded by his Wife (1823), Leipsic
Museum ; Gipsy, August Belmont, New
York ; Roman Ruins, B. Wall, Providence.
— Feuillet de Conches, Leopold Robert
(Paris, 1849);
Clement, Leopold
Robert (Paris,
1874) ; Hamertou,
I French Painters,
54 ; Meyer, Gesch., 514 ; Planche, Portraits
d' Artistes, ii. 1.
ROBERT-FLEURY, (JOSEPH) NICO-
LAS, born in Cologne, Aug. 8, 1797, of
French parents. History and genre painter,
pupil of Girodet, Gros, and Horace Vernet.
Lived much in Rome up to 1826, when he
settled in Paris. In 1833 he exhibited Scene
in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, which
at once gave him a high position. Medals :
2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1834, 1855, 18C7 ;
L. of Honour, 1836 ; Officer, 1849 ; Com-
mander, 1867 ; Member of Institute, 1850 ;
director of French Academy at Rome, 1866.
Works : Tasso in Convent of San Onofrio
^
I • // /
Ot- / JjQ^
(1827); Reading at Mme. de Sevigne's (1833);
Eve of St. Bartholomew (1833), Compiegne
Palace ; Procession of the Ligue, Religious
Discussion (1834) ; Regent in Council, Con-
stable Albert de Luynes (1835) ; Henri IV.
brought back to the Louvre after his Assas-
sination (1836); St. Francis de Sales (1837);
Christ and Little Children (1837), Nantes
Museum ; Coming out of Church (1837) ;
Entry of Clovis into Tours (1838), Arrival
of Baldwin of Flanders at Edessa, 1097
(1839), Versailles Museum ; Conference at
Poissy in 1561 (1840), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Release of St. Peter, Ambroise Pare,
Children of Louis XVL in Temple (1840) ;
Pierre de la Ramee awaiting the Murderers
on St. Bartholomew's Day, Neuchatel Mu-
seum ; Inquisition, Michelangelo tending
his Sick Servant Urbino, Benvenuto Cellini
at Work (1841) ; Marino Faliero ; Burning
a Heretic ; Rembrandt's Studio (1845); Gali-
leo, Christopher Columbus received at the
Court of Spain (1847) ; Massacre of Jews in
London on Coronation Day of Edward H.
(1848), Report to the Cardinal (1849), Ra-
vene Gallery, Berlin ; Jane Shore (1850),
Luxembourg Museum ; The Venetian Sen-
ate (1850); Death of Montaigne (1853); Sack
of a Jew's House (1855), Luxembourg ;
Charles V. at San Yuste (1857) ; Philip VI.
of Valois, Connetables Dues de Luynes and
de Lesdiguieres, Marshals Biron and Vil-
leroy (1835), Versailles Museum ; The Toi-
let, Montpellier Museum ; Three Portraits,
Nantes Museum ; The Body of Titian lying
in State in the Palazzo Barbarigo — Venice,
Portrait of the Artist, Antwerp Museum.
Also executed important decorative works
/7x"~ in the audience hall of the
T\ /I Tribunal de Commerce, Paris.
VX V 1 — Bellier, ii. 397 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1869), i. 188 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch.,
279 ; Saint Valliere, Notice sur la vie, etc.
(Paris, 1847); Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 121.
ROBERT-FLEURY, TONY, bora in
Paris, Sept. 16, 1838. History, genre, and
portrait painter, son of Joseph Nicolas, pu-
pil of Paul Delaroche and Leon Cogniei
64
ROBERT
Medals : 18GG, 1867, 1870 ; medal of honour,
1870 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1873.
Works : Roman Girl,
Child kissing a Relic
(1864); Warsaw on
April 8, 1861 (1866) ;
Old Women of the Pi-
Navona (1867),
azza
Last Day of Corinth
(1870), Luxembourg
Museum; Danaids
(1872) ; Charlotte
Corday in Caen (1874);
Pinel the Chief Physician of the Salpu-
triere in Paris (1876) ; Vauban giving
his Plans for the Fortification of Belfort
(1882) ; Mazarin and his Nieces (1883) ;
Leda (1885) ; Musical Cardinal, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, New York. — Larousse ; D. Rund-
schau, xvi. 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 259.
ROBERT THE PIOUS, EXCOMMUNI-
CATION OF, Jean Paul Laurens, Luxem-
bourg Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 7
ft 2 in. Robert tt, King of France (996-
1031), married his cousin and was excom-
municated, on his refusal to put her aside,
by Gregory V., who declared that the union
was in violation of canonical law. Aban-
doned by all his court he was finally (1001)
forced to yield. Salon, 1875.
ROBERT DBS RUINES. See Robert,
Hubert.
ROBERTS, DAVID, born in Stockbridge,
near Edinburgh,
Oct. 24, 1796, died
in London, Nov. 25,
1864. Landscape
painter; appren-
ticed to a house-
painter and decora-
tor in Edinburgh,
then devoted him-
self to scene paint-
ing there (1816), as
afterwards in London whither he went in
1822. First exhibited at the Royal Academy
in 1826, a view of Rouen Cathedral, and
then at the British Institute and the Socie-
ty of British Artiste, of which he was vice-
president. He visited Spain in 1832-33,
and in 1835 exhibited his Cathedral at Bur-
gos, in the Royal Academy, London. In
1838-39 he went to the East, whence he
drew many fine subjects, and where he made
a series of sketches, exhibited in London in
1840. Painted about 260 oil pictures.
Elected A.RA in 1838 and RA. in 1841.
The sale of his sketches and drawings in
June, 1865, realized £16,450. Works : De-
parture of the Israelites (1828); Interior of
Old Buildings on the Darro, Entrance to
Crypt of Roslyn Chapel, Bab-el-Mutaweller
Gate at Cairo (1835), S. Kensington Muse-
um ; Ruins of Baalbec — Temple of the Sun
(1840) ; Interior S. Miguel, Spain (1841) ;
Burgos Cathedral (1835), Chancel of St Paul
at Antwerp (1848), National Gallery, London;
Sunset in Rome, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; Tyre ; Sidon ; Melrose Abbey (1844);
j Jerusalem ; Church of the Nativity at Beth-
lehem ; Fete Day at St. Peter's. Mr. Rob-
erts published several series of lithographed
sketches : The best known are " Sketches in
| the Holy Laud and Syria" (1842); "Italy,
Historical, Classical, and Picturesque "
(1859).— Ballantyne, Life (London, 1866);
Art Journal (1858), 201 ; (1865), 43 ; Sandby,
ii. 169 ; Redgrave.
ROBERTSON, ANDREW, born in Aber-
deen, Scotland, Oct. 14, 1777, died at Hamp-
stead, England, Dec. 6, 1845. Miniature
painter, pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; grad-
uated at Aberdeen University in 1794. In
1801 ho walked to London to see the exhi-
bition and was noticed by Benjamin West,
who sat to him for his portrait and advised
him to study in the Academy schools. Ho
painted the princesses at Windsor, the
Prince Regent (1812), and was appointed
miniature painter to the Duke of Sussex.
He had pupils who became distinguished,
and on his retirement in 1841 the miniature
painters presented him with a piece of plate
as the father of their profession. His elder
brother Archibald went to New York in
1791, to practise portrait painting, and was
55
KOBIE
afterwards followed by another brother,
Alexander, pupil in miniature painting of
Shelley. — Redgrave.
EOBIE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in Brus-
sels in 1821. Still-life painter, pupil of
Brussels Academy ; most of his works are
in private collections in France, England,
and America. Medals at Brussels (1848),
Paris (1851, 1863), Hague (1861), Sydney
(1879) ; Order of Leopold (1861) ; Officer
(1866); Commander (1881). Studio in Brus-
sels. Works : Garland, Grapes, The Win-
dow, The Park (1846-51); Still-Life (1853),
Ghent Museum ; Bread and Wine (1855) ;
Flowers, Grapes (1863) ; Grapes and Still-
Life (1864) ; Massacre of the Innocents,
Promised Land (1865) ; Autumn, Fruits
(1867) ; Flowers, Fruits and Accessories
(1878); Flowerpiece, T. Wigglesworth, Bos-
ton ; do., A. Adams, Watertown ; H. B.
Hurlbut, Cleveland ; J. J. O'Fallon, St.
Louis ; W. H. Fosdick, Louisville ; Charles
Crocker, San Francisco. — Vapereau (1880),
1554.
ROBINETTA, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5
in. x 2 ft. A girl, half-length, seated, with
a robin on her right shoulder, resting her
left arm on its cage. Said to be a portrait
of Miss Anna Lewis, afterwards the Hon.
Mrs. Tollemache. Purchased with Peel pic-
tures in 1871. Eeplica at Knole Park, Earl
Amherst. A somewhat similar picture,
without the cage, belongs to Lord Lons-
dale ; engraved by J. Jones (1787), and S.
W. Reynolds. Etched by A. Lalanze in
Portfolio.— Cat Nat. Gal.; Portfolio (1876),
145 ; Waagen, Art Treasures, iv. 340.
ROBINSON, THOMAS, born in Nova
Scotia in 1835. Animal painter, pupil of
Courbet, and for a short time of Auguste
Bonheur. He has lived and painted in Prov-
idence, Boston, and Paris. Works : Dog's
Head, Sheep in Pasture, A New England
Farmer, Bull's Head (1876); Sprague's String
Team ; Beacon Street in Boston in January,
In a Daisy Field (1884).— Benjamin, 103.
ROBUST! See Tintoretto.
ROCH (Rocco), ST., Tintoretto, Scuola di
S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, in narrow inter-
val between two windows. A fine figure,
though rather coarse. — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 342.
ROCH, ST., GIVING ALMS, Annibale
Carracci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 11
ft. 9 in. x 17 ft. 1 in. St. Roch, at right, on
a platform under a portico, giving alms to
the poor and the sick, who throng the court
in front ; background of architecture. Paint-
ed for Chapel of S. Rocco, Reggio ; sold to
Duke of Modena, whence passed to Dres-
den. Copy in small, by Guido, in Zambec-
cari Gallery, Bologna. Engraved by Guido
Reni, who added two figures to it ; also by
J. Camerata. — Gal. roy. de Dresde, i. PI.
21 ; Reveil, ix. 590.
ROCH, ST., FINDING OF BODY OF,
Tintoretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H.
about 10 ft. x 25 ft. A somewhat confused
picture, with a flying angel in blue drapery ;
altogether uninteresting.— Ruskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 324.
ROCH, ST., IN CAMPO D'ARMATA,
Tintoretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H.
about 10 ft. x 25 ft. " A wild group of
horses and warriors in the most magnificent
confusion of fall and flight ever painted by
man. They all seem dashed different ways
as if by a whirlwind ; and a whirlwind there
must be, for a huge tree is torn up and
hurled into the air, as if it were a shivered
lance."— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 324.
ROCH, ST., IN THE DESERT, Tintoret-
to, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. A single re-
cumbent figure in a not very interesting
landscape. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii.
322.
ROCH, ST., IN GLORY, Tintoretto, Scu-
ola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. The Saint
ascends to heaven, looking down on a crowd
of the sick and poor, who are blessing and
adoring him. One of the worst of Tinto-
rets. — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 338.
ROCH, ST., IN HEAVEN, Tintoretto,
Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; oval, central pict-
ure of ceiling, Sala dell' Albergo. Painted
56
ROCH
m 1560. The brethren of the Scuola had
asked some of the chief painters of Venice
to send in trial sketches for the centrepiece
in the ceiling. Tintoretto produced a fin-
ished painting instead of a sketch, and had
it placed in the oval. Both the brethren
and his fellow competitors were offended,
but as he offered the picture as a present,
they were obliged to accept it. — Buskin,
Stones of Venice, iii. 351 ; Osier, Tintoret-
to, 51 ; Kidolfi, Marav., ii. 193.
pupil of Julea Lefi-bvre and of Boulanger.
Medals : 3d class, 1882 ; 2d class, and prix
| du Salon, 1883. Works : Vitellius dragged
through the Streets of Rome (1882) ; An-
dromache (1883); La Jacquerie (1885); Mad-
ness of Nebuchadnezzar (1886).— KunsU
Chrouik, ss. 701 ; xxi. 294, 378 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, six. 258 ; xx. 234 ; xxi. 314.
ROCKY MOUNTAINS, Albert ffienladl,
James McHeury. A vast plain, with cotton-
wood trees, oaks, and pines in the fore-
~l.~! — ''""• i--1 — i — \ff ••'-•/'•• ! Kir
5fe^dds===^/r.' Ii i
^/^^sv^/j^ -^'^A
.icz ,re^M^
St. Roch Giving Alms, Annibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery.
ROCH, ST., IN THE HOSPITAL, Tinto-
retto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas, H. about 10
ft. x25 ft. The Saint engaged in his minis-
trations in the hospital. A very noble pict- '
ure, carefully composed and highly wrought,
but a disgusting subject. — Ruskin, Stones
of Venice, iii. 323 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 191.
ROCH, ST., BEFORE THE POPE, Tin-
toretto, S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. A delight-
ful picture in his best manner, but hastily
painted.— Ruskiu, Stones of Venice, iii. 321.
ROCHEGROSSE, GEORGES, born at
Versailles ; contemporary. History painter,
ground, groups of wigwnms with Indians
and ponies in middle distance, and beyond,
a river ; in background, lofty snow-crowned
mountains — the highest peak Mount Lander.
Painted in 1863. Kn graved by James
D. Smillie.
RODAKOWSKI, HEINRICH, born at
Lemberg, Galicia, in 1823. One of the best
portrait painters of the day, pupil of Cogniet
in Paris, where he settled ; painted also sev-
eral good history and genre pictures. Med-
als : Paris, 1st class, 1852 ; 3d class, 1855 ;
L. of Honour, 1861. Works : General Dein-
KODDE
binski (1852) ; Artist's Mother (1853) ;
Prince Sapieha ; Count Eaczynski (1859) ;
Sigismund sanctioning Privileges of Nobil-
ity (1872) ; War without Fight ; Galician
Peasants at Church (1857) ; Battle near
Choczym in 1673 ; King Sobieski receiving
Envoy from Vienna (1861) ; A Preacher
(1873).— Wurzbach, xxvi. 218.
BODDE, KARL GUSTAV, born in Dant-
zic, Aug. 29, 1830. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of Johann Karl Schultz, then of Diissel-
dorf Academy (1852-57) under Schirmer
and Gude ; studied in 1857 at Munich and in
1858-61 in Borne. After his return he lived
in Weimar and is now (1885) in Berlin.
Works : Olivia ; After Sunset ; Valley Soli-
tude, National Gallery, Berlin ; Landscape
with Castle and Village, Wiesbaden Gallery.
— Miiller, 445.
EODDELSTEDT, PETEE, called Gott-
laud. German school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Cranach, the elder ; flour-
ished in 1548-72 at Weimar, where he be-
came court painter to the Elector John Fred-
eric in 1553. — Allgem. d. Biogr., ix. 486 ;
Nagler, Mon., iv. 884 ; W. & W., ii. 433.
EODE, CHEISTIAN BEENHAED, born
in Berlin in 1725, died there, June 24, 1797.
German school ; history painter, pupil of
Antoine Pesne in Berlin and Carle van Loo
in Paris ; studied afterwards in Eome and
Venice, and became director of the Berlin
Academy in 1783. He was the most not-
able native historical painter at the court
of Frederick the Great, for whom he exe-
cuted a number of pictures in palaces and
churches. Works : Ceilings in New Palace
of Sans Souci, Potsdam ; Descent from the
Cross, St. Mary's, Berlin. — Fiorillo, iii. 401 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 554 ; Nagler, xiii. 270 ;
Eeber, i. 54.
EODEIGUEZ, ST., Murillo, Dresden Gal-
lery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 10 in.
Standing before a balustrade, wearing a rich
chasuble, a palm in his left hand, his right
outstretched, looking up to a cherub about
to crown him with a wreath of flowers.
Louis Philippe sale (1853), £210. Engraved
by Buchel ; Th. Langer ; etched by H. Biirk-
ner; lithographed by Julien. — Curtis, 266;
Athenamm (1853), 657.
EOED, JOBGEN, born at Eingsted, on
Zealand, Jan. 13, 1808.
Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Co-
penhagen Academy un-
der Han sen ; went in
1837 to Italy, where he
painted altarpieces and
copied after Eaphael ;
returned in 1842, be-
came member of Co-
penhagen Academy in 1844 and professor
in 1862 ; Copied the Sistine Madonna in
Dresden in 1851, and visited Italy again in
1861. Danebrog Order, 1878. Works:
Departure from Custom House (1835); View
in Eoyal Garden at Frederiksborg (1836) ;
Interior of Cathedral at Eibe (1837) ; Win-
ter View of Cathedral in Eoeskilde ; Girl
with Fruits (1835), Zealand Mowers after
Work (1850), Girls at a Font (1851), Family
Life of Fishermen (1855), Portrait of Ar-
tist's Mother (1849), do. of Marstrand
(1873), Copenhagen Gallery ; Crucifixion
(1866), Eoyal Chapel, Frederiksborg. His
son, Holger Peter (born Nov. 2, 1846, died
Feb. 20, 1874), was a talented history paint-
er, pupil of his father and of Copenhagen
Academy ; won great gold medals in 1867-
70 ; visited Paris, Eome, and Naples in 1870
-72.— Sig. Miiller, 281 ; Weilbach, 585.
EOEDEE, JULIUS (SIGISMUND), born
in Berlin, Sept. 5, 1824, died there, July 31,
1860. Genre painter, pupil of Herbig, and
of Berlin Academy ; studied nature in the
Hartz Mountains and Thuringia ; grief over
his young wife's death made him insane.
Gold medal, Berlin, 1850. Works: Last
Blessing (1850); Grape Seller, National Gal-
lery, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 188.
EOELAS, JUAN DE LAS, born in Sev-
ille about 1558-60, died at Oliviirez, April
23, 1625. Spanish school ; supposed son of
Admiral Pedro de las Eoelas ; received
a university education ; studied painting
ROELOFS
probably in Venice, where he was influenced
by the works of Titian and Tintoretto, his
style being somewhat
like the latter's. In
1G03 he was appointed
prebendary of the chap-
el at Olivarez, whence
commonly called El
Clerigo Roelas, but
lived at Madrid and
Seville until 1G24, when
he removed to Oliviirez.
Cean Bermudez gives a list of his pictures.
Among his best works are the Death of St.
Isidore, S. Isidoro, Seville ; Martyrdom of
St. Andrew, Seville Museum ; Santiago at
Battle of Clavigo, Cathedral of Seville ; Mo-
ses striking the Rock, Madrid Museum ;
Conception, Dresden Gallery ; Communion
of St. Theresa, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Viardot, 180 ; Stirling, i. 449 ; Ch. Blanc,
35cole espagnole ; Madrazo, 563.
ROELOFS, WILLEM, born in Amster-
dam, March 10, 1822. Landscape painter,
pupil in Utrecht of A. H. Winter, and at
The Hague of H. van de Saude-Bakhuysen ;
settled in Brussels in 1848. Orders of Leo-
pold and of Francis Joseph, 1858 ; Officer
Order of Oaken Crown, 1800. Works :
View near Abcoude, do. near The Hague,
Museum, Amsterdam ; Two Landscapes,
Museum Fodor, ib. ; Landscape with Cattle,
Rotterdam Museum ; Landscape with Sheep,
H. P. Kidder, Boston ; Dutch Meadow ; Af-
ter the Rain ; Banks of the Gain ; Landscape
near Vreeland ; Forest in Autumn, Liege
Museum ; Dutch Village (1883).— Iinmer-
zeel, iii.22 ; Kramm, v. 1376; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xviii. 823 '; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 261.
ROEPEL, KOENRAAD, born at The
Hague, Nov. 6,
1?78> dled1t!1fce'
Nov. 4, 1748.
Dutch school;
portrait, fruit, and
lo flower painter,
pupil of Constantin Netscher ; followed af-
terwards the manner of Jan van Huysum,
and in his best efforts approached him close-
ly. Works : Flower-Piece, Fruit-Piece, Am-
sterdam Museum ; Fruit and Flower-Piece,
Cassel Gallery ; Flower-Piece, Dresden Gal-
lery.— Immerzeel, iii. 22 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 549.
ROETH, PHTLTPP, born in Darmstadt,
March 10, 1841. Landscape painter, pupil
in Darmstadt (1857-59) of A. Lucas and
Karl Seeger, in Carlsruhe (1859-60) of J.
W. Schirmer, and in Darmstadt (1861) of
Paul Weber ; went to DUsseldorf, and in
1870 settled in Munich. Works : Banks of
the Amper ; View in the Odenwald ; do. on
the Main ; Rainy Weather ; Landscape with
Cattle (1882).— Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 260.
ROGER, ADOLPHE, born at Palaiseau
(Seine-et-Oise) in 1800, died in Paris, Feb.,
1880. History and genre painter, pupil
of Groa Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class,
1831 ; L. of Honour, 1841. Works : Vil-
lage Funeral (1822); Taking the Veil (1831);
Revolution of 1793 in Rome (1833) ; Due
d'Orleans working in Trenches of Antweq)
(1834) ; Charles V. returning to the Louvre
(1835), Trianon Palace ; Battle of Civitella
(1842),VersaillesMuseum;Chri8trnas(1843);
St. Claire receiving her Sister into her Or-
der (1845) ; Virgin with Violets (1847); Two
Nuns, Providence turning aside War (1855);
Human Justice, Divine Pity (1857).— Bel-
lier, ii. 405 ; Larousse.
ROGER, EUGENE, born at Sens(Yonne)
in 1807, died in Paris, July 29, 1840. His-
tory painter, pupil of Hersent and of Ingres ;
won the second prize in 1829, and the grand
prix de Rome in 1833 ; great gold medal,
Paris, 1837. Works : Jacob refusing to de-
liver Benjamin (1829); Moses and the Brazen
Serpent (1833) ; Finding of the Body of
Charles the Bold (1837), Nancy Museum ;
Charlemagne crossing the Alps (1837), Rais-
ing of Siege of Salerno— 1016 (1839), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Preaching of Si John in
the Desert (1840).— Bellier, ii. 406 ; Nag-
ler, xiii. 311.
ROGGE, WILHELM, born at Osterkap-
peln, Hanover, in 1829. History and genre
ROGI1MAN
painter, studied first at Osnabriick, then in
Munich under Rhomberg and at the Acad-
emy under Philipp Foltz ; visited North Italy,
lived for several years in Diisseldorf, and
settled in Munich. Works : Reconciliation
of Otto I. with his Brother Henry, Provin-
zial Museum, Hanover ; Last of the Hohen-
staufen before Charles of Anjou ; Lying-in-
Room of a Princess ; Quartering in IGth
Century ; Return from Fair ; Violinist ;
Sunday Morning ; Eaves-Dropper ; Treach-
erous Hostess ; Before the Festival ; Leav-
ing Home, L M. Scott, San Francisco ; Con-
valescent, Mrs. D. D. Colton.ib.; three frescos
in National Museum, Munich. — Mttller, 446.
ROGHMAN, ROELAND, born in Am-
sterdam in 1597, died there after 1G8C.
Dutch school ; landscape painter; travelled
extensively in Germany and Tyrol. His rare
landscapes in the warm tone of Rembrandt
are particularly noticeable for their fine per-
spective ; they may be seen in the Museums
of Amsterdam and Berlin, Galleries of Cas-
sel (3, two attributed to Rembrandt), Copen-
hagen, and Oldenburg. — Immerzeel, iii. 23 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 359 ; Kramm, v. 1380.
ROHDE, KARL, born in Coblentz in 1840.
Animal painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School
under Neher and Rustige, settled in Munich
in 18C4 ; paints chiefly domestic poultry.
Works : The Duellists ; Prize Race ; Hungry
Folk ; Sparrow's Wooing ; Clucking Hen.
— Miiller, 446 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 247.
ROKES, HENDRIK MARTENSZ. See
Sorgh.
ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE, born in
Paris; contemporary.
Military and genre
painter, pupil of Ge-
rome and Bonnat.
Medals : 3d class, 1875 ;
1st class, 1877; L. of
Honour, 1883. Works :
Environs of Baccarat,
Evening(1870); Wound-
ed Fugitive (1872); Bac-
chante (1873); Don Juan and Haidee (1875);
Halted! (1875); Huntress (1876) ; Inunda-
tion of Toulouse in 1875 (1877) ; Festival of
Silenus (1879) ; Miners on a Strike (1880) ;
July 14th 1880 (1882) ; Normandy (1883)—
Luxembourg Museum ; Fight between a
French Cuirassier and a Prussian Sharp-
shooter ; Marianne Offrey— Crieuse de vert
(1884) ; At Work, Study of a Bull and Nude
Woman (1885) ; Portrait of Damoye (1886).
— Gaz. des B. Arts (1882), xxv. 546 ; (1884),
xxix. 468 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 315.
ROLL-CALL, Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson
Butler, Windsor Castle ; canvas. Calling
the roll of the Grenadier Guards on a misty
winter morning after an engagement in the
Crimea. A line of soldiers worn out with con-
flict, some wounded, some dying and fallen
with their faces in the snow, inspected by
the colonel as he rides slowly past. Royal
Academy, 1874 ; purchased by the Queen.
Engraved by F. Stacpoole. — Art Journal
(1874), 163.
ROLL-CALL OF LAST VICTIMS,
Charles Louis Miiller, Versailles Museum ;
canvas, H. 14 ft. 4 in. x 26 ft. 11 in. Scene
—the prison of the Couciergerie, on the 8th
Thermidor, 1794. An officer of the Revolu-
tionary Tribunal is reading the names of the
victims for whom the cart waits outside the
door ; the Princesse de Chimay is already
in the cart, and the Princesse de Monaco,
who has just been called, rises in terror at
right, while an informer points her out
with his finger. The central figure, seated
in a chair, is Andre Chenier, the author.
Salon, 1850 ; replica (H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 7 ft. 10
in.), bought in 1862 by John Taylor John-
ston for $1,800 ; his sale (1876), $8,200, to
J. J. Astor, New York. Original sketch, H.
L. Dousman, St. Louis. Photogravure in
Art Treasures of America, ii. 11, 14 ; iii. 58.
ROLLMANN, JULIUS, born Dec. 13,
1827, died at Soest, Westphalia, April 30,
18G5. Landscape painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf and Berlin Academies ; settled in Mu-
nich, and in 1853 in DUsseldorf ; visited
Italy in 1858. Work: View in Bavarian
Alps (1864), National Gallery, Berlin.— Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 189.
80
IIOMAKO
BOMAKO, ANTON, born at Atzgers-
dorf, near Vienna, in 1835. Genre painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy and of Rabl ;
lived afterwards mostly in Home ; is par-
ticularly successful with Viennese children
types and Italian figures. Works : Woman
of Seville (1851), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Battle of Arminius (1852) ; Wine, Woman,
and Song, Marietta, Serenade of Italian
Peasants, Scene from Decameron (18GO) ;
Vanity (1861) ; Poetry (1802), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Shepherd Boy from the Cam-
pagna ; Roman Country Girl ; Girl from
Sabine Mountains ; Lady blowing Bubbles ;
Assault of Turks on Vienna ; Ristori as
Phaedra ; Madonna ; Portrait of Pius IX.
(1872) ; Wine, Woman, and Song (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 188C) ; Last Hours of
Beatrice Cenci, A. Adams, Watertown, Mass. ;
Sentinel of Louis XV., D. W. Powers,
Rochester. — Wurzbach, xxvi. 315.
ROMAN CHARITY (Caritas Romana),
the title generally given to illustrations of
an act of filial piety narrated by several
ancient writers, in which a daughter nour-
ishes with her own milk a parent con-
demned to death by hunger. According
to Valerius Maximus (v. 8) and Pliny (Nat.
Hist., vii. 36) the imprisoned parent is a
mother ; but Festus and Solinus make the
characters of the drama a father named Ci-
mon and his daughter Pern. The latter is
the version adopted by the painters. There
is an antique painting of the subject in the
Studj Museum, Naples. In the Church of
S. Niccolo in Carcere, Rome, supposed to
stand on the site of the Temple of Piety,
said by Pliny to have been erected over the
dungeon, is shown a series of cells, one of
which is reputed to be the scene of the
Caritas Romana. This place inspired the
beautiful lines in " Childe Harold" (iv.
148-151).
By Gerard Honthorst, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 8 in.
Figures seen to the knees. The daughter,
holding a lighted caudle in one hand and
looking anxiously towards the right, pre-
sents her breast to her aged father, who,
half-nude, has chains on his wrists. One
of Honthorst 's best pictures. Lithographed
by Ferdinand Piloty, the elder. Etched by
Joseph Hauber. Engraved by Johauu Karl
Schleich.
By Jules Joseph Lefebvre, Melun Muse-
um. The daughter, holding her infant in
her arms and looking around anxiously lest
somebody may observe her, presents her
breast to her father through the barred
window of his cell, outside of which she is
standing. Painted in Rome, whence sent
to the Iviole des Beaux Arts in 1803 ; Sa-
lon, 1864 ; purchased by the State.
By Itub'iis, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. The old man kneeling on
some straw, with his hands bound behind
him ; his daughter, bending by his side,
looks with anxious eyes towards the grated
prison- window ; in foreground, her infant
asleep on the straw. Engraved by J. Smith.
Blenheim sale (1886), .£1,200, to Murray.—
Smith, ii. 113, 248 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii.
124.
Subject treated also by Guido Reni, Mar-
seilles Museum, Cologne Museum ; Jean
' Jacques Bachelier, Louvre, Paris ; Parmigi-
anino, Naples Museum ; Benedetto Crespi,
Madrid Museum ; Francesco Migliori, Dres-
den Gallery; Wenzel Marus (1857); Ru-
bens, Hague Museum, Hermitage in St.
Petersburg ; Nicolas Poussin (engraved by
J. Pesue). — Hobhouse, Historical Illustra-
tions ; Larousse, iii. 995.
ROMAN EMPEROR, .1/ma-Tadema, W.
T. Walters, Baltimore ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9
in. X 5 ft. 8 in. ; dated 1871. Claudius
hailed ironically as emperor by soldiers and
others, who discover him hiding behind the
terminal bust of Caligula, whose dead body
lies at its foot. Engraved by Rajon. — Art
Journal, Feb., 1883 ; Portfolio (1877), 125.
ROMAN EMPIRE, BIRTH OF, Claude
Lorrain, Earl Radnor, Longford Castle ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. x 4 ft. 6 in. A seaport at
sunrise, with landing of ^Etieas in Latium.
Liber Veritatis, No. 122. Engraved by
01
ROMAN
Mason (1772). Eeplica in small, Grosve-
nor House, London. — Pattison, Claude Lor-
raiu, 67, 217, 233 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii.
140.
ROMAN EMPIEE, DECLINE OF,
Claude Lorrain, Earl Radnor, Longford
Castle ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x 4 ft. 6 in. A sun-
set, with antique ruins and an aqueduct.
Liber Veritatis, No. 82. Engraved by J.
Fittler (1772). Eeplica in small (1661), Gros-
venor House, London. — Pattison, Claude
Lorrain, 67, 214, 219, 234 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, iii. 140.
EOMAN SENATOE'S DEEAM, Murillo,
Academia S. Fernando, Madrid ; canvas,
semicircular, H. 7 ft. 6 in. x 17 ft. 2 in.
The Senator, seated in a chair asleep, his
wife sleeping, on the floor beside him ; they
behold the vision of the Virgin, who ap-
pears holding the Child and pointing through
the open door to the site on which she di-
rects the founding of the Church of S. M.
Maggiore. Painted, with following picture,
about 1656, for S. M. la Blanca, Seville ;
taken to Paris by Soult, who gave them, at
the Eestoration, to the King, who placed
them in the Louvre ; returned to Spain in
1814. Engraved by D. Martinez ; etched
by Galvan. Copy by Souchon in Lille Mu-
seum.— Curtis, 20G ; Huard, Vie des Pein-
tres espagnoles (Paris, 1839-41).
EOMAN SENATOE EELATING HIS
DEEAM, Murillo, Academia S. Fernando,
Madrid ; canvas, semicircular, H. 7 ft. 6 in.
x 17 ft, 2 in. The Senator and his wife,
kneeling, relate their dream to Pope Libe-
rius, who sits enthroned at left, attended
by two cardinals ; at right, in distance, a
throng of people, and the Pope under a
canopy, assist at the founding of the church.
Same history as above. Engraved by D.
Martinez ; etched by Galvan. Copy by
Souchon in Lille Museum. — Curtis, 20G.
EOMANELLI, GIOVANNI FEANCES-
CO, born at Viterbo in 1610 or 1612, died
there, July, 1662. ' Eoman school ; pupil at
Eome of Domenichino and of Pietro da Cor-
tona ; won the favour of the Barberini family
and executed frescos in the Vatican to the
satisfaction of Urban VIII. Painted also
Presentation of the
Virgin, for a mosaic
in St. Peter's, a very
successful work. Be-
came Prince of Acad-
emy of St. Luke.
Followed Cardinal
Barberini to Paris in
1648 and painted
frescos in the Maza-
rin Palace. Eomanelli returned to Italy in
1651, but was recalled to Paris by Mazarin
in 1659 and received with great favour by
Louis XIV., who intrusted to him the dec-
oration of several apartments in the Louvre.
This work was finished in 1661, when ill-
health compelled his return to Italy. He
had just built a house near Viterbo, where
he intended to retire and enjoy his wealth
and honours, when he died. He was a
weak, though pleasing, painter. His son
Urbano, also a painter, died young in 1682.
Most of Eomanelli's easel pictures are in
churches in Eome, and in Viterbo ; among
those in public galleries are : Venus and
JSneas, Venus and Adonis (2), Gathering of
Manna, Louvre, Paris ; Allegory on Eiches,
Darmstadt Museum ; Martyrdom of St.
Lawrence, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Herodias
with the Head of St. John, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Victory Dance of Jewesses before
David, The Kings of India doing Homage
to Alexander, Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole onibrienne ; Burckhardt, 768.
EOMANINO, GIEOLAMO, born at Bres-
cia about 1485, died there in 1566. Vene-
tian school ; supposed pupil of Stefano Eizzi,
or of Floriano Ferramola at Brescia, but
probably studied also under one of the Fri-
ulian masters. Free of guild at Brescia be-
fore 1510, when he was a skilled artist in
the manner of the Palmas and of Pellegrino.
At this time he painted the Pietd, now in
the collection of Sir Ivor Guest, England,
which was quickly followed by the Madonna
with Saints, and the Judith, in the Berlin
ROMANO
Museum, and the Madonna with Saints
(1502-12), S. Francesco, Brescia. After
the sack of Brescia, Bomanino found a
home among the Benedictines of S. Gius-
tina, Padua, for whose church he painted
(1513) a splendid altarpiece, Madonna with
Saints, now in the Padua Gallery. His
Last Supper, painted for the refectory and
now in the same gallery, shows less care
and skill. He returned to Brescia in 1510-
17, and in 1521 contracted with Moretto
to paint the chapel of Corpus Christ! in S.
Giovanni Evangelista, where his frescos and
canvases are still extant, though much in-
jured ; worked in Cremona about and after
1517, and in Trent about 1540. Among his
best works is the Nativity (1525), National
Gallery, London. Other noteworthy works
are : Pieta, Madonna Enthroned and Saints,
Berlin Museum ; Christ carrying his Cross,
Tosi Collection, Brescia ; Assumption, S.
Alessandro, Bergamo ; Christ's Sermon on
the Mount, S. Pietro, Modena ; four large
frescos (1519-20), Choir, Duomo, Cremona ;
two do., Brescia Gallery ; Marriage of Vir-
gin, S. Giovanni Evangelista, ib. ; Descent
from the Cross, Gallery, ib.; Decorative
Frescos, Episcopal Palace, Trent ; Organ
Doors, Duomo, Brescia. — C. & C., N. Italy,
ii. 367 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 107, 2C2 ;
Burckhardt, 734 ; Lermolieff, 445 ; Lflbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 607.
ROMANO. See Giulio Romano.
ROMANS LEAVING BRITAIN, Sir John
Everett Millais, Bart, Sir I. Lowthian Bell,
Washington Hall, Durham, England ; can-
vas. The parting between a Roman legion-
ary and his British mistress, on a cliff path
overlooking the sea, where a large galley is
waiting for the soldier. He kneels at her
feet with his arms clasped about her and his
face hidden in her breast ; she has her hands
upon his shoulders and gazes with a passion-
ate, savage stare on the sea. Royal Acad-
emy, 1865.
ROMANS OF THE DECADENCE,
Thomas Couture, Luxembourg Museum,
Paris ; canvas, H. 15 ft. 3 in. x 25 ft 4 in.
Illustration of Juvenal (Sat VL). A Roman
debauch in the decline of the Empire. A
feast in the atrium of a magnificent house,
where the statues of the fathers look down
upon the degenerate sons, represented in
every stage of intoxication. Salon, 1847.
Study, Christian Herter, New York.— La-
rousse, v. 417.
ROMBOUTS, J., nourished in Haarlem
about 1660. Dutch school ; landscai>o
painter in the style of Ruysdael and Hob-
bema, but not an imitator of either; per-
haps identical with Gilles Rombouts, who
was received into Haarlem guild in 1652,
and by whom is a Weaver Shop Interior
(1056) in the Haarlem Museum. Works :
Wood Landscapes in Museums of Amster-
dam, Basle, Berlin, Brunswick, Gotha (2),
Leipsic ; Winter Landscape with Skaters,
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Dutch Village (1658),
Dresden Gallery ; Sea Shore with many peo-
ple watching Sea Fight in the Distance, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Entrance to the For-
est (figures and animals by A. van de Velde),
Six Gallery, Amsterdam ; Windmill on a
Canal (?), Historical Society, New York. —
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 47!) ; Burger, ii. 132,
293 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 399.
BOMBOUTS, SALOMON, flourished in
Haarlem about 1050. Dutch school ; land-
scape painter ; circumstances of his life un-
known. Works : Dutch Park with Figures
(by Lingelbach), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Coast near Scheveningcu with many Fig-
ures, Leipsic Museum ; Farm-House and
Yard near Pond with Fishermen, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich.
ROMBOUTS, THEODOOK, Ixirn in Ant-
werp, bapti7.ed July 2, 1597, died there, Sept.
14, 1637. Flemish school ; history and
genre painter, pupil of Abraham Janssens ;
went to Rome in 1616, whence he was invited
to Florence by the Grand Duke of Tuscany,
and then visited Pisa ; master of guild in
Antwerp in 1625, and dean in 1628-30.
In 1635 painted two large pictures of the
Entrance of the Archduke Ferdinand into
Ghent. Portrait painted by Van Dyck.
63
ROME
Works : Allegory of Justice, The Five
Senses, St. Joseph in a Dream advised by the
Angel to Flee,
Male Bust Por-
trait, Museum,
Ghent ; Descent
from the Cross,
Cathedral, ib.;
Christ as Pilgrim
received by St.
Augustin (1636),
Card Players
(ascribed to Va-
lentin), Museum, Antwerp ; Mystical Mar-
riage of St. Catharine (1634), St. James', ib.;
do. (1636), St. Martin's, Yperen ; Martyrdom
of St. Rumbold, Finding of St. Rumbold's
Body, Beguin Convent, Mechlin ; Peter's
Denial, Lille Museum ; Ecce Homo, Mater
Dolorosa, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ;
Card Players, The Charlatan, Madrid Muse-
um ; Irene drawing the Arrows from St. Se-
bastian's Wounds, Carisruhe Gallery ; Male
Portrait, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Com-
pany of Singers, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Card Players, Kitchen Interior, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; St.
John Preaching,
Historical Society,
New York. — Cat.
du Mus. d'Anvers,
288; Ch. Blanc,
£cole flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 24 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 294 ; Kramm, v. 1384 ; Michiels,
ix. 351; Rooses (Reber), 340; Van den
Branden, 885.
ROME : ARCH OF TITUS, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 4 ft. 2 in. x 7 ft. 5 in. View, from
near the Coliseum, of the Roman Forum,
with the Arch of Titus at left and ruins of
Basilica of Constautine at right. Painted
about 1820. Engraved by E. Challis in
Turner Gallery.
ROME FROM THE VATICAN, Joseph
M. W. Turner, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft. 11 in. A gen-
eral view of Rome, seen from the Loggia of
THLODOoh
1\OnBOVTS
the Vatican, which was decorated by Raph-
ael and his assistants ; but, instead of them,
Turner has represented Raphael and the
Fornarina in the foreground, with which he
has taken many liberties. Royal Academy,
1820. Engraved by A. Willinore in Turner
Gallery.
ROMEO AND JULIET, Eugene Dela-
croix, Mme. Gabriel Delessert, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated
1845. Parting of Romeo and Juliet on the
balcony, in moonlight. The two, seen full
length, are embracing. Salon, 1846 ; Ex-
position universelle, 1855. Study, sepia
drawing, Riesener sale. — Chesneau, (Euvre
de Delacroix, 243 ; Larousse, xiii. 1358.
By Eugene Delacroix, Montpellier Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 10 in. X 8 in. Scene in
the tomb ; figures full length, Romeo with
Juliet in his arms. Painted in 1851 ; Ex-
position universelle, 1855. Lithograph by
Eugene Le Roux. — Chesneau, CEuvre de
Delacroix, 316.
Subject treated Also by Charles Franjois
Jalabert (Salon, 1857) ; Hermann Gold-
schmidt (Salon, 1857) ; James Bertrand
(Salon, 1874) ; Germann von Bohn, Nan-
cy Museum ; Friedrich August Bouterwek
(1836) ; Ferdinand Alexander Bruckmann ;
Hans Makart ; Frank Dicksee (1884).
ROMEYN, WILLEM, born in Haarlem
about 1624, died after 1693. Dutch school ;
landscape and animal painter, pupil of Ber-
chem in 1642. Master of Haarlem guild in
1646. He possessed pure feeling for nature,
taste for picturesque arrangement, and drew
welL His landscapes, with animals and
herdsmen, show the strong influence of Du
Jardin. Works : Landscapes with Sheep
or Cattle, and Figures in the Louvre, in
Museums of Amsterdam (5), Berlin, Dres-
den, New York ; Galleries of Copenhagen
and Frankfort ; Old Pinakothek, Munich
, (3, one dated 1665);
Liechtenstein (2)
and Czernin (2)
Galleries, Vienna ; Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg (3).— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 451 ; Ch.
IIOMNEY
Blanc, l5cole hollandaise ; Van der Willi-
geu, 252.
ROMNEY, GEORGE, born at Dalton-le-
Furness, L a n c a-
shire, England,
Dec. 15, 1734, died
at Kendal, Nov.
15, 1802. After ac-
quiring a little
knowledge of
painting from
Steele, a painter
at Keudal, he sup-
ported himself by
painting portraits in the north of England,
at two guineas a head, until 1762, when he
went to London. In that year, and in 1765,
he gained premiums from the Society of
Arts for his pictures of the Death of Wolfe
and the Death of King Edward. In 1773
he visited Italy with Ozias Humphrey, and,
after a two years' absence, established him-
self in London, where, until 1797, when he
removed to Hainpstead, he divided public
patronage with Reynolds and Gainsborough.
His favourite model was the notorious and
beautiful Lady Hamilton, whose face he re-
produced under many disguises. Ho painted
with few colours, with great breadth of treat-
ment, and in some instances with exceeding
grace and sentiment. Much of his work is
sketchy, often careless in the accessories,
but it is never without charm. His flesh
tints are fresh, and his treatment of hair,
though slight, is truthful and facile. Works :
Lady Hamilton as a Bacchante, Parson's
Daughter, National Gallery, London ; Por-
traits of Richard Cumberland, Lady Hamil-
ton, and Flaxman, National Portrait Gallery,
ib. ; Lord Stanley and Sister, Lady Horton,
Earl of Derby ; Lady Hamilton at Spinning
Wheel, Earl of Normantou ; do. as Ariad-
ne, Baron L. de Rothschild ; do. as Euphros-
yne, Jeffrey Whitehead, Esq. Full list of
works in Lord Ronald Gower's "Romney
and Lawrence. "—Hay ley, Life (1809) ; Rev.
John Romney, Life (1830) ; Cunningham ;
European Magazine, vol. 43 ; Cat. Nat. Port
Gal. ; Cat. S. Kensington Mus , Nat. Port.
Exhib. (1867) ; Redgrave ; F. do Conches,
271 ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole anglaise ; Portfolio
(1873), 18, 34.
ROMUALD, ST., VISION OF, Andrea
Sacchi, Vatican ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 5 f t 6
in. St. Romuald, founder of the order of the
Camaldolensians, seated under a tree telling
his companions of his dream, in which he
iMalhiM
r*i '• J£l.v..J— N ?6£*vv--3*A
Vision of St. Romuald. Andrei Sacchi, Vatican
saw a ladder, like Jacob's at Bethel, and the
; brethren of the order ascending to heaven.
Painted for Church of the Camaldoli, Rome ;
carried to Paris in 1799 ; restored in 1815,
and placed in the Vatican. Called in its
j time one of the four best pictures in Rome
— a verdict scarcely concurred in by modern
! critics.— Landon, Musee, viii. PI. 21 ; Muaee
RONCALLI
fran9ais, i. ; Lavice, 314 ; Burckhardt, 776,
793.
BONO AT JJ, CRISTOFANO, Cavaliere,
born in Pomarance,
near Volterra, in
1552, died in Eome,
May, 1626. Eoman
school ; sometimes
called, from his
birthplace, Cava-
liere delle Poma-
rance. Pupil of Nic-
colo Circignani,
called also Delle Pomarance, under whom he
became a good historical painter. Employed
in the decoration of the Vatican. Painted
Death of Ananias and Sapphira, which was
copied in mosaic for St. Peter's. Painted
also the Baptism of Constantine, in S. Gio-
vanni di Laterano ; but his most noted works
are the frescos with which he decorated the
cupola of La Santa Casa di Loreto. The
walls of S. Stefano, Rome, are covered with
frescos by him, representing the martyrdoms
of saints from the Crucifixion to the reign
of Julian. In the Old Pinakothek, Munich,
is a Martyrdom of Simon of Cana, and in
the Schleissheim Gallery a Joseph interpret-
ing the Dreams.— Lanzi, i. 467 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole ombrienne.
RONDANI, FEANCESCO MAEIA, born
in Parma about end of 15th century, died
about 1548. Lombard school ; pupil of
Correggio, and his assistant in S. Giovanni ;
imitated his master's style very closely.
Works : Frescos in fifth chapel of Duomo,
Cremona ; Madonna in Glory, Parma Gal-
lery ; Madonna and Saints (2), Galleria Es-
tense, Modena ; Holy Family, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg.— Lanzi, ii. 399 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole lombarde ; Burckhardt, 701.
EONDEL, FEEDERIC, born in Paris in
1826. Landscape painter, pupil of Auguste
Jugelet and of Theodore Gudin. First ex-
hibited in the National Academy in 1855.
Elected an A.N. A. in 1860. Works : Water-
Fall near Amherst, Mass. (1882); Old
| Orchard at Newport, E. I. (1883) ; The
| Eecluse (1884); View at Rhinebeck, Busch-a-
Bouck Falls at Ehinebeck (1885).
EONDINELLO, NICCOL6, of Forli and
Ravenna, beginning of 16th century. Ve-
netian school ; pupil of Giovanni Bellini,
Venice, and one of his most industrious as-
sistants, aiding in the production of pictures
which Bellini sold as his own, and painting
Madonnas which might well pass as the
work of his master. All his early works
show that he was impressed by one class of
Bellinesque models ; in his later ones he is
as much an imitator of Palmezzano as of
the Venetians. His Madonna, in the Palaz-
zo Doria, Eome, and another, in the Forli
Museum, are examples of his earlier style ;
and his Madonna and Saints, in the Eavenna
Gallery, of his later style. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 591 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 17 ; ix. 148 ;
xi. 93, 147.
RONNER, HENRIETTE (nee Knip),
born in Amsterdam, May 31, 1821. Animal
painter, daughter and pupil of Josephus Au-
gustus Knip ; paints domestic animals with
fine observation and humour. Works : Af-
ter the Meal ; Boy and Dog ; Waiting for
Dinner ; Dog Begging ; Exodus of Dogs ;
Hare-Hunt (1876) ; Cart drawn by Dogs,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; The Exact
Hour (1884) ; Fine Arts School (1885) ;
Flowers and Accessories (1886) ; Unlocked
Door, Dog and Pigeon, Stettin Museum ;
j Coming from Market, Mrs. D. D. Colton,
I San Francisco ; School of Painting (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). — Immerzeel, ii.
119 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1884), i. 224 ; Kramm,
v. 1385.
RONOT, CHARLES, born at Belan-sur-
Ource (Cote d'Or), May 28, 1820. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Glaize. Paints
popular life in the style of Courbet. Med-
als : 2d class, 1876 ; 1st class, 1878. Works :
Christ healing the Sick at Pool of Bethes-
da (1855) ; Women and the Secret (1868) ;
66
liOOKE
Women stripping Hemp (1874) ; Labourers
of the Last Hour (1876) ; Anger of the
Pharisees (1877); Charities of St. Elizabeth
of Hungary (1878) ; Girl tending Cows,
George Chastelain writing his Chronicles
(1879) ; Last Members of the Mountain
(1882) ; In the Other World (1885) ; A la
Hotte !, The Daisies (1886).
ROORE, JACOB DE, born in Antwerp,
July 20, 1686, died at The Hague, July 17,
1747. Flemish school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Kaspar Jacob van Opstal ;
became master of the guild in 1707, exe-
cuted important decorative works on a large
scale, in Antwerp (1709-19), Amsterdam,
and Rotterdam, and settled at The Hague,
where he entered the guild. In 1728-29 he
painted again in Antwerp for several prom-
inent citizens. By his art, and a trade in
pictures which he carried on together with
Geeraard Hoet, he amassed a considera-
ble fortune. Works: Ransom of Chris-
tian Slaves by the Trinitarians' (1709), St.
James's, Antwerp ; Ceilings with Allegories
(1715, 1716, 1717), City Hall, ib. ; Chris-
tians compelled to worship Idols, Meet-
ing of Moses and Aaron, Tournay Muse-
um ; Portraits of Artist and Wife (1707),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg. — Immerzeel, iii. 26 ;
Kramm, v. 1386 ; Rooses (Reber), 440 ; Van
den Branden, 1172.
ROOS, JOHANN HEINRICH, born at
Ottendorf, Palati-
nate, Oct. 27, 1631,
died in Frankfort,
Oct. 3, 1685. Ger-
man school ; land-
scape and animal
painter, pupil in
Amsterdam of Ju-
liaan du Jardin
(1647), and of Bar-
end Graat. Having
visited Italy, France, and England in 1650-
54, he settled in Frankfort about 1657 ;
lived also in Cassel and Mentz, and became
court painter to the Elector Palatine
Charles Louis in 1673. Works : Landscape
'•
with Cattle (2), Historical Society, New
York; Italian Landscape (1670), Hague
Museum ; do., Berlin Museum ; Herd
by Statue of Hercules, Male (1669), and
Female Portrait, Aschaffeuburg Gallery ;
Pastoral Scenes (7, two dated 16CO, 1668),
Osteria in a Roman Ruin, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery; Bull with Goats and Sheep (1662),
Camp Scene (1665), Cow among Sheep
(1676), Copenhagen Gallery ; Italian Laud-
scapes (3, 1668, 1C80, 1685), Portrait of a
Scholar (1676), do. of himself, Darmstadt
Museum ; St. John with the Lamb (1684),
Old Lady's Portrait, Anialienstift, Dessau ;
Landscape with Cattle and Sheep (3, one
dated 1681), Dresden Museum ; Cattle driv-
en through Water (1670), Herd resting by
Ruins (1674), Shepherd Family and Flock
(1680), Artist and Wife surrounded by Al-
legories, Artist's Portrait (?, 2, one dated
1680), two others, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Family on Garden Terrace, Leipsic
Museum ; Landscapes with Cattle and Fig-
ures (8, four dated 1661, 1665, 1668, 1675),
Breaking up of Army Encampment (1677),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Roman Land-
scape with Ruins (16G9), Germanic Muse-
um, Nuremberg ; Four Divisions of Day (4,
1C67), Oldenburg Gallery ; Italian Land-
scape (1674), Halt of Gypsies among Ruins
(1675), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Artist's
Portrait, Pastoral Scene (1676), View near
Tivoli (1683), eight others, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Cattle Pieces (2, 1662, 1682), Vi-
enna Museum ; others in Galleries of Bolo-
gna (2), Brunswick, Cassel (2), Schwerin (3,
1684, 1685), Stuttgart (4), Turin (1682),
Wurlitz ; Liechtenstein (1658), Czerniu, and
Schiinborn (2) Galleries, Vienna ; Historical
Society, New York (2). Hia brother The-
odor (born at Wesel
in 1638, died in 1698),
pupil of Adriaen de
Bie, lived in Mann- 0
heim about 1657, . 0 <J\j
Strasburg in 1681, ^
and finally as court painter at Stuttgart,
where he painted eight large historical pict-
EOOS
tires for the duke. His drawing is less
commendable than his colouring. In the
Schleissheim Gallery is by him a Nativity.
— Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ; Immerzeel,
iii. 27 ; Kramm, v. 1387 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 529 ; Nagler, xiii. 353 ; do., Moil., iii. 552 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 391.
EOOS, JOHANN MELCHIOE, born at
Frankfort in 1659, died there in 1731. Ger-
man school ; animal and portrait painter,
son and pupil of preceding, studied in Italy
in 168G-90 ; after his return married in Nu-
remberg, and settled in Frankfort ; lived
also temporarily in Switzerland, where he
painted portraits at Schaffhausen, Winter-
thur, etc.; employed several years by the
landgrave of Hesse Cassel, for whom he
painted some of his best works. Works :
Landscape with Cattle (2), Bamberg Gal-
lery ; Annunciation to the Shepherds, Cassel
Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Deer Hunt, two others,
Darmstadt Museum ; Cattle-Piece (1G87),
Christ on Mount of Olives (1710), Amalien-
stift, Dessau ; Stags under an Oak (1714),
Dresden Museum ; Landscape with Lion
Family (1716), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Four Animal Pieces (two dated 1716, 1717);
Meiningen Gallery ; "White Stag and Hind,
White Bears (1729)>
Animal Life (1732)>
Schwerin Gallery;
Boar Hunt, Stag Hunt,
Stuttgart Museum ;
Sheep and Goats, Wiesbaden Gallery. — Na-
gler, xiii. 360.
EOOS, PHILIPP PETEE, surnamed
Eosa di Tivoli, born in Frankfort in 1655,
died in Borne in 1705. German school ;
landscape and animal painter, son and pupil
of Johanu Heinrich, in whose style he paint-
ed in his earlier time ; in 1677 he went to
Borne, where he studied under Brandi, whose
daughter he married, and later settled at
Tivoli, whence his surname. He painted
life-size figures and animals in a broad yet
superficial manner, and in a heavy brown
tone. Works : Wolf tearing Lamb, Lou-
vre ; Noah and Animals, seven others, Dres-
den Gallery ; Falls of Tivoli, Flock of Sheep,
Two Cavalry Skirmishes, Vienna Museum ;
seventeen pictures, Cassel Gallery ; others
in Galleries and Museums of Augsburg,
Bamberg, Bologna (2), Brunswick, Brussels,
Carlsruhe (2), Darmstadt (2), Gotha (3, one
dated 1694), Leipsic (2), Madrid (8), Nu-
remberg (2), Oldenburg, Schleissheim (5),
Schwerin ; Eaczynski Gallery, Berlin (2) ;
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Hermitage,
St. Petersburg (4) ; Uffizi, Florence. Hia
son Jacob, called Eosa da Napoli (born at
Tivoli in 1680), painted at Naples quite in
the same manner. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 531.
EOOS (Eosa), JOSEF, born in Vienna,
Oct. 9, 1726, died there, Aug. 25 (or 30),
1805. Landscape and animal painter, son
of and first instructed by Cajetan Eoos (died
in Vienna about 1735, son of Eosa da Tiv-
oli), then studied after the works of his
grandfather, and became pupil of the Vi-
enna Academy ; setting out to travel, he
worked at Dresden, with the interruption
of a year's (1757) sojourn in Berlin, and on
his return to Vienna became inspector of
the Belvedere Gallery, of which he pub-
lished in 1796 a valuable comprehensive
description. He was court painter to Au-
gustus IH. of Saxony, and member of the
Dresden Academy. Works: Mountain Land-
scape with Sheep (1770), Museum, Vienna ;
do. and Shepherd Family (2, 1763), Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Four Great Land-
scapes, Summer Palace of Schonbrun ;
Landscape with Flock (1765), Dresden
Museum. — Wurzbach, xxvi. 335.
EOOSE or EOZE, NICHOLAS. See
Liemaeker.
EOOY, JOHANNES BAPTISTA VAN,
born in Antwerp, March 11, 1808. His-
tory, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of
M. van Bree ; visited Italy, France, and
England. Medal, 1836. Works : Last Mo-
ments of Egmont (1836) ; Philip of Marnix
fleeing from the Spaniards (1839) ; Eeturn
of Nuns to their Convent ; Farewell of Al-
brecht Beyling (1844). — Immerzeel, iii. 29 ;
Kramm, v. 1389.
68
ROQUEPLAN
ROQUEPLAN, (JOSEPH ETTENNE)
CAMILLE, called Rocoplan, born at Malle-
mart (Bouches-du-Rhone), Feb. 18, 1800,
died in Paris, Sept. 29, 1855. Genre, ma-
rine, and landscape painter, pupil of Abel
de Pujol and of Gros. One of the leaders of
the new school of French art (1830). Med-
als : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1828 ; L. of
Honour, 1831 ; Officer, 1852. Works : Equi-
noctial Tide, Death of the Spy Morris (1827),
Lille Museum ; Sea View (1831), Havre Mu-
seum ; Draught of Fishes (1828), Sick Moth-
er (1830), Corn Field (1830), Meadow (1835),
View with Bridge and Windmills, KiJnigs-
berg Museum ; Incident in Life of Rous-
seau, Water Mill, Walk in the Park (1833);
Antiquary (sold for 30,000 francs at the Due
d'Orleans' sale), St. Bartholomew's Day.Pacy-
sur-Eure (1834); Rousseau picking Cherries,
Amorous Lion (1830) ; Battle of Elchiugen
(1837), do. of Rocoux, Versailles Museum ;
Dutch Subscription, Gaston de Medicis
(1837) ; Van Dyck in London, Magdalen in
Desert (1838) ; Peasants of the Valley of
Ossau, Spaniards of Penticosa, Passports
on Spanish Frontier (1847) ; Leda, Girl
with Flowers (1850) ; Fountain of Grand
Figuier (1852), Luxembourg Museum ;
Daughters of Eve (1855, last work) ; Valen-
tine and Raoul, Bordeaux Museum ; Chil-
dren playing with Cat, Chartres Museum ;
Coast View, Grenoble Museum ; Castello
Gaudolfo, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Har-
bour of Boulogne in Approaching Storm,
Leipsic Mu- ,—*
I i SI
seum. — Bel- li O
lier, ii. 415 ; / \ Q Q L*jQ pAjCi"\
Ch. Blanc, 7 / J
ficole fran-
§aise ; Lejeune, Guide, iii. 22f>, 317 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 269 ; Nagler, xiii. 365.
RORBYE, MARTINUS CHRISTIAN
WESSELTOFT, born at Drammen, Nor-
way, May 17, 1803, died in Copenhagen,
Aug. 29, 1848. Genre and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, and
of Eckersberg ; visited, in 1834-37, Italy,
Greece, and Turkey, and brought home
numerous studies. On his return he won
the Thorvaldsen medal, in 1838 became
member of, and in 1844 professor at, the
Academy, having gone to Italy meanwhile
in 1839. His pictures are brilliant in col-
our and carefully executed. Works : Turk-
ish Notary making Marriage Contract
(1837) ; Life in the East (1838) ; Market at
Amalfi (1842) ; Arcade of City Hall at Co-
penhagen (1832), Chapel of St Benedict's
Convent at Subiaco (1843), Orientals be-
fore Turkish Coffee-House (1845), Inhabi-
tants of Cape Skagen amusing themselves
(1848), Copenhagen Gallery. — Weilbach,
599.
RORKES DRIFT, DEFENCE OF, Al-
phonse de Nnurille, Sydney Gallery, New
•South Wales ; canvas, H. 7 f t x 9 ft. As-
sault by the Zulus on the improvised de-
fences at Rorke's Drift, on the evening of
the defeat at Isandhlwana. Painted in 1880
for Fine Art Society.— Atheu., March, 1880,
384.
Subject treated also by Elizabeth Thomp-
son Butler (1881).
ROSA DA NAPOLI.
ROSA, SALVATOR,
near Naples, June 20,
1615, died in Rome,
March 15, 1(573. Ne-
apolitan school ; pupil
of his uncle, Paolo
Greco, and his broth-
er-in-law, Francesco
Fracanzano. When
about eighteen years
old he made a sketch-
ing tour through the Abruzzi, and is said
to have learned from banditti of that wild
region many incidents which he afterwards
painted. On his return home he was
obliged, by the death of his father, to la-
bour for the support of the family ; but he
was fortunate enough to gain the friendship
of Lanfranco and Aniello Falcone, through
whose aid his pictures found a sale. Under
Falcone's instruction he learned to paint
I battle scenes with such success as to rival
See 7?oos, Philipp.
born at Eenelln,
6»
KOSA
his master. About 1635 he went to Rome,
was patronized by Cardinal Bz-ancaccia, and
painted for him several works at Viterbo.
After a visit to Naples he went to Rome
again, in 1639, and soon became famous as a
painter, a musician, and a satirical poet. In
1647, on hearing of the insurrection of Mas-
aniello, he hastened to Naples and joined the
Compagnia della Morte, of which Falcone
was the leader. On the downfall of Masa-
niello he returned to Rome, where he got
into trouble by a satirical picture, and there-
fore accepted the invitation of the Grand
Duke to visit Florence. In 1652 he returned
to Rome, and spent the rest of his days there.
Salvator Rosa was ambitious to excel as an
historical painter, and his masterpiece is
considered to be the Conspiracy of Catiline,
in the Pitti, Florence ; but he was more
successful in landscapes and marine views.
He is at his best when he depicts a den of
robbers amid the wildest surroundings —
naked crags, gloomy pools, foaming tor-
rents, trees scathed by lightning or the
tempest. He excelled also in battle scenes,
his figures being full of movement and ex-
pression. Among his works are : His por-
trait (2), and Landscapes with Figures (2),
Uffizi, Florence ; Two Marine Pieces, Selva
de' Filosofi, Conspiracy of Catiline, Temp-
tation of St. Anthony, Portrait of himself,
nine others, Palazzo Pitti, ib. ; Souls in Pur-
gatory, St. Paul in the Desert, Brera, Milan ;
Scene from " Jerusalem Delivered," Grotto
with Satyrs, Two Landscapes, Galleria Es-
tense, Modena ; Parable of St. Matthew,
Battle Piece, Christ and the Doctors, Naples
Museum ; Court Scene, Landscape, Palazzo
Colonna, Rome ; Prometheus, Four Battle
Pieces, The Giant Titius, Palazzo Corsini,
Rome ; St. Roch, Landscape, Belisarius, Pa-
lazzo Doria, ib.; The Painter and Satyrs,
Palazzo Chigi, ib. ; Battle Piece, Tobias and
the Angel, Samuel appearing to Saul, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Bay and City of Salerno, Madrid
Museum ; Stormy Sea, Berlin Museum ; Jo-
nah threatening the Inhabitants of Nineveh,
Cadmus and Minerva, Italian Seaport, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Storm at Sea, Landscape
with Temptation of St. Anthony, do. with
St. Jerome and the Lion, Portrait of the
Artist, Dresden Museum ; Three Monks by
Stormy Sea, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Soldiers
Resting, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sol-
diers of Gideon quenching their Thirst, Two
Coast Views, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pro-
metheus on the Rock, Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Belisarius relating his Fate,
Treasure Diggers in Subterranean Room
chastised by Devils, Rocky Landscape with
Jacob and his Herd, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Prodigal Son, Nausicaa and Ulysses, De-
mocritus and Protagoras, Soldiers at Dice,
Male Portraits (3), Seaports (2), Landscapes
(2), Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Combat of
Roman Horsemen (1645), four others, Vi-
enna Museum ; Landscapes with Figures,
etc., in Galleries and Museums of Bergamo,
Aix-la-Chapelle, Cassel (2), Carlsruhe, Darm-
stadt, Geneva (2), Stettin, Stuttgart (3), Tu-
rin (2), Wiesbaden, London (3), and Edin-
f burgh (2); Historical Society, New
ITJ York (3).— Baldinucci, v. 437 (ed.
-J/V 1846); Ch. Blanc, Ecole napoli-
taine ; Burckhardt, 768, 774, 782 ; Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 596 ; Nagler, xiii. 370.
ROSA DI TTVOLI. See Boos, Philipp.
ROSALBA. See Carriera, Rosalba.
ROSALES, EDUARDO, born in Madrid
in 1837, died in Rome, Sept. 13, 1873.
History painter, pupil of Madrid Academy
under L. Ferrant and Madrazo ; went in
1857 to Rome and Siena, where he studied
after the old masters. Afterwards lived for
some time at Murcia, and then became di-
rector of the Spanish Academy at Rome.
Medals : Madrid, 1866, 1871 ; Paris, and
L. of Honour, 1867. Order of Isabella.
70
ROSAKIO
Works : Queen Isabel the Catholic dictat-
ing her Will (1867), Madrid Museum ; St
Joseph ; Presentation of Don Juan of Aus-
tria at S. Yuste ; Entry of Amadeo into
Madrid ; Death of Lucretia ; Portrait of '
Rio Rosas ; do. of Garcia Aznar, Madrid
Museum ; Evangelists SS. John and Mat-
thew, S. Tomas, ib. — La Ilustracion, 1873.
ROSARIO, IL. See Madonna del Rosa-
rio, Domenichino.
ROSE OF LIMA, ST., Murillo, Fred-
erick E. Church, Hudson, N. Y. ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 4 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. In Dominican habit,
standing nearly front, holding in right hand '
a bunch of roses on which is seated the In-
fant Jesus, who extends his hands towards
her ; her left hand on her breast holds a
rosary ; in air above, six heads. From Gal-
lery of Don Aniceto Bravo ; thence to Don
Jorge Diez Martinez and Don Luis Portilla,
Madrid ; bought in 1873 by W. J. Shaw,
at whose sale in New York (1880) sold to
Mr. Church for $380. Repetitious : Sala-
inanca sale (1875), 20,000 francs ; Pereire
sale (1872), 25,500 francs.— Curtis, 267 ;
Tubino, Murillo, 185.
ROSEL (Roselius) VON ROSENHOF
(Rooshoff), FRANCISCUS, nourished in
Nuremberg about 1666. German school,
animal painter ; won the victory over Pau-
diss with his picture in the Munich Gallery.
Works : Wolf tearing Lamb (1666), Old Pi-
nakothek, Munich ; do., Barnberg Gallery ;
Rooster (1665), Fox devouring Chicken
(1666), Augsburg Gallery.
ROSEN, GEORG VON, Count, born in
Paris, Feb. 13, 1843. History painter, pu-
pil of Stockholm Academy, then of Weimar
Art School (1861), and in Antwerp (1863)
of Hendrik Leys, whose pictures had great-
ly attracted him in London the year be-
fore ; visited Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Tur-
key, Greece, and Germany in 1864-65, then
Italy and Antwerp, and lived for a time in j
Munich. Member of Stockholm and Co- ,
penhagen Academies and of Societe beige
des Aquarellistes. Medal, 1863 ; Order of
Wasa ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Steu i
Sture's Entry into Stockholm in 1471 (18G3);
Wedding in Smedsgille Chapel in 1500
(1865) ; Eric XIV. signing his Abdication
(1871), Stockholm Museum ; Luther's Study
at the Wartburg ; Portraits of King Charles
XV. and of Artist's Father.— Mttller, 448 ;
Land und Meer (1874), i. 306.
ROSENFELDER, LUDWIG, born at
Breslau, July 18, 1813, died at KOnigsberg,
April 18, 1881. History painter, pupil of
Berlin Academy under Hensel (1832-36) ;
was director of Kiinigsberg Academy in
1845-74, visited Italy in 1851-52, and
painted frescos in the Aula of Kiinigsberg
University in 1865. Gold medal, 1850.
Works : Narcissus ; Gideon ; Cola di Ri-
enzi at Avignon ; Blinding of Prince Arthur
(1838, from Shakespeare's " King John ");
Landgrave Philip of Hesse taken Prisoner
by Alva ; Scene in Dantzic during Reforma-
tion ; Occupation of Marieuburg by Teuton
Order in 1457 (1857), Kimigsberg Museum ;
Worshippers beside Coffin of Henry IV.,
Cologne Museum ; Electress Elizabeth of
Brandenburg taking Communion after Prot-
estant Rite ; Charles L taking Farewell of
his Children ; Christ Crucified ; Male Por-
trait (1849), Dresden Museum. In fresco :
Theology and Medicine (1865), Kunigsbcrg
University.— -D. Kunstbl. (1850), 78, 161,
336; (1853), 436; (1855), 462; (1858),
342 ; (1857), 122 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1880), ii.
345 ; Muller, 448 ; Rosenberg, BerL Maler-
sch., 88.
ROSENHOF. See Ri'wl.
ROSENSTAND, VILHELM JAKOB,
born in Copenhagen,
July 31, 1838. Genre
painter, pupil of Mar-
strand ; lives in Italy
and paints characteristic
scenes from Italian life.
Medals, 1859, 1861.
Works: Saxarmen at
the Danne Earthworks
(1865); Farewell of An-
dreas Heiberg (1868) ; Village Hairdresser;
The Congratulators ; Before a Cafe in Paris
71
EOSENTHAL
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886). — Sig.
Miiller, 297 ; Weilbach, 592.
EOSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD, born
in New Haven,
Conn., March 15,
1848. Figure
painter; studied
in San Francisco
under a Spanish
painter (1861),
then in Munich
(1865) at the Royal
Academy, then
under Raupp, and
again at the Royal Academy seven years
(from 1868) under Piloty. Studio in
Munich. Exhibits rarely in America. Re-
visited San Francisco in 1871-72, and
painted several portraits. Medal in Phila-
delphia, 1876; Munich, 2d class, 1883.
Works : Love's Last Offering (1868); Spring's
Joy and Sorrow (1868); Morning Prayers in
Bach Family (1870), Leipsic Museum ; Em-
barrassed, Head of Mrs. Greatorex — Study
(1871) ; Elaine (1874) ; Young Monk in Re-
fectory (1875) ; Forbidden Longing ; Who
laughs last laughs best (2) ; Girls' Boarding-
School Alarmed (1877); Empty Place (1882);
Trial of Constance de Beverley (1883), Irving
M. Scott, San Francisco ; Departure of the
Family (1885) ; Dancing Lesson during the
Empire (1886).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1886), i.
359 ; Leixner, Mod. K, i. 112 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xxi. 765 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
210 ; Miiller, 449 ; D. Rundschau, xiii. 336 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., xix. 263.
ROSIER, AMEDEE, born at Meaux
(Seine-et-Marne), Aug. 27, 1831. Laud-
scape and marine painter, pupil of Cogniet
and of Durand Brager. Medal, 3d class,
1876. Works : Naval Fight before Sebas-
topol (1857) ; Turkish Fleet at Bombard-
ment of Sebastopol (1859) ; Notre Dame de
Paris, Constantinople at Sunset (1863); Old
Port of Marseilles (1866) ; Beach between
Honfleur and Villerville (1867), Saint-E'ti-
enne Museum ; Views in and around Ven-
ice (1869-86).— Bellier, ii. 416.
ROSS, KARL, born at Altekoppel, Hoi-
stein, Nov. 18, 1816, died in Munich, Feb.
5, 1858. Landscape painter, pupil of Co-
penhagen Academy ; went in 1837 to
Greece, then to Munich, visited Rome in
1842-43 and in 1850, Paris in 1846, and
took part in the Schleswig-Holstein cam-
paign in 1848 ; settled in Munich. Works :
Battlefield of Marathon (1841); Naxos(1854),
Italian Landscape, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Temple of Phigalia ; Wood Landscape in
Holstein ; Grove of Egeria near Rome,
Schack Gallery, Munich. — D. Kunstbl.
(1853), 161 ; (1856), 186 ; (1857), 61 ;
(1858), 64, 154 ; Weilbach, 593.
ROSS, Sir WILLIAM CHARLES, born
in London, June 3, 1794, died there, Jan.
20, 1860. Miniature painter, son and pupil
of Mrs. Maria Ross (1760-1836), portrait
painter, and student of Royal Academy in
1808. In 1809 he exhibited several classi-
cal works at the Academy, and up to 1826
his canvases were mostly large. In 1814
became assistant to Andrew Robertson, min-
iature painter, but soon found a fashionable
following of his own. Among his distin-
guished sitters were the Queen and Prince
Consort of England, the King and Queen
of Belgium, Louis Philippe, Louis Napo-
leon, and King and Queen of Portugal.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1838, R.A. in 1843,
and knighted the same year. His portraits
are rich in colour, and strongly individual-
ized ; the influence of Reynolds is apparent
in his style. He painted more than 2,200
miniatures on ivory. — Art Journal (1849),
48 ; Sandby, ii. 171 ; Redgrave ; Wilmot-
Buxton, 99.
ROSSELLI, COSIMO, born in Florence
in 1439, died there, Jan. 7, 1507. Floren-
tine school ; pupil of and assistant in 1453-
56 to Neri di Bicci, but probably formed a
connection with Benozzo Gozzoli on that
painter's arrival in Florence in the latter
year. Cosimo's style in the Last Judg-
ment, Berlin, assigned to him and to An-
gelico, is that of a weak follower of the lat-
ter. He executed frescos in S. Ambrogio,
ROSSET-GRANGER
Florence, in S. Martino, Lucca, and in the
Sistine Chapel, Home. His best work in
the Chapel is the Sermon on the Mount, to
which the three others — Moses delivering
the Tables of the Law, Passage of the Red
Sea, and The Last Supper — are inferior.
Among his other works are a Coronation of
the Virgin, in S. M. de' Pazzi, Florence ;
do., and Madonna with Saints, Uffizi, ib.;
The Miracle of the Chalice, a wall painting,
S. Ambrogio, ib.; Apotheosis of St. Bar-
bara, Academy, ib. ; Marriage of the Virgin,
Naples Museum ; Virgin in Glory, Christ
in the Tomb, Berlin Museum ; Nativity,
Konigsberg Museum ; Madonna, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; do., Louvre ; St Je-
rome in the Desert, National Gallery, Lon-
don.—C. & C., Italy, ii. 520 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., v. 27 ; Burckhardt, 546, 551, 636 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ; Lermolieff,
380 ; Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 330 ; Ru-
mohr, Ital. Forschungen, ii. 265.
ROSSET-GRANGER, EDOUARD, born
at Vincennes (Seine); contemporary. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel, Du-
bufe, and Mazerolles. Medal, 3d class,
1884. Works : Eros (1881); Artist's Moth-
er (1882) ; Charmer, Souvenir de Caprile
(1883); Orpheus (1884); Study (1885); The
Hierodules (1886).
ROSSETTI, GABRIEL CHARLES
DANTE, born in
London, May 12,
1828, died at Bireh-
ington, near Mai--
gate, April 9, 1882.
Figure painter, son
of Gabriele Ros-
setti (Italian pa-
triot, commentator
on Dante, and pro-
fessor of Italian in
King's College, London). Dante Gabriel,
as he wrote his name, was a student at
Cary's drawing school, at the Royal Acad-
emy, which he left about 1848, and of Ma-
dox Brown, who had a perceptible influence
on his work. Finished his first oil picture,
Portrait of his Father, in 1847, and two
years later exhibited his Girlhood of Mary
Virgin, from which, with Millais's Isabella
and Holmau Hunt's Rienzi, is dated the rise
of the Pre-Raphaelite school of painting
in England. Rossetti contributed both by
pen and pencil to " The Germ," the orgau
of the Brotherhood, in which first appeared
his " Blessed Damozel " and other poeuis ;
indeed, he is better known as a poet than a
painter, for he lived a retired life and ex-
hibited but few of his works, most of which
are now in private collections in England.
His early pictures show a gradual transition
from austere medievalism to a more florid
and fanciful romanticism. Many of his sub-
jects were drawn from the " Divina Conime-
dia " and " Vita Nuova " of Dante. His col-
1 lected works were exhibited at the Royal
Academy and Burlington Club, London, in
the winter of 1882-83. Works : Girlhood of
Mary Virgin (1849), Lady Louisa Fielding ;
Ecce Ancilla Domini (1850) ; Dante's Meet-
ing with Beatrice at aMarriage Feast (1851),
Mr. Leathart, near Newcastle ; Dante's
Dream of Death of Beatrice (1855), Miss
\ Heaton of Leeds ; Wedding of St. George
| (1857) ; Mary in House of John (1858) ; Altar-
i piece for Llandaff Cathedral (1800); Venus
Verticordia (1863) ; Joan of Arc, Rose Gar-
den, Lady Lilith (1864), Alexander Steven-
son, Tynemouth ; Sibylla Palmifera (1866),
Mr. George Rae, Birkenhead ; Sir Tristram
and Yseult (1867); Vision of Dante (1870),
Liverpool Gallery ; replica (1878), Mr. Wil-
liam Graham ; Veronica Veronese (1872) ;
La Ghirlandata (1873), Mr. Ruston, M.P. ;
Prowrjrina (1874 ; replica, 1877, Mr. Turn-
er), La Pia, Salutation of Beatrice (1881),
Mr. F. R. Leyland ; La Bella Mano (1875);
Sea-Spell (1877) ; Bruna Brunelleschi, Vis-
ion of Fiammetta (1878) ; Mnemosyne, Day
Dream (1880).— Art Journal (1884), 148,
1 165, 204 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 537 ; Caine,
Recollections of D. G. R. (London, 1882) ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiiL 555 ; (1883),
xxviii. 49.
ROSSI, FRANCESCO DE'. See Salviati.
78
EOSSITER
ROSSITER, THOMAS P., born in New
Haven, Conn., Sept. 29, 1818, died at Cold
Spring, N. Y., May 17, 1871. History
painter, pupil of Nathaniel Jocelyn ; went
to Europe in 1840 and studied in Lon-
don and Paris. In 1841-46 he painted in
Rome, and sketched in Switzerland, Italy,
and Germany ; visited Europe again in
1853, and painted three years in Paris.
Professional life in the United States
spent in New York and at Cold Spring.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1840, and N.A. in
1849. Gold medal, Paris, 1855. Works:
Last Hours of Tasso ; Italy in the Olden
Time ; Miriam ; Return of the Dove to the
Ark ; Jews in Captivity ; Joan of Arc in
Prison, Puritan's Daughter, R. L. Stuart,
New York ; Wise and Foolish Virgins ;
Venice ; Noah ; Representative Merchants ;
Coming from the Fields ; Palmy Days at
Mt. Vernon ; Washington's First Cabinet ;
Life of Christ (series of pictures) ; Rebekah
at the Well, Corcoran Gallery, Washington.
— Tuckerman, 435.
ROSSO, IL, or ROSSO DE' ROSSI,
born in Florence,
March 8, 1494,
died at Fontaiue-
bleau, France,
1541. Florentine
school ; real name
Giovanni Battista
di Jacopo di Gu-
asparre, but com-
monly called by
the Italians II
Rosso, and by the French, Maitre Roux de
Roux, which would seem to show that Roux
was his family name, and not a surname
given to him because his hair was red.
Imitator of Andrea del Sarto and of Michel-
angelo. After painting frescos in Florence
he went to Rome and worked there several
years, until obliged to leave on the capture
of the city by the Constable de Bourbon
(1527). About 1531 he went to Paris, at
the invitation of Francis I., who made him
court painter, and employed him to direct
the decoration of the great gallery in the
Palace of Fontainebleau. His large salary
enabled him to live in luxury, and his good
address and polished manners made him a
favourite at court Having unjustly accused
his friend and assistant, Francesco di Pel-
legriuo, of stealing money from him, and
caused him to be put to the torture, II
Rosso poisoned himself to escape dishon-
our. All his works at Fontainebleau have
disappeared. Among his pictures are : En-
tombment, Contest between Muses and Pier-
ides, Louvre ; Madonna with Saints, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Assumption, SS. Annunzi-
ata, Florence ; Marriage of the Virgin, S.
Lorenzo, ib.; Venus, Ceres, Pluto, Diana,
Zeus, Oldenburg Gallery ; Madonna with
Angels, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Va-
sari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 67 ; ed. Mil., v. 155 ;
Burckhardt, 636, 640; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
florentine ; Miindler, Essai, 187.
ROTARI, PIETRO, Conte, born in Ve-
rona in 1707, died in St. Petersburg in
1770 (?). Pupil in Verona of Balestra, in
Rome of Trevisani (1728-31), and in Naples
of Solimena, whose manner he followed.
Venetian school ; painted with much suc-
cess at courts of Dresden and Vienna, and
in 1750 became court painter to the Em-
press Elizabeth of Russia. At Peterhoff is
a collection of 663 female portraits made
by him for Catharine II. during a journey
through the Russian provinces. Other works :
Annunciation, Guastella ; Repose in Egypt,
St. James, St. Francis, Magdalen, and two
portraits, Dresden Gallery ; Young Girl
Weeping, do. Asleep, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Two Portraits, Schleissheim Gallery.
— Lanzi, ii. 310 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vuniti-
enne.
ROTHERMEL, PETER F., born in Lu-
zerne County, Pa., July 8, 1817. History
painter ; began painting portraits without
tuition in 1840, in 1856 visited Europe, and
has since lived and painted in Philadelphia ;
is an associate of the Pennsylvania Academy.
Works: St. Agnes (1858); Foscari ; Colum-
bus before Isabella ; Cromwell breaking up
74
ROTING
the Service in an Anglican Church ; De Soto
discovering the Mississippi ; St. Paul on
Mars Hill ; Battle of Gettysburg ; Macbeth
meditating the Murder of Duncan, King
Lear with Gloucester and Edward, Cupid
lieposing, Bacchus, Mrs. Joseph Harrison,
Philadelphia ; Lady Macbeth, T. Dolan, ib.;
Sicilian Vespers, A. J. Drexel, ib. ; Embark-
ation of Columbus, Pennsylvania Academy,
ib. ; Trial of Sir Henry Vane, Christian Mar-
tyrs, Hypatia, Amy Robsart interceding for
Leicester, The Landsknecht (1876) ; Touch-
stone and Audrey, in "As You Like It"
(1880); Bacchantes (1884).— Tuckerman
437.
ROTING, JULIUS, born in Dresden,
Sept. 7, 1821 (Sept. 13, 1822?). History
and portrait painter, pupil of Dresden Acad-
emy under Bendemann, then studied in Dils-
seldorf, where he became professor at the
Academy. Member of Berlin and Vienna
Academies. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1855.
Gold medal, Berlin. Works : Columbus
before the Council at Salamanca (1851),
Dresden Gallery ; Entombment (186(5); Por-
traits of the painters Leutze (1847); Lessing
(1851), Schadow (1852), Diisscldorf Gallery ;
of the poet Arndt (several times, one in
Stettin Museum).— Wolfg. Mailer, Diisseldf.
K, 161.
ROTTA, ANTONIO, born at Goritz, Feb.
28, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Academy
in Venice, where he settled. Medal, Paris,
3d class, 1878. Works : Cobbler ; Match-
Seller ; Bacchanal on the Lido in 1700 ;
The Sick Friend (1855) ; Bad Company ;
The Only Friend (1869) ; Venetian Women
at Work ; Agreeable Surprise (1878); Young
Brood (1881).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1879), ii. 369 ;
(1882), ii. 289 ; Mailer, 451.
BOTTENHAMMER, JOHANN, born in
Munich in 15C4, died in Augsburg in 1623.
German school ; history painter, son and
pupil of Thomas Rottenhammer, and in
1582 pupil of Johann Donnauer ; studied
in Venice after Tintoretto and visited Rome.
Jan Brueghel and Paul Bril employed
him to paint mythological or allegori-
cal figures in their landscapes. Works :
Pan and Syrinx, National Gallery, London ;
Death of Adonis,
Diana and Cal-
listo, Louvre,
Paris ; Madonna
(1604), Mars and
Venus (1604),
Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Fall of
Phaeton (1604),
Christ delivering
Souls from Pur-
gatory, three others, Hague Museum ; Ma-
donna and St. John, Rotterdam Museum ;
The Four Elements Personified, Muw'e
Rath, Geneva ; Apotheosis of St. Catharine,
Inn of the Three Moors, Augsburg ; Poetry,
Music, Painting and Architecture, Berlin
Museum ; Landscape with Nymphs, The
Golden Age (with Peeter Brueghel, the
younger), Kunsthallc, Hamburg ; Judg-
ment of Paris (1605), Marriage at Cana,
four others, Old Pinakothck, Munich ; Di-
ana surprised by Acticon (1602), Venus and
Mars (1605), Adoration of the Shepherds
(1605), three others, Schleissheirn Gallery ;
Repose in Egypt (1597), Magdalen Peni-
tent, Schwerin Gallery ; Last Judgment
with the Seven Works of Mercy, Stuttgart
Museum ; Nativity (1608), Battle between
Centaurs and Lapithfp, four others, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Erection of Brazen Serpent,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Adam and Eve
in Paradise (with Brueghel), Schr>nlx>rn
| Gallery, ib. ; others in Galleries of Aschaf-
fenburg, Bamberg (3), Carlsruhe, Casscl (C),
Copenhagen, Dresden, Gotha, Weimar, and
Wiesbaden (2) ; Hermitage, St. Peterburg
(3) ; Historical Society, New York ; The
Seasons, Holy Family (2), Mars and Venus
ensnared by Vulcan, Banquet of the Goda
(2), Blenheim sale, London, 1886. — Ch.
75
ROTTMANN
Blanc, ficole allernande ; Kugler (Crowe),
i. 272 ; Nagler, xiii. 468.
ROTTMANN, KARL, born at Hand-
schuchsheim,
near Heidelberg,
Jan. 11, 1797,
died in Munich,
July 6, 1850.
Landscape paint-
er, son of Fried-
ricli Eottmann
(died 1817), a
quite skilful
draughtsman
and painter in water-colours ; first instruct-
ed in Heidelberg by his father and the por-
trait painter Xeller, much influenced by
Karl Fohr, with whom he was intimately
associated, but formed himself chiefly by
studying from nature and after the works
of Poussin and Josef Koch ; settled in Mu-
nich in 1822, visited Italy in 1826-28 and
Greece in 1834-35 ; became court painter
in 1841. His artistic work may be divided
into three periods : during the first he at-
tached less importance to colouring than to
drawing ; the second is illustrated by the
28 Italian landscapes in fresco in the ar-
cades of the royal garden at Munich ; the
third by the 23 Greek landscapes placed in
a special room in the Munich Gallery. He
was one of the most individual masters in
Germany, and his influence on landscape
painting was paramount. Works : Castle
Heidelberg in Evening Light, Burg Eltz
(before 1822) ; Ramsau Valley (1823) ; View
in Roman Campagna, Coliseum in Rome
(1826-28) ; View of Palermo, do. of Taor
mina (1829) ; Bay of Baise ; Burning For-
est ; Ammer Lake, Marathon, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; German Cemetery near Naup-
lia, Temple of JEgina, Raczynski Gallery,
ib.; Views in Greece (3), Carlsruhe Gallery
View of Cefalii (1839), Cologne Museum
View on the Obersee, Darmstadt Museum
View near Corinth, Bay and Harbour o:
Corfu, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; View o:
Corfu, Lake Copais in Breotia (2), Leipsic
Vluseum ; 23 Views in Greece (Rottmann
Saal, 1845-50), Acropolis of Sicyon, Isle of
tschia, View of Corfu, Monreale near Pa-
ermo, The High Goll near Berchtesgaden,
View of .ZEtna from Taormina, Brannenburg
in Bavarian Alps, Grave City near Syracuse,
Eib Lake in Bavarian Alps, New Pinako-
;hek, Munich ; View of Kochel Lake, The
3igh Goll in the Afterglow, Three Views in
Greece, do. near Rome, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
Sunset near Epidauros, The Hintersee near
Berchtesgaden, Stuttgart Museum ; Land-
scape, Czernin Gallery, Vienna. In fresco :
28 Landscapes in Italy (1830-33), Arcades,
Vlunich ; cartoons for them, Darmstadt Mu-
-_ f\ seum. — Bayersdorfer, C.
(fl (fa 30 Rottmann; Ch. Blanc,
•' v S t. ficole allemande ; Dios-
kuren (1873), 227 ; Forster, v. 205 ; Graph.
K, v. 1 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 198 ; Kugler,
Kl. Schriften, iii. 130 ; Kunst-Chronik, viii.
176, 217 ; x. 392 ; Nagler, xiii. 473 ; Pecht,
ii. 3 ; Reber, ii. 268 ; Regnet, ii. 100 ;
Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884),
206 ; Springer, Gesch., 83 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., iv. 7, 72, 207.
ROTTMANN, LEOPOLD, born at Hei-
delberg, Oct. 2, 1812, died at Munich,
March 26, 1881. Landscape painter, broth-
er of preceding, pupil of Roux at Heidel-
berg, then of his brother and the Academy
in Munich, where he also became court
painter. Works : Altenau Lake in Styria
(1837), Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donauesching-
en ; Mountain Landscape, Provinzial Muse-
um, Hanover ; Barm Lake near Parten-
kirchen, Bavaria, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Hunting Album for King Maximilian H.
(50 water-colours, 1854-57) ; Album of Ba-
varian Alps (70 water-colours, 1860-65) ;
Swiss Album ; Album of Wagner's Music
Dramas. — Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 489 ; Nag-
ler, xiii. 478.
ROTTMAYR (Rothmeyer) VON RO-
SENBRUNN, JOHANN MICHAEL, bom
at Laufen, near Salzburg, about 1660, died
in Vienna, Oct. 25, 1730. German school ;
history painter, studied in Salzburg and
76
UOUFFIO
Vienna (1685), then under Carlotto in Ven-
ice ; settled in Vienna, where he was court
painter to Leopold I, Joseph L, and Charles
VI. Works : Iphigenia in Aulis, Museum,
Vienna ; St. Charles Borromeo (1728), Holy
Family, St. Michael, St. Francis, St. Ste-
phen's, ib.; Ceiling in fresco (1708), Liech-
tenstein Palace, ib.; do., Magistracy, ib.;
several pictures, Joanneum, Gratz. Fres-
cos : Cupola and Chapel ceilings, St. Pe-
ter's, Vienna ; do., St. Charles Borromeo's,
ib.; do. (169G), Jesuit Church, Breslau ;
other works in Cathedral at Passau, Car-
melites at Katisbon, and other places in Ba-
varia.— -Lipowski, ii. 50 ; Wurzbach, xxvii.
171 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 754.
KOUFFIO, PAUL, born at Marseilles ;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Cabanel and of Chozzal. Medal,
3d class, 1879. Works : Courtesan (1873) ;
Samson and Delilah (1874), Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Herodias (1875) ; Circe, Fanchon
(1876); Truth, Mademoiselle la neige (1877);
Trio of Masks in Don Juan (1878); Comedy,
Olympus (1879) ; Carmen, Violin of Sera-
phine (1880); Avarice, Coffee coming to the
Rescue of the Muse (1881) ; Hour of the
Bath, Soap Bubbles (1882) ; Letter to the
Betrothed, Bottom of the Cup (1883) ; Dis-
agreement about the Route, Pandora (1884);
On Pilgrimage, No Vocation (1885); Return
from the Ball, Miso Castagne (1886).
ROUGET, GEORGES, born in Paris,
May 2, 1784, died there, April 9, 1869.
History and portrait painter, pupil and imi-
tator of David. Won 2d prize for painting
in 1802. He often assisted David in the
execution of his works, and painted a copy
of the Coronation of Napoleon, signed by
David, which was exhibited in America.
Medals : 2d class, 1814 ; 1st class, 1855 ;
L. of Honour, 1822. Works: French
Princes paying Homage at the Cradle of
the King of Rome (1812), Death of St.
Louis (1817), Versailles Museum ; Ecce
Homo (1819), Church of St. Gervais, Paris ;
(Edipus and Antigone on Mount Cytherou
(1819), Rouen Museum ; Francis I. pardon-
ing Rebels of La Rochelle (1822) ; Christ
on the Mount (1824), St Nicolas des Champa,
Paris ; St. Louis receiving at Ptolemais the
Envoys of the Old Man of the Mountain
(1819), St. Louis as Mediator between Henry
III of England and his Barons (1820), As-
sembly of the Notables at Rouen in 1596
(1822), Henri IV. at Siege of Paris (1824),
St Louis rendering Justice under the Oak
at Viucennes (1826), Versailles Museum ;
Henri IV. abjuring Protestantism (1833) ;
Marriage of Napoleon and Mario Louise,
1810 (1837), Napoleon receiving the De-
cree of the Senate proclaiming him Empe-
ror (1838), St. Louis landing at Damietta
(1839), Versailles Museum ; Death of Na-
poleon (1846) ; Titus in Judea, Vitellius
giving Christians to Wild Beasts (1847) ;
Last Moments of Napoleon, Henri IV. and
his Children (1850) ; Marshal Soult and
Souvenirs of the Empire (1853) ; Soult in
his Office, Incident of War in Italy, Com-
mittee of Artists at the Death-Bed of an
Artist (1861); Christ and the Virgin (1866);
Assumption, St. Germain 1'Auxerrois, Paris ;
St. Louis pardoning Pierre de Bretagne, St
Louis prisoner in Egypt, Fontainebleau Pul-
ace ; Death of Marshal Lannes, Douai Mu-
seum ; Portrait of General Meunier, Besan-
<;on Museum ; do. of Louis XVIH. (1817),
Rheims Museum ; Portraits of Clovis HI.,
Charles IIL, of nine Marshals of France,
and of sixteen Generals and others, Ver-
sailles Museum.— Bellier, ii. 424 ; Larousse ;
Meyer, Gesch., 169.
ROUGET DE L'ISLE, Isidore PH.", Lux-
embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft 3 in. x
3 ft. Rouget de 1'Islo singing the Marseil-
laise for the first time, in the house of Die-
trich, Mayor of Strasbourg. Salon, 1849.
ROUILLARD, JEAN SKBASTIEN, born
in Paris in 1789, died there in 1852. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of David.
Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1827 ;
L. of Honour. Works : Alexander support-
ing Lysirnachus (1819); Portrait of General
Bonaparte (1836), Portraits of Marshals
Schomberg, Bellefonds, Macdouald (1837),
ROUSSEAU
Grouchy (1833), of Generals Dumouriez (2),
Marbot, and Vandamme, of Camille Des-
moulins, Versailles Museum ; Charles X.,
Aix Museum ; Marshal Grouchy, Amiens
Museum ; Marshal Due de Eeggio, Nancy
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 425.
ROUSSEAU, PHILIPPE, born in Paris,
Feb. 22, 1816. Ani-
mal and landscape
painter, pupil of Gros
and of Bertin. Espe-
cially distinguished
for his pictures of
still-life in humorous
relation to animals.
Medals: 3d class,
1845 ; 1st class, 1848 ;
2d class, 1855 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1852; Officer, 1870. Works: Views
in Normandy, etc. (1833-39) ; Post-Chaise
(1841); City Eat and Field Eat (1845) ; Cat
and Old Eat (184G) ; Mole and Eabbit,
Flowers and Butterflies (1847) ; Farm- Yard
(1848), Chartres Museum ; Interior of Farm-
House, Cat and Mouse (1849) ; Divided in
Two (1850) ; Importunate (1850), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Mother of a Family (1853);
Kid browsing Flowers, Storks taking a Si-
esta, Two Punch and Judy Artists (1855) ;
Eabbit hunted by Fox-Terriers, Eesigna-
tion, Eecreation, Farm-House in Savoy
(1857); Gala Day (1859); Luncheon (1859),
Valenciennes Museum ; Household Music,
Kitchen (1861) ; Eabbit and Frogs, Search
for the Absolute (1863), Nantes Museum ;
Market in Olden Time (1864), Caen Mu-
seum ; Every Man for Himself (1865) ; He
makes his own Music, Autumn Flowers
(1866) ; Chardin and his Models (1867) ;
Eat retired from the World, Eesidence of
Sir Walter Scott (1868) ; Summer, Autumn
(1869) ; Fountain adorned with Flowers,
First Plums and Last Cherries (1870) ;
Springtime (1872) ; Mass (1873) ; Corpus
Christi Day, Salad (1874) ; Cheeses, Wolf
and Lamb (1875); Oysters, Poppies (1876) ;
The Breakfast, Oh my Bagpipe ! (1877) ;
Tulips (1879) ; The Courtyard (1880) ; Fu-
ture Stewed Eabbit (1881) ; Two Friends,
Cheeses (1882); Victuals, Asparagus (1883);
Chrysanthemums (1884); Eat retired from
the World (1885), Luxembourg Museum ;
Esmeralda's Window, C. H. Wolff, Phila-
delphia ; Peaches, Mrs. Wilstach, ib. — Bel-
lier, ii. 430 ; Larousse ; Claretie, Peintres
(1874), 196 ; Meyer, Gesch., 714.
EOUSSEAU, (PIEEEE ETIENNE)
THEODORE, bom in
Paris, April 15, 1812,
died at Barbizon, near
Fontainebleau, Dec.
22, 1867. Landscape
painter, pupil of Ee-
mond (1826) and of
Lethiere. Showed
himself a true "natu-
ralist" in his first
picture (1826) and up
to 1848 — when his works, after being for
thirteen years excluded from the Salon by
the academical jury then abolished, were re-
admitted— fought the battle of naturalism
with varying success. WTith Corot, Daubi-
gny, Dupro, and Diaz, he founded the mod-
ern French school of landscape painting, of
which he is one of the chief glories. Few
if any have surpassed him in the rendering
of atmospheric effects, in the ability to dif-
fuse light and air throughout a landscape,
and in the power of communicating to oth-
ers the deep feelings excited by nature in
a highly sensitive organization like his own.
The Forest of Fontainebleau, where he spent
many years of his life, supplied him with an
inexhaustible mine of subjects, which he
rendered with rare felicity. Always in more
or less needy circumstances, he was at the
last annoyed by an intrigue about the Offi-
cer's Cross of the Legion of Honour, and
finally died of a broken heart. Medals : 3d
class, 1834 ; 1st class, 1849, 1855 ; medal
of honour, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1852.
Works : Signal Station on Montmartre
(1826) ; Mountain View in Auvergue, Edge
of the Woods in Compiegne, Herd of Cat-
tle in the Jura Mountains (1835) ; An
78
ROUX
Avenue, Edge of the Woods at Sunset, Au-
tumn Weather (1849) ; Edge of the Woods
at Sunset, Morning, Plateau of Belle-Croix, '
Woods of Bas-Brc'au, Village of Barbizon, i
Entrance to Bas-Breau (1850); Sunny Land-
scape, Landscape after Bain (1852) ; Marsh
in the Landes of Guienne (1853) ; Coast at j
Grauville, Edge of the Woods in Berry, ;
Moors, An Avenue, Way out of the Woods
at Sunset, Way out of the Woods in Twi-
light, Marsh in the Laiules, Edge of the
Gerard Mountains, Oaks in Gorges of Apre-
mont, Plain of Biirbizon, Woods of Fon-
tainebleau (1855), Louvre ; Loire Valley in
Springtime, Stormy Morning during Har-
vest, Village in Cantal, Birches in the Gorge
of Aprernont, Meadow with Trees, Cross-
Eoad at Bas Brcau (1857) ; Farm on the
Moors, River Sevre, Boundaries of Barbi-
zon, Gorges of Apremont, Edge of Woods
near Barbizon (1859); Oak of Roche (1861);
Clearing in the Woods, Pond in Oak Grove
(1861); Cottage among Trees, Village (1864);
Sunset at Foutaiuebleau, Boundaries of For-
est of Fontainebleau (18CC) ; Ray of Sun-
light in Stormy Weather, Small Farm on
the Oise (1867) ; River Bank, Storm Laud-
scape, Luxembourg Museum. Works in
United States : River Scene, do. in Autumn,
Village of Barbizon, Gorges of Apremont,
Forest, Morning, Farm on the Oise, W. H.
Vanderbilt, New York ; Landscape, Miss
C. L. Wolfe, ib.; do., August Belmont, ib. ;
do., H. G. Marquand, ib.; do., J. C. Runkle,
ib.; do., D. O. Mills, ib.; Paris Oven, Land- j
scape and Forest, do. and Pond, W. Rocke-
feller, ib.; Forest Scene, C. P. Huntington,
ib.; Plain of Barbizon, Mrs. J. G. Fell, Phila-
delphia ; do., R C. Taft, Providence ; Sun-
set, J. A. Brown, ib. ; Autumn, B. Wall, ib. ;
Le Givre — Winter Solitude, two others (one
dated 1845), W. T. Walters, Baltimore;
Landscape, H. P. Kidder, Boston ; do., T.
Wigglesworth, ib.; Oak Tree of Barbizon,
Landscape, Birch Trees at Foutainebleau,
H. Probasco, Cincinnati. Sales : Farm in
Berry (Dagnan sale, 1882, 29,500 francs, to
M. Viterbo) ; Public Oven on the Moors
(Hartmann sale, 47,000 francs, bought by
Mr. Brame) ; Sunset (20,100 francs, same
sale) ; A Village (38,000 francs, same sale) ;
Farm in the Landes (73,000 francs, same
sale) ; Village in Normandy (Wilson sale,
1881, 20,000 francs); Plain among the Pyr-
enees (17,000 francs, Hartmann sale); Wooda
in Winter (48,600 francs, same sale) ; Old
Dormitory in Bas-Brcau (49,000 francs,
bought for Louvre, same sale) ; Autumn at
St. Jean de Paris (46,000 francs, same sale);
A Pond (20,000 francs, Narischkino sale,
1883) ; Road in Woods near Fontainebleau
(20,500 francs). — Sensier, Souvenirs surTh.
Rousseau (1872) ; Bellier, ii. 431 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 744 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vii.
191 ; (1881), xxiii. 462 ; L'Art (1882), xxviii.
161, 186 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iii. 281 ; xii.
(Mittheilungen, v. 40).
ROUX, KARL, born in Heidelberg, Aug.
15, 1826. Animal and genre painter, son
of J. W. Christian Roux (1771-1831, por-
trait and landscape painter), pupil of D(ls-
seldorf Academy and (1847) of Karl Htlb-
ner, continued his studies in Munich, Ant-
werp, and Paris ; was for several years
professor at the Art School in Carlsruhe,
and settled in Munich in 1868. Director
of Carlsruhe Art School and Mannheim Gal-
lery since 1881. Works : Rest of Lansque-
nets (1853), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Hans
and Verena (1861) ; Plundering of Village
in Thirty Years' War, Hermann and Doro-
thea (1863), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ploughing
Early in the Morning ; Uneducated Son of
the Alps (a bull) ; Cows returning l>eforo
Storm ; Yoke of Oxen ; Hay Harvest (1877);
Cattle Fair of Munich ; October Festival ;
Cattle Herd on Achen Lake. — Mtlller, 452.
ROUX, MAiTRE. See Rosso.
ROUX, (PROSPER) LOUIS, born in
Paris, Feb. 13, 1817. History and genre
painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medals : 3d
class, 1846 ; 2d class, 1857, 1859. Works :
St. Roch praying for the Plague-Stricken
(1846), Luxembourg ; Italian Peasant play-
ing with Child (1847) ; Jean Boltius— an
Anatomist of Liege ; Linuieus returning
79
KOUX
from an Excursion, Scholar in his Study
(1847), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Mozart's
First Opera, Marietta Tintoretto (1850) ;
Bernard Palissy, Poussin, Absence, Tinto-
retto (1855); Rembrandt's Studio (1857),
St. Petersburg Academy ; Palissy studying
Geology, Claude Lorrain in the Forum
(1857) ; Incident of Civil War of the
Fronde, Montaigne, Delaroche's Studio in
1856 (1859) ; Hosanna (1859), Ravene Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Portrait of a Girl (1861) ;
Christ washing Apostles' Feet (1863) ; St.
John Baptist (1864); Van der Neer painting
Moonlight (1866) ; St. Francis of Assisi and
the Birds (1867); Music, Epic Poetry, Light
Literature, History (1870) ; St. Vincent de
Paul receiving Extreme Unction (1874),
Chapel in Dourdan ; Christ in the Tomb,
Descent from the Cross, Studio of a Flower
Painter (1875); St. Thomas Aquinas (1877);
Hill of Vachon at Argenteuil, Hill of Orge-
mont (1879) ; Promontory of Porspoder,
The Minou near Brest (1880); Saint Michel-
Sousgland (1881); The Stairs at Brest (1882);
Gravel-Pits of Sannois (1883) ; St. Veronica
(1884); twenty-four frescos in St. Magdalen,
Kouen. — Bellier, ii. 435 ; Larousse.
EOUX DE KOUX, MAlTRE. See
Rosso.
HO VERB, ELEONORA GONZAGA
DELLA, Duchess of Urbino, portrait, Ti-
tian, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, figure half-
length, life-size. Same history as the fol-
lowing.— C. & C., Titian, i. 413 ; Dennis-
toun, Dukes of Urbino, iii. 48, 372, 437, 442.
ROVERE, FRANCESCO DELLA, Duke
of Urbino, portrait, Titian, Uffizi, Florence ;
canvas, figure half-length, life-size ; signed.
In armour, with a plumed helmet and em-
blems of his rank in a niche behind. Paint-
ed in 1537, when the Duke had gone to
Venice to assume command as generalissimo
against the Turks. Passed from Urbino to
Florence on extinction of house of Urbino
in 1631.— C. & C., Titian, i. 411 ; Dennis-
toun, Dukes of Urbino, iii. 58, 371, 437,
442 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 443 ; Gall, di Fi-
renze, i. No. 25.
ROVEREDO, BATTLE OF, Clarkson
Stanfield, London ; canvas. Fought in Sep-
tember, 1796, by Massena and Augereau,
against Davidovich, who was guarding the
Tyrol with 40,000 men. In foreground, the
French infantry are fording the Adige, and
in distance are again seen passing the bridge,
under fire from batteries ; on the right, the
fortress ; on left, inhabitants flying from
their houses ; background, the snow-clad
Alps. Royal Academy, 1851. At E. J. Cole-
man sale (1881), £3,465. — Art Journal
(1851), 156.
ROVIALE. See Rubiates.
BOWSE, SAMUEL WORCESTER, born
at Bath, Me., Jan. 29, 1822. Figure and
portrait painter, self taught ; best known
by his portraits in crayons and his ideal
heads, many of which have been reproduced
by photography and other processes. Works
in oil by him, chiefly ideal heads and fig-
ures, are owned by Frederic E. Church,
Daniel Huntington, William H. Osborn, and
M. K. Jesup, New York ; Dr. Estes Howe,
and Peter C. Brooks, Boston ; and Knight
Cheney, Manchester, Conn.
ROY, JEAN BAPTISTS DE, born in
Brussels, March 29, 1759, died there, Jan.
7, 1839. Landscape and animal painter ;
studied after the old Dutch masters. Works :
Cattle Herd in Stormy Landscape, Brussels
Museum ; Cows crossing Pool at Sunrise
(1804), Ghent Museum ; Landscape with
Figures and Animals (1790), Gotha Muse-
um ; Dead Game and Fruits, do., and Boy
with Dog, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.—
Michiels, x. 564.
ROY, MARIUS, born at Lyons ; contein-
•• porary. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Boulanger and of Jules Lefebvre. Medal,
3d class, 1883. Works : In Ambush (1881);
Do not Stir! (1882) ; In Quarters (1883) ;
Corvee de Rutamage (1884) ; Before the
Duel (1885); Poverty's Share (1886).
ROYBET, FERDINAND (VICTOR
LfiON), born at Uzes (Gard), April 20,
1840. Figure painter, pupil in Lyons of
Ecole des Beaux Arts ; settled in Paris,
80
ROYER
where his Jester of Henri III. took a medal
in Salon, 18CG ; now professor of engraving
at Lyons. Works : Death of Roxana, J. C.
Runkle, New York ; Page with Dogs, Mu-
sical Party (1867), W. H. Vanderbilt, ib.;l
Meet, Cologne Museum ; Playing Backgam- j
mon (1868) ; A Musketeer ; Negress with
a Drake ; Gypsy Woman ; Beer Drinker ;
Standard Bearer, Time to Go, J. J. Astor,
New York; Halberdier, T. R Butler, ib.;
Cock Fight, D. O. Mills, ib. ; Velasquez
painting the Infanta, D. W. Powers, Roch-
ester ; Missal Painter, J. H. Warren, Hoo-
sic Falls ; Ludovic Lesly, Judge H. Hoadly,
Cincinnati ; The Message (Wilson sale, 1883, •
12,000 francs).
ROYER LIONEL, born at Chfiteau-du-
Loir (Sarthe) ; contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Cabanel. Medal,
3d class, 1884. Works : Christ on the Cross
(1879); Daphne changed into a Laurel (1880);
Venus protecting the Body of Hector (1881);
Madame Roland (1883); The Family (1884);
Love and Folly (1885) ; For Native Laud !
Charette a Patay (188(5).
ROYMERSWALE. See Marintis.
ROZIER, DOMINIQUE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Still-life painter, pupil of An-
toine Vollonf Medals : 3d class, 1876 ; 2d
class, 1880. Works : End of Supper (1880,
bought by the State); Armour (1881); Vin-
tage, End of Carnival (1882) ; Cabbage Soup,
Isabel's Basket, Flower Girl (1883) ; Poul-
try, Un Jambonneau (1884) ; Fish Market
in the Halles Centrales (1885); Game (1886);
Sunset, R. G. Dun, New York.
RUBEN, CHRISTIAN, born at Treves,
Nov. 30, 1805, died at Inzersdorf, near Vi-
enna, July 8, 1875. History and genre
painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf Academy (1823
-25) under Cornelius, whom he followed to
Munich, and there rapidly established his
reputation ; in 1841 he became director of
Prague Academy, wlu'ch he reorganized, and
in 1852-72 was director of the Vienna Acad-
emy. Gold medal, 1864 ; Orders of Iron
Crown and of Francis Joseph ; Belgian Or-
der of Leopold, 1865 ; Commander of Pa-
pal Order of Gregory. Works : Carthusian
Monk, Ave Maria (1835) ; Power of Faith,
Leuchtenberg Gallery, St Petersburg ; Duke
Erich of Calenborg at Hardegsen in 1533
(1838) ; Shepherdess in the Alps, New Pi-
nakothek, Munich ; Battle of Lipau in 1434,
Vienna Museum ; Columbus discovering
Land (1843), Nostitz Gallery, Prague ; Cy-
cle of 14 cartoons on History of Bohemia,
Belvedere, Prague. — Brockhaus, xiii. 875 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1852), six. 359; Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1841), No. 64 ; Laud und Mccr
(1872), No. 50 ; Reber, ii. 194 ; Stahr,
Chr. Ruben's Columbus (Oldenburg, 1844);
Wurzbach, xxvii. 200 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xi. 372.
RUBEN, FRANZ, 1>orn in Prague in
1843. History and portrait painter, son of
Christian Ruben, and his pupil at Vienna
Academy ; won prize in 1869, then studied
in Italy after the Venetian masters, and set-
tled in Venice. Medal, Munich, 2d class,
1883. Works : Miracle of Roses, The Two
Leonoras and Torquato Tasso (1867); Court
Life of Pope Leo X. (1869) ; The Widow's
Mite ; Capri, A Page (1870); Tilly's Retreat
(1871) ; Tournament at Court of Burgundy
(1872); Washerwoman in Venice (1873);
Indulgentia plenario. — Wurzbach, xxvii.
205 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 122.
RUBENS, PETER PAUL, born at Sie-
ge n, Westphalia,
June 29, 1577, died
at Antwerp, May
30, 1640. Flemish
school ; studied at
Antwerp with To-
bias Verhaegt and
Adam van Noort,
and then with Otto
van Veen from
1596 until 1600,
when he went to Venice, where his copies
after Titian and Giorgione attracted the
notice of the Duke of Mantua, Viucenzo
Gonzaga L.^Wio made him his court paint-
er. In July, 1601, the Duke sent Rubens
to Rome to copy pictures for his gallery,
81
KUBENS
with a letter of recommendation to the
Cardinal Montalto. Having executed the
Duke's commission, and painted a triptych
for the Chapel of St. Helena in the Church
of Sta. Croce in Gerusalemme, by order of
the Archduke Albert, Eubens returned to
Mantua early in 1603. In March he was
sent to Spain as the Duke's messenger,
with presents for the King and certain high
dignitaries. The pictures which formed
part of them, chiefly by an inferior artist,
Pietro Fachotti, having been much dam-
aged en route, were restored at Valladolid
by Kubens, and as two were irreparably in-
jured he painted his Democritus, and Hera-
clitus, now in the Madrid Museum, to re-
place them. He also painted an equestrian
portrait of the Duque de Lerma and several
portraits of beautiful Spanish women for
the Duke of Mantua ; after which he re-
turned to Mantua at the end of April, 1604,
and painted an altarpiece for the Church of
the Trinity. The wings were destroyed in
1797 during the French occupation, but the
central piece, representing the Trinity, is
preserved in the public library at Mantua.
At the end of 1605 Kubens went to Rome
to continue his studies. In July, 1607, he
met the Duke at Genoa, and in the course
of six or seven weeks made 139 sketches of
palaces, afterwards published at Antwerp
(1613). At this time, perhaps, he modelled
the bust of Spiuola, still preserved in the
family palace, and received a commission
from the Marchese Pallavicini for his pict-
ure of Ignatius Loyola, which he sent from
Antwerp in 1620. Returning to Rome in
1607, Rubens finished his picture of Pope
Gregory the Great with Saints (sent to Gre-
noble by Napoleon in 1811), and in the
autumn of 1608, having received news of
the dangerous illness of his mother, he re-
turned to Antwerp, where he arrived in
November, after her death. Depressed,
and homesick for Italy, he would soon have
gone back to Rome had not the Archduke
Albert, moved by the commendations of
Otto van Veen, Rubens's old master, treat-
ed him with much consideration at Brus-
sels, and commissioned him to paint his
own portrait, that of the Infanta Isabella, a
Holy Family for the oratory of his palace,
and a large altarpiece for the church at
Candenburg, the triptych of S. Ildefonso,
now in the Museum at Vienna. In 1609
the Archduke made Rubens his court paint-
er, gave him a gold chain and medal, and
granted him numerous privileges. Re-
nouncing his intention to return to Italy,
Rubens obtained permission to fix his resi-
dence at Antwerp, where, on October 13,
1609, he married Isabella Brandt. Com-
missions now crowded upon him to such
an extent that at the beginning of 1611
he had refused more than one hundred.
Among the works of this time are the De-
livery of the Keys, Church of St. Gudule,
Brussels ; The Erection of the Cross, Notre
Dame, Antwerp ; and an Adoration of the
Magi, Antwerp Museum ; the St. Therese,
the St. Anne, and the Dead Christ in the
same collection. Enriched by inheritance,
by his wife's dowry, and by his own labours,
Rubens in 1611 built himself a beautiful
house at Antwerp with a round gallery
lighted from above, which he decorated
with his copies, original works, and ac-
quired objects of art. In September of the
same year he agreed to paint for the guild
of the Harquebusiers the great altarpiece
with wings, which was finished in 1612,
and since 1614 has decorated their altar
in the Antwerp Cathedral. The different
paintings upon it are the famous Descent
from the Cross, the Visitation, the Presen-
tation, and the St. Christopher and a Her-
mit. Having numerous pupils, and con-
stant demands for original works, Rubens
spent eleven years at Antwerp, and then
went to Paris in February, 1622, at the call
of Maria de' Medici, to decorate the Lux-
embourg Palace with twenty-one great pict-
] ures, now in the Louvre, representing the
history of her life up to the period of her
reconciliation with her son, Louis XTTT. In
1622-23 he returned to Paris to consult
RUBENS
with the Queen, and again in 1625. Bring-
ing with him nineteen finished pictures, he
remained there to finish the rest. Every
effort was made to induce him to remain in
France, but in vain. At Paris he had made
the acquaintance of the Duke of Bucking-
ham, who visited him at Antwerp and event-
ually purchased his collection for about
100,000 florins. In 1626 (July) Isabella
Brandt died, to the great grief of her hus-
band, who honoured her with splendid fu-
neral ceremonies. In 1624 Philip IV. of
Spain ennobled Rubens, and the Archduch-
ess Isabella made him her gentleman in
waiting. In 1627 she sent him to England
with the title of ambassador to act as me-
diator in negotiating peace between that
country and Spain. This obliged him to
visit Spain in August, 1628, where he was
treated with great honour by the King and
became intimate with Velasquez, upon whom
he had great influence. In nine months
Rubens painted forty pictures and made
copies of all the pictures by Titian in the
Royal Gallery. In 1629, after a short visit
to Antwerp, he was sent as ambassador to
King Charles I., whose portrait he painted,
and who on his departure created him
Knight of the Golden Spur, Feb. 21, 1630.
Once more he was sent to Spain to con-
clude the peace negotiations with Philip
IV. He then returned home and on Dec.
6, 1630, married Helena Fourment, his
niece by marriage. For Charles I. Rubens
then painted nine pictures, and designed
for the Banquet Hall at Whitehall a ceiling
representing the allegorical history of James
I. He also began a series of pictures for
the gallery of Henri IV. in the Luxem-
bourg, six of which were far advanced when
the exile of Maria de' Medici, in 1631, in-
terrupted the work. In 1631 he resumed
his diplomatic career, in order to bring
about a peace between the North and South
of the Low Countries. This entailed much
trouble and annoyance upon him, and the
death of his protectress, the Archduchess
Isabella, in 1633, greatly afflicted him. He
also suffered much with the gout, but never-
theless continued to paint with the same
wonderful facility and power. In 1635 he
designed eleven allegorical compositions to
decorate the triumphal arches raised in
honour of the entrance of Ferdinand, Gov-
ernor of the Low Countries, into Antwerp.
His last picture, the Crucifixion of St Peter,
(1638), painted for the banker Jabach, was
delivered to its owner after the painter's
death, and placed in the Church of St.
Peter at Cologne, where it still exists. The
works of this great artist, many of which
were wholly for partially painted by his
scholars after his designs, are between two
and three thousand. Of these 286 repre-
sent antique subjects, historical or mytho-
logical. The following is a list of some of
the most remarkable : Fall of the Damned,
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Ma-
donna with Saints, Flight into Egypt, Di-
ana and Nymphs surprised by Satyrs, Mara
crowned by Victory, Portrait of an Orien-
tal, Cassel Gallery ; Last Judgment, Lion
Hunt, Fall of the Damned, Woman of the
Apocalypse, Nativity, Battle of the Ama-
zons (1619), Trinity, Entombment, Martyr-
dom of St. Laivrence, Meleager and Atalautn,
Massacre of Innocents, Samson and Delilah,
Cantor and Pollux, Silenus and Satyrs, Su-
sanna, Portrait of litibens and Isabella Brandt,
Helena Founnent under a Colonnade, do.
with her Boy, A Scholar (1635), Dr. van
Thulden, Lord and Lady Arundel, Philip
IV. of Spain, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Ru-
bens' Sons, eleven Portraits, Diana and her
Nymphs, Wild Boar Hunt, Garden of Love,
Judgment of Paris, Dresden Museum ; St.
Ignatius Loyola exorcising Demons, Assump-
tion, Magdalen, St. Manas Xavier Preach-
ing, Portrait of Rubens, Four Quarters of
the Globe, Portrait of the Archduchess Anna
Mnria, Altarpiece of St. Ildefonxo, Festival
of Fen us, Cimon and Iphigenia, Meleager
and Atalanta, Portraits of Emperor Maxi-
milian and of Philip le Bon, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Rubens' Sons, History of Death of
Decius Mus, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ;
EUBENS
Rainbow, Flight of Lot, Elijah in the Desert,
Tomyris, Kirmess, History of Maria de' Med-
ici, Portrait of the same, do. of Helena Four-
ment and two of her Children, Louvre, Paris ;
Kape of the Sabines, Chapeau de Paille, Tri-
umph of Silenus, Judgment of Paris, Land-
scape, Conversion of St. Bavon, Peace and
War, National Gallery, London ; Field, Coro-
nation of the Virgin, Adoration of the Magi,
Procession to Calvary, Brussels Museum ;
five sketches (en grisaille) for the Maria de'
Medici Series, two for the Jaines I. White-
hall Series, Portraits of Rubens's two Wives,
Venus and Adonis, ten Portraits, Portrait
of the Comte de Bucquoy, Silenun and Sa-
tyrs, Perseus and Andromeda, Madonna,
Madonna with Saints, Adoration of Magi,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Ulysses and
Nausicaii, Landscape, The Philosophers, Two
Holy Families, Horrors of War, Nymphs
and Satyrs, Portrait of Duke of Bucking-
ham, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Henri IV. at
Ivry, Entry of Henri IV. into Paris, Por-
traits of Rubens's two Wives, Bacchanal,
Venus and Adonis, Hercules between Vice
and Virtue, Uffizi, Florence ; Adoration of
the Magi, Three Holy Families, Eleven Apos-
tles, Lapiths and Centaurs, Supper at Em-
maus, Fifteen Mythological Subjects, Eques-
trian Portrait of Philip II., of Don Fernando
of Austria, of Sir Thomas More, Garden of
Love, Doctors of the Church, Mercury and
Argus, Milky Way, Nymphs and Satyrs (2),
Orpheus and Eurydice, Perseus and Androm-
eda, liudolph of Hapsburg, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Rape of Sabines, Reconciliation of
Sabines and Romans, Escorial ; Crucifixion, '
St. Theresa, Dead Christ, Education of the
Virgin, Adoration of the Magi, Incredulity
of St. Thomas, Portraits of Nicholas Rockox
and Adrienne Perez, Antwerp Museum ; Ad-
oration of Magi, St. Jean, Mechlin ; Perseus
and Andromeda, Helena Fourment, Assump-
tion of the Virgin, Daughter of Rubens,
Landscape, St. Sebastian, Madonna with
Saints, Raising of Lazarus, Neptune and
Amphitrite, Berlin Museum ; Pan and Syr-
inx, Prairie de Laeckeu, Pythagoras, two
Portraits, Buckingham Palace, London ;
Marriage of St. Catharine, Madonna with
Saints, Stafford House ; Wolf Hunt, Diana
and Nymphs, Lord Ashburton ; Holy Fam-
ily, Rainbow, Peter receiving the Keys,
Hertford House ; Perseus and Andromeda,
Rape of Proserpine, Rubens and Helena
Fourment, Helena Formann (Fourment),
Blenheim Palace ; Madonna (£1,360), Holy
Family (£460), Adoration of Magi (£1,500),
Meleager and Atalanta (Cavendish Ben-
tinck, £520), Return from Egypt (£1,500),
Holy Family (£1,000), Suffer Little Chil-
dren (£800), Flight of Lot (£1,850), Holy
Family (£1,400), Infant Saviour and St.
John (£50), Distribution of the Rosary,
Paracelsus, Artist's Portrait, Portrait of
Anne of Austria (£3,700), Roman Charity
(£1,200), Triumph of Silenus (£60), Venus
and Adonis (£7,200), Blenheim Palace sale,
London, 1886 ; Pausias and Glycera, Ixion,
Landscape, Grosvenor House ; Tomyris,
Cobham Hall ; Woman taken in Adultery,
Conversion of St. Paul, Holy Family, Leigh
Court ; Helena Fourment, Venus, Mars,
and Cupid, Two Landscapes, Dulwich Gal-
lery ; Madonna with Saints, Duke of Rut-
land; St. Martin, Portrait of Philip IV,
Portrait of Rubens, Landscape, Sir B. Ger-
bier and his Family, Holy Family, Wind-
sor Castle ; Prelates Kneeling, Petworth ;
Daughter of Herodias, Castle Howard ; Re-
turn from Egypt, Lions chasing Deer, Met-
ropolitan M u s e -
um> New York-
-Bakhuizen van
Jen Brink Les
/<T-J \_, Rubens a Siegen
(\ / (Hague, 1861);
/ ^-UJO€4i4 Cat. du Mus.
/etvC" d'Anvers, 291;
" Dohme, li.; Du
PE PA RVB£ NJ Mortier, Recher-
f1 f^ ( ^L/' ches and Nou-
* velles Recherches
(Brussels, 1861, 1862) ; Ennen, Ueber den
Geburtsort des P. P. R. (Cologne, 1861) ;
Gachard, Histoire politique, etc. (Brussels,
84
RUBENS
1877) ; Gachet, Lettres inedites (Brussels,
1846) ; Gaedertz, R und die Kubensfeier in
Antwerpeu (Leipsic, 1878); Gcnard, ^aute-
keningen over P. P. R (Antwerp, 1877) ;
Gerrits, P. P. R, zijn tijd, etc. (Amsterdam,
1842); V. van Grimbergen, Hist. Levensbe-
scbryving (Antwerp), 1840) ; A. van Hasselt,
Hist. (Brussels, 1840) ; Kett, Rubens (Lon-
don, 1882); Krarnm, v. 1395 ; Merlo, Nach-
ricbten, 352 ; Michel, Hist, (Brussels, 1771);
Micbiels, Rubens et 1'ucole d'Auvers (Paris,
1877) ; do., Hist, de la peinture flaruancle,
vi. 374-444 ; vii. 1-253 ; L'CEuvre de P. P.
R (Antwerp and Brussels, 1877, 1878) ; R
de Piles, Eecueil, etc. (Paris, 1755) ; Reif-
fenberg, Nouvelles Recbercbes (Brussels,
1835); Riegel, Beitrage, i. 165, 344 ; ii. 58-
66, 92-94 ; Rooses (Reber), 162-254 ; Ro-
senberg, Rubensbriefe (Leipsic, 1881); Sains-
bury, Original Papers (London, 1859) ;
Scbneevogt, Cat. des Estampes (Haarlem,
1873) ; Smith, Cat. raisouno (London, 1829
-42); Van den Branden, 357, 409, 482, 1271,
1372, 1386 ; Verachter, Gcm-alogie de P. P.
R.; do., Le Tombeau de R. (Antwerp, 1840,
1843) ; Villaamil, Rubens, Diplomatico Es-
pafiol (Madrid, 1874); Waagen (Noel), P. P.
R (London, 1840); do., Kl. Schriften (Stutt-
gart, 1875); Woltmann, Aus vicr Jahrh., 49 ;
Annalen des hist. Vereius f. d. Niederrhein
(1861, 1869) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859-68),
L-xxxv.; (1869), i. 223, 334; (1881), xxiii.
5, 305; (1882), xxv. 5; xxvi. 273; (1883),
xxvii. 5, 203, 309 ; xxviii. 361 ; (1884), xxix.
29, 193 ; (1884), xxx. 34 ; (1885), xxxi. 121 ;
xxxii. 97, 449 ; Graph. K, ii. 25 ; Journal
des B. Arts (1875-79) ; Kuust-Chronik, xii.
425, 457, 571, 697, 724, 777, 809, 825 ; xiii.
81 ; xvi. 484, 504 ; xvii. 094 ; xviii. 217, 532 ;
xxi. 141, 221, 337 ; Vlaamsche school (1866,
1875, 1877, 1878) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 225 ;
ii. 132 ; iii. 128 ; iv. 47 ; v. 202, 304 ; viii.
190 ; ix. (Mittheilungen, ii. 1) ; x. 96 (Hit.,
iii. 40) ; xi. 352, 383 ; xii. 261, 306 (Hit, v.
57) ; xv. 225, 261 ; xvi. 235 ; xvii. 165.
RUBENS, portrait, Eubem, Windsor Cas-
tle ; wood, H. 2 ft 9* in. x 2 ft. 1 in. Half-
length, face three-quarters, looking to left,
wearing a black Spanish mantle with a gold
chain around his neck, and a large hat dec-
orated with a tassel. Presented to Charles
I. by Lord Danby. Engraved by P. Pon-
tius ; Worlidge ; Chambers ; Facius ; Pel-
ham ; J. H. Robinson. Duplicate, engraved
by Moulmeester and Gregori, Uffizi, Flor-
ence. Other portraits of Rubens in Vienna,
Louvre, Uffizi, and Genoa Galleries. — Smith,
ii. 145, 159 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 435 ;
Lasinio, iii. PI. 96.
RUBENS AND ISABELLA BRANDT,
I lluhem, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft 6
Rubens ind lubellt Brandt, Ruben, Munich
in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Rubens and his first wife,
daughter of Jan Brandt, of Antwerp ; fig-
ures full-length, in full dress, seated, under
an arbour, he on the edge of a table, she
on a stool beside it Probably painted
about 1610. Engraved by Hesa — Kctt,
64 ; Smith, ii. 63.
RUBENS AND HELENA FOURMENT,
Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft
8 in. x 6 ft 8 in. Rubens and his second
wife, full-length, life-size, in Spanish cos-
86
KUBENS'S SONS
tume, walking in a flower garden ; she has
a little child in leading strings. Waagen
says, " Few other pictures by Kubens equal,
Rubens and Helena Fourment, Rubens, Blenheim Palace.
and none probably surpass it." Presented
to Duke of Marlborough by City of Brus-
sels. Engraved by McArdell. Studies in
Louvre. Similar subject, with changes,
Munich Gallery. — Waagen, Art Treasures,
iii. 129 ; Smith, ii. 243 ; Klas. der Malerei,
PI. 7.
EUBENS'S SONS, Rubens, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft.
Rubens's sons by Isabella Brandt. Full-
length, in Spanish costume. The younger,
Nicolas, holds a flying bird attached to a
string ; the elder, Albert, has one arm over
his brother's shoulder and holds a book un-
der the other. Engraved by Pichler. One
of Rubens's best pictures. Replica, Dres-
den Gallery ; engraved by Daullu ; Danzel ;
Tanje.— Smith, ii. 83, 100 ; Klas. der Ma-
lerei, PI. 8.
RUBIALES, PEDRO, born in Estrema-
dura, died in Rome (?), latter half of 16th
century. Spanish school ; pupil of Fran-
cisco Salviati, whom he assisted in many
works. Painted in S. Spirito, Rome, the
Conversion of St. Paul. Also, with Becerra,
aided Vasari, who calls him Roviale, in the
frescos of the Cancellaria in the palace of
Cardinal Farnese. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 229 ;
vii. 43, 681 ; Stirling, i. 153.
RUDDER, LOUIS HENRI DE, born in
Paris, Oct. 17, 1807. History painter, pu-
pil of Gros and Charlet. Medals : 3d class,
1840 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1863.
"Works : Children taking Game from sleep-
ing Game-Keeper (1834) ; Death of John of
Armagnac (1835) ; Claude Larcher (1836) ;
Claude Frollo, Charles IE. and Alice Lee,
Rubens's Sons, Rubens, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
Boy and Schoolmaster, Gringoire before
Louis XI. (1837) ; Marmion Wounded
(1838) ; Hamlet killing Polonius, Lanz-
RUDE
knecbts (1839) ; St. Augustine, Children
(1840) ; Christ, Mutual Lesson (1841) ; SL
George giving Thanks for his Victory
(1842) ; Divine Mission (1844) ; Head of
Christ, Shepherd and Child (1845); Outlaws
of the Cevennes, Naiiid, Blaise de Montluc
(1849) ; Women Bathing (1850) ; Christ
Crowned with Thorns (1855) ; Echo of the
Ravine, Pifferaro (1859) ; Mater Dolorosa,
Nicolas Flamel, Luxembourg Museum ;
Christ in the Garden, St. John (1863) ;
Shepherd of the Abruzzi, Christ falling
under the Cross, Christ stripped of his
Clothing (1864); Ecce Homo (1865), Saint-
IStienne Museum ; Mater Dolorosa, The
Muse (1867) ; Autumn Evening, Mercena-
ries, Mater Dolorosa (1868) ; Poetry and
Materialism, Woods of Couvron, Lamartine
on his Death-Bed (1869) ; Head of Christ,
Judas (1870) ; Mandolinata, A Student
(1875); Ecce Homo, The Douet at Beuzeval
(1878) ; Portrait of the historian Pasquier,
Versailles Museum. Executed twenty ceil-
ings of large dimensions, and decorative
panels in oil, for the United States. — Bel-
lier, ii. 440 ; Larousse.
RUDE, Mine. SOPHIE FRfiMIET, born
in Dijon, June 20, 1797, died in Paris,
Dec. 4, 1867. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Devosge and of David,
and wife of the sculptor Rude. Medal, 2d
class, 1833. Works : Virgin Sleeping (1831),
Dijon Museum ; Charles L bidding Fare-
well to his Children (1833); Arrest of Duch-
ess of Burgundy in Bruges (1841), Dijon
Museum ; Faith, Hope, and Charity (1857).
— Larousse.
RUDOLPH OF HAPSBURG, liubens,
Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 9
ft. 3 in. The founder of the Austrian em-
pire, hunting in the woods, followed by a
single esquire, gives his horse to a priest
carrying the Host to a dying person, and
bids his esquire give his to the priest's aco-
lyte. The landscape is by Wildens. Col-
lection of Philip IV. — Madrazo.
RUELAND, F., flourished in Vienna, end
of 15th ajid beginning of 16th centuries.
German school. Works : Four Scenes from
Christ's Passion, Vienna Museum ; series
with Scenes from life of Si John, Christ's
Passion, Legend of St. Leopold, Stift Klos-
terneuburg, near Vienna. — W. & W., ii. 127.
RUFTNA, ST., MurUlo, Stafford House,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2 fi 2 in. The
Saint, half-length, in a green robe and pur-
ple mantle, standing three-quarters left,
looking front, holding a jar in her left hand
by one of its handles ; another jar, resting
on left wrist, is held against her body ; in
her right hand, a palm. Companion to St.
Junta (Stafford House), which see. — Curtis,
268 ; Gower, Hist. Gal. of England.
RUFUS, painter, known only for his
wager with an attorney named Phrcdrus as
to which could work the faster. The latter
won, by writing a contract while Rufus was
preparing his colours. — Anuall, ii. 339, No.
105.
RUGENDAS, GEORG PHTLTPP, born
in Augsburg,
Nov. 27, 1666,
died there, May
19, 1742. Ger-
man school ; bat-
tle and military
genre painter, pu-
pil of Isaac (or Ja-
cob) Fischer, took
Bourguignon,
Lembkc, and Tempesta, for his models,
and studied the various events of a soldier's
profession, as at the siege of Augsburg,
where he often exposed himself to the great-
est danger ; ranks among the most famous
battle painters ; was an able draughtsman,
but a defective colourist. In 1692 he visit-
ed Venice and Rome, and after his return
to Augsburg became director of the Draw-
ing Academy. Works : Nine Battle-Pieces,
Brunswick Gallery; Siege of Augsburg,
Battle, Charge of Cavalry, Bamberg Gallery ;
Cattle-Pieces (2), Cassel Gallery; Cavalry
Skirmish (2), Moltke Collection, Copen-
hagen ; do. (1), Christiania Gallery ; do.,
Furstenberg Gallery, Donaueschingeu ; do.,
87
RUGENDAS
Konigsberg Museum ; Preparations for Mar-
ket, Horse Fair, Schleissheim Gallery ; Bat-
tle Field, Schwerin Gallery ; Battle Scenes
(3), Soldiers in Camp, Stuttgart Museum ;
Invasion of a City, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Cavalry Battle, Schonborn Gallery,
ib. ; others in Vienna (2), Basle (2), Berne
(2), Dresden, Stockholm, and Augsburg
Galleries. — Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 561 ; Nagler, Mon., iii.
86.
RUGENDAS, MORITZ, born in Augs-
burg, March 29, 1802, died at Weilheim,
Wilrtemberg, May 29, 1858. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Munich Acad-
emy under Quaglio and Albrecht Adam ;
visited Brazil in 1821-25, Italy in 1826-27,
went in 1831 to Mexico, where, implicated
in political troubles, he was imprisoned ;
then wandered through Peru, Bolivia, Mon-
tevideo, and Patagonia, and returned to Eu-
rope in 184:7. Works : Picturesque Jour-
ney in Brazil (1827-35) ; Columbus taking
Possession of the New World (1855), New
Pinakothek, Munich. — Regnet, ii. 138.
RUIPEREZ, LOUIS, born at Murcia,
Spain ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Meissonier. Honorable mention,
1882. Works : Cabaret in Time of Louis
XHL, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ; Refer-
ence to the Law Book, M. Graham, ib. ;
Sword Practice, John Hoey, ib.
RUISDAEL (Ruysdael), I. (Izack ?) VAN,
born at Naardeu, died in Haarlem, buried
Oct. 4, 1677. Dutch school ; landscape
painter, brother of Salomon, to whose pict-
ures, as well as those of Van Goyen, his own
bear some resemblance. Mentioned as one
of the directors of the Haarlem guild in
1642. Works : Wooded Landscape with
Cattle and Fishermen (1665), Rotterdam
Museum ; do. with Two Peasants, Suer-
mondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Land-
scape, Bordeaux Museum ; do. (attributed
to Roelof Vries), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Wooded do., Brunswick Gallery ; Spyk Ma-
nor (1652), Copenhagen Gallery ; Dutch
Farm Houses (2 ?), Georgium, Dessau ;
Dutch Canal (1644), Leipsic Museum ; Hut
between Trees by the Downs, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Landscape with the Planks,
Vienna Academy. — Gaz. des B. Arts (1869),
i. 179 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 468 ; Van der
Willigen, 253 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 242 ;
vii. 170 ; x. 32 ; xii. 381 ; xiv. 318.
RUISDAEL, JACOB VAN, born in Haar-
lem about 1625 (?), died there, buried, March
14, 1682. Dutch school ; landscape paint-
er, son and pupil of Izack van Ruisdael,
probably also pupil of his uncle Salomon van
Ruisdael ; became the greatest landscape
painter of the Dutch school. In 1648 he
joined the guild of St. Luke at Haarlem, and
in 1659 obtained the rights of citizenship at
Amsterdam. Little appreciated by his con-
temporaries, he gained a scant maintenance
by his art, and in 1681 became so impover-
ished that some of his fellow members of the
Mennonite sect petitioned the Burgomaster
of Haarlem to admit him to the public hos-
pital. Many of his landscapes represent
views in the environs of Haarlem and about
Bentheim. His early works are remarkable
for minute finish of accessories. The fig-
ures introduced in Ruisdael's landscapes are
by Berchem, Adriaan van de Velde, Wou-
werman, Lingelbach, Vermeer, and Eglon
van der Neer. Ruisdael was an admirable
etcher. Works : Landscape with Ruins
(1673), do. with Waterfall (4), Forest Scene,
Six others, National Gallery, London ; Riv-
er Landscapes (2), National Gallery, Edin-
burgh ; Forest, Storm on the Dikes of Hol-
land, four others, Louvre, Paris ; Landscape
(1649), Waterfall in Norway, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Lake of Haarlem, two others, Brus-
sels Museum ; Waterfall, Castle of Bentheim,
View of Haarlem, six others, Amsterdam
Museum ; Old Fishmarket at Amsterdam,
two others, Rotterdam Museum ; View of
Haarlem, two others, Hague Museum ; Hil-
ly landscape with Castle, Park of Country
RUISDAEL
House with Dancers, Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Agitated Sea (2), View of
Haarlem, View of Dam Square at Amster-
dam, On the Downs near Overveen, Land-
scape with Peasant Cottage (1653), five
others, Berlin Museum ; Waterfall, Oak-
wood with Falconer, Cassel Gallery ; The
Chase, Jewish Cemetery, The Convent, Cas-
tle Bentheim, ten others, Dresden Museum ;
Steep Road over Sandy Hill, etc. (1G67),
seven others, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cas-
tle Bentheim, Schonborn Gallery, Vienna ;
View of Haarlem, Marine View, Historical
Society, New York ; others in Galleries of
Bergamo, Brunswick (5), Copenhagen (Roy-
al, 4, Moltke Collection, 4), Darmstadt (2),
Frankfort (4), Gotha, Hamburg (7), Madrid
(2), Nureinburg, Oldenburg (3), Schleiss-
heim (?), Schwerin (2), Stuttgart, Turin (2),
Vienna (Museum, 3,
Liechtenstein, 2, l7) /-»
Harrach (1679), Czer-
ninl), Weimar; Her-
mitage, St. Peters-
burg (14, two dated
1646, 1647); Uffizi,
and Palazzo Pitti,
Florence. Dr. Waa-
gen in his Treasures
mentions 130 in Eng-
lish collections.— Ch.
Blanc, ficole holland-
aise; Burger, Musees,
i. 149, 270 ; ii. 132,
299 ; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii. 41 ; Jal,
1095; Kramm, v. 1410; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
470 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 506 ; Riegel, Bei-
trage, ii. 387 ; Van der Willigen, 256 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, iv. 241 ; v. 228, 305 ; vii. 276 ;
x. 74, 192 ; xii. 21, 260 ; xiv. 318.
RUISDAEL, SALOMON VAN, born in
Haarlem about 1600, buried Nov. 1, 1670.
Dutch school ; landscape painter, formed
himself after Esaias van de Velde, and Jan
van Goyen, whom he resembles much in
merits and defects. Entered the Haarlem
guild in 1623, and was its president in 1648.
While his earlier works are scarcely distin-
j guishable from those of his model, his later
pictures are more mannered in the treat-
ment of foliage and more powerful in colour.
Works: Coast View with Vessels, Antwerp
1 Museum ; Ferry Boat (1647), River Bank
i with Fishermen, Brussels Museum ; Village
Inn (1655), Halt (1660), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; The Meuse at Dordrecht, Rotterdam
Museum ; Herdsmen driving Cows (1614),
River Landscape, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
Dutch Canal (1642), four others (two dated
1631, 1656), Berlin Museum ; Ferry (1652).
Oaks on River Bank, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Village in Flat Country (1633), Fisherman 8
Cottage near Canal (1643), Water with Fish-
ermen, Dresden Museum ; Canal with Boats
(1642), two others, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Woodland on River with Ferry
(1634), Oldenburg Gallery; Landscape
(1654), Worlitz Gallery; "Banks of the
Meuse, View of Alkmanr, Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York ; Crossing the River, Land-
scape, Historical Society, ib. ; others in Gal-
leries of Bamberg, £^
Basle, Cassel, v/L 3 Rs
Frankfort (2), p^f ' '^
Stockholm, Wei-o/ VClO^-t/ Y\
mar ; Czernin Gal- f VQ , (, i I
lery, Vienna (2); ^ 'fiV ' ' **
Brera, Milan.— \J\*(
Dohme, lii.; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1869), ff
«/«•«•
(A/u
j<J<uJL
i. 179; Kramm, v. «/«•«••» »*
1412; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 468; Van der
Willigen, 254 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., v. 229 ;
vii. 169 ; xiv. 319 ; xi. (Mittheilungen, iv.
41).
RUIZ DE LA IGLESIA, FRANCISCO
j IGNACIO, born in Madrid in 1648, died
there in 1704. Spanish school ; pupil of
Camilo and of Carrefio ; painted a fresco in
the queen's antechamber in the Alcuzar so
acceptably that he was made in 1689 painter
to the king, an honour confirmed by Philip
V. He painted portraits of Philip V. and of
his first queen, Maria Louisa of Savoy, and
sacred subjects for churches.— Stirling, iii.
1037.
RUMP
RUMP, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRED, bom
at Hillerod, Dec. 8, 1816, died at Freder-
iksborg, May 25, 1880.
Landscape painter,
pupil of Copenhagen
Academy under Lund ;
painted at first history
and portraits, visited
Norway in 1855-56,
and Germany in 1856-
1857 ; became mem-
ber of Copenhagen
Academy in 1866, and
professor in 1874. Works : Presentation
in the Temple (1842) ; Heath in Jutland
(1849) ; View in Sabygaards Forest (1854) ;
Noro Valley (1856) ; Four Seasons (1864) ;
Turf Pit near Frederiksborg (1848), Morn-
ing in a Forest, ib. (1851), Forest Stream in
Jutland (1854), View of Skaergftrd Reefs,
Sweden (1855), Woodland near Frederiks-
borg (1860), Landscape, ib. (1879), Winter
Scene (1880), Copenhagen Gallery. — Sig.
Muller, 301 ; Weilbach, 595.
RUMPF, PHILIPP, born in Frankfort,
Dec. 19, 1831. Genre painter, pupil of Stii-
del Institute in Frankfort under Rustige ;
visited Munich, Dresden, Paris, and North
Italy, and settled at Kronberg, near Frank-
fort. Works : Poor Flower Girl ; Ladies in
a Park ; Young Lady Artist ; Mother and
Child.— Kaulen, 306 ; Muller, 453.
RUMPLER, FRANZ, born at Tachau,
Bohemia, in 1848. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Engerth ; is compared, by prominent Vien-
na art critics, to Knaus. His portraits are
in the manner of the old Dutch masters.
Professor in Vienna. Works : Goose Herd ;
Morning Prayers, Evening Prayers (1871);
Little Patient ; At Grandmother's (1873) ;
Secret Treasure ; Good Friendship, T. A.
Havemeyer, New York ; In the Park ; Flow-
ers and Pearls (1876); Leisure Hours (1879);
Neapolitan Woman's Head, Woman from
Dachau, Only Scholar in the Family (1883).
— Kunst Chronik, xviii. 509 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiii. 353 ; xv. 332.
RUNCMAN, ALEXANDER, born in Ed-
inburgh, in 1736, died there, Oct. 21, 1785.
History painter, pupil of Foulis's Academv,
Glasgow ; went about 1766 to Rome and
studied five years, painting there his large
picture — Nausicaii at Play with her Maid-
ens. Returning in 1772, he settled the next
year in Edinburgh, where he was appointed
manager to the Trustees' Academy. He
decorated the great hall of Pennicuik with
scenes from Ossian, and painted The Prodi-
gal Son, Cymon and Iphigenia, Sigismunda
weeping over the Heart of Guiscardo, and
other works. His brother, John (1744-66),
an artist of much promise, accompanied
him to Italy and died at Naples ; in the
National Gallery, Edinburgh, are by him :
Flight into Egypt, King Lear in the
Storm, and Portrait of a Youth. — Red-
grave ; F. de Conches, 305 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
anglaise.
RUNK, FERDINAND, born at Freiburg,
in the Breisgau, in 1746, died in Vienna in
1834. Landscape painter ; made himself
known through a fine cycle of eight paint-
ings, in which, by light effects, colour, and
reproduction of forms on the surface of
earth and water, and of the vegetation, he
represented the progress of nature from
the highest ice-peak down to the sea-coast.
Other works : View of the Glumser Valley
in Tyrol, Museum, Vienna ; do. in a Park,
Harrach Gallery, ib.
RUSS, KARL, born in Vienna, May 10,
1779, died there, Sept. 19, 1843. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Maurer ; was afterwards much influenced by
Eberhard Wiichter, and in 1818 became
custodian of the Belvedere. Works : Tire-
sias predicting Future of Hercules ; Philip
of Macedonia rescued by his Son (1805) ;
Caritu romana (1806) ; Hecuba bewailing
her Children, Vienna Museum ; Christoph
von Liechtenstein recognized by his Shield,
I/ 77 /Ato*? Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.;
/ thirty-seven pictures from
Austrian History.— N. Necrol. d. D. (1843),
832 ; Wurzbach, xxvii. 277.
RUSS
BUSS, LEANDER, born in Vienna, Sept.
23, 1809, died at llustendorf, near Vienna,
March 8, 1864. History and genre painter,
son of and first instructed by Karl RUBS,
then pupil of Vienna Academy ; visited It-
aly, and in 1833 the East Works : Defence
of a Bastion by Vienna Citizens in 1G83
(1837), Vienna Museum ; The End of the
Flood (1828); Ivanhoe liberating Rebecca
(1830); Two Scenes in Don Quixote (1832);
Maria von Sickingen interceding for Gotz
von Berlichiugen (1835) ; Leopold VH of
Babenberg opening his Treasury to City of
Vienna (1837) ; Episode in Austrian War
of Succession, 1741 (1848). — Wurzbach,
xxvii. 288.
RUSS, ROBERT, born in Vienna, June
7, 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Vien-
na Academy under Albert Zimmernianu,
whom he accompanied on several study
trips, and in whose place he became profes-
sor at Vienna Academy in 1871. Gold
medal, 1869. Works : Pine Forest (1869) ;
Views near Eisenerz (4, 1870); Fiirstenburg
near Burgeis (1871), Castle Heidelberg, Vi-
enna Museum ; Wind Mill in Rotterdam,
Canal in Venice (1873) ; Wood Landscape
(1874); Pilgrims' Procession ; Scene in the
Wurstel Prater, Vienna ; St. Paul's Cem-
etery at Botzen (1882); View near Meran,
Italian Landscape (Jubilee Exhibition, Ber-
lin, 1886).— Milller, 453 ; Wurzbach, xxvii.
291 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 372 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, vii. 163.
RUSTIC CHILDREN, Thomas Gainsbor-
ough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. !
1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 2 in. Evening ; a girl
standing, with a child in her arms, and a
boy with a bundle of faggots, seated ; in
background, right, a cottage. Engraved by
G. B. Shaw in Art Journal. — Brock-Arnold,
64 ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Art Journal (1850), 102.
RUSTIC CIVILITY, William Collins,
Chatsworth ; wood, H. 1 ft 6 in. x 2 ft. A
ragged boy holding open a gate for the
squire ; a smaller child hides shyly behind
his brother, and a third, with a dog, peeps
through the bars. The approach of the
VI
rider is indicated only by the shadow of his
horse and himself in the foreground. Royal
Academy, 1832 ; to Duke of Devonshire, 250
guineas; repetition (1834), 8. Kensington
Museum. Engraved by Outrun ; C. Cousen.
-Wilkie Collins, Memoirs, ii. 10, 347 ;
Painters of Georgian Era, 72 ; Art Journal
(1865), 234.
RUSTIC TOILET, Thomas Faed, Mrs. M.
O. Roberts, New York ; canvas. A young
girl seated before a table, on which in
propped up a broken looking-glass, with
both hands raised arranging her hair ; at
left, a child, standing.
RUSTIGE, HEINRICH VON, born at
Werl, Westphalia, April 12, 1810. History,
genre, and landscape painter, pupil of Dlls-
seldorf Academy under Schadow ; went in
1836 to Frankfort, whence he made pro-
longed study trips to Vienna, Hungary,
Dresden, Berlin, Belgium, France, and Eng-
land, and in 1845 became professor at the
art school in Stuttgart, and inspector of
the royal galleries. Medal, London, 1874 ;
Wurternberg Crown Order ; Bavarian Order
of Michael. Works : French Invalid (1832);
Prayer in Storm (1836), Inundation Scene,
National Gallery, Berlin ; Interrupted Meal,
Rustic genre Scene, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Rhenish Kirmess (1838) ; Quartering in
Hungary ; Village Physician ; Rubens in
his Pupils' Studio ; Duke of Alva at Rudol-
stadt (1861), Emperor Otto L after Con-
quest of the Danes, Capuchin Monk trying
to convert Gypsies, Stuttgart Museum ; Till
Eulenspiegel ; Transportation of Remains
of Otto HI. over the Alps, Stettin Museum ;
Emperor Frederic H. at Palermo ; Crusa-
ders in the Desert ; Rubens taking his Wife
to Studio of his Pupils; The Recovered
Child ; Queen Elizabeth attending Perform-
ance of Merry Wives (1882) ; Roman Ban-
quet (1883).— niustr. Zeitg. (1863), ii. 31 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xx. 546 ; Mttller, 454 ;
Wolfg. Miiller, Ddsseldf. K, 288 ; Riegel,
D. Kuuststud., 421.
RUTH AND BOAZ, Alexandra Cabanel,
Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; can-
KUTH
vas. Boaz sleeping upon his threshing-
floor, under a tent formed of a blanket
stretched over young trees ; at his feet re-
clines Kuth, her head supported by her left
arm, which rests upon a sheaf of barley ; in
the background, the glimmer of day is just
spreading upward from the horizon. — Art
Treasures of America, ii. 26, 30.
By Jean Fram^ois Millet, Martin Brim-
mer, Boston. A harvest scene, with real
peasants for characters. The master finds
a young gleaner and leads her blushing to
the feast of the country people. Salon, 1853.
By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. In a vast
plain covered with grain, with hills and
buildings on the horizon, women are en-
gaged in harvesting ; in foreground, Ruth
kneels before Boaz, who orders a follower
leaning upon a lance not to hinder her from
gleaning. Sometimes called L'ete (Sum-
mer). One of a series of four, painted in
1660-64, for Due de Richelieu, whence
passed to Louis XIV. Engraved by J.
Pesne.— Filhol, iv. PI. 256 ; Landon.
RUTH AND NAOMI, Murillo, Earl of
Radnor, Longford Castle, Wiltshire, Eng-
land ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x G ft. 8 in.
The two leaving Moab ; in background,
Orpah returning to city. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, iv. 358 ; Stirling, iii. 1416 ; Curtis,
124.
RUTHART, KARL, flourished about
1660-80. German school ; painter of ani-
mals and hunts, was a resident of Ratisbon
in 1664 ; seems to have travelled in Italy
about 1672 and lived for some time in Ven-
ice. Works : Bear Hunt, Louvre ; Stag at-
tacked by two Lions, Bamberg Gallery ;
Fierce Combat between Stags and Dogs,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Stags upon Preci-
pice ; Stag Hunt, Bear Hunt, Ulysses com-
pelling Circe to disenchant his Companions
(1666), Dresden Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Shepherd leaning upon Don-
key, Lion fighting Panthers, Stag attacked
by Lynxes, Leopardess nursing a Child,
Lion by dead Stag attacked by Panthers,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Elks, Deer, and
Waterfowl on a Rocky Shore (2), Harrach
Gallery, ib.; Deer in a Landscape, do. in
Mountains, Bear Hunt, Stag Hunt, Czernin
Gallery, ib.; Bear Hunt, Schonborn Gal-
lery, ib. ; Stag Hunt, Leopards by dead
Stags, and Eagles, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
bruck ; Deer Grazing and Fowl, Stag at-
tacked by Leopards, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 532; Nagler,
Mon., ii. 236.
RUTHS, VALENTIN, born in Hamburg,
March 6, 1825. Landscape painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer ;
went to Italy in 1855, spent two years in
Rome and settled in Hamburg, whence he
repeatedly visited Germany, Switzerland,
and North Italy. Member of Berlin Acad-
emy in 1869 ; gold medal, Berlin, 1872.
Works : View in Roman Campagna, Even-
ing in Sabine Mountains (1856), Forest
Brook, Landscape with Harvest Wagon,
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Northern Heath
(1864), Prague Gallery; Giant's Grave;
Well in the Woods (1866), Konigsberg
Gallery ; Village in Rhon Mountains ; Even-
ing Walk near Small Town (1875), Dresden
Gallery ; Morteratsch Glacier ; Woodland
near Lugano ; View on Baltic Coast, Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; Hermit in the Woods,
Summer Night in Holstein (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).— Kunst fiir Alle, i. 258 ;
Leixner, Mod. K., ii. 116 ; Miiller, 454.
RUYSCH, RACHEL, born in Amsterdam
in 1664, died there in 1750. Dutch school ;
flower and fruit painter, pupil of Willem
van Aelst ; married (1695) the portrait paint-
er Juriaan Pool, joined The Hague guild,
1701, and became court painter to the Elec-
tor Palatine in 1708. Works : Flower and
Fruit-Pieces with Insects, etc., in Museums
of Brussels (1704), Amsterdam (4, one dated
1659), The Hague (2, 1700, 1715), Rotter-
dam (1685), Aix-la-Chapelle, Berlin (1705),
RUYSDAEL
Brunswick (2), Darmstadt, Dresden (3, one
dated 1718), Gotha, Innsbruck (2), Vienna
(1706), New York (2) ; Galleries of Car 1s-
ruhe (3, two dated 1715, 1717), Cassel,
Frankfort (1698), Wiesbaden ; Six Collec-
tion, Amsterdam (2, 1730); Old Pinakothek,
Munich (5, three dated 1708, 1709, 1715) ;
Liechtenstein (2) and Czerniii (2) Galleries,
Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence (2, 1711) ; Palazzo
Pitti, ib. (2).— Ch.
landaise ;
218 ; Immerzeel,
7 J ^ fl iii. 40 ; Kramm,
ie//?*YJC* v' 1«7; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 546 ;
Burger, Husoes,
i. 165; ii. 154, 319; Riegel, Beitrage, ii.
447.
RUYSDAEL. See EuMael
RUYTEN, JOANNES MICHAEL, born
in Antwerp, April 9, 1813. Landscape and
marine painter, pupil in Antwerp of Rege-
morter, and at The Hague of Nuyen.
Works : Exodus (1838); River Bank (1840);
A Sail (1842) ; View of Antwerp ; Enter-
tainment before Inn ; Fisherman's Boat
Stranded ; Harbour View ; Winter Harbour
of Dordrecht ; Entertainment on the Ice ;
City on a River, Canal in Antwerp, Stettin
Museum ; Cartmen loading Freight Wagon,
Stuttgart Museum ; Winter Landscape with
Figures, Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Scene in
Antwerp, John D. Lankenau, Philadelphia.
— Immerzeel, iii. 44 ; Kramm, v. 1418 ; Kug-
ler, Kl. Schr., iii.
RY, PIETER DE. See Danckerls.
RYCKAERT, DAVID, the younger (HI.),
born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 2, 1612,
died there, Nov. 11, 1661. Flemish school ;
genre painter, son and pupil of David Ryck-
aert, the elder (H, 1586-1642), developed
under the influence of Brouwer and David
Teniers the younger ; friend of Gonzales
Coques, who married his sister. Received
into guild of St. Luke, 1636. Studied
Teniers the younger, Brouwer, and Van
Ostade. Excelled in effects of light; sub-
jects generally interiors with peasant* and
village fairs. Works : Interior of Flemish
Tavern, Stowage, Farm House, New York
Museum ; Dutch Interior, Historical Soci-
ety, New York ; Artist in his Studio, Lou-
vre ; Village Fair, Jolly Company at Table,
Antwerp Museum ; Alchemist (1648), Brus-
sels Museum ; Shell Dealer, Lille Museum ;
Shoemaker's Shop, Amsterdam Museum ;
Toper, Rotterdam Museum ; Flemish Inn,
Must'e Rath, Geneva ; do., and Holiday
Meal in Peasant Cottage (1657), Family
Concert (1650), Gallery, Copenhagen ; Vil-
lage Cobbler, Moltke Collection, ib.; Vil-
lage Fool, Berlin Museum ; Lute Player and
Old Woman (1644), Cassel Gallery ; Interior
with Peasants Drinking (1638), Peasant Fam-
ily (1639), Similar Subject (1644), Still-Life
(2), Dresden Museum ; Butcher offering to
Woman a Glass of Beer (1639), Stiidel Gal-
lery, Frankfort ; Alchemist and Wife in the
Laboratory (1648), Shoemaker's Shop, Leip-
sic Museum ; Street Urchins at Play (1640),
Twelfth Night Festival (1648), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Old Woman with Cat, Peas-
ant with Dog, Hermitage, Si Petersburg ;
Merry Topers, Schleissheim Gallery ; Inte-
rior of Peasant Cottage (1617), Domestic
Music, Schwerin Gallery ; Soldiers plunder-
ing Village (1649), Kirmess Festival (1648),
The Witch, A Scholar, Kitchen Interior,
Museum, Vienna ; Nativity, Musical Enter-
tainment (1650), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.;
Sacknge of a House, Musical Trio, Harrach
Gallery, ib.; Peasants in a Tavern, Musical
Assembly, Czernin Gallery, ib.; Temptation
of St. Anthony (2), Uffizi, Florence ; Alche-
//
mist, Madrid Museum. — Cat du Mua
dAnvers, 320 ; Immerzeel, iii. 46 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 329 ; Kramm, v. 1421 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Michiels, ix. 60 ;
Rooses (Reber), 402; Van den Branden,
606.
93
BYGKAEBT
EYCKAEET, MAETEN, born in Ant-
werp, Dec. 8, 1587, died there, Oct. 28,
1631. Flemish school; landscape painter,
son and pupil of David Eyckaert, the eldest
(L, 1560-1G07); seems to have continued his
studies under Tobias Verhaegt, and then
went to Italy, whence he returned in 1G11,
and was received into the guild. He had
only one arm. A masterly portrait of him,
by Van Dyck, ia in the Dresden Museum.
Works: Eocky Landscape (1616), Madrid
Museum ; Falls of Tivoli, Uffizi, Florence.
— Eooses (Eeber), 401 ; Van den Branden,
604
EYCKEEE, BEENAAED DE, born at
Courtray about 1535, died in Antwerp, Jan.
1, 1590. Flemish school ; history and por-
trait painter, received into guild of Ant-
werp in 1561. Works : Descent of the Holy
Ghost, Creation of Adam, Apparition of the
Holy Ghost at Baptism of Christ, St. Salva-
tor and St. Martin (1587), St. Martin's,
Courtray. His son and pupil, Abraham
(baptized July 5, 1566, died in 1599), was
an artist of great promise, whose portraits
of Donors (1591) in St. James's, Antwerp,
and in the Museum, ib., may be ranked
with the best productions of the 16th cen-
tury. — Kramm, v. 1422 ; Eooses (Eeber),
107 ; Van den Branden, 331.
EYDBEEG, GUSTAF FEEDEIK, born at
Malmo, Sweden, Sept. 13, 1835. Landscape
painter, pupil of Copenhagen (1852-57) and
Stockholm (1857-59) Academies, then in
Diisseldorf of Gude ; returned to Stock-
holm, visited Norway in 1868 in the suite
of King Charles XV., and Diisseldorf in
1873. Works : Spring Landscape, View
near Morrum, and others, Stockholm Mu-
seum.
EYDEE, ALBEET, born in New Bedford,
Mass., March 19, 1847. Landscape and fig-
ure painter, pupil of William E. Marshall,
engraver and artist, and of the National
Academy. Visited London, Paris, and Hol-
land in 1877, and Spain, Italy, and Germany
in 1882. Member of Society of American
Artists. Studio in New York. Works :
Wandering Cow ; Landscape — Spring ; Cur-
few Hour ; Pegasus ; Two Lovers ; Farm-
Yard ; Lovers' Boat ; Chase ; Lowing Cow ;
Nourmahal ; Landscape with Figures (1881);
Landscape (1882), Erwin Davis; do. (1883);
The Waste of Waters is their Field (1884),
D. Cottier, New York ; Little Maid of Ar-
cady (1886).
EYDEE, PLATT POWELL, born in
Brooklyn, N. Y., June 11, 1821, Genre paint-
er, pupil of Leon Bonnat in Paris, in 1869-70 ;
studied in Belgium and Holland. Elected
an A.N.A. in 1869. Studio in New York.
Works : Life's Evening, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Spinning, An Interior (1879) ; Fare-
well (1880); Spinning- Wheel (1881); Bead-
ing the Cup (1882); Welcome Step (1883);
Warming Up, Washing Day, Clean Shave,
Bill of Fare (1884) ; The Fireside (1885) ;
Watching and Waiting (1886).
EYSBEACK, PEETEE,born in Antwerp,
April 25, 1655, died at Brussels in 1729.
Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of
Philips Augustyn Immenraet (1627-79), be-
came master of the guild in 1673, went to
London in 1675, then to Paris, where he
studied under Francisque Millet, and whence
he had returned to Antwerp in 1687 ; shortly
after 1719 he settled at Brussels. Many of
his pictures have been sold as by Poussin.
Landscapes of a grandiose and melancholy
character ; execution firm and bold. Speci-
mens in Museums and Galleries of Ant-
werp, Bamberg, Aschaffenburg, Hamburg,
Schleissheim, and Stuttgart. In the Liech-
tenstein Gallery,
Vienna, is a
. .. » Wood Land-
74 Q ^
* scape with Di-
ana and Hunting Train (1716), by Lu-
dovicus Eysbraeck. — Kugler (Crowe), ii.
345 ; Siret (1883), 237 ; Van den Branden,
1079.
SAAL
SAAL, GEORG, born at Coblentz in
1818, died at Baden-Baden, Oct. 3,
1870. Landscape painter, pupil of
Diisseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; visit-
ed Norway and Lapland, went in 1848 to
Heidelberg, thence to Baden-Baden, but
lived mostly in Paris until 1870. Profes-
sor ; several medals and orders ; Baden
court painter. Works : Dolomite Rocks in
the Eifel (1845) ; Lienbach Valley with
Gypsies (1846) ; Midnight in Hardanger
Fjord — Norway (1849), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Midnight Sun in Norway (2,
1853, 185G), Polar Sea, Leipsic Museum ;
Peasant Room in Tyrol (I860), Fiirstenberg
Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Midnight Sun in
Lapland ; View in Black Forest (1867), Lou-
vre ; Scandinavian Funeral by Moonlight,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; In Fontainebleau For-
est—Blanckarts, 46 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Dttssel-
df. K, 346 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii. 279.
SAAR, ALOIS VON, born at Traiskir-
chen, Nether Austria, in 1799, died after
1840. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy. Works : Ruins of Fortress Led-
nitz (1816) ; Four Panoramic Views of Vi-
enna (1828) ; View of Prague and Moldau
Bridge (1831), Vienna Museum ; Belgrade
by Moonlight (1832) ; Views of Dominican
and Caroline Bastions in Vienna (1834) ;
Mill near Grinzing, Dobliug near Vienna
(1840).— Wurzbach, xxviii. 2.
SABATELLI, FRANCESCO, bom in
Florence, Feb. 22, 1803, died in Milan,
Aug. 18, 1829. History painter, son and
pupil of Luigi Sabatelli, then studied in
Rome and Venice, was called to Florence
by Leopold II. in 1823, and made professor
in the Academy. Member of Venice Acad-
emy. Works : In the Midst of the Storm
(1828), Gallery of Modern Painters, Flor-
ence. In fresco : Hector attacking Greek
Vessels (in the Olympus by his father), Pa-
lazzo Pitti, ib.
SABATELLI, GIUSEPPE, born in Mil-
an, June 24, 1813, died in Florence, Feb.
27, 1843. History painter, son and pupil
of Luigi Sabatelli, called to Florence by
Leopold H in 1834, and made professor at
the Academy. Works: Two Miracles of
St. Anthony (1834-35), S. Croce, Florence ;
Philomene Consolatrix (1837), S. Francesco,
Pisa ; Mother of the Gracchi, Tasso reading
his Poem, Samuel in Cave of Endor (1837-
39), Meredith Calhoun, New York ; Tempta-
tion of St. Anthony, S. Tomrnaso, Milan ;
Farinato degli Uberti in Battle on the Ser-
chio (1841), Florence Gallery.
SABATELLI, LUIGI, the elder, born in
Florence, Feb. 19, 1772, died in Milan,
Jan. 29, 1850. History painter, pupil of
Florence Academy under Pedroni ; studied
in Rome in 1788-93, worked in Venice in
1795-97, and became professor at Milan
Academy in 1808. Member of all the Ital-
ian and of Vienna and Munich Academies.
Austrian Gold Medal. Works : Abigail be-
fore David (1806), St. Mary's Chapel, Arezzo ;
Blessing the Children (1819), Palazzo Pa-
roni, Genoa ; Capponi tearing French Con-
ditions of Peace (1829), Marquis Capponi,
Florence ; Heliodorus driven from the Tem-
ple (1838). In fresco : Four Great Proph-
ets (1810), S. Gaudenzio, Novara ; Life of
Americus Vespuccius, Eight Scenes from
the Iliad, Olympus (1820-25), Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Marriage of Cupid and Psyche
(1831), Palazzo Busca-Serbelloni, Milan ;
Three Scenes in Life of Galileo (1841); Tri-
umph of Cupid (1843), Villa Giontini, Flor-
ence ; Coronation of the Virgin, S. Firenze,
ib.— Najrlor, xiv. 122.
SABATELLI, LUIGI, the younger, bom
in Milan, Feb. 12, 1818. History painter,
son and pupil of Luigi, the elder, whom he
assisted in his fresco paintings, which branch
of art he cultivates principally. Works : The
Holy Virgin (1869), Nazareth Church, Mil-
an; Presentation in the Temple (187C>),
Hospital Church, ib.; Evangelists, Theo-
logical Virtues, The Virgin (1871), Cunardo
Cathedral.
SABBATINI, ANDREA. See Andrea da
Salerno.
SABBATINI, LORENZO, born in Bo-
logna about 1530, died in Rome in 1577.
SABINES
Bolognese school ; called also Lorenzino da
Bologna ; pupil probably of Prospero Fon-
tana, but imitated Michelangelo, Eaphael,
and Parmigiano. Went to Kome, after
winning reputation in Bologna, and suc-
ceeded so well that he was appointed (1572)
by Gregory XUL superintendent of the
paintings then in progress at the Vatican.
Works : Assumption, Dead Christ, Pilgrims
of Emmaus, Bologna Gallery ; Madonna
(dated 1572), Louvre ; Madonna with Saints,
Berlin Museum ; Marriage of St. Catherine,
Dresden Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 415 ;
Rape of the Sabines, Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery,
Malvasia, i. 181 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Burckhardt, 761.
SABINES, RAPE OF THE. Eomulus,
his people having been refused the right of
connubiuin or legal marriage by the Sa-
bines and the Latins, instituted games in
honour of the god Census and invited his
neighbours with their wives and children
to the festival. When they were assembled,
the Roman youths seized and carried off the
virgins and made them their wives. This
led to war, and both parties were nearly
exhausted with the struggle when the Sa-
bine women rushed in among the combat-
ants and brought about a reconciliation
between their husbands and their fathers
(Plut., Rom. 14 ; Livy, i. 13).
By Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. The Sabine
women seized and borne away by the Ro-
mans. In the background, near a Corinth-
ian temple, Romulus, mounted upon a horse,
is directing the movement. Painted for
Marie Louise d'Orleans, Queen of Spain ;
taken from Naples to Dresden. Engraved
by R. Gaillard ; R. Sourique ; J. F. Beau-
varlet ; Re veil — Gal. roy.
de Dresde, ii. PI. 40 ; Do-
menici, iii. 415.
By Pietro da Cortona,
Blenheim Palace. One of
the master's best works. —
Waagen, Treasures, iii. 126.
By Pielro da Cortona,
Capitol Museum, Rome. At
right, a woman in a sol-
dier's embrace, raises her
hands in supplication ; at
left, another, borne away
by a Roman, looks pitying-
ly at her infant, which cries
and seeks to follow her ; iii
middle, a third energetical-
ly resists her aggressor.
Copy by J. C. Naigeon, Di-
jon Museum. Engraved
by P. Aquila.
By Nicolas Poussin, Lou-
vre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 f t. x 6 ft. 6 in. At
left, on the peristyle of a palace, before
which stand the lictors, Romulus, with two
senators behind him, gives the signal for the
seizure of the Sabine women by raising his
mantle ; in foreground, at right, the Romans
are capturing their prey ; in background, a
temple and other buildings. Valued in
1816 at 150,000 francs. Engraved by Abr.
Girardet ; Etienne Baudet ; P. L. H. Lau-
rent ; Pool ; Bovinet. Same subject, differ-
ently treated, formerly in collection of Sir
Richard Colt Hoare, engraved by Jean Au-
SABINES
dran.— Landon, Mus6e, x. PL 25 ; Filhol, x.
PI. 697.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ;
wood, H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Scene in
Forum, with a triumphal arch and the Pan-
theon in background, where the military
games are going on ; at left, seated on a
dais, Eomulus gives the signal to his sol-
diers, who are seizing and bearing away
the struggling women. Formerly iu Mine.
Boschaert's Collection, Antwerp ; purchased
Palazzo Brignolo Salo, Genoa, and Uffizi ;
| Francesco Bossano, Turin Gallery ; Antonio
Bellucci, Cassel Gallery ; II Fattore, National
Gallery, London ; Adriaen Backer, Bruns-
wick Gallery ; Sebastiauo Ricci, Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna.
SABINES AND ROMANS, RECONCIL-
IATION OF, It ubcnx, Escorial, near Madrid ;
canvas. Companion to Rape of S.ihincs in
Escorial. The two armies, in presence of
! each other, are restrained from hostilities
Rape of th« Sabines, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, P«nt.
by J. J. Angerstein, whence passed to Na-
tional Gallery. Engraved by Martinasi
(1770) ; J. Young. Similar subject, paint-
ed about 1628, Escorial ; study in Ashbur-
ton Collection, London, formerly in Danoot
Collection, Brussels. Similar subject, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg.— Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 350 ; ii. 102 ; Angerstein Gal., PL
6 ; Beechey, Reynolds, ii. 149, 188.
Subject treated also by Giulio Romano,
National Gallery, London ; Luca Cambiaso,
Palazzo Imperiale, Genoa ; Valerio Castello,
by the Sabine women, who, with their in-
fants iu their arms, rush between them.
Painted about 1628. Study in Ashburton
Collection, London, formerly in Danoot Col-
i lection, Brussels. Same subject, Munich
Gallery. —Waagen, ii. 102 ; Smith, il 175 ;
Beechey, Reynolds, 149.
SABINE WOMEN, Louis Davul, Louvre,
Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 8 in. x 17 ft.; signed,
dated 1799. The battle between the Romans
under Romulus and the Sabines under Ta-
tius interrupted by the Sabiue women, who
117
SABLET
rush in between the combatants and pray
their husbands and fathers to be reconciled
(Livy, i. 13). At the right, Romulus, about
to hurl his spear at Tatius, is stopped by
his wife, Hersilia ; in background, the ram-
parts of the Capitol occupied by the Sa-
bines, who had obtained possession through
the treachery of Tarpeia. Exhibited pri-
vately, by which David made 65,627 francs.
Salon of 1808 ; acquired in 1819, with Le-
onidas at Thermopylae, for 100,000 francs.
Male Portrait, Nantes Museum. — Bellier, ii.
445.
SABLET, FRANCOIS, born at Merges,
Switzerland, in 1745, died at Nantes in
1819. Landscape, genre, and portrait paint-
er, pupil in Paris of Vien ; visited Italy, and
after his return assisted Mme. Lebrun in
her works for Louis XVL, then settled at
Nantes ; in 1812 he was commissioned by
the city to paint six pictures in imitation of
bas-reliefs, representing scenes of Napole-
Sabine Women, Louis David, Louvre, Paris.
Engraved by R. U. Massard. — Laudon ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Reveil, ii. 136.
SABLET, JACQUES HENRI, born at
Merges, Switzerland, in 1749 (1751 ?), died
in Paris in 1803. Genre, landscape, and
portrait painter, pupil at Lyons of Dubois
and Cocher, decorative painters, and in
Paris of Vien ; spent twenty years in Italy,
and travelled in Spain. Works : Old Man
Reading, Italian Washerwomen, Vintage in
Italy, Meeting of the Five Hundred at Saint
Cloud on the 18th Brumaire, Year VIII.,
on's sojourn at Nantes ; these were sold in
1815 and carried to the United States.
Works : View of Tivoli, Entrance into Sa-
voy, View in Italy, View in Nantes, Male
Portraits (2), Nantes Museum. — Bellier, ii.
446 ; Nagler, xiv. 127.
SACCHI, ANDREA, born near Rome,
November, 1600, died there, June 21, 1661.
Roman school ; natural son of Benedetto
Sacchi, a mediocre painter, who taught him
the rudiments of art ; apprenticed to Albani
in Rome, and became one of his most noted
98
SACCIII
scholars. Obtained the favour of Urban
VHL, who commissioned him to paint the
miracle of St. Gregory
for St. Peter's, now in
the Vatican. His work
entitled Divine Wis-
dom, Palazzo Barberi-
ni, gained him great
reputation, which was
enhanced by his Vision
of St Romuald, Vatican.
Sacchi was considered
the most able painter
in Rome of his day. He was one of the best
colourists of the Roman school, and a cor-
rect designer ; and if his works sometimes
lack in power, it is because he did not pos-
A /'"V sess enough
of the artistic
temperament
to express his
noble concep-
tions.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; Burck-
hardt, 793.
SACCHI DI PAVIA, PIER-FRANCES-
CO, painted in Genoa in 1512-26. Geno-
ese school Lomazzo, who calls him Pier-
Francesco Pavese, says that he painted in
Mantua about 1460 ; but Lanzi thinks there
must have been two of the name. His style
is of the Lombard school, and especially
like that of Carlo Mautegna. Works : Christ
on the Cross (1514), Berlin Museum ; Doc-
tors of the Church with Symbols of the
Evangelists (1516), Louvre ; St. John Bap-
tist taking Leave of his Parents (dated
1512), Oratory of S. Maria, Genoa ; Three
Saints in a Landscape, S. M. di Castello,
Genoa. — Lanzi, iii. 237 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
genoise ; Burckhardt, 610 ; Liibke, Gesch.
ital. Mai., i. 500.
SACCHIENSIS. See Pordenone.
SACHS, MICHAEL EMTL, born at Ha-
damar, Hesse-Nassau, in 1836. Landscape
painter, pupil in Carlsruhe of Schiriner
(1855-58), and in DUsseldorf of Oswald
Achenbach (1858-60) ; lived at Wiesbaden
in 1860-65, then settled at Parteukircheu,
' Bavaria, where he is director of a central
school for wood carving. Paints with fine
conception and great truth. Works : Views
on the Rhine and Lahn ; In the Eifel ; The
Taunus and the Bavarian Alps. — - Holler,
455.
SACHTLEVEN. See Saft-Leuen.
SACK OF A JEWS HOUSE, Joseph
Nicolas /totert-Fleury, Luxembourg Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 6 ft 8 in. Pillage of
a house in the Judecca, Venice, in the mid-
dle ages. "Under the slightest pretext,
the people ran to the Jews' quarter, broke
open their houses, and pillaged their treas-
ures." Salon, 1855.
SACRA FAMILIA. See Holy Family.
SACRAMENTS, SEVEN, Nicolas row-
sin, Bridgewater House, London ; series of
seven pictures, canvas, each H. 3 ft 10
in. x 5 ft. 9 in. 1. Baptism ; 2. Confirma-
tion ; 3. Marriage ; 4. Penitence ; 5. Ordina-
tion ; 6. Last Supper ; 7. Extreme Unction.
Painted at Rome in 1644-48 for M. Chante-
lou, from whom bought by the Regent Phil-
ippe, Due d'OrU'aus, for 120,000 livres ; pur-
chased from Orleans Gallery by Duke of
Bridgowater for £4,900. Engraved by B.
Audran ; Pesne ; Dughet ; Gantrel ; and in
Orleans Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures, ii
39 ; Smith, viii. 63.
SACRED WOOD (Le Bois sacn', cher
aux Arts et aux Muses), Pierre Puri* cle
Chavannes, Paris ; canvas. A large allegor-
ical picture containing a lake with wooded
banks and a temple in a flowery meadow
with figures in semi-classic draperies, some
standing, some reclining, and two, at left,
flying, representing the Arts and the Muses.
Salon, 1884.— Gaz. dcs B. Arts (1884) ,xxix.
470, 488.
SADtiE, PHILIP, born at The Hague,
Feb. 7, 1837. Genre painter, pupil of the
Hague Academy under J. E. J. van den
j Berg ; visited France and Germany, painted
at first historical subjects, then excellent
scenes from peasant and fishermen's life.
Medals in Amsterdam, The Hague, and
Vienna. Works : Potato Harvest in the
•M
SAENKEDAM
Downs, Distribution of Bread among the j of Old City Hall, City Hall, ib. ; View in St.
Poor (1872) ; Harvest (1874), Keturn from Ann's, Haarlem (1652), Haarlem Museum ;
Fish Market, Amsterdam Museum ; Depart-
ure of Fishermen (1875) ; Expectation
(1879).
View of St. Mary's, Utrecht, Rotterdam
Museum ; several Views of Churches and
Public Buildings, Utrecht Museum ; Inte-
Seven Sacraments (Extreme Unction), Nicolas Poussin, Bridgewater House, London.
SAENEEDAM (Zaenredam), PIETER,
born at Assendelf t,
N. Holland, June
9, 1597, died in
Haarlem, buried
May 31, 1665.
Dutch school;
landscape and
architecture
painter, son of the
engraver, Joannes
Saenredam, pupil
in Haarlem of F. P. de Grebber in 1608-22 ;
entered Haarlem guild in 1623, and was its
secretary in 1635. Filled his pictures with
well-drawn figures. Works : Two Views in
Haarlem Cathedral (1636), do. in St. Mary's
at Utrecht (1637), Interior of Assendelft
Church (1649), Museum, Amsterdam ; View
rior of St. Mary's in Utrecht (1630), Bruns-
wick Gallery ; do., Cassel Gallery ; Church
Interior (1635), Berlin Museum ; Interior
of Protestant Church, Turin Gallery. — Im-
merzeel, iii. 50 ; Kramm, v. 1434 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 511 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 430 ;
Van der Willigen, 261.
SAFT-LEVEN, CORNELIS, born in Rot-
terdam, 1612 (?), died after 1682 (?). Dutch
school ; genre, landscape, and animal paint-
er, brother of Herman, and although infe-
rior to him, has much merit for truth of
conception and careful execution ; colouring
heavy and generally cold ; rendered poultry
with marvellous fidelity, and occasionally
painted still-life ; lived in Utrecht in 1634.
Works : Portrait of a Painter (1629), Lou-
vre ; Peasant Company (1642), Herdsmen
and Herd in Landscape (1652), Herdsmen
100
SAFT-LEVEN
in Prayer in approaching Storm. Amster-
dam Museum ; Landscape with Herd, Su-
ermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Sur-
gical Operation (163(i), Job tormented by
the Evil Spirits, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Concert
of Cats (1682), Cologne Museum ; Flight
into Egypt (1652), Brunswick Gallery ; Ex-
terior of Peasant's House (1G78), Interior
with Woman feeding Chickens (1678), two
other Interiors, Dresden Gallery; Dutch
Peasant Room, Germanic Museum, Nurem-
berg ; Kitchen Interior, Rustic Unconcern,
Schwerin Gallery ; Adoration of the Shep-
herds, Annunciation to the Shepherds, To-
bias and the Angel, Schleissheim Gallery ;
Cattle Market, Pasture, Hermitage, Si
Petersburg ; Cattle Market, Liechenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; Huntsman feeding Dogs,
Historical Society, New York. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 424 ; Kramm, v. 1435 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 370.
SAFT-LEVEN, HERMAN, born in Rot-
terdam, 1609,
died in Utrecht,
Jan. 5, 1685.
Dutch school ;
landscape paint-
er, pupil of Jan
van Goyen, but
formed himself
chiefly by study-
ing nature. His
views of the
Rhine, Meuse, and Moselle, are well drawn,
carefully executed, and enlivened with fig-
ures and animals. The pictures of his best
period are distinguished by their clear per-
spectives and a soft bluish colouring. Re-
moved to Utrecht probably about 1633.
Works : Rhine View (1655), Louvre ; Farm
(1654), Brussels Museum ; River Landscapes
(3), Rhine View (1678), Amsterdam Museum ;
Oldenbarnevelt and his Judges (in the shape
of animals), Haarlem Museum ; Rhine View,
Rotterdam Museum ; River Landscape and
Scene from Guariui's " Pastor Fido" (1635),
Berlin Museum ; River in Mountainous
Country (1680), Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; Landscape with Rebekah and
Eliezer (1641), Two Rhine Views, Aschaff-
enburg Gallery ; River Landscapes (3),
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Mountain View
with Castles, et«., on River (1675), Gotha
Museum ; three Rhine Views, (1661, 1652,
1653), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape
with Nymphs and Satyrs (figures by Poel-
enburg, 1643), Rhine View (1660), Bruns-
wick Gallery; do. (1668), Rocky Valley
with City, Oldenburg Gallery ; do. (9,1660,
1662, 1663, 1667, 1675, 1678), Schwerin
Gallery ; do. (4), 1642, 1647, 1667, Hermi-
tage, St. Petersburg ; Shipping Place on the
Rhine (1650), Rhine View (1659), Tavern
among Rocks (1661), two others (1665,
1669), Copenhagen Gallery ; Lighthouse on
Sea Coast, Vintage (1649), Rocky Landscape
with Buildings (1650), Valley with Lake
(1654), City at Foot of Mountain (1656),
Ehrenbreitstein (1656), twelve others, Dres-
den Gallery ; Sunset (1641), three Rhine
f A . CctrCC/it . Anno 6Cf
Views (1665, 1666), Museum, Vienna ; others
in Liechtenstein, Czernin (2), and Schon-
born Galleries, ib. — Ch. Blanc, tfcole hol-
landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 52 ; Kramm, v.
1435 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 482 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 358.
SAGSTATTER, HERMANN, born in Mu-
nich in 1808, died there, Dec. 25, 1883.
! Genre and history painter, pupil of Munich
Academy. Works : Tavern Scene ; Klaus
and Steffen at the Inn ; Altarpieces at
Schwabing, Berg am Lain, Haching, Ket-
tershausen, Monheim, etc., Bavaria ; Fres-
cos ; Town Hall, Landsberg on the Lech.-
Nagler, Mon., iii. 588 ; Recensionen, 1865.
SAIN, EDOUARD ALEXANDRE, born
at Cluny (Saone-et-Loire), May 13, 1830.
Genre painter, pupil of Valenciennes Acad-
emy, of Picot, and of the £cole des Beaux
Arts. Medals : 1866 ; 3d class, 1875 ; L,
101
SAINT-AUBEN
of Honour, 1877. Works : Venus and Cu-
pid (1853); Tavern of Ramponneau in Time
of Louis XV. (1857) ; Chimney Sweeps go-
ing to Work, Going to School, Woman
tending Cattle, Road to School, Old Age
and Decay (1859) ; Basque Women at Foun-
tain, Breakfast (1861); Going to Mass (1863),
Macon Museum ; The Levue (1863) ; Going
to the Festival, Catechism Lesson (1864) ;
Souvenir of the Piazza Montanara in Rome
(1865), Autun Museum ; Excavations at
Pompeii (1866), Luxembourg Museum ;
Kiarella (1866), Mrs. Shaw, Boston; Or-
ange Harvest in Capri (1869) ; Convales-
cent Woman on a Pilgrimage (1873) ; The
Marina in Capri, Daughter of Eve (1874) ;
Wedding Feast of Peasant of Capri (1875),
Valenciennes Museum ; Christ and the Sa-
maritan Woman (1876); Andromeda (1877);
Father's Blessing before Marriage (1882) ;
Rosina— Capri (1886).— Bellier, ii. 447 ; La-
rousse.
SAINT-AUBIN, GABRIEL JACQUES,
born in Paris, April 14, 1724, died there,
Feb. 14, 1780. French school ; genre paint-
er, pupil of Jeaurat, Colin de Vermont, and
Boucher. Competed for the grand prix de
Rome in 1751, and having obtained the sec-
ond prize only, broke with the Academy,
and became a member of and professor in
the Academy of St. Luke, where he exhib-
ited the following works : Cupid's Triumph
over the Gods, The School of Zeuxis, Effect
of Earthquake at Lisbon, Subject from La-
fontaine's Fables, Village Fete, Maternal
and Filial Love, Boy reciting Lesson to
Mother (1774) ; Artist's Portrait, Mother
nursing Child, Triumph of Pompey, Dry-
Nurse and Children, Return from Par-
liament, The King laying Corner-Stone of
Schools of Surgery, Interior of Rotonda of
Coliseum, Carnival of Parnassus (1776). — •
Bellier, ii. 449 ; Dohme, 3 ; Goncourt, i.
366, 405, 417.
SAINT-EVRE, GILLOT, born at Bault-
sur-Suippe (Marne), died in Paris in 1858.
History, genre, and portrait painter. Med-
als : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of
Honour, 1833. Works : Two Scenes in
Shakespeare's "Tempest" (1822) ; Job and
his Friends, Mary Stuart, Shipwrecked Sail-
ors (1824) ; Charles IX. and Marie Touchet
(1827) ; Soldier Asleep surprised by Brig-
ands (1827), Angers Museum ; Jeanne d'Arc,
The Florentines of Boccaccio (1833); Char-
lemagne presiding at Meeting of Scholars
(1835), Education of Mary Stuart at Court
of Henri H. (1839), Palais de Trianon ;
Foundation of Royal Library in Paris in
1379, Marriage of Charles VOX and Anne
de Bretagne in 1491, Signing of Treaty of
Peace at Vervins in 1598 (1837), Alexis Com-
nenus receiving at Constantinople Peter the
Hermit, Interview between Philippe Auguste
and Henri II. at Gisors— 1188 (1839), An-
drew of Hungary entering the Order of St.
John in 1218, Philip I, Philip HI, Charles
V., Charles VL, and Charles VHI. of
France, three other portraits, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Jeanne d'Arc presented to Charles
VH., Palais de Compiegne. — Bellier, ii.
451.
SAINT-JEAN, SIMON, born in Lyons.
Oct. 13, 1808, died at Ecully, July 3, 1860,
Flower painter, pupil of the school at Lyons
and of Augustin Thierriat. Justly called
the modern Van Huysum, whom he ap-
proaches in detail and colour, though hard-
ly his equal in selection of material and
play of light Medals : 3d class, 1834 ; 2d
class, 1841, 1855; L. of Honour, 1843.
Works : Young Girl carrying Flowers (1839),
Vase Medicis (1841), Eucharistic Emblems
around Head of Christ (1842), Vase with
Flowers (1852), Lyons Museum ; Fruits and
Flowers (1845), Dijon Museum ; Flowers in
a Hat, Rouen Museum ; Still-Life (2, 1852),
W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Fruit (1853),
Flowers among Ruins (1854), Louvre ;
Fruit (1855), Corcoran Gallery, Washing-
ton ; Flower-Piece (1857), Amsterdam Mu-
seum.— Bellier, ii. 452.
SATNTIN, HENRI, born in Paris, Oct.
13, 1846. Landscape painter, pupil of Pils,
Saint-Marcel, Sege, and Coiutepoiu. Med-
al, 3d class, 1882. Works: Forest Path
102
SAINTIN
(1873), Montpellier Museum ; Fisherman
mending Nets, Rising Tide on Coast of
Brittany (1875); Lobster Fishers (1876);
Creek of Erquy (1877) ; Farm of Courtry
(1880) ; October Frost (1881) ; Autumn
Dew (1882) ; Valley of Roche-Gouet in
Brittany, Brook after Rain, ib. (1883).
SAINTIN, JULES fiMILE, born in Lemc
(Aisne), Aug. 14, 1829. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Drolling, Picot, and Le-
boucher. His portraits in oil, crayon, and
pastel are full of life. He lived several
years in the United States. Medals : 1866,
1870 ; 2d class, Munich, 1883 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1877. Works : Pony Express (1863) ;
Woman carried off by Indians (1864); Petty
Warfare, Vittoria (1865) ; Carmella, Martha
(1866); The Levee, Michellina (1867); Heart-
felt Mourning, Annucia (1868) ; Mourning
Flowers, Festival Flowers (1869) ; Indeci-
sion, Deception (1870) ; Two Augurs (1872) ;
Grave without Flowers (1873) ; Washer-
woman of Fine Linen, Toilet of the Hose
(1874) ; Lady Apple, Distraction, Flower
Girl (1875) ; Indiscreet, Last Ornament
(1866) ; First Engagement, Self-Satisfied
(1877); Jeanne, Will he Return? (1878);
Emilienne (1879) ; Flowers from Nice,
Abandonment (1880) ; Roussotte (1881) ;
In the Tuileries, By the Sea (1882) ; Wom-
an selling Apples (1883) ; Portraits of Prin-
cesse Matilde and others. — Bellier, ii. 455 ;
Claretie (1874), Peintres, 333, 382.
SAINT-OURS, JEAN PIERRE, born at
Geneva in 1752, died there in 1809. Genre
painter, pupil of Vien in Paris, whither he
went in 1768 ; won prizes in 1772, 1774, and
1778, and the grand prix de Rome in 1780 ;
after finishing his course at Rome, stud-
ied also in Venice. Works : The Olympic
Games, Scene in Earthquake in Calabria,
Colossal Head Studies, Life-size Academy,
Allegory on the Republic of Geneva, Por-
trait of Dr. Tronchin, Portrait of the Ar-
tist, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Spartan Judg-
ment over the New-born (1795), Schleissheim
Gallery. — Bellier, ii. 453 ; Cat. du Mus.
Rath (1882), 53.
SAINT-PIERRE, G ASTON CASIMIR,
born at Nimes, May 12, 1833. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Jalabert
and of Cogniet.
Medals: 1868; 2d
class, 1879; L. of
Honour, 1881.
Works : Release of
St. Peter (1863);
Daphuis and Cliloi;
(1864); Leda (1865),
Nimes Museum ;
Sleeping Nymph (1866), Marseilles Muse-
um ; Jupiter and Pthia (1867) ; Cupid
Laughing, Chateauroux Museum ; Hide and
Seek(1868); Youth (1869), City Hall, Nimes ;
Farewell (1870), Carcassonne Museum ; Jew-
ish Wedding (1870); Bacchante (1872); In-
difference and Tenderness, Cherries (1873) ;
First Steps, Odalisque (1874) ; Young Hunt-
ress, Happy Baby (1875) ; Arabian Ro-
mance (1876); Women at an Arab Wedding
(1877) ; Siesta (1879) ; Unexpected Caress
(1880); Aziza (1882); Aurora (1883); Source
Charmeuse (1884) ; Chanson d' Aziza, The
Sultana (1885) ; Soudja-Sari (1886) ; Deco-
rations in Cathedral of Orau. — Bellier, ii.
454 ; Larousse.
SALA, VITALE, born at Cernusco in
1803, died in Milan in 1835. History
painter, pupil of Milan Academy, where
he won five prizes ; made a study trip to
Venice. Works : Death of Cato ; Death of
Romeo and Juliet (1826) ; Departure of
Regulus ; Capture of Bernabo (1827) ; Apo-
theosis of St. Ambrosius (1828) ; Corona-
tion of the Virgin (1831-34), Novara Cathe-
dral ; Frescos in S. Stefano and S. Lazzaro,
Milan.
SALA Y FRANCES, tfMTLIO, born at
Alcoy, Spain ; contemporary. History and
genre painter. Medal, Madrid, 2d class,
1871. Works : Don Carlos of Navarra crav-
ing Mercy of his Father ; Prince of Viana
taken Prisoner ; Guillen de Vinatea before
Alfonso V. of Aragon ; Novus Ortus ; Vale
of Tears ; Modern Silcnus ; Julia.— La Dus-
tracion (1882), ii. 19.
103
SALAI
SALAI (Salaino), ANDREA, born in Mil-
an about 1483, died after 1520. Lombard
school ; often confound-
ed with Andrea Solari
or Solario. Pupil of
Leonardo da Vinci, of
whom he was at once
servant, assistant, and
friend, accompanying
him wherever he went.
On Leonardo's death in
France Salai returned
to Italy. He left but
few pictures, in the manner of Da Vinci :
Madonna with Saints, Brera, Milan ; Christ
bearing the Cross, Berlin Museum ; St.
Anna, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg.
— Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 28, 43 ; Lanzi, ii.
489 ; Burckhardt, G29, 708 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 444.
SALAMIS, BATTLE OF, Wilhelm von
Kanlbach, Maximilianeum, Munich. Great
naval victory, won by the Greeks under
Themistocles over the fleet of Xerxes, B.C.
480, in the narrow channel between the
island of Salamis and the coast of Attica.
Xerxes, seated on a throne upon a head-
land at left, surrounded by his women and
courtiers, witnesses the overthrow and de-
struction of his magnificent fleet, seen in
the background ; in foreground, the shore,
with a temple at right, and a confused mass
of wreckage and of struggling figures ; above,
the avenging gods of Greece in the sky.
SALENTIN, HUBERT, born at Zuipich,
Rhenish Prussia, Jan.
15, 1822. Genre and
landscape painter, pu-
pil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Schadow,
Karl Sohn, and Tide-
mand ; paints attractive
and characteristic
scenes from peasant
life in Western Ger-
many. Works: Her
mit's Sermon ; Smith's Apprentice, Grand-
mother's Birthday (1860); Bridal Procession
of Playing Children ; Blind Boy, Besan9on
Museum ; Village Church (1862), Diisseldorf
Gallery ; Pilgrims at Mineral Spring (1866),
Cologne Museum ; Sunday Afternoon Visit
at the Shepherd's ; Messengers of Spring
(1869), Prague Gallery ; Pilgrims at a Chap-
el (1870), National Gallery, Berlin ; Children
scouring a Kettle, Stettin Museum ; Come
over ! (1872) ; Crown Prince in the Country
(1873); Little Congratulators (1879); Found-
ling, Shepherd Children (1880).— Diosku-
ren, 1860 ; Midler, 457 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
vi. 150.
SALERNO, ANDREA DA. See Andrea.
SALIMBENI, VENTURA, Cavaliere, born
in Siena in 1557,
died there in
1613. Sienese
school ; son and
pupil of Arcangi-
olo Salimbeni,
but studied care-
fully the works
of Correggio.
Lived in Rome in
1585-90, and
much employed there. On his return to
Siena painted many pictures for churches ;
worked also in Pisa, Lucca, and Perugia.
Knighted in Perugia through influence of
Cardinal Bevilacqua, who permitted him to
bear his name. In 1605 painted with Poc-
cetti frescos in SS. Annunziata, Florence,
and afterward worked in Genoa with Agos-
tino Tassi. Among his pictures are : Holy
Family, Pitti ; Apparition of the Virgin,
Uffizi ; Miracle of the Manna, Angels, Du-
omo, Pisa ; Trinity, SS. Concezzione, Sie-
na ; Christ bearing the Cross, S. Agostino,
ib. ; Crucifixion, S. Domenico, ib. — Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., xi. 168 ; Lanzi, i. 313 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole florentine ; Burckhardt, 759.
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, John Con-
stable, S. Kensington Museum ; canvas, H. 2
ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Cathedral seen
from the meadows, with a brook and four
cows in foreground. Royal Academy, 1823.
Painted for Bishop of Salisbury. A similar
104
SALLAERT
picture, with a cart and three horses tandem
fording the brook (Royal Academy, 1831),
belonged in 1857 to Samuel Ashton, near
Manchester. Sketch, called The Rainbow,
in Louvre. Engraved by D. Lucas. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 301 ; do., iv. 416 ; Brock-
Arnold, 105.
SALLAERT, ANTHONIE, born in Brus-
sels about 1590, died after 1648. Flemish
school ; history painter, pupil of M. de Bor-
deau, master of Brussels Guild in 1613 ;
dean in 1633-35, 1646-48 ; often employed
by Rubens in Antwerp. Works : Archery
in 1613 (1620) ; Procession of Brussels
Guild ; Allegory on Passion of Christ, Pro-
cession des Pucelles du Sablon, Infanta Isa-
bella Victrix at the Shooting of the Grand-
Serment, Brussels Museum ; Holy Family,
Ghent Museum ; Judgment of Paris, Ma-
drid Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 52 ; Kramm,
v. 1439 ; Nagler, Mon., i. 530.
SALLES, ADELHEID (nee Wagner),
born in Dresden in 1825. History and por-
trait painter, sister of lOlise Puyroche, stud-
ied in Dresden and under Jacquand in Paris,
married the painter Jules Sallcs at Nimcs.
Works : The Parcre ; Psyche in Olympus ;
Daughter of Eve ; Elijah in the Desert ;
Pensierosa ; Truth ensnared by Falsehood ;
Exit from Bath ; The Echo ; Queen Bertha.
SALMACIS AND HERMAPHRODITUS,
Francesco Allmni, Louvre ; copper, H. 6 in.
x 1 f i Hermaphrodites, about to bathe in
the fountain Salmacis, is watched by the
nymph from behind trees (Ovid, Met., iv.
285). From Collection of Louis XIV.
Copy, with variations, in Turin Gallery ; en-
graved by Bridi. — Villot, Cat. Louvre, 8 ;
Filhol, i. PI. 16 ; Landon, Musoe, vi. PI. 23 ;
Gal. di Torino, i. PI. 21.
SALMSON, HUGO FREDRIK, born in
Stockholm in 1843. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm Acad-
emy under Boklund, then in Paris of
Charles Cornte ; painted at first genre
scenes from Swedish history, settled in
Paris in 1869, and has since taken up sub-
jects from modern life in the elegant manner
of Comte. Medal, 3d class, 1870; L. of
Honour, 1879. Member of Stockholm Acad-
emy in 1871. Works : Catharina Jagelloni-
ca and Joran Persson ; Oustiiv Vasa finding
his Wife Asleep ; Sten Sture offering Peace
to Archbishop Trolle (all before 1869) ;
Spring ; Visit at the Bailiffs ; Peasant Wom-
an with Dove ; Fortune Teller ; Orsa Wom-
an with her Child ; Carrot Planters in Pic-
ardy ; An Arrest in a Village of Picardy
(1879), At the Gates of Dalby in Skane—
Sweden (1884), Luxembourg Museum ; Tlio
Orphans (1884); Little Gleaner, Dear Grand-
ma (1885) ; Visit to the Farmer — Sweden
(1886).— Mailer, 457.
SALOMAN, GESKEL, born at Tondern,
Schleswig, April 1, 1821. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy
and of Lund and Eckersberg ; went in 1850
to Gotenburg, where he painted many por-
traits, and in 1854 to Paris to study under
Couture; visited Algiers in 1860-61. Member
of Stockholm Academy in 1871, court paint-
er in 1876. Order of Vasa, 1869. Works :
Game of L'Hombre ; First Lesson on Violin ;
Painter and Model ; News from Crimea,
Gotenburg Museum ; Swedish Weaver and
Child (1858) ; Emigrants of Gotenburg
(1869); Spah i before his Sweetheart's Door ;
Victim of the Chickens ; Girl with Letter,
Stockholm Museum. — Weilbach, 605.
SALOME, daughter of Hemdins and of
Philip, brother of Herod the tetrarch. She
danced before her uncle on his birthday
and so pleased him that he promised with
an oath to give her whatever she should
ask. She, instructed by her mother, whose
guilty relations with Herod had been de-
nounced by John the Baptist, demanded
the head of John, and it was brought to her
in a charger (Matt., xiv.). A favourite sub-
ject with the painters.
By Carlo Dolci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. The daughter of
Herodias, three-fourths length, with head
of John the Baptist in a charger. Painted
for the Marchese Rinuccini. Engraved by
P. A. Kilian.— Gal. roy. de Dresde, L PL 42.
J06
SALTER
By Guercino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6
in. X 5 ft. 6 in. Salome, accompanied by a
servant, receives in a basin the bead of John
the Baptist, which an executioner holds by
the hair. Painted about 1650. Formerly in
Modena Gallery. Villot, Louvre ; Landon,
Musoe, xiv. PI. 31.
By Bernardino Luini, Louvre ; wood, H.
2 ft. x 1 ft. 9 in. The daughter of Herodias,
half-length, receives into a charger the head
of John the Baptist, which is held by a per-
son whose arm only is seen at right. Col-
lection of Louis XIV. Attributed to Sola-
Salome. Guercino, Louvre.
rio and to Leonardo da Vinci. Excellent in
colour. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon.
By Bernardino Luini, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood. The daughter of Herodias, accom-
panied by a servant, receives from the hand
of an executioner the head of John the Bap-
tist in a charger. Formerly attributed to
Leonardo da Vinci. — Soc. Ed. & Paris, Gal.
de Firenze, PL 39.
By Giovanni Antonio Pordenone, Palazzo
Doria, Kome ; canvas, half-length, life-size.
The daughter of Herodias, with her maid,
and head of John on a charger. A lofty
Venetian beauty ; head of Baptist also of
Venetian type. Commonly attributed to
Giorgione. Keplica in Baring Collection,
London ; and a modern copy in Palazzo
Berri (Vendramin), Venice. — C. & C., N.
Italy, ii. 287 ; Burckhardt, 732.
By Henri Regnault, Madame de Cassin,
Paris. Full-length, seated on a decorated
coffer, her limbs only half concealed by a
gauze robe ornamented with gold, her
naked feet escaping from her slippers, her
superb head of raven-black hair relieved
against a lemon-coloured satin curtain. In
her lap is a golden charger and a sheathed
knife. An elaborate study of a gypsy of the
Campagna. Painted in Rome (1869) and
Tangiers. Salon, 1870 ; sold to a dealer
for 15,000 francs ; to Mad-
ame de Cassin for 40,000
francs. Etched by Eajon.
— Stothert, 225 ; Kunst-
Chronik, viii. 489 ; La-
rousse, xiv. 131 ; Appleton's
Journal, viii. 512.
By Titian (?), Madrid
Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
10 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Same
figure as the Lavinia Ve-
celli of Berlin, but carrying
on her head in a silver sal-
ver the head of John the
Baptist ; dress, red da-
mask. Painted about 1555
(?). If this is not the Sa-
lome of Collection of
Charles I., that picture is missing. Copy
by Padovauino in Padua Gallery. — C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 141 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 480.
By Alessandro Turchi, Madrid Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 5 in. x 5 f t. 3 in. King
Herod, seated at table with Herodias and
other persons, grants to Salome the head of
the Baptist, for which she asks. — Cat. Ma-
drid Mus.
SALTEE, WILLIAM, born at Honiton,
Devonshire, in 1804, died in London, Dec.
22, 1875. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil in London of Northcote in 1822-27, In
the latter year he went to Florence, where
the exhibition of his Socrates before the
Areopagus won him an election to the Acad-
emy and a professorship in the first class of
106
SALTZMANN
history. In 1832 ho went to Rome and
thence to Parma, where also he was elected
a member of the Academy. He returned
to London in 1833 and was long a promi-
nent member and for some time vice-presi-
dent of the Society of British Artists.
Works : Banquet by the Duke of Welling-
ton to the Veterans of Waterloo (1833), G.
Mackenzie ; Jephthah's Vow ; Interview of
Charles I. with his Children (1863) ; Queen
Elizabeth reproving Dean Noel (18G5); Des-
demona and Othello before the Senate
(1869); Last Sacrament (1874).
SALTZMANN, KARL; contemporary.
Marine painter, pupil in Berlin of Eschke,
made the trip around the world in the suite
of Prince Henry of Prussia. Works : Dawn
by the Sea (1874) ; Entrance into Harbour
of Colberg ; Harbour of Valparaiso (1882) ;
Saved (1884).
SALUT AUX BLESSES. See Wounded,
Saluting.
SALVAEESIO, FABRICIO, portrait, Ti-
tian, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in.
X 2 ft. 8 in. ; signed. A man embrowned
by travel ; to the right, a negro boy looking
up holding a bunch of flowers. Painted in
1558 ; belonged to Archduke Leopold Wil-
helm. Print in Teniers' Gallery omits ne-
gro boy. Much impaired by retouching. —
C. & C., Titian, ii. 267.
SALVI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. See
Sassoferrato.
SALVIATI, CECCHINO DEL, born in
Florence in 1510,
died in Rome, Nov.
11, 1563. Floren-
tine school ; real
name Francesco
de' Rossi, son of
Michelangelo d e '
Rossi, a velvet
weaver. Pupil of
Giuliano Bugiar-
d i n i, afterwards of
Bandinelli and of
Andrea del Sarto (1529), with whom Vasari
was at the same time working. Went to
Rome under patronage of Cardinal Salviati,
from whom he took the name by wliich he
is commonly known. He painted in Venice,
Florence, Verona, and other cities, and in
1544 went to France, where he was employed
by Cardinal de Lorraine in decorating the
Chateau de Dampierre ; but having made
enemies through his quarrelsome disposi-
tion, lie returned to Italy, after an absence
of twenty months. Salviati was a better
designer than colourist. Examples of his
work are : Charity, Christ bearing his Cross,
Uffizi ; Patience, Palazzo Pitti ; Archangel
Michael, Vatican ; Incredulity of St. Thomat,
Louvre ; St. John Baptist in the Desert,
Love and Psyche, Berlin Museum ; Charity,
National Gallery, London. — Ch. Blanc,
! Kcole florentine ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii.
47 ; ed. Mil., vii. 5 ; Burckhardt, 188, 756.
SALVIATI, GIUSEPPE. See Porta, Giu-
seppe.
SALZER, FRIEDRICH, born at Heil-
: bronn, June 1, 1827, died there, May 4,
1876. Landscape painter, first instructed
by Karl Baumann, then studied in Munich ;
much influenced by Richard Zimmermann ;
painted landscape backgrounds in several of
Alexander von Kotzebue's great battle-
pieces. Winter Landscape, Stuttgart Gal-
lery.— Kunst-Chronik, xi. 738.
SAMACCHINI, ORAZIO, born in Bolo-
gna, Dec. 20, 1532, died there, June 12,
1577. Bolognese school ; Vasari calls him
Fumaccini, Orazio da Bologna, and Som-
inacchini. Began by imitating Pellegrino,
Tibaldi, and the Lombards ; went to Rome
in time of Pius IV., and painted for Zuc-
chero a compartment in one of the halls of
the Vatican, which was highly commended.
On his return to Bologna became a success-
ful painter. Works : Coronation of the Vir-
gin, Bologna Gallery ; Presentation in the
Temple, S. Giacomo Maggiore ; Madonna
with Saints, S. M. Maggiore ; Holy Trinity,
S. Stefano ; Flagellation, S. Salvatore ; Cru-
cifixion, Servi.— Malvosio, i. 168 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., vii. 420 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Lanzi, iii. 44 ; Guolandi, 72, 157.
1U7
SAMARITAN
SAMARITAN, GOOD (Luke. x. 30), Eu-
gene Delacroix, M. Auguste Vacquerie ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x 11 in. The good
Samaritan striving, with much care and
solicitude, to put the wounded traveller
upon his horse. — Chesneau, CEuvre Dela-
croix, 311.
By Rembrandt, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9
in. x 4 ft. 6 in. ; signed, dated 1648. Two
men assisting into an inn a wounded travel-
ler, whose horse a stable-man holds ; on
right, the Good Samaritan on the steps,
purse in hand, commending the sufferer to
the care of the landlady ; above, three fig-
ers;
Samson and Delilah, Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum.
ures looking out of a window. Collection
of Louis XVI. ; bought at sale of Linden van
Slingeland, Dordrecht (1785). Engraved by
Baron Deiion ; J. de Frey (1798) ; Longhi
in Musee franyais ; Oortman. — Cat. Louvre ;
Eastlake, Louvre, 182 ; Smith, vii. 51 ; Vos-
rnaer, 213, 476.
Subject treated also by Jacopo Bassano,
National Gallery, London, and Vienna Mu-
seum ; Adam Elsheimer, Louvre ; Domenico
Feti, Dresden Museum ; Paolo Veronese,
ib. ; Herri de Bles, Vienna Museum ; Will-
iam Hogarth, St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
London ; Pierre Lacour, Bordeaux Muse-
um ; Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Brera,
Dreber (1848), Dresden Gallery ; Theodule
Itibot (1870), Luxembourg Museum ; Jean
Jacques Henner (Salon, 1874).
SAMSON AND DELILAH ( Judges, xvi.),
Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 7£ in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Samson, just
awakened from his slumber, stooping and
with one kuee on the ground, is struggling
with the Philistines ; Delilah, in a white
vest and red mantle, is lying on the couch,
at the head of which is an elderly woman.
From Van Amory Collection, Amsterdam
(1722), 4,300 florins. Engraved by H. Sny-
Prenner ; J. Macunl ; L. Bonnet ; Ax-
mann ; etched by Ch. Walt-
ner (1873). Same subject,
Hampton Court. — Smith,
iii. 32; Guiffrey, 243;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1873).
By Rembrandt, Cassel
Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft.
8 in. x9 ft. 1 in.; signed,
dated 1636. Seven figures.
Samson, betrayed by De-
lilah, who is escaping from
the room with his locks in
her hand, is insulted by
the Philistines, who hold
him prostrate. Taken to
Paris ; returned in 1815.
Engraved by F. Landerer
(1760); Jacobi (1785).—
446 ; Smith, vii. 12 ; Eeveil, iv.
Vosmaer,
242.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 1 in. Nine figures. Six
Philistines are binding Samson, who is
struggling, with one knee on the couch on
which Delilah is lying, holding the scissors
in her hand ; at the head of the couch, an
old woman, looking on. Engraved by Henry
Snyers ; lithographed by Piloty. Similar
composition, Vienna Gallery, by Van Dyck.
—Smith, ii. 65 ; ix. 265 ; Beveil, xiv. 952.
By Alessandro Turchi, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 8 ft. 5 in. Delilah, seated
upon a couch holding the sleeping Sam-
Milan ; Louis Cabat (Salon, 1840) ; Franz son's head in her lap, gives a signal to two
108
SAMSON'S WEDDING
Philistine soldiers to seize him ; a barber is
cutting off his hair, and at left two chil-
dren have his sword and the ass's jaw-
bone.— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon.
Subject treated also by Lucas Cranach,
Dresden and Augsburg Museums ; Adrien
van der Werff, Sans Souci, Potsdam ; Ge-
rard Houthorst, City Hall, Dordrecht ; Got-
fried Schalken, Bordeaux Museum ; Jacopo
Seinenti, ib. ; Eugene Delacroix, M. Dau-
bigny, Paris ; Louis Marie Baader (Salon,
1857) ; Ferdinand Hum-
bert (Salon, 1873).
SAMSON'S WED-
DING, Rembrandt, Dres-
den Gallery ; canvas, H.
4 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in. ; signed,
dated 1638. Samson's
•wife (portrait of Saskia)
seated at table with other
guests, before a dais, in a
hall richly hung with ta-
pestry ; at left, Samson
proposing his enigma to
the Philistines, among
whom are musicians with
instruments. Engraved
by Massaloff. — Vosmaer,
80, 450 ; Bode, Studien,
443, 568.
SAMSON VICTORI-
OUS, Guido Eeni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 9 in. Samson, nearly
nude, after battle quenches his thirst with
water from the jaw-bone of an ass with
which he has slain a thousand Philistines.
Duplicate of picture in Turin Gallery. En-
graved by Bolognini ; Tomba. — Pinac. di
Bologna, PL 6 ; Lavice, 12, 410. .
SAMUEL, INFANT, Sir Joshua Ev/noldx,
National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft.
10 in. x2 ft. 3 in. Infant Samuel, full-
length, kneeling at prayer, with a ray of
light falling upon him. Exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1776 ; bequeathed by Lord
Farnborough in 1838. Engraved by J.
Dean ; J. Lucas ; and others. Duplicates
in Dulwich Gallery, Cobham Hall, and oth-
er collections. Copy by J. R. Powell at
Somerby, seat of Earl of Normanton, mis-
taken for an original by Waagen, who calls
it the finest example he knows of the pict-
ure.— Pulling, 59 ; Waagen, Art Treasures,
iii. 26.
SAMUEL APPEARING TO SAUL, Sal-
vator Ilosa, Louvre ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 11 in.
X 6 ft. 3 in. The shade of Samuel evoked
by the Witch of Endor, who stirs the fire
on a tripod ; at left, Saul, prostrate, raises
Samson and Delilah, Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery.
his eyes to Samuel ; in background, behind
Samuel, the two soldiers of Saul, stricken
with fear ; behind the witch, skeletons, owls,
and fantastic forms. Collection of Louis
XIV. Engraved by Guttemberg. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Musee royal ; Landon, Mu-
see, ix. PI. 18 ; Filhol, xi. PI. 67.
SANCHEZ DE CASTRO, JUAN, nour-
ished at Seville, middle of 15th century,
died after 1516. Spanish school ; painted
in 1454, under influence of the Van Eyck
school, pictures for the Cathedral of Seville,
and in 1484 a St. Christopher in fresco, in
S. Juliano, repainted in 1775. He was the
first painter of note in the school of Anda-
kisia. — Stirling, i. 81 ; Cean Bermudez.
SANCHEZ COELLO, ALONSO, born at
109
SANCHEZ
Benyfayro, Valencia, about 1513-15, died
in Madrid in 1590. Spanish school ; doubt-
fully said to have studied in Italy ; accom-
panied Antonio Moro in 1552 to Lisbon,
where he remained some years in the ser-
vice of John III., and acquired the title of
the Portuguese Titian. On the death of
Samuel appearing to Saul, Salvator Rosa, Louvre.
the King, his widow, Dona Juana, recom-
mended him to her brother, Philip II. of
Spain, and Coello became his court painter
and intimate courtier, and won honours and
wealth. He painted many religious com-
positions, but was especially noted for his
portraits. Works : Portraits of Don Car-
los, the Infanta Isabel, Anna of Austria, and
others, Marriage of St. Catherine, Assump-
tion, Madrid Museum ; Portraits of Joanna of
Austria, Margaret of Parma, and Mary of
Austria, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of Phil-
ip II., and twelve religious compositions,
Escorial. Coello's daughter, Isabel, was a
good miniature painter. — Viardot, Peintres
de 1'Espagne, 113 ; Stothert, 14 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Madrazo, 56G.
SANCHEZ COTAN, Fray JUAN, born
at Alcazar de San Juan in 1561, died in
Granada, Sept. 8, 1627. Spanish school ;
pupil of Bias del Prado at Toledo, and be-
came noted for skill in painting flowers and
other still-life subjects. In 1604 became a
monk at the Chartreuse of Paular ; after-
ward transferred to the Chartreuse of Gra-
nada, where he executed many religious
compositions, especially scenes from the
life of St. Bruno and from the persecution
of the Carthusians in England. — Stirling, i.
436 ; Viardot, 160 ; Cean Bermudez.
SANCHO PANZA AND THE DUCHESS,
Charles Kobert Leslie, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 5 ft. The Duch-
ess, seated on a couch near the middle of
the picture, attended by young women on
right, and by the Duefia Rodriguez on left,
listens to Sancho, who is seated on a low
stool. Exhibited at Royal Academy in 1844 ;
from Vernon Collection, 1847 ; a repetition,
with some alterations, of the small original
painted in 1823 for Lord Egremont. Lord
Egremont paid for this original £100 ; sold
to Samuel Rogers for £70 ; Rogers sale
(1856), 1,120 guineas. Engraved by Hum-
phreys ; R. Staines. — Cat. Nat. Gal.
SANCTIS, GUGLIELMO DE, born in
Rome in 1830. History and portrait paint-
er. Works : Galileo inventing the Telescope ;
Michelangelo and Ferrucio studying the
Plan for Fortification of Florence (1875),
Turin Gallery ; Emauuel Philibert showing
his Son to the Savoyards ; Portraits of Vic-
tor Emauuel and of Prince Humbert (1876).
SANDBY, PAUL, born at Nottingham in
1725, died in London, Nov. 9, 1809. Land-
scape painter ; went to London in 1746 and
studied at the drawing school at the Tower ;
in 1768 he became drawing master to Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich, and under
George III. he was teacher of drawing to
the royal princes. He was one of the foun-
dation members of the Royal Academy.
Painted in oils with success, but is chiefly
noted as the founder of the English school
of water-colours. Saudby, i. 102.
no
SANDIIAM
SANDHAM, HENRY, born in Montreal,
Canada, May 24, 1842. Landscape and
genre painter ; visited England and France
for study in 1880 and in 1884. Member
(1880) of Royal Canadian Academy. Studio
in Boston, Mass. Works : Fog in St. John
Harbor (1879), National Gallery, Ottawa ;
Cow Bay— Nova Scotia (1880), George
Hague, Montreal ; Return from the Hunt
(1882), Judge O'Hara, Toronto; Dawn of
Liberty— Battle of Lexington (1885). His-
torical Society, Lexington, Mass.
SANDRART, JOACHIM VON, born in
Frankfort, May
12, 1606, died in
Nuremberg, Oct.
14,1688. German
school, history
and portrait paint-
er. He went to
Prague, in 1621,
to study engrav-
ing under Sadeler,
but advised by the
latter to devote himself to painting, he re-
paired to Utrecht and became pupil of Ge-
rard Honthorst, who took him to England.
There he saw great works by Titian, and
after having painted several portraits, went
to Venice in 1627 to study Titian and Vero-
nese. In Rome he painted Pope Urban
VHL, and was one of the twelve masters
selected to paint a picture for the King of
Spain. He returned to Germany in 1635,
went to Amsterdam in 1637, and to Nurem-
berg in 1649 to paint the envoys to the Con-
gress of Peace. At Augsburg he worked
for the Elector Maximilian of Bavaria, and
the Emperor Ferdinand in 1672, and in
1674, after a second marriage, settled in
Nuremberg, where he became the main pil-
lar of the Academy founded in 1662. His
reputation rests chiefly upon his well-known
"German Academy," written in 1675-79.
Works : Archers' Company (1638), Portrait
of the Poet Hooft, four others (1639, 1641),
Amsterdam Museum ; Young Man with
Dead Horse, Old Woman in Prayer, Barn-
burg Gallery ; Isaac blessing Jacob, Aschaff-
enberg Gallery ; Banquet of Peace (1650),
Town Hall, Nuremberg ; The Twelve Months
(12), two Portraits, Munich Gallery ; Miner-
va and Saturn (1644), Archimedes (1651),
Vienna Museum ; Apollo rejoicing over De-
feat of Python, Uffizi, Florence.
— Ch. Blanc, ficole allemande ;
Kramm, v. 1440.
SANDYS, FREDERICK, born in Norfolk
in 1832. Figure and portrait painter ;
paints portraits chiefly, but some ideal
works of exquisite finish. Exhibited first
at Royal Academy in 1854. Works : Oriana
(1861) ; King Pelles' Daughter, La Belle
Ysondo (1863); Morgan-le-Fay (1864); Gen-
tle Spring, Cassandra (1865) ; Mary Mag-
dalen, Flower (1866) ; Medea (1869, Paris
Exhibition, 1878) ; Perdita (1879).
SAN GIORGIO, EUSEBIO DI, born
about 1478, died in 1550 (?). Umbriau
school ; pupil in school of Perugino at same
time with Manni ; made free of his guild
in Perugia immediately after Pinturicchio,
whose style he imitates in its least interest-
ing featui'es, while his colouring is like
Manni's. He aided Piuturicchio at Siena.
His Adoration of the Magi (1505), Perugia
Gallery, has a tinge of the Raphaelesque,
and has even been attributed to Raphael.
T\vo frescos, the Annunciation, and St. Fran-
cis receiving the Stigmata (1507), are in S.
Damiano, near Assisi ; and there is a Holy
Family (1512) in S. Francesco, Matellica. —
C. <fc C., Italy, iii. 339 ; Burckhardt, 574 ;
Siret, 829 ; Ch. Blanc, l^cole ombrieune.
SANO DI PIETRO. See Ansano.
SANS Y CABOT, FRANCISCO, born in
Barcelona in 1834, died in Madrid, May 5,
1881. History painter, pupil of Barcelona
Art School, and in Paris of Couture ; mem-
ber of S. Fernando Academy, director of the
Museum ; painted frescos in many palaces
and public buildings. Medals : 2d class,
1860, 1862 ; 1st class, 1871. Works : Pro-
metheus, Shipwreck, End of Carnival (1857);
Battle at Wad Ras ; Liberty and Indepen-
dence (1860) ; Episode in Battle of Trafalgar
111
SANT
(1862), Madrid Museum ; Market Square in
Gerona, Fortune, Chance and Folly distrib-
uting their Gifts, Friend's Visit (1871) ;
Mercury leading the Histrionic Arts ; Apol-
lo chasing Night; General Prim and the
Catalonian Volunteers at Tetuan ; Death
of Churruca at Trafalgar; Portraits of
Isabella II, Charles V., Alfonso V., Alfonso
XII., Barcelona University. In fresco : En-
try of Charles V. into Home, Conquest of
Fort of Goletta, Battle of Muhlberg, Visit
of Francis I. to Charles V., Alcazar, To-
ledo.—La Eustracion (1881), i. 298 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xx. 852.
SANT, JAMES, born in London in 1820.
Figure and portrait painter, pupil of John
Varley, and student in 1840 of Royal Acad-
emy. Very successful as a painter of por-
traits, especially of children ; elected an A.
RA. in 1861, and RA. in 1871. In 1872
he was appointed principal painter in ordi-
nary to the Queen. Among his sitters have
been the Queen, Prince Albert, children of
the Prince of Wales, and other members of
the royal family, and many of the nobility.
Other -works : Children in the "Wood (1854);
Fortune Teller (1855); Infancy (1857); Lit-
tle Red Riding Hood (1860) ; First Source
of Sorrow (1862); Taking Notes (1863); Turn
again Whittington (1864) ; Light in Dark
Places (1866) ; Mentouese Children (1869) ;
Alone (1870) ; Schoolmaster's Daughter
(1871); Peaches (1874); Early Post (1875);
Gleanings (1877) ; Little Zara (1878) ; Ad-
versity (1879) ; Maidenhood (1882) ; Love-
Birds (1883); Sylvia (1884); Forget-me-
not (1885) ; Portrait of Adeliua Patti
(1886).
SANTA CONVERSAZIONE, Pa/ma Vec-
chio, Naples Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft 10 in.
x 6 ft. 6 in. The Virgin seated on a knoll,
with farm in distance ; Jesus gives his bless-
ing to a couple whose heads and arms are
seen at edge of picture as they approach the
knoll and are introduced by St. Jerome ; to
the left, St. John Baptist on one knee ; St.
Catherine near the trunk of a tree. One of
Palina's best ; shows Tjtianesque vigour and
richness. Formerly in Casa Barberigo, San
Polo.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 470.
By PaZmaVeccbio, Vienna Museum ; wood,
H. 4 ft 2 in. x 6 ft 3 in. The Virgin, rest-
ing at foot of a tree, presents Jesus to SS.
Catherine, Celestin, John Baptist, and a
female Saint. Probably picture formerly be-
longing to Galia di Fano, Venice. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 471.
SANTA CROCE. See Francesco and Gi-
rolamo da Santa Croce.
SANTA FAZ. See Ecce Homo, Murillo.
SANTAFEDE, FABRIZIO, born in Na-
ples about 1560, died there in 1635. Nea-
politan school ; son and pupil of Francesco
Santafede ; afterwards pupil of Francesco
Curia, and then visited Rome, Bologna,
Venice, and Florence to study the great
masters. Employed in considerable works
on return to Naples. It is said that when
Naples was sacked by the insurgents under
Masaniello (1647), two halls which Santa-
fede had painted were spared, out of respect
for the artist. Works : Madonna with Saints
(1595), NaplesMuseum ; Holy Family, Hague
Museum, and pictures in churches. Fabrizio
was the master of Massimo Stanzioni. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole napolitaine ; Siret, 829.
SANTAFEDE, FR1NCESCO, flourished
about 1555. Neapolitan school ; pupil of
Andrea da Salerno. Works in churches in
Naples, among the best being the Corona-
tion of the Virgin, in S. M. la Nuova (though
some ascribe this to Fabrizio, his son) ; and
Resurrection, Chapel of the Monte di Pieta.
— Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitaiue.
SANTERRE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at
Magny (Seine-et-Oise), Jan. 1, 1658, died
in Paris, Nov. 21, 1717. French school ;
genre and portrait painter, pupil of Franjois
Lemaire and of Boullogne the elder. Paint-
ed his St. Theresa for Louis XIV. and
obtained a pension, and for his Susanna
was made Member of the Academy, 1704.
Works : Susanna Bathing (1704), Louvre ;
Marie Adelaide of Savoy, Louise Adelaide
d' Orleans (2), The Regent and Madame de
Parabere, Versailles Museum ; St. Theresa
SANTI
in Ecstasy, Chapel, ib. ; Female Cook, Bor-
deaox Museum ; do., and ToongGiri Asleep,
Nantes Museum:
Allegory on Paint-
ing, Curiosity, Gar-
dener, Orleans Mu-
seum; Songstress,
Rouen Museum;
others in museums
at Niort, Reims,
Sanmnr, Tours;
Female Portrait
(1699); Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Widow of Ephesns mourn-
ing for her Husband, Geometry, Darmstadt
7"~D f >» ft *• Museum ; Por-
J3 <JAH~* £Rn E trait of Coypel ;
St Theresa Med-
itating; Adam
and Ere in
I S
~" '/
Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran-
caise; Honasaye, 152 ; Wurzbach, Fr. MaL
des xriii JahrL, 13 ; Bellier iL; JaL 1101.
SANTI (Sanzio), GIOVANNI, born in
Colbordolo about 1435, died in Urbino,
Aug. 1, 1494. Umbrian school ; son of
Sante Santi, a huckster, and the father of
Ifapliml ; was a painter before 1468; mas-
ter unknown, but probably brought up
under influence of Piero deDa Francesca
and of Melozzo da ForiL Was a man of
culture ; wrote a long poem, still extant
(Vatican Library), in honour of his patron,
Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino.
Painted a large fresco in the Tiranni Chap-
el, S. Domenico. Cagli, in two parts — the
Resurrection of Christ abore, and the Ma-
donna enthroned with Saints below — a pleas-
ing and well-arranged composition, showing
a knowledge of linear perspectire and some
skfll in foreshortening. Santi was a pains-
taking, onsdentioos artist, who arafled him-
o^fi oj XuO8£ ^TTTrOT* ^1 n t \ jf*S JOT ? IMtJfO^B^PCOt '
which came in his way, and thus acquired
a technical skfll superior to that of Palme-
rucei or NeflL Among the beat of hk pict-
ores are : Ailxilitm of the Virgin, Conyent
of Monte Fiorentino, near Urbania; Ma-
donna with Saints, S. Croce, and Visitation,
S. M. Nnora, Fano ; Madonna with Saints,
Church of Grodara ; Madonna with Saints,
Berlin Museum ; Madonna, National Gal-
lery, London ; Annunciation, Brera, Milan ;
Boy in Profile, Palazzo Colonna, Rome.— C.
& C, Italy, iL 579 ; Vasari, ed, Le Mon.,
viii. 2, 67 ; Passarant, Rafael ron Urbino
and man Vater (Leipsic, 1839) ; Pungileoni,
Oogio Storico di Gior. Santi (Urbino, 1822);
Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne ; C. & C., Raph-
ael, L cap. 1.
SANTI, RAFFAELLO. See Raphael.
SANTI DI TITO, bom at Borgo San Se-
polcro, Oct. 6, 1536, died in Florence, July
23, 1603. Florentine school ; pupil of An-
gelo Bronzino and of BanJinelli ; went to
Rome in 1560 and studied the works of the
great masters. Became an excellent de-
signer, but was not successful as a colour-
ist He returned to Florence after four
Jens' jjbmKT and spent most of his life
there. Among his works are : Entomb-
ment, Berlin Museum : Entry of Christ into
Jerusalem, Dead Christ on the Knees of the
Virgin, Florence Academy ; Crucifixion, S.
Croce, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole noren-
tine ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 304 ; xiiL
182 ; ed. Mfl., rii. 619.
SAXTVOORT. DIRCK DIRCKSZ iTAXt,
born at Amsterdam in 1610, died there,
burietL March 9, 1680. Portrait painter of
distinction, probably pupil of Rembrandt,
whose -mvnnfr be adopted. Works : Bor-
gomaster Dirck Bas and Wife. Regents of
Workhouse at Amsterdam il638i. Four do.
of another Institution 1 1643 1, Amsterdam
ifa^mn ; Young Shepherd playing on a
Reed (1632), Rotterdam Museum : Life-aze
Portrait of Lhtle Girl .1644, Darmstadt
Museum- — Kr«mm T. 1413.
SANZIO. See Sou/I.
SAPPHIRA DEATH OF. Nicolas P<HB-
*»'*, Lourre : eanTas. H. 4 ft. • 6 ft. 6 in.
At right, St. Peter, who is accompanied by
two aposUem, stretches his hand toward S«p-
SAPPHO
phira, who has fallen ; a woman hastens to the strife between the classic and the ro-
her aid, and a man, who sustains her arm, i mantic schools was at its height, this picture
appears to intercede for her ; in background, i met with such severe criticism that the ar-
buildings. Painted for M. de Vennes. Col- , tist called it his Waterloo. Offered to the
lection of Louis XIV. Engraved by J. j government for 2,000 francs, but declined ;
Pesne ; Bovinet ; R. U. Massard in Musee Wilson sale (Paris, 1873), to M. Durand
royal.— Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, x. PI. 685 ; Ruel, 96,000 francs. The original study be-
longs to Mme. la baronne Rivet. Replica,
Engraved by F. Re-
Landon, Musee, xi. PI. 49 ; Smith, viii. 80.
SAPPHO, Alma-ladema, W. T. Walters, j in small, M. Bellino.
Baltimore; canvas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. X 3 ft. 11 gamey; Greux. Lithographed by Achille
in. Scene : The orchestra of a white marble Sirony. — Chesneau, (Euvre de Delacroix,
theatre on a height overlooking the sea, the 58 ; Larousse, xiv. 224.
blue expanse of which is seen through a j SARGENT, HENRY, born in Gloucester,
grove of olive trees. Sappho, seated on one ; Mass., Nov. 25, 1770, died in Boston, Feb.
21, 1845. Portrait and
subject painter, pupil in
London of Copley and
Benjamin West. The
Massachusetts Historical
Society owns three por-
traits by him ; Fanueil
Hall, one of Peter Fanu-
eil ; and the Roman
Catholic Society in Bos-
ton, a Crucifixion. His
landing of the Pilgrims
was destroyed by being
rolled on fresh pine,
which caused the can-
vas to decay. Other
works : Starved Apothe-
cary ; Tailor's News ;
Dinner Party ; Christ's Entry into Jerusa-
lem.
SARGENT, JOHN S., born in Florence,
of American parents,
in 1856. Portrait and
genre painter, pupil of
Carolus - Duran. Has
lived and painted many
years in Europe. Hon-
ourable mention, Sa-
lon, 1879 ; medal, 2d
class, 1881. Studio in
Paris. Works : Fish-
ing for Oysters at Can-
of the lower seats, with her attendants
grouped around her, leans forward and
gazes intently at Alcaeus, who is seated on
a chair in front of her, striking the chords
of his lyre. Royal Academy, 1881. Photo-
gravure by Goupil. — Art Journal (1883),
67 ; Academy, May 7, 1881 ; Athenseum,
April 30, 1881 ; Saturday Rev., 1881.
SARDANAPALUS, DEATH OF, Eugene
Delacroix ; canvas, H. 13 ft. x 16 ft. 3 in.
The monarch, surrounded by his weeping
women, slaves, horses, and treasures, is
seated high upon the funeral pyre as upon
a throne, around the base of which the
\
flames and smoke are beginning to rise, cale, En route pour la pC-che (1878); Portrait
Exhibited first at the Salon of 1827, when of Carolus-Durau, Neapolitan Children Bath-
114
SARPEDON
ing (1879); El Jaleo (1882); Portrait of Two
Children (1883); Portraits (1884-85-86).
SARPEDON, Henri Leopold Levy, Lux-
embourg Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft x 7 ft.
9 in. Death and Sleep bearing to Jupiter
the body of his son Sarpedon, slain at the
siege of Troy (Iliad, Cap. xvi.). Salon, 1874.
SARTAIN, EMILY, born in Philadelphia
in 1841. Portrait and genre painter, pupil
of the Pennsylvania Academy in Philadel-
phia, and four years of Luminais in Paris.
Taught engraving by her father, John Sar-
tain. Studio in Philadelphia. Works : Re-
proof (1876) ; Marie (1882); Morning
(1884).
SARTAIN, WILLIAM, born in Philadel-
phia, Nov. 21, 1843. Landscape and genre
painter, son of John Sartain, engraver ;
studied under Yvon and Bonnat, and in the
£cole des Beaux Arts, Paris. In 1870
sketched in Spain, England, Holland, Bel-
gium, Germany, and Italy, and in 1874 in
Algiers. First exhibited at Royal Academy,
London, in 1875 ; at National Academy in
1876. Professor of life class of Art Stu-
dents' League ; Member of Society of Amer-
ican Artists. Elected an A.N.A. in 1880.
Studio in New York. Works in oil : Italian
Head (1876, S. Colman, N.A.); Street in Al-
giers, Narcissus, Courtyard — Paris, 1878 ;
View in Algiers (1879); Arab Sheik, Head
of Nubian Girl, A Quiet Moment (1880) ;
A'icha (1881) ; Arab Cemetery, Paquita
(1883); Sandy Land near the Sea — Nonquitt,
Mass. (1884) ; Lucia — near Algiers (1885).
Water colours : Canal in Venice (1878); Arab
Cafe (1880) ; View of the Ghetto— Venice
(1881) ; Chapter from the Koran (1882).
SARTO, ANDREA DEL, born in Flor-
ence, July 16, 1486, died there, Jan. 22, 1531.
Florentine school ; real name Andrea d'An-
gelo di Francesco, but called Del Sarto be-
cause his father Angelo or Agnolo was a
tailor (sarto). According to some, his fam-
ily name was Vannucchi ; but this " never
had any foundation in fact" (C. & C.). An-
drea first studied with a goldsmith, then
with Gian Barile, a poor painter, and lastly
(1498), with Piero di Cosimo, under whom
he found time to copy the cartoons of Mi-
chelangelo and of
Leonardo da Vinci
in the great hall of
the Palazzo Vec-
chio. He was as-
sociated for a while
with Francia Big-
io. In 1509-10 he
painted in the -, V7"^
court of SS. An-
nunziata de Servi,
Florence, five frescos illustrating the life of
St. Philip, which won him the reputation
of being one of the best fresco painters
of his time. lu 1514 lie finished a Pro-
cession of the Magi, in the Court of the
Servi, and the Nativity of the Virgin, the
latter of which is "on the highest level ever
reached in fresco" (C. & C.). Equally great
is the Holy Family called the Madonna del
Sacco (1525), in the cloister of the SS. An-
nunziata, and scarcely inferior are the Birth
of St. John (1526), at the Scalzo, and the
Last Supper (1526-27), in S. Salvi, Florence.
Among Andrea's monochromes at the Scal-
zo (1516-1526), the Sermon of St. John is
especially remarkable. While engaged in
painting frescos, Andrea produced many
easel pictures no less worthy of praise. In
1518 he went at the invitation of Francis I.
to France, and painted there, among other
pictures, the Michelangelesque Charily, now
in the Louvre. The next year Andrea re-
turned to Florence to buy works of art for
the King, but having used the money in-
trusted to him in building a house for him-
self, he dared not go back to France empty-
handed, and remained in Florence secure
from pursuit until the plague which followed
the siege of that city in 1530. Charles
Blanc calls Del Sarto the Raphael of Flor-
ence, and says that if Raphael had never
lived, Andrea del Sarto would have occupied
the first place in art after Leonardo da Vin-
ci and Michelangelo. Even in his own time
he was called Andrea "senza errori" (An-
SARTO
drea the Faultless). His drawing is excel-
lent, his modelling is always good, and his
colouring has a freshness and a luminous
transparency not found in any other painter
of the Florentine school. His Madonnas
are exquisite, some of them rivalling in love-
liness even those of Raphael ; but their
beauty is only a superficial beauty — they
want depth of soul ; and this is why Andrea
occupies a lower place in the history of art
than that to which his great powers would
seem at first to entitle him. Among his best
easel pictures are : Four Saints and Two
charming Angels holding a Scroll, Florence
Academy ; Annunciation (2), Dispute about
the Trinity (1517), Madonna with Saints, Holy
Family (2), History of Joseph, Madonna in
Glory and Saints (1525), Assumption (2),
Deposition, John Baptist, Palazzo Pitti, Flor-
ence ; Madonna delle Arpie (1517), St.
James and Children, Portrait probably of
himself, Uffizi, Florence ; Charity, Holy
Family (2), Louvre ; Holy Family and
Saints, St. Barbara, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Madonna and Saints, Berlin Muse-
seum ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Madonna
with Cherubs, Sacrifice of Abraham, Dres-
den Gallery ; Tobias and Angel, Field, Vi-
enna Museum ; Sacrifice of Abraham, Holy
Family, Madonna (3), Assumption, Female
Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Holy Family,
Portrait of del Sarto, National Gallery, Lon-
aly, 111. 542 ; Va-
63 ; ed. Le Mon.,
viii. 250 ; Dohme,
lliii.; Ch. Blanc,
. — ficole florentine ;
AM2J/1R.FLO-FAC Segnier, 213 \
629, 633, 659;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 183 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1876), xiv. 465, et seq.
SARTO, ANDREA DEL, portrait, An-
drea del Sarto, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. ; signed.
Another in Uffizi, Florence. — Cat. Nat.
Gal.
SARZANA, IL, born in Sarzana in 1589,
died in Genoa in 1669. Genoese school ;
real name Domenico Fiasella ; was taught
design by his father, a goldsmith of Sar-
zana ; spent ten years in Rome studying
Raphael and other great masters, and be-
came so eminent that he won the praises of
Guido, and was chosen to assist the Cava-
liere d'Arpino and Passignano in their works.
On his return to Genoa he painted many
pictures for churches, and conducted a
flourishing school — Lanzi, iii. 257; Ch.
Blanc, Jicole gcnoise ; Burckhardt, 768.
SASKIA VAN ULENBURGH, portrait,
Rembrandt, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft.
4 in. x 1 ft. 11 in.; signed, dated 1643.
Life-size, seated, with book in his hand. 1 364.
Saskia van Ulenburgh, Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery.
Rembrandt's first wife, to whom he was
married, June 10, 1634. Bust, looking
forward ; wearing a fur hat with a string
of pearls around it, and a silk dress.—
Bode, Studien, 456, 563 ; Meyer, Museen,
116
SASONOFF
By Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery ; wood, H.
3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. Profile view, half
length, wearing a crimson velvet hat with
feathers, and a silk robe, lace neckerchief,
necklace, and ear-rings. Painted about 1633
-34. Formerly in Six Collection ; passed
from Collection of Madame de Reuver to
Cassel. Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815.
Engraved by Oortman (1808) ; H. Dthier.
Copy in Antwerp Museum. — Vosinaer, 48,
435 ; Smith, vii. 158 ; Musue franyais ; Bode,
Studien, 417, 456, 566.
By Rembrandt, Dresden Gallery ; wood,
H. 1 ft 10 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. ; signed, dated
1633. Standing, seen to knees ; in red hat
and blue dresa In Royal Collection in
1722 ; placed in Dresden Gallery in 1826.
Engraved by S. L. Raab. — Vosmaer, 433 ;
Bode, Studien, 569.
By Rembrandt, Dresden Gallery ; wood,
H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. ; signed, dated
1641. Seen to knees ; holds a red pink in
her right hand. Formerly in Collection
Araignon, Paris ; to Augustus in. in 1743,
for 1,500 livres. Engraved by D. J. Pound ;
lithographed by Hanfstilngl. — Vosmaer, 459 ;
Bode, Studien, 569.
SASONOFF, WASSILY KONDRATIE-
VICH ; contemporary. History painter, pu-
pil of St. Petersburg Academy. Works :
Hermit Theodorich blessing Son of Prin-
cess Marfa ; Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy
after Victory of Kulikowo, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg.
SASSETTA See Stefano di Giovanni.
SASSOFERRATO, IL, born in Sassofer-
rato, July 11, 1605,
died in Rome,
April 8, 1685.
Roman school ;
real name Giovan-
ni Battista Salvi ;
son and pupil of
Tarquinio Salvi, -
a mediocre paint- \\
er of Sassof errato ; > v
went about 1629 to Naples, where he is sup-
posed to have studied with Domenichino.
He afterwards studied and copied the works
of the great masters in Rome, and became
in some sort the rival of Carlo Dolci, devot-
ing himself principally to painting Madon-
nas and devotional pictures, in which sweet-
ness of expression is carried to the extreme
of insipidity. Their style is dissimilar, Dol-
ci excelling him in strength of colour, and
in fineness of pencil Sassoferrato's master-
piece, the Madonna del Rosario, is in S. Sa-
bina, Rome. Other works : Sorrowing Vir-
gin, Uffizi ; Madonna, Brera ; do., Accade-
niia di S. Luca, Rome ; do., Palazzo Bor-
ghese, ib. ; Madonna with Angels, Vatican ;
Madonna della Rosa, Turin Gallery ; Holy
Family, Berlin Museum ; Madonna, Brus-
sels Museum ; do. (2), Cassel Gallery ; Vir-
gin Praying, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Madonna, Vienna Museum ; Madonna, As-
sumption, Louvre ; Madonna (2), National
Gallery, London ; Madonna (2), Hermitage.
— Lanzi, i. 465 ; Ch. Blanc, I^colo ombri-
enne ; Burckhardt, 660, 765, 770, 784, 795.
SATAN CALLING HIS LEGIONS, Sir
Thomas Lawrence, Royal Academy, London.
Subject from Milton's "Paradise Lost"
(Book I.). Satan, though fallen, exhibits
all the ferocious energy and violent dignity
of his character, in strong contrast to his
attendant, Beelzebub, whose figure is marked
by dejection and despondence. Royal Acad-
emy, 1797. — Gower, 41 ; Williams, Life of
Sir T. L. (London, 1831), i. 170.
SATTERLEE, WALTER, born in New
York, Jan. 18, 1844. Genre painter, gradu-
ate of Columbia College, pupil of the Na-
tional Academy and of Edwin White, and in
Palis in 1878-79 of Leon Bonnat ; sketched
in Italy, France, and Brittany, and painted
several months in Rome. Is well known as
an illustrator. First exhibited at the Na-
tional Academy in 1868. Elected an A.N. A
in 1878 ; Clarke prize, National Academy,
1886. Studio in New York. Works : Morn-
ing among the Flowers (1870) ; Coquette of
the Olden Time (1873); Out for a Ride
(1874) ; His Eminence the Cardinal (1877) ;
Contemplation (1878) ; Extremes Meet
117
SATYR
(1881) ; Convent Composer (1882) ; Turkey
Girl, Votive Offering (1883) ; Far from the
World Vain Thoughts Begone, Arab Sheik,
Oh for the Wings of a Dove (1884). Water-
colours : Solitaire, Old Ballads (1878) ; Two
Sides of a Convent Wall, One of the Fates,
Waiting for Fishing Fleet (1884) ; The Old
Garden (1885) ; Festival of Flora, Winter
Watering Place, The Cronies (1886).
SATYR AND PEASANT, Jacob Jordaens,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; canvas, trans-
ferred from wood, H. 6 f t. x 6 ft. 3 in. Il-
lustration of an old fable. A traveller, be-
numbed with cold, having entered the house
Satyr and Peasant, Jacob Jordaens, Old Pinakothek, Munich.
of a satyr as the latter was about to sit down
with his family to his meal, was invited to
partake ; but when the satyr saw him blow
his fingers to warm them and his porridge
to cool it, he turned his guest out of doors,
saying he would not entertain one who
could blow both hot and cold. Formerly
in Dusseldorf Gallery ; replicas in Amster-
dam and Brussels Museums. Engraved by
James Neef ; Lucas Vorsterman. — R6veil,
xi. 766.
SATYRS, picture. See Ariston, Nico-
machus, Protogenes, Timanthes.
SAURIAS, Greek painter, of Samos, early
period. According to Athenagoras (Legat.
pro. Christ., 14) he invented the first step
in the art of drawing, by tracing the out-
line of the shadow of a horse in the sun.
SAUTAI, PAUL EMELE, born at Amiens,
Jan. 29, 1842. Genre painter, pupil of Ro-
bert-Fleury, Jules Lefebre, and of £cole des
Beaux Arts. Medals : 1870 ; 2d class, 1875 ;
3d class, 1878. Works : The Sacred Stair-
case in 1868, Prison of Subiaco, Pilgrims
before a Chapel (1870); Fra Angelico Paint-
ing (1872) ; Sacred Door of St. John Late-
rau, Chapel of Acheropita in Rome (1873) ;
Day before an Execution in Rome (1875),
Luxembourg Museum ; St. Bonaventura
(1878), Nantes Museum ; Dante in Exile,
St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1880) ; Fra An-
gelico, Interior of Church of Lavardin (1882),
Luxembourg Museum ; Door of Church
(1883) ; Prayer (1884).
SAUZAY, ADRIEN, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Landscape painter, pupil of
Jules Andre and of Pasini. Medal, 3d
class, 1881. Works : Views in Normandy,
on Banks of the Seine, and around Paris
(1863-78) ; Road of Pont-de 1'Arche at Cri-
quebceuf (1874), Havre Museum ; End of
Autumn (1879) ; Pond of Villiers, Honfleur
and Villerville (1880) ; Saint-Jean Lande at
Douarnenez, Hamlet of Plomarc'h (1881) ;
Pond of Vaugoing (1882); Coursimont Farm
— Sologne, Breton Woman in Port of Bafleur
— Manche (1883).— Bellier, ii. 471.
SAVERY, ROELANT, bom at Courtrai
in 1576, died at Utrecht in 1639. Flemish
school ; landscape and animal painter, broth-
er and pupil of Jacques Savery, the young-
er ; went early to Germany under the pat-
ronage of Emperor Rudolf H, who sent
him to study for two years in the Tyrolese
Alps, and for whom he painted many land-
scapes in the Prague Gallery. After Ru-
dolf's death in 1612 he settled in Utrecht,
where he entered the guild in 1627. Works :
Orpheus charming the Animals, National
Gallery, London ; do. (1623), Amsterdam
Museum ; do., Hague Museum ; do., Ber-
lin Museum ; do., Darmstadt Museum ; do.,
Utrecht Museum ; do., Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; do., and Rocky Landscape (1610),
Paradise (1628), Woodland, do. (1609), Land-
scape with Birds (1621), Orpheus trying to
118
SAVIOUR
move Pluto by his Music, Vienna Museum ;
Lake in the Woods, Bamberg Gallery ;
Hunter and Boar (1610), Landscapes with
Euins (1614, 1618), Noah's Ark (1620), four
other Landscapes (1620, 1625), Dresden
Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Munich Gallery. —
Fdtis, Les artistes beiges, ii. 88 ; Kramm,
v. 1474 ; Michiels, vi. 165.
SAVIOUR, THE (II Salvatore), Titian,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6^
in. x 2 ft. Half-length, with arms folded ;
background, a landscape. Painted early,
The Saviour, Titian, Palazzo Pittf, Florence,
for Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of
Urbino ; passed to the Medici as part of
dowry of the Grand Duchess Vittoria della
Rovere. Taken to Paris in 1799 ; returned
in 1816. Copy in Christ Church Gallery,
Oxford. Engraved by Martelli. — Gal. du
PaL Pitti, i. PI. 107 ; C. & C., Titian, ii.
417 ; Landon, Musee, xiv. PI. 22.
SAVIOUR IN THE TEMPLE, William
Holman Hunt, Manchester Art Gallery.
Our Saviour found disputing with the doc-
tors in the Temple. Jesus, a brown-haired,
blue-eyed boy, in a pink and purple striped
frock, stands before the doctors, who are
grouped in a semicircle at left, the blind
High Priest holding the rolls of the Law ;
Mary, with her brow pressed against the
Child's with an expression of anxiety, has
her hand on his shoulder as if to draw him
away ; Joseph, in a crimson turban, stands
behind. Exhibited in I860, after five years'
labour, eighteen months of which were spent
in Jerusalem ; sold to Mr. Gambart for
£5,500. Engraved by Aug. Blanchard from
drawing by Moselli (Gambart sale, 1871, 120
guineas).— Art Journal (1860), 182 ; (1868),
100 ; Athenaeum, April, 1860, 549.
SAVOLDO, GLYN' GIROLAMO, called
Girolamo Bresciauo, born at Brescia about
1480, died in Venice (?) after 1548. Veneto-
Brescian school ; his style had something
in common with that of Moretto, but usual-
ly less dignified. A long residence in Ven-
ice enabled him to enter into the spirit of
the great Venetian masters, but he preferred
to treat night or sunset scenes and sacred
genre. It is difficult to find his works un-
der their true name, most of them being
ascribed to Bellini, Titian, Pordenone, Del
Piombo, Giorgione, and others. Works :
Nativity, S. Barnaba, Brescia ; Portrait of
Qaston de Foix (?), Louvre ; Madonna with
Saints, Brera, Milan ; Transfiguration, Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Adoration of Shepherds, Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Holy Family,
Turin Gallery ; Venetian Girl, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Entombment, Vienna Museum ;
Mary Magdalen at Sepulchre, National Gal-
lery, London.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 418 ;
Burckhardt, 733 ; Ltlbke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
ii. 621.
SAVONANZI, EMILIO, born in Bologna,
June 19, 1580, died at Camerino in 1660.
Bolognese school ; of a noble, wealthy fam-
ily, and a soldier until his twenty-sixth year,
when he devoted himself to art. Studied
with Cremonini, Calvart, the Carracci, Guer-
cino, and Guido ; painted chiefly at Aucona
119
SAVONAROLA
and Camerino, where he left many works.
Charles Blanc says he had three styles, a
good, a mediocre, and a detestable. Among
his best works are : Marriage of St. Cath-
erine, S. Filippo, Camerino, and Madonna
at foot of Cross, La Santa, Bologna. — Mal-
vasia, i. 228 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ;
Gualandi, 64.
SAVONAROLA, portrait, Fra Bartolom-
meo, Florence Academy ; wood, H. 1 ft. 10
in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Savonarola allegorically rep-
resented in the guise of Peter Martyr, with
blood streaming from a wound in his head.
Painted at Pian' di Mugnone before 1498 ;
passed from the Ospizio della Maddalena
to Convent of S. Marco, Florence, and to
Academy. Engraved by Chiossone. — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iv. 179 ; Gall, dell' Accad. di
Firenze, PL 55 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 433.
By Fra llartolommeo, heirs of E. Rubieri,
Florence. Painted in Florence in 1495, and
sent to Ferrara ; taken back to Florence by
Filippo Salviati, who gave it to Dominican
nuns of S. Vincenzo, Prato ; their convent
suppressed in 1810, and picture finally
bought by Sig. Rubieri. The earliest ex-
tant work of Fra Bartolommeo. — C. &'C.,
Italy, iii. 432 ; Rubieri, Ritratto di Fra Gi-
rolamo (Florence, 1855) ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 179 ; Rio, de 1'Art Chretien, ii. 501.
SAXE, MARSHAL, AND STAFF, Jean
Louis Ernest Meissonier, D. O. Mills, New
York. The marshal and his officers riding
along a road in a sunny landscape ; at right,
a shepherd in coutadino costume pasturing
his flock. — Art Treasures of America, ii. 109.
SAXONY, ELECTOR OF, portrait. See
John Frederick.
SCARPAZA or SCARPACCIA. See Oar-
paccio.
SCARSELLA, IPPOLITO, and SIGIS-
MONDO. See Scarsellino.
SCARSELLINO, LO, born at Ferrara in
1551, died there, Oct. 23, 1621. Lombard
school ; real name Ippolito Scarsella ; son
and pupil of Sigismondo Scarsella (1530-
1614), called Mondino, who was a scholar
of Paolo Veronese. Ippolito afterwards
painted two years in Bologna, and studied
the works of Paolo Veronese in Venice.
On his return to Ferrara he won fame and
riches by his works, which were in demand
in Mantua, Modena, Bologna, and other
cities ; but most of his pictures are in Fer-
rara. Among his best examples are : Judg-
ment of Paris, Uffizi, Florence ; Assump-
tion, Marriage at Cana, Beheading of St.
John, Madonna della Misericordia, Noli me
Tangere, Ferrara Gallery ; Flight into
Egypt, Madonna and St. Joseph, Madonna
and Saints, do., Dresden Gallery ; Child
Jesus and St. John, Munich Gallery ; Vir-
gin and Child, Brussels Museum. — Ch.
Blanc, £cole ferraraise ; Lanzi, iii. 207.
SCHADOW, FELIX, born in Berlin,
June 21, 1819, died there, June 25, 1861.
Genre painter, step-brother of the follow-
ing, pupil in 1838-39 of Julius Hiibner,
then in Dresden of Eduard Bendemann ;
returned to Berlin, where he assisted in
painting Schinkel's frescos in the old Mu-
seum, and after his father's death painted
in his house a cycle in fresco, illustrating
Gottfried Schadow's life. Works : Adorn-
ing the Bride (1858), Schwerin Gallery ;
Diana (I860).— Schlie, 63.
SCHADOW (Schadow-Godenhaus),
FRIEDRICH
W I L H E L M
VON, Dr., born
in Berlin, Sept. 6,
1789,diedinD(is-
seldorf, March
19, 1862. His-
tory and portrait
painter, son and
pupil of the
sculptor, Gott-
fried Schadow, and pupil of Weitsch, then
copied for one year in the Potsdam Gallery ;
served in the army in 1806-7, studied in
Rome in 1810-19, was closely allied with
120
SCIIAEFELS
Cornelius, Overbook, and Veit, and became
an enthusiastic follower of religious art
and (1814) a convert to Roman Catholicism.
Made professor at the Berlin Academy in
1819, he won great renown as a teacher, and
in 1826 became director of the DUsseldorf
Academy, which he thoroughly reorganized,
its brilliant success being identified with
his name. Resigned in 1859. He founded
the Art Union for Westphalia in 1829, visit-
ed Rome and Naples in 1840, and was en-
nobled in 1843, with the permission to add
to his name that of his estate, Godenhaus.
Ph.D., University of Bonn,1842 ; Member of
Berlin Academy and of Institut de France ;
Order of Red Eagle. Works : Regina Cce-
lis, (1810-19), Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-
Chapelle ; Holy Family, Munich Gallery ;
Roman Woman ; Camaldolensian Monk ;
Bacchanal (1819), Proscenium, New The-
atre, Berlin ; Adoration of the Magi (1824),
Garnisonskirche, ib. ; The Four Evangelists,
Werder Church, ib.; Female Portrait (1832),
Walk to Emmaus (1836), Union of Painting
and Sculpture (Thorwaldsen, Schadow, and
his brother Rudolf), National Gallery, ib.;
A Templar (1832) ; Daughter of Herodias
(1838), Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Free-Born
Poetry (1825) ; Mignon (1828) ; Caritas
(1830), Antwerp Museum ; Wise and Fool-
ish Virgins (1838), Studel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Heavenly and Earthly Love (1840) ;
Pietas et Vanitas (1841) ; Holy Family,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Heaven, Purga-
tory, and Hell (after Dante); many masterly
portraits, among them those of his Children,
of the poet Immermaun, and of Mendels-
sohn. Frescos : Jacob with Joseph's Bloody
Coat, Joseph in Prison (1818), Casa Bar-
tholdi, Rome.— Art Journal (1865),
69 ; FOrster, iv. 220 ; v. 273, 343 ;
Hagen, D. Kunst., etc.; Hilbner,
Schadow und seine Schule (Bonn, 1869) ;
Jordan (1885), ii. 193 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.
(1878), xiv. 196 ; Milller, Ddsseldf. K., 12,
19 ; Nagler, xv. 90 ; Riegel, Gesch. des
Wiederauflebens der d. K., 276, 331 ; Spring-
er, Gesch., 91 ; Wiegmann, 64.
w
SCHAEFELS, HENRI, born in Ant-
werp ; contemporary. Genre and marine
painter. Order of Leopold. Works : Louis
XIV. at Versailles (1853), Leipsic Museum ;
Encouraged and Discouraged (1853) ; Bat-
tle of the Sluice (1860); Battle of Trafalgar,
Antwerp Museum ; Capture of Fleet before
Lisbon in 1572.— Muller, 460.
SCHAEPKENS, ALEXANDER, born at
Maastricht in 1815. Landscape painter,
pupil of Antwerp and (1835-37) Brussels
Academies, then studied in Paris after the
old Dutch masters in the Louvre. Member
of Amsterdam Academy. Order of Oaken
Crown, 1857. Works :*St. Arnulf in Pray-
| er ; best pictures in Collections of Baroness
van Dopf, Maastricht, Countess von Ge-
loes, Elsloo, and H. Geefs, Brussels.—
Kramm, v. 1451.
SCHAEPKENS, THEODOOR, born at
I Maastricht in 1810. History painter, broth-
I er of preceding, pupil of Antwerp Academy
! under M. van Bree ; visited France, Italy,
| and Germany. Works : St. Servatius, Ca-
thedral, Maastricht ; St. Lambert in Prayer,
Notre Dame, ib. ; Industry and City of Maas-
tricht, City Hall, ib.; St. Philomena, Ant-
werp Cathedral ; Murder of Spaniards at
Maastricht in 1579, National Museum, Brus-
' sels ; Death of Evrard t' Serclaes. — Imuier-
zeel, iii. 56 ; Kramm, v. 1453.
SCHAFFER, ADALBERT, born at Nagy
Karoly, Hungary, in 1815, died in Ddssel-
dorf, March 1, 1871. Still-life painter;
studied in Pesth and Vienna. Works :
Pitcher, Glass, Oysters, etc., on Marble
Table (1849), Vienna Museum ; Antique
Vessels with Flowers and Fruits (1852) ;
do. from Ambras Collection (1856) ; Gar-
laud with Madonna (1866). — Wurzbach,
xxix. 44.
SCHAFFER, AUGUST, born in Vienna,
April 30, 1833. Landscape painter, pupil
of Vienna Academy under Steinfeld ; stud-
ied nature in Austrian and Bavarian Alps,
in Hungary, North Italy, and on the North
Sea. Member of Vienna Academy. Med-
als : Strasburg, 1859 ; Nassau. Works :
121
SCIIAFFNER
Woodland in Carpathian Mountains (1857),
Art Union, Vienna ; Lonely Lake (1863) ;
Sea Coast, Autumn in Hungarian Forest
(1864), Eeturn from World's Fair (1873),
Museum, ib.; Autumn (1868), Academy, ib.
— Wurzbach, xxix. 46 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
ix. (Mittheilungen, ii. 28) ; Graph. K, i. 6,
32.
SCHAFFNER, MARTIN, flourished in
TJlm about 1500-35. German school ; his-
tory and portrait painter, perhaps a pupil
of Zeitblom, and after him the most emi-
nent artist of the school of TJlm. He was a
realist, and especially successful in portrait-
ure. Works : Portrait of Count Oettingen
(1508), do. of mathematician Peter Appian,
Annunciation (1523), Presentation in the
Temple, Descent of the Holy Ghost, Death
of the Virgin (all 1524), Pieta, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Christ's Passion (4, 1515),
Augsburg Gallery ; Christ's Entry into
Jerusalem, three other scenes in Life of
Christ, Schleissheim Gallery ; six do., Ho-
henzollern Museum, Sigmaringen ; SS. Peter
and Paul (1518), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Altai-
Wings (1521), Two Portraits (1516 and
1530), TJlm Cathedral ; Adoration of the
Magi, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Por-
traits of Six Kneeling Figures (1514), En-
tombment (1510), Descent to Hell, Resur-
rection (1516), Descent of the Holy Ghost
(1519), Archaeological Union, Stuttgart ; Six
Saints, Berlin Museum ; two do., Stuttgart
Museum ; Madonna, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna. — Ch.
AA C AA ^ W Blanc, Ecole
S ^J / \ J allemande;
Heideloff, Kunst des Mittelalters in Schwa-
ben, 119 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 220 ; Nagler,
Mon., iv. 670 ; Schnaase, viii. 432 ; W. &
W., ii. 453.
SCHALCKEN, GODFRIED, born in
Dordrecht in 1643, died at The Hague, Nov.
16, 1706. Dutch school ; genre painter, pu-
pil of Samuel van Hoogstraten, and Gerard
Dou ; visited England, and there executed
small portraits, among them that of William
HI, with much success. Occasionally paint-
ed historical pictures, but his best works
are genre subjects, lighted by artificial light.
Works: Lesbia weigh-
ing Jewels against
her Sparrow, Old
Woman scouring Ket-
tle, Duet, Officer pre-
senting Jewellery to
Lady, National Gal-
lery, London ; Le Roi
detrousse, Painter
and his Family,
Young Girl with
Candle, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Smoker
by Candle Light, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Male Por-
trait, Mr. Baring, ib.; Ceres with Torch
seeking Proserpine, Two Women by Can-
dle-Light, Old Man Writing, Louvre ; Young
Man melting Wax, Brussels Museum ; Lady
at Toilet, Useless Remonstrance, Consulta-
tion, Venus with Doves, Portrait of William
IH. (1699), Hague Museum ; Girl putting
Candle into Lantern, Man Smoking, Boy
eating an Egg, Evei-y One after his own
Fancy, Portrait of William HI., two other
Portraits, Amsterdam Museum ; Old Lady's
Portrait (1677), Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; Male Portrait, Girl with Coal
Basin, Young Man with Plaster Mask, Bruns-
wick Gallery ; Bathers, Warrior undressed
for Bath, Rommelpot Player, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; The Magdalen (2), Venus and Cupid
(2), Artist's Wife, Old Man, Cassel Gallery ;
Magdalen Penitent, Cologne Museum ; do.,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Holy Fam-
ily at Evening Prayer, Sealing a Letter,
Fishermen, Juno vexed at her Image, Gal-
lery, Copenhagen ; Salome with Head of
St. John, Moltke Collection, ib. ; Lighting
his Pipe, Portrait of WTilliam IH., Darm-
stadt Museum ; Fortune Teller, Gotha Mu-
seum ; Girl trying to blow out Taper, Wise
and Foolish Virgins (1700), Magdalen, Holy
Family, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Holy
Family, Portrait of an Electress (1703),
Schleissheim Gallery ; Boy and Girl (1682),
three others, Schwerin Gallery : A Hermit,
Stuttgart Museum ; Girl reading Letter,
122
SCHAMPHELEEK
Girl holding Candle, Artist lighting up Bust
of Venus, Girl holding Egg against Light,
Old Woman with Book on her Lap, Dresden
Gallery ; Young Fisherman, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Girl placing Candle in Lantern, Old
Man Reading, Vienna Museum; Barber
shaving himself,
Hermitage, St
Petersburg ; Art-
ist's Portrait, His-
torical Society,
New York.— Ch.
Blanc, I5cole hol-
landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 58 ; Kramm, v.
1454; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 410; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 336.
SCHAMPHELEER, EDMOND DE, born
in Brussels in 1824. Landscape painter,
pupil of E. de Block. Gold medals : Dun-
kirk, 1864 ; Brussels, 1866 ; Berlin, 1872,
1876 ; Paris, 1877. Works : The Old Rhine
near Gouda, Brussels Museum ; Evening
Landscape (1853), Hamburg Gallery ; Har-
vest, Stettin Museum ; Summer Evening on
Banks of Dyle ; Landscape after Storm ;
Sunday Morning in Village in Brabant ;
Abcoude Lake near Amsterdam (1883). —
Leixner, Mod. K., i. 85 ; ii. 113.
SCHAMS, FRANZ, born in Vienna in
1823. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy. Works : Duke Henry IV. as Minne-
singer recognized by the Tyrolese (1851),
Vienna Museum ; Summons to Crusade
(1858) ; Scene in Life of Joseph H. (1860) ;
Important News (1862) ; Baptism (1869) ;
Schiller reading " The Robbers " ; We want
to marry each other ! — Wurzbach, xxix.
113.
SCHANCHE, HERMAN, born at Bergen,
Norway, in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil
of Dilsseldorf Academy under Gude ; trav-
elled in Germany, Scandinavia, and Portu-
gal. Best pictures in Christiania Gallery,
and Stockholm Museum.
SCHAUBROEK (Schoebroek), PIETER,
born in Antwerp in 1542 (?), died after
1605. Flemish school ; history and land-
scape painter, pupil and imitator of Jan
Brueghel ; lived in Nuremberg in 1597.
Works: St. John Preaching, Brunswick
Gallery ; Burning of Troy, Cassel Gallery ;
Village View, Copenhagen Gallery ; Land-
scape (1604), Schleissheim Gallery ; Burn-
ing of Troy (1605), Vienna Museum.— Rie-
gel, Beitriige, ii. 87.
SCHAUFELIN (Schauffelein, Scheufelin,
Scheyffelin), HANS LEONHARD, born in
Nuremberg before 1490, died at Niird-
lingen in 1539 or 1540. German school ;
history painter, pupil of Diirer, whom he
assisted in an altarpiece executed in 1502,
and whose manner he imitated so well that
many of his numerous pictures have been
accredited to his master. He lived alter-
nately in Augsburg (1512), Nuremberg, and
Niirdlingen, where he was finally induced to
settle. Works: Pietfi (1510), Passion of
Christ (1522), Basle Museum ; Four Scenes
in Life of a Martyr, St. Jerome in a Grotto,
Bamberg Gallery ; Last Supper (1511),
Christ parting with his Mother, Berlin Mu-
seum; Crucifixion (1515), Presentation in the
Temple, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Christ appear-
ing to Magdalen, Adoration of the Lamb,
Cassel Gallery ; Death of the Virgin, Apos-
tles Thomas and James, Cologne Museum ;
Scenes from Lives of Christ and Mary,
Christ on Mount of Olives (1516), Head of
Christ, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ on
the Cross (1508), Judith and Holoferues
(1515), St. Bridget, Two Scenes in Life of
St. Onofrius, St. Jerome, Liberation of
Peter, Burial of the Virgin, Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg ; several in the churches,
ib. ; Scourging of Christ, Leipsic Museum ;
Christ on the Cross, Ecce Homo, Christ on
Mount of Olives, Portrait of an Abbot
(1531), Schleissheim Gallery ; Christ Cruci-
fied, and the Joys of the World (?) Schwerin
Gallery ; Judith and Holofernes (1515),
Siege of Bethulia, St. Barbara, St. Eliza-
beth, Christ parting from his Mother
(1515), Pieta (1516), Assumption (1521),
and others, Town Hall, Nordlingen ; Pieta,
St. George's, ib.; Altarpiece in 16 panels
(1513), Convent Church, Anhauseu ; Last
SCHAUFELIN
des Mittelalt. in
(Crowe), i. 177;
Supper, Adoration of the Lamb (1538),
Ulm Cathedral ; Male Portrait, Vienna Mu-
HA £ seum.— Ch. Blanc,
jK* fieole allemande;
*" <^V» Keane, Early Masters,
158; Heideloff, K.
Schwaben, 120 ; Kugler
Nagler, Mon., iii. 561 ;
Thausing (Eaton), DUrer, i. 173 ; W. & W.,
ii. 401 ; Zeitschr. f. B. K., ii. 244.
SCHAUFELIN, HANS, the younger, bom
at Nordlingen, whence he removed to Frei-
burg, in 1543, died (?). German school ; son
of Hans Leonhardin Schaufelin, to whom
some of his paintings are wrongly attributed.
Works: Female portrait (1568), Germanic
Museum, Nuremberg. — Nagler, Mon., iii.
582 ; W. & W., ii. 403.
SCHAUMANN, HEINRICH, born at Tu-
bingen, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 2, 1841. Genre
painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under
Rustige, Neher, and Funk ; removed in
1864 to Munich, whence he repeatedly vis-
ited England, France, the Netherlands, and
Italy. Many of his works are in England
and America. Medal for Art and Science.
Works: Monkey playing with Dog, New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Invitation to Wed-
ding in Suabia, St. Gall Museum ; Festi-
val at Cannstadt (1877), Stuttgart Museum ;
Election Agitation (1882). — Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xix. 833 ; Miiller, 462.
SCHAUSS, FERDINAND, born in Ber-
lin in 1832. Genre, figure, and portrait
painter, pupil of Steffeck, and in Paris of
Cogniet ; visited England, Holland, Bel-
gium, Italy, and Spain, studying especially
the portraits by the old masters. Became
professor at the Weimar Art School, in 1873,
but returned to Berlin in 1876. His female
and children's portraits are distinguished
for delicate colouring and refined treat-
ment. Works ; Callisto and Diana (1870,
bought by Austrian Government), Dryad ;
Genevieve ; Leander ; Still-life, Ravene Gal-
lery, Berlin. — Miiller, 463 ; Rosenberg.
Berl. Malersch., 229 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi.
107, 214.
SCHEBUJEFF, WASSILY KOSMICH,
born at Cronstadt in 1776, diedin 1855. His-
tory painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Acad-
emy, and studied in Rome in 1803-7. Pro-
fessor and rector of the Academy. Works :
Death of Hippolytus; Assumption (1807)
St. John in the Desert (1810), Patriot
Igolkine (1839), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
SCHEFFER, ARY, born at Dordrecht,
Feb. 10, 1797, died at
Argenteuil, June 15,
1858. History and
portrait painter, son
of Johann Baptist
Scheffer ; pupil of
Guerin. Sympathiz-
ing neither with the
classic school repre-
sented by his master,
nor with the roman-
tic led by Gericault
and Delacroix, Scheffer took up a class of
subjects which showed his sympathy with
the cause of freedom, such as the Suliote
Women, an episode of the Greek war, and
the Battle of Morat. Influenced by Ingres,
he sought and obtained greater purity of
form, and painted subjects from Goethe and
Byron. In 1836 he was appointed art in-
structor to the Orleans family, and directed
the studies of the Princess Marie in sculpt-
ure. In 1836 he accompanied the Due
d' Orleans and General Bandrand, whose
widow he afterwards married, to the siege
of Antwerp, and after his return painted
several military episodes for Versailles. Be-
tween 1835 and 1848 he produced his great-
est works, the Christus Consolator and Ju-
dex, the Francesca and the Mignons. When
the Revolution broke out Scheffer assisted
the King and his family in their escape
from Paris, and then went to Holland and
England for rest. The coup d'etat of 1852,
which gave Louis Napoleon the throne, was
a blow to his hopes which finally disgusted
him with politics, from which he withdrew
altogether. Five years later, after a last
visit to England, he lost his friends Manin
124
SCHEFFER
and the Duchcsse d'Orleans, to whom he
was much attached. After attending the
funeral of the latter he returned much
broken to France, and shortly after died.
In his earlier pictures Scheffer showed his
sympathy with human suffering ; in those
of his second period his love for the elevat-
ing influences of the great poets; in his
third his faith in the Christian religion, and
his aspirations to a higher life. The works
of his middle period, the Christ in the Gar-
den (1839), the Macbeth, and the Fraucesca,
are vigorous and deep in colour, while those
of a later period, the Beatrice, the Tempta-
tion, etc., are pale and somewhat monot-
onous in tone. In both, however, there is
a depth of feeling and a purity of senti-
ment which characterized the man no less
than the painter. Officer of the Legion of
Honour, 1825. Works: Abel and Thirza
(1812) ; Death of St. Louis (1817) ; Con-
valescent Mother (1818), Pereire Collection,
Paris ; Patriotism of Six Citizens of Calais,
Socrates defending Alcibiades at Potidea
(1819); The Tempest (1820); Soldier's
Widow (1821) ; Young Orphans ; Christen-
ing ; Burning of a Farm House ; The
Shades of Francesca da Rimini and her
Lover appearing to Dante and Virgil (1821) ;
St. Louis visiting the Plague-Stricken
(1822) ; Seaman's Family (1823) ; Baptism
(1823), King of the Belgians ; Little Wood-
cutter ; Return Home ; Mother with Two
Children mourning (1824), Kiinigsberg Mu-
seum ; War Scene in Alsace in 1814, Burial
of young Fisherman (1824) ; Death of Geri-
cault (1824), Louvre ; St. Thomas Aquinas
encouraging People in a Storm at Sea
(1824), Church of St. Thomas, Paris ; Gas-
ton de Foix found among the Dead at Ra-
venna (1824), Versailles Museum ; Greek
Girls Praying to the Madonna, Last of the
Missolonghi Garrison (1826) ; Suliote Wom-
en (1827), Eberhard the Weeper (1831),
Louvre ; Charlemagne submitting his first
Capitularies to the Assembly of the Franks
(1827), Charlemagne and Wittikind, Ver-
sailles Museum ; Battle of Morat, Sister of
Charity (1829) ; Leonora (1829) ; Fhuxt in
his Study, Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel
(1831), Baroness Rothschild, Paris ; Christ
and the Children (1830, 1840) ; Martha and
Marguerite (1830), King of the Belgians ;
The Due d'Orleans (Louis Philippe) receiv-
ing the First Hussars (2, 1831), Versailles
Museum ; Marguerite at Church (1832),
Samuel Ashton, London ; The Giaour (1832);
Medora (1833) ; Ahasuerus (1834) ; Fran-
cesca da Rimini (1834), Sir Richard Wal-
lace, London ; replica (1855), Mme. Mar-
joliu Scheffer ; Mignon regretting her
Country (1836), Duchesso d'Ayeu ; Chrislus
Consolator (1837), Museum Fodor, Amster-
dam ; Victory of Clovis at Tolbiac in 49G
(1837) ; Marguerite leaving Church (1838),
Samuel Ashton, London ; The King of
Thule (1838) ; Christ on Mount of Olives,
Mignon aspiring to Heaven (1839), Du-
chesse d'Ayen ; Charitable Child (1840),
Nantes Museum ; Annunciation to the Shep-
herds (1841); The Three Magi (1844),
Princess Caroline Wittgenstein, Weimar ;
Mignon and the Harper (1844), Queen of
England ; Entombment, Mater Dolorosa
(1845) ; Christ and the Holy Women,
Christ bearing the Cross (1846) ; St. Au-
gustine and St. Monica (1846), National
Gallery, London ; Faust and Marguerite
in the Garden, Faust's Vision (1846), Sam-
uel Ashton, London ; The Holy Women
returning from the Tomb (1847), Comte de
Paris ; Cliristux Remunerator (1847) ; Heav-
enly and Earthly Love, St. John writing the
Apocalypse (1850) ; Magdalen in Ecstasy
(1851) ; Ruth and Naomi (1855) ; St. Au-
gustine and St. Monica (1855), Tempta-
tion of Christ (1856), Louvre ; Jacob and
Rachel, Ecce Homo, Christ and St. John,
Kiss of Judas (1857) ; Ibust with the Cup
(1858), Count Kucheleff ; Marguerite at the
Fountain (1858), Sir Richard Wallace, Lon-
don ; Figure of Calvin (1858) ; The Earthly
Sorrows rising to Heaven (1858, last work),
Mme. Marjolin Scheffer ; The Magdalen at
the Foot of the Cross, Marseilles Museum ;
A Philosopher, Montpellier Museum ; Death
iv.-,
SCHEFFER
of Eurydice, Galerie Chambert, Blois ;
Greek Exiles on a Rock looking toward
their lost Country, Museum Fodor, Am-
sterdam ; Count Eberhard of Wtlrtemberg
cutting the Table-Cloth, Eberhard the
Weeper, Rotterdam Museum ; Giving Alms,
Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Dante and Be-
atrice, Mr. Hemming ; Christ weeping over
Jerusalem, Mr. Robert Barnes ; Return of
the Prodigal Son ; Christ Teaching Humil-
ity, Mr. John Aikin. Portraits : Boranger
(1828) ; Odilon Barrot (1832) ; Duchess of
Elchingen (1832) ; Artist's Mother (1835-
39) ; Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen
(183G) ; Artist (1838) ; Franz Lizst (1839) ;
Madame Heine (1841) ; Rossini (1843) ;
Lammenais (1845); Madame Guizot(1847) ;
Henri Martin (1850) ; LordDufferin (1853) ;
Princess Wittgenstein (1855) ; Manini
(1857).— Art Journal (1858), 223, 252, 370 ;
Bellier, ii. 474 ; Ch. Blanc, I5cole francaise ;
Ch. Lenormant, Ary Scheffer (Paris, 1859) ;
do., Beaux Arts et Voyages, i. 278 ; A. Etex,
Ary Scheffer (Paris, 1859) ; J. Canonge,
Pradier et Ary Scheffer (1858) ; Hofstede
de Groot, Ary Scheffer (Bielefeld, 1870) ;
Mrs. Grote, Memoir ; Hamerton, French
Painters, 42 ; Immerzeel, iii. 62 ; Kramm, v.
1458 ; Larousse, xiv. 341 ; Perrier, Etudes,
80 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 129 ; ii. 126 ;
iii. 40 ; C. C. Perkins, American Church Re-
view, April, 1872.
SCHEFFER, JOHANN BAPTIST, born
at Mannheim in 1773, died at Amsterdam
in 1809. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Tischbein ; went early to Holland and
settled at Dordrecht. In 1809 he won the
competitive prize for historical painting,
with his Admiral Jacob Simon sz de Ryk in
Prison. Works : Interior, Rotterdam Mu-
seum ; Emperor Joseph II, Three other
Male Portraits, Darmstadt Museum.
SCHEFFER, HENRI, born at The Hague,
Sept. 27, 1798, died in Paris, March 15, 1861.
1 French school ; history and genre painter,
brother of Ary Scheffer and pupil of Gue-
rin. L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Don
Juan Asleep in Haidee's Lap (1825) ; Char-
lotte Corday protected from the Mob (1830);
Unfortunate Family (1830), Ki'migsberg Mu-
seum ; A Protestant Preacher (1831); Mme.
Scheffer and her Children (1847) ; Dream
of Charles IX. (1855); Battle of Cassel, Joan
of Arc entering Orleans, Versailles Museum ;
Portraits of Carrel (1830), Arago (1837), and
Thierry (1840) ; The First Born, Rotterdam
Museum ; etc. — Bellier, ii. 475 ; Revue des
Deux Mondes (1843), ii. 271.
SCHEFFER VON LEONHARDSHOFF,
JOHANN, Ritter, born in Vienna, Oct.
30, 1795, died there, June 12, 1822. His-
tory painter, pupil of Kreithner, an inferior
painter ; was sent to Italy by Prince Salm-
Reifferscheid in 1815 and 1817, when he
painted Pope Pius VH. ; and visited Rome
again in 1820, where he was befriended by
Overbeck, whom he had taken for his mod-
el. Works : St. Cecilia playing the Organ,
St. Ludovico (1820) ; St. Cecilia bewailed
by Angels (1821), Vienna Museum. — Andre-
sen, iii. 80 ; Wurzbach, xxix. 49.
SCHEIB, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH,
born at Worms in 1737, died at Hamburg
in 1810. Genre painter, pupil of Johann
Konrad Seekatz, whom he imitated success-
fully ; travelled through France, and settled
in Hamburg, where he died in the poor-
house. Works : Conflagration at Night in a
Village (2), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 570.
SCHEINS, KARL LUDWIG, born at
Aix-la-Chapelle in 1808, died at Diissel-
dorf, Oct. 23, 1879. Landscape painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under Jo-
hann Wilhelm Schirmer ; painted mostly
woodland and mountain scenes of a mel-
ancholy character, somewhat monotonous in
composition, but original and lively in treat-
ment. Works : Winter Landscape witli Fig-
ures, Diisseldorf Gallery ; do., Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Fir Wood in Black Forest (1852) ;
Winter Scene in Evening Light (1855) ;
Moonlight (1857).
1S6
SCIIEITS
SCHEITS (Scheutz), MATHIAS, born at
Hamburg about 1640, died there in 1700.
Dutch school ; history and genre painter,
pupil at Haarlem of Philip Wouwermans,
later formed himself after Ostade, Teniers,
and Pieter van Laar. Works : Peasant Fam-
ily at Dinner, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Re-
bekah and Eliezer at the Well, Musical En-
tertainment, Battle Scene, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Battle Scene, Gottingen University ;
Male Portrait, Cassel Gallery. — Hamburger
K. Lex., 217 ; Nagler, xv. 171.
SCHELFHOUT, ANDREAS, born at The
Hague, Feb. 16, 1787,
died there, April 19,
1870. Landscape
painter, pupil of
Breckenheimer, and
one of the most cele-
brated and prolific
modern mastera
Member of Amster- '7S K '
dam, Brussels, Ghent,
and Hague Acad-
emies. Order of Lion, 1839 ; do. of Leo-
pold, 1845 ; medals at Antwerp, Brussels,
Ghent, and The Hague. Works : Winter
Landscape (1815) ; Frozen River with Skat-
ers (1823), Ghent Museum ; Landscapes (3),
Amsterdam Museum ; Landscapes and Ma-
rines (14), Fodor Museum, Amsterdam ;
Coast View, Winter Landscape, Scheven-
ingen at Sunset, Rotterdam Museum ; Win-
ter Landscape, Ghent Museum ; do., Rac-
zynski Gallery, Berlin ; do. (3, one dated
1858), Sheep driven through Village, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Ice Scene with Skaters
(1829), Konigsberg Museum ; Winter Scene
(1835), Sea Coast with Huts and People,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Winter Land-
scape, Weimar Museum ; others in Stutt-
gart Gallery and Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
— Immerzeel, iii. 64 ; Kramm, v. 1470 ;
Kunst-Chronik, v. 180.
SCHELLINKS, WILLEM, born in Am-
sterdam in 1632, died there in 1678. Dutch
school ; history and landscape painter, trav-
elled for several years in England, France,
Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. Works :
Departure of Charles H. from Coast of Hol-
land ; Burning of English Fleet at Chat-
ham, Six Collection, Amsterdam ; Sacking
of Convent, Landing Place on a River, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Mountainous Landscape
with Robbers and Soldiers, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; others in Augsburg and St. Pe-
tersburg (2) Galleries. — Dcscamps, ii. 181 ;
Immerzeel, iii. 66 ; Kramm, v. 1472.
SCHELVER, AUGUST FRANZ, born at
Osnabrilck in 1805, died in Munich in 1844.
Genre and battle painter, pupil at Osna-
brdck of H. Neelmeyer, then studied in
Munich, 1826-33, and _ -
returned there in 1834. Af O • 7 8 1 $ • 2 Q
Works: Battle of ^ ^ '
Hanau (1835), Konigsberg Museum ; Tyro-
lese Cart on Mountain Road (1843), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; others in Hanover
and St. Petersburg Galleries.
SCHENAU (Schonau), JOHANN ELEA-
ZAR, born at Gross-Schenau, Saxony, Nov.
17, 1740, died at Dresden in 1806. Real
name Zeisig. History and genre painter,
I pupil of Bessler, and at Dresden Academy
under Silvestre, who took him to Paris ; pat-
ronized by the Dauphine, a Princess of Sax-
ony, he formed himself in the manner of
Chardin, Boucher, and Greuze ; was called
to Dresden in 1770, made member of the
Academy, then professor in 1774, and as-
sistant director in 1777. His works, while
full of imagination and skilful in compo-
sition, are deficient in drawing. Works :
Crucifixion (1790), Kreuzkirche, Dresden ;
Pandora ; Icarus and Dscdalus ; Priam
begging Achilles for the Body of his Son ;
Allegory on Recovery of the Electress ;
Old Man reading the Bible, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Young Lady dancing before Mirror,
Weimar Museum. — Nagler, xv. 181.
SCHENCK, AUGUST FREDERIC AL-
BRECHT, born at GKlckstadt, Holstein,
127
SCHENDEL
April 23, 1828. Animal painter, pupil in
Paris of Cogniet ; lives at l5couen, near Paris.
Medals : Paris, 1865 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ;
Orders of Christ of Portugal, and of Isabel-
la the Catholic. AVorks : Eest on Seashore
(1864), Awakening of Herd (1865), Bor-
deaux Museum ; On the Mountain (1866) ;
Last Hour of Shearing (1868) ; Donkeys
around the Trough, Goatherd in Snowstorm
(1870) ; My Umbrella (1875) ; Mountain
Road (1877) ; Auguish, Neighbouring Mill
(1878) ; Diudons trouvant un supplement
(1883) ; Perclus — Souvenir of Auvergne,
Miss C. L. Wolfe, New York ; Eappel— Sou-
venir of Auvergne, Study (1884) ; The Or-
phan (1885) ; The Struggle (1886).— Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xvii. 784 ; Midler, 463.
SCHENDEL, PETRUS VAN, born at Ter
Heyden, North Bra-
bant, April 21, 1806,
died in Brussels, De-
cember 28, 1870.
Hi story and genre
painter, pupil in
1822-28 of Antwerp
Academy under Van
Bree ; settled first in
Amsterdam, then in
Rotterdam, where he
made a reputation with his portraits ; went
to The Hague, and in 1845 to Brussels ;
became known especially through his mar-
ket scenes with light effects. Medals in
Amsterdam ; Brussels, 1845 ; and. Paris,
1844, 1847. Works : Market in Friesland
by Moonlight, Amsterdam Museum ; St.
Jerome, Hague Museum ; Kitchen Scene
(1834), Hamburg Gallery ; Evening Market
in Antwerp ; Fish Seller (1843), Vegetable
Market (1852), National Gallery, Berlin;
Return from Hunt (1839), Scene in Fish
Market, Leipsic Museum ; Market in Ant-
werp by Moonlight (1843), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Vegetable Vender, Stuttgart Mu-
Almsgiving, Villa Rosenstein, near
seum
Stuttgart ; Christmas at Bethlehem. — Art
Journal (1867), 70 ; Immerzeel, iii. 67 ;
Kramm, v. 1474 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 157.
SCHERRES, KARL, born in Konigsberg,
March 31, 1833. Landscape painter, pupil
of Konigsberg Academy under Behrendsen,
with whom he visited in 1853 the Rhine
country, Switzerland, and North Italy ; set-
tled in Dantzic in 1858, returned to Konigs-
berg in 1866, and, induced by Eduard Hilde-
brandt, went in 1867 to Berlin, whence he
visited Diisseldorf, Dresden, and Munich.
Professor at School of Design for Female
Artists in Berlin since 1868. Works : Ap-
proaching Storm (1855) ; After Sunset in a
Swamp, Border of Oak Wood, Snowstorm
in a Village (1858-66) ; Views in East Prus-
sia (2, 1867, 1878), Konigsberg Museum ;
Great Landscape with Figures (by Stryowski
and Sy), Artushof, Dantzic; Inundation in
East Prussia (1876), National Gallery, Ber-
lin ; Two Marines from Zoppot near Dant-
zic (1883).— Jordan (1885), ii. 195 ; Leixner,
Mod. K., i. 57 ; ii. 118 ; Midler, 464 ; Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 346 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xviii. 377, 405.
SCHERTL, JOSEF, born in Augsburg,
Jan. 10, 1810, died in Munich, March 8,
1869. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich
of Fohr and Morgenstern. Works : View
on Chiem Lake ; View at Partenkirchen ;
do. near Grainau, Art Union, Munich ; Hin-
tersee, Art Union, Frankfort. — Dioskuren,
1869 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 161 ; Regnet, ii.
172.
SCHETKY, JOHN CHRISTIAN, born in
Edinburgh, Aug. 11, 1778, died in London,
Jan. 28, 1874. Marine painter, pupil of
Alexander Nasmyth ; in 1801 he walked from
Paris through Switzerland to Rome ; on his
return settled at Oxford as an art teacher ;
was appointed professor of drawing at the
Royal Military' College at Great Marlow in
1808, and at the Royal Naval College at
Portsmouth, with which he was connected
until its dissolution in 1836 ; appointed to
the East India College at Addiscombe, he
retired from it in 1855 ; visited Lisbon in
1861. Was marine painter to George D7.,
William IV., and Queen Victoria. Works :
The Royal George sinking at Spithead in
128
SCHEUCIIZER
1782 (about 1840), National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Battle of La Hogue (1847) ; Rescue of
a Spanish Man-of-War, United Service Club.
SCHEUCHZEE, WILHELM, born in
Zurich in 1803, died in Munich, March 29,
1866. Landscape and architecture painter,
pupil of Heinrich Maurer ; visited Switzer-
land, and in 1826-29 the Black Forest ; went
in 1829 to Munich, and executed in 1836 six
fresco paintings for Castle Hohenschwangau.
Made admirable copies in water-colours of
Eottmann's frescos. Works : Melting Fur-
nace in Ferrara Valley, Entrance into Vils-
alp Valley — Tyrol, St. Gall Museum ; View
in Fulscher Valley — Tyrol, Ziirich Gallery ;
Chapel of Ariola (1832), Hamburg Gallery ;
Old Chapel near Taufers (1858) ; Upper Inn
Valley (1859) ; Smithy in the Allguu (1860),
Ufenau Island in Lake of ZQrich (1861), New
Pinakothek, Munich. — Kunst-Chronik, i. 52.
SCHEUREN, KASPAR, born at Aix-la-
Chapelle, Aug. 2, 1810. Landscape painter,
pupil of Dilsseldorf Academy in 1829-35
under Lessing and Schinner ; visited Hol-
land, Munich, Tyrol, and North Italy; adopt-
ed a peculiarly romantic style and excels in
effects of colouring ; acquired great reputa-
tion through his arabesque drawings for
title-pages, dedications, etc. Became pro-
fessor at Dilsseldorf Academy in 1855. Swed-
ish medal for Art and Science ; Order of
Red Eagle, do. of Falcon. Works : Castle
by the Water (1829), Hamburg Gallery;
Castle in Evening Light (1830), Schwerin
Gallery ; Dutch Landscape (1832) ; Gypsies
under Oak Trees (1831) ; View of Aix-la-
Chapelle (1834), Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ;
Storm Landscape, Ravene Gallery, ib. ; Land-
scape with Monks (1834) ; Monk Praying in
Convent Yard, Provinzial Museum, Han-
over ; Castle on the Lake (1837), Burg in
Aar Valley (1838), Leipsic Museum ; Winter
Landscape at Sunset (1839), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Old Castle on a Lake, Stettin
Museum ; Pictures (24 water-colours) from
Legends and History of the Rhine, Cologne
Museum. — Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.; Mttller,
464 ; W. Miiller, Diisseldf. K, 363.
SCHEURENBERG, JOSEF, born in Dds-
seldorf, Sept. 7, 1846. Genre painter, pupil
of Dlisseldorf Academy under Carl Sohn,
then of Wilhelm Sohn ; visited Belgium
(1868), Holland (1870 and 1878), Berlin
(1871-74), Dresden, Weimar, North Italy
(1875 and 1877), and Paris. Professor at
j Cassel Academy in 1879-81, then settled in
Berlin. Works : Song of Olden Times
(1868); Farewell (1869); Travelling Min-
strel (1872); Interesting Reading (1873);
The Lord's Day (1879), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Two Playing Children (1883) ; Rus-
tic Love Couple (1884).— Jordan (1885), ii.
196; Mttller,x465; Kunst-Chronik, xviii.
647 ; xix. 383 ; xx. 701 ; xxi. 289 ; Kunst f.
Alle, i. 99 ; D. Rundschau, xvii. 302 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., xx. 40.
SCHIAVA, LA (The Slave), Palma Vec-
chio, but attributed to Titian, Palazzo Bar-
berini, Rome ; canvas, life-size. A girl in
the bloom of youth, her throat covered with
a light white stuff striped in red, her skirt
and sleeves red, with slashes showing a white
lining, her undersleeves yellow. — C. & C.,
: N. Italy, ii. 477 ; Burckhardt, 714, 722.
SCHIAVONE, ANDREA, born at Sebeni-
co, Dalmatia, in
1522(?),diedin
Venice in 1582.
Venetian
school ; proper
name Medula
or Meclola, but
commonly
called Lo Schi-
avone (the
Slav). Went
when young to Venice and studied the works
of Giorgione and Titian, but had little spe-
cial instruction. Obliged through poverty
to work as a house decorator ; attracted at-
tention of Titian, who procured him more
suitable employment ; but, although he led
a laborious life, died in poverty. Though a
poor designer, he was remarkable as a col-
ourist. He was more successful in cabinet
pictures, some of which are charming, than
SCHIAYONE
in large compositions. Among his best
works are : Adoration of the Shepherds,
Holy Family, Vienna Museum ; Jupiter and
lo, Madonna Enthroned (Vierge au Dona-
teur), and a group of portraits, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Death of Abel, and four por-
traits, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Madonna,
Buda-Pesth Gallery. The identity of Schia-
vone and the engraver Andrea Meldolla, de-
nied by Zani and Bartsch, has been satisfac-
torily proved by Ernest Hagen, of Hamburg
(Kunstblatt, No. 37, 1853). His engravings
(dry-point and burin on tin), generally after
P^.Schiann-j
Parmigiano, are carelessly executed. — Ch.
Blanc, Ecole venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi.
596 ; Bartsch, xvi. 31 ; C. & C., Titian, i.
438.
SCHIAVONE, GREGORIO, born in Dal-
matia, 1st half of 15th century. Veneto-
Paduau school ; called Giorgio by Sanso-
vino, and Girolamo by Eidolfi. Pupil of
Squarcione ; attained a certain rude free-
dom and boldness, but faces and forms ex-
aggerated and unnatural. Among his best
works are : Madonna with Saints, do. with
Angels, National Gallery, London ; Ma-
donna, Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 342.
SCHIAVONI, FELICE, born at Trieste
in 1803, died in 1868. History, genre, and
portrait painter, son and pupil of Natale
Schiavoni, then studied in the galleries at
Milan, where he won a prize at the Academy,
and at Venice and Vienna, worthily repre-
senting his famous ancestor, Andrea Scia-
voni, and upholding the traditions of the
old Venetian school, especially as a colour-
ist. Member of Venice and Vienna Acade-
mies. Prize and great gold medal for art
from the Emperor Nicholas of Russia.
Works: Death of Raphael (for Emperor
Alexander II.); Miracle of St. Anthony of
Padua ; St. Simon, S. Antonio, Trieste ;
Raphael and the Fornarina, Tosi Gallery,
Venice ; Cupid (for theBrera, Milan); Christ
bearing the Cross ; Christ Asleep ; Torquato
Tasso reading to Eleonora ; Repose in
Egypt (1824) ; Venus and Cupid (1832) ;
Madonna (1854) ; Raphael painting the
Fornarina (1861), formerly in Arthaber Col-
lection, Vienna ; Holy Family (1864). His
daughters Carolina and Julia were also
talented painters, the former of landscapes,
the latter of history and portraits. — Illustr.
Zeitg. (1868), i. 461 ; Wurzbach, xxix. 254.
SCHIAVONI, NATALE, born at Chiog-
gia, April 25, 1777, died in Venice, April
15, 1858. History and portrait painter,
pupil in Venice of Maggiotto ; went in 1800
to Trieste, and in 1810 to Milan, where he
painted Eugene Beauharnais and the whole
royal family ; in 1816 invited by the Em-
peror to Vienna, whence he returned to
Venice in 1821 ; there studied exclusively
the works of Titian and Paolo Veronese,
and became professor at the Academy.
Gold medal, Brussels. Works : Magdalen
Penitent (1852), National Gallery, Berlin ;
do., Vienna Museum ; Bacchante, Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Adoration of Shep-
herds, British Museum, London. His sons
Felice (1803-68) and Giovanni (1804^8)
were also able history painters, and often
painted conjointly with their father. Pict-
ures by them in the Brera Gallery, Milan,
Vienna Museum, and Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.—Hormayr, Archiv. (1821), No. 129 ;
(1824), Nos. 105, 106; Jordan (1885), ii.
196 ; D. Kunstbl. (1851) ; Wurzbach, xxix.
254, 257, 258.
SCHICK, GOTTLIEB, born in Stutt-
gart, Aug. 15, 1779, died there, April 11,
1812. History painter, pupil of Hetsch,
and greatly influenced by Dannecker ; went
in 1799 to Paris to study under David, re-
turned in 1802, then studied in Rome until
1811 ; befriended especially by Humboldt
and Josef Koch ; with the latter, Carstens,
and Wiichter, one of the regenerators of
German art. Works : Eve at a Spring, Co-
logne Museum ; David before Saul (1803),
Apollo among the Shepherds (1809), David
before Saul, Bacchus and Ariadne, Portrait
130
SCIIICK
of Dannecker, Museum, Stuttgart ; Noah's '
Thauk-Offering (1805), Royal Palace, ib.—
Forster, iv. 69; Haakh, Beitruge, 13, 23,
69 ; Kugler, Kl. Schr., 8.
SCHICK, KAKL FRIEDRICH, born at
Hilpertsau, Baden, April 17, 1826, died at
Tretenhof, June 26, 1875. Genre and his-
tory painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy.
Works : Dead Child viewed by his Play-
mates, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Susanna and the
Elders, Dresden Museum.
SCHIDONE (Schedone), BARTOLOM-
MEO, born in
Modena about
1570 (?), died
there, Dec. 27,
1615. Lom-
bard school;
said to have
been a pupil of
the Carracci,
but his style
shows careful
study of Correggio, whose works he imi-
tated, but without servility. Patronized by
Duke Ranuccio of Modena, for whom he
painted some admirable pictures. His fres-
cos of the History of Coriolanus, in the Pa-
lazzo Pubblico, have been called worthy of
Correggio. He was an excellent portrait
painter, but his favourite subjects were Ma-
donnas and Holy Families. He left but few
pictures, as he wasted his time in gambling,
and his death is said to have been caused
by grief at a heavy loss of money. His best
works are : Repose of Love, Portrait, Christ
crowned with Thorns, SS. Jerome, Paul, and
Sebastian, Naples Museum ; Painter's Por-
trait, Holy Family, Uffizi, Florence ; Ma-
donna, Pallavicini Gallery, Genoa ; Last
Supper, Parma Gallery ; Madonna del Cam-
panello, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Children,
Heads, Turin Gallery ; Flight into Egypt,
Dresden Gallery ; Massacre of the Inno-
cents, St. John Baptist, Madonna, Two Holy
Families, Madonna and Saints, Diana, Cu-
pid, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Lanzi, ii.
360 ; Siret, 845 ; Seguier, 188 ; Burckhardt,
626, 764, 784, 795 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole lom-
barde.
SCHIERTZ, AUGUST FERDINAND,
born at Leipsic in 1804, died at Nieder-
fiihre, near Meissen, Sept. 10, 1878. Genre
and history painter ; was at first a merchant,
then an actor, before devoting himself to
art in 1830. In his genre scenes he adhered
to the old Dutch school. Was also an ex-
cellent restorer of old pictures. Works :
Vanitas, Museum, Leipsic ; The Contented
Ones, President Giluther, ib.; Toper, Miu
Dr. Mothes, ib.; Adoration of the Magi,
Church at BOsenstiidt ; Christ and the Trib-
ute Money, Descending of the Holy Ghost,
Church at Podelwitz.
SCHIESS, TRAUGOTT, born atHerisau,
Switzerland, in 1834. Landscape painter,
pupil in Munich of Steffan, and in Ztirich
of Koller, also influenced by Biicklin in Ba-
sle ; visited afterwards Cologne and Ant-
werp. Medal, Berne, 1857. Works : View
on Wallen Lake, Waterfall in Averse Valley,
View in Glarner Mountains, St. Gall Mu-
seum ; View near Iseltwald on Lake of Bri-
enz, do. near Murg on Wallen Lake, Zurich
Gallery ; Plateau in Swiss Alps ; Summer
Evening ; Cows at the Water.
SCHIFFER, ANTON, born at Gratz in
1811, died in Vienna, June 13, 1876. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy.
Works: View of the Schneeberg (1838),
Museum, Vienna ; Grundel Lake in Upper
Austria, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; View on Hin-
tersee near Berchtesgaden (1845) ; Outlook
from Schafberg near Ischl (1858) ; View of
the Grossglockuer (1870); Gosau Lake with
the Dachstein (1871). — Cotta's Kunstbl.,
1845 ; D. Kuustbl., 1858 ; Wurzbach, xxix.
291.
SCHIFFER, MATHIAS, born at Puch,
Styria, in 1742 or 1746, died after 1808.
Landscape and architecture painter ; no
particulars known. Works : Interior of
Catholic Church (2, 1786, 1787), Schwerm
Gallery ; others at Ratisbon and Gratz.
SCHIFFMANN, JOST, born at Luzerne,
Switzerland, March 30, 1822, died in Mu-
131
SCIIILBACII
nich, May 11, 1883. Landscape and still-
life painter, pupil of Jacob Schwegler, a
drawing-master ; being without means he
joined in 1843 the papal Swiss guard in
Borne, cultivating art in bis leisure hours ;
having seen active service in 1848-49, be
returned to Luzerne, and soon after settled
in Munich. On a visit to Salzburg he met
Hans Makart, just dismissed from the Vien-
na Academy, and took him to Munich. Ap-
pointed Conservator of the Salzburg Muse-
um, he resigned in 1881, after more than
ten years of efficient labours, and returned
to Munich. Works : View in Tyrol, St. Gall
Museum ; Shore of Walleustadt Lake (1853);
Morning on Lake Luzerne ; Evening Land-
scape (1854); Cemetery (1857); Souvenir of
Wallenstadt Lake (1858) ; Old little Town
on the Rhine (1861).— Tscharner, Die bild.
K in der Schweiz im J. 1883 (1884), 56.
SCHILBACH, J. HEINRICH, born at
Barchfeld in 1798, died at Darmstadt in
1851. Landscape painter, pupil of Prima-
vesi in Darmstadt, then studied from nature
in Italy, 1823; was much influenced by Ernst
Fries, and became court painter at Darm-
stadt in 1828. He was very happy in depict-
ing momentary effects of light. Works :
Castello Gandolfo on Lake Albano (1839),
Darmstadt Museum ; View of the Capitol
in Rome, do. of Forum Romanum, Thor-
waldsen Museum, Copenhagen ; View of
Imperial Palaces in Rome ; View of Rome ;
do. of Mentz.— Cotta's Kunstbl., 1829-33.
SCHILCHER, FRIEDRICH, born in Vi-
enna in 1811, died there in 1881. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy, and studied from nature in Hungary,
Transylvania, and Wallachia. Works : Bac-
chante, Vienna Museum ; Roumanian (1855);
Lady of Time of Louis XTV. (185G) ; Hun-
garian Tinker (18G1) ; Tambourine Player
(1864) ; Triumph of Neptune (1871).—
Wurzbach, xxix. 312.
SCHILGEN, PHILIPP ANTON, born at
Osnabriick in 1793, died there in 1857.
History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Cornelius, with whom he went
to Munich in 1825. Works : Rape of Helen,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Scenes from
Tragedies of ^Eschylus, Royal Palace, ib. ;
Establishment of Succession in Bavaria, Ar-
cades, Royal Garden, ib. — Cotta's Kuustbl.
(1829) ; FOrster, v.
SCHINDLER, ALBERT, born at Engels-
berg, Silesia, Aug. 19, 1805, died in Vienna,
May 3, 1861. Genre painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy under Fendi. Works : Cap-
uchin giving Communion to Officer dying
in his Cell (1834), Vienna Museum ; Recruit-
ing (1839); Last Pilgrimage (1840); Officer's
Farewell (1841), Count Victor Wimpffeu,
Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxx. 1 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., xii. 128.
SCHINDLER, EMIL JAKOB, born in
Vienna in 1842. Landscape painter and
illustrator, pupil of Vienna Academy and of
Albert Zimniermann, and studied after
Dutch masters, such as Hobbema and Ruis-
dael ; later adhered to the style of French
masters, especially Theodore Rousseau.
Medals: Munich, 1883; Berlin, 1886.
Works : Forest Smithy (1864) ; Priener
Miihlen Valley (1866) ; Kiss in the Woods
(1869) ; Views in the Prater (1870, 1871,
1872, 1873); Wood Choppers (1873); Moon-
rise on March River ; Autumn Landscape on
the Fischa ; two Views on Isle of Lacroma
(1879) ; View near Zfitphen, View at Haslau
on the Danube (1883); 24 Cartoons for Zed-
litz's Waldfriiulein. — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xxi. 804 ; Wurzbach, xxx. 8 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xviii. 512 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xv. 128.
SCHINDLER, JOHANN JOSEF, born at
St. Polten, Lower Austria, July 28, 1777,
died in Vienna, July 22, 1836. Landscape
and genre painter, pupil and afterwards
member of Vienna Academy. Court painter.
Works : Landscape with Ruins, Battle be-
tween Frederic the Warlike and King Bula
of Hungary (1820); View of Salzburg (1828);
Travellers attacked by Wolves (1830) ; The
Fire in the Prater in 1833 (1834), Vienna
Museum. — Wurzbach, xxx. 10.
SCHINKEL, KARL FRIEDRICH, Dr.,
born at Neu-Ruppiu, March 13, 1781, died
132
SCIIINNAGL
in Berlin, Oct. 9, 1841. Landscape painter, |
self-taught and an able master, although
better known as an
architect. Works :
Ideal Landscapes
(1815, 1820), Rocky
Gate, Italian Laud-
scape (1817), six dec-
orative Land-
scapes, Mountain
Lake (1823), Castle
by a Lake (1823),
Ideal Landscapes
(3),Gothic Cathedral, Harvest Festival (182(i),
National Gallery, Berlin ; others, and Col-
lection of Drawings and Sketches, Schinkel
Museum, ib. — Botticher, Fr. Schinkel und
seine Werke ; Grimm, Rede auf Schinkel
(Berlin, 1867); Jordan (1885), ii. 198 ; Kug-
ler, K Fr. Schinkel (Berlin, 1842); Quasi,
do. (Neu-Ruppin, 1866) ; Rosenberg, Bed.
Malersch., 99 ; Springer, Gesch., 37 ; Wol-
zogen, Aus Schinkel's Nachlass ; do., Schink-
el als Architect, etc. (Berlin, 1864); Zeitschr.
f. b. K., iii. 89.
SCHINNAGL, MAX JOSEF, born at
Burghausen, Bavaria, in 1694, died in Vi-
euiia, March 22, 1762. Landscape painter,
pupil of his step-father, Joseph Kammer-
lohr. Travelled, and settled in Vienna. His
figures were painted by Janneck and K.
Aigen. Works : Six Landscapes, Vienna
Museum ; St. Anna, Frauenkirche, Alten-
Oetting ; Hunting Party riding to Falcon
Chase, Huntsmen by Dead Game, Aschaffen-
burg Gallery ; Landscapes with Figures (2),
Schleissheim Gallery. — Wurzbach, xxx. 30 ;
Nagler, xv. 261.
SCHIOTT, HEINRICH, born at Elsinore,
Dec. 17, 1823. Portrait and genre painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he
won two medals in 1846 ; visited Paris, Lon-
don, and Italy in 1850, and after his return
painted several members of the royal family ;
afterwards visited Norway and Iceland, and
in 1872-73 Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and
Italy. Member of Copenhagen Academy in
1854 ; professor in 1866. Works : Portrait
of Lund (1854) ; Genre Scenes from Norse
Country Life ; Landscapes and Architectural
Views in Egypt and Syria. — Weilbach, 613.
SCHIRMER, (AUGUST) WILHELM
(FERDINAND), born in Berlin, May 6,
1802, died at Nyon, on Lake Geneva, Juno
8, 1866. Landscape painter, pupil of Ber-
lin Academy, and greatly influenced by
Schinkel; studied in Italy in 1827-30, allied
with Koch, Reinhardt, and Turner ; in 1831
opened a studio in Berlin, which attracted
many pupils ; in 1835 became member, in
1839 professor, and in 1852 senator of the
Academy ; visited Italy again in 1845 and
1865, when he fell seriously ill at Rome and
died on his way home. Works : Tasso's
House in Sorrento (1837), Park Landscape
(1856), Coast near Naples (1864), National
Gallery, Berlin. In fresco : Pyramids of
Memphis, Corridor in Pyramid of Cheops,
View of .33gina with Temple, View of Phi-
galia with Temple (1850), New Museum, ib.
— Dioskuren, 1866 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 200 ;
Kunst-Chrouik, i. 101 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 326.
SCHIRMER, JOHANN WILHELM, born
at Jtilich, Rhenish
Prussia, Sept. 5,
1807, died in Carls-
ruhe, Sept. 11,
1863. Landscape
painter, p u p i 1 of
Dilsseldorf Acade-
my under Schadow,
when he studied his-
tory painting, un-
til Lessing's land-
scapes induced him to take up that branch
of art, in which he became famous as a rep-
resentative of historical landscape in the
style of Poussin ; visited Belgium (1830),
the Black Forest and Switzerland (1835),
Holland (1837), Normandy (1838), Italy
(1839); became in 1830 assistant professor,
in 1839 professor at Ddsseldorf Academy,
and in 1853 director of the Carlsruhe Art
School, which he reorganized. Member of
Berlin and Dresden Academic* Works :
133
SCI1ISCHKIN
Lonely Pond in Oak Wood (1832); Convent
of St. Scholastica, six Biblical Landscapes
with Life of Abraham, National Gallery,
Berlin ; Autumn Landscape (1834), Arem-
berg Gallery, Brussels; Mountain Road
(1839), Darmstadt Gallery ; Grotto of Ege-
ria (1841), Park in Evening Light (1847),
Nether German Landscape (1864), Leipsic
Museum ; Italian Landscape (1842), Inun-
dation, Series of 26 Biblical Landscapes,
D iisseld or f Gallery; Swiss Landscape (1844).
Christiania Museum ; Storm (1848), Prague
Gallery ; Moonlight with Rape of Hylas, Ital-
ian Landscape, Provinzial Museum, Han-
over ; Calm Evening after Stormy Day
(1849), Konigsberg Museum ; Path on For-
est Border (1850), Hamburg Gallery ; In-
undation in the Woods (1853), Brunswick
Gallery ; Via Mala (1853), four Landscapes
with Story of Good Samaritan (1856-57),
Storm in the Campagna (1858), Carlsruhe
Gallery ; replica of Samaritan Cycle, Cassel
Art Union ; Biblical Landscape, Stuttgart
ij Museum ; North German
•-P x, Landscape, St. Gall Mu-
^^^^/ • v^ seum. — Andresen, ii. 303 ;
Forster, v. 406 ; Jordan
(1885), ii. 199; Wolfg.
Muller, Dusseldf. K, 323 ;
Riegel, D. Kunststud., 365 ;
D. Rundschau, xi. 381 ;
Springer, Gesch., 171 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K., i. 158.
SCHISCHION, JOHANN, born at Jela-
buga, Government of Viatka, Jan. 13, 1827.
Landscape painter, pupil of Moscow Art
School and St. Petersburg Academy, where
he won the first prize in 1863, and of which
he became a member in 1866. Professor in
1873 ; Order of Stanislaus. Works : Dilapi-
dated Bridge (1868) ; Pine Forest (1871) ;
Interior of Primeval Forest (1873), St.
Petersburg Academy ; First Snow, Dawn in
Spring (1874).
SCHLEICH, EDUARD, born atHarbach,
Bavaria, Oct. 12, 1812, died in Munich, Jan.
8, 1874. Landscape painter, self-taught by
study of nature in Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, and
J.vCJ
xii. 34, 233 ;
North Italy, and after the old masters in the
Munich and Schleissheim Galleries. Hav-
ing been dismissed
from the Munich
Academy as "without
talent," he took for
his models Etzdorf,
Morgenstern, and
Rottmann, and be-
came, after the latter,
the most distin-
guished landscape
painter of the Munich school, upon which
he exerted signal influence ; visited France,
Belgium, Hungary, and Italy. Professor in
1868 ; honorary member of Munich and sev-
eral other Academies. Gold medal, Berlin ;
Order of Michael. Works : Evening Land-
scape, National Gallery, Berlin ; Alp in
Tyrol, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Starnberg Lake,
Darmstadt Museum ; Cattle Herd crossing
Water, Dresden Gallery ; Alp in the Algau,
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Isar Meadows near
Munich (1861), Konigsberg Museum ; View
in Isar Valley (1858), Village with Church
and Castle, Storm near Coast, Village near
Pasing, Sketches (8, 1874), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Starnberg Lake, Alp in Ziller Val-
ley, Venice by Moonlight, Schack Gallery,
ib. ; Moonlight near Rotterdam (1873),
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Village
Landscape, View on the Wurm, Stuttgart
Museum ; Storm Landscape (1851) ; View
near Dachau (1856) ; Moonlight Night in
Normandy (1858) ; Isar Meadows near Mu-
nich (1860) ; Foggy Morning on Starnberg
Lake (1860) ; Herrenchiem Lake (1871).—
Dioskuren (1875), No. 14 ; Cotta's Kunstbl.,
1830--40 ; D. Kuustbl., 1850-58 ; Graph. K,
v. 6 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1874), i. 231 ; Jordan,
(1885), ii. 201; Regnet, ii. 181; Schack,
Meine Gemiildesammlung (1884), 225 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, ix. 161.
SCHLEISNER, CHRISTIAN AN-
DREAS, born at Lyngby, near Copenhagen,
Nov. 2, 1810. Genre painter, pupil of Co-
penhagen Academy, where he won med-
als in 1831, 1833 ; studied while travelling
134
SCIILESINGER
and in the Munich Gallery ; returned to
Copenhagen in 1842 ; became member of
the Academy in 1852, and professor in 1858.
Works : Coppersmith reading Letter to his
Wife (1841) ; Poulterer (1842), New Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Grandmother teaching her
Grandson to Pray (1842), Schwerin Gallery ;
Zealand Fisherman Family (1857), Sailors
in a Tavern (1861), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Scene from Danish Sailor-Life (1848), Cop-
persmith in his Workshop (1859), Copen-
hagen Gallery. — Weilbach, 614.
SCHLESINGER, ADAM, born at Eberts-
heim, Bavaria, in 1759, died in 1829.
Still-life painter. Works: Currant Bush
with Bird's Nest, Strawberry Plant with
Snail, etc. (1820), National Gallery, Berlin.
SCHLESINGEE, FELIX, born in Ham-
burg, Oct. 9, 1833. Genre painter, pupil of
Dttsseldorf Academy and of Jordan ; lived
for several years in Paris, and settled in Mu-
nich. Works : Peasants in Holstein prepar-
ing to go to Church (1854), Hamburg Gal-
lery ; Saved from Shipwreck ; Post Office ;
Children at the Well (1864); Young Couple's
Visit to Parents (1866); At the Jeweller's ; In
Danger, Out of Danger (1883).— Mailer, 468.
SCHLESINGER, HENRI GUILLAUME,
born in Fraukfort-on-the-Maiu in 1814.
Genre painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy,
but went early to Paris, where he was natu-
ralized and has since lived. Popular paint-
er of light subjects. Medals : 3d class,
1840 ; 2d class, 1847 ; L. of Honour, 1866.
Works : Seductions of Life, Walk to Church
(1840) ; Spanish Guerillas, Margaret and the
Tempter (1842) ; If Youth only Knew (1843);
Harem Favourites, The Meal (1844) ; One
of Rousseau's Days, Blind Man's Buff (1845);
Bridge of Love (1846) ; Little Marguerite,
A Harem, A Romance (1847) ; Voltaire's
First Love (1848) ; Love's Confidences
(1850) ; Improvising (1851) ; A Likeness
Guaranteed (1853); Happiness in the Moun-
tains, Hunting Butterflies, The Betrothed
(1855) ; When the Masters are away (1857);
Last Sitting of Charlotte Corday to the
Artist Houer (1859); Foot-Bath, Tempta-
tion, The Reception (I860) ; Festival of the
Madonna (1864) ; Five Senses (1865) ; Car-
mela, Reading (1866) ; Christmas Eve, Dead
Bird (1867) ; Maria del Marco, Alone in the
Studio (1868) ; Good Friends (1869) ; Tak-
ing Pains for Nothing (1872) ; Miss Mis-
chievous (1873) ; Brother and Sister (1874);
The Dove-cot, Jane (1875) ; Like Grand-
mother (1877) ; Broken Pot, Mistress's Bon-
net (1879) ; Double Arrest (1880) ; Love in
Old Times and Nowadays (1882) ; Modern
Venus, Bohomieune (1884) ; Young Girl of
Morocco (1885) ; The Favourite (1886).—
Claretie, Peintres, 110 ; Larousse ; Mdller,
468.
SCHLESINGER, KARL, born at Lau-
sanne in 1826. Genre and landscape paint-
er, pupil in Hamburg of Hermann Kauff-
mann, in 1844 of Prague Academy under
Ruben, and in 1850 of Antwerp Academy
under Dyckmans ; settled in Diisseldorf in
1852. Works : Emigrants going Aboard
(1851), Wandering Musicians (1859), Even-
ing on the Moselle (1863), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Moonlight with Priest carrying
Viaticum, Proviuzial Museum, Hanover ;
Memento Mori (1880). — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xvii. 786 ; Miiller, 468.
SCHLICHTEN, JAN PHILIPS VAN
DER, flourished about 1720, died in Mann-
heim in 1745. Dutch school ; history and
genre painter, pupil of Adriaan van der
Werff; painted for the Elector Charles
Philip of the Palatinate. Works : St. An-
drew with the Cross (1732) ; Village Mu-
sician (1731), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Tyrolese Peasant (1730), do. Woman, Lute-
Player, Schleissheim Gallery.
SCHLOEPKE, THEODOR, born at
Schwerin, March 6, 1812, died there, Jan.
13, 1878. Portrait, genre, battle, and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Berlin Academy,
whence he returned to Schwerin in 1840 ;
studied in Paris under Horace Vernet in
1847-48, and again in 1855-57 ; accompa-
nied the Mecklenburg troops during the
campaign in Schleswig-Holstein, and was
made court painter in 1853. During his
136
SCHLOSSER
second stay in Paris he won the favour of
Napoleon III. and painted the Empress
Eugenie for the palace at St. Cloud ; spent
the winter of 1874-75 in Italy and painted
in Rome and Pompeii landscapes and archi-
tecture pieces. Works : Stable Boy's Joy
(1836), Horse Stable (1845), Eide of Witches
to the Blocksberg (1853), Russian Team,
. I Death of Niclot (1857), Skirmish
\— Q^^ near Walsmiihlen iu 1719, Por-
traitsof Fritz Reuter (186G), Gus-
tavzuPutlitz(18G6),GastonLen-
the (1868). Friedrich Kuckeu
(1869), Count Friedrich von Schack (1875),
Grand Duke Paul Friedrich, and of himself,
(1876), Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 67.
SCHLOSSER, HERMANN (JULIUS),
born in Elberfeld, Dec. 21, 1832. History
painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy under
Karl Sohn ; took prize of Berlin Academy
in 1860 ; lived several years in Paris, and
settled in Rome. Gold medal, Berlin, 1870.
Works : Maid of Orleans ; Venus rising
from the Sea (1871) ; Thetis surprised by
Peleus (1872), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; The-
seus and Ariadne ; Pandora before Prome-
theus and Epimetheus (1878), National Gal-
lery, Berlin.— Mflller, 469 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, vi. 107 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii. 14.
SCHLOSSER, KARL, born in Darmstadt
in 1836. Genre
painter, pupil in
Frankfort of Jakob
Becker, and in Paris
of Couture ; settled
about 1875 in Lon-
don, where he ex-
hibits at the Royal
Academy and the
Grosvenor Gallery.
Medal, Vienna ;
Knight of Order of Merit. Works : Last
Rehearsal ; Political Adversaries (1871) ;
First Bottle of Champagne ; Obligatory In-
struction (1875); Village Lawyer (1876);
Forbidden Fruit (bought by Napoleon III.);
Reprimand ; Advice in Need (1878), Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; The Refectory (1877) ;
Carriage Accident, Grocer's Shop in Tyrol
(1878) ; Political Discussion, Sunset at San
Remo, Compulsory Education (1879) ; Sou-
venir de Palermo (1880) ; Singing Lesson,
Finishing Touch, A Duet (1881) ; Out of
Tune, Pianissimo, An Intermezzo (1882); Old
Friends, A Book Worm, Palermo (1884) ;
From Bordigherra (1885); An Old Bachelor
(1886).— Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii. 319,
522 ; (1867), xxii. 537.
SCHLOTTHAUER, JOSEF, born in Mu-
nich, March 14, 1789, died there, June 15,
1869. History painter, pupil of Munich
Academy. Painted some of the frescos in
the Glyptothek after Cornelius's cartoons.
Visited Rome in 1830 ; became professor at
Munich Academy in 1831 ; went to Pompeii
in 1844 to study ancient painting. With
Fuchs he invented in 1846 stereochromy, a
method of preserving the colours of frescos,
used by Kaulbach in the Berlin Museum.
Works : Christ crowned with Thorns ; Al-
tarpieces (1838), Bamberg Cathedral. —
Kunst-Chronik, iv. 181.
SCHMALZ, HERBERT, born in Eng-
land ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter ; exhibits at the Royal Academy
and the Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Mu-
riel, Sir Galahad (1881) ; Voices, Alas !
(1882) ; Beyond, Temple of Eros, How
Long !, Idaline (1883) ; Too Late !, Queen
of the May, Felice, All is Vanity (1884) ;
Elaine, Denise, Souvenir de Blankenberghs
(1885) ; Topsy (1886).
SCHMID, MATHIAS, born at See, Tyrol,
Nov. 14, 1835. His-
tory and genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich
Academy (1856) un-
der Schraudolph, and
of Piloty in 1869,
when persecution by
the clergy in Tyrol
on account of his
liberal ideas caused
him to return to Mu-
nich. Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works : Ruth
going to Bethlehem (1858) ; Entombment ;
\
136
SCHMIDT
Flight into Egypt ; Alpine Carters ; Dealer
in Sacred Images ; Mendicant Monks ; Col-
lection of Confessions ; Judge of Morals
(1873) ; Removal of the Protestants of the
Zillerthal ; Smugglers ; Flutist and Peasant
Woman ; Festival of the Parson's Cook
(1874) ; Betrothal (1879) ; Legendary Pict-
ures, Villa Tschavoll near Feldkirch ; His
Lathered Reverence, Repairing the Damage
(1882) ; Salvation (1883) ; Blind-Man's-Buff
(1884); Forsaken (1885); In the Picture
Gallery (188G). In fresco : Three Marys at
Christ's Tomb (1859), Cemetery, Innsbruck.
— Allgem. Kunst-Chronik, viii. 279, 377 ;
ix. 244 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1874), ii. 343 ; (1877),
i. 10 ; (1883), i. 315 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
386 ; xviii. 649 ; six. 352 ; xx. 279 ; xxii.
37 ; Kunst Alle, i. 103, 224 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 8) ; xix. 131.
SCHMIDT, HEINRICH, born at Saar-
brtick, Rhenish Prussia, about 1740, died
in 1821. History painter, studied in Italy,
where he spent most of his life, chiefly at
Naples. His works show the influence of
Raphael Mengs and of the French school.
He was much employed by the Grand ducal
court of Darmstadt. Works : Artemisia bv
the Ashes of her Husband (1785), View near
Rouciglione in the Campagna (1792), Adam
and Eve listening to the First Thunder, Di-
ana and Callisto, Daughter of Jairus, Darm-
stadt Museum.
SCHMIDT, JOHANN HEINRICH, born
at Hildburghausen, Feb. 11, 1749, died in
Dresden, Oct. 28, 1829. Portrait painter,
son and pupil of Johann Thomas Schmidt,
Saxon court painter ; travelled in Italy and
France ; became court painter in Dresden .
in 1775 ; visited Russia and different Ger-
man cities. Member of Dresden Academy
in 1795. Works : Assembly of Princes in
Pillnitz (1791); Princess Augusta of Saxony
(1783), Dresden Gallery ; Pastel Portraits
of Napoleon, Suwaroff, Nelson, Archduke
Charles, and others. — Nagler, xv. 343.
SCHMIDT, KARL CHRISTIAN, bom in
Stuttgart in 1808. History painter, pupil
in Stuttgart of J. G. von Milller, in Munich
of Cornelius, and in Paris of Ingres. Pro-
fessor at Stuttgart Art School. Works :
Annunciation to the Shepherds (1839) ;
Mary and St John at Christ's Tomb (1844);
Judgment of Christ (1861), Stuttgart Mu-
seum ; Resurrection (1864).— Muller, 471.
SCHMIDT, MARTIN JOHANN, born at
Grafenworth, Nether Austria, Sept. 25, 1718,
died at Krems, June 28, 1801. History
painter, first instructed by his father, a
sculptor, then studied after the great mas-
ters. Several of his works may be seen at
the Vienna Academy, and in the Gallery at
Gratz. — Mayer, Der Maler M. J. Schmidt
(Vienna, 1879).
SCHMIDT, MAX, born in Berlin, Aug.
23, 1818. Landscape painter, pupil of Ber-
lin Academy and of Karl Begas, Karl Kril-
ger, and Wilhelm Schirmer. Travelled in
Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt in 1843-44 ;
visited the Ionian Islands in 1847, Rome in
1853, Italy arid England in 1861 and 1870.
Became professor at Weimar Art School in
1868, and at Ki'migsberg Academy in 1872.
Member of Berlin Academy. Gold medals,
Berlin, 1858, 1868 ; Medal, Vienna, 1873 ;
Orders of Crown, Red Eagle, and White
Falcon. Works : Schwarza Valley, Berlin
Art Union ; Evening in Provence (1850) ;
Four Periods of the Day (1852) ; Seraglio
Gardens (1853); Moonlight on the Sea, and
Forest Scene (I860) ; View of Nice (1861) ;
Terracina (1863) ; Wood and Mountain
(1868), Spree in Sultry Weather (1877),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Woodland Soli-
tude (1871), Approaching Storm on Amber
Coast — East Prussia (1878), Konigsberg
Museum ; Coast near Smyrna, Schack Gal-
lery, Munich ; Swamp, Cologne Museum ;
Tempest on the Sea, Rostock Museum ;
Pastoral Scene, Dantzic Museum. In fres-
co : Scenes in Egypt and Greece, New Mu-
seum, Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 203 ; Mul-
ler, 472 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 328.
SCHMIDT, WILLEM HENDRIK, born
at Rotterdam, April 12, 1819 (?), died at Delft,
June 1, 1849. Genre, history, and portrait
painter, pupil of G. de Meyer. Travelled in
137
SCHMITSON
Germany in 1840 ; became professor at
Delft, Academy in 1842. Works : Portrait
Group of Young
Ladies, Wealth
and Poverty, Mar-
riage Contract
(1838); Monk
comforting Sick
Woman (1839);
Children's School,
Confession (1840);
Last Moments of
a Monk (1842);
Monks in Meditation, Einilie of Nassau,
daughter of William the Silent, Eotterdam
Museum ; Charles V. receiving the Extreme
Unction, Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; De Pro-
fuudis (1845), Cologne Museum; Dutch
School Room, New Pinakothek, Munich. —
Immerzeel, iii. 70 ; Kramm, v. 1480.
SCHMITSON, TEUTWART, born in
Frankfort, April 18, 1830, died in Vienna,
Sept. 2, 18G3. Animal painter, self-taught ;
went about 1850 to Diisseldorf, in 1856 to
Carlsruhe, in 1857 to Berlin, visited Italy
in 1860-G1, and settled in Vienna. Painted
especially horses. Gold medal, Brussels,
1861. Works : Tartar Horses in Snow
Storm (1863), Gsell Gallery, Vienna ; Thirsty
Cattle, ib. ; Transportation of Hungarian
Mares, Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; Shying Ox-
en (1864) ; Roman Cattle-Drivers (1868 ?) ;
Hungarian Horses shying before Upset Ve-
hicle, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Tartar Horses
shying before Dead Horse. — Wurzbach,
xxx. 327 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ix. (Mitthei-
lungen, ii. 23).
SCHMITZ, ADOLF, born in Cologne;
contemporary. History painter, pupil of
Stiidel Institute, Frankfort ; formed himself
after French and Belgian masters. Works :
Christ and Judas, The Widow's Mite (1854) ;
Emperor Henry HI. challenging Henry I. of
Lorraine ; Bishop John of Speier protecting
the Jews ; Emperor Max on the Martin
Wall. In fresco : Entry of Princess Isabella
into Cologne in 1235, Legend of Marsilius,
St. John's Festival in Cologne (after Pe-
trarch), Gtirzenich Saal, Cologne ; Dance of
Elves in Titania's Dream, Pringsheim Man-
sion, Berlin.— Miiller, 472.
SCHNEIDER, HERMANN, born in Mu-
nich, June 16, 1846. History painter, pupil
of Munich Academy, and in 1864-67 of Pi-
loty ; lived for several years in Italy, greatly
influenced by his sojourn in Rome. Works :
Last Moments of Mother of Louis XIV.
(1867) ; Nymph and Satyr, Charles V. at
VaUadolid (1869) ; Venetian Banquet (1870) ;
Audience in the Munich Grottenhof (1871) ;
Van Dyck painting Children of Charles I.
(1876) ; Duel on the Sea (1877) ; Venus and
Cupids (1878), Leipsic Museum ; Journey
of Charles V. to San Tuste ; Unlike Spouses
(1881) ; Sick Actress (1882) ; Cycle of Bac-
chus (1883), Banquet Hall in the Drachen-
burg near Konigswinter on the Rhine. —
Miiller, 473 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 59, 307 ;
xix. 183 ; xx. 704 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 105.
SCHNEIDER, JOHANN KASPAR, born
at Mentz in 1754, died there in 1839. Land-
scape and portrait painter, pupil of Franz
Josef Heideloff (1676-1772), but mostly
self-taught by careful study of nature ;
worked in Mannheim, Erfurt, and Mentz ;
also painted altarpieces. Works : Wood
Landscape by Moonlight, Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Old Castle on a Rock on the Rhine,
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Night Scene in
the Woods (1786), Oldenburg Gallery. His
brother Georg was also a good landscape
painter.— N. Necrol. der D. (1839).
SCHNETZ, JEAN VICTOR, born in Ver-
sailles, May 15, 1788, died in Paris, March
15, 1870. History and genre painter, pupil
of David, later of Regnault, Gros, and Ge-
rard. Early abandoned the classical school,
and going to Italy after 1824 painted scenes
from the life of the people with much suc-
cess. Member of Institute, 1837 ; appoint-
ed director of the French Academy in Rome
in 1840 ; lived in Paris in 1847-52 ; again
director in Rome in 1852-66 ; L. of Honour,
1825 ; Officer, 1843 ; Commander, 1866 ;
Knight of the Papal Order of St. Gregory
in 1847. Works : Good Samaritan, Jere-
138
SCItNITZLER
iniah weeping over Ruins of Jerusalem
(1819) ; Gypsy Woman telling the Fortune
of Sixtus V. (1820) ; replica (1829), Raczyn-
ski Gallery, Berlin ; Inundation ; Pasture in
Roman Campagna ; Brigand's Wife fleeing
with her Child ; Brigand's Wife Asleep ;
Girl confessing to a Hermit ; Wounded
Guelph, Costumes of Nettuno (1825) ;
Italian Women before a Madonna ; Battle
of the Trebia ; Sleeping Pilgrims ; Women
Bathing in Lake Nemi ; Family of Peas-
ants ; Neapolitan Peasants ; Women Har-
vesters listening to a Song by a Shepherd ;
Battle at the Hotel de Ville, July 28, 1830 ;
Sack of Rome in 1527 ; Eudes raising the
Siege of Paris in 886, Battle of Cerisoles,
Esther and Mordecai, Monks reading
Prayers to Pisan Shepherds (1837) ; Pro-
cession of Crusaders, Modern Good Samar-
itan, Young Greek (1838) ; Mass in the
Country ; Peasants listening to a Pifferaro ;
Incident of the Sack of Aquilea by Attila,
Young Woman weeping over her Dead Hus-
band ; Girhj, dressing after a Bath ; Funei-al
of a Young Martyr ; Woman Bathing ; Rest
in Egypt ; Death and the Woodsman ; Con-
tadina Praying ; Saint recalling a Child to
Life ; Capuchin Physician ; Pifferaro's Les-
son ; Jeremiah ; Goatherd's Betrothed ;
Woman Asleep in a Vineyard ; Battle of !
Senef, Versailles Museum ; St. Genevieve j
(Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle). — Revue
des Deux Mondes (1855), x. 749 ; Larousse.
SCHNITZLER, J. MICHAEL, born at
Neustadt, Bavaria, Sept. 24, 1782, died in
Munich, Oct. 1, 1861. Animal painter, pu-
pil of Augsburg Academy. Works : Par-
tridges, National Gallery, Berlin ; Dead Fowl
(3), Vulture killing Dove
(1860), New Pinakothek,
Munich; Foreign Birds,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii.
204.
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, JO-
HANN VETT (Veit Hans), born at Schnee-
berg in 1764, died in Leipsic, April 30,
1841. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Leipsic Academy under Oeser, went in
1788 to Konigsberg, where through Oeser's
recommendation he was soon known MS a
drawing master and portrait painter, but re-
turned to Leipsic in 1790, painted minia-
tures, afterwards historical pictures, and il-
lustrated the works of prominent authors.
Visited Vienna and Paris in 1802, was made
instructor at the Leipsic Academy in 1803,
and professor and director in 1816. Works :
Healing of the Sick by the Disciples, MalePor-
trait, Leipsic Museum. — Brockhaus, xiv. 450 ;
Nagler, xv. 399; N. Necrol. der D. (1841).
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, JU-
LIUS, Ritter,
born in Leipsic,
March 26, 1794,
died in Dresden,
May 24, 1872.
History and land-
scape painter, son
and pupil of Jo-
hann Veit Schnorr
von Karolsfeld,
whom he assisted
when a mere boy ;
then pupil of Vienna Academy, but studied
especially after the early German and Italian
masters. Went in 1817 to Florence and in
1818 to Rome, where he became one of the
German brotherhood of the Pre-Raphaelites
under the leadership of Cornelius and Over-
beck, and painted some of the frescos in the
Villa Massimi in 1822-27 ; visited Sicily, and
in 1827 went to Munich as professor at the
Academy ; executed several monumental dec-
orations in the Konigsbau (1842), and in
1846 went to Dresden as professor at the
Academy and director of the Gallery. Vis-
ited London in 1851, and was induced by
Buusen to resume his formerly planned
work of illustrating the Bible, which has
made his name popular in England. Mem-
ber of many Academies. Grand Cross of
Order of Albrecht ; Knight of Order pour
le merite ; Order of Michael, etc. Works :
St. Roch giving Alms (1817), Leipsic Mu-
seum; The Erl-King, Schack Gallery,
Munich ; Visit of Zachariaa to Holy Fain-
139
SCHNORR
ily (1817), Visit of Ananias (1865), Con-
version of Saul (1867), Dresden Gallery;
Kuth and Boaz, Hamburg Art Union ;
Christ and the Children, Naumburg Cathe-
dral ; Marriage at Cana (1819), formerly
Lord Cathcart, Scotland ; Madonna (1820),
Cologne Museum ; Vigne near Olevano
(1821); Poet of the Nibelungen Lied,
Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Domine quo
vadis ? Basle Museum ; Marriage of Sieg-
fried and Chrimhilde, Siegfried's Farewell,
Eight Scenes from Ariosto's Roland, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Scene from Nibelungen Lied
(1830), New Pinakothek, Munich; Luther
in Worms, Maximiliaueum, ib.; Death of
Barbarossa (1832) ; Good Samaritan (1833),
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort. In fresco : Cycle
from Ariosto's Eoland (1822-27), Villa Mas-
simi, Rome ; Cartoons for do., Carlsruhe
Museum ; Sketches for do., Leipsic Muse-
um. Encaustic : Cycle from Nibelungen
Lied (1830-50), do. from Lives of Charle-
magne, Frederic Barbarossa, and Rudolf von
Hapsburg (1835-42),
Kouigsbau, Munich ;
two Cartoons for Ni-
belungen Cycle (1863),
National Gallery, Ber-
lin.— Art Journal
(18G5), 72; (1872),
204 ; Forster, iv. 223 ; v. 91, 428 ; Graph.
K, i. 59 ; Illustr. Zeit. (1872), i. 469 ; Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 204; Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.;
Kunst-Chrouik, vii. 332 ; ix. 745 ; xiii. 249 ;
Land und Meer (1872), No. 40 ; Nagler, xv.
404 ; Riegel, D. Kunststud., 210 ; Springer,
Gesch., 80 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 1, 285.
SCHNORR VON KAROLSFELD, LUD-
WIG FERDINAND, born in Leipsic, Nov.
11 (Oct. 11 ?), 1789, died in Vienna, April
30 (13 ?), 1853. History painter, brother of
preceding, pupil of his father and of Vienna
Academy, but studied chiefly Raphael and
Michelangelo ; visited in 1834 Munich, Tyr-
ol, Switzerland, and Paris, and in 1837
Dresden, Weimar, and North Germany ; be-
came member of Vienna Academy in 1835
and custodian of the Belvedere Gallerv in
1841. Works : Knight watching through a
Window a Lady writing (1808), Gotha Mu-
seum ; Mephistopheles appearing to Faust
(1818), Madonna (1828), Gretchen in Prison
(1834), Vienna Museum ; Golo and Gene-
vieve (1820) ; Huntsman-Lover Listening
(1820), Gotha Gallery ; The Erl-King, Lore-
ley (1821) ; Coalition of Austrians and Tyr-
olese under Chasteler (1822) ; The Tyrolese
under Andreas Hofer (1830), Ferdinandeum,
Innsbruck ; Christ before Caiaphas (1831) ;
Maid of Orleans (1834) ; Liberation of Peter
(1836) ; Finding of the Cross ; Christ Feed-
ing the Four Thousand (1839) ; Tristan and
Isolde ; Old Man in Mediaeval Costume,
Dresden Museum. — Andi-esen, v. 311 ; Nag-
ler, xv. 415 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 55.
SCHOBELT, PAUL, born at Magdeburg,
March 9, 1838. German school ; history
and genre painter, pupil of Dtisseldorf, Ber-
lin, and Brussels Academies, then in Paris
of Gleyre and in Berlin of Schrader ; went
in 1863 to Rome, where he has since resided.
Works : Grave-Digger Scene in Hamlet
(1860); Creation of Eve ; Neapolitan Marri-
age Suit ; Flora with Genii of Spring ; Venus
and Bellona (1879), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Rape of Proserpine (1882).— Jordan (1885),
ii. 207 ; Miiller, 474 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 88.
SCHODL, MAX, born in Vienna in 1834.
Genre and still-life painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Friedliinder ; visited Paris,
London, and Italy. Medal, Vienna, 1873.
Works : At the Hotel, Tea (1869) ; Antiqui-
ties, Dessert (1870) ; do., and Before Masked
Ball ; Fish, Lobster (1871).— Wurzbach, xxi.
75.
SCHODLBERGER, JOHANN NEPO-
MUK, born in Vienna in 1779, died there,
Jan. 26, 1853. Landscape painter, self-
taught, with Claude Lorrain and Poussiu for
his models ; member of Vienna Academy in
1813; visited Italy in 1817. Works: Ca-
puchins burying Friar, Interior of Italian
Church (1830), View in Moravia (1829),
View of Traun Falls (1830), Vienna Museum ;
Landscape, Griitz Gallery. — Nagler, xv. 420;
Wui'zbach, xxxi. 70.
140
SCIIOEFF
SCHOEFF, J., flourished at The Hague
about 1640-60. Dutch school ; landscape
painter, whose style suggests the manner of
Jan van Goyen, but even more of Pieter
Molyn and Joris van der Hagen ; bought the
freedom of the city at The Hague in 1641.
Works: WTood Landscape with Wanderers
(1651), Schweriu Gallery ; one (1641), A.
Bredius, Amsterdam ; River Landscape
(1649), Van Gel-
der, The Hague ;
two (dated), Pro-
fessor Lemcke, %*/ . /*^A |
Aix-la-Chapelle. I O 3 I
— Schlie, 576; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vii. 175,
354 ; xvi. 60 ; xvii. 128.
SCHOEVAERDTS, MATHYS (Mathieu),
born iu Brussels about 1665, died there (?).
Flemish school ; landscape painter, pupil of
A. F. Boudewyns in 1682 ; master of Brussels
guild in 1690, its dean in 1692-94. Works :
Landscapes with figures (2), Louvre ; Prom-
enade of the Fattened Ox, Fish Market,
Brussels Museum ; Village Kirmess, Berlin
Museum ; View of St. Cloud, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Fruit Market, Fish Market, Stock-
holm Museum ; Landscape with Figures,
Uffizi, Florence. — Fotis, Cat. Brussels Mas.,
447 ; Kramm, v. 1482 ; Michiels, ix. 345.
SCHOLTEN, HENDRIK JACOBUS, born
at Amsterdam, July 11, 1824. History and
genre painter, pupil of Petrus Jacobus
Greive. Works : The Widow of Oldenbar-
neveldt imploring Mercy of Prince Maurice
for her Son (1855) ; Cornells do Witt com-
pelled to Annihilate the Eternal Edict (1857) ;
Lady Jane Grey seeing her Husband led to
the Scaffold ; Plaucius the Inventor of Sea
Charts (1861) ; Preparations for the Jour-
ney ; Morning Walk, Sunday Morning, Mu-
seum, Amsterdam ; Stable with old Hunts-
man by his Dead Horse, Museum Fodor, ib.
SCHOLTZ, JULIUS, born at Breslau,
Feb. 12, 1825. History painter, pupil of
Konig in Breslau and of Dresden Academy
under Julius Hiibner. Visited Belgium and
France ; painted portraits in St. Petersburg
for several mouths ; settled in Dresden, where
he is professor at the Academy. Member of
Berlin Academy. Gold medal, Berlin. Works:
Old Woman Praying
(1850) ; Choir Boy
(1854) ; Officer's Wid-
ow with her Children
at Church (1859), New
Pinakothek, Munich ;
Uhland's " Three Men
crossed over the
Rhine ;" Episode of
the Italian War (1859);
Last Banquet of Wal-
lenstein's Generals (1861), Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Volunteers of 1813 before Frederick
William IV., Breslau Art Union ; replica
(1872), National Gallery, Berlin. In fresco :
Life of Duke Albert, Albrechtsburg, Meis-
sen.—Jordan (1885), ii. 208 ; Kaulen, 87.
SCHON, FRIEDRICH WILHELM, born
at Worms iu 1810, died at Munich in 1868.
Genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy in
1832, took up painting in 1838, having at
first (since 1826) practised lithography at
Darmstadt and Carlsruhe ; painted especial-
ly night scenes by lamp- and fire-light, after-
wards also social political problems, in which
he displayed a subtle knowledge of human
character. Works: Girl Reading; Going to
Church iu the Berner Overland ; Domino
Players (1845) ; Sunday Morning in Black
Forest (1846), Darmstadt Museum ; Con-
versation in Peasant Room (1849), New Pi-
nakothek, Munich ; Return of the Soldier
(1857); Scene from Rebel's Karfunkel ;
Southern Emigrants iu North German Port ;
Artists' Union (with 50 portraits). — Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1840-45) ; D. Kuustbl. (1850-57) ;
Dioskuren (1860).
SCHON, MARTIN. See Schongauer.
SCHONBERGER, LORENZ, born at Viis-
lau, near Vienna, about 1770, died atMentz
in 1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Vien-
na Academy under Wutky. Visited Bohe-
mia and Switzerland ; resided some time in
Italy, and went to Paris in 1804. Lived in
Vienna, but travelled often in Germany, Hol-
land, Belgium, and England. Member of
141
SOHONBRDNNEB
Amsterdam Academy. Works: Sunset on
Bay of Bairn (1804), Museum, Vienna ; Snow
Mountains over an Alpine Lake, Waterfall,
Czernin Gallery, ib.; Waterfall of Terni, Jo-
anneum, Gratz ; Four Periods of the Day,
Vienna; Sunset (1810), do. by the Sea
(1817), Lonely Lake, Waterfall at Noon,
Moonlight Night by the Sea (1812), View of
Florence at Sunset, do. by Moonlight, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Falls of the Ehine near
Schaffhausen, Schleissheim Gallery. — Wurz-
bach, xxxi. 128.
SCHONBRUNNER, KARL, born in Vi-
enna, Oct. 4, 1832, died at Hirschstetten,
near Vienna, Feb. 21, 1877. History paint-
er, pupil of Vienna Academy, of Rahl, and
of Fiihrich ; copied afterwards in Italy the
old masters, especially Giorgione and Titian ;
lived in Rome in 18G2-72 and returned to
Vienna. Works : Godfrey of Bouillon lay-
ing down his Arms at Holy Sepulchre (1852) ;
Bishop Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius
(1859) ; St. Augustine and the Boy (18G4) ;
Tasso's Leonora (1867) ; Life and Art (1870).
• — Kunst-Chronik, xiii. 546 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 789 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 142.
SCHONFELD, HEINRICH, born in
Dresden in 1809, died in Munich in 1845.
Architecture painter, pupil of Dresden
Academy. First painted theatre decora-
tions ; went to Munich in 1830, devoted
himself to architecture painting, and trav-
elled for sketches in Germany, Italy, Swit-
zerland, Austria, and Holland. Medireval
German buildings were his favourite sub-
jects. Works : Old Butcher's Quay in
Strasburg (1840), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Market-Place of Basle (1839) ; Cathedrals
of Bacharach, Limburg, and Erfurt. —
Nagler, xv. 471.
SCHONFELDT, JOHANN HEINRICH,
born at Biberach, March 23, 1609, died in
Augsburg about 1680 (1695?). German
school. History and landscape painter, pupil
of Johann Sichelbein, afterwards studied
in Rome, and after his return worked at
Lyons, Munich, Bamberg, Salzburg, Vienna.
Works : Assumption, Augsburg Cathedral ;
Crucifixion, Wurzburg Cathedral ; Recon-
ciliation of Jacob and Esau, replica, and
Gideon watering his Flocks, Sacrifice of
Minerva, Vienna Museum ; Shepherd's Fes-
tival, Battle of the Giants, Two Musical
Parties, Dresden Gallery ; Last Judgment,
Brunswick Gallery ; Seleucus and Antiochus,
Oldenburg Gallery ; Sacrifice to Diana,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii.
528 ; Nagler, xv. 469.
SCHONGAUER, MARTIN, commonly
called Hipsch
Martin or
Martin Schiin,
born at Col-
mar about
1446, died
there, Feb. 2,
1488. Ger-
man school.
History and
portrait paint-
er, probably
pupil of Rogier van der Weyden in Flanders.
Was the greatest German painter and en-
graver of the 15th century. Works : Ma-
donna of the Rose Hedge (1473), St. Mar-
tin's, Colmar ; two Altar- Wings with Annun-
ciation, Museum, ib. (the 16 panels in the
Museum attributed to him are probably by
his scholars) ; Nativity, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; do., Vienna Museum. None of the
works in the Louvre, Madrid, and Brussels
Museums, and in the National Gallery and
South Kensington Museum, London, are
authenticated. — Academy •>* —. . -,
(1880), ii. 335 ; Allgem. JY\ LL ^
Zeitg. (1880), Nos. 129, JL fc+
156 ; L'Art (1881), iii. /V5> /4Q0
272; Cli. Blanc, Ecole V
allemande ; Dohme Iii. ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1859), iii. 257, 321; (1881), "xxiii. 95;
Heideloff, K. des Mittelalt. in Schwaben,
117 ; Jahrb. der kongl. preuss. Kunst-
sammlg., iv. 131 ; Kugler (Crowe), i. 134 ;
D. Lit. Zeitg. (1881), 20 ; Mt-nard, L'Art
en Alsace-Lorraine, 72 ; Repert. f. K., vii.
31, 167; Schnaase, viii. 391; Woltmann,
142
SCIIONIIERR
Kunst im Elsass, 226 ; W. & W., ii. 104 ;
Wurzbach, Martin Schongauer (Vienna,
1880) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 258; xvi. 74;
xxii. 34.
SCHONHERR, KARL GOTTLOB, born
at Lengefekl, Saxony, Aug. 15, 1824. His-
tory painter, pupil of Dresden Academy un-
der Julius Htlbner, then studied in Rome.
Professor at Dresden Academy. Works :
Raising of Tabitba by Peter (1855), Dresden
Gallery ; Christ's Return, Church in Losing,
Saxony ; Christ on the Mount of Olives,
Altai-piece, Cherson, Russia. — Mailer, 475.
SCHONLEBER, GUSTAV, born at Bie-
tigheim, Wilrtemberg, in 1852. Landscape
and architecture painter, pupil of Kurtz in
Stuttgart and of Adolf Lier in Munich ;
travelled in Italy and Holland. Professor
in Carlsruhe in 1880. Medal, Munich,
1879. Works : Italian Coast Study ; Fish-
ers' Return ; Dantzic Fish Market ; Har-
bour of Genoa ; Rotterdam ; Ostend Canal ;
Suabian Imperial City ; Venetian Fishing
Boats (1871), Hamburg Gallery ; Harbour
of Ostend (1879) ; View of Flushing at Low
Tide (1881), Dresden Museum ; Evening
near Dordrecht, Stuttgart Museum ; Spring
in Suabia, High Water in the Neckar (1884).
— MUller, 475 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi.
808 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 380 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, xix. 158 ; xx. 72.
SCHONMANN, JOSEF, born in Vienna,
April 19, 1799, died there, May 26, 1879.
History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy,
which sent him to Rome in 1832. Honorary
member of Accademia dei Virtuosi, Rome,
in 1838 ; member of Vienna Academy in
1848. Works : Death of Dido (1822) ; Hec-
tor calling Paiis to Battle (1828); Holy
Family (1833), Vienna Museum ; St. Jo-
seph (1835), S. Antonio, Trieste ; Portrait
of Count Franz Saurau, Joanneum, Griitz.
In fresco : The Great Prophets, Altlerchen-
feld Church, Vienna.— Wurzbach, xxxi. 167.
SCHONN, ALOIS, born in Vienna, March
11, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Fuhrich and Leander Russ.
Went through the Italian campaign of 1848
and the Hungarian War ; studied in Paris
in 1850-51 ; then travelled in Syria, Egypt,
Nubia, and Arabia, returning homo by way
of Italy, and visited Hungary in 1856. Gold
medal in Berlin ; medal in Munich ; Order
of Franz Joseph. Works : Return from
Skirmish at Poute Tedesco (1848) ; Hun-
garian Family returning Home after War
(1849) ; Evening on the Nile (1852) ; De-
parture of Tyrolese Students from Vienna
in 1848 (1864), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Gypsy Camp (2, 1857), Coburg Gallery,
Vienna ; Storming of Lodrone (1850), On
the Coast of Genoa (1872), Museum, ib. ;
Goose Market in Cracow (1869), Academy,
ib. ; Scene in Persecution of Jews (1870) ;
Festival in Capri, Fish Market at Chioggia,
do. in the Ghetto at Rome (1871) ; Scene
before Wine Depot in Monte Testaccio
(1882) ; Market in Bosnia, do. in Tunis
(1883).— Wurzbach, xxxi. 98 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 261 ; xviii. 510 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
iv. 259 ; vi. 213 ; viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 40).
SCHOOL OF ATHENS, Raphael, Cam-
era della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome ; fresco,
arched top, H. 16 ft. x 26 ft. 8 in. The
Triumph of Science ; companion to the
Dispute of the Sacrament, which represents
the Triumph of Religion. A vast portico,
the arcades of which are pierced with niches
filled with statues ; those in front, Apollo
and Minerva ; in the centre, Plato, with Aris-
totle beside him, is expounding to disciples
standing around, while Diogenes lies on the
steps, with Aristippus passing him talking
to Epicurus ; at left, on steps, Aleibiades,
Xenophon, and others, listening to Socra-
tes ; below them, Pythagoras, with his wife
Theano, his son Telauges, and his pupil
Archytas, Anaxagoras standing, Heraclitus
sitting alone, and Democritus or Epicurus
by base of pillar ; at right, on steps, Pyrrho,
Arcesilaus, and others, and below them Ar-
chimedes (portrait of Bramante) teaching
geometry, and Ptolemy and Zoroaster stand-
ing beside Raphael and Perugino. Painted
in 1511. Called also Philosophy. Studies
in Albertine College, Vienna, and Louvre ;
143
SCHOOL
cartoon in Ambrosian Library, Milan. Va-
sari says the fresco represents the union of
Theology and Philosophy through Astron-
omy, and points out St. Matthew in the
so-called Pythagoras. Giorgio Mantovano
(1560) engraved it under the title of St.
Paul disputing with Stoics and Epicureans.
It has also been said to represent St. Paul
preaching at Athens. Engraved by Volpato ;
G. Ghisi.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 331 ; Mlintz,
SCHOOL OF LEGISLATION, George
Frederick Watts, Dining Hall of Lincoln's
Inn, London ; fresco, H. 40 ft. x 45 ft. The
great legislators of the world, Confucius,
Moses, Justinian, and others, thirty-three
figures in all, grouped in a manner obvious-
ly inspired by Eaphael's School of Athens.
A grand work, allied in conception and
drawing to the Eoman and in colour to the
Venetian school. It is surpassed in size
School of Athens, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome.
327 ; Passavant, ii. 79 ; Springer, 172 ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 428 ; Perkins, 123.
SCHOOL, EVENING (De avondschool),
Gerard Don, Amsterdam Museum ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft, 4 in. The teacher, seat-
ed behind a table at left, is talking, with
his left forefinger raised ; in his front, a
boy, his figure lighted by the flame of a can-
dle on the table and a lantern on the floor,
is leaning over a book ; other pupils in fore-
ground at left, and in background; above,
a curtain, draped to right. G. van der
Pot sale, Rotterdam (1808), 17,500 francs.
among modern works only by Cornelius's
Last Judgment, at Munich. — Portfolio
(1870), 66.
SCHOOL OF LOVE. See Cupid, Edu-
cation of.
SCHOOL, TURKISH (Ecole turque),
Alexandre Drcamps, Fodor Museum, Am-
sterdam ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. In-
terior, with the turbaned pedagogue seated
on a divan and the children disposed in va-
rious groups. Painted in 1846 ; formerly
in collection of Marquis Maison ; acquired
in Paris, 1857. Decamps painted a similar
144
SCHOOXJANS
subject in water-colour, Salon of 1842. His
Turkish School Dismissed (Sortie de 1'ecole
turque) was sold at Comtesse Lehon sale
(1861) for 34,000 francs.
SCHOONJANS, ANTHONIE, born in
Antwerp in 1650, died in Vienna, 1726.
Flemish school ; portrait and history paint-
er, pupil of Erasmus Quellinus ; went early
to Koine and thence to Vienna, where he
became court painter to Leopold I., and, on
account of his skill as a portrait painter,
was invited to England. He also lived at
The Hague, Amsterdam, and as court paint-
er at Dllsseldorf, whence he returned to
Vienna on the death of the Elector John
William. He was one of the boldest man-
nerists of his time, and not without merit in
painting the nude. "Works : Narcissus, Girl
with Bird, Old Woman with Basket, do.
with Book, Artist's Portrait, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Job and his Wife (1710), Augs-
burg Gallery ; St. Jerome, St. Sebastian,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Michiels,
v. 93 ; Nagler, Hon., i. 502.
SCHOOTEN, JORIS VAN, born in Ley-
den about 1587, died after 1650. Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, pupil
of Coenracl van der Maes at Leydeu ; paint-
ed large archery pieces full of character and
expression, good colouring, and chiaroscu-
ro ; also a few biblical subjects in an Ital-
ianized style. Works : Adoration of the
Magi, Amsterdam Museum ; Allegory on
Plague in Leyclen, 1574 (1643), Tabula Ce-
betis (1624), Group Portraits of Officers of
Archers' Company (7, 1626-28), Captains of
Civic Guard (1650), Leyden Museum. —
Kramm, v. 1491 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 357 ;
Kiegel, Beitriige, i. 127.
SCHOPF, JOSEF, born at Telfs, Tyrol,
Feb. 2, 1745, died at Innsbruck, Sept 15,
1822. History painter, pupil of Martin
Knoller in 1768 ; was in 1776-83 in Rome,
where he was influenced by Raphael Mengs ;
then settled in Innsbruck, but visited many
places to paint frescos. Occasionally men-
tioned in Goethe's essays. Monument
erected to him at Telfs in 1875. Works :
Madonna, Coronation of the Virgin, Christ
on the Cross, John the Baptist, Venus with
the Dove, Figure Study, Artist's Portrait,
three other Male Portraits, Ferdinandeuui,
Innsbruck ; St. Benedict, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Evening in the Campagna ; Horace
Reading (1790), Lord Bristol ; Christ on
the Cross, Cathedral of Brixen. In fres-
co: Transfiguration, and others, Benedic-
tine Church, Aschbach; Assumption, Church
in Brunecken ; do., St. John Neponiuk's
Church, Innsbruck ; do., Serviten Church,
ib.; and many other Tyrolese churches. —
Kuust-Chronik, xi. 125 ; Wurzbach, xxxi.
188.
SCHOPFER, HANS, the younger, born
in Munich, died in 1610. German school ;
history painter, son of a painter of same
name. He became Bavarian court painter.
His works are sometimes attributed to Hans
Schiiufelin and Albrecht D(lrer. Works by
Hans the elder : Margrave Philibert of
Baden (1549), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
do., Germanic Museum, Nuremberg; Duke
Frederick of Bavaria (1546), Duchess Hel-
ena (1547), Schleissheim Gallery ; Female
Portrait (1540), Hohenzolleru Museum, Sig-
maringen. By Hans the younger : Hans
Kaspar von Pienzenau (1558), Germanic
Museum, Nuremberg ; Countess Euphro-
syne von Oettingen (1569), Regina von
Lamberg (1569), Anna Schellenberg (1571),
Anna von Frauenberg (1580), Schleissheim
Gallery ; Altarpieces for Church of the Pil-
grimage, Ramersdorf, near Munich. — Nag-
ler, Mon., iii. 587.
SCHOREEL. See ftcorel.
SCHORN, KARL, born in Diisseldorf,
Oct. 17, 1800, died in Munich, Oct. 7, 1850.
History painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy, of Cornelius in Munich, of Gros and
Ingres in Paris in 1824-27, and from 1832
of Wach in Berlin. Settled in Munich,
where he was made professor at the Acad-
emy in 1847, and visited Italy. Orders of
Red Eagle and St. Michael. Was the father-
in-law and master of Karl Piloty. Works :
Mary Stuart and Rizzio ; Salvator Rosa
145
SCIIOTEL
among Robbers (1835) ; Charles V. in Con-
vent of San Yuste ; Card Players (1837),
and Pope Paul III. before Luther's Picture
(1839), National Gallery, Berlin ; Initiation
of Young Monk, Puritans in Camp, Raczyn-
ski Galley, ib.; Italian Brigands Praying ;
Cromwell before Battle of Dunbar, Kon-
igsberg Museum ; Anabaptist Prisoners be-
fore Bishop of Mtinster (1843-45) ;
The Flood (1845, unfinished),
New Pinakothek, Munich. In fres-
co : Arcades of Royal Garden, Mu-
nich.— Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 37; Leix-
ner, Mod. K, i. 101.
SCHOTEL, JOHANNES CHRISTIANUS,
born at Dordrecht,
Nov. 11, 1787, died
there, Dec. 22, 1838.
Marine painter, pupil
of A. Meulemans and
Martinus Schouman ;
created great enthusi-
asm with his first pict-
ures in 1818, and be-
came one of the best
marine painters of his
time. Member of Antwerp, Brussels, Ghent,
Amsterdam, and Berlin Academies. Works :
Marines (3), Coast View, Museum, Amster-
dam ; do. (2), Fishermen's Huts in the
Downs, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Stormy Sea,
Hague Museum ; View of Moerdyk, Agitat-
ed Sea, Rotterdam Museum ; Dutch Coast,
Berlin Museum ; Agitated Sea, Carlsruhe
Gallery ; do., Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Rising
Storm near Sea Coast, New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Departure of French from Dordrecht
in 1814, Bombardment of Algiers in 1810
(with Schouman ). — Immerzeel, iii. 75 ;
Kramm, v. 1493 ; Kugler, Kl. Schr., iii.
SCHOTEL, PETRUS JOHANNES, born
at Dordrecht, Aug. 19, 1808, died at Dres-
den, July 23, 1865. Marine painter, son
and pupil of preceding, in whose footsteps
he followed successfully ; studied also much
from nature, in France, Germany, and Bel-
gium ; became professor at the school of
navigation at Medemblyk in 1830, and re-
moved to Dttsseldorf in 1856. Member
of Amsterdam and Rotterdam Academies.
Many prizes, medals, and orders. Works :
Calm Sea with many Vessels, Ghent Muse-
um ; Leaving Roadstead of Texel in Stormy
Weather ; The Willem Sluice near Amster-
dam, Agitated Sea, Museum, Amsterdam ;
Harbour of Bath in Stormy Weather, Muse-
um Fodor, ib. ; Shipwreck near Kykduin —
North Holland (1847), Konigsberg Muse-
um; Agitated Sea with Boats, Schwerin Gal-
lery.— D. Kunstbl., 1853 ; Immerzeel, iii. ;
Kramm, v. 1493.
SCHOULTZ, EMMA VON, born in Rus-
sia ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Friedrich Kraus in Berlin.
Works : Interesting Reading (1866) ; The
Artist and her Mother (1868) ; Composer's
Children ; Visit of Condolence (1871); Story
of the Field ; Quartering of Soldiers on the
Retreat.— Mtiller, 476; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
vi. 173.
SCHOUMAN, MARTINUS, born at Dor-
drecht, baptized Jan. 31, 1770, died at Breda,
Oct. 30, 1848. Marine painter, pupil of Mi-
chiel Versteeg, and afterwards of his uncle,
Aart Schouman (1710-92). Works : Explo-
sion of Gunboat near Antwerp, Expedition
to Palembang — Sumatra, Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Tempestuous Sea (2), Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Marine, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ;
Departure of French from Dordrecht, Bom-
bardment of Algiers (with Schotel). — Im-
merzeel, iii. 78 ; Kramm, v. 1495 ; Cotta's
Kunstbl, 1827, 1838.
SCHRADER, JULIUS, born in Berlin,
June 16, 1815. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Berlin Academy and
under W. Schadow of
Diisseldorf Academy ;
visited Italy in 1845
-47, also England,
Holland, and Belgi-
um. Became profes-
sor at Berlin Acad-
emy in 1848. Medals in Berlin (2), Paris
i (2d class, 1855), Weimar, and Vienna (1873).
146
SCHRAUDOLPH
Several orders. Member of Berlin, Vienna,
and Dresden Academies. A great master
of colour ; his pictures are brilliant out-
wardly, but sometimes wanting in deeper
feeling. Was the first Berlin artist to be
influenced by the Belgian colourists, Gallait
and De Biefve. Works : Cenci before Greg-
ory VII. (1844), Dantzic Museum ; Attempt
to poison the Emperor Frederick II. ; Sur-
render of Calais to Edward HI. (1847),
Parting of Charles I. (1855), Esther before
Ahasuerus (1856), Portrait of Consul Wa-
gener (1856), Homage of Berlin and Co-
logne (1874), National Gallery, Berlin ; Bac-
chus Asleep (1846), Bacchante playing with
Panthers, Ravene Gallery, ib.; Frederick
the Great after Battle of Kolin (1849), Leip-
sic Museum ; Wallenstein and Seni (1850) ;
Jephthah's Daughter (1850), Konigsberg
Museum; Leonardo da Vinci's Death (1851) ;
Children in Prayer (1852), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Milton and his Daughters (1855) ;
Cromwell at the Death-Bed of his Daugh-
ter (1859), Cologne Museum ; Lady Mac-
beth walking in her Sleep (1860) ; Queen
Elizabeth signing Mary Stuart's Death- War-
rant ; Mary Stuart's Last Moments ; Shake-
speare as a Poacher before the Judge,
Stuttgart Museum ; Adoration of the Magi
(1884) ; Portrait of Cornelius (1864), do. of
himself (1865), do. of Dagobert von Oppen-
heim, Cologne Museum ; do. of the Art His-
torian Friedrich Eggers (1873), Schwerin
Gallery ; Portraits of Humboldt, Rauke,
and Moltke. In fresco : First 12 Christian
Monarchs, Royal Chapel, Berlin ; Consecra-
tion of St. Sophia, New Museum, ib. — Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 209 ; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diisseldf.
K, 155: Mttller, 476; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 147 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 19 ; v.
121 ; vi. 106 ; xx. 95.
SCHRAUDOLPH, CLAUDIUS, the elder,
born at Obersdorf, Algau, in 1813. History
and genre painter, brother and pupil of Jo-
liann Schraudolph, then at Munich Acad-
emy under Heinrich Hess ; went with Fors-
ter to Italy, to make designs after antique
frescos, then painted in Munich frescos in
the Basilica and All Saints' Chapel, at Ath-
ens in the royal palace, and at Speyer in
the cathedral, for which he had meanwhile
made studies in Italy, whither he accompa-
nied his brother in 1844. Afterwards joined
the Benedictine Order. — Nagler, xvL 11.
SCHRAUDOLPH, CLAUDIUS, the
younger, born in
Munich in 1843.
History and genre
painter, son and pu-
pil of Johann Schrau-
dolph, and of Munich
Academy under Hein-
rich Hess. Lived in
Dresden in 1865;
fought in the cam-
paign of 1866, and in
Franco-German War (1870-71). Became
director of Stuttgart Art School in 1883.
Medal, Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works:
St. Elizabeth distributing Bread ; Munich
Brewery ; Pensive Maiden at Piano ; Easter
Procession from Faust ; Quartet on Vene-
tian Terrace ; Dolce far niente ; Decorative
Paintings in Munich houses. — Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xxi. 809 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 290.
SCHRAUDOLPH, JOHANN, born at
Oberstdorf in Al-
giiu in 1808, died
May 31, 1879. His-
tory painter, pupil
of Munich Acad-
emy under Schlott-
hauer and Corne-
lius. Helped paint
the frescos of many
• Munich buildings ;
went to Rome in
1844 ; after his return decorated the ca-
thedral at Speyer. Orders of St. Michael,
Maximilian, and Bavarian Crown. Works :
Two Pictures with Hovering Angels, Basle
Museum; Peter's Catch of Fish (1865),
147
SOHEEYER
Christ healing the Sick (1862), Ascension,
Madonna and St. John, Mary and Mary
Magdalen at Golgotha (1863); St. Agnes
and Lamb (1842), Madonna and Child
(1840), Two Pictures of Hovering Angels,
New Pinakothek, Munich. In fresco : Por-
tions of Glyptothek, Munich ; All Saints'
Church, ib.; Basilica, ib.; Decoration of the
Cathedral (1846-53), Speyer.— Kunst-Chro-
uik, xiv. 616.
SCHREYER, ADOLF, born in Frank-
fort-on-the-Main, May
9, 1828. Animal
painter, pupil of Stil-
del Institute, Frank-
fort ; studied the horse
in the riding-school
and anatomically, then
in Stuttgart, Munich,
and Diisseldorf ; trav-
elled in 1848 with
Prince Thurn and
Taxis through Hungary, Wallachia, and
Southern Russia ; accompanied the Austri-
ans on the march through the Dauubian prin-
cipalities in 1854 ; visited Syria and Egypt
in 1856, Algiers in 1861 ; lived in Paris un-
til 1870, when he settled at Krouberg, near
Frankfort ; lives alternately there and in
Paris. Member of Antwerp and Rotterdam
Academies. Medals : Brussels, 1863 ; Paris,
1864, 1865, 1867 ; Munich, 1876 ; Order of
Leopold, 1866 ; court painter to Grand
Duke of Mecklenburg, 1862. Works : Ar-
tillery attacked by Prussian Hussars (1854),
Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Wallachian Trans-
portation Train in Rainy Weather, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Battle near Waghiiusel,
Baden, in 1849 (1858), Cannon drawn up
Steep Hill (1861), Schwerin Gallery ; Cos-
sack Horses (1864), Charge of Artillery ol
Imperial Guard (1865), formerly in Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Battle of Komorn ; Prince
Thurn and Taxis wounded at Temesvar
Cuirassiers' Attack in Battle on the Moskwa.
1812 ; Horses on the Puszta ; Wet Day in
Moldavia ; Travelling in Russia ; Wallachian
Peasants crossing Ford ; Wallachian Stable
on Fire ; Tunisian Cavalry (1883). Works
n United States : Arabs Resting, Arabs Re-
peating, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York ;
Sorses at Fountain, Abd-el-Kader leaving
lonstantinople, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Wallachian
Teamsters, Watering-Place, William Astor,
b.; Arabs on March, Desolation, Miss C.
LJ. Wolfe, ib. ; Wallachian Team, Halting-
Place, August Belmont, ib.; Winter in
Wallachia, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Noon Rest,
R. Hoe, ib. ; Cossacks in Snow, M. Graham,
ib. ; Wallachian Team in Snow, W. Rocke-
feller, ib.; Russian Inn, T. R. Butler, ib.;
Alarm, J. W. Drexel, ib.; Danger, M. K.
Jesup, ib.; Burning Stable, D. O. Mills,
ib.; Horses at Fountain, C. P. Huntington,
ib. ; Travelling in Russia, Attack, C. S.
Smith, ib.; Wallachian Teamsters, H. V.
Newcomb, ib.; Arabs in Desert, Samuel
Hawk Collection, ib. ; Gypsy Boy -with
Horse, L. Tuckerman, ib. ; The Halt, H. C.
Gibson, Philadelphia ; Cold Day, Retreat,
L'Embourbe — Plains of Hungary, W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Watering-Place, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington. In the Morgan
sale, New York, 1886, were sold : Wallachian
Pack-Horses ($4,300), Arab Scout ($3,500),
Wallachian Post Station ($1,150), Arab at
Fountain ($3,100).— Ulustr. Zeitg. (1865),
i.; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 369 ; (1865),
xviii. 511 ; (1867), xxii. 540 ; Kaulen, 91 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 37 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
viii. (Mittheilungen, i. 59).
SCHRICK, MARSEUS VAN. See Mar-
sens.
SCHRODL, ANTON, born at Schwechat,
near Vienna, in 1825. Animal and land-
scape painter, probably studied in Vienna ;
visited Styria and Upper Austria. His works,
marked by careful execution, are to be found
in many private collections. Works : Storm
148
SCHRODL
on the Lake, View near Hallstadt (1851) ;
Animals Besting (1855) ; Hungarian Puszta
(18G2), Count Edmund Zichy ; In the Sta-
ble (1870) ; Sheep and Booster, Dead Stag,
Dog Besting, Pheasants and Partridges, Sta-
ble Interior at Leopoldsdorf (1872).— Mai-
ler, 478 ; Wurzbach, xxxi. 344.
SCHBODL, NOBBEBT, born in Vienna
in 1842. Genre and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Jacob Becker ; paints with ingenious
treatment ideal figures and portraits ; has
also attempted historical subjects, landscapes
and animal pieces. "Works: Symbolical
Figures of Night and Day ; Bape of the Sa-
bine Women ; Four Illustrations of " Who
does not love Wine, Woman, and Song?"
(1879).— Bosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 320.
SCHEODTEB, ADOLF, born at Schwedt,
in the Uckennark,
June 28, 1805, died
in Carlsruhe, Dec. 9,
1875. Genre painter,
pupil of his father and
of Berlin Academy,
and in 1829 of W.
Schadow in Diissel-
dorf. Went to Frank-
fort - on - the - Main in
1848, returned to
Dilsseldorf in 1854 ; called to Carlsruhe as
professor in 1859, retired in 1872. One of
the happiest representatives of humour in
German art. Works: Wine Testing, (1822),
Bhenish Tavern (1833), Don Quixote (1834),
Scene from Shakespeare's Henry V. (1839),
Forest Smithy (1841), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Till Eulenspiegel as Baker, Baveue
Gallery., ib.; The Seasons, Primeval Forest
iu Brazil, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Baron Miin-
chausen relating his Hunting Adventures
(1842), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Scene from
Till Eulenspiegel (1844), Kiinigsberg Mu-
seum ; Don Quixote and his Dul-
cinea (1858), Diisseldorf Gallery ;
Falstaff in Tavern (1859), besides
other pictures of the same charac-
ter ; subjects from Milnchausen and Till
Eulenspiegel ; Two Monks in Convent Cel-
lar (18G3) ; Hans Sachs (18GC) ; and numer-
ous illustrations for books. — Kunst-Chronik,
xi. 289 ; Jordan (1885), iL 210 ; Blanckarts,
93 ; Nagler, xvi. 24 ; Beber, ii. 239 ; Land
und Meer (1875), ii. 935.
SCHBOTEB, KONSTANTIN, born at
Schkeuditz, Prussian Saxony, March 21,
1795, died in Berlin, Oct. 18, 1835. Genre
painter, pupil of Leipsic and Dresden Acad-
emies, and of Pochinann. Beturned to Leip-
sic in 1819 ; lived by portrait painting until
he took to genre, on advice of the elder
Schnorr, and settled in Berlin in 1826.
Works : Violin Lesson (1828), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Mother and Daughter Spin-
ning ; Auction of a Painter's Effects (1832) ;
Jewish Family Besting (1834) ; Village School
(1835).— Jordan (1885), ii. 211 : Nagler, xvi.
30.
SCHBOTZBEBG, FBANZ, born in Vien-
na in 1811. Portrait painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy ; influenced by Karl Marko.
Visited Italy in 1837, Germany and Belgium
in 1842, and later Italy again, Paris, and
London. Very fashionable painter for many
years ; has been called the Austrian Wrinter-
halter. Member of Vienna Academy ; Franz
Joseph Order. Works: Leda and Swan
(1839), Vienna Museum ; Empress Elizabeth
of Austria, Duchess Therese von Wtlrtem-
berg, Archduchess Mathilde of Austria
(1867), New Pinakothek, Munich ; and nu-
merous other portraits. — Wurzbach, xxxii.
18 ; Mtlller, 478.
SCHTSCHEDBIN, SILVESTEB FEDO-
BOVICH, born in St. Petersburg in 1791,
died at Sorrento in 1830. Landscape paint
er, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy under
Ivanoff and Worobieff. Visited also Ger-
many and Italy. Works : Colosseum, Lake
Nemi, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
SCHUBACK, GOTTLIEB EMIL, born in
Hamburg, June 28, 1820. Genre painter,
pupil in Munich of Cornelius and Heinrich
Hess in 1836-42. Studied in Borne in 1847-
48 ; settled in 1855 in DUsseldorf, where
he was influenced by Jordan. Works : Por-
trait of the painter Gttnther Gensler (1854),
149
SCHUBEKT
Hamburg Gallery ; Eepentant Son ; Twelve
o'clock ; Meeting of old Friends ; New
Schoolmaster ; Grandfather telling a Story;
and similar subjects ; an Altarpiece — Christ
on the Mount of Olives (1857).— Miiller, 479.
SCHUBERT, FERDINAND, born in Vi-
enna in 1824, died there in 1853. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works :
Romeo and Juliet (1850); Death of the
Prince of Orange ; Fisher ; Radt von Haps-
burg showing his Soldiers to his Brother
(1852), Vienna Museum. — Wurzbach, xxxii.
29.
SCHUBERT, FRANZ AUGUST, born in
Dessau, Nov. 10, 1806. History and land-
scape painter, pupil in Dessau of Beck, then
of Dresden Academy and of Munich Acade-
my under Cornelius and Schnorr ; went in
1833 to Florence, 1834 to Rome, visited Or-
vieto in 1836, Naples in 1838, went back to
Dessau in 1839, to Munich in 1840, visited
Venice in 1845, and, invited by Cornelius,
settled in Berlin in 1850. Made professor
by Duke of Anhalt-Dessau in 1863. Works :
Jacob and Rachel, Parable of the Great Sup-
per, Parable of Rich Man, Allegory of Faith,
Love, and Hope (1834-39); Paul in the
House of Peter in Jerusalem ; Fall of Man
(1846); Feeding of the Five Thousand
(1848) ; Solomon's Judgment (1853), Court
House, Dessau ; Invention and Power of
Music, Cycle Concert Hall, ib.; Entomb-
ment, and Resurrection (1866), Schloss-
kirche, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives ;
David and Jonathan (1865); Sacrifice of
Manoah (1872) ; Paul at the House of Lydia ;
Peter and Tabitha; Hagar and Ishmael. —
Andresen, ii. 262 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
790.
SCHUBERT-SOLDERN, VICTOR VON,
born in Prague, Aug. 15, 1834. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Leutze in Diissel-
dorf in 1857, of Antwerp Academy in 1860-
61, and of Cogniet in 1861-62. Lived in
Italy in 1863-66, in Paris until 1870 ; then
went to Brussels, where he became a friend
of Czermak, and next settled in Dresden.
Works : Tristan and Isolde (1870) ; Lucre-
zia Borgia and a Venetian Lady ; A Por-
trait Painter (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin, 1886).
— MiiUer, 479.
SCHUCH, WERNER, born at Hildes-
heim, Hanover, Oci 2, 1843. Landscape
and genre painter, self-taught. Was at first
an architect, and in 1870 professor of archi-
tecture in Hanover. Began painting in 1872,
copying in Dresden Gallery, and sketching
in Tyrol and Italy. Studied also in Diissel-
dorf in 1877. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886. Pro-
fessor. Works : On the Look-Out ; Heath ;
In Time of Dire Distress (1876), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Robber Knights in Am-
bush (1877), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Quack,
Hanover Gallery ; Gustavus Adolphus' Body
taken to Wolgast ; Ride for Life or Death ;
Silent Cloisters ; Song is Over ; Flight of
Croats ; Peacebreaker, Wiesbaden Gallery ;
Footpads (1880) ; Landscape with brown
Heather (1881), Dresden Museum ; Swed-
ish Recruiters (1882), KOnigsberg Museum ;
Going into Winter Quarters, Close to the
Enemy (1884) ; On Evil Ways (1885).— Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 212 ; MCiller, 480 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xvii. 380, 735 ; xviii. 213 ; Kunst
f. Alle, i. ; Leixner, Mud. K, ii. 101 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 42.
SCHUCHARDT, FERDINAND, Jr., born
in New York, May 14, 1855. Genre painter,
pupil of William Morgan and J. G. Brown
in 1875-78. Exhibited at the National
Academy since 1877. Studio in New York.
Works : Song without Words (T. B. Clarke,
New York) ; Nydia — Last Days of Pompeii
(1879) ; Accident at the Circus (1880) ; Fair
Client (1881) ; Fisherman's Children (1882) ;
Signing the Marriage Contract, Christmas
Eve (1883) ; Turned Away, Evening (1884) ;
Gather ye Rosebuds, Out in the Snow
(1885) ; Dreaming of the Sea, Before the
Curtain (1886).
SCHUFRIED, DOMINIK, born in Vienna
in 1810. Landscape painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy. Works : Ruins of Guten-
stein (1838) ; Mountain Landscape (1848) ;
Peasant Family near Gutenstein (1856), Vi-
enna Museum. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 136.
160
SCntJIILEIN
SCHUHLEIN (Schtlchlin), HANS, flour-
ished in Ulm about 1468-1502. German
school ; history painter, probably a scholar
of B. van <ler Weyden, and a master of high
repute in Ulm, where he appears as senior
master of a guild of painters, sculptors, etc.,
in 1473 ; he executed an altarpiece, with his
pupil Zeitblom, now in a private collection in
Hungary. Works : Altarpiece with Nativ-
ity, Adoration, etc. (14G9), Church at Tiefen-
bronn, Wtirtemberg; Ysiclor and Susanna, St.
Servatius (2), David with Head of Goliath,
Zacharias and Elizabeth, Munich Gallery ;
Anna and Cleopas, Schleissheim Gallery ;
six Altar-Wings, Maurice Chapel, Nurem-
berg ; others in Augsburg Gallery and
Stuttgart Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole alle-
mande ; Dohme, li. ; Heideloff, K. des Mit-
telalt. in Schwaben, 117 ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
145 ; Schnaase, viii. 421 ; W. & W., ii. 110.
SCHULTEN, ARNOLD, born at Dilssel-
dorf in 1809, died there, July 30, 1874.
Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy in 1822-49, and with Scheuren,
Lasinsky, Pose, Funk, and others, formed
the school of landscape painters, which, un-
der the guidance of Johann Wilhelm Schir-
mer, contributed essentially to the renown
of the Rhenish Academy. Works : Land-
scape with Hunting Lodge (1831), Ab-
bey of Altenburg (1831), Kloster Arnsteiu
(1833), Entrance into Plain, Woodland
(1834), do. with Cattle (1837), Return from
the Chase (1840), Stag Hunt (1841), Kochel
Lake (1842), Tegernsee (1843), Laacher
Lake (1844), Brook among Rocks (1847),
Pyrmont on the Elz (1848), View near Wal-
lenstadt Lake (1852), Rhenish- Westphalian
Art Union ; Isola Bella in the Lago Mag-
giore, Villa Rosenstein near Stuttgart. —
Blanckarts, 72 ; Wiegmann, 352.
SCHULTZ, FRIEDRICH, born in Ger-
many ; contemporary. Battle and genre
painter, lives in Berlin ; skilful in composi-
tion, but weak in colouring. Works : Zie-
then Hussars foraging (1854); Frederick
the Great iu Battle of Torgau ; do. in Bat-
tle of Hoheufriedberg ; Peter the Great
after the Battle of Poltava (1859); Bivouac
in 17th Century ; Prince Henry and the
Bridal Pair (1862); Cupid and Psyche
(1863); Crossing to Alsen ; The first Bomb-
shell at Kdniggriitz ; King William decorat-
ing the Crown Prince with the Order pour
le merite on the Battlefield of Kouiggriitz.
— Dioskuren (I860), 33, 255, 332, 341;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 294.
SCHULTZ, HERMANN THEODOR, born
at Wittstock, Prussia, in 181(5. History and
genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Wach and
of Blechen ; painted frescos in the Old Mu-
seum at Berlin after the sketches of Schin-
kel, and four scenes from the Myths of Her-
cules and Theseus of his own composition ;
also in the Royal Chapel two Prophets, and
twelve Kings and Priests of the Old Testa-
ment. Among his genre pictures an Italian
Woman with a Blind Boy before the Ma-
donna is noteworthy. — Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 40.
SCHULTZ, JOHANN KARL, born in
Dantzic, May 5, 1801, died there, June 12,
1873. Architecture and landscape painter,
pupil of Dautzic Art School under Breysig,
and of Berlin Academy under Hummel ;
went in 1823 to Munich, attracted there by
Domeuico Quaglio, and in 1824 to Italy,
whence he returned to Berlin in 1828 ; was
made director of Dantzic Art School in
1831, member of Berlin Academy in 1836 ;
visited Rome again in 1839 ; founded in
1855 the Art Union and in 1856 the Ar-
chaeological Union in Dautzic. Great gold
medal for art. Honorary member of St.
Petersburg Academy. Works : View in
Milan Cathedral (1827), Steeple of do.
(1829), National Gallery, Berlin ; Choir in
Konigsberg Cathedral (1835), Royal Palace,
ib.; replica (1837), Konigsberg Museum ;
Castle Hohenzollern (6); Interior of Ulm
Cathedral ; do. of Strasburg Cathedral ;
View of Siena ; Piazza del Gran Duca ; Or-
vieto Cathedral ; Triumphal Arch of Trajan
at Ancona ; Street of Tombs in Pompeii ;
Konigsberg Cathedral ; Artus Hof in Dant-
zic.— Andresen, ii. 141 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
151
SCHULZ
213 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 153 ; vii. 307, 423 ;
viii. 619 ; Land und Meer (1873), ii. 383.
SCHULZ, JULIUS, born in Germany;
contemporary. Hunt, landscape, and mili-
tary genre painter ; lives in Berlin ; attrac-
tive through his humorous touch. Works :
Stag Hunt ; Winter Landscape with Hunts-
men ; Cuirassiers on the March, Uhlans by
Peasant Cottage, Koyal Palace, Berlin ;
Drunken Cossack ; Prince Bliicher and
Count Nostitz at Ligny.
SCHULZ, KAKL FRIEDRICH, born at
Selchow, Brandenburg, Nov. 2, 1796, died
in Neu-Euppin, March 3, 1866. Genre and
landscape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy.
Fought in the wars of 1814-15 ; travelled
in Holland, France, and England in 1821.
Became professor in Berlin in 1840 ; visited
Munich in 1841, and studied glass painting.
In 1847 went to St. Petersburg. Some-
times called Jagd-Schulz, owing to his fond-
ness for hunting scenes. Works : Cossacks ;
Quartering of Troops (1828) ; English Brig
on the North Sea at Cuxhaven (1831), Tem-
pest on Sea off Calais (1831), Poachers
(1831), National Gallery, Berlin ; Mouse-
Trap Vender and Peasant Woman (1836),
Weimar Museum ; Return from the Chase ;
Deer in Forest ; Dead Birds (1834), Game
Vender (1840), KOnigsberg Museum. — Jor-
dan (1885), ii. 213; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 288.
SCHULZ, LEOPOLD, born in Vienna in
1804, died atHeiligenstadt, near Vienna, Oct.
6, 1873. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy, then (1829) in Munich of Cor-
nelius and Schnorr ; visited Italy in 1830-
31, and after his return to Munich painted
in the Kiinigsbau scenes from Hymns of
Homer and Idyls of Theocritus ; returned
to Vienna, where he became custodian of
Count Lamberg's Gallery, and in 1844 cor-
rector at the Academy. Works : The Chris-
tian Heroes of the First Crusade (1835) ;
Martyrdom of St. Florian (1837) ; Duke
Ernest the Iron wooing Cimburgis of Mas-
sovia (1850); Patron Saints of Austrian
Monarchy (1853); Louis the Bavarian an-
nouncing Liberation to Frederick the Fair
(1851), Vienna Museum. — Forster, v. 506 ;
Wurzbach, xxxii. 183.
SCHULZ-BRIESEN, EDUARD, born at
Haus Amstel bei Neun, Diisseldorf, May 11,
1831. Genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf
Academy and of Vautier ; studied for one year
(1851) at Antwerp, then painted portraits in
different cities, and settled at Dusseldorf in
1871. Works: Copyist; Children's Car-
nival ; Lost Honour ; In the Gentlemen's
Room ; Differences ; For Examination ;
Dainties ; Court Room Scene, Dusseldorf
Gallery ; Captured Gypsies, Divine Service
in the Country (Jubilee Exhib., Berlin,
1886).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 794 ; Land
und Meer (1884), i. 499.
SCHUMACHER, KARL (GEORG
CHRISTIAN), born at Doberan, Mecklen-
burg-Schwerin, May 14, 1797, died at Dres-
den, June 22, 1869. History painter, pupil
of Rudolf Suhrlandt, but really self-taught,
then studied at Dresden Academy in 1819-
1821, and in Rome in 1821-25 ; visited Na-
ples, Orvieto, Perugia, Florence ; after his
return settled in Dresden, but was called to
Schwerin by the Grand Duke in 1830 to
paint frescos, became court painter, lived
again in Dresden in 1852-55,
returned to Schwerin, where
he became blind, in 1863.
Works : Holy Family (1821)>
Adoration of the Magi (1826),
Return of Henry the Pilgrim (1836), Battle
at Gransee (1839), Departure of Henry the
Pilgrim (1857), Gallery, Schwerin ; Henry
the Lion (1842), The Three Faculties,
Grand-ducal Palace, ib. In fresco : The
Seasons, Loggia, ib. — Andresen, ii. 121 ;
Forster, v. 534.
SCHUMANN, KARL FRANZ JACOB
HEINRICH, born in Berlin, Aug. 8, 1767,
died there, Sept. 27, 1827. History painter,
pupil at Berlin Academy of Johann Chris-
toph Frisch, went in 1795 to Italy ; became
senator, and professor of anatomy at the
Berlin Academy in 1801 ; professor of paint-
ing in the royal gallery in 1815, and secre-
152
SCHURAVLEFF
tary of the Academy in 1816. Works :
Burggrave Friedrich of Zollern surrender-
ing the Emperor ; do. recognizing his Wife
as Cavalry Leader (1800), Crossing of the
Rhine at Caub by the Prussian Army (1826),
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Julius Sabiuus taken
Prisoner ; Meeting of Alexander and Napo-
leon.—N. NecroL der D. (1827), ii. 852 ;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 43.
SCHURAVLEFF, THYRSUS SERGE-
VICH, born in Saratov in 1836. Genre
painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy.
Works : Unfaithful Peasant Woman ; Re-
turn from the Ball ; Chimney Sweep ; Cook
(1872) ; Blessing of the Bride (1874).
SCHURIGr, KARL WILHELM, born in
Leipsic, Dec. 17, 1818, died in Dresden,
March 10, 1874. History painter, pupil in
Leipsic and in Dresden of Bendemann.
Visited Italy ; settled in Dresden, where he
became professor of the Academy in 1857.
Works : Resurrection of Christ, altarpiece,
Eppendorf ; Bishop of Speyer protecting
Persecuted Jews (1851), Dresden Gallery ;
Emperor Albrecht and Swiss Ambassadors
(1842), Leipsic Museum ; crayon drawings
of the masterpieces of Dresden Gallery. —
Kunst-Chronik, ix. 388.
SCHUSSELE, CHRISTIAN, born in Al-
sace about 1824, died at Merchantville, N.
Y., Aug. 21, 1879. History painter, pupil
of Yvon in Paris. Settled in the United
States in 1847 ; for eleven years director of
the schools connected with the Pennsyl-
vania Academy. Works : How we won the
Battle ; Leisberger preaching to the Indians;
Men of Progress ; King Solomon and the
Iron Worker.— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 46.
SCHUSTER, LUDWIG ALBRECHT,
born at Berthelsdorf, Saxony, May 9, 1824.
History painter, pupil of Dresden Academy
under Julius Htlbnerin, 1842-48 ; then
lived in Munich, and since 1852 in Dresden.
Works : Bravery of a Saxon Dragoon ;
Storming of Great Redoubt at Battle of
Borodino, Saxon Grenadiers repulsing
French Cavalry after Battle of Jena (1862),
Dresden Gallery.— Mttller, 482.
SCHUT, CORNELIS, the elder, born in
Antwerp, baptized May 13, 1597, died there,
April 29, 1655.
Flemish school ;
history painter,
among the pupils
of Rubens the one
in whose works the
master's style is
most distinctly re-
flected ; master of
the guild about
1619 ; with G. de
Crayer, Liemaeckere, Stadius, and Theodor
Rombouts decorated in 1635 the triumphal
arches in Ghent for the entry of Prince
Ferdinand. Frequently painted centre fig-
ures for flower-wreaths by his friend Dan-
iel Seghers. Works : St. Nicholas appear-
ing to Emperor Constantino (masterpiece),
Church at Willebroek, Brabant ; Martyrdom
of St. George, Madonna in Glory, Purifica-
tion, Museum, Antwerp ; Pieta, St. James's,
ib. ; Coronation of the Virgin, Circumcision,
Assumption, St. Francis Xavier among the
Indians, do. in Japan, St. Charles's, ib. ; God
the Father and Holy Ghost, Dead Christ,
Resurrection of the Dead, St. Willebroed's,
ib. ; Martyrdom of St. James, Brussels
Museum ; Allegorical Representation of Cir-
cumcision, Ghent Museum ; Alexander cut-
ting the Gordian Knot, Lille Museum ; Chil-
dren Playing in a Landscape, Rotterdam
Museum ; Annunciation, Aschaffenburg Gal-
lery ; Beheading of St. James, Bamberg
Gallery ; Feast of Venus, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; do., and Neptune and Venus, Dresden
Gallery ; Vulcan in a Grotto, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Hero and Leander, Madonna
in a Garland, Vienna Museum ; Coronation
of the Virgin, Copenhagen Gallery ; Tribute
to Ca;sar, Stockholm Museum ; Adoration
of the Shepherds, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. His nephew, Cornelis Schut, the
younger, went to Spain with his father, an
engineer in the service of Philip IV. ; set-
tled in Seville, where lie was one of the
principal founders of the Academy in 1660
163
SCHUTZ
and its director ; died there in 1675 or
1676 ; imitated Murillo. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Kramm, v. 1500 ; Micbiels, viii.
339 ; Booses (Reber), 272 ; Van den Bran-
den, 757.
SCHUTZ, CHRISTIAN GEORG, the
elder, born at FlOrsheim, near Mentz, Sept.
27, 1718, died in Frankfort, Dec. 6, 1791.
Landscape painter, pupil of Hugo Schlegel
in Frankfort (1731), then of Appiani. Long
painted in fresco before devoting himself to
landscape painting, in which he followed
Saft-Leveu. His best pictures were painted
between 1760 and 1775. Works: Rhine
Views (10, one dated 1787), Architectural
Pieces (3), Pilgrims by Ruins, View near
Waterloo (1780), Views of and near Mentz
(6), two others, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
Landscape with Figures, Interior of St.
Bartholomew's in Frankfort, Bamberg Gal-
lery ; Rhine Views (7), four others, Cassel
Gallery ; Interior of Gothic Church (1769),
View on the Neckar (1777), five others,
Darmstadt Museum ; River Landscapes (3,
1750, 1765), Market Day on the Romerberg
in Frankfort (1754), Morning Landscape
(1760), The Devil's Bridge on St. Gothard
Road (1781), View of Aschaffenburg (1787),
four others, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
others in Amalienstift, Dessau, in Christi-
ania, Gotha (4), Oldenburg (2), and Prague
Galleries. His nephew and pupil, Christian
Georg Schiitz, the younger (1758-1823),
painted especially attractive Rhine Views,
and was one of the founders of the Frank-
fort Museum. In the Darmstadt Museum
are, by him, five Landscapes (one dated
1786) ; in the Schleissheim Gallery, four
Rhine Views. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 565 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 725 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
xv. 260.
SCHUTZE, WTLHELM, born in Berlin
in 1814. Genre painter, pupil of KlOber ;
very successful in homely scenes of lively
composition and good colouring. Works :
Cellar with Students and Girls (1834) ;
Game of Chess, Blind Man's Buff, Princess
of Liegnitz ; Flower Girl (1838) ; Mother
washing her Child (1854) ; Child's portrait
(1880), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Hostile
Inmates, Emil Caiman, New York. — Cotta's
Kunstbl., 1834-38 ; D. Kunstbl., 1854.
SCHUTZENBERGER, LOUIS FRF,-
DERIC, born at Strasburg, Sept. 8, 1825.
Genre, landscape, and marine painter, pupil
of Gleyre. Medals: 3d class, 1851; 2d
class, 1861, 1863; L. of Honour, 1870.
Works : Terpsichore (1861), Centaurs hunt-
ing a Wild Boar (1864), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Judgment of Paris (1863) ; Head of
St. John (1863), Count Nieuwerkerke ;
Pygmalion embracing his Statue (1864) ;
Rape of Europa (1865), Arras Museum ;
Charlemagne learning to write (1867) ; The
First Astronomer (1867) ; Roman Slaves,
St. Simon Stylites (1868); Hero, Pope's
Walk in the Campagna (1869); Bather,
Souvenir of Italy (1870) ; Alsatian Family
emigrating to France (1872) ; Boatwoman
of the Rhine, Amazon (1874) ; Seven Capital
Sins, Flight of Nero (1875) ; Joan of Arc
hearing Celestial Voices (1876) ; Souvenir
of Italy, Diana Bathing (1877) ; Ariadne
Abandoned, Bather (1878) ; Potiphar's Wife
(1879) ; The Gorgon (1880) ; Panel for the
Mayor's Office in Rheims, Interview between
Csesar and Ariovistus (1881) ; Souvenir of
Alsace (1882) ; Callisto, Alsatian Gleaner
(1883) ; Return of Ulysses, Rhine Fisher-
men (1884) ; Huntsmen Drinking at Well,
Bather (1885) ; Ulysses (1886).— Gaz. des
B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 510 ; Bellier, ii. 485.
SCHUZ, THEODOR, born at Thumling-
en, Wiirtemberg, March 26, 1830. Genre
painter, pupil of Stuttgart Art School under
Rustige, Neher, and Steinkopf ; went in 1854
to Munich, and studied at the Academy un-
der Piloty in 1857-63 ; visited Italy in 1858
and Middle Germany in 1859, and settled
in Diisseldorf in 1866. Works : Evening
Bell (1857); Walk on Easter Morning (1858);
Midday Rest during Harvest (1862); Amuse-
ment in Vineyard (1869) ; Sunday Afternoon
in the Village (1873) ; Evening Landscape
in Harvest Time (1879) ; Village View (1883).
— Muller, 482 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 419.
154
SCHWAIGER
SCHWAIGER, HANS, born at Neuhaus,
Bohemia, in 1854. Genre painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy and of Trenkwald ; paints
in water-colours fairy and fantastic scenes
with a burlesque humour. Works: Cycle
of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ; do. of Pied
Piper of Hameln ; The Water Sprite (1880).
— Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvi. 236.
SCHWALBE, OEEST. See Kiprenski.
SCHWARTZ, ALBERT GUSTAV, born
in Berlin, July 6, 1833. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Berlin Academy under Max Schmidt
in landscape painting ; after a year and a half
in Rome, went over to genre under Anton
von Werner. Gold medal. Works : Broken
Flowers (1874) ; Gypsy Woman (1875) ;
Sweet Fruits, Slumber Song (1876).— Mai-
ler, 483.
SCHWARTZ, FRANS, born in Copenha-
gen, July 19, 1850. His- ,>^^
tory and genre painter, /
pupil of Copenhagen
Academy ; won the gold
medal with his first pict-
ure ; having travelled be-
fore in foreign parts, vis-
ited in 1878 Germany,
Hollan d, Paris, North
Italy, and Spain. Works :
Job and his Friends ; In a Sick Room (1875);
Christ healing the Sick (1876) ; Death of
Jacob (1878).— Sigurd Miiller, 309.
SCHWARTZ, MARTIN, latter part of
15th century. German school. He was a
Dominican monk in Rothenburg, and paint-
ed in the manner of Zeitblom. Some of
his pictures have been attributed to Schon-
gauer. Works : Small altarpiece with Christ
Crucified, etc., St. Sebastian pierced with
Arrows, Vienna Museum (both ascribed to
Schongauer) ; four Altar- Wings with Annun-
ciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Magi,
Death of Mary, St. Maurice's Chapel, Nurem-
berg; Christ Crucified and Saints, Parish
Church, Schwabach, near ib. — Nagler, Mou.,
iv. 675 ; Schnaase, viii. 432.
SCHWARTZ, WENCESLAUS, born in
Kursk, Russia, in 1838. Genre painter,
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy and of
A. Lefevre in Paris. Member of St Pe-
tersburg Academy in 1865. Works : Con-
ference of Foreign Ambassadors with Rus-
sian Boyars ; Muscovite Ambassador to a
Foreign Court ; A Strelitz ; Czar's Pilgrim-
age.—Mailer, 483.
SCHWARTZE, JOHAN GEORG, born
at Amsterdam, Oct. 20, 1814, died there,
Aug. 27, 1874. Historical, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Leutze in Philadel-
phia, whither he went with his parents early
in life, then studied at the DOsseldorf Acad-
emy in 1838-44 under Schadow, Sohn, and
Lessing ; took Rembrandt for his ideal.
Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1844.
Great gold medal, Amsterdam, 1860.
Works : Woman in Prayer, Amsterdam
Museum ; Columbus before the Junta at
Salamanca ; Michelangelo by the Body of
Vittoria Colonna (1854) ; Waiting, First
Divine Service of the Puritans in Amer-
ica (1858).— Cotta's KunstbL (1848) ; D.
Kunstbl., 1851, 1858 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xvii. 795.
SCHWARTZE, THERESE, bora at Am-
sterdam, Dec. 20, 1852. Genre painter,
daughter and pupil of preceding, and pu-
pil of Gabriel Max. Works : Girl's Head
(1873), He is coming ! (1882), Three Or-
phans of Amsterdam (1885), Amsterdam
Museum.
SCHWARZ, CHRISTOPH, bom near
Ingoldstadt in 1550 (?), died in Munich
about 1597. German school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil in Munich of Mel-
chior Bocksberger ; formed himself chiefly
in Venice after Titian and Tintoretto, and
after his return became court painter to
Duke William I. of Bavaria. He painted
many altarpieces for churches in Munich,
Augsburg, Landshut, Ingoldstadt, and other
places, which are marked by good composi-
tion and vigorous colouring, but the heads
are mostly without expression. He also
showed considerable skill in decorating in
fresco many houses in Munich. Works :
Descent from the Cross, Aschaffenburg Gal-
155
SCHWAEZ
lery ; Christ on the Cross, Male Portrait,
Bamberg Gallery ; Pieta, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Christ on the Cross, Dresden Museum ;
The Virgin with Infant in Cradle adored by
Angels, Gotha Museum ; Christus Salvator,
Mater Dolorosa, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Madonna Enthroned, St. Jerome, St. Cath-
arine, Artist's Family, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; St. Michael overcoming Satan, St.
Michael's, ib.; Passion of Christ, and of the
Prophets, Church at Ingoldstadt ; Christ
before Pilate, Christ bearing the Cross (2),
Christ on Mount Tabor, Schleissheim Gal-
lery.—- Gerstner, Gesch. von Ingoldstadt,
195 ; Sighart, 707.
SCHWAEZ VON EOTHENBUEG,
MAETIN, nourished about 1480-1510.
German school ; history painter. Works :
Departure of the Apostles, Madonna and
Saints, Bamberg Gallery ; Annunciation,
Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, Death of
the Virgin, Germanic Museum, Nurem-
berg.
SCHWEINFURTH, EENST, born at
Carlsruhe in 1818, died in Eome in 1877.
Landscape and architecture painter, pupil of
Feodor, the Calmuck (court painter at Carls-
ruhe in 1806, died there in 1821), then of
Frommel, and in 1821 of Munich Academy.
Works : View around Bay of Cattaro, Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Wooded Shore with Hunts-
men in Boats (1844), Fiirstenberg Gallery,
Donaueschingen ; View at Cervara near
Eome, Schack Gallery, Munich.
SCHWEISSINGEE, (JOHANN FRIED-
EICH) THEODOE, born at Konigsberg,
April 7, 1819. History painter, pupil of
Konigsberg Art School, then (1847) of Leip-
sic Academy under Jiiger ; travelled in Ba-
varia, Tyrol, and Salzburg. Works: St.
Boniface (1854) ; Charlemagne and Witti-
kind (1855) ; Ulrich von Hutten crowned
Poet (1861). His brother Georg Karl (born
Nov. 14, 1822) is also a history painter.
SCHWEMMINGER, HEINEICH, born
in Vienna in 1803. History painter, pupil
of Vienna Academy. Visited Munich and
in 183.7 Eome. Became second custodian
of Vienna Academy Gallery in 1844, and
Irst custodian in 1861. Works : Finding of
the Veil at Klosternenburg (1841) ; Ibycus
calling the Cranes to avenge his Death, Vi-
nna Museum ; do. (1869) ; David thanking
God for his Victory over Goliath (1843) ;
Parting of Siegfried and Chriemhild (1844) ;
Chriemhild's Dream, Prophecy of the Mer-
maids to Hagen ; Madonna (1858) ; Judith
1859) ; Conversion of Wittikind ; St. Fer-
dinand ; Five frescoes for the Chapel of the
Vienna Insane Asylum. — Wurzbach, xxxii.
365.
SCHWEMMINGER, JOSEF, born in
Vienna in 1804. Landscape painter, brother
of preceding, with whom simultaneously pu-
pil of Vienna Academy ; travelled in the Aus-
trian provinces and Bavaria, whence most
of his subjects are taken, and visited Italy.
Works: Views on the Danube, in Styria,
Tyrol, Bavaria, etc. (1832-71); Lago di
Garda (1844) ; Sunrise over the Marchfeld,
Vintage near Vienna, View of Briinn, do. of
Witkowitz-Moravia, do. of Troppau, do. in
Silesia, do. of Cracow, Hunt in Galicia
(1868), Court Saloon of Northern Railway
Station, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xxxii. 367.
SCHWERDGEBURTH, OTTO, born in
Weimar, March 5, 1835, died there, Dec.
16, 1866. History painter, son of and first
instructed by the engraver Karl August
Schwerdgeburth, then pupil of Friedrich
Preller and (1856) of Antwerp Academy ;
assisted Guffens and Swerts on the frescos
in the Bourse and St. Nicholas's Church
there, and in 1860 returned to Weimar.
Works : Thomas Miinzer a Prisoner before
the Princes in Frankenhausen ; Hathburg
— First Wife of Henry the Fowler ; Young
Goldsmith's Masterpiece ; Salzburg Protes-
tants' Last Look upon Home, Bremen Gal-
lery ; Easter Promenaders from Goethe's
Faust, Cologne Museum.- — Kunst-Chronik,
ii. 45.
SCHWIND, MOEITZ VON, Bitter, born
in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1804, died in Munich,
Feb. 8, 1871. History painter, pupil in Vi-
enna of Ludwig Schnorr and of the Acad-
1B6
SCHWINGEN
emy, then of Munich Academy (1828) under j
Cornelius ; decorated in 1832-34 a room in
the Konigsbau
with encaustic
pictures, in 1834
-35 painted sixty
compositions in
water-colours for
Castle Hohen-
schwangau, visit-
ed Rome in 1835,
lived in Carls-
ruhe in 1840-44,
in Frankfort
in 1844-47, and became professor at the
Munich Academy in 1847 ; painted the fres-
cos in the Wartburg in 1854-55, and those
in the Vienna Opera House in 1864-67.
One of the most eminent painters of mod-
ern times, and the most gifted representa-
tive of German romanticism. Member of
Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and other Academies.
Bavarian, Prussian, Saxon, and Greek Or-
ders ; knighted in Austria in 1855. Works
in oil : The Arts in the Service of the Ma-
donna ; Triptych, Frauenkirche, Munich ;
Riibezahl, Morning Hour, "Wedding Jour-
ney, Crusader's Return, Knight and Hermit,
Danube and Tributaries, Prisoner's Dream,
Wiland the Smith, Hero and Leander, Erl-
King, and twenty-five others, Schack Gal-
lery, ib. ; Cycle of Pictures of Travel (19) ;
Rhine and Tributaries, Raczynski Gallery,
Berlin ; The Rose (1847), National Gallery,
ib. ; The Elbe ; Knight Kurt's Wooing
(1839), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Knight Falken-
stein's Ride, Leipsic Museum ; Artist's Pil-
grimage ; Rudolf von Hapsburg's Ride to
Speyer, Kiel Gallery; Dance of Elves (1845),
Minstrels' Contest at the Wartburg (1846),
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; A Symphony
(1852), New Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Eliz-
abeth's Glove (1856), Weimar Museum ; Cin-
derella (3). Water-colours : Sketches for
Cycle at Hohenschwangau (60) ; Legend of
the Seven Ravens (14, 1857), Weimar Muse-
um ; Legend of Melusine (11), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Story of Cinderella (6, 1851-54); A
Queer Saint ; St. Wolfgang and the Devil,
Emperor Max on the Martin Wall, Vienna
Academy. In fresco : Subjects from Tieck's
Works (1833-34, partly encaustic), Scenes
in Life of Rudolf von Hapsburg, Royal
Palace, Munich ; Myth of Cupid and Psyche
(1837), Castle RUdigsdorf, near Leipsic;
Mythological Cycle (1839), Kunsthnlle,
Carlsruhe ; Allegorical Figures (1839), As-
sembly Room of the Estates, ib.; Life of St.
Elizabeth (6), Cycle (6) from History of Thu-
ringia(1854-56),\Vartburg,Eisenach(sketch-
es to these in Weimar Museum) ; Paintings
in church at Reichenhall (1863); Two Cycles
from German Operas (1866), Opera House,
Vienna.— Brockhaus, xiv. 614 ; Forster, v.
132 ; Ftthrich, M. v. Sch. (Leipsic, 1871) ;
Holland, do. (Stuttgart, 1873); Mtiller, do.
(Eisenach, 1873) ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1873), i.
83 ; ii. 451 ; (1874), ii. 447 ; Jordan (1885),
ii. 215 ; Kunst-Chronik, vi. 78 ; Graph. K.,
i. 9, 49, 77 ; Nord und S(id, iii. 353 ; xiv. 23 ;
xv. 357 ; Pecht, i. 195 ; Reber, ii. 83 ; Re-
gnet, ii. 215 ; Schack, Meine Gemaldesamm-
lung (1884), 42 ; Springer, Gesch., 144 ;
Wurzbach, xxxiii. 127 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
iv. 90 ; v. 129 ; vi. 253 ; vii. 29, 75, 97, 103 ;
viii. 257 ; xi. 11.
SCHWINGEN, PETER, born at Muffen-
dorf in 1815. Genre painter, pupil of Dlis-
seldorf Academy in 1832-45. Paints scenes
of common life with much truth and a touch
of satire. Works : St. Martin's Day among
the Children of DUsseldorf (1837) ; Feast
after drawing the Prize (1845) ; Shooting at
Birds for a Pig (1844) ; Rich Uncle's Visit
(1845) ; Subhastation (1846) ; Expectation,
Duty on Bread (1847) ; The Distress is over
(1848); Dentist (1849); Warrior's Return
(1851) ; New Wine (1852).— Wolfg. Mttller,
Diisseldf. K, 301 ; Wiegmann, 333.
SCHWOISER, EDUARD, born at Brfl-
sau, Moravia, in 1827. Genre and history
painter, self-taught. In 1857 changed from
genre to history, and later took up monu-
mental painting. Works: Mother Conva-
lescent (1856); Albrecht von Hapsburg
blessing his Son before Departure for Pales-
157
SC1O
tine (1855); Henry IV. at Canossa, Maxi-
milianeum, Munich. Fresco: Tournament
in Munich Market Place, and other histori-
cal subjects, National Museum, ib. ; Decora-
tions in Castles of Ludwig II. in Bavarian
Highlands and on the Chiemsee. — Miiller,
484 ; Wurzbach, xxxiii. 194 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, iii. 196.
SCIO, MASSACRE OF, Eugene Delacroix,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 10 in. x 11
Massacre of Scio, Eugene Delacroix, Louvre, Paris.
ft. 6 in. ; signed. Scene after the massacre.
In the foreground, Greek families, seated on
the shore, await their fate ; among them are
the dead and the dying, old men in despair,
and young women doomed to slavery ; be-
hind them, a Turk on a prancing steed is
dragging at his horse's tail a nude young
girl, who throws up her arms in a vain effort
to hide her shame ; in the background, the
city, with flames and smoke and scenes of
violence. Salon, 1824; bought by State
(G,000 francs) ; Exposition universelle, 1855.
Engraved by Masson. Lithographed by
Blanchard. Delacroix had never been in
Greece when he painted this picture, which
was one of his ablest protests against the
classic school. — Chesneau, CEuvre de Dela-
croix, 30 ; Larousse, xiv. 404 ; Annales du
Musee, Salon de 1824, i. PL 33.
SCIPIO, CONTINENCE OF, illustration
of the story told by Livy (xxvi. 50), Polyb-
ius (x. 19), and others, that Scipio, after the
capture of Carthagena in Spain,
B.C. 210, won the gratitude of the
Celtiberi by restoring to Allucius,
a prince of their nation, his be-
trothed, a beautiful young girl
who had been adjudged to him-
self as spoil of war.
By Jan Brueghel, the elder,
Munich Museum ; copper, H. 2
ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated
1609. Scipio seated upon a throne
in front of an open tent pitched
at the foot of a mountain crowned
with trees, with Allucius, the
maiden, and her parents, who
kneel, and are offering presents,
in a semicircle before him ; near
the tent are horses ; Roman sol-
diers conduct prisoners, and on
the left is seen the sea with the
city of Carthagena. From Diissel-
dorf Gallery.
By Giulio Romano, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, trans-
ferred from wood, H. 1 ft. 2 in. x
5 ft. Scipio, seated at the en-
trance of his tent, surrounded by officers, ad-
dresses the maiden standing before him as
if to acquaint her with his intentions ; in
background, the city of Carthagena. From
the Orleans Gallery ; sold to Lord Berwick
for £480 ; afterwards in Beaucousin Collec-
tion, whence passed to National Gallery.
Engraved by P. S. Bartoli.
By Nicolas Poussin, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. The Roman general, seated in the
open air, indicates to Allucius, who inclines
before him, that he may lead away his be-
158
SCIPIO
trothed, who places her hand on her heart
to indicate her gratitude ; behind Scipio, a
young woman is about to put a crown upon
his head, while lictors and soldiers standing
near express astonishment at his noble act
Painted in Rome about 1643 (?) ; belonged
to M. Merville, then passed to Sir Robert
Walpole, Houghton House, whence acquired
by the Empress of Russia for 30,000 francs.
Engraved by Francis Legat (1784) ; Claude
Dubose. — Larousse, iv. 1086 ; Reveil.
By Primaticcio (?), Louvre ; canvas, H. 4
ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. Scipio, at left, on an
Continence of Scipio, Primaticcio, Louvre.
elevated seat, surrounded by his soldiers,
shows the young Allucius his betrothed, at
right, accompanied by an aged woman ; two
prisoners, one bearing a golden vase, are
kneeling. Perhaps by Dubreuil. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musue, xii. PI. 14 ;
see Reveil, xii. 864.
Subject treated also by Sebastiano Ricci,
Louvre ; G. Horst, Berlin Museum ; Sir
Joshua Reynolds, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; Franyois Lemoyne (1727), Nancy
Museum.
SCIPIO, TRIUMPH OF, Mantegna, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, tempera,
H. 2 ft. 4i x 8 ft. 10 in. Represents the in-
troduction into Rome of the worship of Cyb-
ele, 204 ac. At left, the image of the god-
dess is borne on a litter by Phrygian priests ;
in front, Claudia Quinta is kneeling, and
behind her, P. Cornelius Scipio, Nasica, and
other Romans and Asiatics are standing. —
Portfolio (1874), 1 ; Livy, L. xxix. 10 ; Ovid,
Fasti, iv. 305.
SCIUTI, GIUSEPPE, born at Catania,
Sicily, contemporary. History painter, dis-
tinguished for his characteristic and truth-
ful representations from history and life of
antiquity. Works : Musical Entertainment
in Ancient Rome ; Burial of Tirnoleoii
(1874); Pindar with the Olympian Gods;
Sappho deserted by Phaou; Preparations
for Greek Festival (1876).
SCOREL (Schoreel, Schoorle), JAN VAN,
born at Schoorl,
near Alkmaar,
Aug. 1, 1495,
died at Haar-
1 e m , or at
Utrecht, Dec. 6,
1562. Dutch
school. Histo-
ry, portrait, and
landscape paint-
er, pupil of Wil-
lem Cornelisz in Haarlem (about 1509-12),
of Jacob Cornelisz in Amsterdam, and of
Mabuse in Utrecht ; afterwards studied per-
spective and architecture at Cologne, and at
Speyer with a priest, as also painting at
Strasburg, Basle, and at Nuremberg with Al-
brecht Dilrer, whom he left on account of the
latter's strong adherence to Luther's teach-
ings. He then worked inStyriaaudCarinthia
(1520), and from Venice went to Jerusalem,
returning whence he stopped in Rome and
was appointed overseer of the Vatican Gal-
lery by his countryman, Pope Adrian VI.,
after whose death he went back to Utrecht ;
moved to Haarlem and taught there about
1527, but soon returned to Utrecht. From
his school issued Martin Heemskerk and
Antonis Mor. Greatly influenced by his so-
journ in Rome, he was the first Dutch paint-
er in the Italian style ; his finest pictures
159
SCORZA
were destroyed by the Iconoclasts. Those
still existing are distinguished for vigorous
conception, pleasing expression, a warm
tone of brownish colour, and careful execu-
tion. Of late attempts have been made to
identify him with the Master of the Death
of Mary. Works : Repose in Egypt, Por-
trait of a Lady, National Gallery, London ;
Magdalen, the Queen of Sheba, Bathsheba
at the Bath, Adonis, Archery-Piece with 17
portraits (1531), Amsterdam Museum ; Ma-
donna, Portrait of a Gentleman, do. of a Boy
(1531), Rotterdam Museum ; Fall of Man,
Baptism of Christ, St. Cecilia, Portrait
Group of 12 Knights Templars, City Mu-
seum, Haarlem ; Crucifixion, Episcopal Mu-
seum, ib.; Madonna, four Group Portraits
of Knights Templars, Museum Kunstliefde,
Utrecht ; two Altar- Wings with Christ Bear-
ing the Cross and Resurrection, Altar with
Scenes from Life of Moses, Portrait of Old
Lady, Episcopal Museum, ib. ; Good Samar-
itan, St. John's Hospital, Bruges ; Crucifix-
ion (1530), Bonn Museum ; two Altar- Wings,
Cologne Museum ; Female Bust Portrait,
Diisseldorf Academy ; Portrait of Cornells
Aerntsz van der Dussen (1550), do. of Agathe
von Schoenhoven, Berlin Museum ; David's
Victory over Goliath (attributed to Bron-
zino), Dresden Gallery ; two Altar-Wings
(attributed to Pourbus), Worlitz Gallery ;
Male Portrait, Ambras Collection, Vienna ;
Altar of Holy Kith and Kin (1520), Church
at Ober-Vellach, Carinthia ; Portrait of a
Boy, Bergamo Gallery ; Male Portrait (at-
tributed to Bruyn), Turin Gallery ; Portrait
of Agnes van Schoenhoven (1529), Doria
Gallery, Rome ; St. Magdalen, Palermo Mu-
seum ; Portrait of Young Man (about 1525),
Warwick Castle, England ; do. (about 1545),
Longford Castle, ib. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hol-
landaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 73 ; Kramm, v.
1485 ; Graph. K, vi. 91 ; Jahr-
buch preuss. Kunstsammlg.,
ii. 193 ; Michiels, v. 150 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 168 ; xix. 112 ; xxi.
365; W. &. W., ii. 536; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xviii. 46 ; xxi. 83, 145.
SCORZA, SINIBALDO, born at Voltag-
gio, July 16, 1589, died in Genoa in 1631.
Genoese school ; pupil of Carosio, an ob-
scure painter in Voltaggio, afterwards of
Giovanni Battista Paggi. Excelled in paint-
ing landscapes, enlivened by human figures
and animals. Painted in Turin from 1G19
to 1625, when he returned to Genoa. Annun-
ciation, Voltaggio. — Soprani, 127 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole genoise.
SCOTT, DAVID, born in Edinburgh,
Oct. 10 (12?), 1806, died there, March 5,
1849. History painter, educated as a de-
signer and engraver, but finally devoted
himself to painting. His first exhibited
picture was The Hopes of Early Genius
(1828). In 1829 he was elected an asso-
ciate of the Scottish Academy ; in 1832 he
visited Italy, and remained fifteen mouths
in Rome studying anatomy and painting
and making many sketches, returning to
settle in Edinburgh in 1834. Elected R.S.A.
in 1835 ; received prizes for pictures in 1838
and 1841, but, though he finished many
ambitious works, he failed to win public
favour and died a disappointed man. He
published a series of outlines called "Mono-
grams of Man" (1831), and made illustra-
tions for Coleridge's " Ancient Mariner "
(1837) and "Pilgrim's Progress" (1850).
Works : Death of Sappho (1829), Mrs. Con-
stable, Edinburgh ; Nimrod (1831), W. Dick-
son, ib.; Artist's Portrait (1832), Discord
(1833), James Leathart, Newcastle ; Vin-
tager (1833), National Gallery, Edinburgh ;
Oberon and Puck (1834), R. Carfrae, ib.;
Descent from Cross (1835), J. M. Gow, ib.;
Orestes and the Furies (1837), W. B. Scott,
ib.; A Vintager, Ariel and Caliban (1837),
National Gallery, ib.; Paracelsus Lecturing
(1838), J. T. Gibson Craig, ib.; Philoctetes
in Lemnos (1839), George Cousin, ib. ; Queen
Elizabeth in the Globe Theatre (1840),
Lord Young, ib.; Traitor's Gate (1841), R.
Carfrae, ib. ; Vasco de Gama passing the
Cape of Good Hope (1842), Trinity House,
Leith; Wallace (1843), R. Carfrae, Edin-
burgh ; Crucifixion — the Dead Rising (1844),
160
SCOTT
J. Leathart, Newcastle ; Peter the Hermit
(1845), Charles Jenner, Portobello; Tri-
umph of Love (1846), R Carfrae, Edin-
burgh ; Queen Mary on the Scaffold (1847),
Mrs. White, Netherurd (?); Portrait of Ralph
Waldo Emerson (1848), Public Library, Con-
cord, Mass.; Hope passing over the Sky of
Adversity (1848), D. Nicolson, Edinburgh.
— W. B. Scott, Memoir (Edinburgh, 1850) ;
Cunningham ; Redgrave ; Art Journal, ii.
120 ; Blackwood's Mag., cxxx. 589 ; John
M. Gray, D. S. and his Works (Edinburgh
and London, 1884).
SCOTT, JULIAN, born at Johnson, La-
moille County, Vt., Feb. 14, 1846. Historical
genre painter ; served as a volunteer in Army
of the Potomac in 1861-63 ; studied in
schools of National Academy in 1863-64, and
under the direction of Emanuel Leutze until
1868. Visited Paris in 1866. First ex-
hibited in the National Academy in 1870 ;
elected an A.N.A. in 1871. Studio in Plain-
field, N. J. Works : Rear Guard at White
Oak Swamp (Union League Club, New
York), Gen. O. B. Wilcox in Libby Prison
(1870) ; Near the Outposts (Judge J. R
Brady), On Board the Hartford (1874), Loy-
all Farragut ; Old Records (1875), William
E. Dodge, New York ; Capture of Andre
(1876), J. A. Harper, ib.; Reserves awaiting
Orders (1877) ; Poke o' Moonshine, Medita-
tion (1878) ; In the Cornfield at Antietam
(1879) ; Hancock at the Battle of Williams-
burg (Capt. J. S. Wharton), Bessie Scott
(1880, Artist) ; Fishing Boats at Antium
near Rome (1882) ; Outpost Duty, Rescue
of the Colour-Bearer at the Battle of Proc-
tor's Creek— May 16, 1864 (1883); Art Stu-
dent, Sortie at Petersburg in 1864 (1884) ;
Game of Freeze-Out (1886).
SCOTT, SAMUEL, born in London about
1710 (?), died there, Oct. 12, 1772. Best
marine painter of his time in England, and,
says Dallaway, the father of the modern
school of painting in water-colours. A boon
companion of Hogarth, and one of the jovial
water party to Graveseud in 1732. His Old
London Bridge (1745), and Old Westminster
Bridge, are in the National Gallery, London.
— Walpole, Anecdotes (ed. Wornum), 709.
SCOTT AND HIS DOGS, Sir Edwin
Landseer, M'Grath, London. Sir Walter,
seated with the favourite companions of hia
walks, the deerhound Maida and his Dandy
Dinmonts. Sometimes called from the local-
ity the Rhymer's Glen picture. Royal Acad-
emy, 1833 ; painted for Mr. Wells, of Red-
leaf ; passed to Jacob Burnett, at whose sale
(1876), for £3,202 10s. to Vincent Calma-
dy (?); sold at Christie's (1886) for £2,047 10s.
SCOTT AND HIS FRIENDS, Thomas
Faed, private gallery, England. Sir Walter
Scott, surrounded by his friends, in his
library at Abbotsford. Among them are
Henry Mackenzie, John Wilson, George
Crabbe, Lockhart, William Wordsworth,
Francis Jeffrey, Robert Ferguson, Thomas
Moore, Dr. John Allen, Thomas Campbell,
Sir David Wilkie, and Archibald Constable.
Engraved by John Faed.
SCRETA, KARL (Ritter Scotnowsky von
Zaworzic), born in Prague about 1604, died
there, 1674. German school ; history and
portrait painter, imitated Guido Reni and
Caravaggio, but kept free from mannerism,
and was a correct draughtsman. During
the Thirty Years' War he went to Italy,
lived in Venice, Bologna, and Florence, and
' visited Rome with Wilhelm Bauer in 1(534.
The Academy of Bologna offered him a pro-
fessorship, but he returned to Prague, where
he was employed by Ferdinand HI. Works :
Altarpieces in all the principal churches of
Prague ; Portraits and other pictures, Prague
Gallery ; Male Portrait, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; do., Gotha Museum ; Figures of Saints
(8), Moses, Portrait of Bernard do Witte,
prior of Malta (1651), Dresden Museum ;
Christ and the Woman of Samaria, Old Man
with Writing Tablet, Schleissheim Gallery.
— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 526 ; Nagler, xvi. 183.
SCURI, ENRICO, born in Bergamo in
1806. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy. Works : Hercules and Alcestis
(1828) ; King Starus killing his Daughter
(1830), Vienna Museum.
161
SCYLLA
SCYLLA, picture. See Nicomachus.
SEA-SERPENT, LAIR OF THE, Elihu
Vedder, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
Mass. A formidable creature, half serpent,
half dragon, dull in colour and inert, but
with a malignant, ever-watchful eye, lies
coiled upon a spit of sand beside a sultry
sea.
SEBASTIANO DE MORRA, or The
Bearded Dwarf, Velasquez, Madrid Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. A
man with coarse features and heavy black
hair and beard, wearing a cloak and linen
collar, sitting on the ground, with his fists
on his thighs. Engraved by F. Ribera ;
etched by F. Goya ; Laguillermie ; B. Mau-
ra; H. Gucrard. — Ch. Blanc, £cole espa-
gnole ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxii. 176 ;
Curtis, 30 ; Madrazo, 630.
SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO. See Pi-
ombo.
SEBASTIAN, ST., according to the le-
gend, was commander of a company of the
Praetorian Guards and a special favourite of
Diocletian ; his fervent Christianity having
made him obnoxious to the Emperor, the
latter ordered him to be bound to a stake
and shot to death with arrows. Irene, wid-
ow of a martyr, going with others to take
his body for burial, found that none of the
arrows had penetrated a vital part, and carry-
ing him to her home nursed him to health
again. Diocletian, infuriated, had him beat-
en to death with clubs and his body thrown
into the Cloaca Maxima. The martyrdom
of St. Sebastian is a favourite subject with
painters, and many of the great artists have
left representations of it.
By Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Bound to the
trunk of a tree, pierced with arrows, his
armour and clothing at his feet ; in dis-
tance, right, mounted Roman soldiers de-
parting. Collection of Louis XVI. ; be-
longed previously to Due de Montmorency
and to Cardinal Richelieu. One of the best
of Annibale's works in the Louvre. En-
graved by G. Audrau. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Camille Corot, W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 4 ft. In fore-
ground, the wounded Saint lies upon dra-
pery, while two women bind up his wounds ;
trees rise on each side, meeting at top to
form an arch, through which are seen the
departing soldiers ; above, two cherubs,
looking down. Salon, 1853 ; Exposition uni-
verselle, 1867, after a modification of trees
and background. In 1871 Corot gave it as
a prize in a lottery in aid of the wounded
in the Franco-German War. The winner
sold it for 9,000 francs to Durand Ruel, who
resold it for 15,000 francs to Mr. Barlow, an
Englishman, from whom it passed to Mr.
Wallis, who sold it to Mr. Walters for
$10,000.— Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Eugene Ddacroix, Church of Nantua,
France ; canvas, H. 7 f t. x 8 ft. The saint,
nude, pierced with arrows, is lying swoon-
ing on the ground under a tree ; beside him
are Irene and a companion, one drawing out
an arrow while the other is gazing anxiously
at the executioners, seen in background.
Salon, 1836 ; bought by State for 3,000
francs and given to the factory at Nantua ;
sold in 1869 to M. Brame for 23,000 francs ;
this led to a lawsuit, and the Court of Ap-
peals at Lyons finally decided that objects
of art thus given cannot be alienated. En-
graved by Salmon ; Boilvin. Lithographed
by Menut Alophe. — Chesneau, O3uvre de
Delacroix, 167 ; Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The saint
bound to a tree ; beside him two angels, one
of whom unbinds one limb while the other
draws out one of the arrows. Engraved by
P. van Schuppen. Replica in Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. Engraved by Reveil ; Vor-
sterman ; Voet. — Larousse, xiv. 445 ; Guif-
frey, 252 ; Smith, iii. 42, 97.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. The
saint, nude, bound to a tree in centre ; to
left, a man in blue and a negro in crimson ;
to right, two mounted soldiers, one with
a scarlet banner. Formerly in Diisseldorf
162
SEBASTIAN
Gallery. Engraved by Ch. de Mechel ; J.
H. Lips; W. Peare. Sketch at Christ
Church, Oxford. — Guiffrey, 252 ; Smith, iii.
16 ; Eastlake, Notes, 67.
St. Sebastian, Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Palis.
By Guercino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
canvas, H. 5 f t. 3 in. x 5 f t. 6 in. St. Sebas-
tian, nearly nude, kneeling on one knee,
with eyes upraised, one hand on breast, in
the other holds two arrows. Painted in
1652 for Cardinal Macchiavelli. Engraved
by Giovanni Folo ; Pasqualini(1628); Bona-
fede.— Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii. PI. 20 ; La-
vice, 60.
By Guido Keni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. The saint, nude,
his hands tied behind to a tree, gazing up-
wards. Sketch, far advanced. Formerly in
sacristy of SS. Salvatore, Bologna. En-
graved by G. Asioli. Similar picture in
Madrid Museum ; engraved by Bartsch ; F.
Gregori. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 31 ; La-
vice, 12.
By Guido Reni, Dulwich Gallery, Eng-
land ; H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. Life-size,
nearly whole-length figure, with narrow
white scarf round hips, hands behind back,
tied to a tree, head raised ; to right, in dis-
tance, four soldiers ; barren landscape ;
dark sky. Said to have been formerly in
Palazzo Barberini, Rome.
By Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
10 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. St. Sebastian, his arms
tied behind to a tree and his body pierced
with an arrow, turns his eyes towards heaven ;
in the background, Roman soldiers leaving.
Belonged to Cardinal Mazarin ; bought for
Louis XTV. in 1670. Many copies and rep-
etitions in manner of Guercino. — Filhol,
vi. PI. 467 ; Landon, Musce, xii. PI. 35 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre.
By Andrea Mante.gna, Vienna Museum ;
wood, 2 ft. 1 in. x 11 in.; signed. The
saint, pierced with arrows, in front of a
round arch, with fragments of sculpture and
two marble figures of boys on parti-coloured
floor.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 387 ; Mdndler,
137.
St. Sebastian, Guido Reni, Louvie, Pans.
By Antonio Pollajuolo, National Gallery,
London ; wood, H. 9 ft. 7 in. x 6 ft 6 in.
The saint, bound on high to a tree, is shot
at by archers ; background, a landscape
with horsemen. Painted in 1475 for An-
tonio Pucci, for family chapel in SS. Annun-
163
SEBASTIAN
ziata, Florence ; sold to National Gallery in
1857 by Marchese Pucci. The saint is a
portrait of Giuo di Lodovico Capponi. A
fine work, but praised to exaggeration by
Vasari.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 292 ; C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 392 ; Richa, Cliiese, viii. 54 ; Cat.
Nat. Gal.; Kichter, 32.
By Theodule Ribot, Luxembourg Museum,
Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 3 in.
The saint extended, in front ; beside him,
Irene and another woman are trying to
St. Sebastian, Antonio Pollajuolo, National Gallery, London.
stanch the blood which flows from his
wounds. In manner of Caravaggio. Salon,
18G5 ; bought by State for 6,000 francs.—
Larousse, xiv. 445.
By Eubem, Berlin Museum ; canvas, life-
size. Painted in Italy about 1GOG. Formerly
in Muuro Collection, England ; acquired in
1884 for £101.— Waagen, Treasures, ii. 136.
By II Sodoma, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas,
figure life-size. The saint, pierced with ar-
rows, bound to a tree, in a landscape with
ruins ; above, an angel about to crown him.
On the reverse of the same canvas is a Ma-
donna in Clouds, with SS. Gismondo and
Koch and three Flagellants beneath. Paint-
ed in 1525 for the brotherhood of St. Sebas-
tian in Camellia, Siena, who bore it as a
banner in processions. Placed in Uffizi in
1786.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi., 390; Molini,
Gal. di Firenze, ii. 89 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex.,
iii. 225 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 72.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ;
canvas, in narrow interval between two win-
dows. The saint fastened to a tree, with
the arrows in his body. " The most majes-
tic St. Sebastian in existence ; there is not
a more remarkable picture in Venice. "-
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 342.
By Titian. See Altarpiece of Brescia.
By Titian, Harrach Collection, Vienna ; can-
vas stretched on panel, life-size. The saint,
with hands bound behind his back, one ar-
row in breast and one in left leg, looks up
to heaven. Said to have come from the
sacristy of S. M. della Salute, Venice ; but
may be the one once in the Escorial. — C. &
C., Titian, ii. 427 ; Hume, Titian, 82.
By Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, full-length, life-size. The saint,
bound to a tree, with an arrow in his breast.
From Barberigo Collection, now so injured
that it cannot be shown. Possibly the orig-
inal of the St. Sebastian painted for Charles
V., once in the Escorial, but now lost. — C.
& C., Titian, ii. 423.
By Titian, Vatican. See Madonna di San
Niccolo.
By Paolo Veronese, S. Sebastiano, Ven-
ice ; canvas. The saint, in armour, and
standing with a banner in his hand at the
top of a flight of stairs, exhorts his com-
panions, Marcus and Marcellinus, who are
surrounded by weeping friends, to confess
their faith. — Zanotto, 428 ; Larousse, xiv.
445.
Subject treated also by Garofalo, Mont-
pellier Museum ; Bartolommeo Schidone,
Naples Museum ; Denis Calvaert, Caen Mu-
seum ; Luca Giordano, Dresden Museum ;
Antonello da Messina, Dresden Gallery,
164
SEBASTIANI
Berlin Museum ; Sfindro Botticelli, ib.; Lo-
renzo Lotto, ib. ; Michelangelo da Caravag-
gio, Dresden, Munich, and Tours Museums ;
Bartolommeo Carducci, Madrid Museum ;
Giovanni Dossi, Brera, Milan ; Giacomo
Cavedone, Vienna Museum ; Domenichino,
S. M. degli Angeli, Borne ; Giorgione, Brera,
Milan ; Giacomo Palma, younger, Dresden,
Schleissheim, and Munich Galleries ; Cesare
Procaccini, Brussels Museum ; Spagnoletto,
Madrid, Valencia, Augsburg, and Naples Mu-
seums, and Hermitage (2), St. Petersburg ;
Girolamo da Santa Croce, Berlin Museum ;
Liouello Spada, Modena Museum ; Mas-
simo Stanzioni, Louvre ; Paolo Veronese,
Vienna Museum ; Eustache Lesueur, Tours
Museum ; Antonio Pollajuolo, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence, and Modena Gallery ; Hans Hol-
bein, Munich Gallery ; Correggio, Dresden
and Vienna Museums ; Bernardino Luini,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Vincenzo Fop-
pa, Brera, Milan ; Lodovico Carracci, Capi-
tol Gallery, Rome ; Perugino, Palazzi Bor-
ghese and Sciarra, ib.; Rubens, Palazzo
Corsini, ib.; Guido Reni, Capitol Gallery,
ib.; Jules Richomme (Salon, 1844); Charles
Lefebvre (Salon, 1866) ; Louis Courtat (Sa-
lon, 1874) ; Eugene Thirion (1875).
SEBASTIAN! See Bastiani.
SEBRON, HIPPOLYTE (VICTOR VAL-
ENTIN), born at Caudebec (Seine-Infe-
rieure), Aug. 21, 1801, died in 1879. Land-
scape, decorative, and panoramic painter,
pupil and assistant of Daguerre for 16
years, and of Leon Cogniet. Medals : 3d
class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1840 ; 1st class, 1844 ;
2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works :
Views in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Spain (1831-48); Distribution of Colours at
the Barriere de 1'fitoile (1849); View of New
Orleans, Niagara Falls (1853) ; Broadway-
New York (1855) ; Niagara Falls in Winter
(1857) ; Grand Mosque at Cordova (1857),
Luxembourg Museum ; Lake of Alligators
— Louisiana (1863) ; Cartuja de Miraflores
near Burgos — Spain (1869), Rodez Muse-
um ; View of Biarritz (1865) ; Christ on
Mount of Olives (1866) ; Interior of St. Pe-
ter's—Rome (1867) ; do. of St. Stephen's—
Vienna (1868); Views in Egypt, Syria, Con-
stantinople, Rome, and Venice (1867-77) ;
Niagara Falls, New York (1878).— Bellier,
ii. 487.
SEDDON, THOMAS, born in London,
Aug. 28, 1821, died in Cairo, Nov. 23, 1856.
Landscape painter ; brought up as a cabi-
net-makerand designer of furniture. Gained
silver medal of Society of Arts, 1848 ; in
1851 adopted painting as a profession, and
in 1852 exhibited Penelope at her Web.
Afterwards devoted himself to landscape.
Accompanied Holrnnn Hunt to the East in
1853, and in 1854 exhibited The Pyramids
and Jerusalem. Returned to the East in
October, 1856, and died the next month.
Work : Jerusalem and the Valley of Je-
hoshaphat (1854), National Gallery, Lon-
don.— Soc. of Arts Journal, June, 1857 ;
Cat. Nat. Gal., 126.
SEEFISCH, HERMANN LUD WIG, born
in Potsdam in 1810. Landscape painter,
pupil of Wach, and in 1836 of Watelet in
Paris. Visited Switzerland and Italy. Works:
Orphan praying at her Parents' Grave (1836) ;
Mont Blanc from Sallenches (1842); Water-
Mill in Rocky Valley ; Paris from Pantin,
Castle, Berlin ; View of Janina. — Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 36.
SEEGER, KARL LUDWIG, born at
Alzey, Hesse, in 1808 or 1809. Landscape
painter, pupil of Catoir in Mentz and of
Munich Academy in 1825. Left Munich in
1830, became inspector in 1837, and direc-
tor in 1839, of Darmstadt Gallery ; profes-
sor in 1859. Works : View ou Upper Rhine
(1834); Rhine View at
Sunrise (1837), New Pino-
kothek, Munich ; Saw-Mill
(1837) ; Evening Devotion of Peasants at
Shrine (1843), Thunderstorm in the Moun-
tains (1854), View on Kochel Lake, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Village on the Wttrm (1858).
SEEHAS, CHRISTIAN LUDWIG, born
in 1754, died at Schwerin, July 26, 1802.
German school ; architecture, landscape,
and portrait painter, studied in Dresden
166
SEEKATZ
and Vienna and went in 1789 to Home ;
was called to Schwerin as court painter in
1794. Works : Portrait of a Musician
(1784), do. of Joseph Haydn (1785), Grotto
of Egeria near Home by Moonlight (1789),
Antique Eoman Vault (1789), The Colos-
seum (1789), Schwerin Gallery. — Sohlie,
579
SEEKATZ, JOHANN KONRAD, born
at Griinstadt, Palatinate, in 1719, died at
Darmstadt in 17G8. German school ; genre
painter, pupil of an elder brother and of
Brinkmann. Became court painter in Darm-
stadt in 1753. Works : Tinker's Family,
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; The
Rat-Catcher, Basle Museum ; Landscape
with Peasants at Meal, Christiania Gallery ;
Flight into Egypt, Four Scenes in Life of
Christ, Calling of St. Peter, Allegory in
Glorification of Landgrave Ludwig VIII. of
Hesse, Peasant Boys as the Three Magi,
Beggar Children at a Well, Musicians rest-
ing before Tavern, Children in Chicken
Yard, Bachanal, Dead Fowl and Imple-
ments of the Chase, Market Scene, Land-
grave Ludwig VHL Hunting, Artist's Por-
trait, Darmstadt Museum ; Peter's Denial
(1765), Fortune-Teller, Weimar Museum ;
others in Amalienstift, Dessau ; Stadel Gal-
lery, Frankfort (3), Leipsic Museum (2),
etc. ; Boy teasing Dog ; Maiden with Lighted
Taper ; Boy with Chopping-Board ; Flight
into Egypt by Torch-Light. — Nagler, xvi.
200.
SEEL, ADOLF, born at Wiesbaden, Mar.
1, 1829. Architecture painter, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy under Karl Sohn in 1844-
50. Studied a year in Paris ; visited Italy in
1864-65, Spain, Portugal, and Northern Afri-
ca in 1870-71 ; and travelled in the Orient in
1873-74. Works: Interior of Byzantine
Church (1862) ; St. Mark's in Venice ; Font
in St. Mark's ; Cathedral of Halberstadt in
Winter ; Lions' Court of
Alhambra; Arab Court
in Cairo (1876), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Interi-
or of St. Mark's (1869),
Egyptian Harem (1878),
Diisseldorf Gallery ;
The Monks at Convent
Gate, Provinzial Muse-
um, Hanover ; Church
Interior, Wiesbaden
Gallery. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 858.
SEELE, JOHANN BAPTIST, born at
Wolfach, Flirstenberg, in 1772, died at
Stuttgart in 1814. Military, genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil of the Karlsschule at
Stuttgart ; represented his subjects with
spirit and great truthfulness. Court paint-
er and director of Stuttgart Gallery in 1804.
Resumed study in Munich and in Vienna
in 1808. Works : French Hussars Resting,
French Infantry at Camp Fire (1796), Aus-
trian Soldiers joking with Peasant Girls
(1800), Austrian Cavalry Resting (1801),
French Grenadiers foraging surprised by
Austrian Hussars (1808), Cavalry Skirmish
(1810), Battle Scene, ten other similar sub-
jects, Portrait of the Artist (3), do. of his
Father, do. of his Mother, Fiirstenberg Gal-
lery, Donaueschingen ; Series representing
the Deeds of Wurtemberg Troops in 1806
and 1809, Royal Palace, Stuttgart ; Portraits
of Archduke Charles (1800), King Frederick
of Wiirternberg, Grand Duke of Baden, etc.
—Nagler, xvi. 202.
SEELOS, GOTTFRIED, born at Bozen,
Tyrol, in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil
of Vienna Academy and of Selleny. Trav-
elled in Tyrol and Italy. Works : Mountain
Lake, and many other Views in Tyrol
(1852-66) ; Zenoburg near Meran (1867) ;
Kolman in the Tyrol (1869), Vienna Acad-
j emy ; Still Water ; Chestnut Trees ; Pine
Grove ; Sigismundskron at Bozen ; Riviera
near Mentone ; Palms near Monaco ; Sum-
mer Afternoon, Vienna Museum ; Vogel-
166
SEGE
weidhof (with figures by Defregger) ; Val-
ley of Vajolet, Covered Post (1871).— Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xvii. 803 ; Wurzbacb, xxxiii. 811.
SEGE, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris in
1817, died there, November, 1885. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Flers and Leon Cog-
niet. Painted large pictures, well-coloured,
and in a simple, attractive style. Medals :
1869 ; 2d class, 1873 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of
Honour, 1874. Works : Bridge of Kenan,
Rocks of Piegut (1868) ; Brook at Pebouet,
River Beauce (1869) ; Oaks of Kertrugonnec
(1870) ; Farm at Kerouol, Morning in the
Alps (1874), Mme. E. Perrin ; Evening on
the Beauce (1875) ; Thorn Broom in Blos-
som (1876), Luxembourg Museum ; Green
Road (1878), M. Hede ; Valley of Courtray
(1879); Fields at Coubron (1880); Pine
Tree of Antoigny (1881); Chestnut Trees of
Beauvoir (1882) ; Valley of Ploukermeur
(1883) ; En Pays chartrin (1884) ; Meadows
of Saint-Pair, Valley of La See (1885) ; En-
virons of Granville (1886). — Claretie, Pein-
tres, 387.
SEGERS (Seghers), HERCULES, died
in Amsterdam about 1650. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, settled in The Hague
about 1633, afterwards in Amsterdam, hav-
ing for some time travelled in the Alps and
in Norway ; friend of Rembrandt. Works :
Dutch Landscapes (2), Berlin Museum. —
Journal des B. Arts (1871), 178 ; Kramm, v.
1510 ; Meyer, Gemalde kongl. Mus., 428.
SEGHERS (Segers, Zeghers), DANIEL,
born in Antwerp, Dec. 5, 1590, died there,
Nov. 2, 1661. Flemish school ; flower paint-
er, pupil of Jan Brueghel in 1611 and mas-
ter of the guild in same year ; entered the
Order of Jesuits in 1614, visited Rome,
painted much for the church of his Order in
Antwerp, and could hardly fulfil the numer-
ous commissions by princes who vied with
one another in securing works by his hand ;
frequently painted flowers to enframe sub-
jects by such masters as Rubens, Schut, Die-
penbeek, and Erasmus Quellin. Works :
Garland about Portrait of Ignatius Loyola
(by Schut), do. about Madonna (by do.),
Flower-Piece, Antwerp Museum ; Bouquet,
Brussels Museum ; Garland about Statuette
of Madonna (1645), do. about Portrait of
William ILL, Hague Museum ; do. around
Bust of Ceres (1644), Rotterdam Museum ;
two Flower pieces (1643) -and four Garlands
about Reliefs, Dresden Gallery ; Garland
about Relief, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Gar-
land about Holy Family, do. about do. (by
Van Dyck), do. about Madonna, do. about
Holy Sacrament, Vienna Museum ; do. about
Madonna, Bologna Museum ; do. about Male
Bust, Uffizi, Florence ; Garlands (4) about
pictures by Schut, Festoons (2), Madrid
Museum ; Garland of Roses, do. about Ma-
donna (1651), Hampton Court Gallery;
Flowers and Land- ^r»
scape (with Schut), M)
South Kensington /-TV J f 4
Museum; other speci- -OtlnW) /^ **
rnens in galleries of
Aschaffenburg Bam-
berg (2), Brunswick J
(2), Carlsruho (1644), J
Cassel, Copenhagen, Donauest-hingen, Olden-
burg (3), Schleissheini (3) ; in Museums of
Berlin (2), and Weimar. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 84 ; Kramm, v.
1508 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 346 ; Messager
des sciences, etc. (1868), 341 ; Michiels, ix.
194 ; Rooses (Reber), 427 ; Van den Bran-
den, 1126.
SEGHERS, GEERAARD. Sec fryers.
SEGNA, Sienese school, beginning of
14th century. Disciple of Duccio. Like
Ugolino, he remained faithful to the old
school, and the surfaces of his pictures
equal those of that master in softness and
lustre. A picture by him, Four Saints,
said to have been finished in 1305-6, is in
the Academy of Siena. Better examples
are : A Majesty in the Church of Casti-
glione Fiorentino, near Arezzo ; and Christ
on the Cross, National Gallery, London. —
C. & C., Italy, ii. 56 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., i.
320 ; ii. 165 ; W. & W., i. 433.
SEIBOLD, CHRISTIAN, born at Mentz
in 1697 or 1703, died in Vienna, May 19,
16?
SEIFFERT
1768. German school ; portrait painter, in
the style of Denner ; became court painter
to the Empress Maria Theresa in 1749.
Works : Portrait of himself, Louvre ; do.,
Bamberg Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; do.
(1759), Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Por-
traits of Two Girls, Museum, ib. ; Portraits
of a Youth
a Girl.
Man;
Old Woman,
of himself, Dresden Gallery ; Bust of Old
Man, Christiania Gallery ; do. of Old Lady,
Male portrait, Stuttgart Museum. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 564.
SEIFFERT, KARL (FREEDRICH), born
at Grilneberg, Silesia, Sept. 6, 1809. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and
of Biermann. Made sketching tours in
Switzerland and Tyrol, and in Italy and Sic-
ily in 1846-47. Settled in Berlin. Assisted
Pape in Decoration of the Berlin New Mu-
seum. Works : Cefalu in Sicily (1850) ;
Lake Nemi (1851) ; Gravedona on Lake
Como (1859) ; Blue Grotto in Capri (I860),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Strait of Messina
(1863).— Jordan (1885), ii. 217.
SEISENEGGER, JACOB, born in Aus-
tria in 1505, died at Linz in 1567. History
and portrait painter, who may in some re-
spects be considered as the founder of mod-
ern painting in Austria. In 1530 he painted
Charles V. at Augsburg, in 1532 at Bologna,
and in 1531 became court painter to Ferdi-
nand I., whom, in 1532, he followed to Vi-
enna, and in 1550 to Augsburg. Between
1535 and 1545 he visited Spain and Bel-
gium, and twice the court of Charles V. ;
settled in Linz about 1558. Works : Two
portraits of Charles V. (1532, 1550), Vienna
Museum ; portraits of Ferdinand I, Queen
Anna, Philip of Spain, Ferdinand of Tyrol,
Philippine, Welser, two bust portraits of
Charles V., Ambras Collection, Vienna ;
Male portrait (1568), Weimar Museum. —
W. & W., ii. 507; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x.
153.
SEITZ, ALEXANDER MAXIMILIAN,
born in Munich in 1811. History and
genre painter, pupil of Cornelius in Munich.
Went to Rome in 1835. Works: Joseph
sold by his Brethren (1829) ; Madonna En-
throned ; St. Catharine of Alexandria ; Ma-
ter Amabilis ; Christ blessing Little Chil-
dren ; St. Joseph and the Infant Christ ;
Christ with the Wise and Foolish Virgins,
and Return of the Prodigal, Santa Trinita
de' Monti, Rome ; genre pictures of Roman
life. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 804.
SEITZ, ANTON, born at Roth, near Nu-
remberg, in 1830. Genre painter, pupil of
Friedrich Wagner and Reindel in Nurem-
berg, and in 1853-63 of Fluggen in Munich,
where he settled. Gold Medal in 1869.
Works : Policeman and Country Girl (1856) ;
Miser (1860) ; Garret Studies (1862) ; Peas-
ants and Quack; Alchemist; Music Rehears-
al ; King of the Shooters (1874, D. W. Pow-
ers, Rochester, N. Y.) ; Market Scenes ; Pho-
tographer in the Country ; Wayfarers (1881),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Rustic Letter-
Writer, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; A
Good Friend (1883).— Regnet, ii. 262.
SEITZ, LTJDWIG, born in Rome in
1843. History painter, son and pupil of
Alexander Max Seitz, having first studied
under Cornelius and Overbeck ; imitates the
old Italian masters, for the reproduction of
whose style he shows considerable talent.
Work : Deluge.— Seubert, iii. 296 ; Mtiller,
487.
SEITZ, OTTO, born in Munich, Sept. 3.
1846. History painter, pupil of Piloty.
Medals in Vienna, and in Philadelphia
(1876). Works : Murder of Rizzio (1869) ;
Loose Leaves— Dead Love (1871) ; Happy
Hours (1873) ; Faun and Nymph (1875) ;
Neptune (1876); Edward IV. 's Sons; Pro-
metheus Bound. — Seubert, iii. 296 ; Miiller,
487.
SELL, CHRISTIAN, born in Altona,
Aug. 14, 1831. History and genre painter,
pupil of his father and in 1851-56 of Diis-
seldorf Academy under Hildebrand and
Schadow ; accompanied German army in the
168
SELLENY
campaigns of 1864, 1866, and 1870. Works :
Defence of Castle in Thirty Years' War ;
Soldiers bearing their
Wounded Command-
er, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Best after
Repulsed Storm(1856);
Siege of Breisach
(1862); Soldiers in
Thirty Years' War dis-
tributing Booty, Leip-
sic Museum ; Combat
in the Woods at Sadowa ; Beginning of
Pursuit at Sadowa (1872), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Transportation of Prisoners of War
(1882), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Prisoners at
Sedan.— Jordan (1885), ii. 217 ; Miiller, 488.
SELLENY, JOSEF, born at Meidling,
near Vienna, j
Feb. 2, 1824,
died in Vienna,
May 22, 1875.
Landscape
painter, pupil of
Vienna Acad-
emy under En-
der and Perger.
Visited Italy in
1854 ; made a
voyage round the world on the Novara in
1857-59 ; and accompanied Archduke Max-
imilian to Brazil in 1859, bringing back
over a thousand sketches from these two
expeditions. President of Vienna Artists'
League in 1868. Became insane two years
before death. Member of Vienna Academy.
Orders : Iron Crown, Mexican Guadeloupe,
and Brazilian Rose. Works : Desolate
Church-Yard, Near Waidbruck in the Ty-
rol, Vienna Museum ; Snow Storm (1852) ;
Cape Circello (1855); Kuins of Amphithea-
tre at Terracina (1855); Funchalin Madeira
(1863); Cape of Good Hope (1864) ; Island
of St. Paul (1869); Tahiti (1870); Rock Tem-
ple of Mahamalaipur ; Water-colours after
Rottmann's Munich Court Garden frescos ;
and numerous other landscapes in oil and
water-colour. — Wurzbach, xxxiv. 58 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xi. 135, 156, 190, 206, 217 ; xix.
170 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, iv. 114 ; xi. 252.
SELLIER, CHARLES AUGUSTE, born
at Nancy (Meurthe), Dec. 25, 1830, died
there, Nov. 26, 1882. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Louis Leborgne
and of Leon Cogniet. Won the grand prix
de Rome in 1857. Medals : 1865 ; 2d class,
1872. Conservator of the Nancy Museum.
Works : A Kitchen (1857), Nancy Museum ;
Levite of Ephraim (1864), ib. ; Magdalen
(1864), ib.; Death of Leander, Gallic Pris-
oner condemned to die of Hunger (1865) ;
Last Years of Tiberius in Isle of Caprea, The
Ammazatoio at Rome (1867) ; Lost Soul
(1868); Italian Souvenir (1869), Nancy Mu-
seum ; Graziella (1870) ; Nereid (1872) ;
Christ at the Tomb (1875) ; Interior of a
Roman Ammazatoio, Led a (1880) ; Black-
smith's Shop in Andelys (1881) ; Head of a
Negro (1882).— Bellier, ii. 491.
SELLSTEDT, LARS GUSTAF, born in
Sweden in 1819. Portrait painter, self-
taught. In 1842 settled in Buffalo, N. Y.
First exhibited at the National Academy in
1858 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1871 and N.A.
in 1875. One of the founders of the Buffa-
lo Academy, of which he was secretary and
superintendent in 1862-76, president in
1876, and again superintendent in 1878.
Works: Head of Jewish Rabbi (1859);
Abandoned ; Quahaug Rock — Narragansett,
Preparing her Paper for the Club (1879).
Portraits: Of the Artist (1871, Academy,
] Buffalo) ; W. G. Fargo (1874) ; George W.
Clinton, National Science Rooms, Buffalo ;
Mrs. Sellstedt (1882) ; Benjamin Fitch
i (1883) ; Brother and Sister -- Portraits
(1884), Franklin Locke ; Charles Day
(1885).
SEMENTI (Semenza), GIOVANNI GIA-
COMO, born in Bologna, July 18, 1580,
died (?). Bolognese school ; pupil of Cal-
vart, afterwards of Guido, and one of his fa-
vourite assistants ; went to Rome in service
of Cardinal Maurice of Savoy and painted
many pictures in manner of Guido. Among
his works are : Christ the Redeemer, St
169
SEMINI
Catherine, St. Eugenius, Bologna Gallery ;
Marriage of St. Catherine, Vienna Museum.
— Malvasia, ii. 249 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bo-
lonaise ; Lanzi, iii. 97.
SEMINI, ANDREA, born in Genoa about
1525, died after
1591. Genoese
school ; son and
pupil of Antonio
Semini ; also stud-
ied Perino del Va-
ga and spent eight
years in Rome,
where he learned
to imitate Raphael
Mucli employed in
Genoa and Milan. Works : Nativity, Turin
Gallery ; Conception, S. Pietro, Genoa. An-
drea's sons, Cesare and Alessandro, were
mediocre painters. — Soprani, 57 ; Lanzi, iii.
243 ; Ch. Blanc, IScole genoise.
SEMINI, ANTONIO, born in Genoa about
1485, died after 1547. Genoese school ;
pupil of Lodovico Brea, whose style he mod-
ernized. Painted sometimes in collabora-
tion with Teramo Piaggia or Terarno di Zo-
agli, his fellow-pupil under Brea. Semini's
Nativity, in S. Domenico, Savona, is in the
manner of Perugino, which Perino del Yaga
had introduced at Genoa. — Soprani, 22 ;
Lanzi, iii. 237 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole genoise.
SEMINI, OTTAVIO, born in Genoa
about 1530, died in Milan in 1604. Geno-
ese school ; sou and pupil of Antonio Semi-
ni ; also studied Perino del Vaga and works
of Raphael in Rome. Aided his brother An-
drea in many works, but was obliged to leave
Genoa on account of a homicide, and after-
wards led a dissipated life in Milan. Dec-
orated chapel of S. Girolamo in S. Angelo,
Milan.— Soprani, 57 ; Lanzi, iii. 243 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole genoise.
SEMITECOLO, NICCOLO, Venetian
school (1351-1400). The ablest Venetian
artist of the 14th century (C. & C.). Earli-
est picture, Coronation of the Virgin (1351),
is in the Vienna Academy. His best effort
is an Altai-piece (1367), in the library of the
Duomo, Padua. Other works: Madonna
with Saints, dated 1400, Correr Museum,
Venice ; Coronation of the Virgin, Venice
Academy. Possibly identical with Nicholas
Paradisi, of Venice, whose works are but
little inferior to those of Semitecolo. — C. &
C., Italy, ii. 266 ; Burckhardt, 522.
SEMOLEI. See Franco Battista.
SENAVE, JACOBUS ALBERTUS, born
at Loo, near Fumes, Sept. 12, 1758, died in
Paris in 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Dun-
kirk Academy, and continued his studies at
St. Omer and Ypres. Went to Paris, where
he came under Suvee's influence. Painted
Flemish popular festivals in the style of
Teniers. Honorary director of Ypres Acad-
emy and honorary member of Ghent Acad-
emy in 1822. Works : Rembrandt's Studio,
Academy, Ypres ; Young Girl feeding Cow,
Horse led forth by Boy, Basle Museum ;
Fantastic pictures with Architecture in and
around Paris (2), Gotha Museum ; Village
Inn with Travellers and Peasants, Sarah
leading Hagar to Abraham, Leipsic Mu-
seum.— Immerzeel, iii. 86 ; Nagler, xvi. 238.
SENI BESIDE WALLENSTEIN'S
BODY, Karl von Piloly, New Pinakothek,
Munich ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 1 in. X 12 ft. 2 in.
The astrologer Seui, entering Wallenstein's
room in the morning, finds his dead body
extended on the floor. Painted in 1855.
SEQUEIRA, DOMINGOS ANTONIO
DE, born in Lisbon in 1768, died in Rome
in 1837. History painter, pupil of Lisbon
Academy, and in 1788 of Antonio Cavalluc-
ci in Rome. On his return to Portugal in
1796 worked for churches and palaces; in
1823 visited Paris ; then went to Italy, and
became devotional. At his death was presi-
dent of Portuguese Academy. Works :
Last Moments of Camoens; Descent from
the Cross; Flight into Egypt; St. Bruno,
Lisbon Academy. — Nagler, xvi. 276 ; Bryan,
729.
SERAPION, painter, probably 1st century
B. c. Pliny says (xxxv. 37 [113]) that he
was successful in scene-painting, but was
unable to depict the human form.
170
SERF
SERF EMANCIPATION, Edward Armi-
lage, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. X 10 ft.
An Anglo-Saxon noble on his death-bed,
surrounded by his family and friends, at
right, giving freedom to his slaves, who are
grouped at left. In foreground a scribe
writes down the names of the liberated.
Eoyal Academy, 1877.
SERMON ON THE MOUNT, Claude Lor-
rain. See Tabor, Mount.
SERRE (Serra), MICHEL GASPARD
JACQUES, born at Tarragona, Spain, Jan.
10, 1658, died at Marseilles, Oct. 9, 1733.
He fled from home when only eight years
old, went to Marseilles, was received into
the Chartreuse Convent and taught to paint ;
in time he made his way to Rome, and after
hard study returned to Marseilles in 1676 ;
became a citizen in 1690, and a member of
the Academy in 1704. During the plague
at Marseilles in 1720 Serre performed in-
valuable services and won the gratitude of
everybody. The Museum of Marseilles pos-
sesses two large pictures by him illustrative
of the city during the plague, and many re-
ligious paintings. — Chennevieres, Artistes
provinciaux, ii. 201.
SERRES, DOMINIC, born at Auch, Gas-
cony, in 1722, died in London, Nov. 6, 1793.
Designed for the church, but ran away to
sea, and became master of a vessel which
was captured in 1752 by a British frigate.
Released on parole in England, he turned
his attention to art and became a successful
marine painter. He was one of the founda-
tion members of the Royal Academy (1768),
of which he was appointed librarian in 1792,
and was marine painter to George IH.
Works : George HI. reviewing the Fleet at
Portsmouth (4 pieces), and Sea-Piece (1789),
Hampton Court. His son, John Thomas
Serres (1759-1825), was also a marine
painter. — Redgrave ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hamp-
ton Court ; Sandby, i. 104.
SERVEST, AMfiDfiE E"LIE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Drolling. Lives in
VUliers-sur-Morin. Medals : 1867, 1869 ;
2d class, 1872. Works : Picking Stones in
a Field (1867); Locksmith (1868); Fright-
ened Donkeys (1869); The Mill (1872),
Marseilles Museum ; Chestnut Seller, Under
the Willows (1874); Making Sausages ; My
Neighbour ; Wine Taster ; Crossing the
Brook, Cutting in the Woods of Penthievre
(1879); Crotoy in the Evening, Little Baths
of St. Valery (1880); Picardy (1881); A
Mill, Saltmakers and Salters (1882); Stable
in Villiers, High Tide at Crotoy (1883); Ma
cour, Chemin du bac (1884).
SESTO, CESARE DA. See Cesare da
Sesto.
SETTEGAST, JOSEF, born at Coblentz,
Feb. 8, 1813. History painter, pupil of
Dusseldorf Academy, and of Veit in Frank-
fort. Visited Italy in 1838-43. Works:
Madonna and Child (1833); Finding of the
Cross, Church of the Cross, Ehrenbreit-
stein ; Crucifixion, St. Francis Church, Dus-
seldorf. In fresco; subjects, Kastor Church,
Coblentz ; Crucifixion, Max Church, Dtlssel-
dorf ; cupola of Mentz Cathedral after de-
signs by Veit (1861).— Art Journal (1865),
133 ; Nagler, xvi. 304 ; Mailer, Dusseldorf.
K, 54.
SEUTER (Saiter, Syder), DANIEL, born
in Vienna in 1642, 1647, or 1649, died in
Rome or Turin in 1705, 1721, or 1725. Ital-
ian school ; history painter, pupil of Carlo
Loth in Venice and of Carlo Maratti in Rome.
Sometimes called Avouster or Cavaliere
Danielle. Works : Venus on Clouds, Augs-
burg Gallery ; Apollo and Daphne ; Dieda-
lus and Icarus ; Death of Abel ; St. Jerome,
Brunswick Gallery. — Nagler, xviii. 64.
SEVEN SACRAMENTS. See Sacra-
ments.
SEVEN WORKS OF MERCY. See
Mercy.
SEVERDONCK, JOSEPH VAN ; contem-
porary. History and genre painter, pupil
of Wappera Excellences and defects in his
work, so that opinions differ concerning it.
Several medals. Leopold and Ernestine
House Orders. Works : 14 Stations, Church
of Notre Dame, Narnur ; Battle of Grave-
171
SEVILLA
lingen (1855); Defence of Tournay in 1581 ;
Visitation of Mary (1862) ; Ballot among
the Gypsies ; Battle of Vucht, Palace of
Justice, Ghent ; Cavalry Attack. — Miiller,
488.
SEVILLA ROMERO T ESCALANTE,
JUAN DE, born in Granada in 1627, died
there, Aug. 23, 1695. Spanish school ; pu-
pil of Pedro de Moya, from whom he
learned the style of Van Dyck. Painted
chiefly religious compositions, and had con-
siderable local reputation. Work : Dead
Christ and Saints, Dresden Gallery. — Cean
Bermudez ; Stirling, iii. 1134 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole.
SEYBOLD, GEORG VON, born at Schro-
benhausen, Bavaria, March 20, 1832. Genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Kaulbach, and of Couture in Paris. Works :
Vedette in the Russian Campaign (1859) ;
Prisoners escorted by Cossacks (1860) ; Sol-
dier of 17th Century ; Hunter of 16th Cen-
tury. In fresco : a picture in National Muse-
um, Munich. — Miiller, 489.
SHADOW OF DEATH, William Holman
Hunt, Manchester Art Gallery ; canvas.
Christ, as the carpenter, engaged in Joseph's
workshop, is standing upright, at the close
of the day's labour, wearily stretching out
his arms, which form the shadow of the
cross on the wall behind him — a prevision
of the Crucifixion ; on the ground, at his
feet, Mary, kneeling before a coffer in which
are the gifts of the kings, is gazing intently
on the ominous shadow. Finished in 1873,
after three years' labour. Engraved by F.
Stacpoole. Art Journal (1874), 15 ; Athe-
nseum, Jan., 1873, 23 ; Nov. 1873, 702.
SHAKESPEARE AND HIS CONTEM-
PORARIES, John Faed, Corcoran Gallery,
Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 7
in. Group of statesmen and authors of the
time gathered around Shakespeare, the cen-
tral figure, in the Mermaid Tavern, Friday
Street, London. Engraved by James Faed.
Photogravure in Art Treasures of America.
— Art Treasures of America, i. 7 ; Corcoran
Gal. Cat.
SHAPLEIGH, FRANK HENRY, born in
Boston, Mass., March 7, 1842. Landscape
painter, pupil in Paris of Lambinet. Studio
in Boston ; summer studio in Crawford
Notch, White Mountains. Works : Venice,
A. F. Hervey, Boston ; Yosemite Valley, H.
C. Bacon, San Francisco ; Mirror Lake, Da-
vid Dudley Field, New York ; The Northern
Peaks, T. A. Chapman, Milwaukee ; The
White Mountains, G. B. Prescott, New York ;
Fort Marion— St. Augustine, W. G. War-
den, Philadelphia ; Fort at Matanzas— Flor-
ida, H. G. Lapham, New York ; Old Mill in
Seabrook— N. H., G. H. Wright, Boston.
SHARPLES (Sharpless), JAMES, born in
England in 1751, died in New York, Feb.
26, 1811. Of a Roman Catholic family, he
was educated in France for the priesthood ;
studied art in London under George Rom-
ney (?), married, and sailed for America in
1794 with his wife and three children, but
was taken by the French, carried into Brest,
and imprisoned several months. On his
liberation he again embarked, and reached
New York in safety. Travelling in a four-
wheeled carriage with one horse he visited
the principal cities and towns of the United
States to paint the portraits of notable per-
sons, of which he made a large collection.
Though he worked some in oils most of
these were executed in pastels. A hundred
and thirty-four of the latter are preserved in
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, but few
of his oil pictures are extant. Two portraits
of Washington and one of Mrs. Washington,
painted from life about 1796 and taken soon
after to England, have lately been brought
to this country for sale. Sharpies re-
turned to New York in 1809. His wife
and daughter Rolinda were both painters of
portraits. Mrs. Sharpies exhibited pastels
of Gen. Washington and Dr. Priestley (now
in the National Portrait Gallery) at the Roy-
al Academy in 1807. She worked at Bath
and Bristol, England, and left all her prop-
erty to found an art institution in the latter
city, where she died in March, 1849. Ro-
linda, who exhibited at the Academy in
172
134 ; f i.
in Lone
SI1ATTUCK
1820-23 and in 1832, lived at Bristol, where
she died, Feb. 10, 1838. Her brother James,
who also painted portraits, died in Bristol in
1839. Another brother, Felix, painted and
died in North Carolina. — Dunlap ; Walter,
Memorials of Washington (New York, 1887).
SHATTUCK, AARON DRAPER, born in
Francestown, N. H., March 9, 1832. Ani-
mal painter, pupil in Boston of Alexander
Ransom, portrait painter, and of the Nation-
al Academy in 1852. First brought into
prominent notice in 1855 by a study of
Grasses and Flowers. Elected AN.A. in
1856, N.A. in 1861. Studio in New York.
Works : White Mountains in October (1868) ;
Sunday Morning in New England (1873) ;
Sheep and Cattle in Landscape (1874), J. H.
Sherwood, New York ; Autumn near Stock-
bridge (1876) ; Granbury Pastures (1877) ;
Cows by the Meadow Brook (1881) ; Cattle
(1 882) ; Landscape with Cattle — Avon, Conn.
(1883); Peaceful Days.Farm by the Sea (1884).
SHAW, ANNIE CORNELIA, born at
West Troy, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1852. Land-
scape and animal painter, pupil of H. C.
Ford, Chicago. Associate of Chicago Acad-
emy of Design, 1873 ; member, 1876 ; hon-
orary member of Art Institute, Chicago,
1886. Works : On the Calumet (1874), J.
H. Dole, Chicago ; Willow Island (1876), C.
L. Hutchinson, ib. ; Keene Valley — N. Y.
(1875), A. A. Munger, ib.; Ebb Tide on
Coast of Maine (1876), William Butterfield,
ib.; Head of Jersey Bull (1877), Mrs. Jenny
F. Kempton, ib.; In the Rye Field (1880),
Mrs. Larned, Providence, R. I ; Road to the
Creek (1880), B. P. Hutchinson, Chicago;
Close of a Summer Day (1882), Edwin B.
Haskell, Boston; July Day (1883), J. H.
Dole, Chicago ; In the Clearing (1883), Wal-
ter C. Larned, ib.; Fall Ploughing (1884),
George A. Brackett, Minneapolis, Minn.;
Ashen Days (1884), Mrs. C. Brown, Chicago ;
The Corn-Field (1884), do. ready to Harvest
(1885), Charles E. Gifford, Jr., ib.; The Rus-
set Year (1885).
SHEBA, EMBARKATION OF QUEEN
OF, Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. xfi ft. 7 in.
signed, dated Rome, 1648. The Queen em-
barking on the occasion of her visit to Sol-
omon. One of Claude's best pictures. Paint-
ed in Rome for the Due de Bouillon, whence
called the Bouillon Claude. Liber Verita-
tis, No. 114. From Angersteiu Collection.
Companion to Marriage of Isaac and Rebek-
ah. Engraved in Gallery Angerstein, by
Varrall in National Gallery, and in L'Art.
Replica, painted in 1677, Lord Cathcart—
! Waagen, Treasures, i. 340 ; Cat. Nat. GaL ;
Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 228 ; Athen., 1876.
SHEBA, QUEEN OF, AND SOLOMON,
Paolo Veronese, Turin Gallery ; canvas, H.
11 ft. 3 in. x 17 ft. 10 in. Solomon, seated
high on his throne, with two elders on each
side beneath him, stoops forward as if to sup-
port the Queen of Sheba, who, kneeling and
nearly fainting, looks up to him with tears
in her eyes ; beside her kneels a maid of
honour, who looks back to encourage a ne-
gro girl carrying presents ; a little dog in
front barks furiously at an attendant who
has set down a golden vase near him. A
picture of ' ' inestimable value. " Painted for
Charles, Duke of Savoy. Engraved by Hol-
lar.—Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 229 ; R'idolfi,
Marav., ii. 57.
SHEE, Sir MARTIN ARCHER, born in
Dublin, Dec. 20, 1769.
died at Brighton, Aug.
19, 1850. Pupil of
Dublin School of De-
sign, and won some
.
repute in that city as
a portrait painter;
went to London in
1788 and, through ad-
vice of Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, became a pupil
of the Royal Academy in 1790. He gradu-
ally won his way and became a successful
portrait painter of men, his earliest works
being theatrical portraits. He also painted
some subject works, but they did not add
to his reputation. In 1798 he was elected
A.R.A., in 1800 R.A, and in 1830 president
173
SHEEP
of the Koyal Academy, receiving at the same
time the honour of knighthood. He was
also the author of several literary produc-
tions, among them "Alasco," a tragedy
(1823), and "Old Court," a novel (1829).
Works : Infant Bacchus, Thomas Morton
(dramatist), Thomas Lewis (comedian),
National Gallery ; "William IV., Queen Ade-
laide, Windsor Castle ; Queen Victoria, Roy-
a woman is shearing. Painted in 1860 ;
exhibited in Brussels, 1860 ; Salon, 1861 ;
Bordeaux, 18G5 ; Lille, 1866 ; Exposition
universelle, Paris, 1867. First sketch in
Collection of Mile. Sensier. — Gazette desB.
Arts (1860), viii. 96; (1861), xi. 63; Sen-
sier, vie, 216.
SHEEP SHEAK1NG (Tonte des mou-
tons), Jean Franyois Millet, William Schaus,
New York. A farm-yard, with a
house, farm buildings, and trees
in background, and a man and
woman shearing sheep ; in fore-
ground, many sheep, some shorn
and some unshorn (the latter sus-
piciously smelling the former), and
a man leading out a sheep to be
sheared. Painted in 1861. From
Collection of M. Fanien. — Sensier,
vie, 206.
SHEPHERDS, ADORATION
OF, Correggio. See Notte, La.
By Domenico Ghirlancfajo, Flor-
ence Academy ; wood, H. 4 ft. 6 in.
X 4 ft. 8 in. ; dated 1485. The
Child lies on the ground in front
of a sarcophagus which serves as a
feeding-trough for a cow and a
mule ; at left, the Virgin kneeling,
and Joseph gazing at the proces-
sion of the Magi winding round a
hill and passing through a triumph-
al arch ; at right, three shepherds,
one bearing a lamb. Vasari errs
in saying that one of the figures is
a portrait of Ghirlandajo. Paint-
ed for the Sassetti Chapel in S.
Trinita, Florence. Engraved by
al Academy, London ; Portrait of Picton, Perfetti. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 257 ; C. & C.,
National Portrait Gallery.— Art Journal Italy, ii. 476 ; Gall. Accad. di Firenze, PL
Adoration of Shepherds, Anton Raphael Mengs, Madrid Museum.
(1849), 12 ; Redgrave ; Cunningham ; F. de
Conches, 407 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole anglaise ;
Sandby, ii. 136.
SHEEP SHEARER (La tondeuse de
moutous), Jean Frangois Millet, Quincy
A. Shaw, Boston. Figures three-quarters
length, life-size. A peasant man, seated on
an overturned basket, holds a sheep which
48.
um
By Anton Raphael Mengs, Madrid Muse-
wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The
Virgin, with the Child in her lap, seated in
the stable, with an ass and an ox in back-
ground ; at left, St. Joseph sitting, and be-
hind him the painter himself as a spectator ;
at right, the shepherds in adoration, one of
174
SHEPHERDS
them followed by a dog ; above, a choir of
angels. One of Mengs's best works. Col- ,
lection of Charles HL Engraved by Raph-
ael Morghen. — Reveil, xiii. 928.
By Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 6 ft 5 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. On left,
Jesus lying naked on a crib, the Virgin, at
his feet, holding up the linen that covers him ;
behind her, St. Joseph standing ; in front,
a kneeling shepherd near a lamb ; beyond
him, an old woman, and behind her, on
right, two shepherds, one with a staff; above
the Child, the heads of an ox and an ass.
First manner. From Houghton Gallery ;
appraised at £600. En-
graved by V. Green. Sketch
in Hermitage. — Curtis,
165 ; Houghton Gallery, i.
PL 24 ; Hermitage, Cat.,
128.
By Murillo, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 1
in. x 7 ft. 6 in. The Vir-
gin, kneeling on left behind
the crib, holds the head of
Jesus on her right arm,
and raises with left the lin-
en that covers him ; be-
hind, St. Joseph leaning on
his staff; in front, a shep-
herd kneeling in adora-
tion ; two fowls on ground
before him ; at right, a
woman with a basket of eggs, and a man
leading a lamb by a rope ; in background,
ruins of a temple. Second manner. Taken
to Paris by French, returned in 1816 and
placed in Academy of S. Fernando, whence
transferred in 1829 to Museum. Engraved
by Huvert ; lithographed by P. F. Feillet.
—Curtis, 165 ; Madrazo, 469.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
9 ft. x 6 ft. The Virgin, seated on right,
holds the head of the Child, who lies on a
box filled with straw ; she raises the linen
and shows him to the kneeling shepherds ;
behind them, on left, a young woman with
a basket of eggs thrusts a child forward
into the scene ; in centre, behind the crib,
St. Joseph standing, leaning on his staff;
above, two cherubs. Painted about 1676
for Capuchin Church, Seville. Repetition,
reversed, Vatican, Rome. — Curtis, 164.
By Nicolas Poussin, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Vir-
gin seated in a stable, in which animals are
feeding, holding in her lap the Infant, be-
fore whom four shepherds are prostrating
themselves ; beliind the group, St. Joseph,
standing. Painted in 1653 for M. de Mau-
croy, intendant of finances ; passed thence
to M. Boisfranc and to the Manheim Gnl-
Adoration of Shepherds, Nicolas Poussin, Munich Gallery.
lery, from which it was procured by the
King of Bavaria. Engraved by John Pesne ;
lithographed (1818) by N. Miixel.— Reveil,
xiii. 888.
By Rembrandt, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. ; signed,
dated 1646. Interior of a stable ; at right,
the Virgin sitting near Jesus, who is lying
in a cradle ; on her right, St. Joseph, stand-
ing ; two shepherds, kneeling, and near
them two women and a child, a man with a
lantern, a boy with a dog ; in background,
other figures and cattle. Collection of
Mme. Bandeville (1786), 3,000 francs ; Col-
lection of M. Tolozan (1801), 10,000 francs ;
175
SHEPHERDS
J. J. Angerstein (1824). Engraved by S.
Bernard ; H. C. Shenton ; Sevier.— Vosmaer,
201, 472 ; Smith, vii. 23.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Eocco, Venice ;
canvas, H. about 14 ft. x 10 ft. The Virgin
with Christ, whom two women are adoring,
seated on a kind of hammock floor of rope
netting, covered with straw, which divides
the picture into two stories ; in the lower
division, the stable, are a cock, a cow, and
a peacock, some shepherds with gifts, and a
woman with a basket of eggs. A " tricky
picture, hastily painted." — Ruskiu, Stones
of Venice, iii. 334.
By Velasquez, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 7 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 6 in. The Vir-
gin, kneeling at left, supports Jesus, who
lies on a crib, while Joseph stands beyond,
holding a staff ; three shepherds kneel be-
fore the Child, and an old woman behind
them bends forward ; on right, a girl, with
a basket on her head, enters a door ; in fore-
ground lie two sheep. Probably authentic,
though genuineness has been doubted.
Purchased about 1832 for Louis Philippe
from Conde del Aguila, Seville, in whose
house it had been since it was painted ; sold
in 1853 to National Gallery for £2,050.
Engraved by E. Liugee (outline). — Curtis,
4 ; Waagen, iii. 347.
Subject treated also by Palma Vecchio,
Louvre ; Francisco Bassano, Dresden Muse-
um ; Jacopo Bassauo, Louvre, Paris ; Leau-
dro Bassano, Venice Academy ; Ghirlandajo,
Florence Academy ; Adriaan van der Werff,
Uffizi, Florence; Titian, Ambrosiana, Milan ;
Moretto, Berlin Museum ; Andrea Schia-
vone, Vienna Museum ; Guido Reni, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Spagnoletto,
Louvre, Paris ; Garofalo, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Domenico Feti, ib. ; Palma
Vecchio, ib. Josef Anton Rhomberg, Frau-
enkirche, Munich ; Bastien-Lepage (Salon,
1876).
SHEPHERD'S CHIEF MOURNER, Sir
Edwin Landseer, South Kensington Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. A shep-
herd's coffin, partly covered by a plaid and
a blanket, rests in a rude cottage ; on a
three-legged stool lie a Bible and a pair of
spectacles, and on the floor beside it a bon-
net and crook, while by the coffin, with his
head resting upon it, sits the old man's
faithful dog — his chief mourner. Royal
Academy, 1837.
SHEPHERD, LITTLE (Pastor Nino),
Murillo, Comte Henri de Greffulhe, Paris ;
H. 1 ft. 10 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. The young
Saviour, walking front, with a crook in his
left hand, rests the other on one of two
sheep on his right ; on his left, another
sheep running. Presented by Queen Isa-
bella to M. Guizot in recognition of his
services in bringing about the marriage of
her sister to the Due de Montpensier. Sold
in Paris, 1874, for 120,000 francs.— Gaz. des
B. Arts (1877), xv. 155 ; Curtis, 186.
SHIPBUILDER, Rembrandt, Buckingham
Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. ;
signed, dated 1633. A shipbuilder, seen to
knees, making a drawing of a ship, is inter-
rupted by his wife, who has entered the
room with a letter. One of Rembrandt's
most noted pictures. Gildemeester sale
(1800), 8,050 florins ; Smeth Van Alpen sale
(1810), 16,500 florins. Engraved by Hodges
(1802); J. P. Quilley. Etched by De Frey.
— Waagen, Treasures, ii. 4 ; Vosmaer, 35,
432 ; Smith, vii. 68.
SHIPWRECK, Joseph M. W. Turner, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8
in. x 7 ft. 11 in. The hulk of a large ship,
still crowded with human beings, is labour-
ing in a stormy sea ; three fishing-boats are
endeavouring to approach her bows, where
some of the passengers are dropping from
the bowsprit into a boat. Painted in 1805
for Sir John Fleming Leicester ; exchanged
by him for Sun in the Mist. Engraved by
W. Miller in Turner Gallery.
SHIRLAW, WALTER, born in Paisley,
Scotland, Aug. 6, 1838. Genre painter;
taken to America in 1840. Pupil in Munich,
in 1870-77, of Raab, Wagner, Ramberg, and
Lindenschmidt. Exhibited first at National
Academy in 1861 ; elected an AN. A. in
176
SHORE
v
1878 ; member of Society of American Ar-
tists, of which he was the first president ; pro-
fessor in Art Stu-
dents' League, New
York ; member of
Chicago Academy.
Studio in New York.
Works: Eager for
the Fray (1861) ;
Toning the Bell
(1874); Sheep Shear-
ing—Bavarian High-
lands (1876); Good
Morning (1878); Gretchen, Burgomaster,
Task (1879) ; Capellmeister, Marble Quarry,
Indian Girl, Very Old, Autumn (1880); Tom-
Boy (1881); Gossip, Tuning Up (1844); Sor-
ry for the Gorse, Under the Cornstack (1885);
Jealousy (1886).— Am. Art Rev. (1881), 97,
145 ; Sheldon, 96.
SHORE, JANE, Joseph Nicolas Robert-
Fleury, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. Condemned as a sorceress
and adulteress, she is pursued through the
streets of London and insulted by the popu-
lace. Salon, 1850.
SHRIMP GIRL, Hoyarth, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft 1 in. x 1 ft.
8 in. Half-length, face nearly full, with
mouth half-open. She wears a white cap
with a dark cloth over her head, on which
she bears a tray containing shrimps and a
small metal measure. Leigh Court sale
(1884), 256 guineas.— Art Journal (1885), 8.
SHULAMITE, Alexandre Gabanel, Miss C.
L. Wolfe, New York ; canvas, signed, dated
1875. Life-size, sitting on the floor of a
highly decorated apartment, with a column
and rich stuffs in background. One hand
is raised to her head ; the other is partly
veiling her bosom, from which the gauze has
fallen. Photogravure in Art Treasures of
America, i. 120.
SHUMWAY, HENRY COLTON, born in
Middletown, Conn., July 4, 1807, died in
New York, May 6, 1884. Portrait and min-
iature painter, pupil of the National Acad-
emy, and one of its earliest members, hav-
ing been elected in 1832. For many years
a successful miniature portrait painter in
New York and in other American cities, and
a regular exhibitor at the Academy. Ho
went to Washington, D. C., in 1838 to paint
Henry Clay, and had many other distin-
guished sitters.
SHURTLEFF, ROSWELL MORSE, born
at Rindge, N. H., June 14, 1841. Land-
scape and animal painter, pupil of the Lowell
Institute, Boston, and of the National Acad-
emy, New York, where he first exhibited in
1872. Studio in New York. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1881. Works : American Panther
(1876); Race for Life (1877); The Still-
Hunter ; On the Alert (1879); Autumn Gold,
Pedro (1880); Blue Heron (1881); October
Hunting, Under the Beeches (1882); Foot
of the Mountain, Ray of Light, In the Wild-
Wood (1883); Mt. Porter— Adirondacks, By
Still Water (1884); October, Road to the
Mill (1885); Song of Summer Woods, Morn-
ing in the Forest (1886).— Sheldon, 211.
SIBERECHTS, JAN, born in Antwerp,
baptized Jan. 29, 1627, died in London in
1703. Flemish school ; landscape painter,
admitted to the guild in 1648. Painted
many English landscapes for the Duke of
Buckingham, who took him to England,
where he was employed four years in tho
decoration of Cliefdeu House, and after-
wards at Newstead and Chatsworth. Was
distinguished for his water-colours. En-
deavoured successfully to imitate Berchem
and Karel du Jardin. Works : Miracle of
St. Francis of Assisi (1666), Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Farm Yard (1660), Brussels Museum ;
Leasehold Farm, Valenciennes Museum ;
Landscapes with Figures and Cattle (2, 1663,
1670), Lille Museum ; do. (1), Bordeaux Mu-
scum ; do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ;
Mother sewing by the Cradle (1671), Copen-
177
SIBYL
hagen Gallery ; Cattle Pasture, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1872), vi. 497 ; Kooses
(Reber), 412 ; Van den Branden, 1064.
SIBYL, the name applied to reputed
prophetesses of the mythical period, some
of whom are said to have foretold the com-
ing of Christ to the Gentiles. There are
ten or more of them, and they are generally
named from their habitations; as, Cimmerian,
from the Black Sea ; Cumsean, from Cumse
in Campania ; Delphian, from Delphi ; Ery-
thraean, from Erythraea in Asia Minor ; Hel-
lespontian (sometimes called Trojan), from
the Hellespont ; Libyan, from Libya ; Per-
sian, from Persia ; Phrygian, from Phrygia ;
Samian, from Samos ; Tiburtine, from Tibur
(Tivoli). They do not appear in art earlier
than the fourteenth century.
SIBYL, CUMJEAN, Domenichino, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome. Wears an immense tur-
ban, eyes raised and mouth open. Head
and draperies well drawn and coloured. In
respect to accessories superior to the repeti-
tions at the Capitol and in the Modena Mu-
seum. Engraved by P. Fontana. — Lavice,
335, 354 ; Viardot, 239.
By Guido Reni, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas,
half-figure. Eyes raised, and resting her
chin on one hand ; she holds in the other a
paper, on which is written her prediction of
Christ's advent — "Nascetur cle Virgine."
Other Cumsean Sibyls by Guido are in the
Brussels and Vienna Museums, the Palazzo
Strozzi, Florence, and the Palazzo Brignole
Sale, Genoa.— Soc. Ed. et Paris, PI. 177 ;
Lavice, 47.
By Elihu Vedder, Wellesley College, Wel-
lesley, Mass. She is hurrying along, her
garments blown by the wind swinging be-
fore her, in the centre of a landscape with a
range of mountains resembling the Abruzzi
in the distance.
SIBYL, PERSIAN, Guercino, Capitol Gal-
lery, Rome ; half-figure. She leans her heat
on the back of one hand and holds a pen in
the other. An open book lies before her
Colour, drapery, and effect of light excellent
one of the master's best pictures. Engraved
ay Ant. Perf etti ; A. Cunego ; J. V. Kauperz ;
P. Fontana; Gio. Berselli.— Lavice, 331.
SIBYL, SAMIAN, Guercino, Uffizi, Flor-
ince ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 11 in.
Standing, half-length, with her hands on an
open book. She wears a picturesque turban
,nd bands of pearls in her hair. Painted in
1651 for Mattia de' Medici ; bought in 1777
'or Gallery. Engraved by Ant. Perfetti;
Lievillain ; J. Rivera. — Molini, Gal. di Fireuze,
i. 125 ; Soc. Ed., Gal. di Firenze, PI. 133 ;
Wicar, i., Part 3 ; Lavice, 33.
SIBYL, TIBURTINE, Garofalo, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 3 in.
The Sibyl revealing to the Emperor Augus-
ius the Mystery of the Incarnation. She is
standing pointing with one hand to the Vir-
gin and Child, who, with two angels, are
seen above ; Augustus is kneeling, with his
Town on the earth beside him.
Subject treated also by Paris Bordone,
Venice Academy.
SIBYL, ZAMBETHA (Sambetha), Hans
Memling, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ;
wood, H. 1 ft. 3 in. x 10 in. A bust portrait
of a Flemish damsel, in the high peaked cap
of the close of the 15th century. Supposed
to be the portrait of one of the daughters
of William Moreel, a patrician of Bruges,
whose portrait and that of his wife, now
in the Brussels Museum, were painted by
Memling in the same year, 1480. — C. & C.,
Flemish Painters, 276 ; Beffroi, ii. 182.
SIBYLLA PALMIFERA (Sibyl with the
Palm), Dante Gabriel Rossetti, George
Rae, Birkenhead, England ; canvas, life-size,
three-quarter length. Illustrative of Ros-
setti's sonnet of same title. Seated figure
of a virgin, in crimson dress, with green
scarf over her hair, holding a palm before
the shrine of worship ; beside her burns a
lamp, its flame rising toward a rose garland
hanging near the sculptured head of a cher-
ub ; on the other side smoke ascends from
a thurible in circles towards a death's head,
over which is a wreath of poppies ; above,
a festoon of olive boughs and a sphinx in
178
SIBYLS
a niche. Painted in 1866 ; chalk drawing,
Alexander Stevenson, Tynernouth. — Athe-
naeum, Sept., 1873, 407 ; Oct., 1875, 444.
SIBYLS, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel,
Vatican, Rome ; frescos on ceiling. Painted
on five of the twelve pendentives, the other
seven being filled with as many prophets,
viz. : Zachariah, Joel, Ezekiel, Jeremiah,
Jonah, Daniel, and Isaiah.
1. Erythraean Sibyl, full-length, seated,
looking into an open book at right. Behind,
two children, one lighting a lamp.
2. Persian Sibyl, full-length, seated, writ-
ing in an open book at left. In front of
her, two children.
holding up a scroll, half-opened by a flying
angel, inscribed "The Resurrection of the
Dead ; " nest the Persian Sibyl, writing on
a tablet held by an angel, " He will have the
Lot of Death " ; on the key-stone, a little
angel holding a torch, and another, seated
near, points to a tablet in his hand inscribed,
"The Heavens surround the Sphere of the
Earth " ; next, the Phrygian Sibyl, and be-
low her, the Tiburtine Sibyl ; between them,
a little angel with a tablet inscribed, " I will
open and arise," and above them another
floating, with an open scroll inscribed, "An-
other Generation already." Painted by or-
der of Agostiuo Chigi in 1514 ; entirely by
Sibyls, Raphael, S. M. della Pace, Rome.
3. Libyan Sibyl, full-length, seated, hold-
ing an open volume on a pedestal at her
right and looking left at two children seated
in front of her.
4. Cumaean Sibyl, full-length, seated front,
looking to her right into an open book, be-
hind which are two children.
5. Delphian Sibyl, full-length, seated,
looking nearly front. Behind, two children,
one looking into an open book.
Engraved by Cherubino Alberti. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., vii. 182 ; Pistolesi, Vaticano desc.,
viii. PL 98, 105, 112, 123, 129 ; Landou, (Eu-
vre de Michel- Ange, PI. vi., viii., x., xii., xiv.
SIBYLS, Raphael, S. M. della Pace, Rome ;
fresco. At left, the Cuniaoan Sibyl, seated,
Raphael. Shows wonderful execution. Va-
sari calls it Raphael's masterpiece. This
fresco is beneath that of the Prophets, and in
the picture which Michelangelo was called
in to value, estimating each head to be worth
a hundred ducats. Restored in 155G-15C1
by Foutana and in the present century by
Palraaroli. Engraved by a pupil of Marc
Antonio ; J. Volpato (1772) ; Ferd. Rusch-
weyh ; M. F. Dien (1838). Original designs
in Abertina Collection, Vienna, and at Ox-
ford.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 340 ; Passavant,
ii. 138 ; Mttntz, 491, 493 ; Springer, 256 ;
Reveil, xiv. 967.
SICHEL, NATHANAEL, born in Mentz,
Jan. 8, 1844. History and portrait painter,
17!)
SICIOLANTE
pupil of Berlin Academy tinder Julius Schra-
der ; won a prize in 1864, and studied in
Rome two years, and in Paris one year.
Studio in Berlin. Works : Philip the Gen-
erous at his "Wife's Tomb (1864), Darmstadt
Gallery; Joseph interpreting Pharaoh's
Dreams (1864) ; Arrest of Don Carlos by
Philip II.; Scene from Life of Mary Stuart ;
Francesca da Rimini (187G) ; Cardinal de
Guise in Rome.— Miiller, 489.
SICIOLANTE. See Girolamo da Ser-
moneta.
SIDDONS, MRS., portrait, Thomas Gains-
borough, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Half-length,
seated ; in a striped blue and white dress
and buff shawl, with black hat and feathers,
and holding in her left hand a brown muff.
Painted iu 1784 ; purchased in 1862 from
Major Mair, husband of the actress's grand-
daughter.— Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Eng. Painters of
Georgian Era, 14.
By Sir Thomas Lawrence, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 2£ in. x by 4
ft. 8^ in. Full-length, turning over with
her left hand a leaf of an open volume of
"Paradise Lost," on a table beside her.
Presented by Mrs. Fitz-Hugh in 1843. En-
graved by W. Say (1810).
SIDDONS AS THE TRAGIC MUSE, Sir
Joshua Reynolds, Grosvenor House, Lon-
don ; canvas, life-size. The Queen of Trag-
edy, full-length, sitting upon a throne rest-
ing on clouds, apparently brooding over
deeds of horror ; behind her stand two fig-
ures, one with a bowl, the other with a dag-
ger— types of secret and open violence.
Painted in 1784 ; bought by M. de Caloune
for 800 guineas ; at his sale (1795) passed to
W. Smith, M.P., for £700 ; sold to Watson
Taylor for £900, and bought at his sale
(1822) by first Marquis of Westminster for
1,760 guineas. Replica at Langley Park,
Stowe ; another in Dulwich Gallery, painted,
according to Northcote, by Score, one of Sir
Joshua's journeymen ; others in Lord Nor-
manton's gallery and in possession of Mrs.
Combe, Edinburgh. Engraved by Hay ward
(1787).— Leslie and Taylor, Life, ii. 420 ;
Art Journal (1860), 358 ; Waagen, Art Treas-
ures, ii. 172.
SIEBERT, ADOLF, born at Halberstadt
in 1806, died in Rome in 1832. History
painter, pupil of Wach in Berlin, where he
won the Academy prize in 1830, and went to
Rome. He was a deaf mute. Works : Ju-
piter and Mercury with Philemon and Bau-
cis (1830) ; St. Luke painting the Madonna
Siddons as the Tragic Muse, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Grosvenor
House, London.
(1831), Schloss Bellevue, Berlin ; Dredalua
and Icarus; Farewell of Tobias. — Cotta's
Kunstbl. 1829-34 ; Raczynski, i. 59 ; iii. 68.
SIEGERT, AUGUST, born at Neuwied,
March 5, 1820, died in Diisseldorf, Oct. 13,
1883. Genre painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy under Hildebrandt and Schadow
in 1835-46. Visited Antwerp, Paris, Hol-
land, and Munich ; settled in Diisseldorf in
1851, where he became teacher at the Acad-
emy, and in 1872 professor. Medal in Vi-
enna. Member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works: Luther at Assembly of Worms
ISO
SIEGUMFELDT
(1844) ; David and Abishai in Saul's Tent
(1845); Emperor Maximilian and Albrecht
Dttrer (1848); The Welcome (1851); Trum-
peter's Children (1851); Holiday (1852);
Reading the Bible, David finding Saul
asleep, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sun-
day Morning, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ;
Poor Family fed in Rich House ; Soldiers
playing Dice ; Children in Studio, Stettin
Museum ; Convent Gate ; Patrician In-
terior ; Meal-Time ; Welcome Pause (1866) ;
Service of Love (1870), Hamburg Gallery ;
Fruit Painter (1876), DUsseldorf Gallery ;
Birth Day ; Forest House ; Good Treatment
—Bad Payment (1883).— Kunst-Chronik,
xix. 24; W. Mttller, DUsseldorf K, 160;
Wiegmaun, 225 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, vi. 149.
SIEGUMFELDT, HERMAN CARL,
bom near Esrom in North Zealand, Sept.
18, 1833. Portrait and genre painter, pupil
of Copenhagen Academy in 1844, and after-
wards of Simonsen ; won the small silver
medal in 1850, a money prize in 1856, and
the travelling prize in 1859 ; broke his arm
in Sweden in 1860, which seriously crippled
him ; visited in 1863 Brussels, Paris, and
Rome. Works : Apple Woman, School Girl
with Books (1856) ; Fishermen from North
Zealand, Fishermen on the Strand at Even-
ing (1857) ; Husbandmen from the Heaths,
From the Country (1860) ; Sad Tale from
the Sea (1862); Woman and Children (1865);
Roman Peasants in Church (1866) ; many
portraits (1878-84). He is a portrait paint-
er of high rank.— Sigurd Mttller, 317 ; Weil-
bach, 633.
SIEMIRADZKI, HENDRIK, born in
government of Grodno, Nov. 15, 1843. His-
tory painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Acad-
emy and of Piloty in Munich. Visited France
and Germany in 1870, and settled in Rome
in 1872. Medals : Vienna, 1873 ; Philadel-
phia, 1876 ; of honour, Paris, 1878 ; Berlin,
1879 ; Melbourne, 1882 ; L. of Honour, 1878.
Member of St. Petersburg, Berlin, Stock-
holm, and Rome Academies. Works : Alex-
ander's Confidence in Philip (1870); Figure
Painting after Poem by Tolstoi (1871) ; Ro-
man Orgies (1872) ; Christ and the Sinner
(1873); Nero's Torches (1876); Sword Dance ;
Woman or Cup (1879) ; Shipwrecked Man
Begging ; Pirate's Cave (1881); Nubian For-
tune-Teller (1882) ; Cremation of Russian
Captain in 10th Century (1883), Moscow
Museum ; Summer Night in Pompeii (1884);
Nero by the Body of a Christian Martyr,
Christ with Martha and Mary (1885) ; fres-
cos in Church of Our Saviour, Moscow. —
— Miiller, 490 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 401 ;
xix. 352, 382 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 150.
SIENA, GUIDO DA. See Guido.
SIENA, MATTEO DA. See Matteo di
Giovanni.
SIGALON, XAVIER, born at Uzi-s (Gard),
in 1788 (1790?),
died in Rome, Aug.
18, 1837. French
school; genre
painter, pupil of
Monrose at Nimes,
later of Souchon
and Guorin in
Paris. Sent to
Rome, when M.
Thiers was minis-
ter, to copy Michelangelo's Last Judgment,
now in the l5cole des Beaux Arts, which
cost three and a half years' labour, for
which he received 58,000 francs, an indem-
nity of 20,000 francs, and a travelling pen-
sion of 3,000 francs. Returned to copy
other works in Sistiue Chapel, and died of
cholera. Medal, 1824 ; L. of Honour, 1831.
Works : Death of St. Louis (1815), Baptism
of Christ, Cathedral of Nimes ; Holy Ghost
descending upon theApostles(1817), Church
of Aigues-Mortes ; Young Courtesan (1821),
Louvre ; Locusta experimenting with Poi-
sons (1824), Portrait of Louis Philippe,
Nimes Museum ; Athalie having all the
Children of the Blood Royal killed (1827),
SIGISMONDA
Nantes Museum ; Vision of St. Jerome (1829),
Louvre ; Christ on the Cross (1829), Church
at Issingeaux ; Anacreon (1833). — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fraujaise ; Eloge historique de X. S.
(1848) ; Bellier, ii. 502.
SIGISMONDA, William Hogarth, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3
in. x 4 ft. 1£ in. Mourning over the heart
of Guiscardo. Sigismonda or Ghismonda,
daughter of Tancred, Prince of Salerno,
loved and secretly married Guiscardo, a
poor but noble page. Tancred, having dis-
covered the union, caused Guiscardo to be
strangled and sent his heart in a golden
cup to Sigismonda, who escaped from life
by a poisoned draft which she had pre-
pared in expectation of her husband's doom.
Painted in 1759 for Sir Kichard Grosvenor,
who declined it ; sold at Mrs. Hogarth's
sale for 56 guineas ; sold in 1807 for 400
guineas ; bequeathed in 1879 by J. H. An-
derdon. Engraved (1792) by B. Smith.
SIGMUND in., King of Poland, born in
Stockholm, June 20, 1566, died in Warsaw,
April 30, 1632. History painter. One of his
pictures was taken for a Tintoretto. Works :
Allegory of Foundation of Jesuit Convent,
Schleissheim Gallery; Mater Dolorosa, Augs-
burg Gallery.
SIGNOL, SMILE, born in Paris, March
11 (May 8, Bellier), 1804. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Blondel and
Gros ; won the 2d grand prix de Rome in
1829, and the grand prix in 1830. Medals :
2d class, 1834 ; 1st class, 1835 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1841 ; Officer, 1865 ; Member of Insti-
tute, 1860. Works : Joseph telling his
Dream to his Brothers (1824) ; Meleager
taking up Arms (1830) ; Death of Virginia,
Roman Peasants (1833) ; Noah cursing his
Son (1834), Aix Museum ; Christ at the
Tomb (1835), Comtesse Potowska ; Chris-
tian Religion coming to the Aid of the Af-
flicted (1837) ; Louis XV. consecrated in
Rheims (1838), Versailles Museum ; Preach-
ing the Second Crusade (1839), ib.; Woman
taken in Adultery (1840), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Magdalen, Mystic Virgin (1842) ;
Portrait of Louis VH. (1842), Versailles
Museum ; do. of Godfrey de Bouillon (1844),
ib. ; do. of Saint Louis (1844), ib. ; Capture
of Jerusalem in 1099 (1848), ib.; Bride of
Lammermoor, Fairy and Peri (1850) ; Legis-
lators under Evangelical Inspiration (1853),
Palais du Scnat ; Descent from the Cross
(1853) ; Pieta, Magdalen (1855) ; Crusad-
ers passing the Bosphorus (1855), Capt-
ure of Jerusalem (1855), Versailles Muse-
um ; Holy Family (1859); Wise and Foolish
Virgins (1863) ; Punishment of a Vestal
(1863), Arras Museum ; Rhadamistus and
Zenobia (1863) ; Soldier of Marathon, Ex-
posure of Moses, Joseph sold by his Breth-
ren (1878) ; Crusaders coming in Sight of
Jerusalem in First Crusade (1880), Ver-
sailles Museum ; Tancred on the Mount of
Olives (1880), ib.; Portraits of Dagobert L,
Clovis H, Childeric II., Thierry I, Dago-
bert H., Thierry II, Childeric HI., ib. He
has also executed works for churches :
Death of the Magdalen (1838), Madeleine ;
Decorations in St. Joseph's Chapel, Saint-
Severin (1845) ; do. in Chapelle des Catu-
chismes, Saint-Eustache (1851); do. in Saint-
Eustache (1856) ; do. in Saint-Augustin
(1862) ; Betrayal of Jesus and Crucifixion,
Resurrection and Ascension (1876), Saint-
Sulpice. — Bellier, ii. 502 ; Vapereau ; La-
rousse.
SIGNORELLI, LUCA D' EGIDIO DI
VENTURA DE',
born in Cortona in
1441, died there in
1523. Tuscan
school; pupil in
Arezzo of his uncle,
Lazzaro Vasari, and
of Pietro della Fran-
^ cesca, with whom he
remained until
1460. The evident
influence of Antonio Pollajuolo and Andrea
Verrocchio upon Signorelli makes it prob-
able that he spent a portion of his time at
Florence before 1472, and from 1474 to 1476
— years of which no record is preserved — in
182
SIGNORELLI
association with these masters. According
to Vasari, his first work (1472) was the dec-
oration of the chapel of S. Barbara, in S.
Lorenzo at Arezzo, no longer extant. The
first certain notice of him is at Citta di Cas-
tello, in November, 1474, as occupied in
painting the now destroyed colossal figures
of SS. Jerome and Paul on the exterior of
the tower of the City HalL Of the next
four years we know nothing. Vasari tells us
that he painted at Siena, and after finishing
a work at S. Agostino went to Florence to
study dead and living masters, and was em-
ployed by Lorenzo de' Medici ; but the al-
tarpiece at S. Agostino was not painted un-
til 1498, six years after Lorenzo's death.
During an earlier visit to Florence, he per-
haps painted the School of Pan for Lorenzo,
now in the possession of the Marchese Corsi.
His first great works still extant are sup-
posed to be the frescos in the S. Casa at
Loreto, which betray Florentine influence
and the assistance of Don Bartolommeo
della Gatta, whom Signorelli probably knew
at Arezzo in 1472, and by whom he was
called to Loreto between 147C and 1471).
Here Signorelli reveals his identity in the
Apostles, Church Fathers, and Evangelists,
the Conversion of St. Paul, and the Unbeliev-
ing Thomas. About the beginning of Sep-
tember, 1479, he returned to Cortona, where
he was elected one of the priors in the fol-
lowing February. The date of Signorelli's
fresco of the History of Moses, in the Sis-
tine Chapel, is unknown ; but as he was
commissioned to paint it by Sixtus IV., who
died in 1484, it must have been executed
before that year. To this time also belongs
an altarpiece of the Virgin and Saints, paint-
ed for the Vauuucci Chapel, in the Cathe-
dral at Perugia. In the year 1491 he paint-
ed an Annunciation for the Chapel of S.
Carlo, in the Cathedral at Volterra, and a
picture of the Madonna and Saints, now in
the Public Gallery of that city. Being high-
ly esteemed as an artist at Florence, Signo-
relli was made a member of the committee
of artists appointed in 1491 to sit in judg-
ment on designs sent in for the construc-
tion of the facade of the Cathedral. In
1493 and 1494 he painted an Adoration of
the Magi and a Nativity for the Church of
S. Agostino at Citta di Castello, where his
Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, of the year
149(5, is to be seen in the Church of S. Do-
menico. To the latter year also belong the
Descent of the Holy Ghost and the Cruci-
fixion, painted for a standard, but now di-
vided in the Church of S. Spirito at Urbino.
In 1497 Signorelli began to paint eight fres-
cos from the life of St. Benedict, in the clois-
ter of the Convent of Monte Riveto Maggi-
ore, near Siena, still extant, though much
injured. In 1498 he completed an altar-
piece for the Bicchi Chapel, in S. Agostino
at Siena, the wings of which, decorated with
figures of saints, are in the Museum at Ber-
lin. He was at Siena later, in 1506 and
1509, but whether his frescos in the Palazzo
Petrucci were painted then, or at an earlier
period, is uncertain. They represent the
Calumny of Apelles, a Bacchanal, the Chain-
ing and Triumph of Love, Coriolanus, the
Flight of .iEneas and Penelope. Called to
Orvieto to complete the frescos of the Cap-
pella di San Brizio begun by Fra Angelico,
Signorelli employed the greater part of the
years 1500 and 1501 in painting his cele-
brated Last Judgment cycle, upon which
he was more or less occupied up to the year
1504. To 1502 belongs the great altarpiece
of the Virgin and Apostles with the Dead
Christ, in the choir of the Cathedral at Cor-
tona. The altarpiece in S. Medordo at An-
cevia, near Fabriano, was painted in 1507.
In 1513 Signorelli was sent to Rome with a
deputation from Cortona to congratulate Leo
X. on his elevation to the papacy, and it was
at this time that he visited and borrowed
money from Michelangelo, as recorded in
the great artist's well-known letter to the
Capitano di Cortona. This was Signorelli's
last visit to Rome. The remainder of his
life was spent at Cortona, or in its neigh-
bourhood. In 1514 he painted the Madon-
na which still adorns the altar of S. Vin-
183
SILENCE
cenzo in the Church of S. Domenico at
Cortona, and in 1517 the Crucifixion, in the
Church of the Fraternity of the Holy Cross
at La Tratta. Two years later he was com-
missioned to paint a picture for the high
altar of the confraternity of S. Girolamo
Arezzo, now in the Church of the Nuns of
S. Spirito, which, when finished, was brought
there from Cortona (says Vasari) on men's
shoulders. Signorelli visited Arezzo in 1520,
to place the picture ; and Vasari, then eight
years old, saw him and spoke with him, as
he relates. After his return to Cortona,
Triumph of Silenus, Rubens, National Gallery, London.
where he was repeatedly elected to the
magistracy, Signorelli painted a Virgin and
Saints for the Collegiata at Fojano (1523),
and in the next year commenced his last
work, never finished, in the so-called Palaz-
zone — a building erected by the Cardinal
of Cortona about a half mile from the city.
The fresco which represents the Baptism of
Christ is still extant, though much over-
painted. Works : Flagellation, Brera, Mil-
an ; Madonna and Two Prophets, Holy Fam-
ily, Uffizi, Florence ; Virgin, Palazzo Pitti,
ib.; Holy Family, Dresden Gallery; do., !
Palazzo Corsini, Florence ; Circumcision, '
National Gallery, London ; Dead Christ be-
wailed by the Marys and Apostles, choir of
the Cathedral, Cortona ; Communion of the
Apostles (1512), ib.; Altarpiece, Citta di
Castello ; High Altar, Compagnia di S. Nic-
colo, Cortona ; Conception of the Virgin,
Church of the Gesu, ib. ; Virgin and Saints,
Church of S. Cecilia, Citta di Castello ; do.,
Academy, Florence ; A Predella, ib. ; Male
Portrait, Torrigiani Gallery, Florence ; Ad-
oration of the Magi, Predella, Virgin Bead-
ing, Louvre, Paris ; Pieta, Keir, Scotland ;
Nativity, Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Peters-
burg.— R. Vischer, Luca Signorelli (Leip-
sic, 1879) ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 1 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 683 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1875), xi. 105.
SILENCE DU CAR-
RACHE. See Jesus, Sleep
of.
SILENCE DE LA
SAINTE VIERGE. See
Madonna with Diadem.
SILENUS AND SA-
TYRS, Rubens, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; wood, H.
2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 6 in.
Silenus, drunk, with a jug
in his hand, is supported
on one side by a female
satyr, and on the other by
a negress ; in front, two fe-
male satyrs lying on the
ground, one of whom is
1 suckling two young satyrs. Formerly in
Houghton Collection. Engraved by Sout-
man ; Earlom ; Panneels. — Smith, ii. 158 ;
ix. 303.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, 6 ft.
6 in. square. Twelve figures, besides two
goats and a tiger. Silenus, supported on
left by a negro and on right by a satyr, near
whom is an old woman carrying a jug ; a
faun, playing a pipe, precedes, and a young
bacchante, an old woman, and two fauns
follow him ; in foreground, right, a female
satyr, seated, suckles her twins. Engraved
by Bolswert ; Panneels ; Van Orley. Sim-
ilar subject, Berlin Museum and Cassel Gal-
lery.—Smith, ii. 63 ; ix. 264.
184
SILENDS
SILENUS, TRIUMPH OF, Rubens, Blen-
heim Palace ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 8 in. x 9 ft. 6
in. Silenus, staggering between a negro
and a satyr, with three boys with fruit anil
a tiger at his feet, is preceded by a faun
playing a pipe, and followed by two
nymphs, a young satyr, and a nude boy ;
background, a woody landscape. Engraved
by Hodges. Sketch in Louvre. — Waagen,
Treasures, iii. 131 ; Smith, ii. 244.
By Rubens, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. C in. x 6 ft 5£ in. The
drunken demi-god is led along, supported
and accompanied by satyrs, fauns, nymphs,
and children bearing grapes. Nine life-size
figures, three-quarters length. In Rubens's
possession till his death ; in 1640-42 to
Cardinal Richelieu ; then to Regent Due
d'Orleans ; afterwards in Collection of M.
De Tartre, Collection of Lucien Bonaparte
(1816); Collection of Chevalier Bonnemaisou
(1827) ; purchased by Sir R. Peel, £1,100;
to National Gallery in 1871. Engraved by
N. Delaunay. — Cat. Nat. Gal; Art Journal
(1871), 121 ; Smith, ii. 161 ; ix. 305 ; Klas.
der Malerei, PI. 3 ; Reveil, i. 8.
SILLAX, painter, of Rhegium, about 500
B.C. He decorated the Stoa at Phlius with
paintings. — Sillig, 419.
SILO, ADAM, born at Amsterdam in
1670, died there in or after 1760. Dutch
school ; marine painter, pupil of Theodoras
van Pee, having first been a ship builder
and sea captain. His naval battles and
storms were especially prized by Peter the
Great. Works : Calm Sea with Vessels,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Agitated Sea
with do., Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. —
Immerzeel, iii. 88 ; Krarnin, v. 1520.
SILVA, FRANCIS A., born in New York
in 1835, died there, March 31, 1886. Marino
painter, self-taught. After serving through
the Civil War he settled in 1866 in New
York, where he exhibited first at the Nation-
al Academy in 1867. Works : Sunrise in
Boston Harbour ; Gray Day at Cape Ann ;
Bass Rocks ; Sunset on the Coast ; Moon-
rise — Hudson River ; Twilight Hour ; Hud-
son River ; Yacht Magic ; Moonlight on the
Chesapeake ; On the Hudson, Dr. Judson,
St. Petersburg ; Moonrise, E. Van Reussel-
laer, New York ; New London Light, Court-
land Palmer, ib.; Along the Jersey Coast,
T. B. Clarke, ib. ; September Day on the
Coast (1879); Old Town by the Sea (1880);
Midsummer Twilight (1881); Old Connecti-
cut Port (1882); By the Sea-Side (1883);
Monniouth Beach — New Jersey (1884); Pas-
sing Showers, Midsummer Twilight (1885);
Sunrise, Near Atlantic City (1886).
SILVEIRA, BENTO COELHO DA, flour-
ished in the second half of the 17th century,
died in 1708. Portuguese school ; history
painter of great renown in Portugal. His
principal work, a Judith and Holofernes,
was compared to the works of Van Dyck ;
others are to be seen in the Sacristy da
Penha, in S. Jorge, S. Bento, Madre de
Deo, the Franciscans, etc., Lisbon. His
last work was the Finding of the Cross
(1702), Sacristy of S. Pedro.— Nagler, xvi.
407.
SILVESTRE, LOUIS DE, born in Paris,
June 23, 1675, died there, April 12, 17CO.
History and portrait painter, brother of
Louis Silvestre, the elder (1669-1740),
painter, sou of Israel Silvestre (1621-1691),
I engraver to the king, and grandson of
jGilles Silvestre (born 1590), painter, who
was of a Scottish family named Silvester,
j settled in Lorraine since the beginning of
the 16th century. Louis was the pupil of
his father, of Charles Le Bruu, and of Bon
Boullonge. He became a member of the
Academy in 1702, adjunct professor in 1704,
j and professor iu 1706. In 1716 he was
called to the court of Saxony by Augustus
II., who made him his first painter ; in 1726
he became director of the Dresden Academy,
and in 1742 he was ennobled by Augustus
HL of Poland. Having returned to France,
he was chosen rector of the French Acad-
emy in 1748 and director in 1752. Works :
Formation of Man by Prometheus, Minerva
giving life to Man, Montpellier Museum ;
Interview of Empress Amelie with Augustus
186
SIMBRECIIT
III. of Poland and his Family, Hercules pur-
suing Nessus (1732), Augustus the Strong
and Frederick William I., Portraits of Au-
gustus n. and Augustus III. of Poland, of
the latter's Consort, and of Louis XV. of
France, Dresden Gallery ; Augustus III. as
Electoral Prince, Leipsic Museum ; Louis
XIV. receiving at Fontaiuebleau the Elector
of Saxony, Last Supper, Portraits of Fred-
erick Augustus II. of Poland, Marie Joseph
of Austria — Queen of Poland, and the Du-
chesse de Berry, Versailles Museum ; Fall of
Phaoton, Schweriu Gallery ; St. Peter heal-
ing the Sick, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. —
Mariette, Abeccdario, v. 217 ; Bellier, ii.
504; Jal, 1133.
SIMBRECHT (Zimbrecht), MATTHIAS,
born in Munich, early part of 17th cen-
tury, died in Prague in 1680. German
school ; imitated the style of Raphael, whom
he studied in Italy. His colouring is warm
and powerful. Works : Altarpiece, and S.
Rosalia, St. Stephen's Church ; Joachim and
Anna, and Visitation, Gallery of the Estates,
Prague. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 527.
SIMEON-FORT. See Furl.
SIMEON IN THE TEMPLE. See Pres-
entation.
SIMMLER, FRIEDRICH, bornatHanau,
May 4, 1801, died at Aschaffenburg, Nov.
2, 1872. Animal, landscape, and portrait
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Langer and W. Kobell, much influenced by
Wagenbaur, then pupil of Vienna Acad-
emy (1824) ; returned home and went again
to Vienna in 182G ; painted portraits and
went to Italy in 1827, and after his return
painted portraits in Hanover ; then took up
almost exclusively animal painting (1829-
30) at Munich, and from 1832 at Dusseldorf,
whence he returned to Geisenheim in 1835 ;
moved to Aschaffeuburg in 1862 ; often
painted animals in the landscapes of Bock-
ing, Grichen, and Schulten, while Achen- 1
bach and Scheuren supplied the landscape
for his cattle-pieces. Works : Midday Rest
in Pasture (1830), KiJnigsberg Museum ;
Noonday Rest on Lake Starnberg (1833) ;
Wild Bull (1835), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Bull and Sheep (1834), Raczyuski Gallery,
ib. ; Great Dutch Landscape ; Bull with
Two Cows (1835), Potsdam Art Union;
Sheep and Goats, Provinzial Museum, Han-
over ; Bull with Cows Drinking (1835), Stet-
tin Art Union ; Animal-Piece, Wiesbaden
Gallery ; Cows at Pasture in Approaching
Storm (1835). His son, Wilhelm (born at
Geisenheim, Sept. C, 1840), genre painter,
pupil of Dusseldorf Academy, has made a
good reputation with attractive scenes from
huntsmen's life. Works : Sunday Hunters
(1862) ; On the Way Home (1868) ; Going
to Hunt (1869); Dead Poacher and his Chil-
dren ; Game's Crossing-Place (1880). — An-
dresen, i. 131 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 218 ;
Kunst-Chronik, viii. 90 ; Land und Meer
(1873), ii. 752.
SIMMLER, JOSEF, born at Warsaw,
March 14, 1823, died there, March 1, 1868.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Dres-
den Academy, and of Bendemann, then in
Munich of Geuelli, and in Paris of Paul De-
laroche ; on his return to his native land in
1848 he at once came into prominence, but
soon left for Italy, where he studied espe-
cially Raphael in Rome, and Fra Angelico
in Florence. After his return he painted
many stirring scenes from the history of Po-
land, which increased his reputation. Hon-
orary member of St. Petersburg Academy,
1866. Works : Maria Immaculata ; The
Three Marys ; Stoning of St. Matthew ;
Martyrdom of St. Josaphat ; David Singing
Psalms ; Entombment ; Christ on the Cross ;
Wedding of Cupid and Psyche (ceiling in
a palace at Warsaw) ; Painting, Sculpture,
and Architecture ; Death of Queen Barbara ;
Education of King Sigismund ; Captivity
of John of Finland and his Wife ; Oath of
Queen Hedwig.— L'Art (1883), i. 101.
SIMMONS, EDWARD EMERSON, born
at Concord, Mass.; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil in Paris of Jules Lefebvre
and of Boulanger. Honourable mention,
Paris Salon, 1883 ; prize of $2,000, 2d Prize
Fund Exhibition, New York, 1886. Works :
186
KIMON
Study at Concarneau (1882) ; The Winnow-
ers, Corner of the Market (1883) ; Bout de
la cour, Summer (1884); Mother and Child,
Number Two, Low Tide (1885) ; Number
Two, Mother and Child, Number Three, Un
dejeuner — Spain (1886).
SIMON, FRIEDRICH, born at Heidel-
berg iu 1809. Genre painter, pupil of Mu-
nich Academy, and also studied after the mas-
terpieces iu the Pinakothek ; cultivated very
successfully comical genre, and was particu-
larly effective in his popular scenes by lamp
or candle light. Many of them are in pri-
vate collections in Munich. Works : Shoe-
maker's Apprentice in financial Embarrass-
ment (1837) ; Vegetable Vender with Mul-
tiplication Table (1838) ; Two Poachers
(1839) ; Girl at the Window, Miser by Cau-
dle-light, Old Man with Dog performing
(1840) ; Return from Christmas Market ;
Girl feeding Cat ; Poet in the Garret ;
Peasant Girl expecting her Lover (1841) ;
Host examining Glass ; Niglit Watchman
and Drunken Man (1842) ; Journeyman
Travelling ; Poacher iu Alpine Hut (1843) ;
Music Lesson (1844); Priest on his Way to
a Dying Man (by torchlight) ; Poet trying
to chase Cats from the Roof (1845); Appren-
tice with Journeyman's Bundle before Mir-
ror (1851).
SIMONE DI MARTINO (Martini) born
in 1285 (?), died at Avignon, July, 1344.
Sienese school ; son of one Martino and
brother-in-law to Lippo Memmi, whence
Vasari's error in calling him Simone Mem-
mi. Sometimes called also Simone da Siena.
Vasari probably errs in making him the pu-
pil of Giotto, he being obviously a follower
of the purely Sienese manner improved by
Duccio. This is clear from the earliest of
his frescos in the Sala del Consiglio of the
Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, dated 1315. In
1320 he painted for S. Caterina of Pisa an
altarpiece in seven compartments, now dis-
membered, six of the panels being in the
Seminario Vescovile of old S. Caterina, and
the seventh in the Academy. This picture
is in Simoue's best mauuer, the tones being
both powerful and clear, yet it shows how
imperfectly he could express the idea of re-
lief. Another altarpiece, dated 1320, painted
for S. Domenico of Orvieto, is now in the
Fabbricieria of the Duomo, where is also
another equally fine Madonna of the same
period. In Assisi Simone decorated the
whole Chapel of St. Martin with frescos
from the legend of that saint. In 1328 ho
painted iu the Sala del Consiglio in the Pa-
lazzo Pubblico, Siena, a fresco representing
Guidoriccio Fogliani do' Ricci on horseback,
and in 1333, with the aid of Lippo Memmi,
completed the Annunciation now in the
Uffizi, Florence. There is nothing to con-
firm the assertion of Vasari that Simone
painted in Rome and in Florence, and the
frescos in the Campo Santo ascribed to him
are obviously by another hand. In 1338-
39 Simone went to Avignon, where he met
Petrarch, who immortalized him in two of
his sonnets (xlix. and 1. or Ivi. and Ivii.),
and Laura, whose portrait he painted. This
picture is now lost Simono adorned the
portico of the Cathedral at Avignon with
frescos, and the Hall of the Consistory and
two chapels in the Papal Palace, but most
of his work is nearly obliterated. A Christ
among the Doctors, painted at Avignon and
dated 1342, is in the Royal Institution, Liv-
erpool. An altarpiece, once dismembered
and placed in different churches, is now in
the Pisa Gallery. The works of his son Do-
nato, who accompanied him to France, have
perished. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 80, 91 ;
ed. Mil., i. 545 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. GO ; Burck-
hardt, 95, 97, 498, 514; W. <t W., i. 463 ;
Dohme, 2i. ; Sienesische Malerschule ; Liib-
ke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 169 ; Kuust-Chronik,
xix. 219 ; Zeitsch. f. b. K, x. 65.
SIMONE DA PESARO. See Cantarini,
Simone.
SIMONE DA SIENA. See Simone di
Martino.
SIMONETTA, LA BELLA, Sandro Bntti-
cdli, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H 2
ft. x 1 ft 4 in. Profile, in a cap and simple
attire. Portrait of Siinonetta de' Vespucci,
187
SIMONETTI
called by Vasari the mistress of Giuliano de'
Medici ; but it is uncertain whether this be
the portrait of La Simonetta or of another
mistress of humbler origin who became the
mother of Clement VII. It has been en-
graved by Calamatta. Another portrait, for-
merly in the Reiset Collection, Paris, but
now said to be in possession of the Due
d'Aumale, Chautilly, inscribed " Simonetta
Januensis Vespuccia," is more probably the
true Simonetta. A striped scarf is loosely
draped around her nude shoulders, her hair
is braided with pearls, and a serpent-shaped
jewel glitters on her neck. This picture is
ascribed by some to Antonio Pollajuolo. A
third, by Botticelli, belonging to Colonel
Sterling, London, was in the Eoyal Acad-
emy's winter exhibition, 1886. She wears
a brown robe thickly sown witli pearls, a
many-coloured scarf, and a head-dress dec-
orated with pearls and a plume. A fourth,
ascribed to Piero della Francesca, was sold
in London, 188C,in the collection of William
Graham.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 332 ; C. &
C., Italy, ii. 424, 428 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i.
PI. 11 ; Mag. of Art (188G), ix. 4G6.
SIMONETTI, ATTILIO, Cavaliere, born
in Home ; contemporary. Genre painter,
pupil of Fortuny. Professor in Naples.
Works: First Fable (1875); After the Ball
(1876); Via Giuseppe Mancinelli in Palaz-
zolo (1878); Proclamation before the Pan-
theon, E. B. Warren, Philadelphia (John-
ston sale, 1876, $2,725).— Mailer, 492.
SIMONIDES, Greek painter, date un-
known. Pliny says (xxxv. 40 [141]), that he
painted an Agatharcus and a Mnemosyne.
SIMONSEN, NIELS, born in Copenha-
gen, Dec. 10, 1807, died there, Dec. 12,
1885. History painter, pupil of Copenha-
gen Academy, where he first took up paint-
ing, then sculpture, and, on failing to ob-
tain the large gold medal, returned to
painting. Studied in Munich in 1833 ; vis-
ited Tyrol and Italy, and in 1839 Algiers ;
settled in Copenhagen in 1845 ; took part
in the Schleswig wars of 1848 and 1864 ;
travelled in Sweden in 1857, and visited
Rome in 1870. Professor at Copenhagen
Academy in 1854. Member of Munich, Co-
penhagen, and Stockholm Academies. Dane-
brog Order, 1852. Works : Miser ; Corsairs
resting after Combat ; Captured Pirates ;
Death of an African Chief ; Tordenskjold
fighting a Swedish Frigate ; Bivouac after
Battle of Schleswig (1849), Copenhagen Gal-
lery; Battle of Fredericia ; Storming of Fred-
erikstad ; Battle of Idsted ; Swedish Be-
trothal (1862), Copenhagen Gallery ; Scenes
in the Trenches of DybbOl ; Battle of Sand-
Simplicity, Sir Joshua Reynolds, E. F. Watson, England.
elmark ; Naval Fight batween Turks and
Greeks, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Caravan over-
taken by Storm (1855), Christiania Gallery ;
Sailor Smoking seated on a Cannon, New
Pinakothek, Munich.— Weilbach, 634.
SIMPLICITY, Sir Joshua Reynolds, E. F.
Watson, England. Portrait, half-length, of
Sir Joshua's grand-niece, Offy Gwatkin.
Seated under a tree, with her hands in her
lap full of wild flowers. One of the most
charming of Reynolds's child pictures. —
Pulling, Reynolds, 88 ; Stephens, English
Children, by Sir J. R.
188
SIMPSON
SIMPSON, JOHN, born in London in
1782, died there in 1847. Portrait painter,
pupil of Royal Academy, where he exhibited
in 1807. Was assistant, for many years, to
Sir Thomas Lawrence. In 1884 he went to
Lisbon, where he was appointed painter to
the Queen of Portugal. He painted por-
traits of William IV. and of other distin-
guished persons. His son Philip was a por-
trait and subject painter. — Redgrave.
SIMUS, second-rate painter, date and
place unknown. Among his works were a
Youth Reposing, a Fuller's Shop, and a
Nemesis.— Pliny, xxxv. 40 [143] ; Sillig, 421.
SINCERITY, Carlo Dolci, Vienna Muse-
um ; canvas, H. 3 f i 2 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Three-fourths length, crowned with a lily,
emblem of purity, and bearing in right
hand a golden heart, from which rays of
light proceed. — Gal. de Vienne, i. PI. 59.
SENDING, OTTO, born at Kongsberg,
Norway, in 1842. Landscape and marine
painter, pupil in Christiania of Eckersberg,
then in Carlsruhe of Gude and of Riefstahl,
and in 1872-76 at Munich of Piloty ; re-
turned to Norway, visited Italy in 1880, and
settled in Munich ; now at Bodii, Norway.
Honorary member of Munich Academy.
Medals : Philadelphia, 1876 ; Munich, 1883 ;
Berlin, 1886. Works : Autumnal Storm on
Norwegian Coast ; Funeral in the Lofoden ;
Bathing Place in Capri ; Spring in the Lo-
foden (1882), Copenhagen Gallery ; Winter
Evening, Fishermen's Harbour, Summer
Evening in the Lofoden (1882) ; Tarantella
of Italian Fishermen (1883), National Muse-
um, Buda-Pesth ; From Svolvaer in the Lofo-
den (1883), Christiania Gallery ; Burial in
the Lofoden, Sunrise in Lapland, Scene
from Yngliuga Saga (1884). — Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xxi. 822 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 306 ;
xviiL 109, 497 ; xix. 645, 661 ; xx. 352 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 263.
SINGLETON, HENRY, born in London,
Oct. 19, 1766, died there, Sept. 15, 1839.
Pupil of his uncle, William Singleton, min-
iature painter and student at Royal Acad-
emy. Painted portraits and history, and
largely employed as a book illustrator. His
portrait group of the Royal Academicians
(1793) is in the Academy, and his Ariel on a
Bat's Back, and Manto and Tiresias, in the
National Gallery. — Redgrave.
SINIBALDO DA PERUGIA; Roman
school (1507-1528). Real name Sinibaldo
Ibi. One of the feeblest of Perugino's fol-
lowers. Painted Madonna with Saints, dated
1507, in Cathedral of Gubbio ; Madonna en-
throned and Saints, dated 1524, in S. Fran-
cesco Romana, Rome ; and Annunciation,
dated 1528, in Perugia Gallery, where other
pictures are attributed to him. — C. & C.,
Italy, iii. 344 ; Ch. Blanc, I^cole oinbrienne ;
Lanzi, i. 349.
SINKEL, HENRICUS JOHANNES, born
at Almelo, Netherlands, in 1835. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Dflsseldorf
Academy under Karl Milller, in whose spirit
he paints religious pictures in the style of
the Nazarites, with deep feeling and careful
execution. He has travelled in Germany,
the Netherlands, and in 1867 visited Italy.
Medal in Dilsseldorf. Among his portraits
those of the Count and Countess of Spee
(1880), and of the Baroness von Ketteler
(1886) are especially truthful.— Muller, 492.
SIRANI, ELISABETTA, born in Bologna,
Jan. 8, 1638, died there Aug. 28, 1665. Bo-
lognese school ; daughter and pupil of An-
drea Sirani, but became an imitator of Gui-
de's best style. When only seventeen years
old she had acquired such a reputation that
she received orders from many Italian
princes and from foreign sovereigns. Her
brilliant career was cut short, it was sus-
pected by poison, in her twenty -sixth
year. She left more than a hundred and
fifty works, many of them large, and all
carefully executed. Most of them are in
Bologna, in the Gallery and in churches.
Among the best are : Death of Abel, Tu-
rin Gallery ; St. Anthony of Padua, Bo-
logna Gallery ; Charity, Palazzo Sciarra,
Rome. Malvasia gives a full list of them. —
Malvasia, ii. 385 ; Lanzi, iii. 99 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 790, 796.
189
SIRANI
SIRANI, GIOVANNI ANDREA, born in
Bologna, Sept. 4, 1G10, died there, May 21,
1670. Bolognese
school ; pupil of Ca-
vedone, then of Gui-
do, with whom he
remained until his
master's death
(1642). Sirani'ssuc-
-^ ,, \cess in finishing
^W~ " some of Guide's
r works brought him
numerous commis-
sions. His early pictures are in Guide's sec-
ond manner, but he afterwards adopted a
stronger style, somewhat like that of Cara-
vaggio. Works chiefly in Bologna, in the
Gallery and in churches. Among them are :
Crucifixion, S. Benedetto, Bologna ; Concep-
tion of Virgin, Bologna Gallery ; Magdalen,
Supper at the House of the Pharisee (1652),
Church of the Cemetery, Bologna. His
three daughters, Anna, Barbara, and Elisa-
betta, were all painters, but only Elisabetta
acquired reputation. — Malvasia, ii. 386, 408;
Lanzi, iii. 99 ; Ch. Blanc, lOcole bolonaise.
SKARBINA, FRANZ ; contemporary.
Genre painter. Settled in Berlin, where he
is instructor at the Academy. Adherent of
naturalism, which is too often marked by a
lack of artistic feeling. Works : Ceremonial
Visit ; Citizen Card-Players ; Before the
Hotel ; Studies in Strategy ; Frederick the
Great taking a Walk (1878) ; Awakening in
a Dissecting-Room (1878) ; Exchange of
Soul ; Sunset. — Miiller, 493 ; Leixuer, Mod.
K, ii. 2 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 282 ;
D. Rundschau, ix. 476 ; xiii. 337 ; xvii. 312.
SKOVGAARD, PETER KRISTIAN, born
at Hammerhus, near Ringsted, Zealand,
April 4, 1817, died in Copenhagen, April 13,
1875. Landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy in 1831 ; was at first a house
painter, devoting his leisure to landscape.
Visited Rome and Naples in 1854 and in
1869. Member of Copenhagen Academy in
1864, and professor. Medals : Copenha-
, :;- ^,, gen, 1845 and 1846.
Works : Moonlight
(1836); Summer
Afternoon on Inland
Lake ; Twilight in
a Wood ; Forest
Lake ; View of Fred-
eriksvaerk (1839),
Oak Tree near Jae-
gerspriis (1843),
Creek near Dron-
ningemollen (1844), View of Skarrit Lake,
Sunny Day in Deer Park (1848), Highway
by Castle Vognserup (1849), Summer Day
in Deer Park (1875), Pond of Molledammen,
Northern Coast of Zealand (1860), Female
Portrait (1860), Copenhagen Gallery. His
sons, Joachim (born Nov. 18, 1856) and
Niels (born Nov. 2, 1858), are promising
landscape and animal painters. — Weilbach,
637 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 457 ; Sigurd Miil-
ler, 321.
SLAVE SHIP, Joseph M. W. Turner,
Thornton K. Lothrop, Boston, Mass.; can-
vas. A slave ship driven ashore in a storm ;
the slaves have been thrown overboard, and
some of them are struggling, with their
manacles on, in the surf. Long owned by
John Ruskin, from whom bought by J. Tay-
lor Johnston, New York, at whose sale
(1876) sold for $10,000 to Miss Alice
Hooper, who left it to the son of Thornton
Lothrop, Boston. — Ruskin, Mod. Painters.
SLEEP OF JESUS. See Madonna with
Diadem.
SLINGELANDT, PIETER CORNELISZ
VAN, born at Leyden, Oct. 20, 1640, died
there, Nov. 7, 1691. Dutch school; genre
painter, pupil of Gerard Dou, of whom he
was the most conscientious and patient im-
itator. Works : Family Group, National
Gallery, London ; Domestic Scene, Woman
Sewing and Child in Cradle, Bucking-
ham Palace, ib.; Kitchen with Man offer-
ing Partridges to the Cook, Bridgewater
Gallery, ib. ; Mother reproving Girl, Mr.
100
SLINGENEYER
Baring's Collection, ib. ; Meerman Family,
Male Portrait (1656), Kitchen Utensils,
Louvre; Musical Par-
ty in a Kitchen, Male
Portrait, Amsterdam
Museum ; Male Por-
trait (1671), Rotter-
dam Museum ; The
Cook, Portrait of a
Young Man, Berlin
Museum ; Dutch In-
teriors (2, one dated
1683), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Interior of El-
egant Dutch House (1668), Young Woman
teasing Parrot, Copenhagen Gallery ; Inter-
rupted Music Lesson (1672), Poultry Vend-
er (1673), Songstress, Dresden Museum ;
Interior of Slaughter-House, Portrait of a
Lady, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Sailor
Drinking, Leipsic Museum ; Tailor's Shop,
Woman sewing at Window, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Shoemaker's Shop (1670), Violin
Player, Old Beggar, Schwerin Gallery ; Man
with Glass of Beer, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; Family Group, Czernin Gal-
lery, Vienna; Money-Chauger and
Wife, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.; others
* wick, and Stock-
holm Galleries. —
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 410 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 92 ; Kramm, v.
1527.
SLINGENEYER, ERNEST, born at Loo-
christy, near Ghent, May 29, 1823. Histo-
ry painter, pupil of Wappers. Member of
Brussels Academy. Commander of Leopold
Order. Works : Sinking of the Vengeur
(1845), Cologne Museum ; Triumph of
Chlodio ; Death of Captain Jacobsen (1845) ;
Death of Nelson (1850); Philip the Good in
the Battle of Brouwershaven (1852) ; Chris-
tian Martyr (1860) ; Sea Fight ; Battle of
Lepanto, Vesalius the Physician in Army
of Charles V., Brussels Museum ; Camoens ;
Italian genre pictures. In fresco : 12 sub-
jects from Belgian history, Palais des Aca-
demies, Brussels. — Immerzeel, Hi. 93 ; Mttl-
ler, 493.
SLUIS, JACOBUS VAN DER, born at
Leydeu in 1660, died there in 1736. Dutch
school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil of
Arie de Vois, and of Slingelandt, in whose
style he painted assemblies and festivals,
full of merry figures of excellent execution
and brilliant colouring. Works : Young
People hanging Nets between Trees, Alle-
gories (2, one dated 1684), Lady and Gen-
tleman in Garden Pavilion (1699), Leyden
Museum.
SMALA, CAPTURE OF THE. See Abd-
el-Kader.
SMEDLEY, W. T., born in Chester
County, Pa., in 1858. Genre painter, self-
taught. First exhibited at National Acad-
emy in 1881. Member of Society of Amer-
ican Artists. Studio in New York. Works :
Weekly Mail, Embarrassment (T. B. Clarke,
New York), Tired Out (1881); Dorothy,
Golden Rod (1883).
SMEYERS, GILLES, born at Mechlin in
1635, died there in 1710. Flemish school ;
history painter, pupil of Jan Verhoeven ;
master of the guild in 1657, its treasurer
in 1682. Works : St. Norbert consecrating
Deacons, Death of St. Norbert, Brussels
Museum ; Group Portrait of Corporation
(1695), Museum, Mechlin ; Benefits of Holy
Trinity, The Three Modes of Slavery, St.
John's, ib. ; Raising of Lazarus, Disciples at
Emrnaus, Seminary, ib. His son and pupil
Jacques (1657-1732), master in 1688, paint-
ed history, portrait, and genre. — Michiels,
x. 473 ; Siret (1883), ii. 278.
SMIBERT, JOHN, born in Edinburgh in
1684, died in Boston in 1751. Portrait
painter ; obtained some elementary instruc-
tion at Edinburgh, where he brought him-
self into notice by the portrait of a young
negro from Martinique. Then followed a
short residence in London, where he studied
in Sir James ThornhiU's Academy, and three
years' work in Italy, where the Grand Duke
of Tuscany employed him to paint the por-
traits of some Siberian Tartars to be sent
131
SMIBERT
as a present to the Czar. On his return to
London he was patronized by the Earl of
Bristol, and, having renewed his acquaint-
ance with Bishop Berkeley, whom he had
met in Italy, was engaged by him as pro-
fessor of fine arts in the projected college at
Bermuda. He accordingly accompanied the
Bishop and his party to America, and landed
at Newport in January, 1729. Smibert then
went to Boston, established himself as a
portrait painter, and on July 30, 1730, mar-
ried Mary Williams, by whom he had sev-
eral children. After the collapse of the
Bermuda project, when Bishop Berkeley
went to Boston to sail for England in the
autumn of 1731, Smibert painted him and
his family. The picture was presented to
Yale College in 1808. Copley is said to
have been Smibert's pupil, but this is un-
certain. Portraits : Mrs. M. S. Alford (E.
Winslow, Boston); R. Ball (H. H. Edes,
Charlestown) ; Cardinal Bentivoglio, copy
from Van Dyck, Harvard College ; Mrs. F.
Briuley and child (1729-30), E. L. Brinley,
Philadelphia ; Th. Bulfinch (Mrs. T. Swett,
Boston) ; Mr. and Mrs. Chandler (Mrs. F.
Dexter, Boston) ; Benj. Codman (1734), Har-
vard College ; Governor Endicott, Peter
Faueuil, Rev. J. and Mrs. Gee, Massachu-
setts Historical Society ; Judge I. Gerrish
(Miss S. D. Barrett, Boston) ; S. and Mrs.
Greenleaf (R. E. Ap thorp, Boston) ; Two
Children of Loring family, F. C. Loring,
Boston ; Hon. B. Lynde and wife (1738),
Dr. F. E. Oliver, Boston ; J. McSparran
and wife, Mrs. Dr. Elton, Dorchester ; Hon.
D. and Mrs. Oliver, portraits of their three
sons, David, Andrew, and Peter, and of
Mrs. Andrews (Dr. F. E. Oliver, Boston);
A. Pepperell (E. Winslow, Boston); Judge
Ed. Quincy, two portraits (one in Art Mu-
seum, Boston, and the other in Quincy
family); J. Sewell (Salisbury family, Bos-
ton); Chief-Justice Sewell (Messrs. Ridg-
way, Boston) ; Mrs. J. Smibert, artist's wife,
Massachusetts Historical Society ; W. Ty-
ler, New England Historical and Genealog-
ical Society ; Captain Th. and Mrs. Ship-
pard (1750); Patrick (17GO) and Mrs. Tracy
(1754), Colonel H. Lee, Boston.— Bishop
Berkeley's Works, iv. 189; W. H. Whit-
more, Notes concerning Peter Pelham (Cam-
bridge, 1867), 17 ; A. T. Perkins, Sketches
of Blackburn and Smibert, Proceedings of
Mass. Hist. Soc., viii. 385.
SMIBERT, NATHANIEL, born in Bos-
ton, Jan. 20, 1734, died there, Nov. 8, 1756.
Portrait painter, son and pupil of John Smi-
bert. Mentioned by Judge Cranch in a
letter to Dr. John Eliot as " one of the most
amiable youths I was ever acquainted with,"
to which he adds : " Had his life been
spared he would probably have been in his
day what Copley and West have since been,
the honour of America in imitative art."
Portraits : John Lovell, Harvard College ;
Dorothy Wendell (Dr. J. L. Hale, Boston).
— AV. H. Whitmore, Notes concerning Pe-
ter Pelham, 17 ; Duulap, i. 31 ; A. T.
Perkins, Proceedings of Mass. Hist. Soc.
(1878).
SMTLLIE, GEORGE HENRY, born in
New York, Dec.
29, 1840. Land-
scape painter,
son of James
Smillie the en-
graver, and pu-
pil of James M.
Hart. In 1871
sketched in the
Rocky Moun-
tains and Yo-
semite Valley;
visited Florida in 1874. First exhibited in
the National Academy in 1863 ; elected an
A. N. A. in 1864, and N. A. in 1882. Mem-
ber of Society of American Artists. Studio
in New York. Works in oil : Lake in the
Woods (1872) ; Goat Pasture (1879) ; Flor-
ida Lagoon (1875) ; Merrimac River (1882) ;
At Marblehead Neck — Mass. (Henry Ir-
ving), On the Massachusetts Coast (1883);
Summer Morning on Long Island, Over the
Hill to the Poor-House — Salisbury, Mass.
(1884). Water-colours : Sentinel Rock —
198
SMILLIE
Yosemite Valley (1872); Near Portland-
Maine (1881) ; Pigeon Cove (1882) ; Willows
at Newburyport (1883) ; Morning along
Shore (1884) ; Normandy Farm, Showery
Day on Massachusetts Coast, Song of Sum-
mer (1885) ; Near Kennebunk, Long Island
Farm (188G).
SMILLIE, JAMES DAVID, born in New
York, Jan. 16, 1833.
Landscape painter,
son of James Smil-
lie, by whom he
was educated as an
engraver ; but in
1864 he turned his
attention to paint-
ing, which he
studied without a
master. Sketched
at different times
among the great mountain ranges of the
United States ; in 1862 made a short trip
abroad. A fellow of the Painter-Etchers
Society of London, member of the Society
of American Artists and of the Society of
Painters in Water-Colours, of which he was
president in 1873-78. Elected an A.N.A.
in 1866, and N.A. in 1876. Studio in
New York. Works in oil : Up the Hill-
side ; Evening among the Sierras of Cali-
fornia ; Lifting of the Clouds — White Moun-
tains ; Adirondacks (1879) ; Cedar Meadow
— Poughkeepsie (1880) ; Evening Shadows
(1881); Old Orchard, Cathedral Rocks—
Yosemite (1883) ; Near Morblehead — Mass.,
Pond's Outlet (1884). Water-colours; Scrub-
Race on the Western Prairies ; Study from
Nature— Au Sable River (1876); Track of the
Torrent — Adirondacks; Stray Lambs near
Montrose— Pa. (1884) ; Fallow Field, Cliffs
of Normandy (1885); Harbour Island— Lake
George, Summer Sea on Coast of France
(1886).— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 524.
SMIRKE, ROBERT, born at Wigton,
near Carlisle, in 1752, died in London, Jan.
5, 1845. Apprenticed to a heraldry painter
in 1766 ; entered Royal Academy schools in
1772, and exhibited first in 1786; A.R.A.
in 1791, and R.A. in 1793. Was the princi-
pal of the early English genre painters, tak-
ing his subjects mostly
from the English poets
and from Cervantes,
but was chiefly em-
ployed as a book illus-
trator. Works : Maw-
worm, Dr. Cantwell
and Old Lady Lambert
(Bickerstaffe's "Hyp-
ocrite ") ; Scenes from
"Don Quixote" (15),
National Gallery, London. — Redgrave ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 299.
SMIT, A. (Andries, Arnout?), nourished
second half of 17th century. Dutch school.
Marine painter in the stylo of Bakhuyzen ;
perhaps identical with Andries Smit, who
became a citizen of Amsterdam in 1699.
Works: Agitated Sea with Vesesls (1678),
Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (2), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Storm at Sea, Mannheim Gallery;
do., on Rocky Coast, four others, Schwerin
Gallery.— Schlie, 585.
SMITH, ARCHIBALD GARY, born hi
New York, Sept. 4, 1837. Marine painter ;
pupil of M. F. H. Do Haas. Exhibits at the
National Academy. Studio in New York.
Works : Yacht Eva (1869), L. L. Lorillard,
New York; Windy Day (1876); Yacht
Dauntless (1877), Philip Schuyler, New
York ; Perils of the Sea (1878) ; Marino
(1879); Stiff Breeze (1880) ; Off Cuttyhunk
(1881) ; Yacht Columbia, Lester Wallack,
New York ; Yacht Sappho, William P.
Douglass, ib. ; Yacht Wanderer, James
Stilhnan, ib. ; and others. Mr. Smith is
well known also as a yacht designer.
SMITH, CALVIN RAE, bom in New
York in 1850. Genre painter, pupil of the
National Academy, New York, and in Paris
of the ficole des Beaux Arts, Carolus-Duran,
Diogone Maillart, and Adolph Yvon. Was in
France and Italy in 1874-79. First exhib-
ited in the Paris Salon in 1878. Is assistant
professor in the antique school of the National
Academy. Works : Little Italian (1878) ; A
193
SMITH
Good Joke (1880) ; Little Marauders (1881) ;
Little Bookworm, Peggy (1882); Clear the
Way ! (1883) ; Workers and Idlers (1884).
SMITH, FEANCIS HOPKINSON, bom
in Baltimore, Md., Oct. 23, 1838. Land-
scape painter ; self-educated. Paints in oil,
but works cliiefly in water-colour and char-
coal. Member of the Water Colour Society,
New York. Studio in New York. Works
in oil : Old Cedars — Franconia Mountains,
Darkling Wood (1876) ; Galilee by the Sea
(1880). Water-colours : Summer in the
Woods (1871) ; Old Man of the Mountains
(1874) ; Overlook Falls (1875) ; Under the
Leaves (1877) ; Deserted, Charles F. Have-
meyer, New York ; Cool Spot, J. J. Astor,
ib. ; Looking Seaward, Old Smithy (1878) ;
Grand Canal — Venice, Market Place — Sev-
ille (1884). Published (1887) a volume of
sketches entitled "Well- Worn Roads."
SMITH, FRANK HILL, born in Boston
in 1841. Portrait, figure, and landscape
painter and decorator ; pupil in architecture
of Haminatt Billings, Boston ; studied in
the Atelier Suisse and under Bonnat in
Paris, where he spent six years ; and painted
in Belgium, Holland, and Italy. Studio in
Boston. Works : Venice, Hon. William
Claflin, Mass. ; Venice, Somerset Club, Bos-
ton ; Portrait of Two Children (1873). Has
devoted himself largely to architecture
painting, and has decorated buildings in
Holyoke, Boston, and Cambridge.
SMITH, GEORGE, born in Chichester,
England, in 1714, died there, Sept. 17, 1776.
Painted landscapes and rural subjects after
the manner of Claude and Poussin, which
were lauded beyond their merits ; fashion
placed him in the first rank, poets apostro-
phized him, and Woollet, Elliot, Peak, and
Vivares engraved his works. He and his
brothers, William (1707-1764), who painted
portraits, landscapes, and fruits and flowers ;
and John (1717-1764), who painted land-
scapes, were known as the Smiths of Chi-
chester.— Redgrave.
SMITH, HENRY PEMBER, born in
Waterford, Conn., Feb. 20, 1854. Marine
painter; self-taught. Professional life passed
in New York. Exhibits at the National
Academy and at the American Water Colour
Society. Studio in New York. Works :
Approaching Storm on French Coast (1879) ;
Off the Bishops— Coast of Wales (1880) ;
Moor in Cornwall — England, W'recked on a
Rocky Shore (1881) ; Summer Afternoon in
Normandy, Hurricane at Sea (1882) ; Early
Moonrise on English Coast (1883) ; In the
Gulf Stream off Newfoundland, Summer in
France (1884). Water-colours : Mid Ocean
(T. B. Clarke, New York), Sunset at Sea
(1884) ; Old Oaks (1885) ; Last Gleam,
Morning in Northern Italy (1886).
SMITH, THOMAS LOCHLAN, born in
Glasgow, Scotland, Dec. 2, 1835, died in
New York, Dec. 5, 1884. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of George H. Boughton in Albany
in 1850. Painted chiefly winter scenes ; re-
moved in 1862 to New York, where he was
elected an A.N.A. in 1870. Works : Home-
stead in Winter (1871) ; Grove in Winter
(1872) ; Deserted House, Eve of St. Agnes
(Saville Collection, Boston), Woods in Au-
tumn, do. in Winter (1873), J. H. White,
ib. ; Gloaming (1879); Evening Service —
Winter Time (1880); Woodland Farm
(1881) ; Winter Night in Markham Hollow
(1883) ; Over the Snowy Fields, Old Saw-
Mill in Winter (1884).
SMITH, WTILLIAM RUSSELL, born in
Scotland ; contemporary. He was taken in
youth to America, where his family settled
in Pittsburg, Pa. ; studied landscape paint-
ing under Lambdin in Philadelphia. He
painted stage scenery in Pittsburg and
Philadelphia before taking a studio in the
latter city, where his professional life has
been spent. Works : Cave at Chelton Hills
(1876) ; Civita Castellana, Mrs. J. Harrison,
Philadelphia ; Near Carrara, F. Rogers, ib.
SMITH-HALD, FRITHJOF, born at
Christiansand, Norway ; contemporary.
Landscape painter, pupil of Gude ; Medals
in Nice, Antwerp, and New Orleans ; Ber-
lin, 1886. Studio in Paris. Works : Return
of Fishermen — Norway, Morning Walk
194
SMITH-LEWIS
(1879) ; Steamboat Wharf in Norway, Win-
ter Evening in Norway (1880) ; Winter
Morning on Coast of Norway (1881); Moon-
Rise, Return from Mass (1882) ; Morning
in Cornwall, Unrest (1883); The Old Net
(1884), Luxembourg Museum ; Morning at
the Christiania Fjord (1884) ; Sunset near
Trondhjem, Calm in a Fjord (1885); Bau-
daksvanclet Lake, Norway (1886).
SMITH-LEWIS, JOHN, born at Burling-
ton, Vt. ; contemporary. Genre painter,
pupil in Paris of Ernest Hubert. Mention
honourable, Paris Salon, 1886. Work: Gath-
ering Varech in a Storm (1886).
SMITHS OF CHICHESTER. See Smith,
George.
SMITS, EUGENE, born in Antwerp in
1826. History and landscape painter, pupil
of Brussels Academy and of Triqueti in
Paris. Visited Italy in 1861-64, also Ger-
many and Holland. Medals, Brussels, 1866 ;
Order of Leopold, 1870 ; Officer, 1881 ;
Order of Francis Joseph of Austria. Studio
in Brussels. Works: Roma, King of Bel-
gium ; Seasons, Brussels Museum ; Santa
Trinita de' Monti ; Neptune Festival ; Mir-
ror ; Roman Garden ; Diana ; Convales-
cence ; Souvenir of Naples. — Mailer, 325.
SMOUT, LUCAS, the younger, born at
Antwerp, baptized Feb. 27, 1671, died there
April 6, 1713. Flemish school; marine
painter, son of Lucas Smout, the elder (his-
tory painter, 1620-74), and pupil of Hendrik
van Minderhout. Works : Coast View with
Country House and Figures, do. with Ro-
man Monuments, Cattle and Figures, Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Naval Battle in Kjoge Bay, 1710,
Hofrath C. Rost, Dessau.— Schlie, 587; Van
den Branden, 1056 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi.
347 ; xvii. 62.
SNAKE CHARMER (Le charmeur de
serpents), Mariano Fortuny, A. T. Stewart
Collection, New York ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 6 in.
x 4 ft. An Arab, with shoulders and legs
bare, is lying flat on a rug spread on the
ground, holding in his left hand a rod and
intently watching a serpent crawling towards
him ; behind him, another Arab, seated,
holding a musical instrument in his lap;
at left, a stork standing over the serpent.
Painted in 1870. Same subject, Edouard
Andre, Paris. Etched by Boilvin. — Gaz. des
B. Arts (1875), xi. 278.
SNAKE IN THE GRASS, Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
4 ft 1 in. x 3 ft 3 in. A girl seated on a
Snake in the Grass, Sir Joshua Reynolds, National Gallery, London.
bank is sporting with Cupid, who has seized
both ends of her girdle and is untying it ;
in the grass by her side, the head of a snake ;
in background, n red curtain. Exhibited
at Royal Academy, 1785, under title of
Venus. Painted for Lord Carysfort, who
paid 200 guineas for it. Subsequently called
Love unloosing the Zone of Beauty, and
later, Snake in the Grass, the snake possibly
being intended as an emblem of Cupid.
Purchased with the Peel pictures in 1871.
Duplicate in Soane Museum, London ; an-
other in Baron Rothschild's Collection ; a
third in Hermitage, St. Petersburg, called
Venus and Cupid. Engraved by J. R.
Smith (1787) ; S. W. Reynolds ; H. Robin-
son.—Cat Nat. Gal.; Leslie & Taylor, iL
IDS
SNAPHAAN
538 ; Art Journal (1872), 300 ; Walpole, An-
ecdotes.
SNAPHAAN (Schnaphan), ABRAHAM,
born in Leyden, Nov. 2, 1651, died Sept. 1,
1691. Dutch school; portrait and genre
painter in the manner of the elder Frans
van Mieris. His best pictures are often con-
founded with those of Willem van Mieris.
He was court painter to the prince of An-
halt-Dessau. "Work : Lady at Toilet receiv-
ing Letter, Berlin Museum. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 544.
SNAYERS, PEETER, born in Antwerp,
baptized Nov. 24,
1592, died in
Brussels in 1667.
Flemish school ;
painter of battles,
camp scenes, por-
traits, and land-
Ifc scapes, pupil of
Hendrik van Ba-
len and of Sebas-
tian Vrancx ; en-
tered the guild in 1613 ; court painter at
Brussels in 1624 to Archduke Albert and to
Cardinal Infant Ferdinand. "Works : Battle
of the Forty, Hampton Court ; 'Siege of
Courtrai (1650), Battles of Prague, of Wimpf-
fen, and of Hoechst, Brussels Museum ;
Cavalry Charge, Combat of Horsemen, Ghent
Museum ; Forest Path with Wanderers, De-
fence of a Village, Berlin Museum ; Battle
Field of Pa via, Male Portrait, Cassel Gallery ;
Travelling Coach attacked by Horsemen (?),
Darmstadt Museum ; Traveller in Moun-
tainous Country (1669), Robbers attacked
by Armed Men, three others, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Pantry with Game, Fruit, etc., Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Battle on "White Moun-
tain near Prague, Battle between Spaniards
and Hollanders, Schleissheim Gallery ; Rais-
ing of Siege of Louvain (1639), Defeat at
Grancourt (1641), Battle of Thionville (1642),
Battle of Ltitzen (1642), Siege of Einbeck
(1644), Relief of St. Omer (1645), Taking
of Neuburg (1645), Encounter at Presnitz
(1648), Relief of Freiburg (1648), Crossing
of the Somme (1662), Attack of Grancourt,
Engagement near Munich in 1648, three
others, Museum, Vienna ; Skirmish by For-
est Border (1657), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
Cavalry Skirmish, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Capt-
ure of Ypres, Lille and Dunkirk, Nocturnal
Attack on Lille, Siege of Gravelines, and
thirteen others, Madrid Museum. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 339 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Kramm, v. 1534 ; Michiels, vii. 272 ; Rooses
(Reber), 409 ; Van den Branden, 666.
SNELLTNCK (SneUinx), JAN, the elder,
born in Mech-
lin in 1549, died
in Antwerp,
Oct. 1, 1638.
Flemishschool;
history painter;
settled at Ant-
w e r p before
1574. Velvet
Brueghel and
his son, and
most of the painters of the epoch, were his
friends. Archduke Albert, to whom he was
court painter, and the churches of Flanders
employed his brush extensively. Van Dyck
painted his portrait. Designed carpet pat-
terns for factory at Oudenarde. His most
interesting work is : Crucifixion (1597), Mu-
seum, Antwerp. Other works : Madonna
with singing Angels and St. Cecilia, St.
James's, ib. ; Altarpiece with Resurrection
(1601), St. Romuald's, Mechlin ; Descending
of the Holy Ghost (1606), St. Catharine's,
ib.; Creation of Adam (1608), Church of
Our Lady, Oudenarde ; Transfiguration of
Christ (1616), Annunciation, St. Walpurgis,
5NELLINCK-
ib. Five of his sons were painters. — Ch.
Blanc, ficole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'An-
vers(1874), 342 ; Kramm, v. 1535 ; Michiels,
vi. 221 ; Rooses (Reber), 109 ; Siret (1883),
ii. 281 ; Van den Brauden, 431.
SNYDERS
SNYDERS, FRANS, born in Antwerp,
baptized Nov. 11, 1579, died there, Aug. 19,
1657. Flemish
school ; animal and
still-life painter,
pupil of Pieter
Brueghel, the
younger, and of
Hendrik van Balen;
master of the guild
in 1602; visited Ita-
ly in 1608-9; paint-
ed especially for
Philip IV. of Spain and Archduke Leopold
William, and was held in great affection by
Rubens, who in his will appointed him, with
Jan Wildens and Jacob Moermans, to preside
over the sale of his objects of art ; often
worked conjointly with Rubens and Jordaens,
and Van Dyck repeatedly painted his por-
trait. Works : Bear Hunt, Lion Hunt,
Grosvenor Gallery, London ; Still -Life,
South Kensington Museum, ib. ; Fox Hunt,
Fable of the Hare and the Tortoise, do. of
the Lion and the Mouse, Fox and Cat, Wild
Beasts fighting for Prey, seventeen others,
Madrid Museum ; Earthly Paradise, Entry
of Animals into Noah's Ark, Stag Hunt, five
others, Louvre ; Dead Game and Fruits,
Brussels Museum ; Swans and Dog, Still-
Life, Antwerp Museum ; Stag Hunt (land-
scape by Rubens), Kitchen (figures by Ru-
bens), Hague Museum ; Still-Life (2), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Boar attacked by Dogs,
Rotterdam Museum ; Dog seizing Heron,
Musee Rath, Geneva ; Bird Catching, Still-
Life, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ;
Boar Hunt, Greyhounds, Brunswick Gallery ;
Great Kitchen-Piece, two others, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Combat of Animals, Stag Hunt, Stii-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Swans and Ducks
attacked by Dogs, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Game and Fruit, Various Fruits, Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Hunts and Still- Life (5),
Stockholm Museum ; fourteen pictures, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; four Dogs' Heads,
Still- Life, Cock Fight (1615), Bear Hunt
(attributed), Berlin Museum ; Boar Hunt,
Raczynski Gallery, ib.; Kitchen (figures by
Rubens), nine others, Dresden Gallery ;
Two Lions pursuing Deer (masterpiece),
Boar Hunt, Greengrocer's Stall, four others,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Boar Hunt, Dead
Game watched by Dogs, Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Fish Market (2), Kitchen with
Dead Birds (16U), Oldenburg Gallery ;
Fruit Festoon around Christ and St. John
(figures by Rubens), Falcon Chase, Schleiss-
heim Gallery ; Boar Hunt, Fox Hunt, Stag
Hunt, Daniel in Lions' Den (after Rubens),
Earthly Paradise, Deer Hunt, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Hen defending herself against Fal-
con, Pesth Museum ; Boar Hunt, Uffizi,
Florence ; Fruit, _, />
The Greengro- ^ J jy
cer, New York
Museum.-Ch. f
Blanc, Ecole fla- ' •
mande ; Immer-
zeel, iii. 97 ; Kramm, v. 1537 ; Michiels, vii.
408 ; Rooses (Reber), 255 ; Van den Bran-
den, 672 ; Zeitschr. f . b. K., xi. (Mitthei-
lungen, iv. 45).
SNYERS, PEETER, born in Antwerp,
March 30, 1681, died there, May 4, 1752.
Flemish school ; landscape, flower, portrait,
and genre painter, pupil of Alexander van
Bredael ; master of Antwerp guild in 1707 ;
visited London, where he painted many por-
traits ; returned in 1726, and was director
of the Antwerp Academy. Works : Moun-
tainous Landscape, Antwerp Museum ;
y^v * Worn an Me r-
f/ I | chant, Amster-
U ^Jn^Y6^^ <*<*m Museum;
/ Poultry Yard,
^^ Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg. — Kramm, v. 1539 ; Mi-
chiels, x. 478 ; Van den Brandcn, 1207.
SOCRATES, Greek painter, probably pu-
pil of Pausias, from the way he is men-
tioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40 [137]), who says
his pictures were universally esteemed. —
Sillig, 424.
SOCRATES, DEATH OF, Louis David,
Mine, la Marquise de Verac ; canvas, H. 3
SODEKMARK
ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Socrates, seated in a
vaulted apartment, surrounded by his grief-
stricken disciples, is about to take the cup
of hemlock from the executioner, who averts
his face as he presents it. Painted for M.
Trudaine ; belonged afterwards to M. Mi-
cault de Courbeton. Engraved (1802) by
Jean Massard, pere. — Be veil, i. 59.
SODERMAEK, JOHAN PEE, born at
Stockholm, June 3, 1822. Portrait painter,
son of the Swedish lieutenant-colonel and
portrait painter Olaf Johan Sodermark
(1799-1848), pupil of Stockholm Academy,
while at the same time in the army ; went
with his father to Italy in 1845, returned
via France in 1848, then studied at the Dus-
seldorf Academy in 1852-54, and in Paris
under Couture in 1855-56. Has painted
many distinguished persons of his native
country ; member of Stockholm Academy.
Socrates, Death of, Louis David, Mme. la Marquise de VeVac.
SODOMA, IL, Cavaliere, born at Vercelli,
in Savoy, in 1477 (?), died in Siena, Feb. 15,
1549. Lombard and Sienese schools. Va-
sari says he had many nicknames, among
others Mattaccio (crazy fellow), because he
was noted as a lover of fun and of practical
jests. Real name Giovanni Antonio Bazzi,
wrongly called Razzi by Lanzi and others.
Pupil of Martino Spanzotti, a mediocre paint-
er of Casale ; studied next in Milan, perhaps
under Leonardo, 1498-1501, in which latter
year he fixed his residence at Siena, where
he founded a new school which had a brill-
iant though short
existence. The
extant works of
Bazzi's first Sien-
ese period, 1501-
1507, distin-
guished by purity
of style and very
careful execution,
are the Birth of
Christ, and the
Deposition from the Cross, in the Siena
Academy ; the frescos of the Miracle of the
Loaves and Fishes, a Pietii, Majesty of St.
Anna, a Bishop and Dominican Monks, in
the Cloister of St. Anna in Greta, near Pi-
enza ; and those of the History of St. Bene-
dict, at Monte Olivetto, near Buonconvento.
In 1507 or 1508 Bazzi ac-
companied Agostino Chigi
to Rome, where he was em-
ployed by Julius EC. with
Perugino on the decoration
of the ceiling of the Camera
della Segnatura in the Vat-
ican, until both were dis-
placed by Raphael. Noth-
ing remains of his work but
the flying genii bearing the
papal shield in the central
compartment of the ceiling.
Disappointed in his hopes
of further employment,
Bazzi returned to Siena in
1510, leaving as a record
of his two or three years' residence in Rome
two pictures in the Palazzo Borghese, a
Leda and the Swan, of a Leonardesque
character, and a Pieta. Examples of the
next four years' work (1510-1514) at Siena
are : Flagellation, Christ bound to the
Column, Academy, one of his finest crea-
tions for expression, bodily form, individual
character, and colouring ; and Madonna
with Saints, Turin Gallery, which shows
that the master had then attained the full
198
SOGGI
measure of his powers. In 1514 he went
for the second time to Borne, and in the
course of a year's residence painted the
renowned frescos in the upper story of the
Farnesina, the Marriage of Alexander the
Great and Roxana, and the Surrender of
Darius and his Family to Alexander, the
first of which is one of the most admirable
works of Renaissance art Though abound-
ing in beauty of form, countenance, and
colour, it fails, like all Bazzi's historical
works, in that instinctive arrangement of
many details into one great whole which
constitutes fine composition. It is in his
single figures, the St. Sebastian, of the Uffizi,
and the Christ bound to the Column, of the
Siena Academy, that this master attains the
highest excellence. The frescos of the Life
of St. Catherine (152G) in her chapel in S.
Domenico, Siena, show this ; for while those
which contain many figures are wanting in
clearness, such groups as that of the Saint
in ecstasy, supported by two women, are
among the most expressive and beautiful
works of their kind in Italy. His superior-
ity in single figures is again illustrated in
the frescos of the Oratory of S. Bernardino,
Siena, by a comparison of the four Saints
with the compositions representing the
Presentation, Visitation, Assumption, and
Coronation of the Virgin (1518-32). See,
too, the Saints Ansano, Vittorio, and Ber-
nardo in the Hall of the Council, Palazzo
Pubblico, Siena, where there is also a fine
altarpiece by Bazzi of the Madonna with St.
Leonardo. Other works : Madonna cle' Cal-
zolari (1530), Siena ; SS. James, Anthony,
and Sebastian (1530), the Madonna invest-
ing a Bishop, with SS. Rosalia and Lucia,
S. Spirito, Florence ; Ecce Homo, Christ on
the Mount of Olives, Christ in Limbo, fres-
cos, Siena Academy ; Altarpiece of Madonna
with Saints, at Asinalunga ; Madonna En-
throned, National Gallery, London ; Adora-
tion of the Magi, S. Agostino, Siena ; Resur-
rection, Naples Museum ; Sacrifice of Abra-
ham, Duomo, Pisa ; Madonna with Saints,
Pisa Academy ; Madonna with Saints, Flor-
ence Academy ; St. Sebastian, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Marriage of St Catherine, Palazzo
Chigi, Rome ; Madonna with Saints, Lucre-
tia, Turin Museum ; Ecce Homo, Pitti, Flor-
ence.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 379, 401 ; Meyer,
Kflnst. Lex., iii. 178 ; Jansen, Leben und
Werke des Malers Gio. Bazzi (Stuttgart,
1879); Burckhardt, 173, 686 ; Lanzi, i. 293 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole milanaise ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1878), xvii. 18, 97, et seq.; Liibke,
Gesch. itaL Mai., ii. 397 ; Zeitschr. f. B. K.,
ix. 33 ; x. 230.
SOGGI, NICCOLd, born in Arezzo in
1480, died there in 1551. Florentine school.
Was taken at an early age to Florence, where
he studied under Perugino. In 1512 he
went to Rome under the patronage of Car-
dinal di Monte ; accompanied him to Arezzo
and painted much there for churches and
companies of the town. Work but little
superior to that of Domenico Pecori, whom
he sometimes
aided. Pictures
in S. Domenico, S.
Michele, S. Agos-
tino, and the Duomo, Arezzo. — C. & C., Italy,
iii. 44 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., x. 209.
SOGLIANI, GIOVANNI ANTONIO, bom
in Florence in 1492, died there, July 17,
1544. Florentine school ; pupil of Lorenzo
di Credi, with whom he worked twenty-four
years ; registered in guild of Florence in
1522. His later works show the influence
of Fra Bartolommeo, Andrea del Sarto, and
Mariotto Albertinelli. Few of his pictures
have dates, except the Martyrdom of St.
Arcadius (1521), in S. Lorenzo, and a
Miracle of St. Dominic (fresco, 1536), in
S. Marco, Florence. The Nativity, Ber-
lin Museum, is a copy of Credi's in the
Florence Academy. — C. <fe C., Italy, iii. 512 ;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 42 ; ed. Mil., v.
123 ; Burckhardt, 638, 682 ; Siret, 875 ;
Lubke, Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 178.
SOHN, KARL (FERDINAND), born in
Berlin, Dec. 10, 1805, died in Cologne, Nov.
25, 1867. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Berlin Academy under Schadow, with
199
SOHN
•whom lie went to Diisselclorf in 1826 and to
Italy in 1830 ; visited the Netherlands and
France, became in-
structor in 1832 and
professor in 1838 at the
Diisseldorf Academy.
He was the celebrated
ladies' portrait painter
of his time, famous for
his colouring in the
style of Titian. Works:
Einaldo and Armida
(1827), Eape of Hylas (1829), Lute Player
(1832), Female Portrait, National Gallery,
Berlin ; Eegina cosli (1829) ; Diana at the
Bath (1833) ; Two Leonoras (1834) ; replica
(183G), Eaczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Italian
Lute Player (1835) ; Judgment of Paris,
Borneo and Juliet (183G) ; Tasso and the
Two Leonoras (1839), Diisseldorf Gallery;
Donna Diana (1840), Leipsic Museum ; Sis-
ters (1840) ; Vanitas (1844) ; Lady before
Mirror (1845), Konigsberg Museum ; Lute
Player (1849), Christiania Gallery ; Four
Seasons (1851) ; Lorely (1853) ; Portrait of
Countess Monts, Cologne Museum ; Female
Portrait, Carlsruhe Gallery. His son Eich-
ard (born in Diisseldorf in 1834), genre and
portrait painter, pupil of the Academy un-
der Schadow and Jordan, studied in 18C7
in Paris. Works : Quartering in the Coun-
try, Old Blind Fiddler (1862) ; Antiquary
(1866). Karl, another son (born in Diissel-
dorf, July 21, 1845), was pupil of his father,
and of Wilhelm Sohn, 'with whom he trav-
elled, then studied in Paris, London, and
Italy. Has won success with finely coloured
genre figures: Costume Study (1880); Span-
ish Girl (1881) ; Carmen (1884).— Blanck-
arts, 1; Forster, v. 364; Ulustr. Zeitg.
(1867); (1881), ii. 369 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 218 ;
Kunst-Chronik, iii. 40 ; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diis-
seldf. K, 16, 170; Springer, Gesch., 95;
Wiegmann, 78 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 127 ;
xvi. 32 ; xx. 43.
SOHN, WILHELM, born in Berlin in
1830. History and genre painter, nephew
and pupil in Diisseldorf of Karl Ferdinand
Sohn, whose daughter ho afterwards mar-
ried ; became professor at Diisseldorf Acad-
emy in 1874. Member
of Amsterdam and
Stockholm Academies.
Medals : Amsterdam,
1865 ; Berlin, 1866 ;
Paris, 1867. Works :
Christ on the Stormy
Sea (1853), Dtisseldorf
Gallery ; Christ on
Mount of Olives (1855);
Genevieve (1856);
Gypsy Woman (1858), Konigsberg Museum ;
Different Walks in Life (1860) ; Fiddler
and Child ; Question of Conscience (1864),
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Consultation at the Law-
yer's (1866), Gypsy Girl with Dog, Leipsic
Museum ; Communion in Protestant Pa-
trician Family, National Gallery, Berlin.
SOJAEO, IL. See Gatti.
SOLAEIO (Solari), ANDEEA DA, born
about 1458 at Solario, near Milan, died in
Pavia about 1530. Lombard school ; called
sometimes Andrea del Gobbo and Gobbo da
Milano, from his brother Cristoforo (Solario)
del Gobbo, sculptor and architect, and some-
times Andrea Milanese. Went about 1490
with his brother to Venice, and in 1495
painted there the Madonna, Brera, Milan,
which shows the influence of Milanese teach-
ing and of the examples of Da Vinci and of
Verrocchio. He probably returned soon
after to Milan, where he painted in 1499
the St. Catherine, now in the Casa Poldi.
In 1507-09 he was in France decorating,
for Cardinal George of Amboise, the Chapel
at Gaillon, destroyed in 1793. After this,
many of his pictures found a market in
France. He is said to have accompanied
Andrea del Sarto to South Italy in 1513, and
to have been employed in the Chapel of S.
Gaudenzio, Naples. About 1515 he began
the large altarpiece of the Assumption, in the
Certosa of Pavia, which was finished after his
death by Bernardino Campi. Among his
works are : Christ carrying his Cross (1505),
| Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Crucifixion, Ma-
200
SOL A UK)
donna of the Green Cushion, Louvre ; Por-
traits (2), National Gallery, London ; Chrint
crowned with Thorns, at LUtschena, near
Leipsic ; Holy Family, dated 1515, Casa
Poldi, Milan ; and Madonna with St. John,
Leuchtenberg Gallery, St. Petersburg. So-
lario's portraits are of exceptional excel-
lence. C. & C. attribute to him the Colum-
bine, Hermitage, St. Petersburg, generally
ascribed to B. Luini. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
61; Moschini (Florence, 1832); Burckhardt,
702; Calvi, Notizie, ii. 277; Ch. Blanc,
ficole milanaise ; LUbke, Gesch. ital. Mai.,
ii. 448 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1883), xxviii. 43.
SOLAEIO, ANTONIO. See Ziwjaro.
SOLIERO. See Morelli.
SOLIMENA (Solimene), FRANCESCO,
Cavaliere, born at
Nocera de' Pa-
gani,Oct.4,1657,
died in Naples,
April 5, 1747. Ne-
apolitan school ;
called sometimes
1'Abate C i c c i o
and sometimes il
Calabrese rin-
gentilito (C a 1 a-
brese ennobled).
Pupil of his father, Angelo Solimene, a re-
spectable painter ; afterwards of Francesco di
Maria and of Giacomo del Po. Later formed
a style of his own by imitating Pietro da
Cortona, Lanfranco, Calabrese, Guido, and
Carlo Maratti. He enjoyed a great reputa-
tion in his time, and was employed by sev-
eral popes and by most of the princes of
Europe ; but he must be ranked with those
who hastened the deterioration of Italian
art. Among his works are: The Brazen
Serpent, Prometheus Chained, St. John the
Baptist, Artist's Portrait, Madrid Museum ;
Religion, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; frescos
in sacristies of S. Paolo and S. Domenico
Maggiore, Naples ; Heliodorus, Gesil Nuovo,
ib.; Diana and Callisto, Uffizi, Florence. —
Lanzi, ii. 60 ; Burckhardt, 768, 775 ; Seguier,
196 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole napolitaine.
SOLIS, FRANCISCO DE, born in Ma-
drid in 1629, died there, Sept. 25, 1684.
Spanish school ; his father, who had stud-
ied under Alonso do Herrera, gave him les-
sons in painting, but educated him for the
church. Francisco preferred to paint, and
with Velasquez for a friend and counsellor,
bade fair to become pre-eminent in his pro-
fession ; but his indolence and wealth made
him a picture collector rather than a paint-
er. Executed works for the conventual
churches of Madrid, Alcalii, and Valladolid,
of which the best was a Virgin of the Con-
ception, belonging to the Capuchins of the
Prado.— Stirling, iii. 1022.
SOLOMON, ABRAHAM, born in Lon-
don in 1824, died at Biarritz, France, Dec.
19, 1862. Genre painter, pupil of the Royal
Academy, where he exhibited his first pict-
ure, The Courtship of Ditchen (subject from
Crabbe), in 1843. His best pictures are well
known through engravings. Works : Third
Class— Parting, First Clnss— Return (1854);
Waiting for the Verdict (1857) ; Not Guilty
(1859) ; Malado Imaginaire, Consolation
(1861) ; The Lost Found (1862).
SOLOMON, HISTORY OF, Raphael.
See RaphaeTs Bible.
SOLOMON, JUDGMENT OF, Nicolas
Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4
in. x4 ft. 11 in. Solomon, seated upon an
elevated throne, in centre, extending his
hands, pronounces sentence ; in foreground,
the mothers kneeling, one making a gesture
of terror at seeing her child, which a soldier
armed with a sword holds by one foot ; the
other, holding the dead child, cries out
against the execution of the judgment ;
other women and soldiers standing. Paint-
ed in 1649 ; at Versailles in 1709-10. Sketch
in Louvre. Engraved by Chasteau ; E. Bau-
det ; Dughet ; Drevet ; A. Testa ; Anne ;
Andre Morel ; C. Normand. — Landon, Mu-
see, vi. PI. 65 ; Filhol, viii. PI. 541.
By Itaphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vat-
ican ; fresco on ceiling. Solomon enthroned,
at right ; a man at left about to cut in two
tho child, whom he holds by one leg,
SOLOMON
head downwards, while the true mother, in
the background, hastens to save it, and the
false one kneels, in the foreground, with
arms outstretched and head turned as if
appealing to Solomon. Painted in 1511.
Engraved by E. "VVibert ; Anderloni. — Pas-
savant, ii. 90 ; Miintz, 348.
By Paolo Veronese, Bridgewater House,
London ; canvas, H. 6 f t. x 8 ft. 9 in. Com-
position of 21 figures. Solomon on his
throne in the court of his palace ; execu-
or 1624. Flemish school ; portrait painter,
of truthful and lively conception, warm and
clear colouring, and careful execution ; went
to England about 1606. Works: Portrait
of James I., Windsor Castle ; do., and Queen
Ann of Denmark, Hampton Court Gallery ;
Portrait of Lord Bacon, Earl Cowper's Col-
lection, Panshanger House ; Charles L as
a Young Prince, Copenhagen Gallery. —
Kramm, v. 1541 ; Nagler, xvii. 57.
SOMEES, LOUIS JEAN, born in Ant-
Judgment of Solomon, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris.
tioner, holding the child by one leg, is
about to divide it, when the true mother
interferes. Bought from Orleans Gallery
for 60 guineas. — Waagen, Treasures, ii. 498 ;
Stafford Gal., ii. PI. 28.
SOLOMON, SOLOMON J., born in Eng-
land, contemporary. Figure and portrait
painter. Exhibits at Royal Academy.
Works: Portrait (1881); Ruth (1884); Love's
First Lesson (1885) ; Cassandra (1886).
SOMER, PAULUS VAN, born in Ant-
werp about 1570, died in London in 1621
werp in 1813. Genre painter, pupil of Fer-
dinand de Braekeleer, then studied in Paris
and Italy. Works : Interior with Merry
People, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam ; Two
Ladies in a Room busy with Flowers, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Boy with Sleigh in a Winter
Landscape, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donau-
eschingen ; Cromwell discovering Conspir-
acy against his Life (1837), Leipsic Muse-
um ; Misery and Wealth (1860); Meditation
(18G1) ; Monks in a Sacristy ; The Orphan ;
Family Concert. — Immerzeel, iii. 99.
202
SOMMEIL
SOMMEIL DE jtfSUS. See Madonna
with Diadem.
SOMOGYI, DANIEL, born at Nyiregy-
hiiza, Hungary, Sept. 13, 1837. Landscape
painter, went early in life to Malta, where
he began to practise painting in water-col-
ours ; settled at Munich in 1870, studied
mostly from nature, and has since exhibited
many views from the Alps in Bavaria, Aus-
tria, and Switzerland.
SON, JAN (FRANS) VAN, born at Ant-
werp, baptized Aug. 16, 1658, died in Lon-
don about 1718. Flemish school ; flower
and fruit painter, son of Joris van Son, pu-
pil of Jan Pauwel Gillemans, the elder ;
went early in life to England. Works :
Fruit and Flower-Pieces in Museums of
Brussels, Lille (1705), Lyons, Nantes (2) ;
and in the Gallery of Augsburg. — Michiels,
x. 425 ; Van den Branden, 1121.
SON, JORIS VAN, born at Antwerp,
baptized Sept. 24, 1623, died there, buried
June 25, 1667. Flemish school ; flower
and fruit painter, if not a pupil of Jan de
Heem, he certainly took that master for his
model. Master of the guild in 1644. Speci-
mens of his work are in the Museums of
Tournay, Madrid (3), Dresden (3), and
Gotha (1658) ; in the Galleries at Bamberg,
Carlsruhe, Copenhagen (2, 1664, 1665),
Schleissheim (2, one dated 1656), and in
the Van Lerius Collection at Antwerp. —
Van den Branden, 1119.
SONDERLAND, JOHANN BAPTIST,
born at Diisseldorf, Feb. 2, 1805, died
there, July 21, 1878. Genre painter and
illustrator, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy
under Schadow, and studied in Paris, Hol-
land, and Frankfort. Works : Hans and
Grete (after Uhland, 1839), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Scene from Guy Mannering,
Wild Hunter (1830) ; Bear Dancing (1831),
Konigsberg Museum ; Warrior's Farewell
(1831); Return (1833), Count Hatzfeld, Dtts-
seldorf ; Disturbed Rendezvous (1833, 1847),
Fish Market, Surprise (1835); Belated Trav-
ellers (1837) ; Rhenish Ferry (1838) ; After
the Lesson ; Cossacks quartering themselves
with a Scholar (1841) ; Mowers returning
Home (1845). His son, Fritz (born in Dtls-
seldorf, Sept. 20, 1836), pupil of the Academy
under Hiddemann, paints humorous genre
scenes. Works : Grandmother's Birthday,
Despatch of Victory (1871) ; High Taxes
(1872) ; Flower Greeting (1881).— Kunst-
Chronik, xiv. 55 ; Mailer, Ddsseldf. K, 211 ;
Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 878 ; Hlustr. Zeitg.
(1882), ii. 443 ; Wiegmann, 271.
SONDERMANN, HERMANN, born in
Berlin in 1832. Genre and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Otto in 1851-53, then studied
in Antwerp, Paris, and under Jordan in
Diisseldorf. Works: Bee-Keeper (1860);
Return from the Chase ; Auction ; Sleigh-
ing ; Marriage Contract (1866); Coffee Club
(1868); Lawyer's Anteroom ; Festival Roast
(1870) ; Unwelcome Suitor ; First Snow ;
Church Festival; Thirsty Soul; Our He-
roes, Wiesbaden Gallery.
SONJE, JAN, flourished in Rotterdam,
died in 1691. Dutch school ; landscape
painter, master of the guild at Delft in
1646, but left that city about 1654 ; paint-
ed chiefly mountain views in the Italian
style. Works : A Valley, Hague Museum ;
View near Rotterdam (1692), Rotterdam
Museum ; Landscape (1660 ?), Augsburg
Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1540.
SONNE, JORGEN VALENTIN, born at
Birkerod, Zealand,
June 24, 1801.
Genre and battle
painter, pupil in
Copenhagen of Ge-
bauer and of the
Academy (1815-26),
then in Munich
(1828-31) of Peter
Hess ; went to Rome
in 1831, returned in
1841, and became member of the Academy
in 1846 ; Order of Danebrog, 1852. Works :
Cavalry Attack at Sehestedt (1822) ; Skir-
mish in Tyrol (1829), Roman Peasants going
to Market (1837), Old Fisherman (1844),
Cattle in the Water (1846), Scene in St
2U3
SOKNTAG
John's Night (1847), Attack on Diippel
(1849), Battle of Fredericia (1850), do. of
Idsted (1851), St. John's Festival (1858),
Return from Market (1870), On the Day
after Battle of Idsted (1876), Copenhagen
Gallery ; Battle of Fredericia (18C5), City
Hall, Fredericia. In fresco : Arrival of
Thorwaldsen at Copenhagen, Unloading of
his Sculptures at the Museum, Thorwaldsen
Museum, Copenhagen. — Weilbach, 646 ; Si-
gurd Mttller, 333.
SONNTAG, WILLIAM LOUIS, born at
East Liberty, near Pittsburg, Pa., March
2, 1822. Landscape painter, self-taught.
After painting for several years in Cincin-
nati, he removed to New York, where he
still resides. Visited Europe in 1853, 1856,
1860, and 1862. Elected N.A. in 1861.
Works : Progress of Civilization (series of 4);
Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude ; Eagle's
Home ; Dream of Italy ; Spirit of the Alle-
ghanies (Duke of Buckingham) ; View of
the Shenandoah ; Recollections of Italy ;
Sunset near Bethlehem — New Hampshire
(1871) ; Sunset in the Swamp — Coast of
Maine (1873) ; View in Vermont (1875) ;
Sunset in the Wilderness, Gulf (1876) ; De-
serted (1877) ; Passing Shower (1878) ; Edge
of the Woods, T. B. Clarke, New York ;
Tangled Woods of New Hampshire (1880) ;
Morning in the White Mountains (1881) ;
Fog Rising off Mount Adams (1882) ; Near
Old Orchard Beach— Maine (1883) ; Mount
Winthrop, Burbank's Lake near Shelburne
— New Hampshire, Edge of a Pond — Maine,
Entrance to a Grove near Portland— Maine,
Study of Trees (1884) ; Mascott Lake— New
Hampshire, Hill-Side — New Hampshire
(1885) ; On Glen Road to Mount Washing-
ton, Ingalls Brook— New Hampshire (1886).
SOOLMAKER, JAN FRANS, flourished
second half of 17th century. Flemish school.
Landscape painter, pupil in Antwerp of Jan
de Bruin in 1654, but rather imitated the
style of Berchem. Works : Reconcih'ation
of Jacob and Esau, Peasant Women at a
Fountain in Italy, Brussels Museum ; Peas-
ants driving Cattle to Market, Hague Mu-
seum ; Cattle Market, Bamberg Gallery ;
Italian Herdsmen with Cattle by a Well,
Darmstadt Museum ; Landscape with Fig-
ures, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Van
den Branden, 1072.
SOPOLJS, Roman painter, about middle
of 1st century B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 40
[148]), that his works and those of Dionysius
filled the picture galleries. He was at the
head of a school of painters in Rome (Cic.,
Ad. Ati, iv. 16). Raoul-Rochette calls him
a portrait painter. — R.-R., Schorn, 315, 404.
SORDICCHIO, LO. See Pinturicchio.
SORDO DI SESTRO. See Travi, An-
tonio.
SORENSEN, CARL FREDERIK, born
at Besserby on
Samso, Feb. 8,
1818, died in
Copenhagen,
Jan. 24, 1879.
Marine painter,
pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy,
won a prize in
1847; cruised in
the Mediterra-
nean on a Danish frigate in 1846, and for
some time went to sea every year in a
Danish man-of-war ; visited Germany, the
Netherlands, England, and France in 1853-
54, and Italy in 1864. Member of Copen-
hagen (1856) and Stockholm Academies.
Professor in 1869. Orders of Danebrog
and Vasa. Works : Coast of Jutland after
Storm (1848), Summer Morning at Elsinore
(1861), The Shears at Bohuslen (1862), On
the Coast of Iceland (1878), Copenhagen
Gallery ; View from the Sound by Kronborg
(1871), Christiania Gallery ; Men-of-War,
Stockholm Museum ; Sunrise near Skagen ;
View of the Kattegat.— Sigurd Mtiller, 339 ;
Weilbach, 668.
SORGH (Zorg), HENDRLK MAER-
TENSZ, born in Rotterdam in 1621 (?), died
there between Oct. 16, 1669, and Aug. 6,
1670. Real name Hendrik Martensz Rokes.
Genre painter, pupil of Willem Buiteweg ;
20-1
SORTIE
formed himself after the works of Brouwer, i Rondo de nuit anil Patrouille de nuit by
though more dull and heavy in colour. He French writers, and Night Watch by Sir
represented peasant
scenes, conversations,
and kitchen interiors,
with genuine feeling
for nature, good draw-
ing.
and careful exe-
cution. Works: Boors
at Cards, Man and
Woman at Table, Na-
tional Gallery, Lon-
don ; Old Woman by the Fireside, Madrid
Museum ; Alchemist, Mr. Henderson, ib.;
Kitchen Interior, Louvre ; Fish Market,
Lute Player (1C61), Storm (1668), Amster-
dam Museum ; Rustic In-
terior (1650), Great Market
at Rotterdam (1654), Rot-
terdam Museum; Card
Players, Dubus Collection,
Brussels ; Peasants Smok-
ing, Augsburg Gallery;
Party of Peasants, Labour-
ers in the Vineyard (1665),
Brunswick Gallery ; Peas-
ants' Brawl, Berlin Muse-
um ; Quarrel in a Cellar,
Fisherman with Salmon,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Dutch
Vegetable Market, do. Fish
Market, C a s s e 1 Gallery ;
Peasant Family (1646),
Tavern Interior, Old Pina-
kothek, Munich; Card
Players (1643), Fishmong-
Joshua Reynolds. It represents the gather-
ing in broad daylight, of the Civic Guard of
Amsterdam outside of their quarters, from
which they are emerging at the sound of
the drum calling them to practise. Captain
Banning Cock and his lieutenant, Willeni
van Ruytenberg, in centre, are followed by
the ensign, with the orange, white, and
blue standard of Amsterdam, and the ser-
geants with their halberds ; the drummer,
with a dog at his heels, is beating his drum,
in right hand front corner, and the guards,
armed with arquebuses and pikes, are
crowding through the open door behind.
ers and Cook (1664), Labourers receiving Pay
(1667), Dresden Gallery ; Adoration of the
Shepherds (1642), Copenhagen Gallery; do.
(1646), Marine with Vessels (1650), Peasant's
Brawl (1665), Hermitage, St. Petersburg.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Burger,
Musces, ii. 271 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 322 ;
Kramm, vi. 1902 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 424.
SORTIE OF THE BANNING COCK
COMPANY, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 9 in. x 14 ft. 3 in. ;
signed, dated 1642. Erroneously called
Sortie of the Banning Cock Company, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum.
On a shield on the building are the names
of sixteen of the principal figures, all of
which are portraits. One of the most im-
portant works of the master, who received
for it 1,600 florins. It remained in the
possession of the arquebusiers until about
1700, when it was removed to the Hotel de
Ville, where, in order to fit it into a space
between two doors, it is supposed to have
been reduced in size. A copy (H. 2 ft. 2 in.
x 2 ft. 9 in.), now in the National Gallery,
London, ascribed formerly both to Rem-
305
SOUCIION
brandt and to Gerard Dou, but probably
painted about 1660 by Gerrit Lundens,
proves that the original was cut off as shown
in the accompanying outline sketch. Judg-
ing from the proportions of this copy, the
original, which was placed in the Treppen-
huis Museum in 1808, was formerly 12 ft. 8
in. high x 16 ft. 6 in. long. It was restored
in 1758 by Van Dijk, and again superficially
in 1852 by N. Hopman. Engraved by L.
A. Claessens (1797) ; J. W. Kaiser (1867).
Etched by linger ; Flameng ; Massaloff ;
Charles Waltner (1886). Lithographed by
A. Mouilleron. — Cat. Amsterdam Gal. ; Vos-
maer, 147, 462 ; Smith, vii. 59 ; Gaz. des B.
Arts (1860), vi. 368; (1885), xxxii. 406;
Mollett, Rembrandt, 42 ; Fromentin, 325.
SOUCHON, FRANCOIS, born at Allais
(Gard), Nov. 19, 1787, died at Lille, April
5, 1857. History painter, pupil of David ;
director of school of painting at Lille in
1836-1857. Works : Martyrdom of St. Se-
bastian (1824), Cathedral of Bordeaux ;
Sick Man (1827), Lille Museum ; Raising
of Lazarus (1827), Church of St. Nicolas-des-
Champs, Paris. — Bellier, ii. 52 ; Devemy,
Notices biographiques sur Fr. Souchon
(Douai, 1875).
SOUCHON, WILHELM FERDINAND,
born at Halberstadt in 1825. History,
genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin
Academy under Remy, then in Munich
(1848) of Kaulbach and Anschutz, and fin-
ished his studies in Rome and Naples,
1851-54. He settled at Leipsic in 1855.
Works : Thirty Biblical Scenes, Greek
Church, Leipsic ; Christ Blessing, Church
at Thronitz, Saxony ; Last Supper, Church
at Grunau, ib. ; Pifferari and Beggar, Em-
peror of Germany. — Miiller, 498.
SOURCE, LA, Dominique Ingres, Lou-
vre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft.
3 in. ; signed, dated 1856. A young girl,
nude, with blonde hair, standing in a rocky
niche, her right arm raised above her head,
with her fingers grasping the bottom of a
vase, which, inclined upon her shoulder, is
held by her left hand ; three little streams
of water flow from its mouth into a pool
in which her feet are reflected. London
Exchange, 1862. Bequeathed by Comtesse
Duchatel, 1878. Engraved by Calamatta ;
L. Flameng.— Ch. Blanc, Life, 192.
SOUTMAN, PIETER, born in Haarlem
about 1580, died there, Aug. 16, 1657.
Dutch school ; history and portrait painter,
supposed pupil of Rubens ; was for several
years court painter to the King of Poland,
became a citizen of Antwerp in 1620, and
returned to Haarlem in 1628. Works :
Two Archery-Pieces (1642, 1644), Haarlem
Museum ; Laocoon and his Sons, Cassel
Gallery. — Bode, Studien, 110 ; Kramm, v.
1545 ; Van der Willigen, 266.
SOWER (Le semeur), Jean Fra^ois Mil-
let, William H. Vanderbilt Collection, New
York. A sturdy peasant, bony and swart,
with a bag of grain about his waist, is strid-
ing along sowing grain on a hill-side ; on
the other side of the slope a last ray of sun
shows a pair of oxen and a man at the end
of their furrow. The gesture of the sower,
says Theophile Gautier, is " so beautiful
that Triptolemus, guided by Ceres, on some
Greek bas-relief, could not have more maj-
esty." Painted in 1850 ; Salon, 1850. The
first Sower (1849), Q. A. Shaw, Boston, was
laid aside by Millet because the canvas was
too short, and the present one painted for
the Salon. Etched by Maris. — Art Treas.
of Amer., iii. 86.
SOYER, PAUL, born in Paris ; contem-
porary. Genre painter, pupil of L. Cogniet.
Medals: 1870; 2d class, 1882. Works:
Card Party (1883) ; Head of Old Peasant
(1884) ; Foundry at Antoignc, My Gardener
(1885) ; Interior of Forge (1886).
SPADA, LIONELLO, born in Bologna
in 1576, died in Parma, May 17, 1622. Bo-
lognese school ; first colour-grinder, and
then pupil of the Carracci ; after executing
a few works in Bologna, went to Rome and
became the pupil of Caravaggio, whom he
followed in all his travels. After his master's
death (1609), Spada returned to Bologna,
where his vanity and arrogance won him the
SPAENDOtfCK
r
hatred of other artists ; but his real talent
is proved by bis St. Dominick burning the
Heretical Books, in
S. Domenico. Ra-
nuccio, Duke of Par-
ma, invited him to
his court, and he
spent the rest of his
days there. Other
works: Prodigal Son,
-33neas and Anchises,
Concert, Martyrdom
of St. Christopher,
Louvre; Melchisedec blessing Abraham,
Bologna Gallery : Painter's Portrait, Uffizi,
Florence ; Chastity of Joseph, Lille Muse-
um ; Christ crowned with Thorns, Naples
Museum ; Christ before Pilate, Parma Gal-
lery.— Malvasia, ii. 73 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bo-
lonaise ; Burckhardt, 7C4, 788, 790, 803.
SPAENDONCK, GERARDUS VAN, born
atTilburg,March23,
1746, died in Paris,
May 11, 1822.
Dutch school ; flow-
er painter, pupil of
Herreyns ; went to
Paris about 1770,
and became minia-
ture painter to the
king in 1774. His
flower and fruit-pieces are almost equal to
the best by Huysum. Professor of iconog-
raphy at the Jardin des Plantes and mem-
ber of the Institute (1781). Works : Flow-
ers and Fruits (1789), Louvre. His brother,
Cornells (1756-1840), distinguished in the
same branch, painted especially for the por-
celain factory at Sevres. — Ch. Blanc, £cole
hollaudaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 101.
SPAGNA, LO, born in 14— died about
1530. Umbrian school ; real name Giovan-
ni di Pietro, but commonly called, from
his nationality, Lo Spagna (the Spaniard).
Called by Vasari, Giovanni Spagnuolo. Art
education wholly Italian, under Perugino
and Pinturicchio. Was the companion of
Raphael in the school of Perugino, and his
manner is a mixture of the Peniginesque
and Raphaelesque without the high quali-
ties of either. Appears first as an inde-
pendent master at Todi, but usually lived
at Spoleto. Among his early works are the
feeble Nativity, at the Vatican, called the
Madonna della Spineta, and the Adoration
of the Magi, Berlin Museum (attributed to
Raphael). They are Peruginesque in dis-
tribution and drawing, and Raphaelesque in
accompaniments of type and drapery, and
are of great interest as showing how Lo
Spagna combined the methods of his master
and comrade. This is further illustrated in
the Madonna with Saints in the Perugia
Gallery, and the Madonna in the Rovigo
Gallery, assigned to Perugino. Fine fres-
cos by him still exist at Todi, Trevi, Spoleto,
Narni, Perugia, and Assisi. In 151G Lo
Spagna received the freedom of the city
of Spoleto, and the following year he was
elected captain of the guild of St. Luke.
With none of Pinturicchio's hardness, pure
and simple in style, Lo Spagna is, after
Raphael, the most sympathetic of Peru-
gino's scholars. Other works : Nativity,
Louvre ; Nativity, Vatican ; Ecce Homo,
National Gallery, London ; Madonna En-
throned, in lower church, S. Francesco, As-
sisi ; Coronation of the Virgin, Mtinicipio,
Narni ; Madonna, Palazzo Pubblico, Spoleto.
— C. & C., Italy, iii. 303 ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., xi. 53 ; ed. Mil., iii. 593 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole ombrienue ; Burckhardt, 574, G49 :
Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 444.
SPAGNOLETTO, LO, born at Jativa,
Spain, Jan. 12,
1588, died in Na-
ples in 1656. Va-
lencian and Nea-
politan schools.
Real name Josef
de Ribera ; pupil
in Valencia of
Francisco Ribal-
ta ; went when (
quite young to Rome, and lived, while study-
ing, on the charity of his comrades, who nick-
207
SPAGNUOLO
named him Spagnoletto (little Spaniard).
A cardinal took pity upon him, clothed him,
and attached him to his household, but
Spagnoletto soon ran away, declaring that
he needed the spur of poverty to make him
a good artist. After studying under Cara-
vaggio he went to Parma, where the grace
of Correggio temporarily influenced him;
but he soon returned to the style of Cara-
vaggio, which he even exaggerated. Hav-
ing settled in Naples, where he married the
daughter of a rich picture-dealer, he was
appointed court painter by the Spanish
viceroy, his fellow-countryman, and soon
knighted by Innocent X. in 1644. Bermu-
dez repudiates the story that he disappeared
from Naples on account of the seduction of
his daughter, Maria Blanca, who was also a
good painter, by Don John of Austria.
Among his numerous works are : Madonna,
Beggar, Louvre, Paris ; Dead Christ, Shep-
herd with a Lamb, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Diogenes with the Lantern (1637), St.
Mary of Egypt (1641), Deliverance of Peter
(1642), Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew, do.
of St.
Sheep,
Susanna and
Lawrence, Jacob tending Laban's
seven others, Dresden Museum ;
the Elders, Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort ; his Portrait, St.
Jerome, Uffizi, Florence ;
Mathematician, Philosoph-
er, Palazzo Brignole, Gen-
oa ; Martyrdom of St. Bar-
tholomew, Palazzo Spinola,
ib.; Martyrdom of St. Se-
bastian, St. Jerome, Silenus
and Satyrs, Naples Muse-
um ; Communion of the
Apostles, and Descent from
the Cross, S. Martin e, Na-
ples ; Twelve Apostles, Par-
ma Museum ; St. Jerome,
Quirinal, Rome; St. Jerome,
Academy of St. Luke, ib. ;
St. Stanislas with Infant
Jesus, Palazzo Borghese,
ib. ; St. Jerome, St. Bartho-
found himself possessed of wealth and hon- ' lomew, Palazzo Colonna, ib.; Death of Ado-
ours, which enabled him to live like a nis, St. Jerome, Palazzo Corsini, ib. ; Hercu-
Spalatro, Washington Allston, H. R. Bishop, New York.
grandee and entertain nobles and princes in
his palace. Notwithstanding his supreme
position he was jealous of the advancement
of others, and became chief of the infamous
les and Antaeus, Turin Gallery ; Martyrdom
of St. Sebastian, two St. Jeromes, and St.
Procopius, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St.
Bartholomew, Jacob's Dream, Martyrdom
cabal of Naples to make war, even to the of St. Bartholomew, St. Francis, Hermit at
knife, on painters of rival schools employed
in Naples. By the aid of his tools (Corren-
zio and Caracciolo), Annibale Carracci, Ca-
valiere d' Arpino, Guido, Gessi, and Domeni-
chiiio were successively driven away, while
Domenichino's death was probably hastened
by poison. Eibera was made a member of
the Academy of St. Luke in 1630, and was
Prayer, Conception, and fifty others, Madrid
Museum ; Joseph in Prison, Escorial. — Ceau
Bermudez, iv. 184 ; Lanzi, ii. 32 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole espagnole ; Burckhardt, 767, 774 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1882), xxv. 40.
SPAGNUOLO.
SPALATRO,
See Spagna.
or Vision of the Bloody
Hand, Washington Allston, H. R. Bishop,
208
SPANGENBERG
New York ; burned in 18 — . Scene from
Mrs. Radcliffe's novel, "The Italian." Sche-
doni, a monk, who has engaged the fisher-
man Spalatro to murder Ellena, the heroine
of the story, is conducting him with a lamp
through the vaults, when Spalatro is seized
with terror at the vision of a bloody hand.
Considered by Allston his best picture.
Painted in 1832 for H. S. Ball, of Charles-
ton, S. C. ; passed to John Taylor Johnston,
of New York, at whose sale (187G) sold for
$3,900 to H. R. Bishop; burned at his
country-seat on the Hudson.
SPANGENBERG, FRIEDEICH, born at
Gottingen, Dec. 3, 1843, died on Mount
Vesuvius, June 25, 1874. History painter,
pupil in Munich of Ramberg, then (1861)
in Venice of Pauwels ; returned to Munich,
where he received marks of distinction from
the Union for Historical Art, and, provided
with the great stipend, was about to com-
plete his studies in Italy, when he was struck
down by paralysis of the heart while ascend-
ing Mount Vesuvius. Works : Triumph of
the American Union, Capitol, Washington ;
Vandals Plundering ; Geiserich's Departure
from Rome. — Kunst-Chronik, ix. 627.
SPANGENBERG, GUSTAV (ADOLF),
born in Hamburg,
Feb. 1, 1828. Histo-
ry and genre painter,
pupil in Hamburg of
Hermann Kauffmann,
in Hanau of Pellis-
sier, then of Antwerp
Academy (1848-50),
and in Paris (1851-
57) of Couture and
the sculptor Triqueti ;
copied in the Louvre, visited England and
Holland, and in 1857-58 Italy, and settled
in Berlin. Professor ; member of Berlin,
Vienna, and Hanau Academies. Medals :
Cologne, 1861 ; Berlin, 1868, 1876 ;. Vienna,
1873. Works : Amsterdam Orphan Girls
(1851), Donkey Driver's Siesta (1855), Wal-
purgis Night (1862), Hamburg Gallery ; Rat
Charmer of Hameln ; St John's Eve in Co-
logne ; Luther as Squire George ; Luther
making Music at Home (1866), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Luther and Melanchthon (1867), Mr.
Probasco, Cincinnati ; Luther translating the
Bible (1870), Procession of Death (1876),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Luther's Entry
into Worms (1875), Konigsberg Museum ;
Allegory of Labour and Vice (1878) ; Will o'
the Wisp (1879) ; Three Marys at Christ's
Tomb (1880). In fresco : The Four Facul-
ties (1885), University, Halle. — Jordan
(1885), ii. 219 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii. 82 ;
Muller, 499; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch.,
225 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 345 ; D. Rund-
schau, ix. 324 ; xvii. 301 ; xxi. 147 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, vi. 144 ; xii. 292.
SPANGENBERG, LOUIS, born in Ham-
burg in 1824. Landscape and architecture
painter, pupil in Munich of Emil Kirchner,
then studied in Brussels ; travelled in
France, England, Italy, and Greece, and
settled in Berlin in 1857. Member of Ber-
lin Academy. Works : Citadel of Corinth ;
Acropolis of Athens (several times) ; Uglei
Lake in Holstein ; Village in Burgundy ;
Farmyard in Oldenburg (1862) ; The Regen-
stein in the Hartz Mountains ; Fishermen's
Hut on the Baltic (1866) ; Theatre of Her-
odes Atticus at Athens (Jubilee Exhibition,
Berlin, 1886).
SPANISH MARRL\.GE. See Marriage.
SPASIMO DI SICHJA, Raphael, Madrid
Museum ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 9
ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 6 in. Christ, on the way to
Calvary, has sunk under the weight of the
cross, which Simon of Cyrene offers to carry ;
an executioner, at left, endeavours to drag
him along by a rope, while another raises
his spear to strike him ; but, regardless of
his own sufferings, he turns consolingly to
the Virgin, who, kneeling with outstretched
arms, is supported by St. John and Mary
Magdalen ; behind them follow other wom-
en and a procession of Roman soldiers and
citizens from the city gates ; in the back-
ground, a mounted standard-bearer is turn-
ing towards Calvary, seen in distance. The
word Spasimo (spasm) is in allusion to the
209
SPARMANN
spasm or fainting fit of the Virgin. Painted
in Home between 1516-18 for monks of
Monte Oliveto, S. M. dello Spasimo, Paler-
mo ; vessel wrecked on way to Palermo, and
picture, packed in a tight case, floated into
Gulf of Genoa, and was picked up and taken
to Genoa, where the people were delighted
with their acquisition, but the Pope com-
Spasimo di Sicilia, Raphael, Madrid Museum.
pelled them to give it up to its rightful
owners ; sold by monks in 1661 to Philip
IV. and taken to Madrid ; carried to Paris
1813 ; returned in 1819. Numerous
in
copies by Antonello da Palermo and others.
Engraved by Agos. Veneziano (1517) ; Dom
Cunego (1781) ; Ferdinand Selma (1808) ;
Charles Normaud (1813); P. Toschi ; and
many others. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv, 357;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 462 ; Passavant, ii.
244 ; Miintz, 523 ; Madrazo, 187 ; Reveil, vi.
373.
SPAKMANN, KAEL CHRISTIAN, bom
at Meissen, Saxony, in 1805, died at Dresden
in 1865. Landscape painter, pupil of Johaun
Samuel Arnold (1766-1827) at Meissen, and
of Dahl in Dresden; became in 1824 drawing-
master at Arenenberg, near
Constance, of Prince Louis
Napoleon, who, when emperor,
gave him a pension ; spent his
winters in Rome, returned
home in 1826, and visited
Switzerland and Tyrol in 1828.
Works : The Sustenpass ;
Heath near Dresden (1843),
View near Dessau (1844),
Dresden Art Union ; View of
Dresden (1841), Harrach Gal-
lery, Vienna. — Nagler, xvii.
116.
SPECKTEE, ERWIN, born
at Hamburg, July 18, 1806,
died there, Nov. 23, 1835. His-
tory painter, pupil of Corne-
lius in Munich, where he was
also much influenced by Over-
beck and Genelli ; returned
to Hamburg, and in 1830 went
to Italy, where he adopted the
style and colouring of the old
Venetian masters. Works :
Christ and the Wroman of Sa-
maria (1829) ; Three Marys
at the Sepulchre (1829), Alba-
nian Woman with Jug (1831),
Roman Woman (1832), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Samson and
Delilah (1834), Leipsic Museum. — Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1820-34) ; Nagler, xvii. 123 ; N.
Necrol. der D. (1835), ii. 1049.
SPERANZA, GIOVANNI, Venetian
school, first half of 16th century. Said by
Vasari to have been pupil of Mantegna, with
whose style his own has an affinity, like that
of his countryman, Bartolommeo Montagna,
whose work his own closely resembles, as,
210
SPERLING
e.g., a Madonna in Casa Agosti at Belluno.
Two altarpieces by him exist : one, a Virgin
Enthroned, in S. Giorgio, Velo ; the other,
an Assumption, in the gallery of Vicenza.
Other specimens of his work are in S. Coro-
na and S. Chiara, Vicenza, and in the Casa
Piovene, Padua.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 420 ;
Burckhardt, 604.
SPERLING, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
born at Halle, Saxony, in 1691, died at Ans-
pach in 1746. Portrait painter, son and
pupil in Hamburg of the portrait painter
Johaun Heinrich Sperling, then pupil of
Leipsic Academy. Court painter in Ans-
pach in 1710. Later went to Rotterdam ;
became one of the best pupils of Adriaan
van der Werff, many of whose pictures he
copied. Works : Pomona and Vertumnus in
the Form of an Old Woman (1719), Dres-
den Gallery ; Head of a Persian (1743),
Gotha Museum. — Nagler, xvii. 138.
SPERL, JOHANN, born at Buch near
Nuremberg, Nov. 3, 1840. Genre painter,
pupil at the Industrial Art School in Nu-
remberg under Kreling, then of the Mu-
nich Academy under Anschiltz and Ramberg.
Works : The New Suit ; Looking for a
Bride ; Going to Baptism ; Suabian Peas-
ant Wedding ; On Furlough. — Muller, 499.
SPHINX, QUESTIONER OF THE, Eli-
hu Vedder, Martin Brimmer, Boston. The
Sphinx, covered to the chin with the desert
sand, as it was before the excavations of
Captain Caviglia ; an old Arab, bending for-
ward and partly kneeling, has placed his
ear to the imperturbable lips, as if he ex-
pected the mystery of the ages to answer
his questions.
SPIELBERG (Spilberg), JOHANNES,
born at Dttsseldorf, April 30, 1619, died
there, Aug. 10, 1690. Dutch school. Por-
trait and history painter, pupil of Govert
Flinck in Amsterdam. Court painter in
Cologne, where he portrayed many princes
and princesses. Works : Archer's Banquet
(1650), Amsterdam Museum ; Lady's Por-
trait (1648), Darmstadt Museum ; Juno giv-
ing lo to Argus, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Portrait of Prince Johann Wilhelm
of the Palatinate, and Portrait of a Lady
(both attributed), Munich Gallery. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 104.
SPIERINCKX, PEETER, born at Ant-
werp, Aug. 30, 1635, died there, buried
Aug. 30, 1711. Flemish school ; land-
scape painter, mostly self-taught ; went in
1660 to Italy, and returned to Antwerp in
1666, having meanwhile painted also in
France, for Louis XIV. Works : Two Land-
scapes, St. Augustine's, Antweqj ; do., Mad-
rid Museum ; View in Paris, Germanic Mu-
seum, Nuremberg ; Landscapes with Fig-
ures, etc. (2), Oriental Seaport, Schleissheim
Gallery. — Van den Branden, 1073.
SPIES, RETURN OF THE (L'automne,
Autumn), Nicolas Ponssin, Louvre, Paris ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. In a
valley, with a height and fortifications of a
city on right, a woman mounted upon a
ladder gathers fruit from a tree ; in fore-
ground, the two spies sent by Moses into
Canaan bear suspended from a polo im-
mense bunches of grapes as evidence of the
fertility of the soil. One of a series of four
painted in 1660-64 for the Due do Riche-
lieu, whence passed to Louis XTV. En-
graved by J. Pesne.— Filhol, iv. PI. 238.
SPIESS, HEINRICH, born in Munich,
May 10, 1832 (1831), died there, Aug. 6 (8),
1875. History painter, pupil of Munich
Academy under Voltz and Kaulbach. As-
sisted Schwind in the Wartburg frescos ;
with his brother August painted the Villa
Feodora in Lieben stein after L. Richter's
designs. Works : Two Scenes from Life of
Henry the Lion, National Museum, Munich ;
allegorical representations of the Sciences
(with his brother August), in Arcades of
Maximilianeum, ib. — Dioskureu (1875),
262 ; Kunst-Chronik, x. 810.
SPILNBERGER (Spielberger), HANS,
bora at Kaschau, Hungary, in 1628, died in
1679. History painter, supposed to have
studied in Italy. Court painter in Augs-
burg, then in Vienna. Works : St. Peter's
Pentecostal Sermon, Church of Holy Cross,
211
SPINELLI
Augsburg ; Death of St. Benedict, St. Em-
meram's, llatisbon ; Assumption, St. Ste-
phen's, Vienna.
SPINELLI, PARRI, born in Arezzo in
1387, died there in 1452. Florentine school;
son of Spinello Spinelli, and probably his
pupil, but an imitator of Lorenzo Monaco.
He was a third-rate artist, below the Gerini
in talent, though Vasari, his townsman, saw
fit to praise him. Some of his frescos, much
overpainted, exist in S. Domeuico, in S.
Maria della Misericordia, and in S. Fran-
cesco, Arezzo. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 25 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., ii. 198 ; iii. 144 ; ed. Mil., ii.
275 ; Siret, 880 ; Burckhardt, 493.
SPINELLI, SPINELLO, born at Arezzo
about 1333, died there, March 14, 1410.
Florentine school. Son of Luca Spinelli,
of a Ghibelline family that took refuge at
Arezzo about 1308 ; commonly called Spi-
nello Aretino or d' Arezzo. Pupil of Jacopo
di Casentino, and at twenty a better painter
than his master. He was of great merit,
following the style developed by Jacopo and
by Bernardo Daddi, but rose above them
and represented the spirit of Giotto's school
at the close of the 14th century better than
any other artist of his time. He had, in-
deed, many of the qualities of Giotto,
though compared with him he is a bold
decorator, careless of form and of detail.
The Florence Academy has a Madonna with
Saints and Angels, signed and dated 1391 ;
and a church in Arezzo his Madonna della
Rosa ; but he is seen at his best in his
frescos, especially Life of St. Benedict
(1385), Sacristy of S. Miniato, near Flor-
ence ; History of SS. Ephesus and Potitus
(1391), Campo Santo, Pisa ; Barbarossa and
Pope Alexander HI., Palazzo Pubblico,
Siena; and Lucifer and the Rebel Angels
(fragment belonging to Sir A. H. Layard,
England), in S. Francesco, Arezzo. — C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 7 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., ii. 185 ; ed.
Mil., i. 677 ; W. & W., i. 477 ; Burckhardt,
493, 495, 498, 504.
SPITZER, EMANUEL, bom at Papa,
Hungary, Oct. 30, 1845. Genre painter,
mostly self-taught; worked in Paris in
1864-67, for "L'Art pour tous," settled in
Munich in 1871, and is one of the contribu-
tors to "Fliegeude Blatter." Works: Fisher
Boy (1873) ; Girl at the Well, Girl playing
among Flowers (1875); Little Darling, Sur-
prise for Papa (1877) ; Sweet Gossip (1878);
Permission for Dancing (1884) ; They are
coming! (1885). — Wurzbach, xxxvi. 186;
Allgem. K. Chr., viii. 587.
SPITZWEG, KARL, born in Munich,
Feb. 5, 1808, died
there, Sept. 13, 1885.
Genre and landscape
painter, pupil of
Hanson ; for several
years illustrator for
the comic paper
"Fliegende Blatter."
His pictures are
marked by genuine
humour, and he has been called the Jean
Paul of painters. Order of St. Michael in
1865. Works : Sunday Hunter (1844) ;
Widower (1845) ; Policeman catching Flies
(1852) ; Bookworm (1853) ; Writer cutting
Pen (1854) ; Schoolmaster serenading his
Sweethenrt, Old Gentleman in Favourite
Spot, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; School
Children (1859), Itinerant Dramatic Com-
pany resting ; Librarian, Biblical Interpreta-
tion (1860) ; Portrait Painter (1862), Prague
Art Union ; Women of Dachau at Forest
Chapel, Letter-Carrier (1862) ; Mail Coach,
Meeting of Old Friends (1863) ; Geologist,
Astrologer (1864) ; Turkish Coffee-House
(1862), Hermit playing the Violin, Group of
Alpine Herdswomen, Hypochondriac exam-
ining the Weather, Lovers Parting, Serenade
from Barber of Seville (1865), Schack Gal-
lery, Munich ; Ascent of Alp, Descent from
do. (1870); In the Garret (1882), Two Her-
mits, New Pinakothek, Munich. — Allgem.
K. Chr., is. 777, 1001 ; Graph. K, v. 44 ;
Kunst f. Alle, i. 24 ; Mtiller, 500 ; Reguet,
ii. 268 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung
(1884), 194 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 115 ; xxi. 77.
SPOSALIZIO. See Virgin, Marriage of.
212
SPRANGER
SPRANGER, BARTHOLOMEW, born
in Antwerp, March 21, 1546, died in Prague
about 1627. Flemish
school ; history and
portrait painter, pupil
of Jan Mandyn and of
Cornelis van Dalen.
In 1565 he went to
Paris, and thence to
Milan, Parma, and
Rome, where he re-
mained until 1575.
Recommended to
Maximilian H. in 1575, he executed for him
and his son, Rudolph H., important decora-
tive works, and resided as court painter in
Prague, whither he returned after a visit to
his native country in 1602. Ennobled by
Rudolph IL, he called himself Spranger van
den Schilden. Despite many good qualities,
his works show the want of early training.
Works : Magdalen, Antwerp Museum ; Su-
sanna justified by Daniel, Brussels Museum ;
Holy Family, Brunswick Gallery ; Banquet
of the Gods, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Diana
and Acteon, Christiania Gallery ; Diana
and Nymphs, Stockholm Museum ; Venus
served by the Graces, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Resurrection (attributed), Berlin
Museum ; Circumcision, Descent from the
Cross, Old Piuakothek, Munich ; Cupid and
Psyche, Oldenburg Gallery ; Apollo, Mydas,
and Marsias, Lot and Daughters fleeing
from Sodom, Susanna and the Elders,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Cupid and Psyche,
Stuttgart Museum ; Ulysses with Circe,
Mercury surprising Venus and Mars, Venus
and Mercury with Genii, Apollo and Muses,
Vulcan and Maia, Triumph of Wisdom, Al-
legory on Virtues of Rudolph H., Hercules
and Omphale,
Mars with Ve-
nus and Cu-
pid, portraits
of Artist and
his Wife, Vi-
enna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flainande ;
Fetis, Artistes beiges a 1'etranger, L 389 ;
i
V
.
Immerzeel, iiL 104 ; Eramm, v. 1551 ; Mi-
chiels, vi. 3 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 31.
SPRING, Nicolas Poussin. See Paradise.
SPRING-TIME, Pierre Auguste Col, D.
T. Lyle, Brooklyn, N. Y.; canvas, H. 8 ft.
x 4 ft. A young man and a girl, life-size,
sitting in a swing among the trees of a
garden. Painted in 1873 ; bought by John
Wolfe, New York ; at his sale (1878) to Mr.
Lyle. Replica, smaller, Dr. Marcy, New
York ; two more in Europe. — Photogravure
in Art Treasures of America, i. 54.
SPRINGER, CORNELJS, born in Am-
sterdam, May 25, 1817. Architecture paint-
er, pupil of Kasper Karsen, whom he greatly
surpasses in conception of his subjects and
in powerful colouring. Member of Rotter-
dam Academy in 1856 ; gold medal, Hague,
1857 ; Orders of Oaken Crown (1861) and
of Leopold. Works : City Hall at Middle-
burg (1859) ; do. and Market at Veere
(1861), City Hall at Cologne (1874), Muse-
um, Amsterdam ; City in Winter, Market in
Haarlem, View in the Briel, Museum Fodor,
ib. ; Town Hah1 and Market at Naarden, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Leyden Cathedral ; City
Halls at The Hague, Brussels, Bremen,
Brunswick, Miinster, Cologne, and Lflbeck ;
Market Place in Ulm. — Immerzeel, iii. 106 ;
Kramm, v. 1553.
SPROSSE, KARL, born in Leipsic, June
11, 1819, died there, Jan. 1, 1874. Land-
scape and architecture painter, pupil of
Leipsic Academy under Brauer and Schnorr.
Visited Saxony and the Rhine country in
1836-37 ; went in 1844 to Rome ; spent
many years there and in Venice, but made
occasional visits home ; visited also Greece.
Gold medal in 1854. Works : Roman Fo-
rum ; St. Mary's Church in Nuremberg ;
Cathedral of Ratisbon ; St. Mark's in Ven-
ice ; Castle of Merseburg ; Cathedrals of
Erfurt and Worms ; Series of Views in Rome
and Venice ; many churches and castles in
Germany ; Rear View of Ratisbon Cathedral
(1857), The former Moat at Leipsic (1858),
Tombstones of the Scaligers, Leipsic Muse-
um.—Andreseu, i. 76; Kuubt-Chrouik, ix. 252.
218
SPRUYT
SPRUYT, CHARLES, born at Brussels,
July 2G, 1769, died there in 1827(?). History
and genre painter, son of and first instruct-
ed by Philip Spruyt (1727-1801), then pupil
of Ghent Academy, where he won the first
prize in 1790 ; went to Rome in 1815, and
returned to Brussels in 1821. Member of
Ghent Academy. Works : St. Theresa pray-
ing to the Virgin ; Disciples at Einmaus (in
America) ; Interior of Grotto in Franciscan
Monastery ; Shop Interior (1824) ; Jan I.
Duke of Brabant in the Prison of his Sister
Maria Queen of France (182G), formerly in
Haarlem Pavilion ; Francesco Francia dying
while looking at one of Raphael's Pictures
(1829) : Interior of Subten-anean Church in
Rome ; One of the Sette Salle, ib. (1833) ;
Refectory in St. Gertrude's Convent ; Land-
scape in Sunset (1836). — Immerzeel, iii. 107.
SQUARCIONE, FRANCESCO, born in
Padua in 1394, died there in 1474. Paduan
school ; in 1422 he inherited enough from
his father, Giovanni, a notary, to enable him
to set up a tailor and embroiderer's shop.
Embroidery being akin to the art of design-
ing, he was attracted to the study of paint-
ing. In time he opened the earliest Italian
art academy in his native city, where, as he
says, 137 pupils were taught ; and thus ac-
quired the name of " father of painters."
He travelled much and made a large collec-
tion of casts from the antique, pictures, and
other objects of art for the benefit of his
pupils. Though the founder of a school,
he was himself comparatively unskilled as a
painter, and the work from his studio was
chiefly done by his disciples. His name
first appears in the lists of the Paduan guild
in 1441. He contracted to decorate the
chapel of S. Cristoforo at the Eremitani, and
intrusted the execution to Pizzolo, Manle-
gna, and others. He took part in decorating
the Santo and the cloisters of S. Francesco,
Padua, and painted an altarpiece and a Ma-
donna for the Lazzara family, still extant.
Besides Pizzolo and Mantegna, he numbered
among his pupils Marco Zoppo, Dario of
Treviso, and Ansuino. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
294 ; Burckhardt, 128, 403, 575 ; Siret, 882 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 384 ; Liibke, Gesch. ital.
Mai., i. 456.
STAAFF, KARL THEODOR, born in the
Province of Herjedalen, Sweden, June 28,
1816. Portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm
Academy in 1831. Began with historical
painting, then changed to portraits. Also
illustrated some of Jegner's writings. Mem-
ber of Stockholm Academy in 1856. Works :
King Oscar I., Drottningholm Castle near
Stockholm ; Charles XV. ; President Asker ;
Gen. Akrell ; and others. — Miiller, 501.
STACHOWICZ, MICHAEL, bom at Cra-
cow, Aug. 14, 1768, died there, March 26,
1835. History painter, pupil of Molitor
(probably Franz Iguaz, who died at Cracow
in 1794) and of Kasimir Molodzinski (died
at Cracow, Jan. 28, 1795) ; painted at first
biblical scenes for churches, but after 1794
episodes of national history, and scenes from
popular life, in oil and fresco. He was the
first among the Polish painters to pursue
a national tendency in art. Professor at
the St. Barbara Lyceum, Cracow, in 1817.
Member of Cracow Academy of Sciences.
Works : Fettering of St. Peter (1789) ; Kos-
ciuszko on the Ring Square in Cracow in
1794, Episcopal Palace, Cracow ; Battle of
Raclawice ; Martyrs of Sandomir, St. Cath-
arine, Bishop Erasmus, St. Sophia, Descent
from the Cross, Dominican Church, Cracow ;
St. Helen, Franciscans, ib.; Divine Provi-
dence, Entombment, St. Barbara's, ib.; Ma-
donna of Loreto, Capuchins, ib.; Entry of
Prince Poniatowski into Cracow in 1809 ;
Taking of Cracow by Warsaw Troops un-
der Poniatowski ; Vision of Sainted Poles
in the Clouds, Episcopal Palace, Cracow.
In fresco : Views of Cities and Representa-
tions of Popular Customs in Poland (1816-
17), ib. ; The Sciences and Arts, Polish Schol-
ars (33 medallions in 11 groups), Eleven
Episodes in History of Cracow University
(1820-21), Jagellonic Hall, University, ib.
Many others in oil and fresco in churches,
monasteries, and on the estates of Polish
, uobles. — Wurzbach, xxxvi. 314.
214
STACK
STACK, JOSEF MAGNUS, born at Suml
in 1812. Landscape painter, pupil of Stock-
holm Academy, and studied later in Munich.
Visited the Tyrol and Italy. Works: Elf
Valley in Dalecarlia, Stockholm Gallery ;
View of Genzano ; Munich and Bavarian
Highlands, Royal Palace, Stockholm.
STADEMANN, ADOLF, born at Mu-
nich in 1824. Landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy ; paints chiefly winter
scenes, often by moonlight or rainy weather.
Works : Winter Landscape (1837), New Pi-
nakothek, Munich ; do., Schack Gallery, ib.;
View on Ammer Lake (1857) ; Winter Scene
(1860) ; Bain and Sunshine (I860) ; Village
in Winter. — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1840; D.
Kunstbl., 1856-58 ; Dioskuren, 1860-62.
STADING, EVELINE, born at Stockholm
in 1803, died in 1829. Landscape painter,
pupil of Fahlcrantz, then copied from 1824
in Dresden after Euisdael and studied from
nature, and went in 1827 through Salzburg
and Tyrol to Rome. Works : View from
Villa Chigis Park near Ariccia, Park and
Castle of Rosersberg, Christiania Gallery ;
View of the Hockstein near Dresden ; Castle,
Lohmen ; Loch Mill ; View of Dresden.
STADKEUS, Greek painter, pupil of Ni-
costhenes, mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 40
[146]) as a worthy artist. Possibly identi-
cal with the sculptor of the same name,
master of Polycles.
STAELBENT. See Stalbemt.
STAG AT BAY, Sir Edwin Landseer,
Lord Godolphin. Stands in the shallow of
a lake, near the shore, with head erect ; one
of the two dogs that have followed him lies
on his back howling, while the other gives
tongue to announce the whereabouts of the
game. Royal Academy, 1846. Engraved
by C. Mottram.— Art Journal (1870), 144.
STAG FIGHT (Combat de Cerfs), Gus-
tave Courbet, Louvre, Paris. Two noble
stags, with locked horns, are contending for
supremacy in a wood. Salon, 1861. Pur-
chased at Lepel-Cointet sale for 49,100 fr.
STAG HUNT, Velasquez, Lord Ashbur-
ton, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft x 8 ft Philip
IV. and hia courtiers hunting stags in an
arena enclosed by canvas walls, in the Pra-
do, a royal hunting-seat two leagues from
Madrid ; among the personages are the
King, Queen Isabel, Olivarez, Velasquez
standing uncovered in foreground, and
Alonso de Espinar, aide to Don Balkisar
Carlos. Painted before 1629 ; purchased
by Mr. Baring from ex-King Joseph Bona-
parte, who took it from the Royal Palace,
Madrid.— Curtis, 24 ; Waagen, iii. 347.
By Philips Wouvxrman, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. An open
country divided by a river, with huntsmen
in distance driving a stag into the water, on
which are people in boats ; on left bank of
river, a terrace and gardens ; opposite, a
clump of trees with a picnic party, horses,
and musicians. — Smith, ix. 182.
STAIGG, RICHARD M., born in Leeds,
England, about 1820 ; died at Newport,
It L, Oct. 11, 1881. Portrait and genre
painter ; came to America in youth, after
studying drawing in an architect's office in
Leeds, and settled in Newport, It. I., where
he began to paint miniatures on ivory, un-
der the advice and assistance of Washington
Allston. In 1861 he was elected a member
of the National Academy, New York ; was
in Paris in 1867-69, and again in Europe in
1872-74. After his return he painted por-
traits, and occasionally landscapes and genre
pictures, some of the last of which were
much admired. His miniatures, when ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy, London, and
the Salon, Paris, received favourable notice.
Works : First Steps, The Lesson, St. Jerome,
(1870) ; Italian Chestnut Gatherer (1875) ;
Empty Nest, Cornice Road — Italy, Italian
Peasant Knitting (1876) ; Italian Girl's
Head (1877) ; Margaret, Boy's Head (1878) ;
Pet Squirrel (1880).
STALBEMT (Staelbent), ADRIAEN
VAN, born in Antwerp, June 12, 1580, died
there, Sept. 21, 1662. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, if not pupil of, certainly
influenced by Jan Brueghel. Master of the
guild in 1609, its dean in 1618, called to
215
STALLAERT
London by Charles L about 1622, and
worked there until 1642. His landscapes
are enriched with buildings, biblical and
mythological figures, and animals. Works :
Wood Landscape, Antwerp Museum ; do.,
Amsterdam Museum ; Landscape, Kirmess,
Cassel Gallery ; Kirmess, Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort ; do., Vienna Museum ; Banquet
of the Gods (1622), Judgment of Midas,
Dresden Gallery ; Adoration of the Shep-
herds (1622), Stag Hunt by a Lake, Berlin
Museum ; Wood Landscape, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Triumph of David
-toftyTALBEMT over Goliath (with P.
F A9 1 622.' Brueghel, 1619), Madrid
Museum. — Kramm, v.
1556; Michiels, ix. 118; Kooses (Reber),
411 ; Van den Brandeu, 625.
STALLAEET, JOSEPH, born at Merch-
tem, Brabant, in 1825. History painter,
pupil of Brussels Academy under Navez ;
took the prize for Rome in 1848 ; then spent
four years in Italy, France, and Germany.
His pictures are in tasteful antique style.
Medals at Brussels (1860), Vienna (1873),
Philadelphia (1876) ; Order of Leopold
(1863) ; Officer (1881) ; Order of Francis
Joseph of Austria. Principal professor of
design and of painting in Royal Academy,
Brussels. Works : Penelope (1859) ; Hero
and Leander (1861) ; Death of Dido, Brus-
sels Museum ; Cellar of Diomedes in Pom-
peii (1862) ; Ulysses (1863) ; Medea ; Polyx-
ena sacrificed to the Manes of Achilles, Ghent
Museum ; Cellar of Diomedes (1879). In
fresco : Ceilings, Palace of Count of Flan-
ders ; Four Celestial Regions, Elements and
Gods, in Brussels National Bank. — Muller,
501 ; D. Rundschau, xx. 471.
STAMMEL, EBERHARD, born at Diiren
in 1832. Genre painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy under Sohn, then studied in
Antwerp, Paris, and Munich, and settled at
Dusseldorf in 1859. Works : Morning af-
ter Bout ; Bookworm, Royal Collection, Ber-
lin ; Cavalier and Usurer, Villa Borsig, ib. ;
Gentlemen's Room, Barmen Art Union ;
Village Artist ; Everything Lost ; Peasants
at the Museum ; Art Amateur ; Afternoon
Pipe.— Dioskuren, 1865-66.
STANDAART. See Bloemen, Pieter van.
STANFIELD, GEORGE CLARKSON,
born in London, May 1, 1828, died at Harnp-
stead, March 22, 1878. Landscape and
marine painter, son and pupil of William
Clarkson Stanfield, and student of the Royal
Academy, to the exhibitions of which he
was a contributor from 1844 to 1876. He
painted principally Continental landscapes
and views of towns. Works : Church of
St. Michael— Ghent (1860); Saarburg Castle
(1861); On the Lahn (1863) ; Amphitheatre
at Verona (1864) ; Angers (1868) ; Dunbar
Castle (1872) ; Entrance to Harbour of La
Rochelle (1875) ; On the Nile (1876).
STANFIELD, WILLIAM CLARKSON,
born at Sunderland,
Durham, in 1793,
died at Hampstead,
May 18, 1867. Be-
gan life as a sailor in
the royal navy; be-
came a scene painter
when still young, and
soon turned his at-
tention to landscape
and marine painting, in which he won suc-
cess ; exhibited first at Royal Academy in
1829 ; became an A.R.A. in 1832 and R.A.
in 1835. After his first visit to Italy in
1813, painted many Italian views. He ex-
celled in mountain and river scenery, and
in naval battle scenes and seaport views.
Works : Market Boats on the Scheldt (1826);
Wreckers off Fort Rouge (1827); Mount St.
Michael (1830) ; Fishermen of Honfleur,
View of Venice (1831) ; Opening of New
London Bridge, Portsmouth Harbour (1832);
Battleof Trafalgar (183Q); Viewnear St. Malo,
Amalfi, Avignon, Ancona (1840) ; Castle of
Ischia, Pozzuoli (1841); Isola Bella, Kitchen
of Inn — Amalfi (1842); Mazerbo and Lu-
cello, Ducal Palace — Venice, Ischia (1843) ;
Oude Scheldt, Day after the Wreck (1844) ;
Trajan's Arch — Ancona, Capture of Spanish
Frigate El Gamo (1845); Ponte Rotto—
216
STAKGE
Rome (1846); Dordrecht, French Troops scape (1861), New Pinakothek, Munich
fording the Magra (1847) ; Am alii. Mola de
Gaeta (1848); Tilbury Fort, Lago Maggiore
(1849) ; Battle of Roveredo (1851) ; Bay of
Baire, Port of Eochelle (1852) ; The Victory
towed into Gibraltar (1853); Last of the
Crew, Hulks in the Medway (1854) ; Siege
of Sebastian (1855); The Abandoned, Guarda
Costa off Bidassoa (1856) ; St. Jean de Luz,
Calais Fishermen (1857) ; Fortress of Sa-
vona, Castle of Ischia (1858) ; On Coast of
Brittany, Maltese Xebec on Bocks, Brodick
Castle (1859) ; Angers, Vesuvius, Outward
Bound (1860); Capture of Smuggled Goods,
Homeward Bound (1861); Stack Rock, Race
of Ramsay, Nieuwe Diep, Coast of Norman-
dy, Coast of Brittany (1862); Coast of Cala-
bria, The Defence and her Prize on Morning
after Trafalgar, Oude Scheldt, Shakespeare's
Cliff— Dover, Worms Head— Bristol Chan-
nel (1863) ; Mew Stone— Plymouth Sound,
War, Peace, On the HoUands Diep (1864) ;
Bass Rock, Vale of Narni (1865) ; Tintagel
Evening Bell, Night in Venice, Schack Gal-
lery, ib.— Regnet, ii. 277 ; Kuust-Chronik,
xvi. 166.
STANHOPE, R SPENCER, born in Eng-
land ; contemporary. Belongs to Pre-Raph-
aelite school ; paints highly elaborated dec-
orative pictures akin in style to early Flor-
entine art. Lives in Florence (1884).
Works : Flight into Egypt (1862) ; Rizpah
(1863) ; The Mill, Beauty and the Beast
(1865); Footsteps of the Flock (1868); Rape
of Proserpine (1869) ; Eve Tempted, Love
and the Maiden, Banks of the Styx (1877) ;
The Shulamite, Cupid and Psyche (1878) ;
Waters of Lethe (1880) ; Autumn (1881) ;
The Shulamite (1882); Charon and Psyche
(1883) ; Patience on a Monument (1884) ;
Birth of Venus (1885) ; Why seek ye the
Living among the Dead ? (1886).
STAN/IONI, MASSIMO, Cavaliere, born
in Naples in 1585, died there in 1656. Ne-
apolitan school ; pupil in Naples of Fabrizio
Castle, Pic du Midi d'Ossaiu — Pyrenees . Santafede, of Caracciolo, and Corenzio ; af-
(1866); Skirmish off Heligoland (1867, his ; terwards studied in Rome works of Anni-
last work). — Art Journal (1857), 137 ; (1867), bale Carracci and of Guido, and succeeded
171 ; Portfolio (1879), 124, 135 ; Gentle- in imitating the colouring of the latter so
man's Mag., July, 1867 ; Sandby, ii. 149.
STANGE, BERNHARD, born in Dres-
den, July 24, 1807, died at Sindelsdorf, Oct.
10, 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Rott-
mann in Munich in 1830 ; also influenced
by Rahl. Visited Venice iu 1849 ; in his
latter yeai-s lived as a farmer in the coun-
try. Deep feeling for the poetry of nature
and history pervades his pictures. Order
of St. Michael in 1858. Works : Morning
Bell (20 replicas) ; Evening in the Alps
(1835) ; Alpine Valley (1837) ; Mountain
Valley at Twilight (1838); Autumn Evening
on Lake (1841) ; Celebration of German
Union (1849) ; Moonlight (1851), Hamburg
Gallery ; Foundation of Venice — Morning ;
Arrival of Admirals after Battle of Lepan-
to — Noon ; Singers on the Canal — Night
(1854-57), Queen Victoria ; Ships in Gulf
of Venice (1853), Evening from Tower Win-
dow, Burial of Doge (1852), Moonlight Land-
well that he was called Guido Reni di Na-
poli. His reputation won him the enmity
of Spagnoletto, who persecuted him bitterly.
Works : Lucretia, Naples Museum ; Cleo-
patra, Palazzo Cassaro, Naples ; Deposition
of Christ, over entrance inside Church of
S. Murtino, Naples ; St. Sebastian, Louvre ;
Madonna, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. —
Lanzi, ii. 38 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole napolitaiue ;
Lavice, 223.
STAPLEAUX, MICHEL GHISLAIN,
born in Brussels, June 26, 1799, died in
1881. History and portrait painter, pupil
of David ; won grand prizes in Antwerp
(1822), Brussels (1823), and The Hague
(1829), and became professor iu the Brus-
sels Academy. Works: Return of Prodi-
gal Son, Prague Gallery ; Death of Cleo-
patra ; Napoleon at St. Helena ; many por-
traits of princely personages. — Irnmerzeel,
iii. 108.
817
STAKKENBOEGH
STAEKENBORGH, JACOBUS NICO-
LAAS, Baron TJAEDA VAN, born at Wehe,
GrOniugen, in 1822. Landscape painter,
self-taught ; studied old Dutch masters un-
til 1819, when he visited America. Settled
in Diisseldorf iu 1852, whence he made
sketching tours to Thuringia, Switzerland,
and England. Member of Amsterdam Acad-
emy. Medals: The Hague, 1857, Lyons,
1865. Works : Invitation to Kirmess ; Har-
vest ; Water Mill.— Mtiller, 502.
STAR OP EMPIRE, Emanuel Leutze,
Capitol at Washington ; mural painting on
staircase landing, House of Representatives.
"Westward the star of empire takes its
way." Represents an emigrant train cross-
the Rocky Mountains. Painted in 18 — ,
for $20,000.
STARK, JOSEF (AUGUST), born at
Gratz, Styria, March G, 1782, died there,
July 23, 1838. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Vienna Academy under Maurer,
then under Caucig and Lampi ; became di-
rector of the Gratz Academy in 1817, and
of the newly erected gallery in 1819. Vis-
ited Italy in 1817 and 182C. Works : Su-
sanna at the Bath (1816) ; Maximilian I.
on the Martin Wall, Magdalen iu the Des-
ert (1826) ; Cimon taking his Father's Place
in Prison (1828) ; Hylas and the Nymphs
(1832) ; Baumkirclmer defending the Neu-
stadt Gate at Gratz in 1452, Venus, Count
Attems, Gratz ; St. John the Baptist, Chapel
of the Joaimeum, ib. ; Christ bearing the
Cross, City Parish Church, ib. ; Christ in
the Temple, Chapel of the former Ferdinan-
deum, ib.— Hormayr's Archiv (1822), 696 ;
(1823), 724 ; (1827), 179 ; Wurzbach, xxxvi.
217.
STARNINA, GHERARDO, born in Flor-
ence in 1354 (?), died there in 1408 (?).
Florentine school ; pupil of Antonio Vene-
ziano, with whom he spent some years ; set-
tled in Florence, where, in spite of rude
manners and a hot temper, he found pat-
rons. In 1378 he became involved in the
disturbances of the Ciompi, and fled for his
life to Spain, where he acquired wealth in
the exercise of his art. In 1387 he was
again in Florence and took the freedom of
the painters' company, appearing as Gherar-
do d' Jacopo Starna. He was painting there
in 1406, after which there is no trace of him.
None of the pictures attributed to him by
Vasari remain, though some of the frescos
in the Chapel of the Duomo at Prato, a se-
ries completed by Antonio Vite, the pupil of
Stamina, may be his work. — C. & C., Italy,
i. 493 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 177 ; ed.
Mil., ii. 5 ; Burckhardt, 491, 497.
STARVATION COVE (Bai des Todes,
Bay of Death), Julius von Payer ; canvas,
H. 12 ft. x 14 ft. The final scene in Sir
John Franklin's Polar expedition ; one of a
series of four pictures projected by the
painter. Seven of the last survivors lie dead
in their boat, which is seen in its whole
length in the moonlight ; Captain Crozier,
the only living one, bareheaded and musket
in hand, is leaning forward fixedly watching
a bear, whose head is seen at right watch-
ing the corpses ; in the distance, two other
bears ; at left, an expanse of ice. Painted
in 1883.— London Times, Jan. 29, 1884;
Kunst-Chronik, xix. 110, 123, 157 ; xx. 335 ;
Allgem. K. C., viii. 601.
STATTLER, ALBERT CORNEL, born
in Cracow in 1800, died in Rome after
1870. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Lampi in Vienna, and in 1817 of St.
Luke's Academy in Rome, where he was in-
fluenced by Canova and Thorwaldsen, later
by Overbeck, Joseph Hyzler, and Joseph
Craffonara. Painted portraits of Czartory-
ski family in Vienna ; became professor in
Cracow in 1831 ; soon after 1850 settled in
Rome. Gold medal, Paris, 1844. Works :
Moses on Mt. Sinai, Abel, Holy Family, St.
Joachim with SS. Anna and Mary, Cracow ;
Maccabees ; Madonna and Angels ; Madon-
na di Neve ; Crucifixion ; Baptism of Christ ;
Madonna surrounded by Angels ; Holy
Family (1870); and many portraits. — Wurz-
bach, xxxvii. 242.
STAVEREN, JOHAN ADRIAENSZ
VAN, born at Leyden, died there after 1668.
218
STEARNS
Dutch school ; genre painter, painted her-
mits, old men and women, in a highly fin-
ished style like that of Gerard Dou, whom
he closely imitated. Works : Scholar in his
Study, Louvre, Paris ; Hermit, Old Man in
Prayer, Schoolmaster, Amsterdam Museum ;
St. Jerome Praying (1690), Copenhagen
Gallery ; St. Francis in his Hermitage, Ol-
denburg Gallery; Herring Seller, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412.
STEARNS, JUNIUS BRUTUS, bora in
Burlington, Vt., in 1810, died in Brooklyn,
N. Y., Sept. 16, 1885. Portrait and figure
painter. Elected N. A. in 1849. Works:
Washington as a Soldier, a Statesman, a
Farmer, and In Death (4 pictures), formerly
in Abbott Collection in Spingler Institute,
New York.
STEELL, GOURLAY, born in Edinburgh ;
contemporary. Animal painter, younger
brother of Sir John Steell the sculptor.
Exhibits at the Royal Academy, London,
and at the Royal Scottish Academy, Edin-
burgh, of which he is a member. He was
appointed, after the death of Landseer in
1873, animal painter in Scotland to the
Queen. Several of his pictures have been
engraved.
STEEN, JAN, born in Leyden in 1626,
died there, bur-
ied Feb. 3, 1679.
Dutch school;
genre painter, pu-
pil at Utrecht of
Nicolas Knupfer,
and at the Hague
of Jan van Goyen,
whose daughter
he married in
1649 ; developed
under the influence of Frans Hals and Adri-
aan van Ostade. Lived for some time in
Haarlem before 1648, when received into
the guild of Leydeii ; went to The Hague
in 1649, lived there until 1653, then again
at Leyden until 1658 or 1659. Said to have
kept a brewery at Delft, where he lived for
a short time, probably between 1650 and
1G52. At various times from 1661 to 1669
he resided at Haarlem, in constant difficul-
ties with creditors. Probably after his fa-
ther's death, in 1669, he returned to Leyden,
where, in 1672, he applied for a license to
keep a tavern. His first wife having died
in Haarlem in 1669, he married a widow,
Maritje Herculens, in 1673. He standsfore-
most among the greatest Dutch painters of
familiar life, which ho illustrated with rare
mastery, lashing the follies and vices of his
day with keen satire. Works : Music Mas-
ter, National Gallery, London ; Girl with
Spaniel (1663), Party of Eleven at Cards and
Music, Country People in Tavern, Twelfth
Night, Riotous Mirth before an Inn, Four
Men and a Woman at Cards, Buckingham
Palace, ib. ; Fishmonger, School Room,
Bridgewater Gallery, ib.; Jovial Party in
Ale-House, Playing at Skittles, Lord Ash-
burton, ib.; The Glutton (1661), A Christen-
ing, Merry Party by Village Inn, Mr. Hope,
ib.; Family Scene, Interior, Love in the
Country, three others, Mr. Munro, ib. ;
Wedding, Painter singing to his Lute, Phy-
sician writing Prescription, School Boys
playing Tricks (1672), four others, Mr. Ba-
ring, ib.; Physician feeling Pulse of a Girl,
Family taking Advantage of Mother's Nap,
two companion pictures witli Riotous Par-
ties, Apsley House, ib. ; Bad Company, Feast
in a Tavern (1674), Louvre, Paris ; Benedic-
ite, Comte Henri de Greffulhe, Paris ; Art-
ist's Portrait, Return from Festival, Woman
Scouring, A Baker, A Quack (2), St. Nicho-
las's Day, Game of Tric-Trac, Peasant Wed-
ding (1672), Banquet, The Dupe, Dancing
Lesson, Jolly Inmates (1668), Sick Lady,
Drinking Couple, Family Scene, Orgie, Van
der Hoop Museum, Amsterdam ; Eating
Oysters, Wedding (1653), Six Collection, ib. ;
Artist courting Maritje Herculens, Physician
feeling Lady's Pulse, Prodigal Son, Van
Loon Collection, ib.; St. Nicholas's Day,
-'HI
STEENWYCK
Surgical Operation, Tobias healing his Fa-
ther, Old Man Cutting Pen, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Dentist, Menagerie (1660), Sick-Room,
similar subject, Steen's Family, The Inn,
Hague Museum ; St. Nicholas's Day, Sur-
gical Operation, Rotterdam Museum ; do.,
Twelfth Night, Gallant Proposal, Rhetori-
cians, Museum, Brussels ; Marriage of Cana,
Arenberg Gallery, ib. ; Samson insulted by
Philistines, Country Wedding, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Artist's Portrait, Suermondt Muse-
um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Philosopher Reading,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Jan Steen in a Tav-
ern Garden, Quarrel at Play, Frivolous Par-
ty, Berlin Museum ; Wedding Contract,
Merry Party, Brunswick Museum ; Tavern
Garden, Carlsnihe Gallery ; Feast of the
Bean, Tavern Scene, Cassel Gallery ; Miser
surprised by Death, Triumphal Entry of
Saul into Jerusalem (1671), Copenhagen
Gallery ; Morning after Wedding, Gallery,
Dessau ; Boy and Dog, Old Woman and
Dog, Amalienstift, ib. ; Marriage at Cana,
Woman feeding Child, Expulsion of Hagar,
Dresden Museum ; Moses striking the Rock,
Man joking with Servant Girl, Alchemist,
Fish Market at Leyden, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Jolly Company, Gotha Museum ;
Peasants in a Landscape, Interior with mer-
ry Peasants, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Coveted
Tid-Bits, Konigsberg Museum ; Quarrel be-
tween Card Players (1664), Doctor's Visit,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Music Assembly
in Open Air, Oldenburg Gallery ; Lovesick
Maiden, Tavern Scene, Schwerin Gallery ;
Peasant Wedding, Dutch Interior (1G63),
Museum, Vienna ; Devotee, Baron Roths-
child, ib.; Peasant Party, Schonborn Gal-
lery, ib.; Esther and Ahasuerus, Doctor's
Visit, Musical Entertainment in a Garden,
Game of Tric-Trac (1667), Tavern Scene,
Wedding, Gouty Old Man, The Drinkers,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Young Violin-
ist, Peasants at Table, Uffizi, Florence ; The
Old Rat comes to the Trap at last, Dutch
Kirmess, Metropolitan Museum, New York.
— Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Bode, Stu-
dien, 193 ; Burger, Musees, i. 104, 252 ; ii.
107, 262 ; Dohme, lii. ; Gower, Figure Paint-
ers, 49 ; Graph. K, iii. 28 ; Immerzeel, iii.
110; Kramm, v. 1562;
Kugler (Crowe), ii.
401 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xvii. 267, 283, 574 ;
Nederlandsche
Kunstbode (1881),
225; EieSe1' Bei-
trage, ii. 326 ; Wed-
more, Masters of Genre Painting, 106 ;
Westrheene, Jan Steen (Hague, 1856); Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, iii. 190 ; v. 228 ; viii. 353 ; xiv.
253, 315, 343.
STEENWYCK, HENDRIK VAN, the
elder, born at Steenwyck about 1550, died
at Frankfort in 1604. Flemish school ; ar-
chitecture painter, pupil of Jan Fredeman de
Vries ; master at Antwerp in 1577. Went
to Germany in 1579. Painted chiefly church
interiors, generally with figures by some of
the Francken family. The first to repre-
sent the effect of the light of torches and
tapers on architectural forms. Works : Vesti-
bule Interior, National Gallery, London ; Il-
luminated Cathedral, Amsterdam Museum ;
Buildings, Hague Museum ; Interior of St.
Peter's at Louvain, Brussels Museum ; A
Market (1598), Brunswick Gallery ; Court-
Yard of a Palace (1588), Amalienstift, Des-
sau ; Interior of Aix-la-Chapelle Cathedral
(1573), Schleissheim Gallery ; Liberation of
St. Peter (1604), Gothic Church Interior, Vi-
enna Museum ; Prison of St. John the Bap-
tist, Uffizi, Florence ; others in Aschaffen-
burg (2), Cassel (5), Christiania, St. Peters-
Hetir.V.
burg (3), and Stuttgart Galleries. — Kramm,
v. 1568 ; Michiels, vi. 203 ; Riegel, Bei-
trage, ii. 34 ; Siret (1883), ii. 294.
STEENWYCK, HENDRIK VAN, the
younger, born in Amsterdam (?) or in Frank-
foi-t about 1580, died in London, after 1649.
Flemish school ; architecture painter, son
330
STEFANO
and pupil of Hendrik van Steenwyck the el-
der ; fellow scholar with Pieter Neefs. Paint-
ed architectural
backgrounds for
many of Van
Dyck's pictures.
Worked first nt
Antwerp ; after
1629 in England,
when Charles I.
ordered several
pictures from him.
Works : Christ be-
fore the High Priest, Peter's Denial, Ma-
drid Museum ; Jesus with Martha and Mary
(1620), four Church Interiors, Louvre, Paris ;
View of a Public Square (1614), Hague Mu-
seum ; Interior by Candle-Light, Suermondt
Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Liberation of
Peter (2), Gothic Church Interior, Bruns-
wick Gallery ; A Prison (1649), Berlin Mu-
seum ; Liberation of Peter (2, one dated
1631), Darmstadt Museum ; Terrace before
Vestibule of Renaissance Building (1618),
Leipsic Museum ; Italian Palace (1623), In-
terior of Sacristy (1634), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Interior of Renaissance Palace
(1611), three others, Schwerin Gallery ;
three Church Interiors (1609, 1611, 1614),
Hall of Castle (1637), Dresden Gallery ;
Liberation of Peter (1621, 1633), Church
Interior, do. (1605), Vienna Museum ;
Gothic Church Interior, Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; do., Gotha Museum ; St. Peter in
Prison, Church Interior, and others, Hamp-
ton Court. — Ch. Blanc, l5cole flamande ;
Kramm, v. 1568 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 35,
73 ; Siret (1883), ii. 294.
STEFANO DA FERRARA, born in Fer-
rara in 14 — , died there, Jan. 17, 1500.
Lombard school ; real name probably Ste-
fano Falzagalloni ; pupil of Squarcione.
His decorations of a chapel in S. Antonio,
Padua, mentioned in 1445 by Michele Sa-
vonarola as a marvel of art, were destroyed
in 1500. He also painted the Madonna del
Pilastro on one of the pillars of the same
church. Two pictures attributed to him in
Brera, Milan : one, Madonna with Saints, is
in the manner of Turn ; the other, Madonna
Enthroned between Saints, is rather attrib-
utable to Rondinello.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 528;
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 179 ; ed. Mil., iii. 407 ;
Lanzi, iii. 189 ; Ch. Blanc, tfcole ferraraise.
STEFANO DI GIOVANNI, first half of
15th century. Sienese school ; commonly
known as Sassetta. He imitated the formal
arrangement, painful minuteness of out-
lines, and the softer curves of draperies
which distinguish Ugolino and Segua. The
Birth of the Virgin, in the sacristy of the
Duomo at Asciano, the Madonna with Saints
(1436), in the Osservanza outside Siena, and
a similar one, in S. Domenico, Cortona, are
by him.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 74.
STEFANO DA VERONA. See Stefano
da Zevio.
STEFANO DA ZEVIO, the elder, flour-
ished in latter part of 14th century. Veron-
ese school ; painted frescos in the choir of
tli e Basilica of S. Zevio, Verona ; Crucifixion,
near the door of the sacristy there ; Madonna
Enthroned (fresco), over an altar in the
church at Illasi. — Bernascoui, 220.
STEFANO DA ZEVIO, the younger,
born at Zevio, near Verona, in 1393, died
in 1450. Veronese school ; called also Ste-
fano da Verona. He was the contemporary
and perhaps pupil of Vittor Pisano, but he
was far from equalling him in grace, draw-
ing, and expression. He is praised by Va-
sari, but the examples he has left show that
he followed in the beaten track of the min-
iaturists, and cared more for minute finish
than for drawing and modelling. Works :
Fresco, Madonna and Saints, Casa Sona,
Verona ; Prophets, etc., over small door, S.
Eufemia, Verona ; Adoration of the Magi
(1435), Brera, Milan.— C. & C., N. Italy, i.
458 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 86 ; Lanzi, ii.
88 ; Bernasconi, 226.
sti
STEFFAN
STEFFAN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED,
born at Wiidenswyl, Switzerland, Dec. 13,
1815. Landscape painter, pupil of the Mu-
nich Academy under Cornelius, after study-
ing lithography. Devoted himself to land-
scape in 1841, taking Kottmann for model.
Made excursions to Bavarian and Swiss Alps,
Upper Italy, and with Friedrich Voltz to Par-
is. Medals in Berne and Vienna. Works :
Woodland near Berchtesgaden, two others,
Basle Museum ; View near Meiringen (1852),
Approaching Storm in Canton Glarus, Berne
Museum ; Autumn Morning, View on Brienz
Lake, St. Gall Museum ; Mountain Brook, Zu-
rich Gallery ; Reichenbach Fall (1853) ; Among
Higher Alps, NewPinakothek, Munich ; Four
Seasons in four Swiss Landscapes (1857) ;
View on Vierwaldstatter Lake (1860) ; Moun-
tain Brook ; Chillon on Lake of Geneva
(1862); Waterfall in Norway, Provinzial Mu-
seum, Hanover ; Autumn in South Germany
(1864), Konigsberg Museum ; Valley of the
Elm in Canton Glarus (1865) ; View in Ba-
varian Highlands (1866) Leipsic Museum ;
Rocky Gorge of Aare (1870) ; Gmunden
Lake (1873) ; Heights of Brienz Lake
(1877) ; Autumn Day in St. Gallen Alps
(1878), Dresden Gallery ; View of Ramsau
(1879) ; Ravine and Torrent on Glarner Alp,
Waterfall after Storm (1882) ; Gorge at Ro-
senlaui Glacier (1885).— Miiller, 503 ; Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xvii. 853.
STEFFECK, KARL, born in Berlin,
April 4, 1818. Ani-
mal painter, pupil of
Berlin Academy under
Krtiger and Begas, of
Delaroche in Paris in
1839, and studied in
Italy in 1840-42. Be-
gan with animal pict-
ures, but soon com-
bined history and
genre with them ;
paints also good portraits, especially eques-
trian. Director of Konigsberg Academy
since 1880. Member of Berlin and Vienna
Academies. Medals : Berlin, Paris, 3d class,
1855, and Philadelphia ; L. of Honour, 1878 ;
Prussian Crown Order, 2d class, 1885. Works:
Godfrey of Bouillon rescuing Hermit from
Bear (1838) ; Span of Buffaloes (1849), Kon-
igsberg Museum ; Capture of a Standard
by Margrave Albrecht Achilles (1848), Span-
iels fighting for Sun-Shade (1850), Mare
with Colts (1877), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Horse Pond ; Dead Colt ; Hare, Fox on the
Watch (1859) ; Work Horses (1860) ; Catch-
ing Wild Horses ; King Wilhelm at Sadowa
(1867), Royal Palace, Berlin ; Scene in An-
teroom, Ravene Gallery, ib. ; String of Horses
(1872) ; Racing (1874) ; Gypsy Boy riding
through a Wood (1876); Stag Hunt in Grii-
newald, Meet, Stettin Museum ; Portraits
of Emperor Wilhelm, Crown Prince, and
Field Marshal Manteuffel. In fresco : Epi-
sode after Battle of Sedan (1884), Arsenal,
Berlin. — Andresen, v. 104 ; Jordan (1885),
ii. 220; Muller, 504; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xviii. 886 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 289 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 197 ; Leixner, Mod.
K, ii. 115 ; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 260.
STEINBRUCK, EDUARD, bom at Mag-
deburg, May 3, 1803, died at Landeck, Si-
lesia, Feb. 3, 1882. History and genre
painter, pupil of Wach in Berlin in 1822-
29 ; went to Diisseldorf in 1829, then to
Rome, and returned to Berlin in 1833. Af-
ter a long residence in Dttsseldorf, settled
in Berlin in 1846, but retired to Landeck,
Silesia, in 1876. Member of Berlin Acad-
emy in 1841 ; professor in 1854. Works :
Expulsion from Paradise, Angel at the Gate
of Heaven (1825); Hagar in the Desert (1829);
Roman Woman hunting as a Nymph ; Ma-
donna and Child ; Children Bathing (1834),
Mary among the Elves (1840), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; replica of latter, Raczynski
Gallery, ib.; St. Genevieve (1835), Darm-
stadt Museum ; Thisbe listening at the
Wall (1836) ; Red Riding Hood and Wolf ;
Adoration of Shepherds and Kings ; Undine
(1839) ; Elfin Dance (1842) ; Parable of the
Sower (1842); Lord's Supper (1844); Christ
on the Cross, Entombment, St. Jacob's,
Magdeburg ; Adoration of Shepherds, Hed-
222
STEIXER
wig Church, Berlin ; Episode in Magde-
burg's Destruction ; Hylas carried off by
Nymphs ; Guardian Angel and Water-
Sprites (1870) ; Lorelei, Rilbezahl (1872) ;
Erl-King's Daughters (1874). In fresco :
Ceiling Medallions, New Museum, Berlin ;
Resurrection, Angels, Chapel of Palace, ib. ;
Christ on Mount of Olives, Church of Peace,
Potsdam.— MUller, 504 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
222 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 51 ; Wolfg.
MttUer, Dttsseldf. K, 186 ; Wiegmann, 144.
STEINER, JOHANN NEPOMUK, born
at Iglau, Moravia, May 16, 1725, died in Vi-
enna in 1792. German school ; history and
portrait painter, self-taught ; went to Rome,
where he took Raphael Mengs for his model.
In 1751 visited Venice ; then lived in Iglau, j
until the Empress Maria Theresa called him
to Vienna as court painter about 1755.
Member of Academy in 1767. Works :
Death of St. James ; St. Aloysius, Ignatius
Loyola, Martyrdom of Stephen ; St. Joseph,
A Chemist, Vienna Academy. Portraits of
Maria Theresa, Joseph II., Prince Kau-
nitz, Field-Marshal Loudon, the Poet Me-
tastasio. Fresco paintings in different
churches. — Wurzbach, xxxviii. 69 ; Nagler,
xvii. 286.
STEINFELD, FRANZ, born in Vienna,
May 26, 1787, died at Pisek, Bohemia, Nov.
3, 1868. Landscape painter, pupil of his
father and of Prokop in sculpture, then of
Vienna Academy in painting. Appointed
chamber painter by Archduke Anton in
1815 ; became corrector at Vienna Academy
in 1837, professor in 1838. Travelled much
in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy,
Holland, Belgium, and France. Gold medal
in 1848. His style sometimes recalls Ruis-
dael. He probably painted about 800 pict-
ures. Works : Rocky Landscape near Ba-
den (1820); Hallstadt Lake (1834); Swampy
Wood and Deserted Mill (1846), Vienna
Museum ; Day-Break (1847) ; Gastein 44
Years ago (1857). — Wurzbach, xxxviii. 81 ;
Kunst-Chronik, iv. 84 ; Nagler, xvii. 288.
STEINFURTH, HERMANN, born in
Hamburg in 1824, died there, Feb. 7, 1880.
History and portrait painter, pupil in Dlls-
seldorf of Karl Sohn, and of the Academy
under Schadow in 1845-52 ; returned to
Ddsseldorf after having visited Italy, and
settled in Hamburg. Works : Entombment
(1844) ; Education of Jupiter (1846), Co-
logne Museum ; Abduction of Hylas (1847) ;
Resurrection of Christ, Peter, Paul, St. Pe-
ter's, Hamburg ; Diana sur prised by Actse-
on (1847), Tithonus abducted by Eos, Tar-
tarus, Bacchantes, Portraits of Hermann
Kauffmann, Ludwig Kuaus, of himself, and
three others, Kunsthalle, ib. — Kuust-Chro-
nik, xv. 386 ; Graph. K., ii. 60.
STEINHAUSEN, WILHELM, born at
Sorau, Feb. 2, 1846. History painter and
illustrator, pupil of Berlin Academy in 1863
-66, and of Carlsruhe Art School until 1869.
Resided in Berlin ; spent a year in Rome,
and settled in Frankfort in 1876 ; illustrates
especially religious subjects. Works: Pe-
ter's Deliverance from Prison ; History of
the Birth of Our Lord (1872) ; Labourer in
the Vineyard (1881). In fresco : Decora-
tions of Ravenstein House, Frankfort. — M(U-
ler, 505.
STEINHAUSER, PAULINE, n6e Frank,
died in 18 1C. History painter, wife of the
sculptor Karl Steiuhiiuser. Works : Queen
Esther, Schloss Bellevue, Berlin ; Iphigenia,
Fhiulein von Waldenburg, ib. ; Christ and
the Woman of Samaria, Infant St. John
(1846), Archangel Michael, Schwerin Gnl-
lery ; Genius of the Vine (1848) ; Madonna
(1862).— Cotta's Kuustbl., 1848; D. Kuust-
bl., 1857 ; Dioskuren, 1802.
STEINHEIL, LOUIS CHARLES AU-
GUSTE, born at Strasburg, June 26, 1814,
died in Paris in May, 1885. Genre, portrait,
and flower painter, pupil of Decaisne. Has
latterly devoted himself to glass painting
and church decoration. Medals : 3d class,
1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ; 3d class, 1851 ; L. of
Honour, 1860. Works : Consolations, Le-
onora (1836) ; Young Virgin presented to
Christ (1840) ; St. Philomena (1841) ; Ma-
terfamilias, My Finger told me so (1845) ;
Fruit and Wine, Interior (1846) ; Mother
SS3
STEINICKE
(1847), Nantes Museum ; Soap - Bubbles
(1847); Young Mother, Morning (1848) ;
Woman and her Child, Gillyflowers (1849).
— Larousse ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 589.
STEINICKE, HEINKICH, born at Leer,
East Friesland, May 5, 1825. Landscape
painter, pupil of Hanover Polytechnic School ;
then studied at The Hague, and since 1852
in Diisseldorf ; has made frequent sketch-
ing tours to Holland, Norway, Bavaria, Aus-
tria, Switzerland, and Italy. Works : Fjord
in Norway (1855) ; Chiem Lake, Bavarian
Mountain Landscape (1858), Stettin Muse-
um ; Ober Lake (1859), Courtray Museum ;
Approaching Storm (1860) ; Evening in
Mountains (1862), Emperor Wilhekn ; Even-
ing on the Heath (1864), Provinzial Muse-
um, Hanover ; Noon Rest on Mountain Lake ;
German Landscape. — Mtlller, 505.
STEINKOPF, GOTTLOB FRIEDRICH
YON, born in Stuttgart in 1779, died there
in 1861. Landscape and history painter, son
and pupil of Johann Friedrich Steinkopf
(1737-1825, court painter in Stuttgart in
1801). Went to Vienna in 1 799, and to Rome
in 1807, where he was intimate with Koch,
Schick, and Overbeck, and took Claude Lor-
rain and Poussin for his models ; lived in
Vienna in 1814-21, then in Stuttgart, where
he became instructor at the Art School in
1829, professor in 1833, director in 1845,
and retired in 1855. Honorary member of
Berlin Academy in 1825, of Vienna Acad-
emy in 1836. Wtirtemberg Crown Order.
Works : Morning of Sacrifice (1810) ; Re-
turn of Hercules from Liou Hunt (1812);
Italian Vintage, Ulysses and Nausicaa (1818
-20) ; Evening in Italy (1828) ; Cleobis and
Biton (1833) ; Suabian Spring (1839) ; Ely-
sian Fields (1843), Stuttgart Museum ;
Views near Stuttgart (1827), Villa Rosen-
stein near Stuttgart. — Wurzbach, xxxviii.
106.
STEINLE, EDUARD, born in Vienna,
July 2, 1810, died at Frankfort, Sept. 19,
1886. History painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy and of Kiipelwieser ; went in 1828
to Rome, where Overbeck arid Veit befriend-
ed him ; returned in 1834, visited Frankfort
in 1837, studied fresco painting in Munich
under Cornelius in 1838,
settled in Frankfort in
1842, and became pro-
fessor at the Stiidel In-
stitute there in 1850.
Next to Overbeck, with
whose style he has iden-
tified himself, and to
Fdhrich, he is the most
distinguished represent-
ative of religious art in
Germany. Member of Berlin, Vienna, Mu-
nich, and Hanau Academies. Gold medal
for art and science ; gold medal, Paris, and
L. of Honour, 1855 ; Order of Leopold,
1860 ; do. of Francis Joseph, etc. Oil paint-
ings : St. Luke painting the Virgin (1840),
Basle Museum ; Solomon's Judgment (1840),
Emperors Albrecht I. and Ferdinand HI.
(1841), Romer, Frankfort ; Sibylla Tibur-
tina (1848), Stiidel Gallery, ib. ; Madonna
(1854), St. Leonard's, ib. ; Visitation (1841),
Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; do. (1848), Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Madonna Fontana (1854), Vi-
enna Museum ; Castle Ward (1854), Weimar
Museum ; Madonna (1856), Speyer Cathe-
dral ; St. Joseph (1859), St. Mary's, Aix-la-
Chapelle ; Warder of Tower (1858), Fiddler
in Tower (1862), Lorelei (1864), Adam and
Eve (1867), Schack Gallery, Munich ; Ado-
ration of the Cross (1885). Water-colours :
Madonnas, Saints, and many biblical and
religious subjects ; illustrations to German
Fairy Tales (1861-74) ; do. to Dante (1835),
Shakespeare (1868-72) ; do. to Wolfram von
Eschenbach (1875) ; five scenes from Par-
cival (1884) ; allegories, landscapes, etc.
In fresco : The Eight Beatifications (1838-
40), Chapel of Castle Rheineck, Rhenish
Prussia (cartoons for do., Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort) ; Choir of Angels (1843-46), Co-
logne Cathedral (cartoons in Carlsruhe Gal-
lery) ; ceiling and wall paintings (1857-58),
St. Egidius, Milnster ; scenes in History of
Art and Civilization in Cologne (1860-63),
Staircase, Cologne Museum ; seven pictures
224
STELLA
on Dogma of Immaculate Conception (1865),
St. Mary's, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Coronation of
the Virgin, Choir of Angels, Saints, etc.
(1876), MUnster Cathedral ; about fifty col-
oured and other cartoons (1833-79) ; two
(1846, 1868), National Gallery, Berlin.— Art
Journal (1865), 204 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 223 ;
Graph. K., iv. 77 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 557 ;
xxii. 137 ; Wurzbach, xxxviii. 108 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, v. 24, 54 ; Allgem. K. Chr., viii. 501 ;
Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884),
86.
STELLA, FRANCOIS, born at Lyons in
1603, died in Paris, July 26, 1647. French
school ; history painter, younger brother
and pupil of Jacques Stella, whom he fol-
lowed to Italy, returning with him to Paris
in 1634. He was not the equal of Jacques,
but was painter in ordinary to the king and
executed works for the oratory of the queen
at Saint-Germain. The Orleans Museum
possesses a Holy Family, and St. John pre-
senting a Cross to Infant Jesus, by him.—
Mnriette, Abecedario, v. 257 ; Bellier, ii.
524 ; Jal, 1149.
STELLA, JACQUES, born at Lyons in
1595, died in Paris,
April 29, 1657.
French school ; his-
tory painter, son of
Franyois Stella
(1563-1605), a
Flemish artist, who
left a number of
able works in the
churches and con-
vents of Lyons;
went to Florence in 1616, was employed by
Cosmo II de' Medici, and in 1623 to Rome,
where he studied Raphael and the old mas-
ters, and was especially attracted by Pous-
sin, whom he imitated. Returned to Paris
in 1634, obtained a pension through Riche-
lieu, became first painter to the king, and
chevalier of St. Michael (1644), and trained
a number of able artists. Works : Christ
receiving the Virgin in Heaven, Minerva vis-
iting the Muses, Louvre ; Holy Family, An-
gers Museum ; Jesus and the Samaritan
Woman, Rachel and the Messenger of Jacob,
Grenoble Museum ; Madonna (2), Cavalry
Charge, Havre Museum ; Adoration of Magi,
Pastoral, Portrait of Artist, Lyons Museum ;
Samaritan Woman, Montpellier Museum ;
Assumption, Peasants' Dance, Nantes Mu-
seum ; Bacchanal (2), Marriage of Virgin,
Christ giving the Communion to St. Peter,
Holy Family, Rouen Museum ; Holy Fam-
ily, Nimes Museum ; Sunset, Montaubau
Museum ; Diana and Nymphs, Infant Christ
adored by Angels, Oldenburg Gallery ; An-
nunciation, Holy Family,
Venus and Adonis, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Judg-
ment of Solomon, Vienna
Museum. — Mariette, Abe-
cedario, v. 256 ; Em eric
David, Notices historiques
. . . peinture moderne (Paris, 1854) ;
Bellier, ii. 524 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole franyaise ;
Jal, 1149.
STEPHAN, MEISTER. See Meiater Ste-
phan.
STEPHEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OF,
Charles Lebrun, Louvre ; canvas, H. 13 ft.
1 in. x 10 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated 1651. St.
Stephen, stoned to death by the Jews (Acts
vii). He is lying on his back in the fore-
ground, with hands outstretched and eyes
upraised, while the rabble are stoning him ;
in background, left, the walls and gate of
the city ; at right, spectators ; above, God
the Father, Christ, and angels with the
crown and palm of martyrdom. Painted
for the guild of jewellers and placed in
Notre-Dame. Engraved by G. Edelinck ;
E. Picart ; Gerard Audran ; Brissart ; Du-
flos ; Bazin ; Gautrel ; Tardieu. — Re-veil, ii.
76.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Venice ;
canvas. The saint, in a prelate's dress, kneel-
ing in foreground, the stones flying thickly
about him and covering the ground ; in the
middle of the picture, several men throwing
stones, and behind them a confused crowd ;
Paul seated on ground in front of them ;
225
STERN
above, Christ, the Father, and St. Michael.
Beside Stephen is a book crushed by stones,
which have torn out one of its leaves ; typi-
cal of the blind rage of the Jews, who vio-
lated their own law in murdering Stephen. —
Euskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 303 ; Zanotto,
633.
Subject treated also by Pietro da Cortona,
Martyrdom of St. Stephen, Charles Lebrun, Louvre.
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Anuibale Car-
racci, Louvre, Paris ; Rubens, Valenciennes
Museum; Bernardo Gaddi, S. Croce, Flor-
ence ; Giulio Romano, S. Stefano, Genoa ;
Domenichino, National Gallery, London ;
Domenico Passignani, S. Spirito, Florence ;
Albrecht Altdorfer, Maurice Chapel, Nu-
remberg ; Guercino, Dresden Museum ; Al-
essandro Turchi, ib. ; Ludovico Cigoli, Uf-
fizi, Florence ; Bartholomeus Brunbergh,
Louvre ; Eustache Lesueur, Hermitage, St.
1 Petersburg ; Eugene Delacroix (1853), Ar-
ras Museum ; Alphonse Legros (1866), Av-
ranches Museum ; Jean Baptiste Pierre,
Marseilles Museum.
STERN, IGNAZ, called Stella, born at
Ingolstadt in 1698, died in Rome in 1746.
Italian school; history painter, pupil of Ci-
gnani in Bologna. Resided later in Rome.
Works : Madonna and Cherubim,
do. and St. John, Germanic Muse-
um, Nuremberg; Madonna and
Child, Vienna Museum ; Annuncia-
tion, Church of Annunciation, Pia-
cenza ; several altarpieces, St. Eliz-
abeth's, Rome.
STETTEN, KARL VON, born at
Augsburg ; contemporary. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Jules
Lefebvre, Boulanger, Courtois, and
Dagnan. Studio in Paris. Works :
Death of Cleobis and Biton (1884) ;
The Evening (1885) ; Portraits
(1886).
STEUBEN, ALEXANDRE JO-
SEPH, Baron de, born in Paris,
June 22, 1814, died there, June 7,
1862. Figure and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Charles de Steu-
ben, and pupil of Ingres. He spent
ten years in Russia, where he paint-
ed for the Cathedral of St. Isaac,
by order of the emperor, Jacob
blessing his Children. He lived also
three years in Rome. Medal, 3d
class, 1840. Works: Rubens (1840);
Episode of the Youth of Milton
(1842); Bath at the Fountain, Wom-
en of the Environs of Rome (1845). — Bel-
lier, ii. 526.
STEUBEN, CHARLES, Baron de, born
at Bauerbach, Baden, April 19, 1788, died
in Paris, Nov. 21, 1856. French school ;
history and portrait painter, son of an offi-
cer in the Russian service, pupil of St.
Petersburg Academy, and in Paris of Ge-
rard, Robert Lefebvre, and Prudhon. Mem-
ber St. Petersburg Academy, 1833. Di-
rector of drawing in Paris Polytechnic
STEVAERTS
School in 1837. Resided in Russia in 1844-
54, then returned to Paris. Medal in 1819 ;
L. of Honour in 1828 ; Order of Red Eagle,
1841. Works : Peter the Great in Storm
on Lake Ladoga (1812), Ainieus Museum ;
St. Germain giving his Property to the Poor
(1819), Church of St. Germain-des-Pres ;
Mercury putting Argus to Sleep, Palace of
Compiegne, Tell springing from Gessler's
Boat (1822), Oath on the Grfltli (1824), de-
stroyed in Palais Royal in 1848 ; Episode of
Youth of Peter the Great (1827), Valenci-
ennes Museum ; Innocence taking Refuge
with Justice, Ninon de L'Enclos giving her
Library to Voltaire (1827) ; Rousseau's First
Interview with Mme. de Warens ; Return
from Elba; Battle of Waterloo (1835);
Jeanne la Folle awaiting her Husband's
Resurrection (1836), Lille Museum ; Defeat
of Abderahman by Charles Martel (1838),
Versailles Museum ; Esmeralda and Quasi-
modo (1839), Nantes Museum ; Christ
stripped of his Vestments on Calvary, Ju-
dith, Napoleon with the King of Rome
(1841) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Sam-
son and Delilah (1843) ; Battle of Ivry, and
Portraits, ceiling in Louvre ; Portraits of
Charles H., Louis HI. and Carloman, Louis
IV., Hugues Capet, Anne of Austria, Louis
de Luxembourg, General Desaix, General
Pichegru, Louis de France — Due d'Anjou,
Louis de France — Due d'Orluans, Marquise
de Pompadour, Versailles Museum ; As-
sumption, Strasburg Cathedral ; Resurrec-
tion, Joachim and Anna, Assumption, Birth
of St. John Baptist, Entry of Christ into
Jerusalem, Crucifixion, Virgin at the Tomb,
Cathedral of St. Isaac, St. Petersburg. His
wife, Mme. la baronne de Steuben (nee
Eleonore Anne Trolle), born in Paris, Dec.
25, 1788, died there, Dec. 29, 1869, was a
good portrait painter, pupil of her hus-
band and of Robert Lefebvre. — Revue uni-
ver. des Arts, iv. 286 ; L' Artiste (1843), iv.
21 ; Revue fra^aise (1856), vii. 440 ; Bel-
lier, ii. 525 ; Larousse ; Meyer, Gesch.,
432.
STEVAERTS. See Palamedesz.
STEVENS, ALFRED, born in Brussels,
May 11, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of the
Paris Ecole des B.
Arts, then in Brus-
sels of Navez, and
in Paris of Roque-
plan ; has acquired
great fame with
his graceful repre-
sentations of ele-
gant modern inte-
riors, enlivened
with women's and
children's figures. Medals : Brussels, 1851 ;
Paris, 3d class, 1853 ; 2d class, 1855 ; 1st
class, 1867, 1878 ; Order of Leopold, 1855 ;
Officer, 1863, afterwards Commander ; L. of
Honour, 1863 ; Officer, 1867 ; Command-
er, 1878 ; Commander of Austrian Order
of Francis Joseph, and of Bavarian Order
of St. Michael. Works : Discouragement of
Artist, Love of Gold (1853); Masquerade on
Ash Wednesday (1853), Marseilles Museum ;
What is called a Vagabond, First Day of
Devotion, Meditation (1855) ; Consolation
(1857), Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; At Home,
Summer (1857) ; A Mother, The Bouquet, A
Widow, News (1861); The Visit, Return from
the Assembly, Innocence, Miss Fauvette, etc.
(1867) ; Lady in Pink (1867), Brussels Mu-
seum ; Lady in Studio (1878) ; Conversa-
tion (1881), Morgan sale, New York, 1886,
$3,500 ; By the Shore (1882), Seney sale,
ib., 1885. In fresco : Allegories on Four
Seasons, Royal Palace, Brussels. — Illustr.
Zeitg. (1874), i. 203 ; (1876), ii. 269 ; (1877),
i. 16 ; (1882), ii. 601 ; Larousse, xiv. 1100;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., x. 310 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1878), xvii. 160, 335.
STEVENS, JOSEPH, born in Brussels in
1822. Genre and animal painter, brother of
preceding; self-taught, studying in Paris; first
exhibited in Brussels in 1844 ; in Paris, 1847.
Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1852, 1855, 1857;
Order of Leopold, 1851; Officer, 1865;
L. of Honour, 1861. Works : Bitch and
her Companion, The Mendicants, Faithful
rather than Happy, etc. (1844-46) ; Torture
STEVER
of Tantalus (1849) ; Prisoner's Dog (1850) ;
Surprise, Bull pursued by Dog (1853) ; Street
in Brussels in the Morn-
ing (1851), Eouen Mu-
seum ; Episode in Dog-
Show at Paris (1855),
Brussels Museum ; Hap-
py Moment, Monkey
stealing Dainties (1859);
Prestidigitator, Melan-
cholia of First Pipe
(1857); Dog and Fly
(1878), etc. — Larousse,
xiv. 1100 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxii. 360.
STEVER, GUSTAV CURT, born in Riga,
May 16, 1823, died in Diisseldorf, March 17,
1877. History and genre painter, pupil of
Berlin Academy in 1847 ; went to Stock-
holm in 1850 to paiut portraits for court and
University of Upsala ; in 1845 studied in
Paris under Couture ; settled in Hamburg
in 1859, in Diisseldorf in 1865. Professor ;
Mecklenburg House Order. Works : Death
of the Wend King Gottschalk ; Abishag and
David (1860), Schwerin Gallery ; Transfig-
uration ; Adoration of the Angels ; Last Sup-
per ; Page and Waiting Woman (1868) ;
Resurrection (1870) ; Dutch Family Life
(1871) ; Christ and Peter on the Sea (1873) ;
Adam and Eve beside Abel's Body (1874) ;
Jean Mabuse painting his Sleeping Child ;
Adam van Noort surprising Rubens at his
Private Studies ; Van Dyck at the Easel ;
Noble Lady of Old Germany ; Cavalier sing-
ingwithLute(1875). — Blanckarts, 131 ; Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xvii.
858 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xii. 434 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, vi. 150.
STEWART,
JULIUS L., bom in
Philadelphia ; con-
temporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Za-
maco'is, of Girome,
and of Raimundo de
Madrazo. Mention honorable, Paris Salon,
1885. Works : Reading, La Maja (1878) ;
Portrait (1879) ; Summer (1882) ; Court in
Cairo (1883) ; Five o'clock Tea (1884) ;
Hunt Ball (1885) ; Full Speed (1886), James
Gordon Bennett.
STIELER, JOSEF KARL, born in
Mentz, Nov. 1, 1781, died in Munich, April
9, 1858. Portrait and history painter, pupil
of Fiisel in Wiirzburg, and of Fiiger in Vi-
enna. Visited Poland in 1805, and painted
portraits in Warsaw and Cracow ; then stud-
ied under Gerard in Paris ; went to Frankfort
in 1808, to Milan in 1810, and proceeded as
far as Rome. Called to Munich in 1812 to
paint the royal family ; to Vienna for like
purpose in 1816. Court painter in 1820.
Works : Liberation of St. Leonard from
Dungeon, St. Leonard's, Frankfort ; Por-
traits of Goethe, Beethoven, Tieck, Hum-
boldt, Schelling, Kings Max and Ludwig, of
himself, his Daughter, and many others ;
Gallery of Beautiful Women ; Portrait of
Goethe (1828), Emperor Francis I. of Aus-
tria (1817), Empress Caroline Auguste, Por-
traits of Bavarian Princes and Princesses (9),
Female Portrait, New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Gen. Tettenborn (1815), Hamburg Gallery.
— Nagler, xvii. 348.
STILHEID. See Lin.
STILKE, HERMANN, born in Berlin,
Jan. 29, 1803, died there, Sept. 22, 1860.
History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy
under Kolbe. In 1821 went to Munich,
then to Diisseldorf with Cornelius to learn
fresco. After working in Coblentz and Mu-
nich, visited Italy in 1827, and returned in
1833 to Diisseldorf to join Schadow. Was
employed in the Castle of Stolzenfels in
1842-46, and from 1850 resided in Berlin.
Professor in 1854. Works : Crusaders'
Watch (1834) ; St. George and Angel ; Sons
of Edward IV., National Gallery, Berlin ;
Pilgrims in the Desert (1834), Raczynski
Gallery, ib. ; Maid of Orleans (1837) ; Last
Christians in Syria (1841), Konigsberg Mu-
seum ; Tristan and Isolde ; Judith and Hol-
ofernes ; Amazons ; Last Judgment (with
Sturmer), Hall of Assizes, Coblentz. In
fresco : Six Virtues of Chivalry (1842-46),
243
STILLMAN
Castle of Stolzenfels ; Royal Palace, ]
Theatre, Dessau. His wife, Hermir
Peipers, 1808-69), was a land-
scape and flower painter. — Jor- ,
dan (1885), ii. 224 ; Wolfg. /.
3erli
e (u
IA
D ;
ee
s
rsl
Mttller, Diisseldf. K, 78; Wiegmann,
155.
STILLMAN, MARIE SPARTALI; con-
temporary. Daughter of a Greek merchant
of London, and wife of W. J. Stillman. Sub-
ject painter, pupil of Ford Madox Brown.
Exhibits at Grosvenor Gallery. Works :
Lady Fray's Desire (1867); Christina (1868);
Brewing the Love Philter (1869) ; St. Bar-
bara, Mystic Tryst (1870) ; Sir Launcelot
disguised as a Fool (1873) ; Moua Lisa
(1875) ; Last Sight of Fiammetta (1876) ;
Roses and Lilies (1877) ; Gathering Orange
Blossoms, Fiammetta Singing, Peusierosa
(1879) ; Beatrice (1880) ; Among the Wil-
lows of Tuscany, Meeting of Dante and
Beatrice (1881) ; Crown of Wind Flowers,
Legend of Fair Women (1882) ; Childhood
of St. Cecilia (1883) ; Madonna, By a Deer
Well (1884); Garland Makers (1885). —Port-
folio (1870), 117.
STIMMER, TOBIAS, born at Schaffhau-
sen in 1534 or 1539, died in Strasburg in
1582. German school ; painted house dec-
orations at Schaffhausen, Strasburg, and
Frankfort (1554), and portraits for the Mar-
grave of Baden. Principal work an illus-
trated Bible, which Rubens valued very
highly. Portraits of Man and Wife (1564),
Basle Museum ; Massacre of the Innocents,
Solomon's Judgment (?), Hohenzollern Mu-
seum, Sigmaringen ; Portrait of Hen- von
Schuyz and his Wife, Waagen Collection,
Munich.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 270 ; WTolt-
mann, D. Kunst im Elsass, 316.
STIRRUP CUP (La Coupe de 1 etrier),
Jean Louis Ernest Mtdssonier, Sir Richard
Wallace, Bart., Hertford House, London.
Two cavaliers have stopped in front of an
inn, at right ; one, mounted on a white
horse, is drinking, while the other receives
a glass from a man-servant. Painted in
1865 ; purchased by Marquis of Hertford
at Prince Paul Demidoff sale, Paris (1868).
Never engraved.
By Jean Louis Ernest Hfrixgonier, Sir
Richard Wallace, London. Called La halte
(The Halt). Three cavaliers, mounted re-
spectively on a white, a bay, and a black
horse, have stopped in front of an inn, in
the door of which stand a man, smoking a
pipe, and a child ; the cavalier at left is
drinking, while a maid-servant offers the
second one a glass from a tray ; at right, a
cart, fowls, and village street with figures.
Painted in 1862 for the Due de Moray, and
afterwards enlarged at his request ; at his
sale (1865), purchased by Marquis of Hert-
ford ; passed by inheritance to Sir R. Wal-
lace. Etched by Flameng before the en-
largement.
By Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, J. W.
Mackay, New York. Called Sans dcbrider
(Without Dismounting). Two cavaliers have
stopped to drink in front of the inn, and
are attended by a man-servant and waiting-
maid ; in background, a gallant takes his
ease under shelter of the inn balcony.
Painted in 1876 ; John Wilson sale, Paris
(1881). Etched by Lalauze.
Meissonier has treated this or a similar
subject, with one, two, or three horsemen,
several times. One, called A tournebride
(At the Inn), painted in 1860, represents
three cavaliers served by a man-servant.
Another, painted in 1862, belongs to C. F.
H. Bolckow, Marton Hall, near Middles-
borough, England. A third, called Halte
a 1'auberge (Halt at the Inn), painted in
1864, represents a single horseman drink-
ing in front of an inn, a man holding a tray,
and a woman and child at the inn door to
left. Pictures bearing this title are owned
by William J. Stewart, Paris, and in the
United States by J. H. Stebbins and D. O.
Mills, New York.
STITES, JOHN RANDOLPH, bora in
Buffalo, N. Y., in 1836. Landscape painter ;
self-taught Has painted in Chicago, New
Orleans, and New York. Works: The
Grave Robbers (1870) ; The Young Natural-
STOBBAERTS
ist (1875) ; Arctic Pastime (1878) ; West
Farms — Autumn Study, Thomas B. Clarke,
New York ; Autumn (1880), Erwin Davis,
ib.; More Snow, E. J. Chaffee, ib.; Little
Runaway, Dr. John Carr, ib. ; The Veteran,
Four-year-old Soldier (1884), W. H. Fal-
coner, ib.; Convalescent (1882); Valencia
Oranges (1884) ; An Upland Ranch, Boston
Art Club.
STOBBAERTS, JEAN BAPTISTE ; con-
temporary. Animal painter, settled in Ant-
werp. Medal at Vienna in 1873. Works :
Cattle Market ; Work and Rest ; Right of
the Strongest ; Meal-Time ; Dog Shearer ;
Antwerp Slaughter House ; At the Stand ;
Kitchen of a Lover of Animals. — Mfiller,
507.
STOBER, FRANZ, born in Vienna in
1760, died in Speyer, Oct. 4, 1834. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy
under Brand. Visited the Netherlands, and
settled in Speyer, where Baron von Hut-
ten zu Stolzenburg made him inspector of
his gallery. Works : Falls of the Rhine at
Schaffliausen ; Ruins of St. Jacob's Church
in Speyer (1787), Vienna Museum. — Wurz-
bach, xxxix. 74 ; Nagler, xvii. 382.
STOCKLER, EMANUEL, born at Nik-
olsburg, Moravia, Dec. 24, 1819. Land-
scape and genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Joseph MOssmer and
Thomas Euder. Travelled in Italy and
the Orient ; appointed court painter in
Russia ; visited Venice in 1878. Francis
Joseph Order in 1879. Works : Hall of
the Assunta ; Baptistery of St. Mark's ;
Ruins of Palace of Belisarius in Constan-
tinople (1849), Vienna Museum ; Rococo
Lady ; Page ; Girl sewing Wedding Dress,
Madonna della Salute — Venice, Emperor of
Austria ; Duino near Trieste (1852) ; To-
phana in Constantinople (1855) ; In Mon-
tenegro (1869) ; and many water-colours. —
Allgem. Kunst-Chrouik, is. 166 ; Wurzbach,
xxxix. 100.
STOHL, HEINRICH, born in Vienna in
1826. Landscape, architecture, and genre
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then
studied in Munich. Visited Bohemia, Up-
per Austria, Munich, and Upper Italy. Suc-
cessful in oil, but most of his pictures
are water-colours in the possession of the
Austrian imperial family and aristocracy.
Works: Antechamber in Doge's Palace
(1854); Interior of San Marco (1855) ; Portal
of St. Zeno's in Verona (1856) ; Room from
Golden Age of Venice (1858) ; Market in
North Italy (1862); etc.— Wurzbach, xxxix.
130.
STOLTENBERG-LERCHE, VINCENT,
born at Tonsberg, Norway, Sept. 5, 1837.
Genre and interior painter, pupil of Dfis-
seldorf Academy, then studied for some
time in Venice. Visited the Rhine countries,
Holland, France, and Scandinavia. Works :
Interior of St. Lambertus in Ddsseldorf
(1862) ; Studio of Monk Painter ; Sacristy
of St. Gereon in Cologne ; Cloister near
Bornhofen ; Interior of Carmelite Church
at Boppard ; Cloister of Kanep ; Repast in
Monastery ; Beggars in Monastery ; Infal-
lible Bowl (1870); Convent Library (1872) ;
Collection Day at Monastery (1873), Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Visit of a Cardinal at Mon-
astery ; Tavern in Cologne at Time of Oc-
cupation by the French (1880) ; Dinner at
Mtlnchausen's (1882). — Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xx. 627 ; Miiller, 333 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1882),
i. 407.
STONE, FRANK, born in Manchester,
Aug. 22, 1800, died in London, Nov. 18,
1859. Genre painter, self-taught ; went to
London in 1831 ; joined the old Water Col-
our Society in 1832 ; exhibited at Royal
Academy in 1837, and afterwards painted
mostly in oil-colours. Elected an A.R.A.
in 1851. In 1856 he visited the French
coast, and afterwards painted many French
subjects. Works : Legend of Montrose
(1840) ; Philip van Artevelde, Prince Charles
and the Infanta (1841) ; The Last Appeal
(1843) ; Course of True Love (1844) ; Im-
pending Mate, Mated (1847) ; Christ and
the Sisters of Bethany (1848) ; A Girl of
Brittany, Alice (1849) ; Sympathy, Garden-
er's Daughter (1850) ; Merchant of Venice
S30
STONE
(1851); Old, Old Story (1854); Bonjour
— Messieurs (1857) ; Missing Boat (1858).
Many of bis works are engraved. — Art Jour-
nal (1856), 333 ; (I860), 9.
STONE, MARCUS, born in London, July
4, 1840. History and
genre painter, son and
pupil of Frank Stone ;
exhibited first picture,
Best, at Boyal Acad-
emy in 1858 ; elected
an A.R.A. in 1877.
Has drawn many book
illustrations. Works :
Claudio accuses Hero
(18G1) ; From Waterloo to Paris (1863) ;
Royalists seeking Refuge in the House of a
Puritan (1864) ; Stealing the Keys (1866) ;
Nell Gwynne (1867) ; Interrupted Duel
(1868) ; Princess Elizabeth forced to attend
Mass (1869) ; Henry VHI. and Anne Boleyn
(1870) ; Royal Nursery (1871) ; Edward H.
and Piers Gaveston (1872) ; Le Roi est
mort— Vive le Roi ! (1873) ; My Lady is a
Widow and Childless (1874) ; Sain et sauf
(1875) ; Appeal for Mercy (1876) ; Sacrifice
(1877) ; Post Bag, Time of Roses (1878) ;
In the Shade, Summer Time (1879) ; Mar-
ried for Love (1881) ; Bad News (1882) ;
Offer of Marriage, Asleep (1883) ; Fallen
Out, Reconciled (1884) ; Gambler's Wife
(1885) ; A Peace Maker (1886).— Meynell,
211 ; Art Journal (1869), 33.
STONE, WILLIAM OLIVER, born at
Derby, Conn., Sept. 26, 1830, died in New-
port, R. I, Sept. 15, 1875. Portrait painter,
pupil of N. Jocelyn in New Haven ; re-
moved to New York in 1851 ; elected an
A.N.A. in 1856, and N.A. in 1859. Works :
Portraits of Bishops Williams of Connecti-
cut (1858),Littlejohn of Long Island (1858),
and Kip of California (1859) ; Mr. Corcoran
(1865) ; James Gordon Bennett (1871) ;
Moses Grinnell (1871).
STONE AGE, Fernaud Cormon, St. Ger-
main Museum ; canvas. Return from a
bear-hunt in the Stone Age. In centre, at
entrance to a rude domicile built of huge
tree-trunks, sits an aged chieftain, knife and
flint axe in hand ; before him lies the car-
cass of a bear, which a group of skin-clad
hunters, with half-tamed wolves for dogs,
have brought in ; at right, the women and
children of the tribe. — Salon, 1884.
STONE-BREAKERS (Casseurs do pier-
res), Gustavo Courbet, Louvre, Paria Two
peasants at work beside a dusty road ; one
is breaking stones with a hammer, while the
other is carrying away the fragments in a
wicker basket. Salon, 1851. — Gaz. des B.
Arts (1878), xvii. 518 ; Century Mag. (1884),
xxvii. 487.
STOOP, DIRK, born probably at Utrecht
in 1610, died there in 1686. Dutch school ;
painted cavalry skirmishes, hunts, seaports,
and genre pieces ; son and pupil of the
glass painter Willem Jansz van der Stoop ;
entered guild of Utrecht in 1638 ; formed
himself after Esaias van cle Velde and Jan
Maris the younger ; for some time court
painter at Lisbon, whence called Roderigo
Stoop ; about 1662 he accompanied the In-
fanta Catharine of Portugal to London ; re-
turned to Utrecht in 1678. Works : Hunt-
ing Party (1645), Amsterdam Museum ;
Halting-Place before Inn, Haarlem Muse-
um ; View of Convent near Lisbon, Hague
Museum ; Halt by Hostelry, Rest by Foun-
tain, Brussels Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish
(1650), Berlin Museum ; Huntsmen with
Dogs and Horse, Dresden Gallery ; Reunion
after Hunt (1639), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Officers by their Horses, Schwerin Gallery.
— Kramm, v. 1577 ; Fetis, Cat. Brussels Mu-
seum, 467 ; Meyer, Gemiilde kongL Mus.,
444.
STORCH, FREDERIK LUDVIG, born
at Kjerte in Fiinen, July 21, 1805, died in
Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1883. Genre painter,
pupil of Copenhagen Academy. Went in
1832 to Munich, where he remained twenty
XII
STORELLI
years, excepting 1845-46, passed in Italy,
and returned home in 1852. Professor at
Copenhagen Academy. Works : Oscar's
Death (1828) ; Cupid and Psyche in Boat ;
Venus after Bath (1844) ; Psyche's Abduc-
tion ; Elfin Dance ; Sakuntala ; King Hej-
mer and Aslang ; Scenes from Scandinavian
and Italian Life ; portraits ; altarpieces.
— Miiller, 508 ; Weilbach, GG3 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xviii. 728.
STORELLI, FELIX MAEIE FERDI-
NAND, born in Turin, Italy, in 1778, died
in Paris, June 19, 1854. Landscape and
history painter, chiefly in water-colours ;
pupil of Palmerius. He lived in France
after 1800 ; was painter and professor of
design to the Duchesse de Berry. Medal,
1st class, 1824 ; L. of Honour, 1825. Paint-
ed chiefly views in France and Italy, but
occasionally a figure-piece. Works : Battle
of Abendsberg in 1809, Combat of Zuaim
in 1809, Portrait of Marshal Schomberg,
Versailles Museum ; Waterfall in Landscape,
Palais de Trianon. — Bellier, ii. 527.
STORELLI, FERDINAND (MICHEL),
born in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape
and genre painter, chiefly in water-colours ;
son and pupil of Felix Marie Ferdinand
Storelli. Medal, 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class,
1840. Works : View of Chateau de Pierre-
fonds (1870), Comte de Pont ; Environs of
Romilly-sur-Seiue (1875) ; La fontaine La-
gaurre (1877) ; The Two Brothers (1878).
His son and pupil, Andre (born in Paris),
who paints similar subjects, studied also
under Questel and Justin Ouvrie. — Bellier,
ii. 527.
STOREY, GEORGE ADOLPHUS, born
in London, Jan. 7, 1834. Genre painter ;
studied in Paris and in London, where he
was a pupil of J. M. Leigh, and of the Roy-
al Academy schools in 1853 ; exhibited in
Royal Academy, Family Group (1852), Ma-
donna (1853), and Holy Family (1854) ; vis-
ited Spain in 1863 ; elected an A.R.A. in
1876. Works: Meeting of William Sey-
mour and Arabella Stuart (1864) ; Royal
Challenge (1865) ; Breakfast (1866) ; After
Whiphand (1875)
ing Lesson (1876)
You! (1867); Saying Grace, Shy Pupil
(1868) ; Going to School, Sister, Old Soldier,
Children Fishing
(1869); Duet, Only
a Rabbit (1870); Rosy
Cheeks (1871); Little
Buttercups, Course
of True Love (1872);
Mistress Dorothy,
Love in a Maze
(1873); Grandma's
Christmas Visitors
(1874) ; Caught, The
My Lady Belle, Dane-
Old Pump Room at
Bath, Judgment of Paris, Christmas Eve
(1877) ; Sweet Margery (1878) ; Orphans,
Lilies, Oleanders and Pinks (1879); Late for
Church, Follow my Leader, Daphne (1880);
Coral Necklace (1881) ; Coracles on the Dee,
Out for a Walk (1882); Sunflower, Connois-
seur (1883) ; Shy Lover, Peace Maker, Art
and Nature (1884) ; Zeuxis and the Maid-
ens of Crotona (1885) ; On Guard, Violin
Player (1886).— Art Journal (1875), 173 ;
Portfolio (1871), 19.
STORK (Storck), ABRAHAM, the elder,
born in Amsterdam before 1650, died about
1710. Dutch school ; marine painter, pu-
pil of Backhuysen ; pictures truthful and
spirited, but inferior to his master's in com-
position and elegance of touch. Works :
View of the Dam at Amsterdam (1675),
Italian Harbour, Marines (2), Amsterdam
Museum ; Calm Sea, Ghent Museum ; do.,
and The Beach (1683), Hague Museum;
Italian Port, Dutch Seaport in Winter, Rot-
terdam Museum ; A Lock (1667), Gisignies
Collection, Brussels ; Sea-Battle, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Amsterdam Harbour (1689), Dres-
den Gallery ; Stormy Sea (1686), Copen-
hagen Gallery ; others in Aschaffenburg,
Darmstadt, Gotha (3), Konigsberg (2),
Oldenburg, Schleiss- .. . ^ . i. p
heim (2, one dated * - bTQT :K-r
1688), Schwerin.— O." / & JJ
Immerzeel, iii. 116; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 505 ;
Burger, Musees, ii. 309 ; De Stuers, 149.
STORY
STORY, GEORGE HENRY, born in
New Haven, Conn., Jan. 23, 1835. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil in New Haven of
Professor Bail, and of Charles Hine, por-
trait painter ; studied in Europe one year
and sketched in Cuba. Elected an A.N.A.
in 1875. Studio in New York. Ideal works :
Echoes from the Sea (1876); Student of Nat-
ure (1878) ; Young Mother (1879) ; Indian
Encampment — Orchard Beach (1881); Elec-
tion Returns (Smith's College), Winning
Hand (1883) ; Broken Vase, Still Trusting
(1884) ; Our Father who art in Heaven
(1885) ; The Fishermen (1886). Portraits :
Whitelaw Reid, Lotus Club, New York ;
Governor of Villa-Clara, Villa-Clara Gal-
lery, Madrid, Spain ; Mrs. Ann S. Stephens
(1879).
STOTHARD, THOMAS, born in Lon-
don, Aug. 17, 1755,
died there, April 27,
1834. Apprenticed
in 1770 to a designer
for brocaded silks,
then tried book il-
lustration, and in
1777 entered schools
of Royal Academy ;
elected A.R.A. in
1791, and R.A. in
1794, and in 1810 was appointed librarian.
Although best known by his book illustra-
tions, of which he made upwards of 5,000,
he painted some good subject pieces, the
most ambitious of which is Intemperance, on
the staircase of Burghley House, Northamp-
tonshire. Other works : Greek Vintage,
Woodland Dance, Cupid and Calypso, Di-
ana and Nymphs, Cupids preparing for the
^M• J. / £—>k Chase, Myth of Nar-
• V *^>*-y <*~~V cissus, Canterbury Pil-
•*^ grims, National Gal-
lery. — Bray ; Life (London, 1851) ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole anglaise ; Redgrave ; Sandby,
ii. 303.
STOTT, WILLIAM, born at Oldham,
England ; contemporary. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil in Paris of Gorome. Medal,
3d class, 1882. Works: Midday Dream,
Knitter (1881); Ferryman, Bathing (1882);
Children's Round, Grandpa's Study (1883) ;
The Two Sisters (1884); My Father and
My Mother, Moonrise (1885) ; Spring Day
(1886).
STOTZ, OTTO, born at Ludwigsburg,
Wflrteinberg, in 1805. Animal painter,
studied in Munich. Settled in Stuttgart,
later in Vienna. Works : Review in Stutt-
gart ; Racing at Cannstadt ; Catching Horses
in Wallachia (1841), Vienna Museum ; Ara-
bian full-blooded Horses (1852) ; Horses in
Stable, Return from Hare Hunt (1853) ;
Arab Horses in Stud at Babolua (1854) ;
English Stallions, Horses from Imperial
Stud at Kisbcr (1858); Horses in Stable
(1870) ; etc.— Wurzbach, xxxix. 202.
STRACK, LUDWIG PHILIPP, born at
Hayna, Aug. 10, 1761, died in Oldenburg,
Jan. 27, 1836. Landscape painter, pupil in
Cassel of Tischbein, copying chiefly Ruis-
dael and Wouverman. Entered service of
Duke of Oldenburg in 1783 ; returned to
Cassel in 1786 ; visited Italy in 1788 ; be-
came court painter iu Cassel in 1794 ; went
to Eutin in 1797, and to Oldenburg in 1803.
Works : Sicilian Landscape (1796), Olden-
burg Gallery ; Ruins of Ancient Theatre in
Taormina, Ruins of Piestum (1803) ; Land-
scape with Shepherds, do. with Ruins (2),
Cassel Gallery. — Nagler, xvii. 439 ; N. Necr.
der D. (1836), i. 86.
STRADANUS, JAN, born at Bruges in
1523 (1530?), died at Florence in 1605.
Flemish school. Real name Johannes or
Hans van der Straet. History painter, first
instructed by his father, then pupil of M.
Franck and Pieter Aertszen ; then went to
Italy, and in Rome studied especially Raph-
ael and Michelangelo, vying with Daniele
da Volterra and Salviati iu the execution of
some pictures for the Belvedere. Called to
Naples by Don Juan d'Austria, he decorated
his palace with paintings, and accompanied
him to Flanders, but soon returned, and
settled at Florence, where he was called
Giovanni della Strada, and worked con-
STRAEHUBER
jointly with Vasari in the ducal palace.
After his pictures 388 engravings were
made. Works : Scourging of Christ, Ban-
quet of the Gods, Vienna Museum ; Christ
on the Cross, and several other scenes from
the Passion, S. Annunziata, Florence ; Mar-
tyrdom of the Thousand Saints, San Fi-
renze, ib. ; Christ and the Money Changers,
S. Spirito, ib.; Scenes in Life of Christ
(frescos), Oratorio S. Clemente, ib.; others
in churches and palaces in Rome and Na-
ples.— Immerzeel, iii. 118 ; Kramm, v. 1581 ;
Nagler, xvii. 444.
STRAEHUBER, ALEXANDER, born at
Mondsee, Salzkammergut, Feb. 28, 1814,
died in Munich, Dec. 31, 1883. History
painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of
Schnorr. Executed most of Kaulbach's
cartoons in colours. Professor and honor-
ai-y member of Munich Academy. Works :
Two Scenes from Charlemagne's Life — af-
ter Schnorr's designs, Munich ; cartoons for
glass windows, Glasgow and Ratisbon Ca-
thedrals ; illustrations, which have done
most to make him known. — Miiller, 509 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 284.
STRAET. See Stradanm.
STRAFFORD, EARL OF, portrait, An-
ton van Dyck, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 4 in. x 4 f t. G in. Lord Strafford, hold-
ing a letter in his hand and dictating an
answer to his secretary, Sir Thomas Main-
waring ; seen to knees. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, iii. 130.
STRAFFORD GOING TO EXECU-
TION, Paul Delarochc, Duke of Sutherland ;
canvas, H. 8 ft. 8 in. x 10 ft. 3 in. Thomas
Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, Minister of
Charles I., while being taken from the
Tower of London to the place of execution
(1641) stops beneath the dungeon of Arch-
bishop Laud to ask his blessing. He is
represented kneeling before the prison wall,
with halberdiers and pikemen on each side
of him, looking up to the window above,
through the iron grating of which the prel-
ate is putting out his hands in the act of
benediction. Painted in 1835 ; Salon, 1837.
San Donato sale, in Paris (1870), 30,000
francs.
STRASSGSCHWANDTNER, ANTON,
born in Vienna in 1827, died there, March
5, 1881. Genre and animal painter, pupil
of Vienna Academy under Steinfeld and
Kupelwieser. First painted landscapes,
then riding and hunting pictures, and mil-
itary genre. Works : Plundering Cossacks
(1847), Vienna Museum ; Uhlan Outpost
(1847), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Cavalry Skir-
mish (1861) ; Stone Cart (1870) ; Wallen-
stein's Cavalry in Ambush (1874). — Wurz-
bach, xxxix. 279.
STRASZYNSKI, LEONHARD DE,
born at Tokarowka, near Kiev ; contempo-
rary. History painter, pupil of Markow.
Works : King Stanislaus in Baccianelli's
Studio (1859) ; Wallenstein in Bohemia
(1862) ; Murder of Bishop of Liege (1863).
STRATONICE, Dominique Ingres, Due
d'Aumale, Chantilly ; canvas. Antiochus
Soter, son of Seleucus Nicator, King of
Syria, having fallen seriously ill, Erasistra-
tus, the King's physician, suspecting the
cause, orders the ladies of the palace to
come in one by one, and discovers by the
beating of his patient's heart that he is in
love with his beautiful step-mother, Queen
Stratonice. The King, rather than lose his
son, broke the bonds which bound him to
Stratonice and permitted Antiochus to mar-
ry her. In the picture, Erasistratus is stand-
ing beside the bed of Antiochus, with his
left hand upon his patient's heart, the other
slightly raised in astonishment as he gazes
at Stratonice, standing at left with her face
averted. King Seleucus, kneeling beside
his son's couch, with his head buried in the
drapery, sees nothing of the drama before
him. Ordered in 1834 by Due d'OrlcSans ;
finished in Rome in 1840 ; acquired in 1853
by Prince Demidoff for 63,000 francs ; sold
to Due d'Aumale. Replica (1860), with
changes, ComtesseDuchfitel ; another (1866),
with changes, Montpellier Museum, bought
from Mme. Ingres for 20,000 francs. Orig-
inal sketch, Louvre, Paris. Engraved by
334
STRAUCH
Leopold Flameng (1869).— Gaz. des B. Arts
(1881), xxiv. 322, 329; Cb. Blanc, Ingres,
114 ; Larousse, xiv. 1136.
Subject treated also by Gerard de Lairesse,
Amsterdam Museum ; Adrien van der Werff,
Louvre, Paris. — Filhol ; Landon, 2d Col., iii.
13.
Strawberry Girl, Sir Joshua Reynold:, Sir Richard Wallace,
London,
STRAUCH, GEORG.born at Nuremberg,
Sept. 17, 1613, died July 13, 1675. German
school ; portrait and history painter, pupil
of Johann Hauer. Works : Immaculate
Conception, Vienna Museum ; two Portraits,
Prague Gallery ; Female Portrait (1664),
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg. — Nagler,
xvii. 465.
STRAUCH, LORENZ, born at Nurem-
berg in 1554, died there in 1630. Portrait
painter of distinction, and also known
through a number of fine prospects of Nu-
remberg. Works: Male Portraits (10, 1581,
1591, 1593, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1602, 1604,
1615, 1620), Female do. (1593, 1597, 1605),
Child's Portrait (1603), Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Female Portrait, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; do. (1591), Male Portrait
(1605), Schleissheim Gallery. — Nagler, xvii.
467.
STRAWBERRY GIRL, Sir Joshua Re y-
nolds, Hertford House, Sir Richard Wallace,
London ; canvas. A little girl, three-quar-
ters length, standing with folded hands,
with an odd turban-like head-dress, and a
strawberry pottle on her right arm. Sir
Joshua declared this to be one of the "half-
dozen original things " which no man ever
exceeds in his life-work. Painted in 1773 ;
sold for 50 guineas to Earl of Carisford ;
bought at Rogers's sale (1856) by Marquis
of Hertford for 2,100 guineas. Repetitions :
Lansdowne House ; Lord Normanton. En-
graved by T. Watson (1774) ; S. Cousins
(1873).— Leslie & Taylor, Life, ii. 3, 20 ;
Pulling, 46 ; Redgrave, Century, i. 141 ;
Stephens, Eng. Children by J. R.
STREATElt, ROBERT, born in London
in 1624, died there in 1680. Pupil of Du-
moulin ; painted history, portraits, land-
scapes, and still-life. Was sergeant painter
to Charles II. ; painted ceilings at White-
hall, destroyed by fire, and the ceiling of
the theatre at Oxford, still extant. — F. de
Conches, 58 ; Redgrave.
STREEK, JURIAAN VAN, born at Am-
sterdam in 1632 (?), died there, June 12,
1678. Dutch school ; portrait and still-life
painter, about whose life
no particulars are known.
Worts : Fishmonger
Woman, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Breakfast Table
(2, one dated 1649),
Schwerin Gallery ; Still-
Life, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
(1642), Breakfast, Liechtenstein
Vanitas
Gallery,
Vienna. His son and pupil, Hendrik (1659-
1713), who painted architecture and still-life,
STREITT
was also n, pupil of Emanuel de Witte. By
him is a Breakfast Table, in the Schwerin
Gallery, and a Gothic Church Interior (?),
in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Schlie,
605.
STEEITT, FRANZ, born at Brody, Galicia,
in 1839. Genre painter, pupil of Cracow
Art School and Vienna Academy under En-
gerth ; settled in Munich in 1871. Medal,
London, 1884. Works : Abduction of Prin-
cess Halszka ; Kathariua Jagiellonika in
Prison ; Counted Moments ; Favourite of
the Family ; Forbidden Fruit ; Incredulous
Listener ; Signal of Distress, Gypsy Boy
playing Violin (1884). — Allgem. Kunst-Chro-
nik, viii. 530, 876, 1035 ; ix. 130.
STEETES (Streetes), GUILLIM, British
painter of 16th century, probably born in
Holland. Painter in 1551 to Edward VI.,
who, Strype records, paid him 50 marks
for two portraits of himself, one now at
Windsor, the other at Petworth, and a
third of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, be-
headed in 1546-47. The last named, now
at Knole, a full-length, life-size picture, is
more Italian than Dutch in style, and much
resembles the work of Girolamo da Treviso.
— Wilmot-Buxton, 16.
STEIGEL, BERNHAED, born at Mem-
mingen in 1460 or 1461, died there before
June 23, 1528. German school ; history and
portrait painter, mentioned in documents
as living in Memmingen between 1516 and
1528, in Augsburg about 1517, in Vienna
about 1520, 1522, and 1525 ; identical with
Master of the Collection Hirscher. In his
altarpieces he appears influenced by Zeit-
blom, although his figures are less ele-
vated in form and bearing ; he was an ex-
cellent colourist. Works : Four Pictures
with Saints, Elizabeth of Thuringia and Em-
peror Henry H., Four Altar Wings (1515)
with Nativity, Visitation, etc., Christ parting
with Mary, Christ before the Crucifixion, Jo-
hannes Cuspinian and Family (1520), Berlin
Museum ; Pieta, Mocking of Christ, Annun-
ciation, Washing of Feet, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
Portrait of Imperial Family, Museum, Vien-
na (attributed to Grtinewald) ; Married Cou-
ple, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Altar Panels,
National Museum, Munich ; do. (4), David
with the Head of Goliath, Portraits of a Pa-
trician and his Children (1517), Emperor
Maximilian I., Male Portrait, Old Pinako-
thek, ib. ; Altar Panels (6), Madonna, Two
Portraits, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg;
Portrait of Margaret of Austria, Schwerin
Gallery ; Four Altar Wings, Archaeological
Union, Stuttgart.— Allgem. Zeitg. (1881),
1771, 1775; Kunst - Chronik, xvi. 329;
Schnaase, viii. 457 ; W. & W., ii. 454 ; Jahr-
buch der preuss. Kunstsammlungen, ii. 54,
59 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xxii. 38.
STEOBERLE, JOAO GLAMMA, born at
Lisbon in 1708, died at Oporto in 1792.
Portuguese school ; history painter, pupil
St. Luke's Academy in Rome under Maria
Benefial. After an absence of almost twenty
years, returned to Lisbon, where he deco-
rated Eoyal Theatre. Settled in Oporto, but
visited London and Lisbon. Works : Last
Supper, St. Nicolao Church, Lisbon ; Altar-
pieces, S. Joao Nova and Senhara da Victo-
ria, ib. ; Earthquake of Lisbon.
STEOMEYEE, HELENE (MAEIE), bom
at Hanover, Aug. 26, 1834. Flower painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and in Carls-
ruhe of Gude ; was much influenced by
Lessing and Vasberg. Lives at Carlsruhe.
Works : Morning Greeting ; Forgotten ;
Gretchen's Eoses ; Flower Baskets in a Boat
(1884) ; Garland and Willow Tree (1884).—
Miiller, 510 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 125, 349.
STEOOBANT, FEANZ, born in Brussels
in 1819. Architecture painter. Illustrated
works on Belgian art and architecture.
Gold medal in Brussels, 1854 ; Leopold Or-
der in 1863. Works : San Giorgio in Ven-
ice ; Brussels Houses of the Guilds, Brussels
Museum ; Entrance to Old City in Prague ;
Palace Interior in Cracow ; Entrance to
Heidelberg Castle. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii.
860.
STEOZZI, BEENAEDO, born in Genoa
in 1581, died in Venice, Aug. 3, 1644. Gen-
oese school ; called also II Cappuccino and
236
STItOZZI
H Prete Genovese. Pupil of Pietro Sorri,
and one of the most remarkable followers of
Caravaggio ; be-
came early a
monk of Order
of St. Francis.
Left it to sup-
port aged moth-
er and sister, and
refusing to re-
turn on the death
of the one and
the marriage of
the other, was sentenced to three years' im-
prisonment ; but escaped to Venice and lived
there as a secular priest the rest of his life,
executing many works for churches and
palaces. He was an excellent colourist,
though not always correct in design, and
enjoyed a good reputation in his day.
Among his best works are : Copy of Cambia-
so'sCaritas, Incredulity of St. Thomas, Palaz-
zo Brignole, Genoa ; Virgin and St. Felix, Ca-
puccini, Genoa ; Three Philosophers, Palaz-
zo Adoruo, Genoa ; SS. Joseph and John,
Palazzo Walli, ib. ; A Bishop, Palazzo Du-
razzo, ib.; The Samaritan Woman, Palazzo
Faragina, ib. ; Saint, Palazzo Pallaviciui, ib. ;
A Monk, Susanna, Palazzo Spinola, ib. ; A
Monk, Turin Gallery ; Sculpture, Ceiling in
Royal Palace, Venice ; St. Jerome, Venice
Academy ; Bathsheba, Dresden Gallery ;
Christ and the Pharisees, Old Pinakothek,
Munich. — Lauzi, iii. 266 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
gonoise ; Burckhardt, 760, 768, 788, 800,
803 ; Lavice, 51, 84, 89, 90.
STROZZI, FILIPPO, portrait, Titian, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. G in. x 2 ft.
7 in. Much overpainted, but looks as if it
had once been a fine picture by the master.
Painted about 1540.— C. & C., Titian, ii.
426.
STRUDEL VON STRUDELSDORF,
PETER, Baron, born at Cles, Tyrol, in 1648,
died in Vienna in 1714. German school ; his-
tory painter, son and pupil -of Jacob Strudel,
and in Venice pupil of Carlo Lotti. Settled
in 1680 in Vienna, where he was made court
painter in 1689. Was also a sculptor. En-
nobled in 1693 ; first director of the newly
founded Vienna Academy in 1704. Works :
Jupiter and Antiope, Susanna at the Bath,
Dresden Gallery ; Hngar, Cassel Gallery ;
Bacchanal, Ddsseldorf Gallery ; Martyrdom
of St. Lawrence, Satyr bound by Zephyr
and a Boy, Children Playing, Bath of Diana,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Genii with Festoons
(4), Pieta, Vienna Museum. — Nagler, xvi.
496.
STRUDWICK, JOHN MELHUISH, born
in England ; contemporary. Genre painter ;
exhibits chiefly at the Grosvenor Gallery.
Works : Love's Music (1877) ; Peona, Pass-
ing Days (1878); My Beloved, Isabella
(1879) ; Marsyas and Apollo (1880) ; St.
Cecilia (1882) ; The Ten Virgins, A Story-
Book (1884) ; A Golden Thread, Thy Tune-
ful Strings wake Memories (1885) ; Isabella,
Circe and Scylla (1886).
STRUYS, ALEXANDRE (THEODORUS
HONORE), born at Berchem, Jan. 24. 1852.
Genre and history painter, pupil of Ant-
wei-p Academy. Visited London and Paris.
Professor at Weimar Art School in 1878 ;
resigned and removed to The Hague in
1882. White Falcon Order. Works : Two
Sacrifices, Dordrecht Museum ; Birds of
Prey ; Disillusion ; Alone at the Rendez-
vous ; Seduced (1885) ; six historical pict-
ures for the Luther Hall of the Wartburg
(with Willem Linnig, Jr.).— Mtlller, 510 ;
Allgem. K. Chr. ix. 838.
STRY, ABRAHAM VAN, born at Dor-
drecht, Dec. 31, 1753, died there, March 7,
1826. Genre painter, brother of the follow-
ing, pupil of Joris Ponse (1723-83) ; found-
ed at Dordrecht in 1774 the society Pictura,
which formed several excellent artists, and
of which he was the first president. Mem-
ber of Institute of the Netherlands, and in
.r
1818 of Antwerp Academy. Works : Draw-
ing Lesson, The Housewife, Kettle Scourer,
237
STEY
Amsterdam Museum ; Well-Supplied Table,
Village Inn, Rotterdam Museum. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 120 ; Kramm, v. 1582.
STEY, JACOBUS VAN, born at Dor-
drecht, Oct. 2, 1756, died there, Feb. 4,
1815. Landscape and animal painter, pu-
pil of Andreas Cornelia Lens at Antwerp
Academy, then formed himself chiefly
through the study of Paulus Potter and
Aelbert Cuyp. Works : Landscape, Milk-
ing Time, Evening in the Country, Going
to Market, Museum Amsterdam ; Cattle
resting on lliver Bank, Museum Fodor, ib. ;
Cows and Sheep by Farm Buildings, Leip-
sic Museum ; Cows in Pasture, Czernin
Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 119 ;
Kramm, v. 1583.
STEYOWSKI, WILHELM, born in Dant-
zic in 1834. Genre painter, pupil of Schadow
in Diisseldorf. After visiting Galicia, Hol-
land, and Paris, settled in Dantzic. Medal
in 18G4. Works : Washerwomen surprised
by Eain (1854) ; Sunday Afternoon in the
Country (185G) ; Polish Sailors before the
Evening Fire ; Boatmen Besting (I860) ;
Little Wire-AVorker ; Dancing Cossack
(1861) ; Skaters ; Polish Jews in Syna-
gogue (18G2) ; Jews Praying ; Eendezvous
on Eoofs of Dantzic ; Wedding Procession
of Galician Jews (1874) ; Landscape on Vis-
tula (1882).— Miiller, 511.
STUART, GILBERT, born in Narragan-
sett, Ehode Island,
Dec. 3, 1755, died
in Boston, July 27,
1828. After some
unaided efforts, he
received instruction
from Cosmo Alexan-
der, a Scotch portrait
painter, whom he ac-
companied to Scot-
land in 1772. The
death of his master
left Stuart to shift for himself, and after
struggling a while at the University of Glas-
gow, he returned home. In 1775 he went
again to England and found a friend and
master in Benjamin West, who employed
him as an assistant. In 1785 he set up a
studio of his own with great success, getting
high prices. In 1788 he visited Dublin and
painted several portraits. In 1792 he re-
turned to America. Soon after his arrival
in New York, the Duke of Kent offered to
send a ship of war for him if he would go
to Nova Scotia and paint his portrait ; but
unwisely, as he afterwards thought, he de-
clined the offer. After working for two
years in New York, Philadelphia, and Wash-
ington, Stuart settled in Boston, where he
resided the remainder of his life. His por-
traits show great insight into character, and
are remarkable for their simplicity of
means. They have great individuality, ex-
cellent balance of light and shade, and gen-
erally pure colour. Among the best are
those of Washington, of whom Stuart was
the painter par excellence. \Vorks : Por-
trait of Washington (1796), Martha Wash-
ington (1796), Washington at Dorchester
Heights, General Henry Kuox, Josiah
Quincy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ;
Washington, John Adams, Jefferson, Madi-
son, and Monroe, T. Jefferson Coolidge, ib. ;
Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Mr. and Mrs.
David Sears, Mrs. William Amory, ib.;
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Revere, John Eevere,
ib. ; Jared Sparks (1827), Mrs. Parks, Cam-
bridge, Mass.; Judge Joseph Story, Har-
vard University, ib. ; Mr. and Mrs. Josiah
Quincy (1806), Edmund Quincy, Dedham,
Mass.; Eev. William Ellery Churning,
George G. Channing, Milton, Mass.; Mr.
and Mrs. George Gibbs, Colonel George
Gibbs, Wolcott Gibbs, Cambridge, Mass.;
Dr. Samuel William Johnson (1792), Mrs.
William Bellamy, Dorchester, Mass.; Com-
modore O. H. Perry, Oliver H. Perry,
Lowell, Mass. ; Sir John Temple, Mrs. Eliza
B. Temple Winthrop, Eobert C. Winthrop,
Brookline, Mass.; Presidents Washington,
John Adams, and Jefferson, and Egbert
Benson (1807), Historical Society, New
York ; General Horatio Gates, John E.
Stevens, ib.; Commodore Macdouough, A.
238
STUBBS
R. Mficdonough, ib. ; Josiah Ogclen Hoff-
man, Mrs. Ogden Hoffman, ib. ; Mrs. Robert
Morris, Lenox Gallery, ib. ; John Jacob As-
tor, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Governor and Mrs.
Winthrop Sargent (1805), Mrs. W. Butler
Duncan, ib.; John Jay, Augustus Jay, ib.;
John Jay, Steven Van Rensellaer, Hon. John
Jay, Bedford, N. Y.; Robert Morris, Mrs.
Morris, Bay Ridge, N. Y.; John R. Morris
(1800), John R. Morris, Mount Morris,
N. Y.; Commodore Stephen Decatur, Ly-
ceum of Navy Yard, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Madi-
son, Monroe, A. A. Low, ib.; Washington
(full-length), do. (bust), Mrs. Blodgett,
Mrs. Elizabeth Willing Jackson, Pennsyl-
vania Academy, Philadelphia, Pa.; Com-
modore John Barry, Mrs. Dr. Leiper, ib. ;
Horace Binney (1800), Miss Susan Binney,
ib.; Bishop William White (1798), Mrs.
George H. White, ib.; General Thomas
Mifflin, F. E. Dixon, Bridgewater, Pa.;
Madame Patterson Bonaparte, Charles Jo-
seph Bonaparte, Baltimore, Md. ; Jefferson,
Madison, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. ;
Thomas Callender, John Callender, Miss
Calleuder, Newport, R. I.; Chief Justice
Shippen of Pennsylvania, Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington ; John Singleton Copr
ley, Lady Lyndhurst, London ; W. Grant
of Congalton — skating in St. James's Park
(ascribed to Gainsborough), Lord Charles
Pelham Clinton, Moor Court, Stroud ; Sir
Joshua Reynolds (1784), Lord Inchiquin ;
Sir Edward Thornton (2), Sir Edward
Thornton, England ; Benjamin West, Na-
tional Gallery, London. — -Mason, Life and
Works of G. S. (New York, 1879) ; Tucker-
man, Book of the Artists ; Scribner's Mag.,
March, 1879 ; Atlantic Monthly, Dec., 1868,
Reminiscences by John Neale.
STUBBS, GEORGE, born in Liverpool
in 1724, died in London, July 10, 1806.
Son of a surgeon, from whom he inherited
a love of anatomy, the study of which, in
connection with art, was the occupation of
his life. He was the first of the English
painters to give life and motion to the pict-
ures of animals. About 175-4 he visited
Italy; on his return settled in London,
where he became noted as an animal
painter, especially of horses, and an anato-
mist. In 1773 he was president of the So-
ciety of Artists ; elected an A. R. A. in
1780, and R. A. in 1781, but declined the
latter honour. Works : Fall of Phaeton ;
Lion killing Horse ; Tiger in his Den. —
Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 342 ; Sandby, i.
244.
STUCKELBERG, ERNST, born at Basle
in 1831. Landscape and genre painter, pupil
in his native city of Dietler, and in Antwerp of
Dyckmans and Wappers. Studied the old
masters in the Louvre in Paris ; travelled
over Switzerland and Upper Italy in 1853 ;
remained some time in Munich ; from 1856
lived ten years in Rome, and settled in
Basle. Gold medal in Munich in 1869.
Works : Forest Spring in Sabine Moun-
tains ; Lady-Day in Sabine Mountains, Elijah
and the Widow, Marionettes, Artist's Chil-
ren, Basle Museum ; Legend of Foundation
of Convent of Ober-Schonthal ; Return of
St. Gall Citizens after Battle of Grandson,
St. Gall Museum ; Charcoal Burners in Jura
Mountains, Zurich Gallery ; Service of Chil-
dren of God (1867) ; City and Country
Children ; Youthful Love ; Fortune Teller ;
Hermit of Maranno ; Gypsy ; Fortune
Teller, Children from Abroad, Last Rha1-
tian (1883). In fresco : Tell's Chapel.—
Miiller, 511 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 739 ;
six. 231.
STUHLMANN, HEINRICH, born in
Hamburg, Dec. 28, 1803, died there, Oct.
23, 1886. Landscape and genre painter, pu-
pil of Gerdt Hardorff, then of Copenhagen
Academy under Gebauer, and in Dresden
of Dahl. Works : Storm Landscape (1830) ;
Village in Winter (1837) ; Blankenese Fish-
ermen (1838) ; Village Landscape on the
Trave ; Village Life in Holstein, Hamburg
Gallery. — Andresen, iii. 60.
STUHR, JOHANN GEORG, born in
Hamburg in 1640, died there, May 8, 1721.
German school Landscape and marine
painter, and also painted some historical
STUNTZ
pictures. Works: Sacrifice of Iphigenia,
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Harbour View, Cassel
Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; Naval Bat-
tles (2), Schwerin Gallery.— Nagler, xvii.
519 ; Schlie, 610.
STUNTZ. See Freyberg, Elektrine von.
STUELEE, FRANZ ADOLF VON, born
in Paris, Feb. 28, 1802, died at VersaiUes,
Sept. 16, 1881. History painter, pupil of
Ingres, went in 1831 to Florence, where he
remained over twenty years, zealously
studying the old masters; in 1853 he re-
turned to Paris, and then settled at Ver-
sailles. Medal, third class, 1842. Works :
Death of Brunhilde, Death of Suetonius
(1835) ; Lady of Florence (1835), Madrid
Museum ; Cimabue and Giotto (1838) ;
Moses on the Mountain, Wrestlers (1842) ;
Incredulity of Thomas (1844), Ministry of
Interior, Paris ; Cimabue's Madonna carried
in Procession in Florence, 1270 (1859) ;
Twelve Allegories on the Events of 1870-
71 ; One hundred and eight illustrations to
Dante's Divine Comedy. — Ischarner, Die
bild. K. in der Schweiz (1884), 59.
STURM, FRITZ, born at Rostock, May
17, 1834. Marine and landscape painter ;
pupil of Berlin Academy in 1859-61, of
Eschke, and at Carlsruhe of Gude in 1865-
70. Made sketching tours in Sweden, Nor-
way, Switzerland, Holland, and Italy. Lived
in Diisseldorf in 1870-75, then moved to
Berlin. Medal, London, 1872. Works :
Norwegian Coast (1863), Wismar from the
Sea (1864), Tempest on the Sea (1866), Ship-
wreck (1868), Schwerin Gallery ; Hamburg
Harbour (1866) ; Life Boats going to a
Wreck (1867) ; Pilot Boat returning Home ;
Crew deserting Sinking Ship ; Brig on the
Norwegian
Coast ; Baltic,
Mediterranean
Sea, National
Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii. 225 ;
Muller, 511.
STURMER, KARL, born in Berlin in
1803, died in March, 1881. History painter,
son and pupil of Johanu Heinrich Stiirmer
(1774-1855), and in Diisseldorf of Cornelius,
whom he accompanied to Munich and in
1842 to Berlin. Works: Friedrich I. of
Brandenburg takes Pope John XXIH. Pris-
oner (1856) ; Auto da Fe of Spanish Inquisi-
tion (1872). In fresco : Barbarossa's Rec-
onciliation with Pope Alexander, Helldorf
Castle, near Dfisseldorf ; Defeat of
Ottokar at Mtthldorf, Taking of Bel-
grade, Arcades of Court Garden,
Munich ; Deeds of Hercules and
Theseus, Old Museum, Berlin. — Rosenberg,
Berl. Malersch., 249 ; Mailer, 511.
STUVEN, ERNST, born at Hamburg in
1657, died at Rotterdam in 1712. Dutch
school. Flower and fruit painter, pupil in
Amsterdam, whither he went in 1675, of
Jan Voorhout, Willem van Aelst, and Abra-
ham Mignon. Was twice imprisoned in
Amsterdam, then banished from the city,
and settled at Rotterdam. Works : Two
Fruit-Pieces with Insects, Schwerin Gallery.
— Immerzeel, iii. 120 ; Schlie, 612.
SUAEDI, BAETOLOMMEO. See Bra-
mantino.
SUBLEYEAS, PIERRE, born at Uzes
(Gard), in 1699, died
in Rome, May 28,
1749. French school.
History painter,
pupil of his father
Mathieu and, at
Toulouse, of Rivalz.
Won the grand prix
de Rome in 1727 ;
went to Rome, where
he married and set-
tled for life. Member of Academy of St.
Luke, 1740. Works : Brazen Serpent (1727),
Christ in the House of the Pharisee (1739,
also original sketch), Martyrdom of St.
Hippolytus, Martyrdom of St. Peter, Mass
of St. Basil, Emperor Theodosius receiving
the Blessing of St. Ambrose, St. Benedict
reviving a Child, Brother Philip's Geese,
The Falcon, The Hermit, Louvre, Paris ; St.
Stephen and St. Francis appearing to the
Penitent, Moutpellier Museum ; Theodosius
340
SUESS
Kneeling, Hermit, Nantes Museum ; Camal-
dolensian Monk (2), Orleans Museum ; St.
Joseph carrying Infant Christ, Coronation
of Louis XV., Joseph interpreting the
Dreams, Annunciation, Joseph's Dream,
Circumcision, St. Peter Healing the Lame,
Still-Life, Male Portrait, Toulouse Museum ;
Portrait of Benedict XIV., Versailles Mu-
seum ; Cardinal Bentivoglio, Eouen Mu-
seum ; Ecce Homo, Musee Rath, Geneva ;
Temptation of St. Anthony, Zdrich Gallery ;
Homage to St. Januarius, Berlin Museum ;
Death of Magdalen, Cassel Gallery ; Christ
in the House of Simon, Dresden Museum ;
A Bishop blessing a King, St. Norbert re-
storing a dead Child to Life, Portrait of a
Bishop, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Priest in
Vestments, A Monk, Schleissheim Gallery ;
The Three Magi, Adoration of the Shep-
herds, Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Emperor
Valens fainting at the Mass of St. Basil
(1745), Carthusian Church at Termini,
Sicily ; replica in the Louvre ; do., Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg; do. (in mosaic),
Crucifixion,
Brera Gallery,
Milan.— Vfflot, *\
Cat. Louvre ;
Bellier, ii. 530 ; Cb. Blanc, Ecole francaise ;
Biog. universelle.
SUESS, HANS. See Eulmbach, Hans
von.
SUEUR. See Le Sueur.
SUHRLANDT, (JOHANN) HEINRICH,
born at Schwerin in 1742, died at Ludwigs-
lust, Jan. 1, 1827. History, portrait, land-
scape, animal, and still-life painter, pupil of
the court painter Lehmann, then took up
sculpture under Busch, but was induced by
difang 178'
Findorff (1722-72, court painter) to return
to painting. Works : Portrait of Findorff
(1773), Dogs (2, one dated 1773), View of
Altona (1789), Still-Life (1799), Schwerin
Gallery.— Schlie, 93.
SUHRLANDT, KARL, born at Schwer-
in ; contemporary. Animal painter, son of
Rudolf Suhrlandt, pupil in Paris of Ary
Scheffer ; travelled for many years in Russia,
where he was employed by the court, and
became member of St. Petersburg Academy.
Professor in Schweriu in 1874. Works :
Russian Horse Dealers ; Smugglers on Rus-
sian Frontier ; Regiment of Uhlans march-
ing (1870) ; Cattle Herd (1874) ; Drunken
Peasant driving ; Galileo in Prison (1853),
Schwerin Gallery. — Miiller, 512; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1877), ii. 515.
SUHRLANDT, RUDOLF (FRIEDRICH
KARL), born at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg,
Dec. 19, 1781, died at Schwerin, Feb. 2,
1862. History and portrait painter, son and
pupil of Heinrich Suhrlandt, then studied
in Dresden under Schenau and Grassi, and
in Vienna under Fiiger and Maurer ; went
to Rome in 1808, was in Naples in 1812-15,
and while there was made Mecklenburg
court painter, and after his return in 1817,
professor. Works : Maiden in the Grotto,
Sleeping Youth (1808), Cupid and Psyche
(1809), Venus teaching Cupid to bend the
Bow, Venus, Vulcan, and Mars (1810), Por-
trait of a Physician (1817), do. of Artist's
Father (1825), Copies after Old Masters (7),
Schwerin Gallery. His daughter Mrne.
Pauline Sol- a\ r \ I i .
tau, at first JtJilAKttndl J»*l
his pupil, vAoma l8lO
then of Dubufe in Paris, was a genre and
portrait painter.
SULLY, THOMAS, born at Horncastle,
Lincolnshire, England, June 8, 1783, died in
Philadelphia, Nov. 5, 1872. Portrait paint-
er; taken to Charleston, S. C., by his par-
ents, who were comedians, in 1792 ; was first
instructed by M. Belzons, a French minia-
ture painter who had married his sister. In
1799 he joined his brother Laurence, a
miniature painter, in Richmond, Va., and
painted there and at Norfolk until Lau-
241
SUMMER
rence's death in 1804. In 1806, having
married his brother's widow, he removed to
New York and lived
there, excepting a
short visit to Boston
for instruction from
Gilbert Stuart, until
1808, when he re-
turned to Philadel-
phia. In 1809 he went
to London, studied
several months under
Benjamin West, and
coming back in 1810, settled permanently
in Philadelphia. He again visited England
in 1837-38, and in the latter year painted
from life a full-length portrait of Queen Vic-
toria. Between 1820 and 1840 he exhibited
ten portraits at the Royal
Academy. Works: Com-
modore Decatur, City Hall,
New York ; Thomas Jef-
ferson (1821), Military
Academy, West Point;
George Frederick Cooke
as Richard III., Pennsyl-
vania Academy ; Queen
Victoria (1838), St. George
Society, Philadelphia;
Charles Kemble, Frances
Ann Kemble, Rembrandt
Peale, Mrs. Joseph Harri-
son, ib.; Lafayette, Inde-
pendence Hall ; Reverdy
Johnson ; Charles Car-
roll ; Dr. Benjamin Rush ;
Washington crossing the Delaware, Boston
Museum ; Girl offering Flowers at a Shrine,
Woman at the Well, Mrs. M. O. Roberts,
New York ; Isabella, Child and Dog, Mrs.
Joseph Harrison, Philadelphia. — Duulap, ii.
101; Tuckerman, 158 ; Appleton's Journal
(1872), viii. 693 ; Hours at Home, x. 69.
SUMMER, Nicolas Poussin. See Ruth
and Boaz.
SUMMER STORM, Titian, Buckingham
Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9A in. x 3 ft. 1£ in.
An August squall on the borders of the
Alpine country near Cadore. Painted in
1534. Probably the best of Titian's land-
scapes extant— C. & C., Titian, i. 396 ; Gil-
bert, Cadore, 37.
SUN AND MOON, CREATION OF,
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco
on ceiling.
SUONATORE. See Violinist.
SUPPER AT EMMAUS, (Luke xxiv. 30,
31). Michelangelo da Caramygio, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x
G ft. 5£ in. Painted for Cardinal Scipio
Borghese ; from Palazzo Borghese came
into possession of Lord Vernon, who pre-
sented it in 1839 to National Gallery. En-
graved by A. Testa ; B. Vaillant ; G. Gio-
vane. — Meyer, Ktinst. Lex., i. 615, 621.
By Carpaccio, S. Salvatore, Venice ; can-
Supper at Emmaus, Titian, Louvre, Paris.
vas, figures life-size. Christ seated at table,
with a disciple wearing a turban at his left,
another at his right ; at each end of table a
pilgrim. Painted about 1510. Commonly
attributed to Giovanni Bellini, but one of
the finest and most characteristic of Carpac-
cio's works.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 208.
By Moretto, Tosi Collection, Brescia ; can-
vas, life-size. Christ behind the table, in a
gray hat which overshadows his brow, is
breaking the bread, while an apostle at
right gazes intently at him ; a second apos-
sri'I'KU
tie sitting by ; at the left, the host descends ! hand, and a youth, with a plate of meat,
a flight of steps, and at the right, a girl in
fanciful cap and bodice carries a dish; a
dog under the table. Painted about 1540.
— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 406.
By Rembrandt, Louvre; wood, H. 2 ft. 3 in.
x 2 ft. 2 in. ; signed, dated 1G48. Christ seat-
ed behind a table in front of a niche between
two pilasters ; at left is seated one of the
disciples, seen from behind, and at right
another, side view ; behind the latter a
servant bearing a plate. Sale of Collection
are waiting upon them. Formerly in Esco-
rinl. Engraved by Van Somplin (1G43) ; in
reverse by Swanenburg and C. Van Tienen ;
with changes, A. Lonimeliu. — Smith, ii. 131 ;
ix. 294.
By Titian, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
(5 in. X 8 f t. ; signed. Christ seated with
Luke behind a table in a marble court, with
Cleopas at the right ; at the left a page with
a tureen, and behind, a servant with sleeves
rolled up ; under the table a dog growling
Supper at Emmaus, Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Pans.
of Burgomaster W. Six (1734), 170 florins ;
M. Randon de Boisset sale (1777) to Louis
XVI., for 10,500 livres. Engraved by Baron
Denon ; De Frey in Musee fran£ais. Sim-
ilar subject (1648), Christiansborg Museum.
—Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, viii. PI. 507 ; East-
lake, Louvre, 183 ; Smith, vii. 44 ; Vosmaer,
214, 476.
By Rubens, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
4 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 1 in. The Saviour seated
at further side of a table, with one disciple
seen in profile, the other with back to spec-
tator ; an old woman, with a glass in her
at a cat. According to tradition Luke is
Charles V., Cleopas Cardinal Ximenes, and
the page Philip II. Painted in 1547 ; went
from Gonzaga Collection, Mantua, into Col-
lection of Charles I. ; thence to Jabach, who
sold it to Louis XIV. The original picture,
of which this is a replica, was presented in
[ 1547 by Alessandro Contarini to the Signo-
ria of Venice, and was in existence at end
of last century. Copies of Louvre canvas
in Turin and Dresden Galleries. Engraved
by F. Chauveau (1656) ; Masson.— C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 152 ; Zanetti, Pitt. Ven., 165 ;
S43
SUPPER
Landon, Musee, iii. PI. v.; Mtindler, 208;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
By Velasquez, Earl of Breadalbane, Perth-
shire, Scotland ; canvas, H. 4 f t. x 5 ft. 2
in. Christ seated with two disciples at a ta-
ble. From King Louis Philippe sale ; pur-
chased from a canon at Seville for £235. —
Curtis, 7.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ;
canvas, H. 3 ft, 11 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. From
Modena Gallery. Restored by Palmaroli.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Paris ; canvas,
H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 14 ft. 8 in.; signed. Christ,
seated between the two disciples behind a ta-
ble spread in a vestibule adorned with col-
umns, raises his eyes to heaven and blesses
the bread ; behind are three domestics bear-
ing dishes. The painter is said to have rep-
resented himself and part of his family in
this picture ; but it is undecided whether he
is the figure at the extreme left or extreme
right ; his wife stands at the left, with an
infant in her arms, and two other of his
children are near her ; in front, two children
play with a large dog. From collection of
Louis XIV. Engraved by Thomassin.—
Cab. Crozat, ii. PL 15 ; Landon, Musue, xiii.
PI. 17 ; Felibien, i. 730 ; Sauval, Antiquites
de Paris, ii. 169.
By Paolo Veronese, Stafford House, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Christ,
seated at table between the two disciples,
blesses the bread ; a woman and two men
behind ; in front, a cat and a child play
with a dog. From Orleans Gallery ; £200.
—Stafford Gal., ii. PL 21 ; Waagen, Treas-
ures, ii. 60, 498.
SUPPER, LAST. See Last Supper.
SUPPER OF ST. GREGORY, Georgio
Vasari. See Gregory.
By Paolo Veronese, Convent of Monte Be-
rico, Vicenza ; canvas, H. about 18 ft. x 28
ft. ; dated 1572. Wantonly mutilated by
Austrian soldiers, who hacked it to pieces
with their swords while occupying the con-
vent after the bombardment of Vicenza in
1848. The fragments were afterwards put
together and the picture restored by Profes-
sor Tagliapietra, of Venice. — Guida di Vi-
cenza, 112 ; Ridolfi, Marav., ii. 35.
SUS, GUSTAV, born at Rumbeck near
Rinteln on the Weser, June 10, 1823, died
in Dilsseldorf, Dec. 24, 1881. Genre and
animal painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Karl Sohn in 1850-51. Was
also an illustrator and writer. Works :
First Thought; Two Mothers; Duck Per-
secution ; Cock Fight ; Domestic Joy and
Sorrow ; Evening Song (Chickens and Pig-
eons), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Three
Philosophers ; Great Event ; Stable Tragedy
(1882).— Kunst-Chronik. xvii. 224 ; Mtlller,
512 ; Wolfg. Muller, Diisseldf. K., 370 ; H-
lustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 448 ; ii. 168.
SUSANNA, Lodovico Carracci, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 3
Susanna, Lodovico Canacci. National Gallery, London.
ft, 7 in. Scene from apocryphal Book of
Susanna. Susanna, surprised by the two
elders while preparing to bathe in the gar-
den of Joachim at Babylon, crouches to hide
her person, while they attempt to remove her
drapery. Formerly in Orleans Gallery ; then
in Angerstein Collection, whence purchased
in 1824.— Rosiui, vi. 20 ; Reveil, vi. 3G8.
244
SUSANNA
By Domenichino, Munich Gallery ; Susan-
na, seated on a step of the bath, which is
surrounded by a marble balustrade, is sur-
prised by the two old men. Fountain in
middle of bath, and behind it a splendid
palace in a grove. One of the painter's best
pictures for composition, drawing, and ex-
pression. Figures life-size. Copy, with va-
riations, Devon House, England. — Waagen,
ii. 91.
By Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 2 in. x 4 ft. 6 in. Susanna,
nude, seated near a fountain surmounted
by a statue of Cupid, en-
deavours to shroud herself
with crimson drapery ; be-
hind, the two elders, one
pulling her drapery, the
other touching her shoulder
with his hand. Engraved
by Ch. de Muchel ; litho-
graphed by S. Braun. —
Smith, iii. 22 ; Guiffrey,
243 ; Eastlake, Notes, 65.
By Luca GiQrdano, Dres-
den Gallery ; canvas ; 5 ft.
11 in. x 8 ft. 5 in. ; signed.
Susanna, nude, sitting on a
bench near a fountain, en-
deavours to cover herself
upon the approach of the
old men. Engraved by J. F. Beauvarlet. —
Gal. roy. de Dresde, ii. PL 38.
By Guido Reni, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 11£ in. Bought
in 1845 from Penrice Collection ; formerly
in Palazzo Lancellotti, Rome. Engraved by
Corn. Visscher and by P. Beljambe for the
Galerie du Palais Royal. — Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 338.
By Rembrandt, Hague Museum ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 6£ in. x 1 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated
1637. Susanna, nude, about to enter a
stream, is alarmed at the sound of some one
approaching, and endeavours to cover her
loins with some drapery ; behind, in bushes,
the face of one of the elders. Collection of
Prince of Orange-Nassau in 1770. A similar
subject, engraved by Earlom, formerly be-
longed to Sir Joshua Reynolds. — Smith, vii.
16 ; Vosmaer, 421.
By Rembrandt, Youssoupoff Collection, St.
Petersburg; signed, dated 1633. Susanna
surprised at the bath by the old men. —
Waagen, Russia, 414 ; Vosmaer, 34, 430.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 2
ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 4^ in. Susanna, with her
back to the elders, is covering her bosom
with her hands ; one of the old men is re-
moving her covering and the other is extend-
ing his hand to touch her back. Engraved
Susanna, Tintoretto, Louvre, Paris.
by Pontius ; Vosterman ; Michel Lasne ;
Jegher ; Spruyt ; Simon. Sketch in Louvre.
Repetition, by a scholar, in Berlin Museum.
—Smith, ii. 73, 105.
By Jean Baptiste Santerre, Louvre, Paris ;
canvas, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Susanna,
nude, near the bath, with one foot in the
water ; in background, the old men behind
a wall. Painted in 1704. Engraved by
Gandolfi ; Porforati. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Filhol, viii. PI. 555 ; Musce royal.
By Tintoretto, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H.
5 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. Susanna, seated near
a basin under trees, with one attendant cut-
ting the nails of her feet, another combing
her hair ; in background, the two elders sit-
ting at a table ; frogs, ducks, and other ani-
845
SUSTERMAN
mals in grass and on the water. From col-
lection of Louis XIV.— Landon, Musue, xiii.
PI. 56 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 1 in. Susanna coming
out of the bath is watched by the two elders
hidden in the garden. Similar picture in
Madrid Museum. Engraved by J. Miinsel.
By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; can-
vas, 4 ft. 2 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Acquired in
1742 from Carignau Collection, Paris, for
4,500 livres.
By Paolo Veronese, Louvre, Paris ; canvas,
6 ft. C in. square. Susanna, seated near the
bath, envelops herself in her garments upon
the approach of the old men ; at her feet a
little dog. Copy, without the dog, in col-
lection of Duke of Devonshire. Formerly
in Casa Bonaldi, Venice ; bought of Jabach
by Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Smith. —
Villot, Cat. Louvre.
By Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum ; can-
vas, H. 5 ft. x 5 ft. 10 in. Susanna at the
Susanna, Paolo Veronese, Madrid Museum.
bath, in a garden with a marble palace in
background, hastens to cover herself with a
brocaded cloth at the approach of the old
men. Collection of Philip IV. — Cat. Madrid
Museum ; Reveil, xiv. 979.
Subject treated also by Guercino, Madrid
Museum and Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; An-
nibale Carracci, Munich Gallery ; Giovanni
Biliverti, Florence Academy ; Spagnoletto,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Guido Cagnacci,
Count de Briihl ; Domenico Robusti, Dres-
den Gallery ; Bernardo Strozzi, Palazzo Spi-
nola, Genoa ; Sir Peter Lely, Burleigh
House, England ; Murillo, Madrazo Collec-
tion, Madrid ; Albrecht Altdorfer (1526),
Maurice Chapel, Nuremberg ; Willem van
Mieris, Brussels Museum ; Pieter de Stru-
del, Dresden Museum ; Noel Coypel, Mad-
rid Museum ; Autoine Coypel, Louvre,
Paris ; Theodore Chasseriau (Salon, 1839) ;
Alexandre Longuet (Salon, 1841) ; Philippe
Auguste Jeanron (Salon, 1852) ; Jean
Jacques Henner (Salon, 1865) ; Frederick
Goodall (Royal Academy, 1886).
SUSTERMAN, LAMBERT. See Lom-
bard.
SUTTEE, JOSEF, born at Linz, Upper
Austria, in 1782, died after 1843. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Fiiger, but became a strong adherent of
Overbeck, whom he followed to Rome, and
thence went to Munich about 1818 ; assisted
Cornelius in the Glyptothek and Pinakothek,
and Heinrich Hess in the Basilica. Visited
Rome again before 1825 and was back in
Munich before 1835. Works : Death of Mat-
tathias (1809) ; The Three Divine Virtues
(1816) ; Emperor Albrecht's Dog ; St. Luke
(1818) ; Herodias with the Head of St. John
(1825), Hagar in the Desert (1836), Stift
Kremsmiinster, Upper Austria. His son
and pupil Daniel, born in Vienna in 1810,
became also a history painter, went with
him to Munich, where he continued his
studies at the Academy under Heinrich Hess,
and assisted his father in the Basilica. —
Wurzbach, xli. 5.
SUTTERMANS (Sustermans), JUSTUS
(Joost), born in Antwerp, baptized Sept. 28,
1597, died in Florence, April 23, 1681.
Flemish school ; portrait painter, pupil of
Willem de Vos, then in Paris of Frans Pour-
bus, the younger, where he spent three
years before going to Italy. At Florence
he was patronized by the Grand Dukes Co-
simo H. and HI. and Ferdinand II. At Vi-
enna (1623-24) he was warmly received by
240
SUVEE
the emperor, whose portrait he painted, as
also portraits of members of his family.
Called to Home in 1C27, he painted Pope
Urban VEL ; was in the emperor's service
at Innsbruck in 1652-53, and returned to
Florence in 1653. Friend of Rubens and
Van Dyck. Works : Portraits of Vittoria
della Rovere, Ferdinand II. de' Medici, Ele-
onora Gonzaga (1620), Christian V. of Den-
mark as Crown Prince, Emperor Ferdinand
II., Prince Mattias de' Medici, Margherita
de' Medici, Grand Duke Cosimo in. as a
Child, Pandolfo Ricasoli, Artist's own Por-
trait, Grand Ducal Family as Holy Family,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Penitent Magdalen,
St. Margaret, War and Peace (1638), The
Florentine Senate swearing Allegiance, Male
Portrait in Swiss Costume, Portraits of Gali-
leo (1636), of Puliciani, of Claudia de' Med-
ici, Uffizi, ib. ; Portrait of Vittoria della
Rovere, Turin Gallery ; Archduchess Clau-
dia, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of Young
Lady, Berlin Museum ; Portrait of Galileo,
Trinity College, Cambridge ; do., Lord
Methuen, Corsham Court, England ; Portrait
of Alessandro Farnesc, Royal Institute, Edin-
burgh. His brother Jan was his pupil, and
accompanied him to Vienna, where he set-
tled and was patronized by the emperor.
Work : Portrait of a Matron, Vienna Mu-
seum. Another brother, Cornells, was al-
so in the emperor's service. — Baldinucci,
Opere, xii. 13 ; Fetis, Les Artistes beiges,
i. 257 ; Kramm, v. 1588 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 300 ; Michiels, ix. 25 ; Rooses (Reber),
375 ; Van den Branden, 960.
SUVEE, JOSEPH BENOIT, born in
Bruges, Jan. 3, 1743, died in Rome, Feb. 9,
1807. Flemish school ; history and portrait
painter, pupil of Matthias de Visch, then in
Paris at the old St. Luke's corporation and
at the Academy under Bachelier ; won the
2d grand prix de Rome in 1768, and the 1st
in 1771 in competition with David, and stud-
ied in Rome (1772-78) under Vien ; after
his return to Paris he was made member of
the Academy in 1780, adjunct professor in
1781, professor and director of the French
Academy in Rome in 1792, but being im-
prisoned during the revolutionary disturb-
ances did not enter upon this position until
1801. Works : Death of Admiral Coligny
(1787), Louvre ; St. Francis de Sales, Ver-
sailles Gallery ; Tancred wounded recog-
nizes Clorinda, Amiens Museum ; Portrait
of M. Trouard, Besanyon Museum ; Tancred
rescued by Clorinda, Nantes Museum ; In-
vention of Drawing (1798), Artist's Portrait,
two other portraits, Bruges Academy ; Mi-
nerva among Rus-
tics (1776), Ghent 7X3
Museum; Vestal J L>'
making Fire de-
scend from Heav-
en ; Birth of the
Virgin ; Mother of
the Gracchi. His
wife (nee Charlotte
Louise Rameau) painted figures and min-
iatures.— Immerzeel, iii. 122 ; Michiels, x.
538 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges Acad., 89 ; Bellier,
ii. 534 ; Jal, 1159.
SUYDAM, JAMES A., born in New York
in 1817, died at North Conway, N. H., Sept.
15, 1865. Landscape painter, studied under
Minor C. Kellogg, with whom he travelled
through Greece and Turkey ; on returning
to America worked in the studios of Durand
and Kensett. Elected N.A. in 1856. He
was instrumental in building the present
Academy in New York, and was its treas-
urer until his death. He bequeathed to it
the pictures known as the Suydam Collec-
tion. Works : View on Long Island, Will-
iam A. Reese ; Hook Mountain on the Hud-
son, S. Clift ; New London Lighthouse —
Twilight, Olyphant Collection. — Tucker-
man, 540.
SVOBODA, EDUARD, born in Vienna,
Nov. 14, 1814. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Vienna Academy and of Friedrich
Schilcher ; in great demand as a portrait
painter in Vienna ; has decorated in fresco
several churches in Bohemia and Hungary.
Works : Va banque, Vienna Museum ; Dis-
tribution of Wood (1845) ; Protest (1847) ;
»47
SVOBODA
Family Festival (1862) ; Disagreeable Visit
(1867); Distribution of Prizes (1872).—
Wurzbach, xli. 61.
SVOBODA, KARL, born at Planic, Bo-
hemia, in 1823, died in Vienna, Sept. 12,
1870. History painter, pupil of Prague
Academy under Euben ; visited Croatia and
Slavonia to study the life of the southern
Slavs, and settled in Vienna in 1851. Works :
Henry IV. at Canossa (1845) ; Wenceslaus
H, Coronation of Albrecht II., Joseph II.
in Prague, Death of King Wenceslaus the
Saint, Belvedere, Prague ; Foundation of
Prague University (1855); Retreat of Charles
V. (1859), Vienna Museum ; Conquered Mil-
anese before Barbarossa (1863) ; Cycle (10)
from Iphigenia in Tauris (1869), Loggia,
Opera House, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xli. 67.
SWANENBURGH, JACOB ISAAKSZ,
born in Leydeu, died in Utrecht in 1639.
Dutch school ; history painter, studied in
Rome and lived in Naples ; notable as the
first teacher of Rembrandt. Work : Pro-
cession in St. Peter's Square (1C28), Copen-
hagen Gallery. — Kramm, v. 1592 ; Vosmaer,
Rembrandt, ses precurseurs, 50 ; do., Rem-
brandt, sa vie, etc., 379.
SWANEVELT, HERMAN, born at Woer-
den, near Utrecht, about 1600, died in Paris
(?) in 1655. Dutch school ; landscape paint-
er, went early to Paris and thence to Rome,
where he studied under Claude Lorrain.
In 1653 made member of the Royal Acad-
emy ; in 1654, with Patel, decorated a room
in the Hotel Lambert at Paris. Works :
Three Landscapes, Hampton Court ; do.,
Madrid Museum ; Wooded Landscape, Sun-
set, three others, Louvre ; Italian Landscape
(1650), Hague Museum ; do., and Wooded
Landscape with St. Anthony (1653), Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; three do., Brunswick
Gallery ; Joseph relating his Dream, Basle
Museum ; others in Munich, Dresden, Ham-
burg, and Copenhagen Galleries. — Kramm,
v. 1593 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 490 ; Ch. Blanc,
35cole hollandaise ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 360.
SWART, JAN, born at Groningen in
1469, died at Gouda in 1535.
Dutch school; history and
landscape painter ; formed
himself after Scorel, and in
Italy, where he lived, espe-
cially at Venice. Works:
Adoration of the Magi (at-
tributed), Munich Gallery ;
do., Cologne Museum ; do.,
Brussels Museum. — Kramm, v. 1594 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, ii. 43.
SWEBACH, BERNARD EDOUARD,
born in Paris, Aug. 21, 1800, died at Ver-
sailles, March 2, 1870. History and genre
painter, son and pupil of Jacques Fran§ois
Joseph Swebach, and student of the £cole
des Beaux Arts. Accompanied his father
to Russia. Works : Hunting Scene, Cher-
bourg Museum ; Capture of a Spy by Hus-
sars, Besan9on Museum ; Horse Market at
Moscow, Winter Travel in Russia (1822) ;
Summer Travel in Russia (1823) ; Retreat
from Russia (1838).— Bellier, ii. 537.
SWEBACH, JACQUES FRANQOIS
JOSEPH, called Fontaine, born at Metz,
March 19, 1769, died in Paris, Dec. 10,
1823. History and genre painter, pupil of
J. Silfrede-Duplessis. Usually painted bat-
tle scenes and landscapes with figures. In
1810 he was appointed chief painter at
Sevres ; in 1815-20 held same position in
porcelain manufactory in St. Petersburg.
Crowned at the Exhibition of the Place
Dauphine in 1784 ; 2d prize in 1791 ; grand
medal, 1801, 1810. Works : Battle of Ma-
rengo, Battle of Zurich (1802) ; Napoleon
248
SWERTS
crossing the Danube (1810), Horse Races,
Cherbourg Museum ; Shipwreck, Travellers
Resting, Pozzo di Borgo Gallery ; Stag
Hunt (1822), Marseilles Museum ; Caval-
cade, Montpellier Museum. — Biog. univer-
selle ; Bellier, ii. 536.
SWERTS, JAN, born in Antwerp, Dec.
25, 1825, died at Marienbad, Bohemia, Aug.
11, 1879. History painter, pupil of Ant-
werp Academy under N. de Keyser, and
intimately allied with Guffens in raising
Belgian art to its high standard ; became
director of the Prague Academy in 1874.
Honorary member of Munich and Dres-
den Academies, and of German Art Union
in 1859 ; of Amsterdam Academy, 1861 ;
corresponding member of the Institut de
France, 1873. Gold medal, Brussels, 1854 ;
Order of Leopold, 1855; Officer, 1869;
Prussian Order of the Red Eagle and Ba-
den Order of Zilhringer Lion, 1860 ; Dutch
Order of Oaken Crown, 1861 ; Weimar
Order of White Falcon, 1865 ; Papal Order
of Gregory, 1871. Works : Baptism of
Clovis ; Delivery of Keys to St. Peter ; Van
Schoonbeck and his Contemporaries ; The
Labourers (from Lamartine's "Jocelyn");
Festival Day ; Italian Woman with her
Children ; Arrival of Venetian Embassy at
Antwerp. In fresco : Seven Sorrows of the
Virgin (1855-70), Notre Dame at St. Niko-
laes, near Antwerp; Scenes from Life of
Christ (1859-71), St. George's, Antwerp ;
Episodes in History of Flanders (1861-6'J),
Town Hall, Ypres ; Scenes from Local His-
tory (1873-75), Town Hall, Courtray ; Dec-
oration of St. Ann's Chapel in St. Vitus'
Cathedral, Prague (1878).— Chronique des
Arts (1879), 240 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1868),
xxv. 74 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1872), i. 227 ; Jour-
nal des B. Arts (1878), 188 ; Riegel, Wand-
malerei in Belgien, 3, 10-14, 42, 46-62, 105,
247 ; Vlaamsche school (1879), 149 ; Wurz-
bach, xli. 25.
SWERTSCHKOFF, NICOLAI, born in
St. Petersburg in 1818. Genre and animal
painter of distinction, self-taught in Paris,
and travelling in Germany and the Nether-
lands ; paints especially horses in a masterly
manner. Gold medal, Weimar ; Bavarian
Order of St Michael, Hessian Order of
Philip the Magnanimous ; L. of Honour,
1863. Professor at St Petersburg Acad-
emy. Works: Czar Alexis Michailovich
reviewing his Troops ; Kibitka (Russian
vehicle) in the Snow ; Village Wedding ;
Horse Market in Russia, Station for Post-
Horses, Return from Bear Hunt (1863) ;
Sleigh pursued by Wolves, Russian Travel-
lers meeting in the Woods (1864). — Mailer,
513.
SWORD, JAMES BRADE, born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., Oct. 11, 183'.). Landscape
painter, pupil of Christian Schussele, after-
wards of William T. Richards and of Asher
B. Durand. Studio in Philadelphia. First
exhibited in National Academy, New York,
in 1863. Works: Trenton Falls (Centennial
Exhibition, 1876), James Huglehurst, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.; Peep into Lake George, James
C. Beach, New York ; Silver Thread Falls,
Mr. Morris, Bloom field, N. J.; The Fort
Cove, James S. Whelen, Philadelphia, Pa. ;
Shores of Rhode Island, Edward Long-
streth, ib.; Something in the Wind, Duck
Shooting, C. E. Longley, Providence, R. I.;
Newport Harbour (New Orleans Exhibition,
1885) ; In Full Cry, A Cool Spot (1886) ;
Shores of Conanicut (1887).
SYBRECHTS. See (Wx-rechts.
SYLVESTRE, JOSEPH NOEL, bora at
Beziers (Hcrault).
June 24, 1847.
History, genre,
and portrait
painter, pupil of
Cabauel. Took 3d
prix de Rome,
1869. Medals:
2d class, 1875 ;
1st class, 1876 ;
Prize of the Salon, 1876. Works : Shepherds
Playing (1873) ; Death of Seneca (1875) ;
Locusta and Nero (1876), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Last Moments of Vitellius Caesar
(1878) ; Long, Long Ago (1879) ; Ducar the
349
SYMPATHY
Gaul beheads Flaminius at Thrasymene I background, young men armed with bows ;
(1882); Trencavel (1884) ; Christ (1886).— ' -1 ^ * J ~ •—"--*—
Bellier, ii. 537 ; Larousse, Supplement.
SYMPATHY, Briton Riviere, Holloway
Institute, Egham, near London ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. A little girl with a
sad face, seated on the stairs, with a dog
beside her, rubbing his face against hers in
sympathy. Royal Academy, 1878 ; bought
by Thomas Taylor, "Wigan, for 800 guineas ;
Taylor sale (1883), £2,725.
SYMPHORIEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OP,
Dominique Ingres, Cathedral of Autun. The
martyrdom at Augustodunum of a young
with a little book
returned
Houston
Paris :
Syndics of the Arquebusiers, Bartholomew van der Heist, Amsterdam Museum.
Gaul who had refused to adore the old
gods and whom the edict of Diocletian con-
demned to death. Salon, 1834. Studies :
Isaac Pereire, and Messrs. Haro, Stilrler,
and Gatteaux.— Ch. Blanc, Life, 101.
SYNDICS OF THE ARQUEBUSIERS, j
Bartholomew van der Heist, Amsterdam
Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft, 9 in. x 8 ft. 8 in. ;
signed, dated 1G57. The four syndics of
the archery guild of St. Sebastian of Am-
sterdam, dressed in black, are seated round
a table covered with a rich cloth. Three of
them hold prizes ; the fourth addresses his
colleagues. In middle distance, a woman
bearing a silver-mounted drinking-horn ; in
at left, foreground, a hunting-dog. Study
(1 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 2 in., dated 1653), Louvre,
Paris. Engraved by Hulmer. — Reveil, xii.
808 ; Filhol.
SYNDICS OF THE CLOTH HALL,
Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. x 9 ft.; signed, dated 1661. Five
syndics of the Staalhof (Cloth Hall) of Am-
sterdam, dressed in black, gathered around
a table, with their servant waiting upon
them ; four are seated and one is standing
in his hand. Taken to
in 1815. Engraved by
J. W. Kaiser.
Etched by De Frey ; Un-
ger (1876). Lithographed
by Zimmerman. — Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 369 ; Cat. Am-
sterdam Mus.; Mollett,
Rembrandt, 72 ; Vosmaer,
309, 495 ; Smith, vii. 61 ;
Mag. of Art (1886), ix. 257.
SZEKELY DE ADAM-
AS, BERTALAN, born at
Klausenburg, Transylva-
nia, in 1835. History
painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Ftihrich,
Rahl, and Waldm tiller, lat-
er in Munich of Piloty,
and studied in Brussels,
Antwerp, and Paris. Or-
der of Francis Joseph, 18G7. Works : Flight
of Charles VH., National Museum, Munich ;
Doboczy killing his Wife, Ladislaus V. and
his Tutor, Pesth Museum ; Finding of Body
of Louis H. of Hungary (1860) ; Battle of
Mohiics (1866) ; Portrait of Francis Deak ;
Women of Erlau defending City against the
Turks (1867) ; The Orphan, Leda, The Nun
(1871) ; Storm, The Widow (1872) ; Flight
of Emmerich Tokoly, Rendezvous, Sisters
of Charity at Sick-Bed (1873) ; The Dancer,
Zriny at Szigetvar (National Exhibition,
Buda-Pesth, 1885). — Wurzbach, xlii. 16 ;
Allgem. K Chr., ix. 623.
250
TABAR
TABAR, FRANCOIS (GERMAIN
POLD), born in Paris in 1818, died
at Argenteuil, March 29, 1869. His-
tory painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medal,
1867. Works: Niobe and her Children
(1842) ; Good Samaritan (1847) ; Bacchus
and Ariadne (1848), M. Goury, Belleville ;
St. Sebastian (1851) ; Phryne before the
Areopagus (1852) ; Punishment of Queen
Brunhilde (1853), Rouen Museum ; Epi-
sode of Campaign in Egypt (1855), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Campaign in the Crimea,
Horde of Barbarians (1857) ; War in the
Crimea (1859), Ministry of State ; Attila
massacring his Prisoners (1861), belonged
to Napoleon HL; Fete of Heliogabalus
(1863) ; Joshua commanding the Sun (1863),
Ministry of State ; Convoy of Wounded
(1864), Saumur Museum ; Hyperides de-
fending Phryne (1865); Solferino (1866);
March from Saragossa (1867) ; Burning of
Scutari (1868).— Bellier, ii. 537.
TABOR, MOUNT, Claude Lorrain, Gros-
venor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 6
in. x8 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated 1656. Called
by Waagen, Sermon on the Mount. Liber
Veritatis, No. 138. Sketch, Duke of Devon-
shire. Engraving in Grosvenor Gallery.
Companion to Golden Calf. Painted for
Signer Monpiore ; bought of W. E. Agar in
1806.— Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 218, 235 ;
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 171 ; Smith, viii. 266.
TACCONI, FRANCESCO, of Cremona
(1464-90). Lombard school. He and his
brother Filippo described in a decree of
1464 as famous painters of Cremona, wor-
thy of praise for their success in painting
the loggia of the public palace. A Ma-
donna by Francesco, dated 1489, National
Gallery, London, shows a tendency to imi-
tation of the Vivarini ; but in his pictures
on the shutters of the organ of S. Marco,
Venice (1490), now in the lumber room, the
style is feeble Squarcionesque. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, ii. 439 ; Siret, 901 ; Burckhardt,
611.
TACKE, LUDWIG, born at Brunswick,
Dec. 6, 1823. Architecture painter, pupil
of Dilsseldorf Academy (1849-51), and in
Munich of Piloty. Works : Gothic Arcades
of City Hall in Brunswick, Halberstadt
Cathedral (1850) ; Interior of Cologne Ca-
thedral (1851), Bamberg Gallery; The
Entrance Hall of a Westphalian Peasant
House (1851), Darmstadt Museum ; Mediae-
val Council Chamber, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Mediieval Council Room (1854) ;
Council Meeting in Thirty Years' War
(1856) ; Faust in his Study (1863) ; Choir
of Roman Church near Brunswick (1867) ;
The Imperial Councillors thrown from the
Window in Prague in 1618 (1869), Kiinigs-
berg Museum ; Nuremberg in Diirer's Time.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 865.
TADEMA, ALMA. See ^ma-Tadema.
TAFI, ANDREA, of Florence, born in
1213 (?), died in 1294 (?). According to
Vasari's doubtful account, he went to Venice
and induced one Apollonius, a Greek, to re-
turn with him to Florence to teach him the
art of mosaic. The Baptistery there was
adorned by them in common, one figure
alone, the colossal Saviour in the cupola,
being the unaided work of Tafi. It shows
that he was a feeble artist, who combined
the defects of the Italo-Byzantine school of
the period. — C. & C., Italy, i. 195 ; Meyer,
Kiinst-Lex., i. 690 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., i.
281 ; Burckhardt, 488.
TAGPRET, PETER, flourished at Ra-
vensburg, Wilrtemberg, about 1489. Ger-
man school ; history painter in the manner
of Zeitblom ; several of his works are in all
probability attributed to other masters.
Works: St. John the Evangelist, Nicode-
mus and a Bishop, Pope Gregory the Great,
Joseph of Arimathea and Mary Magda-
len, Stuttgart Museum. — Nagler, xviii. 88 ;
Schnaase, viii. 460.
TAILLASSON, JEAN JOSEPH, born
at Blaye (Giroude) in 1746, died in Paris,
Nov. 11, 1809. History painter, pupil of
Vien ; won third grand prize for painting
in 1769 ; went to Rome in 1773 and re-
mained there four years. Member of Acad-
emy, 1784. Works : Birth of Louis XHI.
251
TAIT
(1782) ; Ulysses and Neoptolemus (1784),
Louvre, Paris ; Virgil reading the J3neid to
Augustus, M. Dufresnoy ; Sabinus and Epo-
nina discovered by Soldiers of Vespasian
(1787); Cleopatra (1791); Sappho, Nero
saves the Wife of Seneca (1793), Nantes
Museum ; Leander and Hero (1798) ; Olym-
pias (1799) ; Andromache (1800) ; Rhada-
mistus and Zenobia (180G). He was the
author of several works on art. — Bellier, ii.
538.
TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM, born
at Livesey Hall, near Liverpool, Aug. 5,
1819. Landscape and animal painter, pupil
of Royal Institution, Manchester, but chiefly
self-taught. Went to New York in 1850,
and was elected N.A. in 1858 ; visited Eu-
rope in 1874. Studio in New York City.
Works : Duck and her Young (1868) ; Gor-
don Setter, Charles Stewart Smith, New
York ; Snowed In, Judge Hilton, ib. ; Halt
on the Carry (1871) ; Racquette Lake (1873);
There's a Good Time Coming (1878) ;
Thoroughbreds (1879) ; October Sport, A.
E. Orr ; Intruder — Motherly Protection
(1880), G. D. Cochran ; Still-Hunting in the
Adirondacks, Anxious Time — Study from
Nature (1881), C. R. Flint ; Good Hunt-
ing Ground — Adirondacks (1882); Tres-
passers (1883) ; Ruffed Grouse at Home,
Summer, Little Pets, Happy Family at
Home — Adirondacks, Maternal Affection
— Summer in the Adirondacks (1884) ;
Our Pets, Pleasant Memories of the
Adirondacks (1885) ; Woodcock Shooting
(188G).
TAIT, JOHN ROBINSON, born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834. Landscape
painter ; graduated at Bethany College,
Virginia, in 1852, and spent the following
three years in Europe, chiefly in Florence ;
visited Europe a second time in 1859, and
studied at Dtisseldorf under August Weber
and Andreas Achenbach until 1871 ; made
a third visit in 1873, and worked several
years in the Bavarian Tyrol and in Munich
under Adolf Lier and Hermann Baisch,
under whom he studied cattle painting.
He spent altogether fourteen years in Ger-
many, during which his pictures were dis-
posed of at the cyclical exhibitions. Medals :
1871, 1872, Cincinnati Exhibition. Studio
in Baltimore. Works : Waterfall in Pyre-
nees, James Caird, Gourock House, Green-
ock on the Clyde ; Meyringen, James Staats
Forbes, Wickham Hall, Kent ; Waterfall,
Prince Heinrich XVHI. of Reuss ; Lake of
Wallenstadt, William Groesbeck, Cincin-
nati ; Westphalian Landscape (figures by
Ludwig Kuans), C. S. \Volff, Philadelphia ;
A Mill (figures by Munkacsy), William H.
Davis, Cincinnati ; Evening in Norway,
George R. Vickers, Baltimore ; Evening on
the Lake, Tyrolese Idyl, Summer (1876) ;
Willowy Brook (1879); Cattle Resting,
Watering Place (1880) ; After the Shower,
Fisher Huts— Sconsett (1882) ; Summer
Afternoon — Upper Potomac (1883).
TAMAGNO. See Vincenzo da San Gimi-
gnano.
TAMAR, Alexander Cabanel, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. X 8 ft. 1 in. Il-
lustration of episode described in 2 Sam-
uel xiii. Tamar, daughter of David, having
been outraged by her brother Amnon, goes
to her other brother Absalom and complains
of the crime. Tamar, her hair dishevelled
and her garments in disorder, is seated on
a divan beside Absalom, across whose knees
she has thrown herself in despair ; Absalom,
who is dressed in a white tunic embroidered
with gold, and a green and red turban, is
raising his right hand in anger. A negress,
standing with her head against the wall, ap-
pears to partake of her mistress's shame and
grief. Salon, 1875. — Larousse, xv. 43.
TAMING THE SHREW, Charles Rob-
ert Leslie, South Kensington Museum ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft. 8£ in. x 2 ft. 4 in. Petruchio
thrusts back the gown to the frightened
tailor ; Katherine sits at left ; Hortensio in
background. One of Leslie's best pictures.
Royal Academy, 1832. Replica, Petworth.
TAMM, FRANZ WERNER, surnamed
Dapper, born in Hamburg in 1658, died in
Vienna in 1724. German school ; fruit and
858
TANCREDI
flower painter, pupil of Theodor van Soesten
and Johann Pfeiffer. Studied in Borne un-
der Mario Nuzzi, and when called to Vienna
painted for the imperial court, in the style
of Jan Weenix and Melchior Hondecoeter.
Works : Flower-Piece, Flowers and Fruits
(3), Dead Game and Dog (1706), Poultry
and Rabbit, Huntsmen with Booty, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Flower- and Fruit-Pieces (1715
[3]), Dead Fowl (1706 [2]), Dead Game
(1707, 1716 [2J, 1717), nine others, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib. ; Doves, Hen with
Chickens, Dead Woodcock and other Birds,
Pheasants and Dove, Dresden Gallery ;
Turkish Duck attacked by Fox (1718), Dead
Fowls (2), Turtle Doves Feeding, Fruit-
Pieces (2, one dated 1712), Gotha Muse-
um ; Fruit-Piece, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg ; Dead Birds (2, 1705), two others,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Doves Billing (1724),
Schwerin Gallery. — Kugler (Crowe), ii. 533 ;
Wurzbach, xliii. 37.
TANCREDI, RAFFAELE, born at Re-
sina, near Naples, in 1838. History painter,
pupil of Mancinelli in Naples ; went in 1869
to Florence, where he competed for the first
historical prize. Order of Italian Crown.
Works : Camoens with his Negro in Prison ;
Buoso da Duero insulted by his Fellow-
Citizens (1868), bought by the State ; Ad-
miral Caracciolo hanged by Order of Nelson,
King of Italy ; Ferdinand IV. of Naples re-
turning from the Chase. — Mailer, 515.
TANNHAUSER AND VENUS, Otto
Knille, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 10 in. X 9 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated
1873. Tannhiiuser, the minnesinger, hav-
ing become sated with pleasure during his
visit to the Venusberg, determines, notwith-
standing the entreaties of Venus, to return
to Lisaura, whose love he had won at Man-
tua. He is represented as starting up from
the flower-strewn couch in the crystal
grotto, with one hand on his lyre and the
other pressing his forehead, while Venus,
rising nude from her draperies, endeavours
to detain him by seizing his shoulder ;
above, two cupids hold him by his mantle ;
at left, one shoots an arrow at Tannhiiuser,
while another gazes reproachfully, and in
front a fifth has rolled off the couch ; in the
background, all manner of enchanting splen-
dours.
TARAVAL, HUGUES, born in Paris in
1728, died there, Oct. 19, 1785. History
painter, son and pupil of Thomas Raphael
Taraval (portrait painter to King of Sweden,
died at Stockholm in 1750). He won the
1st prix de Rome in 1756 ; member of
Academy, 1769 ; professor, 1785 ; sub-in-
spector of the Gobelins. Works : Job re-
proached by his Wife (1756), Marseilles
Museum ; Venus and Adonis (1765), Comte
de Kreutz ; Repast of Tantalus (1767), Cha-
teau de Belle- Vue ; Triumph of Bacchus
(1769), Gallery of Apollo, Louvre, Paris ;
Marriage of St. Louis (1773), Chapel of
Ecole Militaire ; Triumph of Amphitrite
(1777), Louvre; Cumsean Sibyl (1781),
Chapel of Fontainebleau ; Artist's Portrait,
Stockholm Museum. — Bellier, ii. 541.
TARDIEU, JEAN CHARLES, called
Cochin, born in Paris, Sept. 3, 1765, died
there, April 3, 1830. History painter, son
of Jacques Nicolas Tardieu (engraver, 1716-
91), and pupil of J. B. Regnault. Won
2d grand prix de Rome in 1790. Works :
Tarquin and Lucretia (1793) ; Death of
Correggio (1806) ; Napoleon receiving the
Queen of Prussia at Tilsit (1808), Henry IV.
before Paris, Halt of French Army at Syene
in Egypt, Versailles Museum ; Allegory on
Birth of Due de Bordeaux (1822), Rouen
Museum ; Trophenius and Agameda, Be-
sancon Museum ; Ulysses recognized by
Euryclea, Marseilles Museum ; Susanna at
the Bath, Havre Museum.— Bellier, ii. 543.
TARQUIN AND LUCRETIA. See Lu-
re tia.
TASSAERT, JAN PETER, born at Ant-
werp, March 7, 1651, died there, Sept. 29,
1725. Flemish school ; history and genre
painter, Master of the guild in 1690, dean
in 1701. For the guild room of the dia-
mond polishers he painted eight scenes
from the lives of SS. Peter and PauL Li
253
TASSAERT
the Antwerp Museum is a capital genre
scene: The Philosophers.— Cat. du Mus.
d'Anvers, 379 ; Van den Branclen, 1037.
TASSAEET, (NICOLAS FRANgOIS)
OCTAVE, born in
Paris, July 26, 1800,
died there, by sui-
cide, April 22, 1874.
History and portrait
painter, pupil of
Pierre Girard, Guil-
lon Lethiere, and of
the Ecole des Beaux
Arts. Medals: 2d
class, 1838; 1st
class, 1849 ; 3d class, Exposition universelle,
1855. Works : Death of Correggio (1834) ;
Vicar of Wakefield (1835) ; Death of Heloise
(1838) ; Diana at the Bath (1842) ; Christ
in the Garden of Olives (1844) ; Erigone,
Slave Merchant (184G) ; Temptation of St.
Anthony (1849) ; Unhappy Family (1849),
Luxembourg Museum ; Gardens of Armida
(1850); Communion of Early Christians
in Catacombs (1852), Bordeaux Museum ;
Sleep of Jesus, Son of Louis XVI. in the
Temple (1855) ; Magdalen, Pygmalion and
Galatea (1857) ; Funeral of Dagobert in St.
Denis (1838), Louis X., Portrait of Gaspard
de Saulx, do. of Charles le Blanchefort, do.
of Philippe de Comines, Versailles Muse-
um ; Heaven and Hell (1850), Artist's Por-
trait, Ariadne, Convalescent Mother, Young
Woman with Glass of Wine, Painter's Studio,
Suicide, Return of Prodigal Son, and others,
Montpellier Museum. Alexandre Dumas
lias forty-five of Tassaert's pictures anc
sketches, and many others are owned in
Paris.— Clare tie, Peintres, etc. (1882), i. 25
Bellier, ii. 544; Gaz. des B. Arts (1886)
xxxiii. 28.
TASSI, AGOSTINO, born in Perugia in
1566, died in Rome in May, 1644. Roman
school. Real name Buonamiei, but adoptee'
that of the Marquis Tassi, whose page h<
had been ; pupil of Paul Brill, under whose
care he became an excellent landscape
painter. He was a man of infamous char
xcter, who paid the penalty of his crimes
n the galleys at Leghorn ; when the part
if his sentence condemning him to hard
abour had been remitted, he soon made
limself known throughout Italy as a paint-
of marine views. After his liberation he
was employed in painting frescos in the
Quirinal and in the Palazzo de' Lancel-
otti. Tassi was the master of Claude Lor-
:ain. — Lanzi, i. 484 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole om-
jrienne.
TATKELEFF, VOGISNT, born in Rus-
sia, about 1813. Battle painter, son of a
serf in the Borissov Government ; attracted
;>y his sketches the attention of his mas-
ter, who educated him, but was forced by
lie successor in the estate into the army,
where he served fifteen years ; in 1854 took
part in the Crimean War ; drudged for his
livelihood until 1870, when a tourist, who
saw his sketch-book, induced him to paint
some pictures for the Exposition in Moscow
in 1873. These, which represented scenes
in the Crimean War, brought him into prom-
inence, and they were bought for 60,000
rubles for the Winter Palace of St. Peters-
burg.
TATTEGRAIN, FRANCIS, born at Pe-
ronne (Somme) ; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, and engraver ; pupil of C.
Crauck, Lepic, Jules Lefebvre, and Bou-
langer. Medals : 2d class, Paris and Mu-
nich, in 1883. Works : Herring Fishing,
Coup d'epaule (1879) ; Return from Fish-
ing (1880) ; Femme aux epaves, Artist's
Portrait (1881) ; We are Lost, Landing the
Herrings (1882) ; The Mourners at Etaples
(1883) ; Convalescent (1884).
TATJNAY, NICOLAS ANTOENE, born in
Paris, Feb. 10, 1755, died there, March 20,
1830. History and landscape painter, pupil
of Brenet, Casanova, and Lepicie. Won
grand prix de Rome in 1784, and spent
three years there with the help of his
patron, M. Angiviller. Won grand medal,
and became member of Academy in 1796.
Medal, 1803; L. of Honour; Order of
Christ in Portugal. In 1816 he went with
264
TAURISCUS
Lebreton and Montigny to found an Acad-
emy of Art in Rio de Janeiro, and returned
in 1824. Works : St. John Preaching, Mili-
tary Hospital in Italy (1789), Peter the Her-
mit preaching First Crusade, Taking a City
(1800), Louvre, Paris ; Battle of Nazareth,
Crossing the St. Bernard, Napoleon I. enter-
ing Munich, Battle of Ebersburg, Halt on
the Slope of the Alps, Bonaparte visiting
the Battle Field of Lodi, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Woman taken in Adultery, Grenoble
Museum ; Ball Play, Village Fete, Shepherds
Reposing, Montpellier Museum ; Shepherds
competing for the Prize of Pan, Clorinda
with the Herdsmen, The Lion of Androcles,
Brother Philip's Geese, Proclamation of
Henry of Burgundy as first King of Portu-
gal (Lisbon and Rio ._
de Janeiro) ; Military ^CWhfiyt
Camp, Hermitage, St. *~T *+
Petersburg. Many of \jC(JUUt/JCt^\J
his works have been /
engraved. — Bellier, ii.
546 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
franyaise ; Biog. uni-
verselle ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Jal, 1176 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 138.
TAURISCUS, painter, date unknown.
Pliny names (xxxv. 40 [144]) among his
works a Discobolus, a Clytsemnestra, a Pan,
a Polynices claiming the Sovereignty, and a
Capaneus. Possibly identical with Tauris-
cus of Tralles, the sculptor. — Pliny, xxxvi.
4 [33] ; Sillig, 434 ; Brunn, ii. 287.
TAVARONE, LAZZARO, born in Genoa
in 1556, died there in 1641. Genoese
school ; favourite pupil and assistant of
Luca Cambiaso ; went with his master to
Spain, and continued in the Escorial the
works left unfinished by him at his death
(1585). Returned to Genoa in 1594, and
painted many frescos in the cathedral and
other churches, and in various palaces, espe-
cially the Palazzo Adorno, where he exe-
cuted a fresco on the ceiling, The Doge
Adorno receiving the Pope. He left but
few oil pictures. — Lanzi, iii. 248 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole genoise ; Lavice, 89.
TAVERNTER, PAUL, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Animal, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Cabanel and Guillaumet.
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: Cafe in
Algiers (1878) ; Arabs Bathing Horses in
the Sea (1879) ; Hallali (1880) ; The Model
(1881) ; An Inquiry (1882) ; Stag Hunt, The
Chase (1883) ; Bat 1'eau, Wild Boar Hunt
(1884) ; The Stag at Bay, A False Start
(1885) ; Amazone aux ecoutes, Rentree des
poulinieres (1886).
TEERLJNK, ABRAHAM, born at Dor-
drecht in 1777, died in Rome in June, 1857.
Landscape painter, pupil of Michiel Ver-
steeg, of Jan Kelderman (1741-1820), and
of Arie Lamme ; then studied in Paris under
David in 1808-9, and thence went to Rome.
He ranks among the more esteemed of
modern landscape painters. Order of Lion,
1839. Member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works: Italian Landscape (1823), Falls of
Tivoli (1824), Amsterdam Museum ; View
of Aricia near Rome (1855), New Pinako-
thek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 129 ; Kramni,
vi. 1606.
TEICHS, FRIEDRICH ADOLF, born at
Brunswick in 1812. Historical genre paint-
er, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy in 1834-36,
after having studied while travelling in Hun-
gary, North Italy, and Tyrol. His pictures
show great feeling for noblo forms and fine
grouping, but are rather weak in drawing
and colouring. Works : Albrecht Diirer
painting (1834) ; Singer on the Battlement
of a Castle (1835) ; Auerbach's Cellar, Wood
Gatherer by Forest Chapel (1836) ; Portrait
of Emperor Otto H. (1836), ROmer, Frank-
fort ; Greek Prisoners guarded by Mame-
lukes (1837), Mr. Geisberg, Miinster ; Libera-
tion of Christians through Crusaders (1837);
Henry the Lion taking Leave of his Wife ;
Scene in Hamlet (1840) ; Richard Coaur de
Lion taking Corsair's Ship (1840) ; .Charles
V. denying Exhumation of Luther (1845) ;
Last Banquet of the Girondists (1849),
Stettin Museum. — Cotta's Kunstbl., 1835—
45 ; Elustr. Zeitg., 1849 ; Nagler, xviii.
160.
255
TELEPHANES
TELEPHANES, painter, of Sicyon, early
period. Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5 [16])
in connection with Ardices of Corinth as
first to use shading lines within outline
drawings.— Sillig, 436 ; Brunn, ii. 4.
TEMfiRAIRE, FIGHTING, Joseph M.
W. Tamer, National Gallery, London ; can-
vas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The Tume-
raire.a three-decker, mounting 98 guns, capt-
ured from the French in 1759, had acquired
the title of " Fighting " before she took so
conspicuous a part at Trafalgar. She was
put out of commission soon after the peace
of 1815, and, being condemned as unservice-
able, was sold in 1838 and towed to Rother-
hithe to be broken up. The picture repre-
sents her in tow of a tug, the sun setting in
a blaze of glory behind. One of the finest of
Turner's later works. Royal Academy, 1839.
Engraved by J. T. Willmore. — Art Journal
(1864), 108 ; Hamerton, Life ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
TEMPEL, ABRAHAM VAN DEN, born
at Leeuwarden in 1622 or 1623, died in
Amsterdam, May 13, 1672. Dutch school.
Real name Abraham Lambert Jacobse. Por-
trait painter, pupil of his father, Lamberts
Jacobse, and in Leyden of Joris van Schoo-
ten, but followed more the later manner of
Van der Heist. A light and pleasing colour-
ing and broad treatment characterize his
pictures. Works : Three Portraits, Amster-
dam Museum ; Portraits of Man and Wife
(1660), Hague Museum ; Regents of the
Orphan Asylum (1669), Three Allegories,
Leyden Museum ; Portraits of an Admiral
and his Wife (1671), Rotterdam Museum ;
Portrait of Hendrik van Westerhout, Man
and Wife in their Park, Berlin Museum ;
Female Portrait, Cassel Gallery ; Dutch
Patrician Family (1672), Hamburg Gallery.
— Immerzeel, iii. 130 ; Kramm, vi. 1607 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 362 ; Havard, A. & A.
holl., ii. 85, 180 ; Burger, Musues, ii. 124 ;
Jahrb. d. preuss. Kunstsammlg., iv.
TEMPERELLO, IL. See Caselli, Cristo-
foro.
TEMPESTA (Tempesti), ANTONIO,
born in Florence in 1555, died in Rome,
Aug. 5, 1630. Roman school ; pupil of
John Stradanus, and of Santo de Titi ; af-
terwards worked in company with Cigoli.
About 1575 went to Rome and painted in
the Vatican, the Palazzo Giustiniani, and
other public buildings. Painted chiefly
battles, cavalcades, hunting scenes, and
other figure pieces ; and left more than
1,500 etchings. — Ch. Blanc, ICcole ombri-
enne ; Burckhardt, 185, 757 ; Siret, 905.
TEMPESTA, CAVALIERE. See Molyn,
Pieter.
TEMPLE OF JUPITER PANHELLE-
NIUS, Joseph M. W. Turner, Mr. Goupil (?) ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. The Tem-
ple of Jupiter at 2Egina restored on the
general plan of the Athenian Acropolis,
which is seen in the distance, at left ; in
foreground, peasants dancing the Romaika.
Royal Academy, 1816. Bought by Moon,
Boys & Graves, who sold it to Wynn Ellis ;
at his sale (1876), £2,100. Engraved (1828)
by John Pye ; J. B. Allen, in Turner Gal-
lery.
TEMPTATION AND FALL, Michelan-
gelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceil-
ing.
TENIERS, DAVID, the elder, bom in
Antwerp in
1582, died
there, July
29, 1649.
Flemish
school ;
history,
genre, and
land scape
painter,
pupil of his
elder brother Juliaen (1572-1615), of Ru-
bens, and in Rome of Adam Elsheimer ;
master of Antwerp guild in 1606 ; painted
chiefly peasant scenes, combined with land-
256
TENIERS
scape, but occasionally biblical and mytho-
logical subjects ; his earlier works are heavy
tone and crude in colour, while in his
in
later pictures he approached, in freedom of
treatment and harmony of colour, the man-
ner of his famous son. Works : Rocky
Landscape, Conversation, Playing at Bowls,
National Gallery, London ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Seven Works of Mercy, St. Paul's,
Antwerp ; Transfiguration (1615), Church
at Dendermonde ; Landscape, Brussels Mu-
seum ; do. with Castle, Brunswick Gallery ;
Bleachery, Interior of Peasant Boom, Bam-
berg Gallery ; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Berlin Museum ; Peasant's Frolic by a Tav-
ern, Cassel Gallery ; do., Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Dutch Kirmess (2), Landscapes (4),
Dutch Bleachery, Dresden Gallery ; Smoker
and Tippler, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Kocky Ravine with Figures, Peasant carry-
ing a Pole, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tav-
ern Interior, Oldenburg Gallery ; Tempta-
tion of St. Anthony, Gypsy Women in a
Ravine, Schwerin Gallery ; Smoking Room
(2), Stockholm Museum ; A Painter at his
Easel (1641), Two Landscapes, Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Pan with Nymphs and Sa-
tyrs, Vertumnus outwitting Pomona, Juno
demanding lo of Jupiter, Mercury putting
Argus to Sleep (1638), Landscapes (4), Vi-
enna Museum ; Physician with a Bottle,
Uffizi, Florence ; Temptation of St. An-
thony, Dutch Kitchen, New York
Museum. — F. J. van den Branden,
752; Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Immerzeel, iii. 130 ; Kramm, vi. 1608 ; vii.
145 ; Michiels, vii. 428 ; Rooses (Reber),
385 ; Van den Branden, 750.
TENIERS, DAVID, the younger, born
in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 15, 1610, died at
Perck, near Brussels, April 25, 1690. Flem-
ish school ; genre, landscape, and portrait
painter, son and pupil of David the elder ;
developed under the influence of Rubens,
and especially of Brouwer. Master of Ant-
werp guild in 1632, its dean in 1644-45, was
made court painter to Archduke Leopold I
Wilhelm, governor of the Netherlands, and j
settled, between 1648 and 1652, in Brus-
sels, where he was received into the guild
in 1675. He
was the prime
mover in the
foundation of
the Antwerp
Academy in
1663. Equally
favoured by
Leopold Wil-
helm's suc-
cessor, Don
Juan of Austria, who is said to have studied
under him ; he received important commis-
sions from Philip IV. of Spain, and marks
of esteem from Queen Christina of Sweden
and the great in England and other coun-
tries. The Count of Fuensaldana sent him
I to England to buy works by the Italian
masters. He holds the first position among
the genre painters of Flanders. Picturesque
arrangement, exquisite harmony of colour-
ing in all details, and a light and sparkling
touch characterize his pictures, in which
! two periods may be distinguished — the ear-
lier, up to 1640, in which a somewhat heavy
brown tone prevails, gradually attaining, up
to 1644, a luminous golden tone, and the
later, up to 1660, in which he changed into
a cool silvery hue ; after that he again
adopted a decided golden tone. In 1660
he published in Brussels a work containing
about 200 engravings of pictures of the
Italian and Flemish schools in the Arch-
duke's gallery, executed from small copies
made by himself from the originals. Of
these copies 120 were sold in the Blenheim
Palace sale (1886) for £2,002 10s. Works :
Music Party, Boors Regaling, The Money-
Changers. Players at Tric-Trac, eleven oth-
ers, National Gallery, London ; Boors Danc-
ing (1645), Frolic in Village Courtyard
(1649), Detachment of Civic Guard (1657),
seven others, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Al-
chemist, Village Festival, five others, Bridge-
water Gallery, ib. ; Landscape (1649), Farm-
er's Family, two others, Grosvenor Gallery,
»7
TENIERS
ib. ; Witch before Cauldron, Group of Ducks,
Stafford House, ib.; Village Fute, Apsley
House, ib.; Seven Works of Mercy, Artist's
Portrait, three others, Lord Ashburton, ib.;
five, Mr. Baring, ib.; do., Mr. Holford, ib.;
three, Mr. Phipps, ib.; do., Lord Colborne,
ib.; two, Lord Ward, ib.; Marriage of Ten-
iers, Alfred de Rothschild, ib. ; Prodigal Son
(1644), Denial of St. Peter (1646), Seven
Works of Mercy, Temptation of St. An-
thony (2), twenty-nine others, Louvre ; Fish
Market, Mendicant, Comte Henri de Gref-
fulhe, Paris; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Lille Museum ; do., Kirmess (masterpiece,
1652), The Five Senses, Interior of Arch-
duke Leopold William's Gallery, four oth-
ers, and (with Lucas van Uden) Preparing
for the Market, Brussels Museum ; Pano-
rama of Valenciennes, four others, Antwerp
Museum ; Guard Room (1641), Kirmess,
Rustic Pursuits, four others, Amsterdam
Museum ; The Good Table (1644), Alche-
mist, Hague Museum ; Musicians in a Tav-
ern, three others, Basle Museum ; Smoker,
Musi3e Rath, Geneva ; Mountainous Land-
scape, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ;
Daniel in Lions' Den (1640), Soldiers at
Dice, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Repast (1630),
Temptation of St. Anthony (masterpiece,
1647), Flemish Kirmess, Artist with his
Family, four others, Berlin Museum ; Al-
chemist, four others, Brunswick Museum ;
Supper in the Barn (1634), Doctor's Visit
(1640), Country Physician, Caiisruhe Gal-
lery ; Barber Shop, Entry of Archduchess
Isabella into Vilvoorden, do. into Brussels,
five others, Cassel Gallery ; Temptation of
St. Anthony, Gallery, Copenhagen ; do.,
and Rustic Flemish Interior (1640), Do-
mestic Occupation (1660), Unpleasant Dis-
covery (1667), Kitchen Interior (1674),
Moltke Collection, ib.; Old Scholar (1637),
Darmstadt Museum ; Village Fair (1641),
Peasants playing Dice (1646), Peasants at
Dinner (1648), twenty-one others, Dresden
Museum ; Landscapes with Figures (3), St.
Jerome in the Desert, three others, Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Peasant's Frolic, five
others, Gotha Museum ; Interior with Peas-
ants, Landscape by Moonlight, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Kitchen Interior, Ferdinande-
um, Innsbruck ; Landscape, Konigsberg
Museum ; Gypsy Family (attributed, but
probably by David, the elder), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Tavern Scenes (6, three dated 1643,
1645, 1650), Peasant's \Vedding (1651), Al-
chymist (1680), Great Fair near Florence,
Views in the Gallery of Archduke Albrecht
at Brussels (4), fifteen others, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Village Festival (1649), Ol-
denburg Gallery ; Guard Room (1642),
Archers of Antwerp (1643, masterpiece),
Kitchen Interior (1646), Village Festival (2,
one dated 1648), Wedding Dinner (1650),
Flemish Amusements (1654), thirty-three
others, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Fifteen
Scenes in Life of the Virgin, Holy Family,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Company in Artist's
House, Daniel in Lions' Den (1649), six
others, Schwerin Gallery ; Peasants at the
Inn, Stuttgart Museum ; Peasant Wedding
(1648), Robbers plundering Village (1648),
Shooting at the Shawfowl in Brussels (1652,
masterpiece), Village Festival (masterpiece),
Abraham's Sacrifice (1653), Room in Gallery
of Archduke Leopold William at Brussels,
thirteen others, Museum, Vienna ; Tavern
Scene (1670), thirteen others, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib. ; six pictures,Harrach Gallery, ib. ;
three, Czernin Gallery, ib.; two, Schunborn
Gallery, ib. ; four, Stockholm Museum ; St.
Peter Weeping, Uffizi, Florence ; Peasant
Wedding (1637), History of Ewaldo and
Armida, and forty-one others, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Marriage Festival, Judith with Head
of Holofernes, Museum, New York ; Incan-
tation Scene, Village Fete (2), Boors Regal-
ing, Charles V. leaving Dort, Parable of the
Labourer, Landscape, Historical Society, ib.
His brother Abraham (1629-71) and his son
David HL (1638-85) were his pupils and
imitators. By Abraham are, in the Madrid
Museum : A Guard Room, and a Depository
of Arms ; in the Hermitage at St. Peters-
burg : A Prelate's Library ; in the Harrach
Gallery at Vienna : Monkeys as Shoemakers
258
TENIERS
,__
i^
.
F
f
in the Shop, and do. as Tailors ; in the Tu-
rin Gallery : A Guitar Player. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Cat.
du Mus. d'Anvers,
382 ; Dohme, li. ; Im-
merzeel, iii. 130;
Journal des B. Arts
(1864), 171 ; Kramm,
vi. 1609 ; vii. 145 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 7-^
321; Messagerdes Ls -
sciences hist. (1854),
381; (1868), 263; (1878), 331; Michiels,
vii. 441 ; viii. 3 ; Rooses (Reber), 385 ; Van
cleu Branden, 981 ; Vermoelen, Teniers le
jeune, etc. (Antwerp, 1865) ; Vlaamsche
school (1864), 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v.
258.
TENIERS, MARRIAGE OF, David ren-
ters, Alfred de Rothschild Collection, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. ;
dated 1651. A pleasure garden, adorned
with trees, bowers, and a fountain, through
which Teniers and his bride are being con-
ducted to their chateau by a procession of
about twenty persons, attended by youths
bearing refreshments ; at left, a man playing
a guitar. Collection of Paignon Dijonval,
1821 ; sold to T. Emmerson ; then in collec-
tion of John Lucy, Esq., Charlcote. — Art
Journal (1885), 242 ; Smith, iii. 382.
TEN KATE, HERMANN. See Kate.
TEOCALLI, STORMING OF THE,
Emanuel Leulze, Amos Binney, Boston, Mass.
The attack by Cortes on the great teocalli
or temple of Huitzilopotchli, in the city of
Mexico, as narrated by Fresco tt in his " Con-
quest of Mexico " (v. cap. 2). It represents
the Spaniards forcing their way up the great
stone steps of the pyramid in spite of the
heroic valour of the Aztecs. Loaned to
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1883.
TEPIDARIUM, IN THE, Laurenz Alma-
Tadema. A girl, nude, reclining on a mar-
ble bench covered with a wild beast's skin
and with cushions, in the tepidarium (warm-
ing room) of a Roman bath, resting before
proceeding to the calidarium, or hot bath ;
in one hand she holds a feather fan, in the
other a strigillus for scraping the skin ; at
her feet is a pot of flowers. Painted in 1881.
TERBRUGGHEN (Terbrtlggen), HEN-
DRIK, bora at Deventer in 1588, died at
Utrecht, Nov. 1, 1629. History and genre
painter, pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, then
studied in Italy, where Rubens knew him ;
in 1614 he was in Milan and returned in the
same year to Utrecht, where he became
master of the guild in 1616. Works : Four
Evangelists (1621), Town Hall, Deventer ;
Two Flute Players (1621), Cassel Gallery ;
Man at Breakfast (1627), Augsburg Gallery ;
Esther and Vashti (1628), Cologne Museum ;
Christ Crowned with Thorns, Gallery, Co-
penhagen ; Angel appearing to St. Peter in
Prison, Moltke Collection, ib. ; do. (1629),
Schwerin Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 132 ;
Krarnrn, vi. 1613 ; Schlie, 624.
TERBURG (Ter Borch), GERARD, born
at Zwolle,
probably
between
1613 and
1617, died
at Deven-
ter, Dec.
8, 1681.
D u t c h
school;
genre paint-
er ; received his first instruction from his
father, Geert Terburg (1584-1662, who
had studied in Rome), then formed himself
in Amsterdam and especially in Haavlem,
where he entered the guild in 1635, under
the influence of Frans Hals, and through
independent study of the masterworks by
Titian, Rembrandt, and Velasquez ; trav-
elled through Germany, Italy, Spain, Eng-
land, and France, and painted everywhere
portraits and genre pieces. In 1646-48, at
Milnster, he became, through the favour of
the Spanish envoy, the painter of the diplo-
matic circle and executed the famous por-
trait group of the Peace Congress ; followed
the Spanish envoy to Madrid, where he
TEKN1TE
painted the king and many courtiers and
ladies ; returned via England and France to
bis native country, and settled at Deventer,
where he obtained the citizenship in 1655,
and afterwards became burgomaster. He
was the inventor of the interiors, and of the
satin gown, so much used by Mieris and
Metsu ; a first-rate and thoroughly original
master. Works : Peace of Miinster (1648),
Guitar Lesson, National Gallery, London ;
Girl reading Letter to her Mother, Girl at
Table inviting Gentlemen to drink, Buck-
ingham Palace, London ; Paternal Counsel,
Bridgewater Gallery, ib. ; Girl with Guitar
and Two Gentlemen, Lord Ashburton, ib. ;
Military Man by Fireside, Officer Writing,
Music Lesson, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Group of
Three, Girl Drinking, Mr. Munro, ib. ; Girl
Writing, Girl Drinking, Mr. Baring, ib. ;
Officer and Girl, Music Lesson (1660), Con-
cert, Assembly of Priests, Reading Lesson,
Louvre, Paris ; Mandolin Player, Antwerp
Museum ; Paternal Advice, Boy with Dog,
Portrait of Artist and his Wife, Museum,
Amsterdam ; Card Players, Van Loon Col-
lection, ib. ; Musical Couple, Six Collec-
tion, ib. ; Two Portraits, Haarlem Muse-
um ; The Dispatch (1655), Artist's Portrait,
Hague Museum ; Large Group Portrait,
Town Hall, Deventer ; Lady at Toilet, Goth-
ic Church Interior, Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Players at Tric-Trac, Bre-
men Gallery ; Portraits of Man and Wife,
Old Widow Lady, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Young Lady with Lute, Music Lesson, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Paternal Exhortation, Knife
Grinder's Family, Smoker, Consultation
(1635), Four Portraits, Berlin Museum ;
Officer Writing, Young Woman washing
her Hands, Music Lesson, Lady Standing
by Table, Dresden Gallery ; Young Woman
with Glass of Wine, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
foil ; Messenger waiting for Answer, Gotha
Museum ; Portrait of a Burgomaster of Am-
sterdam, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Boy
with Dog, Trumpeter bringing letter to a
Lady, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Glass of
Lemonade, Musical Jew, Rustic Messenger,
, t
•^
Lady reading Letter, Duet, Barmaid, Por-
trait of a General, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Two Couples (1658), Young Man read-
ing, Violin Player, Schwerin Gallery; Young
Woman peeling Apple, Museum, Vienna ;
Portraits in Liechtenstein and Czemin (2)
Galleries, ib. ; do. in Stettin, Uffizi, Flor-
ence, and Turin Galleries (2) ; Artist's Por-
trait, Museum, New York ; Portrait of Will-
iam of Orange, two others, Historical So-
.*~j ciety, ib. ; Degustation
( TT T '"TT (Narischkine sale,
\J3. L~D iCiy. Paris, 1883). — Ch.
* /• Blanc, £cole hollan-
&TOI/WO daise ; Bode, Studien,
s — S 176, 614 ; Burger,
Musees, i. 118, 244 ;
ii. 102, 256 ; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii.
132 ; Jahrb. der Kongl. pr. Kunstsammlg.,
ii. 144 ; Kramm, v. 1612 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 394 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., iv. 141 ; v. Ill ;
vii. 196 ; x. 36 ; xii. 84 ; xviii. 350, 370, 406 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiv. 388 et seq.
TERNITE, WILHELM, born at Neustre-
litz, Mecklenburg, in 1786, died in 1871.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Gros
in Paris after having been an officer during
the wars of independence, 1813-15 ; went
in 1823 to Rome and Naples, where he made
excellent copies of the frescos at Pompeii.
He was aulic councillor and, from 1826, in-
spector of the Royal Gallery at Potsdam.
Works : St. John the Baptist, Schloss Belle-
vue, Berlin ; Portrait of Emperor Francis
I. of Austria (1837), Royal Palace, ib. ; do.
Queen Louise in Riding Habit (1827) ; do. on
her Death-Bed ; do. of the Composer Spon-
tini ; do. of Prof. Ottfried Miiller.— Cotta's
Kunstbl., 1829-38 ; Nagler, xviii. 248.
TERWESTEN, AUGUSTINUS, called
Snip, born at The Hague in 1649, died in
Berlin, Jan. 21, 1717. History painter, pu-
pil of Nicolaas Wieling (died in Berlin in
1689), and of Willem Doudyns (1630-97),
then studied for six years in Rome and Ven-
ice after Raphael, Titian, and Tintoretto,
and after his return, via Germany, painted
many ceilings and other decorative works
860
TESCI1ENDORFF
with subjects from Ovid, and from history,
sacred and profane. In 1682-83 he did
much towards the revival of the Academy
of Design at The Hague, and in 1690 was
called as court painter to Berlin, where he
decorated the electoral palaces, helped to
found the Academy, and became professor.
In the Royal Palace at Berlin is his Death
of Adonis. His brothers and pupils, Eli-
as (1651-1729) and Matheus (1670-1757),
painted — the former, flowers and animals at
The Hague and in Rome, where he died ; the
latter, history and portraits, studied also un-
der Doudyns and Daniel Mytens, then as-
sisted his brother in Berlin, and completed
his studies in Rome and Venice. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 134 ; Kranim, vi. 1615 ; Nagler, xviii.
251.
TESCHENDORFF, EMIL, born in Stet-
tin in 1823. History, genre and portrait
painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty ; at first
painted realistic scenes from life of Luther,
then in Berlin portraits ; executes especial-
ly single figures in picturesque attitudes.
Assistant secretary at Berlin Academy since
1877. Works : Conradin's Farewell of his
Mother (1868) ; Husband's Bequest ; Juliet
with the Potion ; Cleopatra ; Ariadne ;
(Edipus and Antigone (1879) ; Pastime
(1880).— Mtiller, 516 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881),
ii. 257 ; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 700.
TESCHNER, ALEXANDER, born in
Berlin in 1816, died there, Aug. 9, 1878.
History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy
under Herbig, with Wach, after whose death
he devoted himself to religious art in the
style and under the influence of Cornelius ;
visited Rome in 1857. Great gold medal of
Hohenzollern, 1865. Works: Ecce Homo
(1853), church at Perleberg ; Pieta (1878),
Emperor William, Berlin ; cartoons for
stained-glass windows in Cathedrals of Mag-
deburg, Stralsund, Aix-la-Chapelle, etc.—
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 247.
TESTA, PIETRO, born in Lucca in 1611,
died in Rome in 1650. Florentine school ;
supposed pupil at Lucca of Pietro Paolini.
Went to Rome when young, and studied un-
der Domenichino and afterwards under Pie-
tro da Cortona. He was of a morose and
melancholy dispo-
sition, and made
many enemies by
his adverse criti-
cism of the works
of other painters.
His body was
found floating in
the Tiber, but
whether he was
_ murdered or committed suicide
LJ " is unknown. Among his works
are : Joseph sold by his Breth-
~"~ ren, Capitol Museum, Rome;
Death of Dido, Uffizi.— Lanzi, i. 236 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole florentine.
TESTAMENT, OLD AND NEW, or Tri-
umph of Religion, Garofalo, Ferrara Gal-
lery ; fresco transferred to canvas, H. 21 ft.
4 in. x 26 ft. 11 in. A quaint allegorical
composition, illustrating the victory of Chris-
tianity over the Mosaic dispensation. In
the middle is Christ on the cross ; at his
right hand is the New Testament, at his left
the Old, the latter placed on an ass ; from
the cross proceed arms, which place a crown
on the New Testament, hold the keys of
Paradise, deliver the patriarchs from hell,
and slay the Old Testament. Through the
hands of a figure representing religion flow
streams of blood, which fall on the sacra-
ments, and opposite to these are seen the
sacrifices of the Old Testament. Solomon's
temple has also a place in the composition,
and opposite to it is the preaching of St.
Paul. Over the whole is the Almighty seated
on a rock. Painted in 1524 on the wall of
the refectory of S. Andrea, Ferrara ; trans-
ferred to canvas in 1841 by the painter Pel-
legrino Succi, by order of Gregory XVI. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 466 ; Baruffaldi, i. 332.
TESTFTJN (Tettelin), HENRI, born in
Paris in 1616, died at The Hague, April 17,
1695. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, brother of Louis Testelin, and
pupil of Vouet. He became one of the
961
TESTELIN
founders of the French Academy in 1648,
secretary in 1650, professor in 1658 ; bore
the title of first painter to the king, with
lodgings in the Gobelin factory, of which
he was superintendent until the revocation
of the Edict of Nantes (1681), when, being
a Protestant, he fled to Holland. Works :
Portrait of Louis XTV. (2), do. of Pierre
Seguier, Versailles Museum ; Time clipping
the Wings of Love. — Bellier, ii. ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole franjaise ; Biog. universelle ; Jal,
1179.
TESTELIN (Tettelin), LOUIS, born in
Paris in 1615,
died there, Aug.
19, 1655. French
school ; genre
painter, pupil of
his father Gilles
Testelin (court
painter to Louis
Xni.), of Vouet,
and imitator of
Le Brun. Did
much decorative work in the Palais Royal,
the Luxembourg, Fontainebleau, and other
public and private buildings. Member of
Academy, 1648 ; professor, 1650. Works :
Resurrection of Tabitha (1652), Rouen Mu-
seum ; Flagellation of St. Paul and St. Silas,
Notre Dame, Paris ; Passage of the Rhine
in 1672, Keys of Marsal delivered to the
King, Marriage of Louis XIV., Capture of
Dole in 1668, Versailles Museum ; Magda-
len, Grenoble Museum ; Syrinx and Pan,
Rennes Museum. — Bellier, iL; Ch. Blanc,
£cole fran§aise ; Jal, 1179.
TETAR VAN ELVEN, PIERRE, born in
Amsterdam in 1831. Architecture and land-
scape painter, son of the engraver Johan
Baptist Tetar van Elven ; pupil of Jacobus
E. J. van den Berg, then studied in Paris,
where he settled, after having lived for
several years in Turin. Italian Order of
Maurice and Lazarus. Works : View of
Westminster ; Interior of the Lateran in
Rome ; View of Genoa ; Interior of St.
James's, Liege ; Place de 1'Opera in Paris
(1880), Amsterdam Museum. By his father
(born in 1805) : Old Skipper with Bottle,
Ruins of Church at Lisbon (1870), Ham-
burg Gallery. — Kramm, vi. 1618 ; Kunsfc-
Chronik, xviii. 578.
TEXTOR, FRANZ JOSEF, born in Sua-
bia, died at Innsbruck, Nov. 9, 1741. Ger-
man school. Real name Weber, translated
into Latin. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then set-
tled at Innsbruck ; he was an unusually
gifted artist of great versatility, and painted
in the manner of the best old masters, so
that many of his works were taken for pro-
ductions of Callot, Brueghel, Teniers, etc.
Works : Seven Works of Mercy, Fair in
Holland (2), Genre Scenes (2), Card Players,
Dice Players, Conversation (3), Peasants'
Frolic, Monkeys at Cards, Monkeys at
School, Still-lives and Landscapes (10),
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck. — Nagler, xviii.
289; Wurzbach, xliv. 104.
THALES, painter, of Sicyon, mentioned
by Diogenes Laertius (i. 38) as a man of no-
ble birth.— R. R, Schom, 414 ; Sillig, 438.
THANN, MORITZ VON, born at O'-Becse,
Hungary, in 1828. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Fiihrich and Rahl, visited Belgium and
Paris in 1855, then studied in Rome (1856-
59) ; greatly influenced by Cornelius, Over-
beck, Riepenhausen, and Wagner ; returned
to Hungary, and with Karl Lotz painted
frescos in the Museum, besides others in
public buildings, at Pesth. Order of Fran-
cis Joseph in 1867 ; medal, Vienna, 1873.
Works : Episode in Conquest of Szolnok in
1552 (before 1855) ; Ulysses and Nausicaii,
Ulysses and Penthesilea (1857-59), Baron
Sina, Vienna ; Angelica and Medor, Tragedy
of Man, Fata Morgana (1867), Recruiting,
Meeting of King Ladislaus IV. and Rudolph
von Hapsburg after Battle at Marchegg,
262
THAYER
King Emerich taking his Brother Prisoner,
St. Cecilia, and others, Pesth Museum ;
Scenes from Hungarian Legends, The Four
Great Rivers of Hungary, Attila's Banquet,
Redouten Saal, Pesth. In fresco : Episodes
in^ Hungarian History, National Museum,
ib.; Portraits of Emperor Francis Joseph
and Empress Elizabeth (1868), Council
Room, ib.; Portrait of Francis Desik (1877),
Academy of Sciences, ib. ; many altarpieces
for churches in Hungary. — Wurzbach, xliv.
168 ; Graph. K, v. 16 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xii. (Mittheilungen, v. 12).
THAYER, ABBOTT HENDERSON, born
in Boston, Mass., Aug. 12, 1849. Animal
and landscape painter, pupil in Boston of
Henry D. Morse, in Brooklyn of J. B.
Whittaker (1867-68), and in Paris in the
Ecole des Beaux Arts under Lehmann and
Gerome (1875-79). Studio at Cornwall-on-
Hudson. Works: Young Lions of Central
Park ; Cows coming from Pasture ; Feeding
the Cows ; Boy and Dog ; Shamming Sick
(1876) ; Autumn Cornfield ; View on the
Seine ; Alderney Herd in Guernsey ; Moun-
tain Pasture ; Sleep, Childhood (1878) ;
Autumn Morning on the Housatonic, Por-
trait of O. H. Palmer (1880).
THEODORICH OF PRAGUE, or Meis-
ter Dietrich, flourished in Prague during
the reign of the Emperor Charles IV. (1348
-78), as one of his court painters. German
school. Probably of Czech rather than Ger-
man origin, judging from the pictures attrib-
uted to him, which are of a Bohemian type.
His name is mentioned as master of the guild
as early as 1348, and again in a document of
1367. Ho evidently had a long and influ-
ential career, and may be considered as one
of the founders of the school of Prague.
Works : St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, Vi-
enna Museum ; series of one hundred and
twenty-five half-length figures of Saints,
Apostles, etc., Chapel of Karlstein, near
Prague; two half-length Saints, University
Library, Prague. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 38 ;
Schnaase, vi. 438 ; W. & W., i. 396 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1873), vii. 148.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samos or
Ephesus (?). Mentioned by Theophanes in
his essay on painting, according to Diogenes
Laertius (ii. Arist., xix.). Two other paint-
ers of this name are spoken of by Diogenes,
one as mentioned by Polemo and the other
by Menodotus as of Athena — Sillig, 439.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samos, pupil
of Nicosthenes, mentioned by Pliny (xsxv.
40 [146]) as of some reputation. — Sillig,
443.
THEODOTUS, Greek painter of common
subjects, lived at Rome first half of third
century B.C. Mentioned in a comedy by
Nsevius as the painter of a rude picture of
the Lares at play on an altar. — Nscvius, in
Festus (p. 250, ed. Mailer) ; Brunn, ii. 503.
THEOLOGY, llaphael, Camera della Se-
gnatura, Vatican ; fresco, medallion on ceil-
ing. Allegorical figure seated on clouds,
with book in left hand. Two little genii,
on either side, holding tablets, inscribed
"Knowledge of Divine Things." Painted
in 1512 ; shows hand of a pupil. Engraved
by B. Audran ; R. Morghen. — Passavant, ii.
88 ; Mttntz, 311, 316, 350 ; Perkins, Essay,
120.
See, also, Dispute of the Sacrament.
THEOMNESTUS, Greek painter, 4th
century B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [107])
that Mnasou, tyrant of Elatea, paid twenty
minaj apiece for his pictures of the heroes.
—Brunn, ii. 256.
THEON (Theorus, Theodorus), painter,
about 360 B.C. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40
[138]) among his works : A Man anointing
himself ; Murder of jEgisthus and Clytem-
nestra by Orestes ; Cassandra, in the Tem-
ple of Concord, Rome ; Leontium, Mistress
of Epicurus, in Meditation ; King Deme-
trius ; and a series of pictures of the Trojan
War, in the Portico of Philippus at Rome.
Brunn (ii. 255) thinks him probably identi-
cal with Tlieon of Samos.
THEON, a famous Greek painter, of Sa-
mos, contemporary of Apelles, 4th century
B.C. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40) among his
works, The Frenzy of Orestes — which Plu-
363
THEORUS
tarch says (De And. Poet., 3) represented
Orestes slaying his mother— and a Thamy-
ris playing the Lyre. Quintilian (xii. 10, 6)
gives him credit for a prolific fancy, and
^lian, speaking (V. H., ii. 44) of his picture
of a Soldier rushing to Battle, says that
Theon sought theatrical effect by having
trumpets blown before drawing the curtain
from before it.
THEORUS, painter. See Theon.
THEOTOCOPULI. See Greco.
THERBUSCH. See lAscewska, Anna
Dorothea.
THERIMACHUS, painter and sculptor,
about 350 B.C. No works known. — Pliny,
xsxv. 36 [78] ; Sillig, 198.
THESEUS, pictures. See Aristolaus, Eu-
phranor, Micon, Pancenus, Parrhasius.
THEVENIN, CHARLES, born in Paris,
July 12, 1764, died there, Feb. 21, 1838.
History painter, pupil of Vincent. In 1793
won the 1st grand prix de Rome ; was direc-
tor of the French School of Art in Rome for
a number of years, and later keeper of Prints
in Royal Library, Paris. Member of Acad-
emy, 1825 ; L. of Honour, 1825. Works :
Capture of the Bastilo (1793) ; Auguereau
on the Bridge of Arcola (1798), Versailles
Museum ; (Edipus and Antigone (1799) ;
General Hey taking Gaeta (1800) ; Passage
of St. Bernard (1806) ; Preparations for
crossing St. Bernard (1808) ; Battle of Jena,
Attack on Ratisbon, Taking of Ratisbon
(1810), Surrender of Ulm (1815), Versailles
Museum ; Henri IV. giving Audience to the
Professors of the Royal College (1827) ;
Martyrdom of St. Stephen (1827), S. Eti-
enne du Mont ; Joseph recognized by his
Brethren, Angers Museum ; Justification of
Susanna, Douai Museum. — Larousse ; Bel-
lier, ii. 557 ; Cotta's Kunstblatt (1838).
THEVENIN, MARIE ANNE ROSALIE,
born at Lyons ; contemporary. Portrait and
figure painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet and
of Joseph Paris. Medals: 3d class, 1849,
1859, 1861. Works: Flora Mac Ivor and
Rose Bradwardine (1848) ; Portrait of Abbe
Jacquet (1859) ; Portrait of a Lady (1881).
THEVENOT, ARTHUR FRANCOIS,
born in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of iSmile Bin, Caba-
nel, and of Lequien fils. Medal : 3d class,
1885. Works : Death of Antigone and
Hremon (1878) ; After the Bath (1882); Mis-
ery (1883) ; Portraits (1884) ; Le dejeuner,
A Philosopher (1885) ; Portrait (1886).
THIELE, ARTHUR, born in Dresden,
June 11, 1841. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of Dresden Academy, then of
Julius Hiibner and of Ludwig Richter ;
studied also in Munich, and in 1868-72 at
Diisseldorf. Works : Deer on Autumn
Morning ; Deer in Winter ; Stag before
Hunter's Statue ; Dead Hare (1864), Winter
Hunt, Wood Clearing with Deer (1881),
Dresden Gallery. — Kaulen, 251.
THIELE (Thielen), JOHANN ALEX-
ANDER, born at Erfurt, March 26, 1685,
died in Dresden, May 22, 1752. Landscape
painter ; at first a soldier ; studied from nat-
ure, and painted in water-colours. After-
wards instructed in oil painting by C. L.
Agricola and Manyocki, and settled in
Dresden, where, in 1747, he was appointed
court painter to King Augustus of Poland.
Works : Landscape with Cattle and Herds-
men, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Castle on Fire,
Bamberg Gallery ; View in Saxony (1740),
Gotha Museum ; Evening Landscape, Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Landscapes (15, three
dated 1745, 1746, 1749), Views of Dresden
(3, one dated 1747), View of Meissen (1747),
Two Views in Mecklenburg (1750), Herd
driven through River, Schwerin Gallery ;
Landscapes (2), Rocky Cavern with Monu-
ments, Animal-Pieces (3), Weimar Museum.
— Kugler (Crowe), ii. 566 ; Schlie. 625.
THIELEN, JAN PHILIP VAN, called
Rigouldts, born at Mechlin, baptized April
964
TIIIERRIAT
1, 1618, died at Boisschot in 1667. Flem-
ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Theodor
Bombouts, and of Daniel Seghers in Ant-
werp, where he was master of the guild in
1641. Like Seghers, he painted garlands and
flowers to enframe subjects by other artists.
Works much esteemed by the King of Spain.
Works : Bouquet, Lille Museum ; Garland,
do. with Madonna (16G7), Antwerp Museum ;
Flowers around Statuette of St. Jacob, Ma-
drid Museum; Madonna with Garland (1648),
Flowers (2), Vienna Museum ; Flower-Pieces
in Amsterdam and Hermannstadt (1661)
..
/660
Museums, and ft \.\
Liechtenstein JJY
Gallery, Vienna A .
(2, 1659). -ch. ya%
Blanc, Ecole fla- Jj?
mande ; Kugler v
(Crowe), ii. 347 ; Immerzeel, iii. 137 ;
Kramm, vi. 1623 ; Van den Brandon, 1132.
THIERRIAT, AUGUSTIN ALEXAN-
DEE, born at Lyons, March 11, 1789, died
there, April 17, 1870. Genre, landscape, and
flower painter, pupil of Revoil. Medals : 2d
class, 1817, 1822. In 1827 became professor
in Lyons, and gave up painting. Works :
Interior of Old Cloister of St. Andre-le-Bas
(1817) ; Bunch of Flowers (1820) ; Recrea-
tion ; Soldier Retreating ; Religious Festi-
val; Funeral of a Monk (1827). — Larousse.
THIERRY, JOSEPH (FRANQOIS DE-
SIRE), born in Paris, March 13, 1812, died
there, Oct. 11, 1866. Landscape painter
and decorator, pupil of Gros, later of Phi-
lastre. He is best known as a scene paint-
er in partnership with Cambon, at the Grand
Opera and the Opera Comique. Medals :
3d class, 1844 ; L. of Honour, 1863. Works :
Party of Workmen picking up a Drunkard,
Police Patrol (1853) ; Edge of a Forest, Car-
avan Road (1855) ; Wandering Jew (1857) ;
The Story (1859) ; Arrival of the Wedding
Party, Fairies' Kingdom (1863) ; Ruins of a
Temple (1865); Faust (1866).— Larousse ;
Meyer, Gesch., 275, 417, 510.
THIERSCH, LUDWIG, born in Munich,
April 12, 1825. History and genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich Academy, at first in
sculpture under Schwan thaler, then in paint-
ing under Heinrich Hess, Schnorr, and es-
pecially under Karl Schorn ; went to Rome,
and in 1852 to Athens, where he painted
frescos in St. Nicodemus ; returned in 1855 ;
the year following was called to Vienna to
decorate the Greek church there, and in
1860 to St. Petersburg to paint pictures in
the chapels of Grand Dukes Nicholas and
Michael and in St. Catharine's Church.
Member of St. Petersburg Academy ; Ba-
varian Order of St. Michael ; Greek Order
of the Redeemer ; Russian Order of Stanis-
laus. Works : Sakuntala (1848) ; Camisard
Scene ; Charon, Entry of Bacchus into Grove
of Colonos, Lament of Thetis, Baron Sina,
Vienna ; Daughter of Jairus, Christ at Geth-
semane (1865) ; St. Paul Preaching (1866),
City Hall, Athens ; Christ at Pool of Be-
thesda ; Ceres seeking her Daughter ; Christ
in the Desert (1874) ; Alaric as Victor in
Athens (1879); Temptation of Christ— Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xvii. 894 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xvii. 435.
THIRION, EUGfcNE ROMAIN, born in
Paris, May 19, 1839. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Picot, Fromentin, and
Cabanel. Paints chiefly religious pictures.
His work is admired for good modelling
and fine colour. Medals : 1866, 1868, 1869 ;
2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works :
Death of St. Mary the Egyptian (1863), Li-
sieux Museum ; St. Sylvain (1864), Tours
Museum ; The Levite of Ephraim cursing
the City of Gaba (1865), Perpignan Muse-
um ; St. Vincent (1866), Bordeaux Museum ;
Perseus (1867) ; St Paul the Hermit and
St. Anthony (1868) ; St. Severin distribut-
ing Alms (1869) ; Eruption of Vesuvius
(1872) ; Judith's Return to Bethulia (1873),
Tours Museum ; Rebekah at the Well (1874);
St Sebastian (1875), Ministry of Fine Arts ;
Joan of Arc (1876) ; Euterpe (1880) ; Orien-
tale (1881); Poet at the Source (1882);
L'fipave du vengeur (1883) ; Napolitaine
(1884) ; Exposure of Moses (1885), Luxem-
bourg Museum. He has painted also mural
265
TIIISBE
pictures in the Church of the Trinity and
decorative panels in the Ministry of War. —
L'Art (1878), xiii. 144 ; Bellier, ii. 565.
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Cima da Conegllano, Venice
Academy.
THISBE, Edwin Long, Gibbs Collection,
England. The tragic amour of Pyramus
and Thisbe, in Bablyon, has been immortal-
ized by Ovid in his "Metamorphoses " (IV.),
and burlesqued by Shakespeare in "Mid-
summer Night's Dream." Royal Academy,
1884 ; at William Graham sale, London,
1886, to Gibbs for 840 guineas. Engraved
by G. Bertinot (1886).
THOM, JAMES CRAWFORD, bom in
United States ; contemporary. Landscape
and genre painter, pupil in Paris of iDdou-
ard Frere ; first exhibited at the Royal
Academy, London, in 1864. Works : Re-
turning from the Wood (1864) ; Love in
the Kitchen ; Return of the Conscript ; Go-
ing to Church, Christmas Eve (1876) ; Le
jour de la Toussaint (1878) ; Watering his
Horse, Morning Ride (1880) ; Rustic Sport,
Summer Afternoon (1882); Old Farm House,
South River, River Bank (1884) ; The Pets
(1885).
THOMAS, ADOLF, born at Zittau, Sept.
28, 1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Dres-
den Academy and of Ludwig Richter ; then
studied in Munich, where he was greatly
influenced by Lier and Friedrich Voltz.
Works : View near Brannenburg (1866),
Dresden Gallery ; Landscape (1867) ; Even-
ing in Capri (1872); Landscape with Mytho-
logical Figures. — Mailer, 519.
THOMAS, ALEXANDRA born at Mal-
medy, Belgium, in 1820. History painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy. Officer of
Order of Leopold. Works : Judith ; Chil-
dren of Edward ; Solomon's Judgment ;
Descent from the Cross ; Judas on Night
before the Crucifixion (1854), Barabbas at
the Foot of Calvary (1857), Brussels Mu-
seum.—Muller, 519.
THOMAS, CHARLES ARMAND, born
in Paris; contemporary. Still-life painter,
pupil of Leclaire. Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : June Flowers (1880) ; Corner of
the Conservatory (1881) ; The Cellar of Pere
Jacquemin (1882) ; Gay Morning (1883) ;
Still-life (1884) ; At the Studio (1885) ; Eve
of Festival (1886).
THOMAS, GEORGE HOUSMAN, born
in London, Dec. 17, 1824, died at Boulogne,
France, July 21, 1868. History and por-
trait painter, began as a wood engraver in
London and afterwards in Paris, whence he
went to New York to aid in illustrating a
pictorial journal. In 1848 he returned to
Europe and went to Italy to study ; was in
Rome during its siege by the French, of
which he furnished sketches to the Illus-
trated London News ; and represented that
paper in the Crimea in 1854. On his re-
turn to London he obtained the patronage
of the Queen, for whom he painted Mar-
riage of the Prince of Wales at Windsor,
Marriage of the Princess Alice at Osborne,
The Princess Royal at the Coronation of
the King of Prussia, Distribution of the
Victoria Medals, and others. He illustrat-
266
•
THOMAS
ed, among other books, Wilkie Collins'H
" Armadale " and Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's
Cabin. " — Redgrave.
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Guercino, Vatican, Rome.
THOMAS, JAN, born at Ypres, baptized
Feb. 5, 1617, died in Vienna in 1673. Flem-
ish school ; history and genre painter, pu-
pil of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild in
1641 ; visited Italy, and in 1662 became
court painter to Emperor Leopold I. Works :
St. Francis adoring Madonna, Carmelite
Church, Antwerp ; Madonna and Penitent
Sinners, Ypres Museum ; Painter's Studio,
Physician in his Study, Gotha Museum ;
Triumph of Bacchus (1656), Museum, Vi-
enna ; Alchemist, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
Beaching for the Purse (2, 1661), Harrach
Gallery, ib. ; others in Berlin and Kiel Gal-
leries.— Immerzeel, iii. 138 ; Kramm, iv.
1625 ; Michiels, viii. 239.
THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF,
(John, xx. 25).
By Cima da Conegliano, Venice Academy ;
wood, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. Christ,
standing under an arched portico, with St.
Thomas touching his wound ; on other side,
St. Magnus ; background, landscape with a
horseman. Formerly in the Scuola de' Mu-
ratori at Venice.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 242 ;
Zanotto, Pinac. dell' Accad., PI. 16 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii. 665.
By Guercino, Vatican, Rome ; canvas, life-
size, half-length. Thomas placing his finger
on Christ's wound ; in background, three
disciples. Carried to Paris ; returned in
1815. — Landou, Musee, xii. PI. 4 ; Pistolesi
Vaticano, vi. PL 67.
By Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Beresford
Hope, London ; canvas, H. 10 ft. x 5 ft. ;
signed, dated 1851. Christ and Si Thomas,
figures life-size, standing in a landscape,
with a mountain in background ; the for-
mer, with arm uplifted, is speaking to Si
Thomas, who approaches reverently but
doubtingly. Painted for Church of St.
Thomas, Leeds, but not giving satisfaction
was sold for £300 to present owner. Ex-
hibited at Royal Academy in 1853, and at
the Manchester Exhibition in 1857. — Atkin-
son, 79.
By Rembrandt, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; wood, H. 1 ft. xll in. Painted in
1634. — Waageu, Hermitage, 176 ; Vosmaer,
436.
By Cecchino del Kalviati, Louvre, Paris ;
wood transferred to canvas, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x
7 ft 6 in. Christ, at right, standing amongst
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Cecchino del S»lviati, Louvre.
the apostles, shows his wounds to Si Thom-
as, who kneels before him. Carried to France
by Tommaso Guadagni, and placed hi Chap-
THOMAS
el of the Florentines at Lyons. — Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Landon, xiv. PL 41.
Subject treated also by Girolamo Muzi-
ano, Louvre, Paris ; Simone Cantarini, Mu-
nich Gallery ; Gerard Honthorst, Madrid
Museum ; Bernardo Strozzi, Palazzo Bri-
gnoli sale, Genoa ; Padovannino, Eremitani,
Padua ; Salvator Rosa, Church della Morte,
Viterbo ; Santi di Tito, Cathedral of Borgo
San Sepolcro ; Cavaliere Calabrese, Dresden
Gallery ; Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Rubens, Antwerp Museum ;
Cinia da Conegliano, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Alphonse Masson (Salon, 1839) ; Louis
Lamothe (1855).
THOMAS AQUINAS, ST., TRIUMPH
OF, Benozzo Gozzoli, Louvre ; wood, H. 7
ft. G in. x 3 ft. 4 in. Above, Christ in glory,
surrounded by cherubim, witli St. Paul at
his right holding a book and a sword, Moses
at his left with the tables of the law, and
the Evangelists in front ; in the middle, St.
Thomas seated between Aristotle and Plato,
with Guillaurne de St. Amour, doctor of the
University of Paris, below them, overcome
by St. Thomas's eloquence ; in lower part,
Pope Alexander IV., assisted by two cham-
berlains, presiding over the assembly held
in 125G, concerning the mendicant orders,
which were attacked by St. Amour and de-
fended by Thomas Aquinas. — Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 50 ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
THOMAS OF VILLANUEVA, ST., Mu-
rillo, Lord Ashburton, London ; canvas, H.
G ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The saint, represented
as a boy six or seven years old, is taking
off his garments to supply the wants of
four ragged boys ; background, a street with
buildings and figures. Painted about 1G78
for Convent of St. Augustine, Seville ; sold
by Monks to the Prince of the Peace, who
presented it to General Sebastiani ; pur-
chased in 1814 by Mr. Baring, an ancestor
of present owner. One of the finest Muril-
los in England. Sketch, Lord Ashburton,
The Grange, Hants. Copies : Cadiz Cathe-
dral ; Due de Montpeusier ; Condesa de la
Mejorada ; Don Rodrigo de Quirios, Seville.
— C. Bermudez, ii. 60 ; Buchanan, Memoirs,
ii. 264 ; Ponz, Viage, ix. 136 ; Jameson,
Monastic Orders, 202 ; Curtis, 269 ; Waa-
gen, ii. 101.
By Murillo, Earl of Northbrook, London ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. The saint,
wearing a mitre and accompanied by an at-
tendant with a crozier, stands in an archway
giving alms to a kneeling beggar, who is
surrounded by other beggars ; above, the
Virgin, seated on clouds, with Jesus in her
arms and two children clinging to her lap ;
on left, a church, seen through an opening.
Painted about 1678 for Chapel of St. Thom-
as in Convent of St. Augustine, Seville.
Louis Philippe sale (1853), £710, to Thom-
as Baring, uncle of Earl of Northbrook.
Ford calls it " one of the finest sketches of
Murillo in existence." Lithographed by A.
Pin yon. — Curtis, 270; Athenaeum (1853),
655 ; Gaz. des B. Arts, April, 1875 ; Ch.
Blanc, Ecole espagnole.
By Murillo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
9 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. The Archbishop of
Valencia, with mitre and pastoral staff,
standing front under a Grecian portico,
dropping a coin into the hand of a kneeling
beggar ; in foreground, on left, an old wom-
an seated, with a boy standing at her knee ;
at right, two other beggars and a nun ; at
left, an open book on a table ; background,
architecture, with columns wreathed above
with a curtain. Painted about 1676 for
Capuchin Convent, Seville. Murillo called
this his own picture, and it is one of his
finest works. — Curtis, 268 ; Jameson, Mo-
nastic Orders.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. The
saint, wearing a skull-cap, is giving money
to a half-naked beggar sitting on a stone ;
he is attended by an ecclesiastic holding a
mitre, and another holding a crook ; before
him, a boy examining a coin ; at right, a
group of beggars ; and at left, architecture.
Second manner. Bought by Mr. Irvine
from Capuchin Convent, Genoa, and sold
to Mi-. Wells, of Redleaf, for £1,000 ; sold
368
THOMPSON
at William Wells sale (1848) to Marquis of
Hertford for .£2,992 10s.— Curtis, 270.
THOMPSON, ALBERT, born at Woburn,
Mass., in 1853. Landscape and animal
painter ; pupil of W. E. Norton. In 1872
and in 1874 he visited Europe, travelling
through Great Britain, France, and Italy,
and studying in the art galleries of the Con-
tinent. Exhibits at the Boston Art Club.
Works : Landscape and Cattle ; Summer
Afternoon ; Apple Orchard — Summer ; Cat-
tle on a Hillside ; Lake Winnipiseogee from
Wolfborough ; Wood Interior ; Study of
Italian Boy.
THOMPSON, CEPHAS GIOVANNI,
born in Middle borough, Mass., Aug. 3, 1809.
Portrait and figure painter, sou and pupil of
Cephas Thompson, but mostly self-taught.
He has painted in Boston, Providence, Phil-
adelphia, New York, and in other cities in
the United States. In 1852 visited Lon-
don, Paris, Florence, and Rome, where he
spent seven years. In I860 he returned
to America, and has since lived in New
York. An associate of the National Acad-
emy. Works: Guardian Angel, C. H. Rog-
ers, New York ; Prospero and Miranda, Mr.
Wales, Boston ; St. Peter delivered from
Prison, Ex - Governor Padelford, Provi-
dence ; Spring and Autumn, C. Sprague.
Portraits : Sebastian Cabot (after Hans Hol-
bein), Charles Fenno Hoffman, Historical
Society, New York ; Dr. Francis ; Haw-
thorne ; Dr. Matthews, New York Univer-
sity ; Henry T. Tuckerman ; William C.
Bryant ; Mrs. Bryant.
THOMPSON, ELIZABETH. See Sutler.
THOMPSON, HARRY, born in London ;
contemporary. Genre and landscape paint-
er, pupil in Paris of Charles Frau9ois Mar-
chal and Charles Busson. Medal, 3d class,
Paris, 1884. Works : Tea a la russe (1876) ;
Sheep (1878) ; Sheepfold, View at Allery
(1879) ; Flock in Valley of the Somme,
Landscape (1880) ; Corner of the Orchard,
Cross Road (1882) ; Among the Dunes
(1883) ; Old Road in Picardy, A Calvary-
Sheep (1884) ; Corner of the Fortifications
of Paris (1885) ; Old Cemetery at Hocquin-
court (1886).
THOMPSON, JEROME, born in Middle-
borough, Mass., Jan. 30, 1814, died at Glen
Gardner, N. J., May 2, 1886. Landscape
and figure painter ; studied for a short time
under his father, Cephas Thompson, and
with Morse and Jarvis. Elected an A.N.A.
in 1850. Painted in England and France in
1851-52. Works : Land of Beulah ; Voice
of the Great Spirit ; Woodman, spare that
Tree (1871) ; Valley of Baca (1875) ; Dakota
Cafion (1880) ; Gates Ajar (1881) ; Spring
Trap (1882) ; Fallen Oak (1883) ; Indian
Prayer (1884) ; Study from Nature (1886).
THOMPSON, WORDSWORTH, born in
Baltimore, Md., May 26, 1840. Genre and
history painter, pupil of Charles Gleyre,
Lambinet, and Passini, in Paris, 1861-64.
Has sketched in Morocco, Algiers, and
Spain. Elected an A.N.A. in 1873 and
N.A. in 1874. Studio in New York. Works :
Moorlands of Au-Fargi (1865); Annapolis in
1776, Academy of Fine Arts, Buffalo ; View
of Mt. Etna (1869); Desolation (1873); Mid-
summer's Day on Long Island (1876) ; By
the Sea— Mentone (1877); Review at Phila-
delphia in Aug., 1777 (1878) ; The Depart-
ure— Episode of Colonial Life in Virginia
(1879) ; May-Day in Fifth Avenue — New
York (1880) ; Halt of a Diligence (1881) ; Pass-
ing the Outposts, Union League Club, New
York ; Old Stone Church — Sleepy Hollow
(1882), T. B. Clarke, ib. ; Market Place-
Biskra, Moorish Hunters returning to Tan-
gier (1884) ; Winter Morning's Ride, Ad-
vance of the Enemy (1885) ; In the Port of
Algiers (1886).
THOMSEN, AUGUST, bom at Glflcks-
burg, Sept. 3, 1813, died at Copenhagen,
Sept. 6, 1886. History painter, pupil of
Copenhagen Academy, where he won medals
in 1837 and 1838. Works : Presentation in
the Temple (1841) ; Christ among the Doc-
tors (1843) ; Hans Tausen preaching the
Gospel, Church of the Holy Ghost, Copen-
hagen. — Weilbach, 676 ; Kunst-Chrouik,
xxi. 750.
THOMSON
THOMSON, HENKY, born at Portsea,
July 31, 1773, died there, April 6, 1843.
Son of a purser in the navy ; pupil of Opie
and student in 1790 at Royal Academy ;
travelled and studied in Italy, and in Vi-
enna and Dresden in 1793-99 ; became
A.RA. in 1801, and R.A. in 1804. In 1825
succeeded Fuseli as keeper of Academy,
but resigned in 1827. Painted historical
and fancy subjects and portraits. Works :
The Dead Eobin (1809), National Gallery ;
Christ raising Jairus's Daughter (1820) ; Mi-
randa's First Sight of Ferdinand (1822) ;
Juliet (1825).— Art Union (1843), 147 ; Cat.
Royal Academy ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ;
Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 326.
THOMSON, Rev. JOHN, born at Dailly,
Ayrshire, Sept. 1, 1778, died at Dudding-
ston, Oct. 20, 1840. Called Thomson of
Duddingston. Amateur landscape painter,
pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; first exhibited
in 1808, with the Society of Associated Ar-
tists, Edinburgh, to which he contributed
one hundred and nine pictures, from 1808
to 1840, inclusive. He was made an hono-
rary member of the Royal Scottish Academy,
having refused actual membership on ac-
count of his profession. Work : Loch-an-
Eilan at Rothiemurchus — Inverness-shire
(1835), National Gallery, London.— Art
Journal (1883), 78.
THON, SIXT ARNIM, born at Eisenach,
Nov. 10, 1817. Genre painter, pupil of
Leipsic Academy, then in'Weimar of Prel-
ler, with whom he visited the Isle of Riigen
(1837), the Thuringian Forest (1840), Nor-
way, and the Netherlands ; afterwards
studied for one year in Antwerp, and after
his return to AVeimar became instructor at
the Grand-ducal School of Design and at
the Sophienstift. Works : Adventure of
Travel in Norway ; Gleaner AVoman ; Girl
with Pitcher ; Two Citizens of Antwerp ;
Musicians in Winter ; Sleeping Boy, Chris-
tiania Gallei-y. — Andresen, iv. 62.
THORBURN, ROBERT, born in Dum-
fries, March, 1818, died at Tunbridge
Wells, Nov. 2, 1885. Portrait and figure
painter, pupil of Royal Institute, Edin-
burgh, and of Royal Academy, London,
where he first exhibited in 1837 ; elected an
A.R.A. in 1848. Was a successful minia-
ture painter, having among his sitters the
Queen (1846) and other members of the
royal family, but on introduction of photog-
raphy painted life-size portraits and ideal
figures. Works : The Orphans (1866) ; Un-
dine, Country Life (1869) ; John Baptist,
Catherine of Aragon (1870) ; Concealment
of Moses (1871) ; Rebekah at Well (1873) ;
In the Meadow on the Hillside (1874);
Christian descending the Hill Difficulty
(1876); Slough of Despond (1878); The
Two Marys at the Tomb (1879) ; Redi-
viva (1880) ; Bonbons, The Fates, Eastern
Water Carrier, Angel's Whisper (1882) ;
Queen Catherine on the Eve of her Di-
vorce, Babes in the Wood, Game of Chess
(1883).— Athen., Nov. 7, 1885, 610 ; Sand-
by, ii. 221.
"THOREN, OTTO VON, born in Vienna
in 1828. Animal and landscape painter,
studied in Brussels and Paris, taking up
painting in 1857, after having served in the
Austrian army in the campaigns of 1848-49 ;
returned to Vienna in 1865 and afterwards
settled in Paris. One of the best of living
animal painters. Member of Vienna and
St. Petersburg Academies. Medals : Paris,
1865 ; Munich, 1869 ; Vienna, 1882. Order
of Francis Joseph ; Russian Order of Vladi-
mir. Works : Death of Gustavus Adolphus
at Liitzen (1856) ; Horse in Stable, Cleaning
the Horse (1857) ; Mare with Foal (1858),
Ki'migsberg Museum ; After Battle (1859) ;
Cows at Pasture, Horses Ploughing (1861) ;
Cattle Thieves, Horse Thieves (1865) ; Au-
tumn Morning in Flanders, Ploughing Oxen
in Slovenia (1866) ; Near the Wolf (1870),
Vienna Academy ; The Forsaken Ones, Ap-
proaching Storm, Too Late (1867) ; Pasture
in Normandy (1873); Cows attacked by
Wolves, Museum, Vienna; Wood Land-
scape with Hungarian Oxen, Two Hun-
garian Peasants on Horseback, Czernin Gal-
lery, ib.; Equestrian Portrait of Emperor
270
THORNDYKE
Francis Joseph (1866). — Wurzbach, xliv.
261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 114 ; vi. 213 ;
is. (Mittheilungen, ii. 11).
THORNDYKE, GEORGE QUINCY, born
in Boston in 1825. Landscape and marine
painter ; studied in Paris in 1847. Pro-
fessional life spent in Newport. An associ-
ate of the National Academy, but rarely
exhibits. Works : Lily Pond ; Swans in
Central Park ; The Dumplings — Newport ;
Wayside Inn ; View near Stoekbridge —
Mass.; Longwood Marshes (1885).
THORNHILL, Sir JAMES, born at Mel-
combe Regis in 1676, died at Thornhill,
near Weyrnoutb, May 13, 1734 Pupil in
London of Thomas Highmore ; was patron-
ized by Queen Anne, who made him her
sergeant painter. When foreign painters,
such as the Riccis, Laguerre, and La Fosse,
were patronized, and native talent decried,
he decorated walls and ceilings of public
and private buildings with mythological
and historical compositions, for which he
was but poorly remunerated at so much per
square yard. Of these the most important
are eight compartments of the cupola at St.
Paul's, the great hall at Blenheim, the ceil-
ing and walls of the hall at Greenwich
Hospital, and a saloon and hall at Moor
Park, Herts. His Finding of the Law, an
easel picture, is at All Souls' College, Ox-
ford. His portrait of Sir Isaac Newton in
his Old Age belongs to Lord Portsmouth.
In 1720 he was knighted by George I., the
first native painter, it is said, to receive that
distinction. In 1724 he endeavoured to
found a Royal Academy of Art, and failing,
opened a drawing academy in his own
house. — Taylor, Fine Arts in Great Britain
(London, 1841) ; Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 13 ;
Portfolio (1872), 66.
THREE AGES, Lorenzo Lotto, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in.
Three figures, half-length, the middle one
a youth in a black cap, with a sheet of music
in his hand ; to right, a middle-aged bearded
man ; to left, a bald-headed, gray-bearded
man. Look like portraits ; handled with
Giorgionesque skill. — C. & C., N. Italy, ii.
502 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PL 47.
By Titian, Bridgewater House, London ;
canvas, figures less than life-size. A shepherd
lover beneath a tree is taught by a maiden
crowned with flowers to place his fingers on
the stops of the reed-pipe ; in the middle
ground Cupid stepping over the forms of
two sleeping children ; in the distance an
old man dreaming over a pair of skulls on
the ground. Painted about 1518 for Gio-
vanni di Castelli, a gentleman of Faenza ;
passed through the hands of the Cardinal
of Augsburg into the collection of Queen
Christina of Sweden ; thence into the Or-
leans Collection, from which purchased by
the Duke of Bridgewater. Copies in Pa-
lazzo Doria and Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
another belonging to Earl Dudley. En-
graved by Ravenet. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii.
435; C. & C., Titian, i. 204; Waagen,
Treasures, ii. 31 ; Cab. Crozat, ii. PI. 145.
THREE VIRTUES, Raphael. See Pru-
dence., Fortitude, and Temperance.
THUILLIER, PIERRE, born at Amiens,
June 17, 1799, died there, Nov. 19, 1858.
Landscape painter, pupil of Watelet and
of Gudin, and a close student of nature.
Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class, 1837 ; 1st
class, 1839 ; L. of Honour, 1843. Works :
Valley of the Drac, Ruins of Castle of
Champ (1835), Amiens Museum ; Entrance
to a Forest in the Ardennes (1836), Lyons
Museum ; Rocks of Freilly (1836), Amiens
Museum ; Timber near Chateau Ronard,
Boulogne-sur-Mer Museum ; Ancient Abbey
of Doue (1837), Due d'Aumale ; Castle and
Bridge of Voute-sur-Loire (1838), Puy Mu-
seum ; Ancient Tiburtine Road near Tivoli
(1843); The Puyen-Velay (1844); River
Duralle near Thiers (1845), Lyons Museum;
Elbiar near Algiers, Spring in the Moun-
tains of the Var (1848) ; Pasture in the
Mountains of Dauphiny (1853), bought by
Napoleon HI. ; Lake of Annecy (1854),
Geneva Museum ; Valley of Thuily in Dau-
phiny. His daughter Louise (Mme. Mor-
nard), born at Amiens in 1829, is also a
2T1
THULDEN
landscape painter. Medal, 3d class, 1847.
Works: Entrance to Desert; Views in
North Africa ; Fog on Coast of Normandy
(1857) ; Portraits of Arab Sheiks.— Meyer,
Gesch., 767.
THULDEN (Tulden), THEODOKUS
VAN, born at Bois-le-Duc, baptized Aug. 9,
1G06, died there about 1G76. Flemish
school; history and genre painter, pupil
of Abraham Blyenberch and of Kubens ;
master of Antwerp guild in 1G25, its dean
in 1G39-40 ; spent some time in Paris
(about 1632-34 and 1647), worked at Lux-
embourg and Fontainebleau ; returned to
Antwerp in 1635, and married the daughter
of Henry van Balen ; called to The Hague in
1G48, to decorate the Palace in the Wood.
Works : Christ appearing to the Virgin,
Louvre ; do. (1GGO), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Time and the Fates, Mystical Subject (1647),
Grenoble Museum ; Martyrdom of St.
Adrian, St. Michael's, Ghent ; Mother's
Jewels (1647), Museum, Tournay ; Christ on
his Way to Calvary, Cathedral, ib. ; Two
Sketches for Triumphal Arch, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Christ at the Pillar, Flemish Wed-
ding, Brussels Museum ; Triumph of Gala-
tea, Berlin Museum ; Game Vender, Peasant
Woman with Fruit Basket (both with Jan
Fyt), Darmstadt Museum ; Marriage of St.
Catherine, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg;
Thetis wreathing Peleus (1664), Amalien-
stift, Dessau; Finding of Moses, David
bringing the Head of Goliath to Jerusalem,
Schwerin Gallery ; Reconciliation of Jacob
and Esau, Visitation, Allegory (1654), Muse-
um, Vienna ; A Tri-
umphal Progress,
o C7 Herodias with Head
TvT. M.**?. of St. John, Liech-
T v cun T« u&) w, tenstein Gallery, ib. ;
• lCj2. Christ in the House
, . of Simon, Wiesba-
u.Ue* den Gallery ; Or-
<y«x. </\c'-'4$JJ pheus charming the
Animals, Discovery
of Purple, Madrid Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1620 ; Kugler
,
jX/J^ ,
(Crowe), ii. 311; Michiels, viii. 116; Van
den Branden, 771 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xiv.
342.
THUMANN, PAUL, born at Tschacks-
dorf, Lusatia, Oct. 5,
1834. Genre painter and
illustrator, pupil of Berlin
and (under Julius Hiib-
ner) Dresden Academies ;
worked in Leipsic as an
illustrator in 1860-63,
then studied in Weimar
under Pauwels ; visited
Italy (1865), England
(1866), and France (1867),
and became professor at the Weimar Art
School in 1866, at Dresden Academy in
1872, and at Berlin Academy in 1875. Gold
medal, Berlin, 1879. Works : Departure of
the Bride (1868) ; Luther's Wedding, Barn-
berg Art Union ; Squire George with the
Swiss Students at Jena ; Four Scenes in
Life of Luther, Wartburg near Eisenach ;
Return of the Germans after Battle in Teu-
toburg Forest (1883), Baptism of Wittekind
(1884), Gymnasium, Minden ; Inattentive
Scholar, Stettin Museum ; Illustrations to
Goethe's "Wahrheit und Dichtung," Cha-
misso's and Heine's Poems, Voss's "Luise,"
Shakespeare's " Midsummer Night's Dream,"
Tennyson's "Enoch Arden." — Rosenberg,
Berl. Malersch., 314 ; Graph. K., ii. 49, 94 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 4 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
six. 19 ; xxi. 38.
THUSNELDA. See Germanicus.
THYS (Tyssens), PEETER, the elder,
born in Antwerp in 1624, died there between
June 2, 1677, and Feb. 14, 1679. Flemish
school ; history and portrait painter, in man-
ner of Van Dyck, pupil of A. Deurwaerder.
Master of the guild in 1644-45, and dean
in 1660. His historical pictures also show
the influence of Gaspard de Craeyer. Was
painter to the Emperor Leopold. Works :
Apparition of Christ, Apparition of the Vir-
gin, St. Francis receiving Indulgence, Icarus
and Daedalus, Two Portraits, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Adoration of the Host, St. James's
272
TIARINI
Church, Antwerp ; Martyrdom of St. Bene-
dict, and Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Temp-
tation of St. Anthony, Conversion of St.
Hubert, Consolation of St. Sebastian, Ghent
Museum ; Pieta, Basle Museum ; Marriage
of St. Catherine, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Achilles with Lycomedes, Stockholm Muse-
um ; Portrait of David Teniers the young-
er, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Venus bewail-
ing Adonis, Vienna Museum ; Vulcan and
Venus surrounded by various Weapons, Va-
rus with do., Hermannstadt Museum ; Mer-
cury and Herse (1664), Worlitz Gallery.
His son, Pieter Paul (born, 1652), was also a
painter. — Kramm, vi. 1629 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 309 ; Michiels, ix. 13 ; Rooses (Reber),
329 ; Van den Branden, 934 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiv. 319.
TIARINI, ALESSANDRO, born in Bo-
logna, March 20,
1577, died there,
Feb. 8, 1668. Bo-
lognese school ; pu-
pil in Bologna of
Prospero Fontana,
and of Bartolom-
meo Cesi ; fled, on
account of a quar-
rel, to Florence,
where he studied
with Passignano and assisted Poccetti. Af-
ter painting in Pisa, Pescia, and other places,
returned to Bologna, and improved his style
by studying the works of the Carracci. His
Miracle of St. Dominic, in S. Domenico, and
his Presentation in the Temple, in S. M. de'
Servi, established his reputation, and he soon
had many commissions in Reggio, Modena,
Cremona, Ferrara, and other cities, which
brought him fame and fortune. His early
pictures are in the style of Passignano ;
his later ones show the influence of Lodo-
vico Carracci. He was of a melancholy dis-
position, and his subjects are generally pa-
thetic and treated in sombre colours, but
admirably harmonized. Among his best
easel pictures are : Marriage of St. Cather-
ine, St. Catherine in Ecstasy, Madonna in
Glory and Saints, Deposition, Bologna Gal-
lery ; Deposition, Brera, Milan. — Malvasia,
ii. 119 ; Lanzi, iii. 117 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 764, 785, 788, 791 ;
Lavice, 16, 154.
TIBALDI, PELLEGRINO, Marquis of
Valdelsa, born at Val-
delsa, near Milan, in
1532, died in Milan in
1592. Bolognese
school ; real name
Pellegrino di Tibaldo
de' Pellegrini ; some-
times called Pellegri-
no da Bologna ; son
of a poor mason, who
removed to Bologna when his son was young.
After studying in Bologna, Pellegrino went
to Rome in 1547 and assisted Perino del
Vaga in the Castle of St. Angelo, and Da-
niele da Volterra in Trinita de' Monti. He
studied carefully the works of Michelangelo,
and imitated his style so successfully that
he was called by the Carracci, Michelagnolo
Riformato (the reformed Michelangelo). In
1550 he returned to Bologna, where he ex-
ecuted some admirable works in the Palazzo
Pozzi (now Palazzo dell' Institute) and in
various churches, and won reputation both
as a painter and an architect. In 1586 he
went, on the invitation of Philip II., to
Spain, where, during the following nine
years, he executed a great number of mural
paintings in the Escorial, the pictures of
Federigo Zucchero having been expunged
to make room for them. Ho returned to
Milan wealthy and ennobled by the King.
Domenico Tibaldi (1541-83), painter, en-
graver, and architect, was his brother, and
not his son, as Malvasia says. Works : St.
Cecilia, Museum, Vienna ; Adoration of the
Shepherds, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Mar-
S73
TIBERIO
riage of St. Catherine, Bologna Gallery.—
Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 416 ; Malvasia, i. 133 ;
Burckhardt, C8, 761 ; Ch. Blanc, iScole bolo-
naise.
TIBERIO D' ASSIST, beginning of 16th
century. Umbrian school ; probably pupil
of Perugino, but not mentioned by Vasari.
A painter of less power than Eusebio di
San Giorgio. His best fresco, a Madonna, is
in S. Martino, near Trevi. He painted also
a Madonna and Saints (1510), in S. Fran-
cesco, Montefalco, and a Madonna with An-
gels and Saints, in S. Domenico, near Assisi.
The latest date connected with him is 1524.
— C. & C., Italy, iii. 342 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
ombrienne.
TIDEMAND, ADOLF, born at Mandal,
Norway, Aug. 14, 1814,
died in Christiania, Aug.
25, 1876. Genre paint-
er, pupil in 1832-37 of
Copenhagen Academy, !
then of Diisseldorf Acad-
emy under Hildebrandt
and Schadow ; went in
1842 to Munich, thence
to Rome, and returned
during the same year to Norway, where
he executed several orders from the King,
and painted portraits for the University of
Christiania ; in 1846^8 he lived again in
Diisseldorf, where he settled permanently
in 1849, spending the summer months usu-
ally in Norway. Contributed essentially by
his excellent works to the fame of the Diis-
seldorf school, and was made professor.
Member of Christiania, Stockholm, Copen-
hagen, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, Amsterdam,
and Rotterdam Academies. Medals in Ber-
lin, 1848 ; Paris, 1855 ; Besan§on ; Vienna,
1873, etc. Swedish Order of Vasa ; Nor-
wegian Order of Olaf ; Prussian Order of
Red Eagle ; L. of Honour. Works : Gus-
tavus Vasa addressing the Dalecarlians,
(1841); Norwegian Christmas Custom, Fam-
ily Scene, Peasants' Church (1846); Catechis-
ing in Country Church, Sad News, Domestic
Scene (1847) ; The Haugians (1848), Diis-
seldorf Gallery ; replica (1852), Lonely Old
Couple (1849), Christiania Gallery ; Bridal
Sail on Hardanger Fjord (1848), Christiania
Art Union ; replicas, Lord Ellesmere, Lon-
don, and Dr. Lessing, Berlin ; Norwegian
Peasant Life (cycle of ten, 1850), Castle
Oscarshall near Christiania ; Evening on
Norwegian Lake (1851), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Farewell of Norwegian Emigrants
(1851), Leipsic Museum ; Night Fishing
(1851), Vienna Art Union ; Funeral on Sogne
Fjord (1852), Marquis of Lansdowne (last
three, together with Hans Gude) ; Neigh-
bour's Advice, Letter from America (1852) ;
Norwegian Sunday (1851), Wolf Hunter re-
lating his Adventures (1853), Funeral in
Norway (1854), Kavene Gallery, Berlin ;
Wolf Hunter (1855), Hamburg Gallery;
Grandmother's Tale, Wounded Bear Hunter
(1856), Vienna Museum ; Visitation of the
Sick (1860), Christiania Gallery ; Adorning
the Bride (1860) ; Grandmother's Spectacles
(1861) ; Last Communion of Old Norwegian
Peasant (1863), Konigsberg Museum ; Duel
at Wedding Feast (1864) ; Grandmother's
Bridal Crown (1865), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Fa-
natics (1866) ; Baptism of Christ (1869),
Trinity Church, Christiania ; Four Scenes
from Popular Life (1870) ; Resurrection
(1871) ; Farewell of a Dying Man (1872) ;
Wedding Procession crossing Brook (1873),
Mr. Forbes, London ; Laplanders hunting
Reindeer (1873); Christ (1875); Landing
of Colonel Sinclair at Romsdaelen in 1612
(1876, the landscape by Morten Miiller). —
Blanckarts, 117 ; Cat. Christiania Gallery
(1885), 98 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 337 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xii. 5 ; Graph. K, i. 60 ;
Land und Meer (1874), ii. 766 ; Wolfg. Mtll-
ler, Diisseldf. K., 305 ; Springer, Gesch.,
165 ; Wiegmann, Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv. 393.
TIDEY, HENRY F., born at Worthing,
Jan. 7, 1815, died in London, July 21,
1872. Portrait and subject painter in wa-
ter-colours ; son and pupil of John Tidey,
who kept an academy at Worthing. Began
as a portrait painter in oils, having among
i his sitters members of the royal family and
274
TIEPOLO
other noted persons ; afterwards devoted
himself to water-colours, and in 1858 be-
came ;ut associate and in 1859 a full mem-
ber of the Institute of Painters in Water
Colours. Works: Feast of Roses (1859,
bought by Queen) ; Queen Mab (1860) ;
Dar Thule (1861) ; Christ blessing Little
Children, Saxou Captives at Rome (1863) ;
Night of the Betrayal (1864) ; Sardanapalus
(1870) ; Seaweeds, Flowers of the Forest
(1871); Castles in the Air (1872). His
brother, Arthur Tidey (born, 1808), is a
miniature painter.
TIEPOLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, born
in Venice, April 16,
1696, died in Ma-
drid, Mar. 27, 1770.
Venetian school;
pupil of Gregorio
Lazzarini; after-
wards influenced by
Giovanni Battista
Piazzetta, and still
more by Paolo Vero-
nese, whose equal he
was reputed to be, in the decadence of Vene-
tian art, though he was very far from being
so as a colourist. But he has been rightly
called the last great decorative painter of
the Venetian school. After painting frescos
in Milan and other Italian cities, he went to
Wurzburg in 1750, and on his return to
Venice (1753) was appointed first director
of the Academy of Painting. In 1761 he
was called to Spain by Charles in., became
a favourite at the court of Madrid, and exe-
cuted, with the assistance of his son, Gio-
vanni Domenico (born, 1726, died after
1777), frescos in the royal palace with such
success as to excite the jealousy of Raphael
Mengs, then court painter. Tiepolo pro-
duced some showy pictures, of which one of
the best is the Banquet of Cleopatra, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg. Other works : Last
Supper, Louvre ; Martyrdom of St. Agatha,
three others, Berlin Museum; Christ institut-
ing the Eucharist (1753), Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Baptism of Clovis, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Presentation in the Temple, Dresden
Museum ; Wedding of Noble Lady, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Adoration of the Magi
(1753), Two Scenes in the Story of Iphige-
m'a, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Conception,
Last Supper, Car of Venus, Madrid Muse-
um ; Glory of Spain, Royal Palace, Madrid ;
Triumph of Aurelian, Turin Gallery ; Crown-
ing with Thorns, Triumph of Ferdinand
HI., New York Museum ; Finding of Moses,
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Saints in
Adoration, Verona Gallery ; Ferdinand over-
throwing the Moors, Buda-Pesth Gallery ;
Diana and Apollo on Clouds, Diana on
Clouds, Angels floating on Clouds, Dul-
wich Gallery. — Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne ;
Dohnie, 2iii.; Burckhardt, 270, 751, 776,
799; Cat. Dulwich Gal. (London, 1880),
164 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xi. (Mittheilungeu,
iv. 43) ; xiv. 161, 198 ; xviii. 232.
TEESENHAUSEN, PAUL VON, Baron,
born at Idser, Esthouia, Jan. 10, 1837, died
in Munich, Nov. 24, 1876. Marine painter,
pupil in Munich of Milluer, then of the
Academy and of Lier. Works: Sea Har-
bour at Nightfall, Stuttgart Museum ; Ebb-
Tide ; Norse Night ; View in Heligoland ;
Coast of Esthouia ; Agitated Sea ; Bomar-
sund ; Ebb in North Sea. — Illustr. Zeitg.
(1876), ii. 488 ; Kuust-Chronik, xii. 364.
TIFFANY, LOUIS COMFORT, born in
New York, Feb. 18, 1848. Figure, laud-
scape, and decorative painter pupil of, In-
ness, Colman, and in Paris of Loon Belly ;
he has sketched and painted in Spain, Italy,
Switzerland, Africa, France, and England.
Member of Society of American Artists.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1871 ; N.A., 1880.
Studio in New York, where he devotes
himself largely to decorative painting.
Works in oil : Dock Scene— Youkers (1869);
S75
TILBORCH
Fruit Vender — under the Sea- Wall at Nas-
sau (1870) ; Street Scene in Tangier (1872);
Market Day outside the Walls — Tangier
(1873) ; Study at Quimper— Brittany (1877);
Duane Street— New York (1878) ; Algerian
Caravan, F. Harper, New York ; Harvesting
(1879) ; Bow-Zarea — Algiers ; Gray Day —
Mentone (1880) ; Eeaper (1881) ; Old Fort
— St. Augustine, Study at St. Augustine
(1883). Water-colours: Meditation (1872) ;
Merchant of the East (1874); Shop in
Switzerland, Old and New Mosques at
Cairo, Lazy Life in the East (1876) ; Pal-
ace of the Pasha Ali Ben Hassein — -Algiers
(1877) ; Cobblers at Boufarik, Market Day
— Morlaix (1878).— Sheldon, 177.
TILBORCH (Tilborgh, Tilburg), EGIDI-
US or GILLES VAN, born in Brussels in
1G25, died about 1G78 (?). Flemish school ;
genre painter, supposed pupil of David
Teniera the younger ; master of the Brus-
sels guild in 1654, its president in 1663
-64. He was a close imitator of Brouwer.
Works : Cavalcade of Princes, Brussels Mu-
seum ; Village Fete, Lille Museum ; Eepast
of Painters, Hague Museum ; Flemish In-
terior, Rotterdam Museum ; Cobbler's Re-
past, Copenhagen Gallery ; Boy stealing
Purse from Man's Pocket, Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Dutch Wedding, Dresden Gallery ;
Bagpiper, Hautboy Player, Gotha Muse-
um ; Peasants at the Inn (1657), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Tavern Scenes (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich;
Repast in Open
Air, Oldenburg
Gallery ; Guard-
Room ; Company
°f Peasants,
Smoker, Rustic
Meal, Hermitage,
SL Petersburg ;
Old Woman with Basket, Czernin Gallery,
Vienna. — Charles Blanc, Ecole flamande ;
Kramm, vi. 1633 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 329 ;
Michiels, is. 183.
TILENS (Tilen), JAN, born in Antwerp,
baptized April 6, 1589, died there, July 25,
H
1630. Flemish school ; landscape painter,
in the manner of Lucas van TJden, probably
identical with Hans Tielens, master of Ant-
werp guild in 1612. Works : Valley with
Diana and Nymphs, Berlin Museum ; Moun-
tainous Landscape,
Vienna Museum. —
Meyer, Gemiilde kongl. Mus., 463 ; Van den
Brandeu, 657.
TILIUS, JAN VAN, born at Bois-le-Duc,
beginning of 17th century, died after 1681.
Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil of P.
van Slingelandt and of Caspar Netscher.
Works : Woman offering a Rose to a Man,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Bagpiper (1680),
Vienna Museum ; Young Woman Sewing
(1681), Dresden Gallery.— Kramm, vi. 1633.
TILTON, JOHN ROLLIN, born in Lou-
don, N. H., in 1833. Landscape painter,
self-taught. Professional life spent in Italy,
where he has studied chiefly the Venetian
masters. Has exhibited in London (1871),
New York, and Boston. Studio in Rome.
Works : Venetian Fishing Boats ; Palace of
Thebes (1873) ; Lagoons of Venice (1876) ;
Como, Venice, Martin Brimmer, Boston ;
Rome from the Aventine (1878), Corcoran
Gallery, Washington ; Island of Philse, Sam-
uel Hawk Collection, New York. — Tucker-
man, 558 ; Graves, 234.
TIM^NETUS, painter, date unknown.
His pictures of a Wrestler, and a Water-
Carrier, in a building near the Propylaea,
Athens, are mentioned by Pausanias (i. 22,
n
TIMAGORAS, Greek painter, of Chalcis,
latter half of 5th century B.C. He defeated
Pancenus in a pictorial competition at the
Pythian Games, and celebrated his victory
in a poem. — Pliny, xxxv. 35 [58].
TIMANTHES, a celebrated Greek paint-
er, contemporary and rival of Zeuxis and
Parrhasius, native of Cythnus, about 400
B.C. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [74]) that his pict-
ures suggested more than they actually ex-
pressed, and showed a genius even greater
than the art with which they were paint-
ed. Five only of his works are known : The
276
TIMANTIIES
Contest of Ajax and Ulysses for Arms of
Achilles, with which he won the prize in
competition with Parrhasius ; The Death of
Palamedes ; a Hero preserved in the Tem-
ple of Peace at Borne ; Sleeping Cyclops, a
small picture in which the subject was made
to appear gigantic by the introduction of
some satyrs measuring his thumb with a
thyrsus ; and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia, one
of the most famous of ancient paintings. In
this picture, which was painted in competi-
tion with Colotes of Teos, the artist repre-
sented Agamemnon veiled, because, most
critics say, he felt a father's grief to be be-
yond the power of his art ; but it seems
more reasonable to believe that he did so
in obedience to that truly Greek sentiment
which demanded a certain dignity and re-
serve in treating the most tragic subjects.
The features of the King, distorted with
grief, would have violated this feeling, and
an impassive countenance would have ex-
posed the painter to the charge of coldness.
Wiseh/, then, he hid it from sight and left
its workings to the imagination. This pict-
ure is spoken of by Cicero (Orat, 22), by
Quiutilian (ii. 13), and by Valerius Maximus
(viii. 11, ext. 6). Timanthes probably took
the hint of veiling Agamemnon from Euripi-
des (Iphig. Aul., 1550). A supposed imita-
tion of this picture was found on a house
wall at Pompeii (Mus. Borb., iv. 3).
TIMANTHES, painter, of Sicyon, 3d cen-
tury ac. Plutarch praises (Arat., 32) his
picture of the Battle of Pelleni, in which
Aratus won a victory over the JStolians
(240 B.C.).
TIMARETE, painter, daughter of Micon
the younger. She painted a Diana, pre-
served at Ephesus, said by Pliny (xxxv. 40
[147]) to have been in a very ancient style
of art.
TIMBAL, LOUIS CHARLES, born in
Paris in 1822, died there, Nov. 20, 1880.
Sacred history painter, pupil of Drolling.
Medals : 2d class, 1848, 1857, 1859 ; 1st
class, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1864. Works :
Christ carried to Tomb, Virgin and Magda-
len at Foot of the Cross (1848) ; Christ's
Agony on Mount of Olives (1849); St. John
the Apostle at Ephesus (1851); Captive Jews
in Babylon, Resurrection of Jairus's Daugh-
ter (1852); Madonna (1853); Christ bearing
his Cross, and Portrait of Cardinal Donnet
(1855); The Church Triumphant, Pierrefitto
(1857) ; Obsequies of a Christian Martyr
(1857) ; Madame d'Oseville, and Virgin at
Foot of Cross (1858) ; Mass at St. Peter's
(1859); St. John at Ephesus, Lyons (1860) ;
The Studio (Princess Mathilde), St. Rose of
Viterbo (1861); Chapel of St. Geuevieve at
St. Sulpice (18G2-64) ; Chapel of the Cate-
chism at St. I5tienne du Mont (1865) ; A
Venetian (1865) ; The Muse and the Poet
(1866), Louvre ; The Agony of our Lord
(1867), Luxembourg Museum ; mural paint-
ings (1873-76), Church of the Sorbouno ;
four pictures (1877), Chnpel of the Novi-
tiate, Rennes ; Burial of our Lord (1878) ;
Presentation of the Virgin, Church of Incar-
ville, Euro ; Portraits of Vicomte Delaborde,
Church Levcque, £mile Saisset, Duke and
Duchess do la Rochefoucauld, Duchess de
Mirepoix, and M. G. des Seguins. — Meyer,
Gesch., 364 ; Larousso ; L'Art (1880), xxiii.
216 ; Ch. Timbal, Notes et causeries sur 1'Art,
with a notice of his life and works by the
Vicomte H. Delaborde (Paris, 1881).
TIMOCLEA BEFORE ALEXANDER,
Domenichino, Louvre ; canvas, oval, H. 3 ft.
9 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. Alexander, on a throne
before a tent, surrounded by guards, gives
her freedom to Timoclea, who is led be-
fore him by a Thraciau soldier, and re-
stores her children to her ; in background,
at right, Alexander's troops entering Thebes
(Boeotia). Collection of Louis XIV., who
bought it in 1685. Engraved by Delignon.
— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musee franyais, i.
Part 1 ; Filhol, ix. PI. 643 ; Landon, Vies,
PI. 111.
TIMOMACHUS, a famous Greek painter,
of Byzantium, probably 1st century B.C.,
though some place him earh'er. Pliny says
(xxxv. 40 [136]) that Julius Cffisar bought
his two pictures, Ajax, and Medea, for
TIMOTEO
eighty talents, and placed them in the Tem-
ple of Venus Genetrix. The Ajax depicted
the hero in his madness, in a sitting posture,
contemplating suicide (Philos., Vit. Apol.,
ii. 10 ; Ovid., Trist., ii. 525). In the other,
which is highly praised by the ancient writ-
ers, Medea was represented meditating the
murder of her children, but hesitating be-
tween the impulses of revenge for her wrongs
and of pity for her offspring. Other works
of Timomachus mentioned by Pliny (1. c.)
are an Orestes (Anthol. Gr., iv. 183, 306),
an Iphigenia in Tauris, a Lecythion, and
the Gorgon (Medusa slain by Perseus).
TIMOTEO DA UEBINO. See Vile, Ti-
moteo.
TINOSO, EL. See Elizabeth of Hun-
gary, St.
TINTI, GIAMBATTISTA, born in Parma
about 15GO, died before 1G20. Lombard
school ; pupil of Orazio Sarumacchini, but
studied Pellegrino Tibaldi, and when he
returned to Parma took as his models the
works of Correggio and of Parmigianiuo.
He was the last of the painters of the old
school at Parma. Works : Magdalen, Parma
Gallery ; Mystery of the Passion, Louvre. —
Lanzi, ii. 412 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ;
Lavice, 256.
TINTOEETTA, LA, born in 1560, died
1590. Venetian
in
school. Marietta Eo-
busti, daughter and
pupil of Jacopo Eo-
busti, called Tinto-
retto. Acquired a
considerable reputa-
tion as a portrait
p a i n t e r . — E i d o 1 fi,
Marav., ii. 259 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vt-niti-
enne.
TINTOEETTO, DOMENICO, born in
Venice in 1562, died there in 1637. Vene-
tian school ; son and pupil of Jacopo Eobusti,
called Tintoretto. Followed in his father's
footsteps, but was inferior to him in inven-
tion and in colouring. More successful in
portraits than in historical painting, but
executed some large commissions in the
Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them, Naval
Battle at Salvore, Conquest of Constantino-
ple by Crusaders (1204), and Surrender of
Zara. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne.
TINTOEETTO, JACOPO, born in Venice,
Sept. 29,
1518, died
there, May
31,1594. Ve-
netian school.
Eeal name
Jacopo Eo-
busti ; son of
a silk dyer
-XY^ - Y ..// / (tintore),
whence
called II Tintoretto. Pupil of Titian, who
is said to have discharged him because he
feared in him a future rival ; but this is not
probable, as Titian was nearly sixty years
old at the time. Adopting as his motto
Titian's colouring and Michelangelo's draw-
ing, Tintoretto won a reputation second
to none in his time ; but whether he actu-
ally attained the high standard of excellence
which he had set for himself is a question
on which critics are divided. All, however,
unite in regarding him as one of the great-
est of masters in composition, drawing, and
colour, and Euskin places him above Titian
and beside Michelangelo. Eecognizing the
unequal merit of his works, the Venetians
said that there were three Tintorettos — one
of bronze, one of silver, and one of gold ;
and Annibale Carracci said that, if some-
times equal to Titian, he was often inferior
to Tintoretto. With a rapidity of execution
which procured him the nickname of II Furi-
oso, he covered walls and ceilings with vast
compositions, some of which are so slight
in treatment and wanting in finish that they
are little more than decorations, though
often grand in design and marvellous in ef-
fects of light and shade. His Paradise, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, is the largest picture on canvas
in existence. One of his most famous pict-
ures is the Miracle of St. Mark, in the Venice
278
TINTORETTO
Academy. Tintoretto often treated sacred
themes with a coarse realism unworthy of
religious art, as in The Pool of Bethesda,
and The Last Supper, in the Scuola di S.
Rocco, Venice ; but his mythological pict-
ures are conceived more in harmony with
their subjects. He was fond of painting the
nude, and his female figures are charming.
His portraits are masterly, rich in colour,
and (those of old men especially) life-like.
Many of the pictures assigned to him in
European galleries are not genuine. Venice
contains many undoubted originals, among
which are : Bacchus and Ariadne, Mercury
and Graces, Minerva repelling Mars, Forge
of Vulcan, SS. Andrew and Jerome, St.
George and Dragon, Siege of Zara, Triumph
of Venice, Battle of Lepanto, Paradise, Pa-
lazzo Ducale ; Death of Abel, Expulsion from
Eden, Academy; Annunciation (2), Ascen-
sion, Assumption, Pool of Bethesda, Christ in
the Garden, Baptism of Christ, Circumcision
of Christ, Christ before Pilate, Temptation
of Christ, Procession to Calvary, Crucifixion,
Ecce Homo, Elijah at Brook Cherith, Ezeki-
el's Vision, Fall of Man, Flight into Egypt,
Sacrifice of Isaac, Jacob's Dream, Jonah, '
Joshua, Last Supper, Raising of Lazarus,
Magdalen, Adoration of Magi, Fall of Manna, '
St. Mary of Egypt, Massacre of Innocents, '
Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, Moses strik-
ing the Rock, Plague of Serpents, Resurrec-
tion, St. Roch, St. Roch in Glory, St. Roch
in Heaven, St. Sebastian, Adoration of Shep-
herds, Visitation, Scuola di S. Rocco ; Mar-
tyrdom of St. Agnes, Last Judgment, Moses
on the Mount, Presentation of Virgin, do.
of Jesus, S. M. dell' Orto ; Temptation of
St. Anthony, Last Supper, S. Trovaso ; As-
cension, Christ with Saints, S. M. Zobenigo ;
Baptism of Christ, S. Silvestro ; Christ wash-
ing Disciples' Feet, S. Moise ; Presentation,
Circumcision, S. M. del Carmine ; Discovery
of Cross, S. M. Mater Domini ; Crucifixion,
Resurrection, Descent into Hades, S. Cassi-
ano ; Crucifixion, Madonna with the Camer-
lenghi, SS. Giovanni e Paolo ; Martyrdom j
of SS. Damian and Cosmo, Fall of Manna,
Last Supper, Coronation of Virgin, Resur-
rection, Martyrdom of St Stephen, S. Giorgio
Maggiore ; St. Demetrius, S. Felice ; En-
tombment, S. Francesco della Vigna ; Land-
scape, St. Roch in the Desert, St. Roch in
Campo d' Armata, Finding Body of St. Roch,
St. Roch in the Hospital, St. Roch before the
Pope, Church of S. Rocco ; St. Mark res-
cuing a Saracen, Removal of Body of St.
Mark, Libreria Vecchia ; Marriage at Cana,
S. M. della Salute. Among the works of
Tintoretto in other cities are : Baptism of
Christ, Procession to Calvary, St. Jerome,
Muses on Parnassus, Susanna at the Bath,
Vienna Museum ; Christ on the Cross, Tu-
rin Gallery ; Concert of Women, Fallen An-
gels, Knight and Two Women, Madonna
with Saints, Madonna with Saints, Muses
and Graces on Parnassus, Woman taken in
Adultery, Dresden Gallery ; Deposition from
Cross, Madonna, Resurrection, Venus with
Cupid and Vulcan, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Entombment, Parma Gallery ; Ecce Homo,
Munich Gallery ; Esther and Ahasuerus,
Muses in Olympus, Hampton Court, Eng-
land ; St. George and Dragon, National
Gallery, London ; St. George and Dragon,
Birth of John Baptist, Perseus and Androm-
eda, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Joseph
and Potiphar's Wife, Finding of Moses,
Judith, Baptism of Christ, Tarquiu and Lu-
cretia, and portraits, Madrid Museum ; Leda
and Swan, Norton Collection, England ;
Luna and the Hours, Madonna, St. Mark,
Berlin Museum ; Milky Way, Cobham Hall,
England ; Paradise, Susanna at the Bath,
Tintoretto (portrait), Louvre, Paris. Tinto-
retto painted many fine portraits, one of
the best of which is that of a young Vene-
tian in the gallery at Cassel. — Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., xi. 331 ; xiii. 109 ; ed. Mil., vi.
587 ; Dohme, 2iii.; Ch. Blanc, tfcole ve-
nitienne ; Burckhardt, 743, 751 ; Ruskin,
Stones of Venice ; C. & C., Titian, i. 437 ;
Seguier, 170 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, ii. 171 ;
Galanti, Tintoretto, Venice (1876); Osier,
Tintoretto, London (1879); Nord u. Sttd,
xi. 141 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 366 ; xiv. 228.
279
TINTOEETTO
TINTOKETTO, JACOPO, portrait, Tin-
toretto, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 f t. x 1 ft. 8 in. ;
signed. Full face, short Lair, and long white
beard ; in a black dress bordered with fur.
Painted in his old age. — Villot, Cat. Louvre
(1875), 214 ; Filhol, v. PL 299.
TINTORETTO PAINTING HIS DEAD
DAUGHTER, Loon Cogniet, Bordeaux Mu-
seum. Tintoretto, his hair white with age,
his eyes filled with tears, is painting the por-
trait of his dead daughter, Maria Robusti,
whose beautiful features and blonde tresses,
lighted by a lamp concealed behind a red
curtain, make her appear rather asleep than
dead. The face of Tintoretto is from his
portrait in the Louvre, but that of Maria is
much more beautiful than her portrait pre-
served at Florence. Engraved by Achille
Martinet. Lithographed by Aug. Lemoine.
— Larousse, xv. 218.
TIRATELLI, AURELIO, born in Rome
in 1842. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of Accademia di S. Luca, where he
at first studied sculpture and won fourteen
medals ; in 1873 took up painting. Medals :
Rome, Vienna, Chili. Works : Cattle Mar-
ket in the Campagna ; Railroad Accident ;
Buffalo Team, Trieste Museum ; Harvest in
the Campagna, New York Museum ; Land-
scape (1878) ; The Charlatan, Sheep, View
near Rome (1879) ; Hermit in the Campa-
gna, Buffalo Fight, Buffalo Herd in Swamp
(1880).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii. 920.
TISCHBEIN, AUGUST ANTON, born at
Rostock, Mecklenburg, in 1805 or 1806.
Genre painter, pupil of Cassel Academy,
then studied in Dresden and Munich, at the
latter place in 1832-37 ; he went thence
to Italy, spent some time in Venice, and
afterwards settled at Trieste. Works : Al-
pine Cowherd and Huntsman in Bavarian
Highlands (1831), do. (1833), Domestic
Scene, ib. (1836), Young Peasant Woman
in a Gothic Church (1835), Tyrolese Girl
Praying (1845), Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie,
100!
TISCHBEIN, JOHANN FPJEDRICH
(AUGUST), born at Maestricht, March 9,
1750, died at Heidelberg, June 12, 1812.
Portrait painter, pupil at first of his brother
Wilhelm, then in Cassel of his uncle, Johann
Heinrich Tischbein the elder. Went to
Paris in 1780, and thence to Italy. On his
return he became court painter to the
Prince of Waldeck, and in 1800 professor
and director of Leipsic Academy. In 1806
-09 he was at St. Petersburg, where he
painted the imperial family. Works : Por-
traits of Princes and Princesses of Orange-
Nassau (9, one dated 1789), Amsterdam
Museum ; do. (2), Hague Museum ; Lute
Player (1786), National Gallery, Berlin;
Portraits of Man and Wife, Stildel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Portrait of Schiller (1804), Leip-
sic Museum ; Family Groups of Princes of
Nassau, of Prince of Orange, Baron von
Arnim, etc. ; Portrait of the Painter and his
Family, Dr. Pinder, Berlin. — Immerzeel, iii.
140.
TISCHBETN, JOHANN HEINRICH, the
elder, born at Hayna, Hesse-Cassel, Oct. 3,
1722, died in Cassel, Aug. 22, 1789. His-
tory and portrait painter, first instructed by
the court painter, Freese, in Cassel ; went
to Paris in 1743 and studied five years un-
der Carle van Loo, but was also greatly in-
fluenced by Boucher and Watteau. In 1748
he went to Venice, where he studied under
Piazzetta, and after visiting Florence, Bolo-
gna, and Rome, returned to Germany in
1751 and became court painter to the Land-
grave William VHI. of Hesse. In 1776 he
was appointed director of the Academy of
Arts, then founded in Cassel. Works : Por-
trait of Katharina Treu, Bamberg Gallery ;
Portrait of Lessing (about 1760), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Augustus and Cleopatra,
Antony dying before Cleopatra, Jupiter and
Callisto, Acis and Galatea, Venus adorned
by her Maids, Cassel Gallery ; Resurrec-
tion of Christ, Church of St. Michael, Cas-
sel ; Ecce Homo, Catholic Church, ib. ; The
280
TISCIIBEIN
Triumph of Arminius, Chateau Pyrmont ;
Heraclius (1776), Democritus (1784), Ar-
chimedes (1786), Belisarius (1786), Olden-
burg Gallery; Portrait of a Landgrave of
Hesse, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Hermit in a
Grotto (2), Schwerin _J <~S
Gallery ; Portrait of a 7" / /
Lady (1777), do. ot/LSCOO
Young Girl (1778), '7 % '
Weimar Museum. — Kngler (Crowe), ii. 554 ;
Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 419.
TISCHBEIN, WILHELM, bora at Hay-
na, Feb. 15, 1751, died at Eutin, June 2G,
1829. History, portrait, and landscape
painter, nephew and pupil in Cassel of Jo-
hann Heinrich Tischbein the elder ; went
in 1766 to Hamburg, where he restored
old pictures, copied after Berchem and
Wouwerman with great truthfulness, and
then devoted himself to portrait painting ;
in 1771-73 studied in Holland after the
old masters, returned to Cassel, went to
Berlin in 1777, and to Rome in 1779. Two
years later we find him in Ziirich, mak-
ing drawings for Lavater, in 1782 at Milan,
and in 1783 again in Rome, whence he went
with Goethe to Naples in 1787, and was
made director of the Academy there in 1789.
After the invasion by the French in 1799
he returned to Cassel, then moved to Ham-
burg, and in 1808 settled at Eutin, where
he painted much for his patron, the Duke
of Oldenburg. "Works : Arminius Deliverer
of Germany ; Conradin of Suabia hearing
his Sentence (1784), View near Frascati,
Portrait of a "Warrior, Gotha Gallery ; Gdtz
von Berlichingen ; Entrance of General
Benningsen into Hamburg (1816), Hamburg
Gallery ; Portrait of himself, do. of Young
Man, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Ama-
zons setting out for the Chase (1788), Bash-
kirs on Horseback (1814), Italian Landscape,
Idyls (43, 1819-20), Gallery, Oldenburg;
Rape of Helen, Hector and Andromache,
Hector's Farewell, Achilles and Penthesilea,
Ajax and Cassandra, Ulysses and Nausicaii,
Amazons setting out for Battle, Christ and
the Children, Si Cecilia, Sicilian Landscape,
Grand-Ducal Palace, ib. ; Hermit in Cave,
Hermit Kneeling, Grand - Ducal Palace,
Schwerin ; Portrait of a Painter, do. of a
Boy, "Weimar Museum. — F. von Alteu, Aus
T.'s Leben (Leipsic, 1872); Andresen, ii 1 ;
N. NecroL der D. (1829), 516.
TISI, BENVENUTO. See Garofalo.
TISSOT, JAMES, born at Nantes, Oct.
15, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of Flan-
drin and Lamothe ; at first imitated the
Dutch masters. His later works are good
in colour and composition, and carefully
executed. Has not exhibited in the Sa-
lon since 1870. Studio in London. Medal
in I860. Works : Meeting of Faust and
Marguerite (18G1), Luxembourg Museum ;
Young Woman in Church, Confessional
(1866) ; Young Woman singing accompa-
nied by Organ, Confidence (1867) ; Break-
fast, Retreat in the Garden of the Tui-
leries (1868) ; Young Women looking at
Japanese Articles (1869) ; Girl in a Boat,
Party of Four (1870) ; Interesting Story,
Farewells (1872) ; Captain's Daughter, Last
Evening, Too Early (1873) ; London Visit-
ors, "Waiting, Ball on Shipboard (1874) ;
Bunch of Lilacs, Hush! (1875); The Thames,
Convalescent (1876) ; Faust and Marguerite,
Mrs. H. E. Maynard, Boston ; In the Louvre,
Morgan sale, New York (1886), $1,600.—
Meyer, Gesch., 665 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi.
215.
TITANEA AND BOTTOM, Sir Edwin
Landsefr, private gallery, England. Scene
from Shakespeare's " Midsummer Night's
Dream." Titauia is fondling Bottom's ass's
head, on which is the coronal of flowers
with which she has crowned him mon-
arch of her affections ; before him stands
Mustard-seed ; on the right, Pease-blossom
rides on a supernatural white rabbit, while
Cobweb, Moth, and other fairies are in at-
tendance. Royal Academy, 1851 ; sold to
Mr. Quilter (1884), £7,000.
TITIAN or TIZIANO, born at Pieve di
Cadore in 1477, died in Venice, Aug. 27,
1576. Venetian school. Real name Tiziano
381
TITIAN
Vecelli or Vecellio. Learned rudiments of
painting at Cadore, where a Madonna in
fresco, at the Casa
Vallenzasco, is
pointed out as his
first work; went to
Venice at the age
of nine or ten, and
was apprenticed by
his uncle, Antonio
Vecelli, to an un-
known artist, per-
haps Seb. Zuccato.
After frequenting the workshops of Gentile
and Giovanni Bellini, where he met Palma
and Giorgione, he began to decorate house
fronts and to paint Madonnas. A small
Madonna of this time, in the Vienna Muse-
um, though eclectic, is individual, while the
Man of Sorrows, in the Scuola, and the
Christ bearing his Cross, in the Church of
S. Rocco, Venice, show that Giorgione then
influenced him, as Palma Vecchio did when
he painted the Sacred and Profane Love
(1503 ?), Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Other
early works are : Madonna with St. Anthony
(1511), Uffizi, Florence ; and portraits of
the Doge Niccolo Marcello (1505-8), Vatican
Gallery, Rome, and of Marco Barberiyo,
Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua. In 1508, either
in competition or in association with Giorgi-
one, Titian decorated the Fonclaco de' Te-
deschi, Venice, with now destroyed frescos,
of whose style some idea may be formed
from the rapidly executed, masterly, and
brilliant frescos of Joachim and Anna, in the
Scuola del Carmine, and of Three Miracles
by St. Anthony (1511), in the Scuola del
Santo, Padua. In this year Titian entered
the service of Alfonso I., Duke of Ferrara,
for whom he painted the Christ of the
Tribute Money (1514), Dresden Gallery, and
the Bacchus and Ariadne (1523), National
Gallery, London. Between the frescos at
Padua and the Bacchus, he also produced
the Madonna with Saints (1512), in the
sacristy of the Salute, Venice ; Assumption
(1518), in Venice Academy ; Annunciation,
in S. Niccolo, Treviso, and the Scuola di
S. Rocco (1525), Venice ; a Madonna with
Saints (1520), S. Domenico, Ancona ; Al-
tai-piece of Brescia, in five compartments
(1522), SS. Nazaro e Celso, Brescia; Ma-
donna di S. Niccolo (1523), Vatican Gallery,
Rome ; and the Entombment, Louvre, Paris.
This and the St. Peter Martyr are examples
of Titian's powers at their height. The life
of Titian was not marked by any striking
incidents or vicissitudes, and was spent in
unceasing labour in Venice, Mantua, Fer-
rara, and Padua, etc. In 1530, and again in
1532, he went to Bologna, where he met
Charles V.,who created him Count Palatine
and Knight of the Golden Spur by letters
patent, bestowed many high privileges upon
him, and then, as afterwards, sat to him for
his portrait. The finest among his pictures
of the Emperor is Charles V. at Miihlberg
(1548), Madrid Museum, once, one of the
great masterpieces of painting. Among
Titian's earlier works are : Flora (1520),
Uffizi, Florence ; Laura Dianti at her Toi-
let (1523), Louvre ; Madonna di Casa Pe-
saro (1526), S. M. de' Frari, Venice ; Mag-
dalen (1531 ?), Bella di Tiziano (1534), Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; Venus of the Tribune
(1537), Uffizi. In 1537 Titian decorated
the great Hall of the Ducal Palace with the
Battle of Cadore (burned in 1577) ; in 1539
he painted the Presentation of the Virgin,
Venice Academy, and in 1545 produced the
Dana'e of the Naples Museum. When paint-
ing, Titian covered his canvas with low-
toned opaque colour, glazed everything, and
in some instances spent years over a pict-
ure. " Unlike the early Flemish painters,
he and the other great Venetians," says
Hamerton, " worked independent of drawn
lines, and in this gave evidence of greater
technical advancement. They took things
by the middle and developed them in mass,
with a thorough study of modelling in light
and shade." Taken in their totality, Titian's
pictures fairly entitle him to be called the
greatest of all painters; for while others
may have surpassed him in single qualities,
282
TITIAN
none have equalled him in general mastery.
Ill landscape as in figure painting, in sacred
as in profane subjects, in ideal heads as in
portraits, in frescos as in oils, he is "facile
princeps ; " and whether we chiefly prize
grace, tenderness, character, and dramatic
power, or drawing, composition, texture,
colour, and chiaroscuro, we are sure to ob-
tain the highest satisfaction in studying his
works. The following are works not previ-
ously mentioned : Annunciation, Transfigu-
ration, S. Salvatore, Venice ; Pietro Aretino,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Palazzo Gius-
tiniani, Padua ; do., Historical Society, New
York ; Ariosto, Cobham Hall, England ;
do. (?), National Gallery, London ; Assump-
tion, Duomo, Verona ; Bacclianal, Madrid
Museum ; Beccadelli, Uffizi, Florence ; Del-
la di Tiziano, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
do., Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Palazzo
Sciarra, Borne ; do., Vienna Museum ; Pie-
tro Bembo, Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; do.,
Nardi Collection, Venice ; Twelve Ccesars ;
Charles V., Madrid Museum ; do. (1548),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Supper at Em-
maus, Louvre ; Christ in the Garden, Es-
corial, Spain ; Christ bearing the Cross,
Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; Christ appear-
ing to Virgin, S. Maria, Medole ; Christ
crowned with Thorns, Louvre ; do., Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Christ of Tribute
Money, National Gallery, London ; Caterina
Cornaro, Uffizi, Florence ; Giorgio Cornaro,
Castle Howard, England ; Cornaro Family,
Alnwick Castle, England ; Luigi Cornaro,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Crucifixion, S.
Domenico, Ancona ; Danae, Madrid Muse-
um ; do., Naples Museum ; Allocution of
Alfonso d' A DO/OS, Madrid Museum ; Alfonso
d' Avalos, Louvre ; Cleopatra in a Grotto,
Holy Family, Alfonso d' Avalos, Cassel Gal-
lery ; D' A valos and his Page, Hampton
Court ; Diana and Actteon, Bridgewater
House, London ; Diana and Callisto, ib. ;
Si Dominick, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
Ecce Homo, Madrid Museum ; do., Scuola
di S. Rocco, Venice ; do., Vienna Museum ;
Entombment, Alfonso d' Este, Madrid Muse-
um ; Isabella d' Este Gonzaga, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Europa, Rape of, Cobhain Hall,
England ; Alessandro Farne.se, Naples Mu-
seum ; Pier' Luigi Farnese, ib. and Palazzo
Reale, Naples ; La Fede, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice ; Francis I, Louvre ; do., Palazzo
Giustiniani, Padua ; Nicholas Granvelle,
Besauyon Museum ; Antonio Grimani, An-
drea Oritti, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ;
Holy Family, Louvre ; Homme au Gant,
Louvre; Empress Isabella, Madrid Museum ;
St. James of Compostella, S. Lio, Venice;
Jansenius, Palazzo Doria, Rome ; St. Jerome,
Brera, Milan ; do., Louvre ; John Freder-
ick, Vienna Museum ; St. John the Alms-
giver, S. Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice ;
St. John in Wilderness, Venice Academy ;
Jupiter and Antiope, Louvre ; Last Supper,
Escorial, Spain ; Martyrdom of St. Law-
rence, ib.; do., S. M. Assunta dei Gesuiti,
Venice ; do., Historical Society, New York ;
Allegory of Lejianto, Madrid Museum ; Lu-
cretia, Vienna Museum ; Madonna of An-
cona, S. Domenico, Ancona ; Madonna of
Burleigh House, Burleigh House, England ;
Madonna of Cadore, Church of Cadore ;
Madonna of the Cherries, Vienna Museum ;
Madonna del Couiglio, Madonna with Saints,
Louvre ; Madonna with SS. John and Cath-
erine, National Gallery, London ; Madonna
witli Roses, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna with
S. Bridget, Madrid Museum ; Madonna di
S. Niccolo, Vatican ; Madonna with Saints,
Vienna Museum ; do., Louvre ; Madonna of
Serravalle, S. Andrea, Serravalle ; Ma/lonna
of Zoppo, Church at Zoppu ; Cristoforo Ma-
druzzo, Salvador! Collection, Trent ; Magda-
len, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; do., Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Adoration of Magi, Knight
of Malta, St. Margaret, Madrid Museum ;
St. Mark, S. M. della Salute, Venice ; Mater
Dolorosa, Madrid Museum ; Ippolito de'
Medici, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Giovanni
Moro, Berlin Museum ; Nativity ; St. Nicho-
las, S. Sebastiano, Venice ; Noli Me Tan-
gere, National Gallery, London ; do., Ma-
drid Museum ; Omnia Vanitas, Accademia di
S. Luca, Rome ; Pope Paul HI, Paul HI.
TITIAN
and his Grandsons, Naples Museum; Jacopo
Pesaro, Antwerp Museum ; Philip II., Pa-
lazzo Giustiniaui, Padua ; do., Madrid Mu-
seum ; do., Naples Museum ; Pietd, Venice
Academy ; Mare Antonio liezzonico, Spedale
Maggiore, Milan ; Eleonora della Rovere,
Francesco della Eovcre, Uffizi, Florence ;
Salome, Madrid Museum ; Fabricio Salvare-
sio, Vienna Museum ; Saviour, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; St. Sebastian, Harrach Collection,
Vienna ; do., Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Filippo Strozzi, Vienna Museum ; Summer
Storm, Buckingham Palace ; Supper at Ein-
maus, Louvre ; Tarquin and Lucretia, Hert-
ford House, London ; Three Ages, Bridge-
water House, London ; Titian (portrait),
Berlin Museum ; do., Madrid Museum ;
do., Vienna Museum ; Titian's Doctor, Vi-
enna Museum ; Titian s Uncle, Hampton
Court ; Tobias and Angel, S. Marcelliuo,
Venice ; Transfiguration, Marc Antonio Tre-
visani, Sterne Collection, Vienna ; Trinity
or La Gloria, Madrid Museum ; Benedetto
Varchi, Vienna Museum ; Lavinia Vecelli,
Berlin Museum ; do., Dresden Gallery ;
Venus of the Tribune, Uffizi, Florence ;
Venus and Adonis, Aluwick Castle, Eng-
land; do., Madrid Museum ; Venus Anadvo-
c
mene, Bridgewater House, London ; Ven us
and Cupid, Uffizi, Florence ; Venus equip-
ping Cupid, Palazzo Borghese, Home ;
Darmstadt Venus, Darmstadt Gallery ;
Toilet of Vmus, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; Venus with Organ Player, Madrid
Museum ; Venus Worship, Madrid Museum ;
Andrea Vesalius, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Woman in Adult-
ery (attributed to
Titian), S. Afra,
Brescia.— C. & C.,
Life of Titian ;
Burckhardt, 714,
722 ; Lerinolieff,
&K 5
/ L
C£S. *f I tt| I ' vii. 425 ; Wornum,
J ' ' Epochs, 250; Ch.
Blanc, ficole venitienne ; P. G. Hamertou,
Art Essays, Atlas Series, No. 14 ; Northcote,
Titian (London, 1830) ; Bergmann, Tizian
(Hanover, 18G5) ; M. F. Sweetser, Titian,
Artist Biographies (1877) ; B, F. Heath, Ti-
tian (1879); Eidolfi, Maraviglie dell' Ai-te
(Padua, 1835, 1837) ; Eastlake, Five Great
Painters (London, 1883) ; Graph. K, iii. 79 ;
Kuust-Chrouik, xii. 601 ; xvii. 286 ; xviii.
110 ; xix. 624 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196 ; xii.
9 ; xiii. 257, 305 ; xix. 102 ; Art Journal
(1886), 85, 132.
TITIAN, portrait, Titian, Berlin Museum ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. Half-
length, in a close-buttoned doublet, with
shoulders covered by a pelisse of brown
cloth with fur collar, and black skull-cap.
Painted later than the Vienna picture. In
bad condition till regenerated in 1874 by
Pettenkofer process. Probably the original
of the portrait in the Uffizi, from the en-
graving of which by Agostino Carracci the
common pictures of Titian are taken. — C. &
C., Titian, ii. 60 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 446, 458.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 2
ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 1 in. Almost in profile to
the left ; dressed in doublet, pelisse, and
black skull-cap, his beard and hair white.
Painted in 1562 (?) ; was in the Alcazar,
Madrid, as early as 1621. Engraved by
Alphonse Fran§ois from a replica in Paris.
— C. & C., Titian, ii. 62.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 1
ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Bust picture, in fur
pelisse and black skull-cap. So repainted
as to show no trace of Titian's hand. Copy
by Teniers at Blenheim. Engraving by Vors-
terman in Teniers's Gallery ; another in
Haas's Galerie de Vieniie. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 60.
TITIAN'S DAUGHTEE. See Vecelli,
Lavinia.
TITIAN'S DOCTOR, Titian, Vienna Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. A
beardless old man in black-silk robes. Per-
haps picture called Parma by Ridolfi in his
Maraviglie (i. 220). A masterly portrait,
but treatment unlike that of Titian. En-
graving in Teniers's Gallery. — C. & C., Ti-
tian, ii. 425.
284
TITIAN'S MISTRESS
TITIAN'S MISTRESS. See Bella di Ti-
ziano.
TITIAN AND HIS MISTRESS. See Di-
iin/i, Laura.
TITIAN'S UNCLE, Titian, Hampton
Court ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 2 in.
Half-length, dressed in black, standing at a
table, a book in one hand, a golden apple in
the other. Named as above between 1842
and 1854, but for what reason is not appar-
ent Perhaps a portrait of Parteuio, a poet
and friend of Titian, who wrote verses on
his pictures. — C. & C., Titian, ii. 429 ; Law,
XTV. Engraved by Reindel ; L. Desploces ;
A. Girardet — Musee royal, i. Part 1 ; Fil-
hol, x. PL 704 ; Landon, Musce, xiv. PI. 61 ;
Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ro-
maine ; Cab. Crozat, i. PI. 50.
TKADUK. See Kadllk.
TOBAR, Don ALONSO MIGUEL DE,
born at Higuera, near Aracena, in 1678,
died in Madrid in 1758. Spanish school ;
pupil in Seville of Juan Antonio Fajardo, a
mediocre painter ; afterwards improved his
style by copying the works of Murillo, and
became the most noted of his imitators.
Probably much of his work passes under
In 1720
Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 38.
TITIAN, VISIT TO, Daniel Huntington, I the name of his great exemplar.
Samuel Hawk Collection,
New York ; canvas. Clem-
ent VH. and Charles V.,
seated in centre, with court-
iers standing behind ; at
right, ladies seated ; at left,
Titian standing, uncovering
his picture of the Entomb-
ment, now in the Louvre ;
in background, through the
window, are seen the tow-
ers of Bologna. Scene in
1530, when Titian went to
Bologna to paint the por-
traits of the Pope and the
Emperor. — Art Treasures
of America, ii. 25, 28.
TITUS AND VESPA-
SIAN, TRIUMPH OF, Giulio Romano, ' he became a familiar of the Holy Office,
Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 4 f t. x 5 ft. 7 in. Ti- and in the same year executed for the Ca-
tus and Vespasian, crowned with laurel, in a thedral of Seville his most famous original
chariot drawn by four horses, marching in a work, Nuestra Sefiora del Consuelo (Virgin
procession which is passing under the tri- of Consolation), which won him the favour
umphal arch erected to commemorate the of Philip V. and the appointment (1729) of
conquest of Judea ; above, the Goddess of court painter. Other works : Madonna, Vir-
Victory flies down to crown them ; in front gin appearing to St. Francis, Academia S.
of the chariot a Roman officer holds by the Fernando, Madrid ; Virgin in Contempla-
hair a Jewess — the personification of con- tion, Portrait of an Infanta, Heirs of Don
quered Judea ; he is preceded by a soldier Sebastian, Pau ; St. Joseph and Infant Je-
bearing the seven-branched candle-stick, sus, Berlin Museum. Copies after Murillo :
Painted for Duke of Mantua, from whom Portrait of Murillo, Museo del Prodo, Ma-
acquired by Charles I. of England ; sold af- drid ; Virgeu de la Fajn, Cadiz Museum ;
ter his death to Jabach, who sold it to Louis Good Shepherd, Infant St. John, S. Isidore,
Triumph of Titus and Vespasian, Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris,
TOBIAS
Seville ; Boy blowing Soap Bubbles, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, iii. 1302 ;
Ch. Blanc, Jicole espagnole ; Viardot, 227 ;
Curtis, 333 ; Madrazo, 577.
TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL, Murillo,
William C. Cartwright, Aynhoe, Northamp-
tonsliire, England ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x
3 ft. 7 in. The angel in a plum-coloured
robe, Tobias in a yellowish cloak with a fish
in his left hand, both bearing staves, walk-
ing in a rocky landscape beside a river ; a
dog looks up at the angel. — Curtis, 124.
Jl w
Tobias and we Angel, Salvator Rosa, Louvre, Paris.
By Antonio Pollajuolo, Turin Gallery;
H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft. 10 in. The archangel
clad in antique costume, and Tobias in cap,
mantle, buskins, and hose ; a shaggy dog
trots before the archangel ; in background,
a city and castle, near a river, and two naked
men preparing to bathe. Painted for Or'
S. Michele, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii.
292 ; C. & C., Italy, ii. 393.
By Salvator Rosa, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H.
11 in. x 8 in. The angel Raphael, with a wand
in his hand, commands Tobias to seize the
fish, which the latter, kneeling, is taking
from the water. Engraved by Guttenberg.
— Musue franyais ; Landon, Musee, vii. PI.
7 ; Filhol, ii. PI. 111.
By Andrea del Sarto or his school, Vienna
Museum ; wood, arched, H. 5 ft. 8 in x 4 ft.
10 in. The angel Raphael leading Tobias
by the hand ; on other side, St. Lawrence
and a kneeling donor ; above, Christ with
his cross, in clouds. — C. & C., Italy, iii. 580 ;
Galerie de Vienne, i. PL 11 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole florentine.
By Titian, S. Marcellino, Venice ; canvas,
figures life-size, seen to elbows. The angel
and Tobias moving toward the foreground ;
a spotted dog in front of them ; St. John
Baptist kneeling at foot of a tree. Painted
in 1539. Old copy in Dresden Gallery. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., vii. 430 ; C. & C., Titian, ii.
29.
TOBLER, VIKTOR, born at Trogen,
Switzerland, Jan. 13, 1846. History and
genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy,
and of Wilhelm Lindenschmit. Studio in
Munich. "Works : Disputation of Zwingli
at Zurich ; Checkmate ! (1877), Berne Mu-
seum ; Market Scene (1879) ; Wedding in
Amper Valley, Zurich Gallery ; Cradle Song
(1885).— Miiller, 523.
TOCQUE (Tocquet), LOUIS, born in Par-
is, Nov. 19, 1C96, died there, Feb. 10, 1772.
French school ; portrait painter, son of an
architecture painter, pupil of Nicolas Berlin
and Nattier. Member of the Academy, 1734;
councillor, 1744. Invited to St. Petersburg
by the Empress, and remained there from
1757 to 1758 ; then visited Stockholm and
Denmark, and returned to Paris in 1760.
In 1769 he revisited Denmark, and was
elected associate of the Copenhagen Acade-
my. Was an excellent painter of stuffs,
good draughtsman, and agreeable colourist.
Works : Maria Leczinska, Louis of France
(1739), Mme. de Graffigny, M. Dumarsais,
Louvre ; Due de Richelieu, Rothan Gallery ;
Empress Elizabeth and Royal Family, Co-
880
TOJETTI
penhagen Gallery ; Empress Elizabeth of
Russia, four others, Versailles Museum ; oth-
ers in Marseilles, Nantes, Amiens, and Ba-
yeux Museums. — Bellier, ii. 578 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficolo fran9aise; Jal, 1186; Villot, Cat.
Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 364.
TOJETTI, VIRGILIO, born in Rome,
Italy, in 1849. Figure painter ; studied in
Paris under Gcrome and Bouguereau. Re-
moved to America in 1870. First exhibited
at National Academy in 1881. Studio in
New York. Works : Richelieu (1881) ; Sleep-
ing Cupid, Sorrow (1882) ; Veiled Prophet
of Khorassan (1883) ; Out of the Gates of
Paradise (1884) ; Love's Temptation (1885) ;
The Favourite, A Little Accident (1886).
TOKEN, LAST. See Last Token.
TOL, DOMINICUS VAN, born at Bode-
graven between 1631 and 1642, died at Ley-
den, buried Dec. 26, 1676. Dutch school ;
genre painter, nephew and pupil of Gerard
Dou, whose manner he imitated so closely
that his pictures were frequently attributed
to that master. He is, however, generally
colder in colour. Works : Three Children
with Cat and Mouse Trap, Family Scene
(after Dou), Male Portrait (1673), Amster-
dam Museum ; Woman frying Pancakes,
Leyden Museum ; Herring Seller, Old Man
lighting Pipe, Portrait of Gerard Dou, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Old Man eating Herring,
Old Woman winding Yarn, Dresden Gallery ;
Girl with Chicken,
C a s s e 1 Gallery ;
Scholar in his
Study, Copenha-
gen Gallery ; Two
Children with
Birds' Nests, Lace Maker at Cradle, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Kramm, vi. 1636 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412.
TOLEDO, Capitan JUAN DE, born at
Lorca in 1611, died in Madrid in 1665.
Dt/.Toc-
Spanish school ; pupil of his father, Miguel
tie Toledo ; became a captain of cavalry in
the wars in Italy, and made there the ac-
quaintance of Michelangelo Cerquozzi, un-
der whom he finished his artistic education.
Established himself at Granada, on his re-
turn to Spain, and painted many military,
marine, and battle scenes, and some relig-
ious subjects, in which he was less success-
ful The last part of his life was spent
in Madrid. Works: Three Naval Engage-
ments, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, ii. 817 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole espaguole ; Viardot, 140 ;
Madrazo, 578.
TOLLES, SOPHIE MAPES, born in New
York ; contemporary. Portrait, genre, and
still-life painter ; pupil of P. F. Eothermel in
Philadelphia, of the National Academy and
Cooper Institute in New York, and for two
years of Lumiuais in Paris ; vice-president
of the Ladies' Art Association. Exhibits at
the National Academy ; studio in New York.
Works : Cottage Door (1877) ; Portrait of
Linda Gilbert; In Memoriam(1878); Chrys-
anthemums (1883).
TOM, JAN BEDYS, born at Boskoop,
March 4, 1813. Landscape painter, pupil
of Andreas Schelf hout. Works : On the
Heath (18Gf>), Museum, Amsterdam ; Flat
Country with Cattle, Museum Fodor, ib.
TOM DIECK, AUGUST, born at Olden-
burg, March 23, 1831. History painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Adolf
Wichmann and Julius Schnorr ; went in
1857 to Italy ; studied in Florence after the
old masters, then for four years in Rome.
Works : St. Cecilia (1854) ; Two Marys at
the Sepulchre (1859) ; Christ on Mount of
Olives (1862); Crucifixion (1863); Group
by the Cross (1871) ; Transfiguration of
Christ ; St. Cecilia (1877), Dresden Gallery.
—Midler, 523.
TOMA, MATTHIAS RUDOLF, born in
Vienna in 1792, died there in 1845. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy.
Works : Rocky Landscape with Peasants,
Woodland with Two Boys (1831), Vienna
Museum ; Views in the Prater (1834, 1835) ;
S87
TOMMASI
The Watzmann near Berchtesgaclen (1836) ;
The Great Eiger in Switzerland (1839) ;
View on the Danube (1841). — Wurzbach
xlvi. 34.
TOMMASI, NICCOLA, of Florence, 14th
century. Florentine school ; his name ap-
pears, with that of Andrea Orcagna and
others, in 1366 in the list of the council of
S. Maria del Fiore, and in 1371 in the guild
of painters, Florence. His picture of St.
Anthony, dated 1371, in S. Antonio Abate,
Naples, shows that his style was not unlike
that of Orcagna.— C. & C., Italy, i. 335,
460.
TOMMASO DA MODENA, born in Tre-
viso, lived latter half 14th century. Bolo-
gnese school ; though a feeble second-rate
painter, he was the first of any note in Mo-
dena ; style, a mixture of the Gubbian and
Bolognese. A St. Catherine in the Venice
Academy, dated 1351, ascribed to him, is
of the close of the 15th century (C. & C.).
An altarpiece by him, in six parts, in the
Modena Gallery, is much repainted. In
1357 Tommaso went to Prague, where he
painted a Madonna with Saints, now in the
Vienna Academy. He is supposed to have
decorated the Castle of Carlstein for Charles
TV., after 1357, and an Ecce Homo and a
Madonna, still there, are attributed to him ;
also an altarpiece in the Modena Gallery,
and a wall painting in S. Niccolo, Treviso.
— C. & C., Italy, ii. 218 ; Burckhardt, 519.
TOMMASO DI STEFANO. See Giot-
tino.
TOMPKINS, CLEMENTINA M. G,
born in Washington, D. C. ; contemporary.
Portrait and figure painter, pupil of the
School of Design and of Bonnat in Paris.
Has exhibited at the Paris and Brussels
Salons. Works : Little Musician (1876) ;
Rosa— la fileuse, Little Artist (1878).
TOMYRIS, Rubens, Earl Darnley, Cob-
ham Hall, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in.
X 11 ft. 9 in. Seventeen figures. Tomyris
commanding the head of Cyrus to be im-
mersed in blood (Herod., i. 205). The
Queen, in a white-satin robe embroidered
with gold, accompanied by a lady on her left,
and three others and two pages behind her,
stands at right on a dais, observing the
executioner, who, bending on one knee,
holds the head of Cyrus over a golden
charger filled with blood ; several courtiers
and soldiers look on. Orleans Collection ;
bought by Earl of Darnley for 1,200 guin-
eas. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Ragot ; Du-
change ; Launay. — Waagen, Treasures, iii.
23 ; Smith, ii. 207.
By Rubens, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 8
ft. 8 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. The Queen, in a satin
robe and mantle lined with ermine, on a
throne at right, with two female attendants
at her left, an elderly female behind, and
a minister of state and two soldiers at
her right ; on the opposite side, an execu-
tioner holding the head of Cyrus over a
brazen vase, and a man in a crimson robe
looking on. Valued in 1816 at 100,000
francs. — Cat. Louvre ; Smith, ii. 117.
TOORENVLIET, JACOB, born at Ley-
den in 1641, died there in 1719. Dutch
school ; history, genre, and portrait paint-
er ; studied in Leyden and in Rome, whith-
er he went in 1670 ; also lived for several
years in Venice. Works : Old Woman Spin-
ning (1667), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Butcher
Shop (1677), Museum, Vienna ; Men with
Books (6, five dated 1675, 1677), Man be-
fore Mirror (1676), two others (1679), sev-
eral, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Woman
Singing and Organ Grinder (1678), Fish-
Seller at Window (1679), Jew with Book,
Man giving Flower to Woman (attributed),
Dresden Gallery ; Company of Four with
Books, Brunswick Gallery ; Peasant hold-
ing Vessel, Woman looking out of Window,
Cassel Gallery ; Peasant between two kinds
of WTine, Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ;
Benediction being read in a Synagogue, The
Curse do., Christiania Gallery ; Soldiers at
Cards (1682), Old Woman placing Candle
in a Lantern, Darmstadt Museum ; Old Man
with Book, Gotha Museum ; Melon Vender,
Poultry Vender, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
The Quack Doctor, Schleissheim Gallery ;
TOPI1AM
Smoker, Landsknecht on Guard, Schwerin
Gallery ; Holy Family, Young Man in Cui-
J.
rasa, Hermannstadt Museum. — Kramm, vi.
1640 ; Quellenschriften, xiv. 349.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM, born
at Leeds, Yorkshire, April 15, 1808, died
at Cordova, Spain, March 31, 1877. His-
tory and landscape painter, in oil and water-
colours ; began in Leeds as an engraver ;
removed in 1829 to London, and became
a member of the Society of Water- Colour
Painters in 1848. He drew his subjects
chiefly from Ireland, Scotland, Spain, and
Italy. Works : Deserted Village, Rustic
Bridge— Hkley (1843); Pilgrims to the
Holy Well — Ireland (1845) ; Mavoumeen !
Mavourneen! (1846); St. Patrick's Day
(1847) ; Irish Courtship ; Spanish Gypsies ;
Welsh Cabin ; Preparing for the Fight,
Waiting by the Stile (1872) ; Bird's Nest,
Love Letter (1873) ; Leaving Church —
Charity (1874) ; Wayfarers, Welsh Stream
(1875) ; Blackberry Gatherers, Haymaking,
Loiterers by the Sea (1876) ; Venetian
Water Carriers, Eve of the Festa (1877).—
Art Journal (1876), 210; (1877), 187;
(1880), 21 ; C. Carr, Essays, 198.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS W. W., born in
London in 1838. History painter, son and
pupil of Francis William Topham, and
pupil of the Royal Academy ; has lived in
Italy and France. Works : Fall of Rienzi
(1876) ; Relics of Pompeii ; Dinner Time
(1877) ; Drawing in Italy for Military Ser-
vice (1878); Taming the Shrew, Home after
Service (1879) ; Renouncing the Vanities by
Order of Savonarola (1881) ; Content, Mes-
senger of Good Tidings (1882) ; Roman
Triumph, Love and Labour, First Com-
munion (1883); Thank Offering, Sonata,
Festa dei Morti (1884) ; Sunday in Pom-
peii, Queen of the Tournament (1885) ;
God and Mammon, Rest, Quiet Harbour
(1886).
TORBroO, FRANCESCO, first half of
16th century ; living in 1546. Venetian
school ; commonly called II Moro. Ac-
cording to Vasari, he went as a youth to
Venice to study under Giorgione, but in
consequence of a quarrel had to return to
Verona. He gave up his profession for a
time, but finally became a pupil of Libe-
rale, who made him his heir. Throughout
his career he imitated various painters,
though always revealing himself. Second-
rate when most original. In his Venetian
style he resembles Pompon io Amalteo or
Cariani ; and when he works on Giulio Ro-
mano's cartoons he is Raphaelesque. Among
his works in Verona are a Madonna with
Saints, in S. Zeno, altarpieces in S. Eufemia
and S. Fermo, and the frescos of the Na-
tivity, Presentation, and Assumption of the
Virgin (1534), in the choir of the Duomo.
The latter are from cartoons by Giulio Ro-
mano. Torbido was also an engraver. — C.
& C., N. Italy, i. 508 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
vi. 107 ; vii. 87 ; ix. 170, 180 ; Burckhardt,
192, 607, 746.
TORRENTS, STANISLAS, born at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. Portrait and fig-
ure painter, pupil of Couture. Medal, 3d
class, 1875. Works : Bacchante (1864) ;
The Repetition (1872) ; Death (1875), Mar-
seilles Museum ; Vierge au lis (1876) ; The
Test (1885) ; Investigation about Trichinte,
Man's Head (1886).
TORRES, MATIAS DE, born at Espino-
sa de los Monteros in 1631, died in Madrid
in 1711. Spanish school ; pupil in Madrid
of his uncle, Tomas Taurino, an obscure
painter, and of Hen-era el Mozo ; painted
chiefly large, coarse pictures for processional
decorations, but was quite successful in
landscapes and battles. — Stirling, iii. 1024.
TORSSLOW, STEN HARALD, born in
Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1838. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy,
then in Ddsseldorf of Gude, and studied
nature in Dalecarlia, Lapland, Austria, and
Tyrol (1864), and Norway (1874). Fellow
of Stockholm Academy in 1869. Works :
TOtJDOUZE
View in Stockholm Shiirengarclen ; View in
Lapland ; Saturday Dance in Dalecarlia. —
MOller, 524.
TOTJDOUZE, fiDOUARD, bom in Paris
in 1844. History and genre painter, pupil
of Auguste Leloir, Pils, and of the ficole
des B. Arts, where he won the grand prix
de Home in 1871. Medals : 3d class, 1876 ;
2d class, 1877. Works: Pirates Embark-
ing (1867) ; Death of Jezebel (1868) ; Tort-
ure of Brunhilde, Two Friends (1869);
Eros and Aphrodite (1874) ; Murder of
Agamemnon by Order of Clytemnestra
(1876) ; Lot's Wife changed into Salt
(1877) ; Beach at Yport (1878) ; Guardian
Angels (1879), Caen Museum ; Country
Recreation (1880); Coquetry (1881); Di-
ana's Triumph (1882). — Larousse, Supple-
ment.
TOULMOTJCHE, AUGUSTE, born in
Nantes, Sept. 21, 1829. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Gleyre. Subjects generally piquant
scenes from daily life ; paints satins and
velvets with great skill. Medals : 3d class,
1852, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861 ; 3d class, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Curl-Papers
(1849) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, A Girl
(1852); After Breakfast (1853), Princess
Mathilde ; First Step (1853), Empress Eu-
genie ; The Lesson (1855), Nantes Museum ;
The Terrace (1855) ; A Kiss (1857); Prayer,
A Lesson, Card-House (1859) ; First Cha-
grin, Sleep, Watch, Letter (1861) ; A Snub,
At Rest, The Hearth (1863); Confidence,
The Day after the Ball (1864) ; Forbidden
Fruit (1865), Sir Richard Wallace, London ;
First Visit (1865) ; A Marriage for Conveni-
ence (1866), E. Matthews; White Lilacs,
Waiting (1867) ; Last Glimpse, A Festival
(1868) ; Love-Letter, Morning Toilet (1869) ;
The Appointed Time, Woman Reading
(1870) ; Winter (1873) ; Serious Book, The
Reply (1874) ; Flirtation, Summer (1876) ;
The Rose (1878); The Letter, In the
Grasp (1883) ; Tcte-a-Tete (1884) ; In the
Library, The Adieu, W. H. Vanderbilt Col-
lection, New York ; Hour of Return, Samuel
Hawk Collection, ib.; In the Garden, Love-
Letter, Forbidden Fruit, New York, William
Astor, ib. — Bellier, ii. 582 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
681, 696.
TOUR. See La Tour.
TOURNEMINE, CHARLES EMILE VA-
CHER DE, born at Toulon, Oct. 25, 1814,
died there, Dec. 22, 1873. Landscape
painter, pupil of Isabey. At first painted
views of Brittany and Normandy. In 1854
he went to the East, after which his pict-
ures were chiefly of Oriental subjects. As-
sistant custodian of the Luxembourg ; L. of
Honour, 1853. Works : Souvenir of Con-
carneau, River Oust (1846) ; Environs of
Vannes, Low Tide, Sunset (1847) ; Breton
Horsemen, A River, A Meadow, A Brook
(1848) ; Batz, Low Tide at Croisic, Breton
Pasture, Environs of St. Martin (1849) ; A
Village, Low Tide (1850) ; Beach in Brit-
tany, Environs of Croisic, Pasture near
Smyrna (1852) ; Beach at Low Tide, Bretons
driving Cattle (1853); Girl Tending a Flock,
Turkish Shepherd, The Danube (1855);
Turkish Cafe, The Road to Smyrna, Turkish
Horsemen, Lake on the Borders of Tu-
nis, Souvenir of Asiatic Turkey (1857) ; De-
parture of Caravan, Dwellings near Ada-
lia, Souvenir of Tyr-Syria (1859) ; Cafe at
Ad alia, Views on Lower Danube (3), Envi-
rons of Rosette — Egypt (1861) ; Gambols of
Fishing Birds in Egypt (1863) ; Dwelling
at Adana — Asia Minor (1863), Prefecture,
Nantes ; Promenade of Turkish Women
(1863),Montpellier Museum ; Street leading
to Bazaar at Chabran-el-Kebir (1865), Toulon
Museum ; Return from the Chase in India
(1868), Marseilles Museum ; Festival in In-
dia, Hunting Episode in Africa (1869) ;
View of Luxor during Inundation (1870) ;
Elephant attacked by Lions, Sacred Lake in
Hindostan (1872) ; Ruins of a Temple in
Central India, Camp in Asia Minor (1873). —
Athenffium (1873), i. 56 ; Bellier, ii. 583 ;
Claretie, Peintres (1874), 278.
TOURNEUX, JEAN FRANCOIS EU-
GENE, born in Banthouzel, Oct. 6, 1809,
died in Paris, June 26, 1867. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Marechal in Metz. Medal, 3d
290
TOURNIERES
class, 1843. Works : Hall of Gypsy Fam-
ily (1852), Metz Museum ; Point d'orgue
(1859), Grenoble Museum ; Faust and Wag-
ner (1861) ; Solitude (1864) ; Gypsy Woman,
Sunset (1865) ; Castle of Godfrey de Bouil-
lon, Good Adventure (1866). He published
several volumes of poetry. — Bellier, ii. 584 ; !
Larousse.
TOURNIERES, ROBERT LEVRAC,
born at Ifs, near
Caen, in 1668, died
at Caen, May 18,
1752. French
school ; genre and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Lucas de la
Haye and of Bon
Boullogne. Made
rapid progress in his
art ; admitted to
Academy as portrait painter in 1702, and as
history painter in 1716. Became assistant
professor in 1725, but after a quarrel with
his colleagues retired to Caen in 1750, and
gave up painting. Works: Daughter of
Dibutades drawing the Portrait of her
Lover (1716),
Louvre; Portraits
°f Racine and
Caen;
in Ver.'
sailles and Nantes Museums. — Bellier, i.
1041 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole francaise ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre.
TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF, William
Clarkson Stanfield, Senior United Service
Club, London ; canvas. Scene in centre
of combined fleet, at half-past two o'clock,
about an hour and a half after Nelson
received his death-wound ; the Victory, the
flag-ship, is in the act of disengaging herself
from the Redoubtable, French 74, at that
time lashed alongside the Tumoraire, British
98, at the moment when the Fougueux,
French 74, became the prize of the latter.
Royal Academy, 1836 ; original sketch in
National Gallery, painted in 1833. En-
graved by J. Cousen, in Art Journal. — Art
Journal (1851), 287 ; Cat. Nat Gal. and R.
Acad.
TRAIN!, FRANCESCO, 14th century.
Florentine school Vasari calls him a pupil
of Andrea Orcagna, but he was already a
full master when he entered Orcagna's work-
shop in 1349. The earliest record of him
is of 1341, and his only extant pictures are
Transfiguration, Lodovtco Carracci, Bologna Gallery.
the St. Thomas, in S. Caterina, Pisa, and the
St. Dominick (1345), in the Pisa Academy.
In these he shows a mixture of the Floren-
tine and the Sienese manner. — C. & C., It-
aly, i. 455 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ii. 136 ;
Burckhardt, 497, 511 ; W. & W., i. 459 ;
Bonaini, Memorie inedite iutorno alia vita,
etc., di Fr. Traini (Pisa, 1846).
TRANSFIGURATION (Matt, xvii. 1;
Mark, ix. 2 ; Luke, ix. 28).
By Giovanni Bellini, Naples Museum ;
891
TRANSFIGURATION
wood, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed.
Christ, between the prophets Moses and
Elias, is rising from the ground ; below,
the wonder-stricken apostles just roused
from sleep. Painted about 1475-80 ; for-
merly in Farnese Collection, Parma.— C. &
Transfiguration, Raphael, Vatican, Rome.
C., N. Italy, i. 159 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii.
415 ; Museo Borbonico, iii. PL 34.
By Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Christ
in glory, between Moses and Elias ; below,
three apostles gazing upward in awe. For-
merly in Church of Convent of S. Pietro
Martire, Bologna. — Pinac. di Bologna, PI.
11 ; Reveil, x. 656.
By Raphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood, H. 13
ft. 4 in. x 9 ft. 3 in. In two parts : 1. The
Transfiguration. Christ floating in a glory
of light, with Moses on his
right and Elias on his left ;
below them the summit of
a mountain (Tabor?), on
which lie prostrate Peter,
James, and John, dazzled
by the light from above ;
at left, SS. Julian and Law-
rence, kneeling in adora-
tion, supposed to have been
added at the request of
Giulio tie' Medici in hon-
our of his father and uncle,
who were named after
them. 2. The Demoniac
Boy (Matt., xvii. 14 ; Mark,
ix. 14 ; Luke ix. 37). At
the base of the mountain,
at right, a confused crowd
of men and women is bring-
ing a boy possessed of an
evil spirit to be cured by
the disciples, the remain-
ing nine of whom are
grouped at left, expressing
by various gestures their
inability to aid the sufferer,
who is held by his father.
Raphael's last work, begun
in 1519 for Cardinal Giu-
lio de' Medici, who intend-
ed it for the Cathedral of
Narbonne, France, in his
bishopric, and who ordered
at the same time the Rais-
ing of Lazarus, from Se-
bastiano del Piombo. Raphael finished
only the upper part ; the lower part was
painted by Giulio Romano from the mas-
ter's designs, after his death. The picture
hung over Raphael's body, as it lay in
state, and was carried to the Pantheon in
294
TRAUT
the funeral procession. Cardinal cle' Med-
ici, who became Clement VII. in 1523,
sent Sebastiano's picture to Narbonne and
placed the Transfiguration over the high
altar in S. Pietro in Montorio, whence the
French took it in 1797 to Paris, where it
was cleaned and restored ; returned in 1815
and placed in Vatican, where it hangs oppo-
site the Last Communion of St. Jerome, by
Domenichino. Many reproductions ; copy
in black chalk, by Casanova, in South Ken-
sington Museum. Many studies ; several
sketches in Oxford Collection. Engraved
by J. Chereau ; C. Cort ; N. Dorigny ; A.
P. Tardieu ; B. Eredi ; E. Morghen ; S.
Thomassin ; S. Vallu ; Desnoyers ; and oth-
ers.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 371 ; Passavant,
ii. 290 ; Milntz, 537 ; Jameson, History of
Our Lord, i. 342 ; C. & C. Raphael, ii. 486 ;
Springer, 359 ; Liibke, Rafael, 142 ; Gut-
bier, i. PI. 91 ; Filhol, x. PI. 715 ; Musue
fran.9ais, i. ; Landon, Musee, iii. PL 69 ;
Perkins, 189 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombri-
enne.
By Titian, S. Salvatore, Venice ; canvas,
figures life-size. Christ just leaving the
earth, which his right foot still touches ;
Moses on left, Elias on right, and three
apostles watching in foreground. Painted
about 1565. Shows marks of assistants ;
injured by repainting. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
vii. 449 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. 267 ; C. &
C., Titian, ii. 352.
TRAUT, HANS, 15th century in Nurem-
berg. German school ; mentioned in the
burgher roll of 1477. He was a follower
of Wolgemuth, though his style differed
less than his from that of the earlier Nu-
remberg school. Work : St. Sebastian, Uni-
versity of Erlangen. — Thausing (Eaton), i.
91 ; W. & W., ii. 123.
TRAUTMANN, JOHANN GEORG, bom
at Zweibrilcken in 1713, died in Frankfort
in 1769. German school ; history, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of F. F. Bellon,
then in Frankfort of Schlegel and of Kiese-
wetter ; became court painter to the Elec-
tor Palatine in 1761 ; painted jolly peas-
ant scenes in the manner of Brouwer, Ostade,
Teniers, etc., and bearded heads in Rem-
brandt's style. Works : Conflagration, Male
Head with Turban, Female do., Casscl Gal-
lery ; Conflagration, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; do., Augsburg Gallery. — Nagler, xis.
54.
TRAVI, ANTONIO, born at Sestri, near
Genoa, in 1613, died in Genoa in 1668.
Genoese school ; sometimes called from his
deafness II Sordo di Sestri. Colour-grinder
to Bernardo Strozzi, who gave him instruc-
tion ; afterward studied under Gottfried
Waals or Waels, a Flemish landscape paint-
er settled in Genoa. Acquired considerable
reputation as a landscape painter in Genoa,
where most of his works are. — Lanzi, iii.
272 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole genoise.
TRAYER, JEAN BAPTISTE JULES,
bora in Paris in 1824.
Genre painter, pupil
of his father and Le-
quien. Paints fami-
ly scenes in which
the heads are of su-
perior merit. Med-
als: 3d class, 1853,
1855. Works : Last
Bunch of Grapes,
Empty Basket, Last
Look, Interiors (1848) ; Shakespeare listen-
ing to the reading of one of his Plays in
the Crown Tavern, Leonardo da Vinci and
his Pupils (1850) ; Girl Sewing, Woman
Spinning, The Lesson in Embroidery
(1853) ; Sewing School, Too much Work
(1855) ; Retinue, Grain Market (1857) ; Se-
renity (1859) ; Tapestry, Prayer, Anxiety
(1861) ; First Sighs, Public Garden (1863) ;
Gathering Mussels at Dieppe (1864) ; Inte-
rior in Savoy, Twins (1865) ; Pancake Seller
(1866), Luxembourg Museum ; Alphabet
(1868) ; Girls' School, Two Sisters (1869) ;
Sisters of Charity (1870) ; Seamstresses of
Ponfc-Aven (1872) ; A Little Sunlight (1873) ;
Seamstresses (1874) ; Young Woman and
Child (1875) ; Treport Fishwives waiting
for Low Tide (1879) ; Dozing (1882) ; Cou-
293
TKEES
carneau Cloth Shop on Market Day (1883) ;
At Concarneau (1884) ; Bag Market (1886) ;
Young Lady cutting her Nails, Ravene Gal-
lery, Berlin.— Bellier, ii. 588 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
G35, 693.
TEEES AND PLANTS, CREATION OF,
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco
on ceiling.
TREGO, WILLIAM THOMAS, born at
Yardley, Bucks County, Penn., Sept. 15,
1859. Figure painter, pupil of the Penn-
sylvania Academy, where he was awarded
the first Charles Toppan prize in 1882 and
the Temple silver medal in 1883. Studio
in Philadelphia. Works : United States
Cavalrymen, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Bat-
tery en Route (1882), Pennsylvania Acad-
emy, Philadelphia ; The Pursuit (1884), Je-
rome B. Wheeler, New York ; Battery —
Halt ! (1886), Mr. Gibbons, ib.
TREIDLER, ADOLF, born in Berlin in
1846. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Acad-
emy under Daege, and of Julius Schrader ;
won the prize for Rome in 1872, and trav-
elled in Germany and Italy in 1873-74.
Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Electress
Elizabeth taking Communion after Protes-
tant Rite (1872) ; Francis I. declining Con-
ditions of Peace by Charles V. (1877) ; In
Ischia (1884) ; Love Song (1885).— Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 250 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, ix. 64 ; xx. 41 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 748.
TREML, FRIEDRICH, born in Vienna,
Jan. 8, 1816, died there, June 13, 1852.
Military genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Fendi ; worked from 1849
almost exclusively for the Emperor Francis
Joseph, who possesses his best pictures.
Works : Procession of Corpus Christi (1841) ;
Marching out of Garrison (1844) ; Reception
of Consecrated Church Bell (1846) ; Smug-
glers in danger of Discovery (1847) ; Old
Peasant dreaming of Battle of Aspern
(1849), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Recruit
(1851) ; Return from Golden Wedding
(1852) ; Old Peasant dreaming of Battle of
Aspern, Munich Gallery. — Wurzbach, xlvii.
120.
TREMOLLIERE (Trimolieres), PIERRE
CHARLES, born at Cholet in 1703, died
in Paris, May 11,
1739. French school ;
genre painter, pupil
of Jean Baptiste van
Loo. Won the sec-
ond grand prix de
Rome in 1726 ; after
living in Rome six
years returned and
painted altarpieces
for Lyons, and met
with much success. Became a member of
the Academy (1737), and assistant professor.
Works : Adoration
of the Shepherds,
Lyons Museum;
Springtime, Au-
tumn, Hermitage, * f
St. Petersburg. — D f T
Bellier, ii. 590 ; Ch. 1 • <~ • if^nW I
Blanc, licole fran9aise ; Mariette, Abeceda-
rio, v. 345.
TRENKWALD, JOSEF MATHIAS, born
in Prague in 1824. History painter, pupil of
Ruben at Prague and Vienna Academies, also
influenced by Rahl, then studied in Rome,
1856-62, after the masters of the 15th cen-
tury ; became director of Prague Academy
in 1865 and professor at Vienna Academy
in 1872. Member of Vienna Academy in
1866. Order of Francis Joseph, 1879;
Papal Order of Gregory. Works : Peasants
in Flight (1845), Scene in Peasants' War
(1848), Gallery, Prague ; Death of Charles
XH. (1847), Count Clam-Gallas, ib. ; Battle
of Lippa (1849) : SS. Cyril and Methodius
(1861) ; Annunciation and Assumption, in
Missale Romanum for Pope Pius IX. (1863) ;
Defence of Last Wagon-Bulwark by the
Hussites (1868) ; Entry of Leopold the Glo-
rious into Vienna in 1219 (1872), Vienna
Museum ; Transfiguration of Christ ; Life
of Mary (1883). In fresco : Arrival of St.
Adelbert's Relics in Bohemia (1852), Abdi-
cation of Vladislav (1854), Foundation of
Prague University (1855), Battle of the Hus-
294
TREU
sites (1862), Belvedere, Prague ; Christ in
Glory, Mary with the Apostles, Scenes in
Life of St. Pascalis (1864-65), Burial Chapel,
Baron Revoltella, Trieste ; Theological Vir-
tues, and Fathers of the Church (1865-67),
Academic Gymnasium, Vienna ; Cycle (1869
-77), Karolinenthal Church, Prague. In
tempera : Development of "Worship of Mary
(1883-85), Choir Chapels, Votivkirche, Vien-
na.— Wurzbach, xlvii. 156 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xix. 59 ; xx. 380 ; Oesterr. K. Chr., i. 23,
152 ; ii. 26 ; iii. 14.
TREU (Trey), (JOHANN) NIKOLAUS,
boru at Bamberg in 1734, died at Wtlrzburg
in 1786. German school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Marquard
Treu, then in Paris pupil of Carle Van Loo
and of Pierre ; returned to Wtlrzburg, then
spent several years in Rome, where he painted
Pope Pius VI. and won a prize of the Acade-
my of San Luca. Court painter at Wiirzburg.
Works : Romulus killing Remus, Little Boy
firing Pistol, St. Francis in Prayer, Portrait
of his Sister Katharina, Child with Fruits
and Bouquets (flowers and fruits in last two
by Katharina), Bamberg Gallery ; Abraham
and Sarah, Dominican Church, Wurzburg ;
do., and Judith before Holof ernes, Gallery,
ib. — Nagler, xix. 73.
TREU, (JOSEF) CHRISTOPH, born at
Bamberg in 1739, died there in 1798. Ger-
man school ; landscape and marine painter,
son and pupil of Marquai'd Treu. Having
won considerable reputation at Stuttgart in
1765, he was called to Bruchsaal by the
Prince Bishop von Hutten, for whom he
painted at the castles in the principality of
Speyer ; then studied, travelling in Germany,
Flanders, and Holland ; became court paint-
er to the elector at Cologne, returned to
Bamberg in 1771, and in 1780 was made
inspector of the Pommersfelden Gallery.
"Works : River Landscapes with Cattle, etc.,
View of the Rhine near Bingen, Harbour
with many Vessels, Dead Birds in a Land-
scape, Bamberg Gallery. — Nagler, xix. 72.
TREU, KATHARINA, born at Bamberg
in 1742, died at Mannheim in 1811. Ger-
man school ; flower and still-life painter,
daughter and pupil of Marquard Treu
(1712-96), painted already at ten years of
age, then studied at the DUsseldorf Acad-
emy, became court painter to the Elector
Charles Theodore at Mannheim in 1769, and
professor at DUsseldorf Academy in 1776.
Works : Fruit and Flower-Pieces (5), Bam-
berg Gallery ; Fruit-Piece, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; do., Darmstadt Museum ; do., Stutt-
gart Museum. — Nagler, xix. 71.
TREU (Trey), MARQUARD, born at
Bamberg in 1712, died there in 1796. Ger-
man school ; history, portrait, landscape,
animal, and still-life painter, pupil of Niko-
laus Grooth (died in 1797), and of Lorenz
Theisinger ; became inspector of the Pom-
mersfelden Gallery in 1766. Works: Grapes
and Flowers, Augsburg Gallery ; Three
Chemists around a Table, Three Scholars
instructing a Boy by a Globe, Bamberg Gal-
lery.— Nagler, xix. 73.
TREVISANI, FRANCESCO, born at
Capo d'Istria, April 9, 1650, died in Rome,
July 30, 1746. Venetian-Roman school ;
history and portrait painter, son of Antonio
Trevisani (architect), and pupil at Venice of
Antonio Zanchi. He went to Rome about
the close of the 17th century and lived there
the remainder of his life. Works : Sleep of
Jesus, Louvre, Paris ; Repose of Diana,
Rennes Museum ; The Dead Christ carried
by Angels, Vienna Museum ; Massacre of
Innocents, Holy Family, Repose in Egypt,
Madonna and St. John, Madonna and St.
Elizabeth, Christ in Garden of Olives, St.
Anthony of Padua, St. Francis in Ecstasy,
Dresden Museum ; Magdalen Penitent, Leip-
sic Museum ; St. Sebastian, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Holy Family, Oldenburg
Gallery ; Diana and Endymiou, Triumph of
Galatea, do. of Venus, Artist's Portrait, Cassel
Gallery ; Archangel Michael overthrowing
Satan, Portrait of a Bishop, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Madonna, Uffizzi, Florence ; Antony
and Cleopatra, Palazzo Spada, Rome. — Ma-
riette, Abecedario, v. 348 ; Reale gall, di
Firenze, iv. 147.
ate
TKEVISANI
TREVISANI, MARC ANTONIO, Doge,
portrait, Titian, Sterne Collection, Vienna ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. Painted
in 1553 ; replica of original, burned in the
Palazzo Ducale, Venice, in 1577.— C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 226.
TREZEL, PIERRE PfiLTX, born in Paris,
June 16, 1782, died there, June 16, 1855.
History painter, pupil of Lemire and
Prud'hon, in whose manner he painted some
large pictures. Medals : 3d class, 1822 ;
2d class, 1830 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works :
Death of Marcus Aurelius (180G), bought by
State ; Death of Zopira (1808) ; First-Born
(1810) ; Hector's Parting from Andromache
(1819), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Moth-
er and Sister of Gustavus Vasa (1822) ;
Thetis plunging her son Achilles into the
Styx (1830) ; Portrait of the Seigneur de
Lautrec, Versailles Museum ; Cain fleeing
after his Crime (1855) ; Phaedra judged in
Hell, Angers Museum ; St. John writing the
Apocalypse, Church of St. John, Toulouse ;
Souls in Purgatory rising to Heaven, Cathe-
dral of Toulouse. — Bellier, ii. 590 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 163 ; Larousse.
TRIBUTE MONEY (Matt., xxii. 19;
Luke, xx. 24).
By Rembrandt, Hope Collection, England ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. ; dated
1645. Interior of a temple ; in foreground
twelve persons, among whom is a Pharisee
showing Jesus a piece of money. Robit
Collection (1801), 8,850 francs ; sold in 1840
for 600 guineas. Engraved by McArdell. —
Vosmaer, 469 ; Smith, vii. 47.
By Huberts, Mr. Emerson, England (?) ;
wood, H. 5 ft. x 6 ft. Nine figures, life-
size, seen to knees. Christ holds the piece
of money in his left hand and raises the
right above his head. Van Loo Collection,
Amsterdam (1713), 1,150 florins ; Lord Cour-
tenay Collection (1816), 490 guineas ; John
Webb (1821), 441 guineas ; G. J. Cholmon-
deley sale (1831), 252 guineas.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 2
ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. ; signed. Cristo della Moneta.
Christ, full-face, turns towards the question-
ing Pharisee, who stands in profile with the
coin in his hand. A masterpiece of the ar-
tist. Painted, according to Vasari, about
1514, for Alfonso I. of Ferrara, on the panel
of a cabinet ; afterwards in gallery of the
Duke of Mod'ena, whence it passed in 1746
to Dresden. Restored by Palmaroli ; no
original replica, but copies in the galleries
of Dresden and Parma, in the Uffizi, the
Grosvenor Collection in London, and in the
Accademia di S. Luca, Rome. Engraved
Tribute Money, Titian, Dresden Gallery.
by G. Eilers.— C. & C., Titian, i. 116 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 435 ; Hubner, Dresden
Gal., i. 11.
By Titian, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 4 ft, x 3 ft. 4£ in. ; signed.
Christ, turned to left, points upwards with
right hand as the Pharisee presents the
coin ; behind the latter is a man wearing
goggles. Bought in 1852 at sale of Mar-
shal Soult, who brought it from Spain.
Perhaps the picture painted in 1568 for
Philip H., but crude and unsatisfactory in
treatment (C. & C.). Engraved by Martin
296
TRIEBEL
Rota. Acquired by National Gallery in
1852.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 388.
By Valentin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
9 in. x 5 ft. At right, Christ with right hand
extended, as if speaking ; at left, a Phari-
see, wearing spectacles, presents the piece
of money, to which a second one, standing
in centre, points interrogatively. Figures
half-length. Collection of Louis XIV. En-
graved by Baudet ; by Claessens in Musce
francais. — Boveil, vi. 424.
TRIEBEL, KARL, born at Dessau in
1823, died at Wernigerodo in the Hartz,
Sept. 16, 1885. Landscape painter, pupil
of Beck, then in Berlin of
Karl Schulz, Krause, and
Biermann ; visited repeat-
edly Bavaria, Tyrol, Swit-
zerland, and North Italy.
Court painter to Duke of
Anhalt, 1851 ; made pro-
fessor by King of Prussia,
1855. Works:OnSt.Goth-
ard Road ; Hintersee in the
Ramsau ; The High Goll ;
Thun Lake ; Landscapes in
the Hartz Mountains ; Lake
of Brienz ; The Dachstein ;
The Kyffhiiuser in Thurin-
gia ; Alpine Landscapes (2,
one dated 1854), Leipsic
Museum ; Landscape, Stet-
tin Museum ; Swiss Land-
scape, Lake of Luzerne,
Wiesbaden Gallery.— Muller, 526 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xxi. 34.
TRIGT, HENDRIK ALBERT VAN,
born at Dordrecht, Oct. 22, 1829. Genre
painter. Works: Service in Lutheran Church
in Norway (1866), Baptism in Norway (1875),
Amsterdam Museum ; Last Days of Eras-
mus (1879), Rotterdam Museum.
TRINITY, Mariotto Albertinetti, Florence
Academy ; wood. Christ on the Cross in
a glory of angels ; above, the Dove and
God the Father, with right hand in act of
benediction and left holding an open book,
with the Alpha and Omega upon it. Paint-
ed about 1510 for S. Giuliano, whence re-
moved to Academy. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv.
222 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 488 ; GalL Accad.
di Firenze, PL 56.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H.
10 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Father and
the Son, represented by majestic figures,
the former with a sceptre, the latter with
a cross, both seated on clouds, with their
feet on a globe borne by three angels ;
above, the Dove, hovering in a flood of
light. Formerly altarpiece in the Angus-
tin Church, Munich. Engraved by Voster-
man, and anonymous. Lithographed by
Tribute Money, Valentin, Louvre, Paris.
| Piloty. Same subject, with saints below,
in England. — Smith, ii. 75, 267.
By Titian. See Gloria.
TRINITY, ADORATION OF, Albrecht
Dilrcr, Vienna Museum ; wood, arched at
top, H. 4 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. ; signed, dated
1511. God the Father enthroned, with the
Dove above in a glory of seraphim, holds
before him Christ crucified ; on each side
is a choir of angels with the instruments of
the Passion, and below them the saints —
on the left the martyrs of the New Testa-
1 ment, led by the Virgin, on the right the
i heroes of the Old Testament, led by John
urn
TRINITY
Baptist ; below, the members of the Church
Militant— on the left the Pope and the
clergy, on the right a cardinal encouraging
the donor Landauer, who kneels with the
female members of his family behind him,
and the Emperor and laity ; at the bottom,
a coast landscape, with the figure of Diirer
himself standing at right. Painted for an
altarpiece for the chapel of the Landauer
TRINITY, DISPUTE OF THE, Andrea
del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. ; signed. SS. Au-
gustine, Lawrence, Peter Martyr, and Fran-
cis, standing, and SS. Sebastian and Mary
Magdalen (likeness of Andrea's wife), kneel-
ing ; above, the symbol of the Trinity in
the clouds. Painted about 1517 for the
convent of S. Agostino without the San
Cloister, Nuremberg, which was dedicated , Gallo gate ; removed to S. Jacopo tra'
Fossi in 1529, where it was
damaged in the inundation
of 1555 ; transported to
Pitti in first half of 17th
century ; copy by Ottaviano
Vannini substituted for it
in S. Jacopo. Engraved by
Lorenzini ; Mam. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., v. 27 ; C. & C., It-
aly, iii. 562 ; Gal. du Pal.
Pitti, iv. PL 112 ; Rosini, iv.
206.
TRTNQUESSE, L. R.,
flourished in Paris and at
The Hague, second half of
18th century. French
school ; portrait and figure
painter, pupil of Largilli-
ere ; was received into the
guild at The Hague in
1767; rejected twice by the
Academy in Paris ; exhibit-
ed there as late as 1793.
Works : Portrait of Young
Lady with Music Leaf
(1774), Berlin Museum;
Portrait of Washington
to All Saints ; hence the picture is some- (1779) ; Promenade in a Park, Two Women
times called All Saints. Sent by Nurem- and a Man in Doric Temple before Statue of
berg Council in 1585 to Emperor Rudolph Cupid, Morning, Afternoon (1782) ; Oath to
Adoration of the Trinity, Albrecht Diirer, Vienna Museum.
. at Prague, whence removed to Vienna.
Original carved frame, made by Durer, still
in Nuremberg. Copy by Johann Christian
Ruprecht at Chateau of Laxenburg, near Vi-
enna. Engraved in E. Forster's Denkmaler
der deutschen Kunst (vi. 13) ; lithographed
by Jutie Primisser. — Thausing (Eaton), ii.
29 ; Forster, vi.
Cupid, Offering to Cupid, Mother Reproach-
ing Young Man (1785) ; First Kiss of Cupid
(1787); Conversation in a Landscape, Couple
offering their Child to Cupid (1791) ; Senti-
mental Conversation in a Park, Lessons of
Young Mothers (1793).— Bellier, ii. 592 ;
Kramm, vi. 1644 ; Meyer, Gemalde der
kongl. Mus. (1883), 466/563.
898
TRISTAN
BRIS on the pedestal ; tit the base, seated
on :i stone, a pious hermit teaches chil-
dren ; in front, kneeling, a knight in adora-
tion ; at left, two German warriors stand-
ing, a huntsman reclining asleep, and a
woman cooking, and in background, the
chase ; at right, monks engaged in plough-
ing and in felling trees, and in background
a church and other buildings. — FUrster, x.
28.
TRISTAN, LUIS, born near Toledo in
1586, died in Toledo in 1640. Spanish
school ; pupil of El Greco, whom he excelled
in design and equalled in execution. In
1616 he painted a series of pictures for the
Church of Yepes, considered his best works.
Velasquez greatly admired him and left the
studio of Pacheco to study his pictures,
many of which are in Toledo. Works : St.
Anthony and others, Cathedral ; St. Louis
giving Alms, S. Pedro Martir ; Last
Supper, Convent de la Sisla ; Male
Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Portrait
of Lope de Vega, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg.— Stirling, i. 439 ; Viardot,
169 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ;
Madrazo, 579.
TRIUMPH OF C^SAR. See Cce-
sar.
TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY,
Philipp Veil, Stadel Institute, Frank-
fort; fresco, H. 9 ft 4 in. x20 ft;
wings, each, H. 9 ft. 4 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.
The introduction into Germany of
Art through Christianity. In centre,
a female figure representing Chris-
tianity, with an angel behind holding
an open book, offers a palm branch
to the people at right, who are lis-
tening to St. Boniface, who stands
with one foot on the Druid oak, just
felled ; in front a bard, the strings
of his harp broken, is sitting deject-
edly, turning his head from Chris-
tianity ; at the left, a group repre-
senting Chivalry, Poetry, and Music,
with children learning to read ; and
behind, Architecture, Sculpture, and Paint- TRIUMPH OF THE CHURCH, Jan van
Di>pute of the Trinityi Andre, <,.,
Ptlalo Plttl, Fio.«nce.
ing ; the city in background is Frankfort,
where the German emperors were elected.
— FUrster, ix. 25.
TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY IN
GERMANY, Josef Fiihrich, Schack Gallery,
Munich ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 5 in. x 8 ft. 8 in.
The introduction of Christianity into Ger-
many. In centre, between two great trees,
a statue of the Virgin enthroned, holding
the child, with the inscription LUX IN TENB-
Eyck, National Museum, Madrid ; wood, H.
5 ft. 6 in. (independent of central projection)
x 5 ft. In three parts. In the upper part
the Almighty, enthroned under a Gothic
canopy, holds a sceptre in the left hand and
raises the right in benediction ; on one side
sits the Virgin reading, on the other St. John
the Evangelist writing ; at the foot of the
Almighty lies the Immaculate Lamb. Be-
low, a stream of water, in which sacramental
S99
TKIUMPH
wafers are floating, representing the offering
for the sins of the world, flows into the sec-
ond part, representing a flower garden, where
six angels play on musical instruments ; be-
yond these, on each side, are singing angels
under Gothic canopies. In the third or
lower part, the water finally flows into a
Gothic fountain in the centre foreground,
with the blessed on one side, headed by the
Pope, who directs the attention of the Em-
peror, kneeling beside him, to the fount as
the source of salvation ; on the other side,
the High Priest, his eyes bound and holding
a broken standard, endeavors to prevent a
kneeling Jew from paying adoration ; beside
these are other Jews, in attitudes of horror
and despair. Dr. Waagen ascribes this
picture to Hubert van Eyck, but the pre-
ponderance of opinion is against him. It is
called also the Fount of Salvation. — Kugler
(Crowe), i. G8.
TRIUMPH OF DEATH. See Death ;
Crescenzio, Antonio.
TRIUMPH OF FLORA. See Flora.
TRIUMPH OF LOVE, Domenichino,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 4 in.
Love, seated in a chariot, drawn by doves,
holds a bow in his right hand and drives
with his left ; near him a cupid scatters
flowers, while another takes them from the
crown of Love ; the whole surrounded by a
garland of flowers, painted by Daniel Se-
ghers. Came from Villa Ludovisi, Rome, to
Due de Mazariu ; thence to collection of
Louis XIV. When placed in the gallery at
Versailles the garland was detached from the
main picture, and it was long supposed to
be lost, but it was found in 1858 and is now
restored to the picture. Engraved by C.
Randon ; Potrelle. — Villot, Louvre ; Musee
francais ; Filhol, is. PL 591 ; Landou, Vies,
PI. 59.
TRIUMPH OF PETRARCH. See Pe-
trarch.
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION. See Dispute
of the Sacrament ; Testament, Old and New.
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION IN THE
ARTS, Johann Frieclrich Ouerbeck, Studel
Gallery, Frankfort ; canvas, H. 14 ft. x 12 ft.
The Madonna, with the Infant in her arms,
sits enthroned in mid-heaven, surrounded
by prophets, evangelists, and saints ; on the
earth below are some sixty painters, sculpt-
ors, and architects ; in the centre a foun-
tain, its upper waters rising into the sky,
emblematical of the heavenward direction
of Christian art as opposed to the idea of
the ancients, who represented the stream as
flowing downward from Parnassus, its lower
waters falling into two basins, one of which
reflects heaven, while the other receives
earthly objects, thus indicating the twofold
character of art. Sometimes called the
Christian Parnassus and the Magnificat of
Art. Painted in 1831-1840 ; cartoon in
Carlsruhe Gallery. Engraved by Amsler. —
Atkinson, 65 ; Overbeck, Religion Glorified
by Fine Arts (translated by Macray, Oxford,
1850) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xvii. 135.
TRIUMPH OF TITUS AND VESPA-
SIAN. See Titus.
TRIVA, ANTONIO, born at Reggio in
1626, died at Munich in 1699. Lombard
school ; history painter, pupil of Guercino,
whom he imitated successfully ; distin-
guished himself in various cities of North
Italy, including Venice, and finally was
called to Munich by the Elector Ferdinand
Maria of Bavaria, for whose castles he
painted mythological and historical pict-
ures ; is said to have worked with either
hand equally well. Work : Cupid wiping
the Feet of Venus, Dresden Museum. —
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 364 ; Nagler, six. 10.
TROGER, PAUL, born at ZeU, Tyrol,
Dec. 30, 1698, died in Vienna in 1777.
German school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil at Fleims, South Tyrol, of Giuseppe
Albert! (1664-1730), then studied in Venice
and Bologna. Piazetta, G. Crespi, Solime-
na, and S. Concha are named as his masters.
Probably about 1728-30 he went to Vienna,
where his works at once attracted attention
and he was made court painter. Temporary
director of Vienna Academy in 1751-59.
Works : Christ 011 Mount of Olives, Vienna
800
TROOST
Museum ; St. James, St. Philip, Christ and
the Adulteress, Solomon's Judgment, Salz-
burg Museum ; Solomon's Idolatry, Abi-
gail, Christ aiid St. John as Children, Cor-
pus Christi, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; St.
Francis in Prayer, Hermannstadt Gallery ;
Many altarpieces and fresco paintings in
churches at Vienna, Salzburg, and in abbeys
of Lower and Upper Austria ; Portraits of
Imperial Family, of Raphael and Mathias
Donner.— Tyrol. K. Lex., 252 ; Wurzbach,
xlvii. 227.
TROOST, CORNELIS, born in Amster-
dam, Oct. 8, 1697,
died there, March
7, 1750. Dutch
school; genre and
portrait painter,
pupil of Arnold
Boonen, but owed
his development
principally to his
own studies after
good masters and
from life. Excelled in genre, guard-house,
and private-life scenes, and in illustrations
of plays of the time. Painted chiefly in
gouache and pastel. Was called the Dutch
Hogarth. Works : Portrait Group of Four
Children with an Ape (1723), Regents' Piece
with Six Portraits (1724), do. with Eight
(1729), Anatomy Lesson (1728), Three Mem-
bers of Surgeons' Guild (1731), Alexander
the Great in Battle on the Granicus (1737),
Artist's Portrait (2), Amsterdam Museum ;
Portraits of Man and Wife (1744), Haarlem
Museum ; Nine Scenes from Dutch Comedies
(1737-41), Five Convivial Scenes (1739-40),
Epiphany Singers, Love Song (1745), Ar-
tist's Portrait (1745), Hague Museum ; Ly-
ing-in Room in Holland, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Victory of Constantino over Maxentius,
Naval Battle, Bamberg Gallery ; Eating his
Breakfast (1740), Schwerin Gallery.— Ch.
Blanc, Ecole hollaudaise ; Burger, Musues, i.
285 ; Immerzeel, iii. 144 ; Kramm, vi. 1644.
TROOSTWYCK, WOUTER JOANNES
VAN, born at Amsterdam in 1782, died
there in 1810. Landscape, animal, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Juriaan Andriessen
(1742-1819), but studied chiefly from nat-
ure, and was much influenced by tho mas-
ters of the 17th century, notably by Potter.
Works : Landscapes in Gelderland (2), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Landscape with Animals,
Rotterdam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 146 ;
Kramm, vi. 1648.
TROTTER, NEWBOLD HOUGH, born
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 4, 1827. Animal
painter ; had no special mastei-, though ho
derived aid and instruction from William
T. van Starkenborg, cattle painter, at The
Hague ; studied chiefly from nature in this
country. Has painted in Boston and in Phil-
adelphia, where his studio now is. Works :
The Fading Race (1877), owned in London ;
Wounded Bison pursued by Wolves, Tho
Last Stand, After the Combat, Grizzly Bears
on the March, Indian Camp near Powder
River, painted for Gen. William T. Sherman
for War Department, Washington ; Bison
Fighting, Herd of Elk in Winter, A. Padel-
ford, Philadelphia ; Pictures (3) represent-
ing progress of transportation in Pennsyl-
vania during fifty years, Henry H. Houston,
Pennsylvania Railroad ; Fifty Years Ago,
El Mahdi (lion asleep), In tho Soudan (lion
and lioness), owned in Philadelphia ; Jersey
Beauties (1880) ; Elk and Twins, Rocks at
Newport (1881) ; September (1883) ; Victo-
rious (1886) ; Range of the Bison (1887).
TROTTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, Cava-
liere, born in Cremona in 1555, died after
1607. Lombard school ; called II Malosso
because when Agostino Carracci painted in
competition with him, at Parma, he said that
ho had found a hard bone (mal osso) to crack.
Favourite pupil of Bernardino Campi, whoso
niece he married and of whom ho became
the heir. Studied also Correggio and Ber-
nardo Gatti, whose manner ho exaggerated.
He had a rich imagination and great facility
of execution, and painted many works for
churches in Cremona, Piacenza, and Parma.
His most noted works are frescos in the
Palazzo del Giordino, and in the cupola of
301
TEOY
S. Abondio, Parma, and Entombment, Bre-
i-a, Milan. His nephew, Cavaliere Euclide
Trotti, was his pupil and imitator. He was
convicted of high treason when young, and
is said to have died of poison in prison.—
Lanzi, ii. 445 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole lombarde ;
Lavice, 154.
TROY, FRANgOIS DE, born at Tou-
louse in February, 1654, died in Paris, May
1, 1730. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Nicolas de
Troy (portrait painter at Toulouse in 17th
century) and brother of Jean de Troy (his-
tory and portrait painter at Toulouse, born
1640, died 17 — ) ; pupil also of Nicolas
Loir and of Claude Lefebvre. Member of
Academy in 1674, professor in 1693, direc-
tor in 1708, and adjunct-rector in 1722.
Works : Portraits of Duchesse d'Orleans,
Jules Mansart, and Nicolas Belle, Versailles
Museum ; Bathsheba, Angers Museum ;
Woman and Child, Grenoble Museum ;
Woman Reading, Marseilles Museum ; Ariad-
ne and Bacchus, Montpellier Museum ; Por-
trait of Duchesse de Maine, (Moans Muse-
um ; Nunc Dimittis, Assumption, Ascen-
sion, Kouen Museum ; Magdalen, Dream of
St. Joseph, Guardian Angel, Toulouse Mu-
seum ; Parting of Hector and Andromache,
Troyes Museum ; Portrait of Due de Maine
(1716), Dresden Museum.— Bellier, ii. 597.
TEOY, JEAN FRANgOIS DE, born in
Paris, baptized
Jan. 27, 1679,
died in Rome,
Jan. 26, 1752.
French school ;
genre painter,
son and pupil of
Franyois de
Troy. Having
failed to gain
the prix de
Rome (1702) his father sent him at his own
expense to Italy, where he was pensioned by
the king, for three or four years, and divided
his time between work and amusement un-
til he was forced to return home in 1706.
Member of Academy, 1708 ; assistant pro-
fessor, 1716 ; professor, 1719 ; in 1727 he
shared with Lemoine a prize competed for
by members of the Academy ; in 1737 he
was appointed secretary to the king, and in
1738 director of the French Academy at
Rome. Prince of the Academy of St. Luke.
Works : Henri IV. holding the First Chap-
ter of the Order of the Holy Ghost (1732),
Swooning of Esther (1737), Toilet of Es-
ther (1738), Male Portraits (2), Louvre;
Portrait of Marquis de Marignan, two
others, Besan9on Museum ; Pilate washing
his Hands, Dijon Museum ; Apollo and
Diana destroying the Children of Niobe,
Montpellier Museum ; Diana at the Bath,
Nancy Museum ; Punishment of Psyche,
and others, Nimes Museum ; Portrait of
Abbe Desfriches, Orleans Museum ; do. of
Duchesse de la Force, Rouen Museum ;
Plague of Marseilles, Marseilles Museum ;
Martyrdom of St. Stephen, Christ in the
Garden, Chapel of St. Suaire, Besanjon ;
Lady at Breakfast in a Park (1723), Berlin
r^y —*— • Museum ; Lot and
£ I rOy his Daughters, Su-
sanna and the Elders
(2), Portrait of Ar-
tist's Wife, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg.
—Bellier, ii. 597 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole franjaise ; Jal, 1207 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 350 ;
Wurzbach, 17.
TROY, WAR OF, ancient pictures of. See
Calliphon, Cleanthes, Polygnotus, Theodorus.
TROY, WAR OF, Peter Cornelius and
assistants, Glyptothek, Munich ; frescos on
ceiling and walls of the Trojan Hall (Tro-
janischer Saal). Ceiling : Centre picture,
circular, Marriage of Peleus and Thetis,
painted by Schlotthauer ; around this, in a
circle, are stucco reliefs, by Schwanthaler,
of the twelve great gods and goddesses of
Greece. Beyond these are four pictures of
similar shape and size : Judgment of Paris,
Marriage of Menelaus and Helen, Rape of
Helen, Sacrifice of Iphigenia, all painted
302
TROYON
by Schlotthauer and Zimmermann. Beyond
these are eight pictures of similar size and
shape : Achilles with the Daughters of Ly-
comedes (painted by Zimmermann), Mars
and Venus wounded by Diomed (Schlott-
hauer), Agamemnon's Dream (id.), Venus
protecting Paris against Menelaus (Zimmer-
mann), Ajax overcoming Hector (Cornelius),
Nestor and Agamemnon awakening Diomed
(id.), Priam begging the Body of Hector
(Zimmermann), Farewell of Hector and An-
dromache (Schlotthauer). The arabesques
about these pictures were painted by Eb-
erle and Neureuther. Walls : On the three
walls are large paintings with colossal fig-
ures. 1. Assembly of the Greeks and An-
ger of Achilles ; 2. Combat over the Body
of Patroclus ; 3 Destruction of. Troy, all
painted by Cornelius, aided by Zimmer-
mann and Schlotthauer. Painted in 1825-
30.
TROYON, CONSTANT, born at Sevres,
Aug. 28, 1810, died
in Paris, Feb. 21
(March 20, ?),
1865. Landscape
and animal paint-
er, pupil of Rio-
creux and Poupart
and influenced by
Roqueplan to
study nature, for
which he showed
an individual feeling in first exhibited
works, 1836. Visited Holland in 1847 and
completed his education. After 1848 intro-
duced cattle into his landscapes. Rose to
be one of the greatest, if not the first, of
modern French landscape painters. Medals :
3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1840 ; 1st class,
1846, 1848, 1855; L. of Honour, 1849.
Works : Colas House at Sevres, Festival at
Sevres, Bit of Park of St. Cloud (1833) ;
View at Sevres, Palace of St. Cloud, Slopes
of St. Cloud (1835) ; View near Argenton
(1836) ; View at La Ferte-St-Aubiu (1837) ;
St. Cloud, Black Road at St. Cloud, Land-
scape near St. Cloud, Country Fair in Li-
mousin (1838) ; Studies of Breton Scenery,
View near Orleans (1840) ; Tobias and the
Angel (1841) ; Women Bathing (1842) ;
View near Vannes (1843) ; Forest of Fon-
tainebleau, Below the Forest (1844) ; View
near Fontainebleau, View at Caudebec
(1845) ; Valley of Chevreuse, Clearing in the
Woods, A Poacher, Beneath the Woods at
Fontainebleau (1846) ; Forest of Fontaiue-
bleau, Hollow Road in Normandy, Envi-
rons of Amsterdam, Environs of The Hague
(1848) ; Sezanne, Village of Corfelia, The
Mill, Studies of Sheep, Landscape near
Paris (1849) ; Flock of Sheep, Drinking-
Place (Montpellier Museum), Cattle Mart,
Storm at Monton-Gluine (1850) ; Cows in
Pasture (1851), Leipsic Museum ; Valley
of La Tonque (1853), Comtesse Lehou ;
Drinking-Place at La Tonque (1853), Mont-
pellier Museum ; Hollow Road (1853) ;
Dogs in Leash (1854), Cattlepiece (1855),
Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Cattle and Sheep
driven across Meadow (1855), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Oxen going to Work (1855),
Louvre ; Cows at a Drinking-Place, Dogs
Running, Dogs Let Loose, Dogs in Leash,
White Cow, Red Cow (1855) ; Return to
Farm (1859), Louvre ; Going to Market,
Cow in Pasture, Cows going to Fields,
Study of Dog (1859) ; View in Park of Neu-
illy, Amiens Museum ; Labouring Oxen,
Bordeaux Museum ; Flock of Sheep in a
Landscape, Sunset, Havre Museum ; View
in Forest of Fontainebleau, Lille Museum.
Works in United States: Autumn Woods
with Cattle, Cattle, On the Road, Cows in
Landscape, William H. Vanderbilt, New
York ; Cow at Brook, Charles F. Woerishof-
fer, ib.; Sheep, T. A. Havemeyer, ib.; Hol-
land Landscape and Cattle, Cow, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, ib.; Cattle Drinking, do. Grazing,
Water-Cart, A. Belmont, ib.; Normandy
Cattle, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Cow and Sheep,
R. Hoe, ib.; Coming Storm, J. P. Morgan,
ib.; Under the Master's Eye, William Astor,
ib.; Repose, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ;
Cattle, Feeding Chickens, Borie Collection,
Philadelphia ; Crossing the Ford, H. C.
303
TRUMBULL
Gibson, ib.; Landscape, Q. A. Shaw, Bos-
ton ; do., Boston Museum ; and many
others. Sales: The Bridge (16,000 francs,
Everard sale, 1881); The Pond (31,500
francs, Wilson sale, 1881); Shepherd and
his Flock (25,500 francs, ib.); A Pasture
(40,600 francs, ib.) ; Drinking- Place (80,000
francs, Narischkine sale, 1883) ; Way to Mar-
ket (42,500 francs, ib.). At the Morgan
sale, New York, 1886, were sold: Keturu
from the Farm (1852), $6,550 ; Cow chased
by Dog, $9,100 ; Cattle and Horses, $1,050 ;
Coast near Villiers, $8,100 ; The Pasture,
$7,100, Knoedler & Co.; Going to the Fair,
$2,550; Pasturage in Normandy, $6,350,
Mr. Kimball, Boston.— Bellier, ii. 598; Ch.
Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 313 ; Hamer-
ton, French Painters, 46 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
757 ; Larousse ; Leclercq, Caractures, 195.
TRUMBULL, GUKDON, born at Ston-
ington, Coun., in 1841. Landscape painter,
pupil of F. S. Jewett in Hartford, and of
James Hart in New York. He is noted for
his paintings of fish. Studio in Hartford.
Works: Plunge for Life, Over the Falls
(1874) ; Critical Moment (1876) ; Moorish
Watch-Tower on the Coast of Spain.
TEUMBULL, JOHN, born at Lebanon,
Conn., June 6,
1756, died in New
York, Nov. 10,
1843. History
and portrait
painter ; served in
the War of Inde-
pendence in 1775
as aide-de-camp to
Washington, and
in 1776 as deputy
adjutant - general
under Gates ; retired from service in 1777
with rank of colonel. Went to London in
1780 to study under Benjamin West, but
was imprisoned eight months, and returned
home in 1782 ; went again on the conclu-
sion of peace and resumed his studies. His
Battle of Bunker Hill (1786, engraved by J.
G. Miiller) was the first of a series of his-
torical works illustrating the War of the
Revolution. It was followed by the Death
of Montgomery (engraved by F. Clemens),
and the Sortie from Gibraltar (engraved by
Sharpe). Returned to America in 1789, ac-
companied Mr. Jay to England in 1794 as
secretary of legation, and was engaged sev-
eral years in diplomatic work ; painted in
England in 1808-15, and was engaged in
1817-24 in painting four pictures (H. 12
ft. x 18 ft.) for the rotunda of the Capitol
at Washington, for which he received $32,-
000. Trumbull was president of the Acad-
emy of Fine Arts in New York from 1816
to 1825. Most of his pictures (54) are in
the Art Gallery of Yale College. Works :
Declaration of Independence, Surrender of
Burgoync, Surrender of Cornwallis, Resig-
nation of Washington at Annapolis, Capi-
tol, Washington ; original sketches of these,
Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgom-
ery (1781), Battle of Princeton, Battle of
Trenton, Death of General Mercer, por-
traits of Washington (1792), do. (1793), Ham-
ilton (1792), Governor Trumbull, Rufus
King (1800), Duke of Buckingham, Duke
of Wellington, and others, Yale College
Art Gallery.— Amer. Art Rev. (1881), 181,
221.
TRUPHEME, AUGUSTE JOSEPH, born
at Aix (Bouches-du-Rhone), Jan. 23, 1836.
Genre painter ; pupil of S. Cornu, H. Flan-
driu, and Henner. Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works : Education of Daphne (1865) ;
Young Christian Martyr (1874), C. Hayem ;
Fawn frightened by a Viper (1875), F. Caire ;
Marguerite's First Step (1879) ; Pupils of
Communal School at Chutillon-sous-Ba-
gneux exercising with the Chassepot (1880) ;
Ploughing at Chatfflon (1881) ; Wedding at
Chatillon (1882) ; Manual Labor in School
(1883) ; Singing Lesson in Public School
(1884) ; Cutting and Sewing at Girls' School
(1885) ; Breakfast in Public School (1886).
—Bellier, ii. 600.
TRUTH (La Verite), Jules Joseph Lefeb-
vre, Luxembourg Museum, Paris; canvas,
H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. A female figure.
304
others, Yale
Ait Rev. (188
TRYON
full-length, nude, standing in a dark rocky
niche or cell, the symbolic well, with water
and flags at her feet, the left hand grasping
a rope extending from above, the right
raised on high above her head holding a
mirror which blazes with light Salon,
1870. Replica in small (18 in. x 7 in.), S. A.
Coale, Jr., St. Louis. Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America. — Art Treas. of Amer.,
iii. 51.
TEYON, D WIGHT WILLIAM, born in
New York, Aug. 13, 1849. Landscape and
figure painter ; pupil of Jacquesson de la
Chevreuse, Daubigny, and A. Guillemette
in Paris. Sketched in Holland, Italy, and
the Channel Islands. Studied abroad, 1876-
81. Studio in New York, where he first
exhibited in the National Academy in 1872.
Works: On the Maas — Holland, Harvest
Time in Normandy (1881) ; Hay Making —
Westchester ; Dordrecht on the Maas
(1883) ; Twilight — Connecticut, Early
Morning — Dartmouth, October Evening
(1884). Water-colours : Twilight — Brit-
tany, Waning Moon, Connecticut Valley
(1884) ; October Afternoon, Gray Day in
October (1885).
T'SCHAGGENY, CHARLES PHILO-
GENE, born in Brussels, May 26, 1815.
Animal, landscape, and genre painter, pupil
of E. Verboeckhoven ; excels in represent-
ing the horse, which plays a prominent part
in his pictures. Painted in London and at
Oxford in 1848-50. Gold medal, Brussels,
1845. Order of Leopold, 1851; Officer,
1875. Works : Labourers at Rest (1845) ;
Mowers (1851), Cow Doctor, Royal Collec- !
tion, Osborne ; Cart Horses before Tavern
(1854), Leipsic Museum ; Transportation of
Horses (1855) ; Flemish Wedding in Seven-
teenth Century (1855), Neuchatel Museum ;
Mail Coach in the Ardennes (1862), Brus-
sels Museum ; Smugglers on Franco-Belgian
Frontier ; Episode on Battlefield, South
Kensington Museum ; Post detained by
Snow, Flemish Team (1867) ; Before the
Storm (1878) ; Rest at Blacksmith's Shop
(Latham sale, New York, 1878). —Art j
Journal (1866), 334; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xix. 941.
T'SCHAGGENY, EDMOND, born in
Brussels in 1818, died there, Sept 5, 1873.
Genre and animal painter, brother of pre-
ceding, pupil of E. Verboeckhoven ; espe-
cially successful iu characterizing the indi-
vidual traits of the different animal species.
Works: Bull Pursuing a Woman (1849),
Neuchatel Museum ; Herd Resting, Leipsic
Museum ; Paul Potter Studying (1850) ;
Mounted Freebooters in Ambush (1851) ;
Giotto drawing Sheep (1852) ; Herd in
Storm (1861) ; New-Born Lamb (18G2) ;
Sheep at Pasture, Horse in Burning Stable ;
Arabs marching with Cattle ; Anatomy of
Cattle (100 water-colours, 1865) ; Resting
Herd, Leipsic Museum.
TSCHAUTSCH, ALBERT, born at See-
low, Brandenburg, Dec. 21, 1843. Paints
exclusively subjects from German legends
and fairy tales ; pupil of Schrader in Berlin,
where he settled after having visited Rome.
Works: Sleeping Beauty (1872) ; Snowdrop,
Titania and Oberon (1874) ; Undine (1876) ;
Cinderella (1879).— Rosenberg, Berl. Ma-
lersch., 321.
TUCKERMAN, S. SALISBURY, born in
Massachusetts ; 'contemporary. Landscape
and marine painter ; pupil of William M.
Hunt, Boston, and studied in Paris. Rarely
exhibits. Studio at The Hague since 1882.
Works : Beach at Hastings, U. S. Frigate
Constitution escaping from British Fleet
in 1812(1876); Dutch Fishing-Boats beach-
ing in a Gale (1882).
TULDEN. See Tliulden.
TUNICA, HERMANN, born in Bruns-
wick, Oct. 9, 1826. History painter, son of
and first instructed by the portrait painter
Johann Christian Tunica, then pupil of
Brandes ; studied the horse from nature,
then in Paris, copying Horace Vernet's bat-
tlepieces ; visited Brussels, Berlin, Dresden,
and Munich, and finally settled in Bruns-
wick. Works : Portraits and battle scenes
in life of Brunswick Princes, Grand-ducal
Palace, Brunswick ; Great Parade near
305
TUKA
Nordstemmen ; Reception of Henry the
Lion by Sultan of Iconium.
TUBA, COSMO (Cosmo or Gosme), born
in Ferrara between
1420 and 1430, died
between 1494 and
1498. Lombard
school. Passed the
greater part of his life
in the service of the
Duke of Ferrara, who
made him his court
painter in 1458. Va-
sari calls him the pu-
pil of Galasso, who worked with him at the
ducal seat of Belriguado, where Tura deco-
rated a chapel in 1471. Previously he had
furnished patterns for tapestry, and worked
in the clucal studio (1457). His works of
1456 and 1468 have disappeared, but the
doors of the organ (1469), representing
the Annunciation, and St. George and the
Dragon, now hang in the choir of the
Duomo, Ferrara. Other works by Tura are
SS. Jerome and Girolamo, Costabili Collec-
tion, Ferrara ; Pietii, Correr Museum, Ven-
ice; Entombment, Madonna Enthroned, St.
Jerome, The Virgin in Prayer, National
Gallery, London ; and a Madonna with
Saints, Berlin Museum, which exhibits all
the marked peculiarities of his style, such
as extreme length of limb, violent contrasts
of colour, sharp and angular drapery folds,
and eccentric ornament. Tura recalls Man-
tegna and Piero della Francesca in his use
of perspective, his treatment of architect-
ure, and his extravagance of gesture, but he
has neither the refined elegance and passion
of the first nor the delicate quaintness of
the second. He was an accomplished, vigor-
ous, and painstaking artist, but he had a
taste for ugliness which displays itself in
forms and features. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
iii. 42 ; ed. Mil., ii. 143 ; C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 516; Cittadella, Ricordi, etc., Vita di
Cosimo di Tura (Ferrara, 1869).
TUECHI, ALESSANDRO, born in Vero-
na in 1582, died in Rome in 1650. Vene-
tian school Commonly called L'Orbetto, be-
cause when a child he had served as guide
to a blind man ; or,
as some say, be-
cause he was blind
of one eye. Also
called Alessandro
Veronese. Pupil in
Verona of Brusa-
sorci the younger,
afterwards in Ven-
ice of Carletto
Cagliari. Later he
visited Rome, where by studying the great
masters he formed a mixed style, combining
Roman design with Venetian colouring. Of-
ten compared by his contemporaries to An-
nibale Carracci, but inferior to him. Most
of his pictures are small ; some painted on
marble and highly finished, equal care being
bestowed on all the figures. Works : Death
of Cleopatra, Deluge, Samson and Delilah,
Woman taken in Adultery, and Marriage of
St. Catherine, Louvre ; Nativity, Simeon in
the Temple, Venus finding Adonis Dead,
do. with Body of Adonis in her Lap, Judg-
ment of Paris, four others, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Death of Portia, Leipsic Museum ;
Forty Martyrs, S. Stefano, Venice ; Dead
Christ, La Misericordia, Venice ; Madonna
della Neve, Magdalen Reclining, Brera,
Milan ; Madonna and St. Joseph, S. Lo-
renzo in Lucina, Rome ; Magdalen, Salome,
Madrid Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross,
Bacchus and Ariadne, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Samson and Delilah, Saturn,
Mars, Venus, and Cupid, Stuttgart Muse-
um ; Christ in Purgatory, Entombment,
Adoration of the Shepherds, Descent from
the Cross, Vienna Museum. — Cli. Blanc,
ficole venitienne ; Bernasconi, Studii, 363.
TURNER, CHARLES YARDLEY, born
in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 25, 1850. Figure
painter, pupil of National Academy and Art
Students' League, New York ; later studied
under Laurens, Munkacsy, and Bonnat in
Paris. First exhibited at National Academy
in 1882 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1884. Studio
sue
TURNER
in New York. Works: Scene on Grand
Canal — Dordrecht, Nooning (1882) ; Merry
Milkmaid, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Gone
a-Milking, Harvest Meal, Preparing for
Yearly Meeting (1883) ; Woman tending
Flowers in a Garden, Sunday Afternoon,
Ruth Huckaback, Courtship of Miles Stan-
dish (1884) ; Half Hours with the Poets,
Emblem of Mortality (1885) ; Bridal Pro-
cession, Queen of the Montauks (1886).
TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILL-
IAM, born in London,
April 23, 1775, died
there, Dec. 19, 1851.
Son of a hairdresser, in
whose rooms his draw-
ings were first exhib-
ited ; entered schools
of Royal Academy in
1789, studied perspec-
tive under Thomas
Malton, and architect-
ure drawing with
Hardwick ; also worked with Girtin and
others, in house of Dr. Monro, the art pat-
ron, for whom he made drawings. He fre-
quently made excursions into the country,
sketching views and making studies of riv-
er scenery, many in water-colours, but some
in pencil. In 1799, when he became an
A.RA.,he had exhibited works from twenty-
six different counties in England and Wales.
He became an R.A. in 1802, and about the
same time visited Scotland, France, and
Switzerland. Some of his best pictures in oil
were exhibited after his return. In 1807 he
became professor of perspective in the Roy-
al Academy, and began his Liber Studiorum,
a book of sketches in monochrome, in imi-
tation of the Liber Veritatis of Claude, in
emulation of whose style he painted about
this time. Turner visited Italy three times —
in 1819, in 1829, and in 1840. After a life
of almost unrivalled success, in which he
won all the honours his art could give, and
accumulated a large fortune, he died un-
married, leaving his pictures to the nation
and his funded property to found an institu-
tion for decayed artists. Thus the National
Gallery came into possession of more than
a hundred of his finished pictures, two of
which, Sun rising in a Mist, and Dido
building Carthage, were bequeathed on
condition that they be hung between two
Claudes. Previous to 1802 Turner was
most remarkable in water-colour painting,
the development of which is largely due to
him. Between that time and his second
visit to Italy he was distinguished for
masterly execution and brilliant colouring.
Most of his finest works belong to this
period. During the last twenty years of his
life he sacrificed form to colour ; light, with
its prismatic variations, seeming to have
engrossed all his attention. "He went,"
says Ruskin, " to the cataract for its iris, to
the conflagration for its flames, asked of the
sea its intensest azure, of the sky its clear-
est gold." Turner exhibited 257 paintings
and drawings at the Royal Academy, besides
which he left many sketches, etchings, and
book illustrations. His "Southern Coast
Scenery," " England and Wales," " Rivers
of France," and " Rogers's Italy," are mon-
uments of his genius and taste. Works :
Moonlight (1797), Buttermere Lake (1798),
Morning on Conistou Fells (1798), 2Enea,s
with the Sibyl (1800), Mountain Scene
(1800), View in Wales (1800), Fishing Boats
in a Breeze (1801), portrait of himself
(1802), Clapham Common (1802), Tenth
Plague of Egypt (1802), Jason in search of
Golden Fleece (1802), Calais Pier (1803),
Holy Family (1803), Destruction of Sodom
(1805), Shipwreck (1805), Goddess of Dis-
cord (1806), Blacksmith's Shop (1807), Sun
rising in Mist (1807), Death of Nelson
(1808), Spithead (1809), Garreteer's Peti-
tion (1809), London from Greenwich (1809),
Harvest Dinner (1809), Bligh Sand (1809),
St. Mawes (1809), Ruin (1809), Abingdou
(1810), Windsor (1810), Apollo killing Py-
thon (1811), Hannibal crossing the Alps
(1812), Cottage destroyed by Avalanche
(1812), Frosty Morning (1813), Deluge
(1813), Dido and .Eneas (1814), Apuleia in
307
TUKPILIUS
search of Apuleius (1814), Crossing the
Brook (1815), Dido building Carthage
(1815), Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius
(1816), Decline of Carthage (1817), Field of
Waterloo (1818), The Meuse (1819), Rich-
mond Hill (1819), Home from the Vatican
(1820), Borne-Arch of Titus (1820), Bay
of BaicB (1823), Carthage (1828), Scene from
Boccaccio (1828), Ulysses deriding Polyphe-
mus (1829), Loretto Necklace (1829), Orvie-
to (1829), Vision of Medea (1829), Eegulus
(1829), Pilate washing his Hands (1830), Ca-
ligula's Palace and Bridge (1831), Watteau
Painting (1831), Lord Percy (1831), Childe
Harold's Pilgrimage (1832), Landing of
Prince of Orange at Torbay (1832), Shad-
rach, Meshach, and Abednego (1832), Venice
—the Dogana (1833), do., Canal of the Giu-
decca (1834), Lake Avernus (1834), Heidel-
berg Castle in Olden Time (1835), Apollo
and Daphne (1837), Parting of Hero and
Leander (1837), Phryne going to the Bath
as Venus (1838), Landing of Agrippina
(1839), Fighting Temeraire (1839), Bacchus
and Ariadne (1840), New Moon (1840),
Venice— Bridge of Sighs (1840), Burial of
Wilkie (1842), Exile and Rock Limpet
(1842), Snow -Storm (1842), Shade and
Darkness (1843), Light and Colour (1843),
Opening of the Walhalla (1843), Approach
to Venice (1843), Sun of Venice (1843),
Fishing Boats and Disabled Ship (1844),
Eain, Steam, and Speed (1844), Venice
(1844), Venice Quay (1844), Venice at Noon
(1844), Whalers (1845), Venice at Sunset
(1845), do. at Evening (1846), do. in Morn-
ing (1846), Whalers (1846), Whalers in Ice
(1846), Queen Mab's Grotto (1846), Undine
giving Ring to Masaniello (1846), Angel in
the Sun (1846), Hero of a Hundred Fights
(1847), .ZEneas relating his Story to Dido
(1850), Mercury sent to admonish JEneas
(1850), Departure of Trojan Fleet (1850),
Visit to the Tomb (1850), and others, Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Landscape (1821),
East Cowes Castle (1828), Vessels in Dis-
tress off Yarmouth (1831), St. Michael's
Mount (1834), Line-Fishing off Hastings
(1835), Venice (1840), South Kensington
Museum, ib. ; Venice — Grand Canal, Earl
Dudley, London ; Sea Storm, Bridgewater
Gallery, ib. ; Vintage at Macon (1803), Wreck
of the Minotaur (1810), Lord Yarborough,
ib. ; Echo and Narcissus, Jessica, Thames at
Eton, do. at Weybridge, do. at Windsor, and
others, Petworth House ; Views of Lowther
Castle (2), Earl of Lonsdale ; Van Tromp's
Shallop (1832), Holloway Institute, Egham ;
Scene on French Coast (1831), Staffa (1832),
Lenox Library, New York ; Norham Castle,
Fountain of Indolence, William H. Vander-
bilt, ib. ; Slave Ship, Thornton Lothrop,
Boston ; Cicero's Villa (1839), Hermon sale,
1882, £1,890.— Monkhouse, Turner (1883) ;
Burnet, Turner and his Works (London,
1853) ; Watts, Liber Fluviorum, etc. (1853) ;
Art Journal (1856), 297 ; (1857), 1, 33, 226 ;
Athenaeum, Dec., 1851 ; Jan., 1852 ; Red-
grave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Dutton
Cook, 317 ; Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 303,
358 ; G. W. Thornbury, Life (1862) ; Ham-
erton, Life ; Portfolio (1876), 28 et seq. ;
(1877), 44 et seq. ; (1878), 2 et seq. ; Sandby,
i. 316 ; Waagen, Art Treasures.
TURPILIUS, Roman painter, of Venetia,
1st century A.D. He was a knight, and
Pliny mentions him (xxxv. 7 [20] ) as an ex-
ception to the low condition in life of the
painters of his day. He painted with hia
left hand.
TURPIN DE CRISSti, LANCELOT
THEODORE, Comte de, born in Paris in
1781, died there in 1859. Landscape and
architecture painter, son of the Marquis de
Turpin, who, forced by the Revolution to
leave France, died in America, leaving his
family without resources. Lancelot took up
painting, and after studying in Rome re-
turned to Paris, where he was patronized by
Napoleon and Josephine and by Prince Eu-
gene. He formed an art collection which
he bequeathed to the Angers Museum.
Works : Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, Angers
Museum ; Views of Tivoli (2), Dijon Muse-
um ; View at Roquebrune, Marseilles Mu-
seum ; Entry of Emperor of Austria into
TDSCHER
Venice, Grand Canal, Nantes Museum ; Pom-
peii, Temple at Paestum, Lyons Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 602 ; Larousse, xv. 598 ; Nagler,
xix. 166.
TUSCHER, KARL MARCUS, born at
Nuremberg in 1705, died at Copenhagen in
1751. German school ; history painter, pu-
pil of Johann Daniel Preissler (1666-1737),
then studied in Italy ; went in 1741 to
France, Holland, and England, where he
made the acquaintance of the Danish trav-
eller H. von Norden, for whose work on
Egypt he made 158 etchings ; this brought
him in 1743 to Copenhagen, where he be-
came court painter and
professor at the Academy.
Work : Sappho and Cupid
(1748), Copenhagen Gal-
lery.— Nagler, xix. 171 ;
Weilbach, 718.
TUSQUETS, RAMON,
born in Catalonia ; con-
temporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Fortuny in
Rome, whither he went
in 1864. First prize in
Madrid in 1865 ; medal,
1871. Works : The Beggar
(1865) ; Field Labourers
(1871); Farm Yard (1875);
Arab before his House ;
Lady undressing after
Ball ; Women at the WelL
—La Bustracion, 1877.
TWACHTMAN, JOHN H., born in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1853. Landscape
painter, pupil of Duveneck, of the Academy,
and of Professor Loefftz in Munich in 1875
-77 ; studied in Venice one year. Visited
Europe again in 1880. Member of Society
of American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works : Italian Scene (1878) ; Dry Docks at
Venice, Campo Marti — Venice (1879); South
Cove— Jersey (1880) ; Boat Yard (1882) ;
Summer (1883) ; Meadow Brook (1884).—
Am. Art. Rev. (1881), 45.
TWELFTH NIGHT, Jacob Jordaens, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H. 8 ft X 9 ft. 7 in.
Called also Feast of the Bean or of the
Bean King, and The King Drinks (Le Roi
boit). A company of men and women
around a well-spread table, at one end of
which the crowned king of the feast is seat-
ed in an arm-chair. The repast is nearly
ended, but the drinking is at its height.
Other representations of the same subject,
by Jordaens, are in the Louvre, Paris,
Lille Museum, Munich Pinakothek, Bruns-
wick Museum, Cassel Gallery, and Berne
Museum.
TYE, GABRIEL, born at Saint-Paul-de-
Mons (Haute-Loire), Feb. 19, 1817, died at
Twelfth Night, Jacob Jordaens, Vienna Museum.
Saiut-E"tieune (Loire), Feb. 16, 1868. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Victor
Orsel, whom he aided for twenty years in
the decoration of the Chapel of the Holy
Virgin at Notre Dame de Lorette. Works :
Old and New Testament (1850), Ministry of
the Interior ; Guardian Angel (1855), Christ
among the Doctors, Puy Museum ; Girl
with Sistrum (1859), Head of Christ, St.
Etienne Museum. — Bellier, ii. 603 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1860), viii. 345 ; (1863), xiv. 283 ;
Rev. des Deux M. (1851).
TYSSENS. See Thys.
309
UBERTI
UBERTI. See Fariwto.
UBERTINI, FRANCESCO, called
Bacchiacca, born in Florence, March
1, 1494, died there, Oct. 5, 1557. Floren-
tine school ; called after his father, Frances-
co d' Ubertino ; family name, Verdi. His-
tory painter, pupil of Pietro Perugino and
of Francia Bigio ; further developed under
the influence of Andrea del Sarto ; visited
Rome, probably after 1524 ; excelled in pict-
ures with numerous small figures. Works :
Baptism of Christ, Berlin Museum ; The
Three Pretenders to the Throne, Dresden
Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 454.
UCCELLI or UCCELLO, PAOLO, born
in Florence in 1396-97, died there, Dec. 11,
1475. Florentine school ; real name Paolo
Doni or di Dono, but called Uccello from
his fondness for painting birds. Appren-
tice of Lorenzo Ghiberti the sculptor, who
began his career as a painter. Paolo de-
voted himself to the study of perspective
with passionate fervour, and like Mantegna,
whom he knew at Padua, pushed its use
to the verge of excess. He drew with
a hardness of line which shows familiarity
with sculpture, but his studies are corrected
by the study of nature ; and though his
works show the crudeness of early art, they
had a very great influence upon his contem-
poraries and successors. In his frescos in
S. Maria Novella, Florence, principally sub-
jects from Genesis, he imitated bas-relief by
the use of dead colour and by the distribu-
tion of the scenes into distinct parts with
in given spaces. Of easel pictures by him
there remain three out of four panels rep-
resenting battle scenes one in the Louvre,
one in the Uffizi, Florence, and one in the
National Gallery, London; the last, The Bat-
tle of St. Egidio. In the Louvre is also a
portrait group, and in the Duomo, Florence,
a portrait of the English Condottiere, Sir
John Hawkwood, painted about 1436. The
pictures attributed to Uccelli in the Munich
and Prato Galleries are not genuine. — C. &
C., Italy, ii. 283 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii.
87 ; ed. Mil., ii. 203 ; Burckhardt, 494, 536,
576, 622 ; Ch. Blanc, l5cole florentine ;
Gaye, Carteggio, i. 146.
TJCHTERVELT. See Ochteruelt.
UDEN, LUCAS VAN, born in Antwerp,
Oct. 18, 1595,
died there, Nov.
4, 1672. Flem-
ish school ; land-
scape painter,
son and probably
pupil of Artus
van Uden (master
of Antwerp guild
in 1587, died in
1627-28); devel-
oped under the influence of Rubens, in
whose pictures, as well as in those of Ten-
iers, he often painted the backgrounds,
while both masters supplied his landscapes
with figures. Master of the guild in 1626-
27. Van Dyck painted his portrait. "Works :
Mountainous Landscape, Rocky do. with
Hebe and Jupiter's Eagle (figures by Jor-
daens), Madrid Museum ; Rape of Proser-
pine, Ceres and Cyane, Louvre ; Landscape
in picture by Teniers, Brussels Museum ;
View of St. Bernard's Abbey, Mill, Land-
scape with Figures, Antwerp Museum ; Five
Female Figures in a Landscape, Apollo,
Marsyas and Midas, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
Castle on High Rock, Brunswick Gallery ;
Hilly Landscape (figures by Teniers the
elder), Berlin Museum ; Woodland Scene
(with figures by Teniers), Christiania Gal-
lery ; Landscape with River (1656), two
Landscapes with figures by Teniers, one
with figures by Pieter Bout, five others,
Dresden Gallery ; Landscape at Sunset,
Feast of the Gods before a Grotto, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Landscape with fig-
ures by Teniers, two others, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg; Banquet
of the Gods, Christ
on Lake of Tiberias, -J^y VDEfl '650-
Landscapes (4), /• ,&/ «O 7
Liechtenstein Gal- LvUL^Van l/#gft
lery, Vienna ; others in Cassel, Darmstadt,
Frankfort (2), Schleissheim, and \Veiinar
310
UDINE
(2). — Cat. Antwerp Mus. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1654 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 299 ; Michiels, viii. 180 ; Rooses (Reber),
263 ; Van den Brandon, 687.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DA. See Giovanni
da Udine.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DI MARTINI DA.
See Giovanni di Martini da Udine.
UDINE, MARTINO DA. See Pellegrino
da San Daniele.
UFFENBACH, PHTLTPP, born in Frank-
fort in 1570, died in 1640. German school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of Adam
Grimmer ; formed himself after the old
German masters, and was
the teacher of Adam Els-
heimer. Works : Ascension
(1599), City Hall, Frank-
fort ; Annunciation (1600),
Vienna Museum. — Nagler,
six. 212.
UGGIONE or UGLONE.
See Oggione, Marco d".
UGOLINO, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Earl Amherst,
Knole Park, England. Sub-
ject from Dante's " Divina
Commedia." Count Ugo-
lino della Gherardesca, who
had betrayed the Pisans in
their struggle with the Gen-
ways followed the manner of Cimabue rather
than that of Giotto. No authentic picture
by him is left in Italy, but an altarpiece in
seven compartments, executed for S. Croce,
Florence, afterwards in the Ottley Collection,
England, and now scattered among private
owners, shows a colour and technical ex-
ecution like those of Duccio and Simone.
A colossal Madonna, in the tabernacle of
Or San Michele, formerly supposed to be
his work, is more Florentine than Sienese
in style. The wonder-working Madonna,
which he painted on a pilaster of the origi-
nal granary which Orcagna transformed into
oese, was overcome in 1288
Ugolino, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Earl Amherst, Knole Park, England.
by the Archbishop Ruggie-
ro Ubaldini, and imprisoned, with his sons
and grandsons, in Pisa in the Gualandi
tower (afterwards called Torre di fame, Fam-
ine Tower) and left to starve to death.
Painted in 1773 ; sold to Duke of Dorset
for 400 guineas. Engraved by J. Dixon ;
A. Raimbach. — Art Journal (I860), 359 ;
Northcote, i. 278 ; Beechey, i. 196.
UGOLINO DA SIENA, 13th and 14th
century, died in 1339 (?). Sienese school ;
probably identical with Ugolino Neri, who
appears in Sienese documents in 1317. Dis-
ciple of Duccio. Vasari says he painted
many pictures and decorated various chapels
in different parts of Italy ; and that he al-
a church, probably perished in the fire of
1370. A Betrayal of Christ, and a Proces-
sion to Calvary, are in the National Gallery,
London. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 53 ; Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., ii. 20 ; ed. Mil, i. 453 ; W. & W.,
i. 433.
UGRUMOFF, GREGOR IVANOVICH,
born about 1764, died in 1825. History
and genre painter, pupil of Lossenko, after-
wards professor and rector of St. Petersburg
Academy. Works : Conquest of Kasan,
Accession to the Throne of the Romanoff
Family, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
UHDE, FRITZ, born at Wolkenburg,
! Saxony, May 22, 1848. History and genre
811
UITEWAAL
painter, pupil in Paris of Munkacsy in 1879
-80, having until 1877 served as officer in
the Saxon cavalry ; studied industriously
the Dutch masters of genre painting, and
settled in Munich. He paints in the man-
ner of the modern French realists. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1885. Works : The Singer,
(1880) ; Family Concert (1881) ; Wise Dogs
(1881) ; Seamstresses (1882) ; Dutch Tavern
Eoom ; Arrival of the Organ Grinder, Drum
Practice of Bavarian Soldiers (1883) ; Christ
and the Children (1884), Leipsic Museum.
— Allgera. K Chr., ix. 585 ; L'Art (1882),
iii. 62-70 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 207, 219 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 673 ; xxii. 10 ; Meyer, Couv.
Lex., xxi. 920 ; Zeitschv. f. b. K., xvii. 100,
143 ; xix. 260 ; xx. 93.
UITEWAAL (Uytenwael, Wte Wael,
Wttewael), JOACHIM, born at Utrecht in
1566, died there, Aug. 13, 1638. Dutch
school ; history painter, pupil of his father
Antonie Wttewael, and of Joost de Beer ;
painted mythological subjects in the manner
of Bartholomeus Spranger, and of Cornelis
van Haarlem, but on account of the reduced
scale more pleasing than either. At Padua
he made the acquaintance of the Bishop of
St. Malo, in whose service he remained four
years in Italy and two in France. Works :
Meeting of David and Abigail (1597), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Mars and Venus sur-
prised by Vulcan (1603), Hague Museum ;
Fruit Seller, Portraits of Artist and Wife,
Utrecht Museum ; Lot and his Daughters,
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Re-
past of the Gods (1602), Brunswick Gallery ;
St. John Preaching (1618), Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Lot and his Daughters, Berlin Muse-
um ; Parnassus (1596), Dresden Gallery ;
Madonna (1608), Gotha Museum ; Ceres,
Bacchus, Venus and Cupid, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Marriage of Peleus and Thetis,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Diana and Actseon
(1607), Adoration of Shepherds (1607), Vi-
enna Museum; do., Madrid Museum; Judg-
ment of Paris, Historical Society, New York.
— Immerzeel, iii. 149 ; Kramm, vi. 1656 ;
Eiegel, Beitrilge, ii. 170.
ULFT, JACOB VAN DEE, bora at Go-
rinchem in 1627, died there after 1688.
Dutch school;
landscape and
architecture
painter, c h i e fl y
painted views in
and about Eome,
numerous and
well-grouped fig-
ures, also Dutch
scenery; com-
bined good draw-
ing with warm and powerful, though some-
times heavy, colouring. Execution free and
spirited. Probably studied under Both ;
visited Italy, where he painted many land-
scapes and ruins. Works : Eoman Ruins,
Mr. Hope's Collection, London ; Square with
Antique Buildings, Fortified Town, Louvre ;
Roman Troops Marching (1671), Hague Mu-
seum; Italian Harbour, do. City, do. Mar-
ket, Museum, Amsterdam ; View of New
Town Hall of Amsterdam (1667), City Hall,
ib. ; Forum of Nerva — Rome, Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Continence of Scipio (1674), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Trajan's Forum in Rome
(1671), Berlin Museum ; Seaport, Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Roman Buildings, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Landscape with Ruins and
Figures, Dresden Gallery ; View in Roman
Campagna, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Dutch
Harbour, Oldenburg Gallery ; Triumph of
Scipio, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 150 ; Kramm, vi. 1658 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 510.
ULLIK, HUGO, born in Prague in 1838.
Landscape painter, pupil of Prague Acad-
emy under Haushofer ; worked as a deco-
rative and scene painter at Pilsen, Prague,
and Pressburg, then was instructor at the
industrial school in Prague, and settled at
Munich in 1874 ; has repeatedly visited the
313
ULRICH
Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, and Switzerland.
Works : Oaks (1860) ; View of Bosig (1868) ;
View in the Ramsau ; do. near Kuhpolding ;
Evening on the Lake, etc. Many in private
collections in Prague and other cities of
Bohemia. — Wurzbach, xlix. 1.
ULMANN, BENJAMIN, born at Blotz-
heim, Alsace, May 24, 1829, died in Paris,
Feb. 25, 1884. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Drolling and Picot. Won
the grand prix de Rome in 1859. Medals :
3d class, 1859; medal, 1866; 2d ckss,
1872 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works : Dante
in Hades (1855); Junius Brutus (1859),
Melun Museum ; Sylla and Marius (1861) ;
Patroclus and Amphidnmas, Le Mans Mu-
seum ; Samson and Delilah (1863) ; A De-
feat (1864); Ora del Pianto a Piperno
(1867), Marseilles Museum ; Ariadne (1869) ;
Return of Charles V. to Paris (1870) ; The
Bell-Ringers of Nuremberg (1872), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; El Ochavito del Jueves a
Burgos, Education (1873) ; Gitanos of the
Albaycin of Granada (1874) ; Cain's Re-
morse (1875) ; Lorelei on the Rhine, The
Great Rattle of Nuremberg during the Ab-
sence of the Bells on Holy Thursday (1878) ;
Sylla and Marius (1878), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Cato dragged from the Senate
(1879) ; Marguerite in Prison (1881) ; three
decorative paintings for the Palais de Jus-
tice, and one for the Palais Royal. — Bel-
lier, ii. 604 ; Revue des Deux Mondes (1859) ;
Claretie, Peintres, 213, 335, 386 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 604 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 349, 397.
ULRICH, lay brother in the monastery
at Maulbronn, early part of the 15th cen-
tury. German school ; executed in 1424 two
large wall paintings in the church at Maul-
bronn, in which the life-size figures are well
modelled and the expression of the Virgin
and Child is pleasing. — Schnaase, vi. 467.
ULRICH, CHARLES FREDERICK, born
in New York, Oct. 8, 1858. Figure painter,
student of the National Academy ; later,
pupil of Lofftz and Lindenschmidt in Mu-
nich. Studied abroad in 1873-81. Elected
an A.N.A. in 1883. Member of Society of
American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works: The Engraver, Spinner (1882);
Glass Blowers, Amateur Etcher (T. B.
Clarke, New York), Carpenter at Work
(1883) ; In the Land of Promise— Castle
Garden (William T. Evans), Symphony
(1884); Relics of Bygone Days, Waifs
(1885).
ULRICH, HANS JACOB, born at Andel-
fingen, Canton Zurich, about 1798, died at
Zurich in 1878. Marine, landscape, and
animal painter ; was at first a merchant, but
took up art in Paris, and thence went to
Italy in 1828 ; having won reputation and
success at Naples, where he was made hon-
orary professor at the Academy, he returned
to Paris in 1831, visited England and the
Netherlands, and subsequently became pro-
fessor at the Polytechnic Institute in Zurich.
His pictures are distinguished for beautiful
light effects, and supplied with well-drawn
and characteristic figures. Works: View
of Rotterdam Harbour at Evening (1844),
Berne Museum ; Morning on Sea Shore, St.
Gall Museum ; Coast at Trouville, Forest
Brook, Garda Lake, Marine (last work),
Zurich Gallery ; Burning Steamship on
Stormy Sea, Lake of Lucerne (1845), Leip-
sic Museum.
ULYSSES, ancient pictures. See Athe-
nian, Euphranor, Nicomachu*, PamphUua,
Parrhasius, Polygnoius, Timanthes.
ULYSSES AND NAUSICAA, Claude Ijor-
rain, M. H. Arnot, Elrnira, N. Y. ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated
Rome, 1658. A seaport ; on right, trees,
and beyond, part of a city with a fleet at
anchor ; in foreground, centre, Nausicaii,
her attention arrested by Ulysses, who is
: issuing cautiously from behind a tree
(Homer, Od., vi.). Painted for Francesco
Alberici ; passed to M. Faruese, Humphrey
Morris, Earl of Ashburnham, and Duke of
I Hamilton ; Hamilton sale (1882), £840.
Engraved by F. Vivares. Liber Veritatis,
j No. 139. Picture called also Bacchus and
Ariadne. — Hamilton Cat., 149; Pattison,
I Claude Lorrain, 78, 218.
313
ULYSSES
By Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. A mountainous
landscape, with the palace of Alcinotis at
left, and the city of Phteacia at right, near
the sea ; in the foreground, Ulysses, nude,
partly concealed by a bush, imploring aid
of Nausicaii, who is passing with several
women and attendants, two of whom are
taking clothing from a car ; above, Minerva,
protector of Ulysses, complaining to Jupi-
ter of the persecutions of Neptune. Taken
to Paris ; returned in 1815. Engraved
by Parboni.— Smith, ii. 144 ; Gal. du Pal.
Pitti, i. PI. 86.
ULYSSES DERIDING POLYPHEMUS,
Joseph M. "W. Turner, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 7 in.
Ulysses, whose galley is on the point of put-
ting off from the island where Polyphemus
dwelt, is deriding the monster, who is
sprawling his huge bulk on the top of the
cliff, tearing his hair with impotent rage.
Close in shore are the remains of the fire
where Ulysses and his companions heated the
staff with which they put out the one eye of
the cyclops. Eoyal Academy, 1829 ; Turner
Collection. Engraved by E. Goodall. —
Hamerton, Life ; Cat. Nat. Gal.
ULYSSES, EETUEN OF, Primaliccio,
Castle Howard, England. Penelope relat-
ing to Ulysses what has happened to her
during his absence. One of the most im-
portant works of the master ; the charac-
ters are noble, the drawing and modelling
correct and careful, but the colouring fee-
ble.— "Waagen, Treasures, iii. 322.
UMBRICHT, HONORfi, born at Obernai,
Alsace ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Bonnat, Feyen-Perrin, and
Hector Leroux. Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works: Portrait of the Artist, do. of his
Mother (1880) ; St. Sebastian (1881) ; In the
Vosges Mountains (1884) ; In the Woods in
Lorraine (1885) ; Old Wheelwright (1886).
UNCLE TOBY AND WIDOW WAD-
MAN, Charles Robert Leslie, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft.
10 in. The two seated in the sentry-box ;
Uncle Toby, said to be a portrait of Bannis-
ter the comedian, examining the widow's
eye. Royal Academy, 1831 ; replica (1832),
South Kensington Museum. Engraved by
Danforth; L. Stocks. — Cat Nat. Gal.;
Blackburn, Pictures at S. Kensington ; Art
Journal (1853), 33.
UNGER, JOHANNA, born in Hanover,
March 6, 1837, died in Pisa, Feb. 11, 1871.
History and portrait painter, daughter of the
etcher William Unger, pupil in Diisseldorf
of Karl Sohn and of Bethel, then of Leutze ;
went to Munich, where she followed the
school of Piloty and was also active as a
teacher. Works : Sleeping Beauty (1863) ;
Jephthah's Daughter ; Two Marys at Christ's
Tomb (1864) ; Joan of Arc ; Deborah ; Cin-
derella's Sisters. — Blanckarts, 18.
UNKEB-HENNING-LUTZOW, KARL
HINDRICK D', born in Stockholm, May 5,
1829, died in Dusseldorf, March 24, 1866.
Genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy
under Karl Sohn, then studied in Paris and
Amsterdam. Honorary member of Stock-
holm Academy ; Swedish court painter ; pro-
fessor. Gold medal, Amsterdam. Works :
Policeman's Report (1857), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Female Prestidigitator astound-
ing Peasants, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ;
The Toast ; Custom House Office ; Circus-
Rider's Wardrobe ; Waiting Rooms of 1st,
2d, 3d, and 4th Class ; Playroom. — Jordan
(1885), ii. 54.
UNTERBERGER, CHRISTOPH, born
at Cavalese, Tyrol, May 27, 1732, died in
Rome, Jan. 25, 1798. German school ; his-
tory and genre painter, nephew and pupil of
Franz (1706-76), and in Vienna of Michael
Angelo Unterberger ; won first prize in 1753,
then studied in Venice and under Cignaroli
in Verona ; went in 1758 to Rome, where he
became a pupil of Raphael Mengs, studied
especially after Domenichino and Pietro da
Cortona, assisted his master in the decora-
tion of the library in the Vatican, and be-
came one of the most celebrated artists in
Rome ; employed by Pope Clement XTV.
and Prince Borghese. Works : Madonna
314
UNTERBERGER
with St. John, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Martyrdom of St. Pontianus, Spoleto Cathe-
dral ; Assumption, Loreto Cathedral ; St.
Julian, St. Agnes, Brixen Cathedral ; Kitch-
en Scene, Cellar Scene, Cleopatra, Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna. — Wurzbach, xlix. 79.
UNTEBBERGER, FRANZ, born at Inns-
bruck, Aug. 15, 1838. Landscape painter,
pupil of Munich Academy, then in Milan of
Albert Zimmerinann and in Diisseldorf of
Andreas Achenbach ; in 1860 visited Nor-
way, and settled in Brussels, where he fol-
lowed the Belgian school, and whence he
visited Southern France and Italy and
several times the coasts of England and
Scotland. Several medals. Order of Fran-
cis Joseph. Works : View near Chiavenna
(1859) ; Sogne Fjord in Norway (1861) ;
View near Innsbruck (1862) ; Norwegian
Landscape (1863) ; Moonlight (1864) ; View
in Oetz Valley (1865) ; View near Naples
(1868) ; View in Capri (1870) ; Achen Lake
in Tyrol (1872); Palermo (1878).— Wurz-
bach, xlix. 83.
UNTERBERGER, IGNAZ, bom at Cava-
lese in 1748, died in Vienna, Dec. 4, 1797.
German school ; history and genre painter,
brother and, in Rome, pupil of Christoph
Unterberger, having at first been instructed
by his uncle Franz in his native place. In
Rome he was benefited by intercourse with
Mengs, Battoni, Maron, and others, but
was especially influenced by the works of
Correggio, whose style he imitated so suc-
cessfully that some of his copies were taken
for originals, even by competent judges, and
sold as such by art dealers. In 1776 he
returned home, and thence went to Vienna,
where his exhibited works were well re-
ceived and he was made a member of the
Academy, and subsequently court painter.
In great favor with Prince Kaunitz, he
received numerous commissions both at
home and abroad. Works : Picture of Ma-
donna carried by Angels, Italian Church,
Vienna ; two Pictures with Genii, Palais
Auersperg, ib. ; Nativity ; Hebe offering
Nectar to Jupiter's Eagle (bought by the
Emperor Francis) ; Hymen ; Allegory on
Peace and Love ; Descent of the Holy
Ghost, Koniggratz Cathedral; Portrait of
Count von Heister, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
bruck.— Wurzbach, xlix. 84.
UNTERBERGER, MICHAEL ANGELO,
born at Cavalese, Aug. 12, 1695, died in
Vienna, June 27, 1758. German school ;
history painter, pupil of Giuseppe Alberti,
then in Venice of Piazetta ; painted for
some time at Passau, and in 1738 went to
Vienna, where he amassed a considerable
fortune, was much esteemed by the Empress
Maria Theresa, and from 1751 was director
of the Academy alternately with Paul Tro-
ger. Works : Expulsion of Hagar (1739),
Vienna Academy (?) ; St. Anthony of Padua
receiving into his Arms the Infant Christ,
St. Stephen's, Vienna ; St. Anthony of
Padua and St. Michael, SL Michael's, ib. ;
Death of the Virgin (1749), Brixen Cathe-
dral ; Diana and Endymion (?), Ferdinan-
deum, Innsbruck. — Wurzbach, xlix. 93.
URBAN VI., VENGEANCE OF, Jean
Paul Laurens, John G. Johnson, Philadel-
phia. Pope Urban VI., in his purple cape
embroidered with gold, stands in a dungeon
or torture-chamber, grimly gloating over
the blood-stained bodies of the cardinals
who had plotted against him in 1384,
which, clad in their red gowns, lie in a
ghastly row against the wall.
URBINO, DUKE AND DUCHESS OF.
See Rovere.
URLAUB, GEORG, born in St. Peters-
burg in 1845. History and genre painter,
pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, where he
won a gold medal, then in Berlin of Alexan-
der von Werner. Member of St. Peters-
burg Academy. Works : Job's Sufferings ;
Daughter of Jairus ; Merry Company (1882).
— Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 232, 336.
URLAUB, GEORG KARL, born at Ans-
bach, Bavaria, in 1749, died at Marburg,
Hesse, in 1809. Genre, battle, and portrait
painter, studied in his native town, then
travelled extensively ; lived successively at
Wurzburg, Schweiuf urth, Hauau, and finally
815
UESULA
at Marburg, where he grew blind in 1804.
Works: Taking of Frankfort by Hessian
Troops in 1792, Cassel Gallery ; House-
keeper's Account (1798), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort.
URSULA, ST., EMBARKATION OF,
Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 11 in. Seaport,
with ships ; at left, the saint and her vir-
gins coming down the steps of a magnifi-
cent temple, for the purpose of embarking.
cation after Death, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x 12 ft ;
signed, dated 1491. 3. Her Dream, H. 8 ft.
10 in. x 8 ft 8 in. ; signed, dated 1495. 4.
Interview with the English Prince, H. 9 ft.
x 20 ft ; signed, dated 1495. 5. Parting
Audience of English Envoys with King
Maurus, H. 9 ft. x 8 ft. 1 in. ; signed. 6.
Return of Envoys to England, H. 9 ft. 9 in.
X 17 ft. ; signed. 7. Meeting of Ursula
and Virgins with the Pope, H. 9 ft. 9 in. x
10 ft. ; signed. 8. Reception of English
Embarkation of St. Ursula, Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, London.
Painted in 1646 ; Liber Veritatis, No. 54.
Engraved by Armytage, in National Gallery ;
by J. Fittler (1787), in Angerstein Gallery ;
and by Le Keux (1839).— Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 339 ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Pattison,
Claude Lorrain, 44, 228 ; Ruveil, xi. 749.
URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF, Vittore
Carpaccio, Venice Academy ; nine canvases.
Scenes from legend of St. Ursula, painted
without regard to chronological order of
legend. 1. Arrival at Cologne, H. 9 ft. x
8 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1490. 2. Glorifi-
Envoys by King Maurus, H. 9 ft. x 19 ft. ;
signed. 9. Death of Ursula, H. 9 ft. 2 in.
x 11 ft. 8 in. Begun in 1490 ; painted for
Scuola di S. Ursula, Venice. These works,
painted on canvas with an oil medium,
show Carpaccio's great skill in perspective,
his ability in managing large compositions
containing many groups and figures, with
rich architectural landscapes and back-
grounds, and illustrate his affinity to Gen-
tile Bellini, whose lead he followed. En-
graved by Giovanni del Pian ; Galiberti.
316
USSI
Injured by restorations made in 1623 and
1752.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 199 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii. 640 ; Zanotto, I. PI. 24
By Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John,
Bruges. A series of pictures on the Shrine
of St. Ursula, a Gothic chapel in miniature.
The long sides (H. 1 ft 8 in. x 3 ft.) are each
divided into three arched spaces, containing :
1. The Fleet arriving at Cologne. 2. Dis-
embarkation of St Ursula and her Maidens
at Basle. 3. The Pope receiving them at
Rome. 4. The Pope accompanying them
back to Basle. 5. The Attack upon them on
1849 - 1853 ; afterwards visited Egypt.
Member of and professor at Florence Acad-
emy. Medal : Of Honour, Paris, 1867 ;
medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Good Sa-
maritan (1843) ; Death of Bayard (1846) ;
Raising of Lazarus (1849) ; Expulsion of
Duke of Athens (1867), National Gallery,
Florence ; Departure of Great Caravan for
Mecca (1873), Khedive of Egypt ; Scene in
Dante's Vita Nuova ; Marco Visconti with
the Standard ; Bianca Capello's Attempt to
poison Cardinal de' Medici. — Milller, 529 ;
Land und Meer (1869), ii. 842.
Reception of English Envoys, History of St. Ursula, Vittore Carpaccio, Venice Academy.
the Banks of the Rhine. 6. Martyrdom of
St. Ursula. Gables (H. 1 ft 8 in. x 1 ft.) :
1. St. Ursula sheltering the Virgins under her
Cloak. 2. The Virgin worshipped by Nuns.
Sis medallions on the cover contain : Cor-
onation of the Virgin, Glory of St. Ursula,
and four angels. Painted about 1486. Well-
composed groups, great minuteness of fin-
ish, rich and well contrasted in colour.
"More precious than a shrine of silver,"
says Van Mander.— W. & W., ii. 50 ; Van
Mander, 205 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 283.
USSI, STEFANO, born in Florence in
1822. History painter, pupil of Florence
Academy under Pollastrini ; won prizes in
1843, 1846, and 1849, studied in Rome in
UTRECHT, ADRIAEN VAN, born in
Antwerp, Jan. 12,
1599, died there,
Oct. 5, 1652.
Flemish school ;
still-life and poul-
try-yard painter,
pupil of Harmen
de Neyt ; master
of Antwerp guild
in 1625, travelled
exten s i v e 1 y in
France, Italy, and Germany, and was much
employed by the German Emperor and the
King of Spain. Works: Still-Life (figures by
Jordaens), Dead Game and Fruit, Fruits
817
UTKECHT
and Vegetables, Madrid Museum ; Kitchen
Interior, Brussels Museum ; Still-Life, Mu-
seum, Antwerp ; Arrival of Cardinal Infant
Ferdinand, City Hall, ib. ; Fish - Seller's
Shop, Ghent Museum ; Cock Fight, Lille
Museum ; Table with Fruit and Provisions,
Amsterdam Museum ; Poultry-Yard (1643),
Berlin Museum ; Lady among Kitchen Sup-
plies and Utensils (figure by Thulden), Carls-
rulie Gallery ; Still-Life, Cologne Museum ;
Fruit and other Eatables (1647), Dresden
Gallery ; Poultry (1G52), Leipsic Museum ;
Kitchen Interior (1629), Cassel Gallery ; do.,
Weimar Museum ; Fruit-Piece (1647), Co-
penhagen Gallery; do., Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Dead Game, Leuchtenberg Gal-
lery, ib. ; Breakfast -Table (2), Schwerin
Gallery ; Fruit Festoon (1644), Vienna Mu-
l&it
7647
seum. — Ch. Blanc, Kcole flamande ; Burger,
Musees, ii. 157 ; Kramm, vi. 1661 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 338 ; Michiels, ix. 187 ; Eooses
(Reber), 422 ; Van den Branden, 1082.
UTEECHT, CHEISTOPH VAN, born at
Utrecht in 1491 (or 1498 ?), died at Lisbon
in 1550 (or 1557). Dutch school ; history
and portrait painter, supposed pupil of An-
tonis Moro (?), with whom he is said to have
gone to Spain, and thence to Lisbon, where
he painted altarpieces for churches, and
highly-esteemed portraits, and was much
honoured by John III. of Portugal. — Kramm,
i. 232 ; Nagler, xix. 268 ; Kaczynski, Arts
en Portugal, 255.
UTEECHT, JACOB VAN, flourished at
Utrecht about 1523. Dutch school ; por-
trait painter, possibly the same who was re-
ceived master of the guild at Antwerp in
1506. Signed himself Jacobus Trajectensis.
Works : Male Portrait (1523), Berlin Muse-
um ; do. (1524), Baron Minutoli's Collec-
tion, Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia. — Meyer,
Gemiilde der kongl. Mus. (1883), 471 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, xxi. 324.
UWINS, THOMAS, bom at Pentonville,
near London, Feb. 25, 1782, died at Staines,
Aug. 25, 1857. Apprenticed to an engraver,
but became a student at Eoyal Academy in
1798 ; began as a water-colour painter and
illustrator of books. In 1814 he visited the
South of France and took up subject paint-
ing in oils ; studied in Italy in 1826-31, and
on his return established a reputation by
his Italian scenes ; became A.R.A. in 1833,
R.A. in 1838, librarian in 1844, surveyor of
the Queen's pictures in 1845, and keeper of
the National Gallery in 1847. "Works : Vin-
tage in South of France, Chapeau de Brigand,
Sir Guyon fighting for Temperance (Faerie
Queene, ii. 12), National Gallery. — Art Jour-
nal, Sept., 1847; Oct., 1857; Cat. Eoyal
Acad. ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ;
Sandby, ii. 157 ; Mrs. Nevius, Eecollections
of T. U. (London, 1858).
UYTENBEOECK (Wtenbrouck), MO-
ZES VAN, surnamed Little Moses, born at
Delft about 1590, died in The Hague about
1650. Dutch school ; landscape painter, in
the style of Elsheimer and Bril, supposed
pupil of Poelenburg ; master of the guild at
The Hague in 1620 ; its dean in 1627 ; en-
livened his pictures with scriptural and
mythological scenes, which show a vivid im-
agination, great skill in grouping, and knowl-
edge of chiaroscuro. Works : Juno and
Argus (1625), Augsburg Gallery ; Eaising
of Lazarus, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Feast
of Bacchus (1627), Jupiter and Mercury re-
ceived by Philemon and Baucis, Brunswick
Gallery ; Triumph of Bacchus, Landscape
with Mars and Venus (attributed to Elshei-
mer), Cassel Gallery ; Moonlight, Copenha-
gen Gallery ; Bacchus and Ariadne, Prague
Gallery; Landscape with dancing Shep-
herds, do. with Nymphs, Museum, Vienna ;
do. with Herd, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
do. (attributed to Elsheimer), Pesth Muse-
um ; Lot and Daughters (1627), Count Bel-
giojoso, Milan ; Landscape with Cascade,
Uffizi, Florence.— Bode, Studien, 337 ; Im-
merzeel, iii. 151 ; Kramm, vi. 1663 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 213 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, ses
precurseurs, 98.
318
VACCARO
VACCAEO, ANDREA, born in Naples
in 1598, died there in 1670. Nea-
politan school ; pupil of Girolamo
Imparato ; followed first the style of Cara-
vaggio and later that of Guido. After the
death of Stanzioni he was considered the
best painter in Naples, until Luca Giordano
came to maturity. Pictures in churches in
Naples, and Massacre of the Innocents, Bap-
tism of St. Candidus, Naples Museum ; Christ
appearing to Mary, Dresden Gallery ; Christ
at the Column, Infant Christ sleeping in the
Arms of St. John, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Christ on the
Cross, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg ; Magdalen Penitent,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Lanzi, ii. 42 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole napolitaine ; Burckhardt,
768, 792 ; Lavice, 224
VACHE BLANCHE (The White Cow),
fimil van Marcke, Samuel F. Barger, New
York ; canvas. A fine study of a white cow
in a pleasing landscape, which, however, is
subordinate to the figure.
VADDEB, LODEWYCK DE, born in
Brussels, baptized April 8, 1605, died there,
buried Aug. 10, 1655. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, seems to have been in
Italy and studied Titian. Master of the
guild at Brussels, 1628. Excelled in ren-
dering early morning mist and effects of
light. Approached Rubens in richness and
vivacity of colour. Works : Woodland
Scene, Darmstadt Museum ; Two Land-
scapes with Figures, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
brack ; Horsemen
p&ssills through
Ravine) Old Pina_
kothek, Munich ; Landscape, Stockholm
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 152 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 341 ; Kramm, vi. 1665 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xxi. 523.
VAENIUS (Venius), OTHO, born at Ley-
den in 1558, died in Brussels, May 6, 1629.
Flemish school. Real name Octavio van
Veen. History and portrait painter, pupil
at Leyden of Isack Claesz Swanenburg,
called Nicolai, and at Litge (1572) of Lamp-
sonius, then in Rome (1575-80) of F. Zuc-
chero ; returned to Liege and in 1584 to
Leyden; went
to Antwerp in
1593 ; master of
the guild there
in 1594, its dean Jfc-J,
in 1602-3; be-
came court
painter to Al-
brecht and Isa-
bella, governors
of the Nether-
lands, who called him to Brussels as super-
intendent of the mint ; received into the
guild there in 1620. He was the master of
Rubens, and a good poet and scholar.
Works : Portraits (2), Madrid Museum ;
Artist and his Family (1584), Louvre ; Cru-
cifixion, Christ bearing the Cross, Marriage
of St. Catherine (1589), Brussels Museum ;
Raising of Lazarus, Ghent Cathedral ; Ser-
pent on the Fig-Tree, Calling of St. Mat-
thew, Charity of St. Nicholas, Miracle by St.
Nicholas, St. Paul at Csesarea, Portrait of
Jean Miraeus, Museum, Antwerp ; Christ and
the Repentant Sinners, The Virgin nursing
Infant Christ, Last Supper, Raising of Laza-
rus, Raising of Widow's Son, Entombment,
Cathedral, ib. ; Martyrdom of St. Andrew,
St Andrew's, ib. ; Twelve Scenes in History
of the Ancient Batavians (1613), Amsterdam
Museum ; Descent from the Cross, Aschaffen-
burg Gallery ; Allegory on Fall of Man, Barn-
berg Gallery ; Assumption (1608), Brunswick
Gallery ; Minerva protecting Youth, Stock-
holm Museum ; Unadvised Youth, Cologne
Museum ; Minerva and the Muses, Berlin
Museum ; Triumph of Catholic Church (6),
Fifteen Scenes in History of Christ and the
Virgin, Schleissheim Gallery ; Rape of Pro-
serpine, Stuttgart Museum ; Holy Family,
Portraits of Archdukes Albrecht and Ernst,
Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole fla-
mande ; Van den Branden, 401 ; Immerzeel,
iii. 157 ; Kramm, vi. 1679 ; Messager des
sciences hist. (1868), 328; (1877), 313;
Michiels, vi. 352, 468 ; Rooses (Reber), 148 ;
319
VAFFLAKD
Van den Branden, 401 ; Vlaamsche school
(1862), 152.
VAFFLAED, PIEERE ANTOINE AU-
GUSTIN, born in Paris, Dec. 19, 1777, died
there after 1838. History and portrait
painter, pupil of J. B. Regnault ; in 1824 he
restored some of the paintings in the gal-
leries at Versailles, and in the gallery of
Diana in the Tuileries ; decorated several
churches and palaces in oil and fresco. Court
painter to the Due d' Orleans. Medal, 1824.
Works : Last Honours to Bertram! Dugues-
clin (1806), Eennes Museum; Column of
Eosbach (1810), Versailles Museum ; Electra
and Orestes (1814), Dijon Museum ; St. Mar-
garet cast off by her Father (1817), Sainte
Marguerite, Paris ; St. Ambrose saving an
Arian Priest (1819), Saint Ambroise, ib.;
Pythagoras inspired by the Muses (1819),
Versailles Museum ; Death of St. Louis,
(1819), Burial Chapel of Orleans Family,
Dreux ; Henri IV. in Notre Dame on Day
of his Entry into Paris (1819) ; Ulysses and
Nausicaii (1822) ; Last Benediction of Bishop
Bourlier of Evreux ; Communion of Mary
Stuart ; Henri IV. and the Abbess of Mont-
martre (1824).— Bellier, ii. 606.
VAGA, PERINO DEL, born in Florence
in 1500, died in
Eome, Oct. 14, 1547.
U m b r i a n school.
Real name Buonac-
corsi, but called del
Vaga from a Floren-
tine painter of that
nnme who had given
him instruction.
Sometimes called
o' -
also Pierino. Pupil
of Andrea de' Ceri, of Ridolfo Ghirlandajo,
and of Vaga, who took him to Rome. Em-
ployed there by Raphael on the frescos in
the Vatican, where he painted history of
Joshua and of David. After death of
Raphael, he aided Giulio Romano and II
Fattore, whose sister he married, in com-
pleting their master's works. Painted also
in S. Marcello the Creation of Eve, which
ihows influence of Michelangelo. After the
sack of Rome (1527), he went to Genoa,
where he decorated the Palazzo Doria with
frescos, now mostly destroyed. About 1542
he returned to Rome, where he painted
frescos in Trinita de' Monti and in the Cas-
tello S. Angelo. His later works were only
designed by him and finished by his pupils.
He was buried beside Raphael in the Pan-
theon. — Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 587 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole ombrienne ; Burckhardt, 8, 177, 179,
181.
VAILLANT, WALLERANT, born at
Lille, baptized May 30, 1623, died in Am-
sterdam, Aug. 28, 1677. Flemish school ;
portrait painter, pupil in Antwerp of Eras-
mus Quelliu ; painted in 1658 at the Coro-
nation in Frankfort the Emperor Leopold,
and then many sovereigns of Germany.
Went with the Marshal de Grammout to
Paris, where he painted the Queen, and
many persons of distinction; returned home
after four years, and settled in Amsterdam.
His brother and pupil, Jacob (1628-1670),
commonly called Leeuwerik (lark), was a
successful history and portrait painter at
the court of the Elector in Berlin ; most of
his pictures are in the royal palaces of Ber-
lin and Potsdam. Works : Portraits of
Man and Wife (1674), Lady with two Chil-
dren, Amsterdam Museum ; Managers of
Orphanage (1671), Orphan Asylum, Amster-
dam ; Portrait of Great Elector, Brunswick
Gallery ; do., Royal Palace, Berlin ; Sacrifice
of Iphigenia, Cassel Gallery ; Board with
Letters Attached (1658), Dresden Gallery ;
Male Portrait, Oldenburg Gallery. — Bellier,
ii. 607 ; Immerzeel, iii. 152 ; Kramm, vi.
1667 ; Kugler, ii. 332 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 279.
VAINI, PIETRO, born in Eome in 1847,
died in New York in 1875. Subject and
portrait painter, studied and painted in
820
VALADON
Italy before settling in New York in 1872,
where he committed suicide. His morbid
nature shows itself in the sombre character
of his more important works. Works :
First Grief; After the War ; Veronica gaz-
ing upon the Face of her dead Rival;
Othello and the Handkerchief, Palette Club,
New York.
VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL, born
in Paris, Oct. 5, 1826. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Drolling, Cogniet, and
Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class, 1880.
Works: Brother and Sister, Two Friends
(1874); Bouquet Seller (1875) ; Artist's Por-
trait (1878), Orleans Museum ; During a
Funeral Service (1879); Charity (1881),
Ministry of Fine Arts (1881) ; Mary Magda-
len (1883) ; A Diogenes, Poor Man's Revel
(1884); Revery (1885); At Church, Old
Man (1886).— Bellier, ii. 608.
VALCKENBORCH, FREDERIK VAN,
born at Mechlin about 1570, died at Nurem-
berg in 1623. Flemish school; genre and
landscape painter, son and pupil of Lucas
van Valckenborch, whom he accompanied
to Nuremberg in 1566. Works : Annual
Fair (1594), Kirmess Festival (1595), Vien-
na Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2, 1622),
Christiania Gallery ; Woodland with Nymphs
and Animals, Fiirstenberg Gallery, Donau-
eschingen. — Kramm, vi. 1670.
VALCKENBORCH (Valkenburg), LU-
CAS VAN, born at Mechlin about 1530 or
1540, died in Germany about 1625. Flem-
ish school ; landscape and portrait painter ;
master of Mechlin guild in 1564 ; went in
1566 to Antwerp, where he seems to have
studied under Pieter Brueghel, then with
his brother Marten, and with Jan Frode-
man de Vries to Ais-la-Chapelle and Liege,
where they sketched many landscapes on
the banks of the Meuse. In 1570 he fol-
lowed the Archduke Matthias to Linz ;
painted for him several years, was after-
wards associated with Joris Hoefnagel, for
whom he made drawings at Frankfort in
1594, and in 1597 was settled at Nuremberg,
where Sandrart knew him in 1622. Works :
The Mines, Smithy, Camel Drivers, Arch-
ducal Palace at Brussels, Madrid Museum ;
Winter View of Antwerp (1559), City View
(1593), Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort; Rocky
Landscape with Mill (1595), do. Landscape
with Mineral Spring (1596) Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Kirmess in Flemish Village (1574),
Gotha Museum ; Tower of Babel (1568), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; View of Linz on the
Danube (1594), Oldenburg Gallery ; Peas-
ants' Brawl, Count of Burgau in Roman
Armour (1580), Mountainous Landscapes
(3, 1580, 1585), Summer (1585), Winter
(1586), Ladies and Gentlemen in a Park
(1587), Archduke Matthias Fishing (1590),
Tavern Scene (1598), Museum, Vienna ; City
on River in Mountainous Landscape, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib. — F6tis, Artistes beiges
a I'utranger, ii. 136 ; Kramm, vi. 1671 ;
Michiels, vi. 146 ; Neefs, i. 223 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, ii. 21.
VALCKENBORCH (Valkenburg), MAR-
TEN VAN, born at Mechlin in 1533 or
1542, died in Frankfort. Flemish school ;
landscape, genre, and portrait painter,
brother of Lucas, with whom he went to
Germany ; afterwards settled in Frankfort.
Works : Burning of Troy, Mardi Gras, Four
Seasons, Frankfort Museum ; Flat Country
with Waggon, Gotha Gallery ; Tower of Ba-
bel (1595), Dresden Gallery ; Kinness, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Landscapes (11), Ambras
Collection, ib. ; Gillis van Valckenborch,
painter of the Defeat of Sennacherib (after
1600), in the Brunswick Gallery, was prob-
ably his son. — Kramm, vi. 1671 ; Nagler,
xix. 310.
VALCKERT, WERNER VAN, flourished
at Amsterdam first quarter of 17th century.
History and portrait painter, supposed pupil
of Hendrik Goltzius, in whose manner he
painted ; circumstances of life unknown.
Works : Four Members of Merchants' Guild
(1622), Four Regents of Lepers' House
(1624), Three do., Military Organization
3X1
VALDES LEAL
(1625), Reception of Children into Orphan-
age (1626), Distribution of Money and
Clothes by Regents of Orphanage (1627),
three others, Amsterdam Museum ; Christ
and the Children, St. Catharine's (1620),
Utrecht; Mocking of Christ (1620), Uni-
versity Library, Copenhagen. — Immerzeel,
iii. 155 ; Kramm, vi. 1672.
VALDES LEAL, Don JUAN DE, born in
Cordova in
1631, died in
Seville, Oct.
14, 1691.
S p a n i s h
school ; pupil
of Antonio del
Castillo, but
did not imi-
tate his style ;
removed to
Seville and became in 1660 an original mem-
ber of the academy founded by Murillo, and
afterwards (1663-66) president. After Mu-
rillo's death Valdes was the principal paint-
er in Seville, and executed many religious
compositions. Works : Constantino Pray-
ing, Christ and the Doctors, Presentation of
the Virgin, Madrid Museum ; Miracle of St.
Basco de Portugal, Dresden Gallery ; Ado-
ration of the Shepherds, Baptism of Christ,
Descent from the Cross, Young Woman, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg. His wife, Isabel
Carasquilla, his son Lucas (1661-1724), and
his daughters Maria and Luisa were also
painters. — Cean Bermudez ; Stirling, iii.
1093 ; Ch. Blanc, 35cole espagnole ; Viardot,
204; Madrazo, 581; Washburn, Spanish
Masters, 161.
VALENCIA, JACOPO DA. See Jacopo
da Valentia.
VALENCIENNES (Devallenciennes),
PIERRE HENRI, born iii Toulouse, Dec.
6, 1750, died in Paris, Feb. 16, 1819. His-
tory and landscape painter, pupil of Doyen.
Studied Claude and Poussiu in Italy. Style
theatrical and wanting in nature. Nearly
all the landscape painters during the Empire
were his pupils. Member of Academy in
1787. L. of Honour, 1815. Honorary mem-
ber, Toulouse Academy. Works : View of
Trocene, Vale of Tempe ; Cicero discover-
ing the Tomb of Archimedes (1787), Lou-
vre ; Historical Landscape, Toulouse Muse-
urn. — Bellier, ii. 609; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
fran9aise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre.
VALENTIN, LE, Jean de BouUongne,
called, born at
Coulom mi era
(Seine - et-Marne),
in January, 1591,
died in Rome,
Aug. 7, 1634.
French school;
history and genre
painter, whose
real name was for
a long time un-
known, and who was supposed to have been
a pupil of Simon Vouet, with whom he was
in Rome ; he formed himself, however,
rather after Michelangelo and Caravaggio,
and under the influence of Poussin. He
ranks among the best French painters of his
time. His career was cut short by a prema-
ture death, caused by an ill-timed bath in
the Tiber. Works : Recognition of Susan-
na's Innocence, Judgment of Solomon, Trib-
ute Money, A Concert (2), Fortune Teller,
Tavern Scene, Louvre ; Soldiers at Play,
Besan9on Museum ; St. John, St. Peter and
the Angel, Dijon Museum ; Disciples at Em-
maus, Nantes Museum ; Conversion of St.
Matthew, Rouen Museum ; Judith with
Head of Holofernes, two others, Toulouse
Museum ; others in Museums of Avignon,
Metz, Montpellier, Lille, Toulon, Tours (6),
Valenciennes (2), and Versailles (2) ; Peter's
Denial, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Cha-
pelle ; do., Brunswick Museum ; A Prophet
with a Folio Volume, Carlsruhe Gallery ;
David with Head of Goliath, Cologne Muse-
um ; Carnival Scene, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Musical Party, Darmstadt Museum ; Blind
Old Man playing Viol de Gamba accompa-
nied by Boy singing, Dresden Museum ;
Christ crowned with Thorns, Soldiers quar-
322
VALENTINIAN
relling over Game of Dice, Herminia and
the Shepherds, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Three Apostles in Conversation, Oldenburg
Gallery ; A Repast, National Museum, Pesth ;
Christ driving the Money Changers from
the Temple, Peter's Denial, Soldiers at Dice,
A Concert, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; St.
John the Baptist in Meditation, Stockholm
Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables, Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Musical Trio, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib. ; St. Cecilia with two Holy
Women and an Angel, Czernin Gallery,
ib. ; " You see the Beam in your Neigh-
bour's Eye," etc., Guitar Player, Mountain-
ous Landscape with Figures and Animals,
Uffizi, Florence ; Christ and the Doctors,
Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome ; Martyrdom of
S. Processa and Martinian, Vatican, ib. (copy
in mosaic, by Cristofori, St. Peter's, ib.) ;
Joseph interpreting the Dreams, Palazzo
Borghese, ib. ; Peter's Denial, Palazzo Cor-
sini, ib. ; Roman Charity, St. John, Palazzo
Doria, ib. ; Beheading of St. John, Rome Tri-
umphant, Palazzo Sciarra, ib. ; Holy Family,
Palazzo Spada, ib. ; Christ at the Column,
Turin Gallery ; Martyrdom of St. Lawrence,
Madrid Museum. - .
— Bellier, i. 141 ; /Y\j .
Ch. Blanc, £cole / \ 1 6 J
fran
Dauverg
Valentin (Alma-
nach du departm. de Seine-et-Marne, 18G2),
116 ; Emeric-David, Nat. hist, sur les chefs-
d'oeuvre de la peinture, etc. (Paris, 1854),
278 ; Mariette, Abecedario, v. 357.
VALENTINIAN I., Roman Emperor (A. D.
364-375), was an amateur painter and mod-
eller. — Aurel. Viet., Epit. de Cses., 45, 7;
Ammianus Marcelliuus, xxx. 9, 4 ; Over-
beck, Schriftquellen, 2135.
VALE OF REST, Sir John E. Millain,
Bart., H. Tait, Streatham, England ; canvas.
Illustrating an ancient Scottish superstition,
that when a coffin-shaped cloud is seen in
the sky it is a symbol of approaching death.
Scene in a convent garden, at sunset ;
amongst the hillocks of graves, with gray
lanc, £cole / \ 1 Jo
caise, i. ; \ / / .^ -/-'
ergne, Le \faJWM7l f
- '
headstones looking sad in the waning light,
are two women, one, a novice, up to her
knees in a grave from which she is vigor-
ously throwing out the earth with a spade ;
the other, an older nun, sitting on a pros-
trate headstone holding a rosary, her face
showing that she has seen the coffin-shaped
cloud which hangs over the setting sun.
Royal Academy, 1859. Graham sale (1886),
£3,000. Indian ink sketch (1858), H. V.
Tebbs.
VALERO, CRIST6BAL, born at Albora-
ya, Valencia, died at Valencia, Dec. 18, 1789.
Spanish school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Evaristo Muiioz (1671-1737),
then in Rome of Sebastiauo Conca ; after his
return he became a priest, and soon after
director of the newly erected Academy of
S. Barbara (1754), which was afterwards
made a royal institution under the name of
S. Carlos (1768), with Valero as its presi-
dent. Honorary member of San Fernando
Academy, 1762. Works : Two Scenes from
Don Quixote, Madrid Museum ; pictures in
S. Francisco, S. Julian, S. Andrea, the Cap-
uchins, the Trinitarians and the Miuimos,
Valencia; Portraits of Prelates, Archbish-
j op's Palace, ib.
VALKENBURG, DIRK, born in Amster-
dam in 1675, died there in 1721. Dutch
school ; still-life and animal painter, pupil of
Jan Weenix, whose style he acquired so suc-
cessfully that his pictures are frequently
mistaken for his master's ; was also a good
portrait painter, and in 1695 went to Ger-
many, where he was employed by different
princes, and long resided. Works : Dead
[Hare and Poultry (1704), Stiidel Gallery,
; Frankfort ; Bear attacked by Dogs (1703),
Gallery, Copenhagen ; Dead Game and Im-
plements of the Chase, Moltke Collection,
ib. ; Hunting Booty (4), Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna; do. (5), Harrach Gallery, ib.;
Immerzeel, iii. 154.
VALLANCE, WILLIAM F., born at Pais-
ley, Scotland ; contemporary. Marine paint-
er, pupil of Robert Scott Lauder and of the
Royal Scottish Academy. Studio in Edin-
VALLEY
burgh. Elected an A.R.S.A. in 1875, and
R.S.A. in 1881. Works : Sunday Morning ;
Leisure Hours ; Loch Fine ; Largo Bay ;
Fresh Breeze ; Reading the War News, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh.
VALLEY FARM, John Constable, Nation-
al Gallery, London ; canvas, 4 ft. 9 in. X 4
ft. 1 in. A farm house on the bank of the
Stour, near East Bergholt, Suffolk, property
of the painter's father. Called Willy Lott's
house from its former possessor. Painted
in 1835. Vernon bequest, 1847. Engraved
by J. C. Bentley.— Cat. Nat. Gal.; Brock-
Arnold, Biog. Great Artists, 107.
VANAISE, GUSTAVE, born in Ghent ;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Ghent Academy and of Cauneel.
Mention honorable, Paris, 1883. Works :
Louis XL and Olivier le Daim (1879) ; A
Mother, The Painter Willem Key over-
hearing Alva's Order for Execution of Eg-
mont (1880) ; Magdalen at Christ's Tomb
(1881) ; Young Girl at the Mirror (1882) ;
St. Lievin (1883) ; Sunday Evening, Gamin
with Pigeon (1884) ; Good Samaritan, Por-
trait of Cesar de Cock (1885).
VAN BOSKERCK, ROBERT W., born in
New Jersey in 1855. Landscape painter,
pupil of A. H. Wyant. Studio in New
York. Works: Landscape (T. B. Clarke,
New York), Cedars at Saddle River (1880) ;
October Landscape (1881) ; Jersey Road-
way (1882), Midland Meadow (1883) ; Mid-
summer (1884).
VANDERLYN, JOHN, born at Kingston,
N. Y., October, 1776, died there, Sept. 23,
1852. Portrait and history painter, pupil
of Gilbert Stuart in New York. Studied in
1796-1801 in Paris, where he painted from
1803 to 1815. Medal at Paris (1808) for his
Marius among the Ruins of Carthage.
Other works : Murder of Jane McCrea by
the Indians ; Ariadne in Naxos, estate of
Asher B. Durand, Orange, N. J.; Landing
of Columbus, Rotunda of the Capitol, Wash-
ington ; Portraits oi Washington, Monroe,
Madison, Calhouu, and Clinton ; Zachary
Taylor, City Hall, New York ; Study of
Head, Corcoran Gallery, Washington. He
became involved in pecuniary difficulties by
the exhibition of panoramas in a building
erected by himself in City Hall Park, New
York, and died in poverty.
VAN DYCK, Sir Antony. See Dijck.
VAN DYCK, LITTLE. See Coques.
VAN ELTEN. See Kruseman van Elten.
VAN MARCKE. See Marcke.
VANLOO. See Loo.
VANNI, ANDREA. See Andrea di
Vanni.
VANNI, FRANCESCO, Cavaliere, born
in Siena in 1563, died there, Oct. 25, 1609.
Sienese school. Probably a pupil of his
half-brother, Ventura Salimbeni ; went when
sixteen years old to Rome, where he studied
with Giovanni de' Vecchi. Afterwards
worked at Parma, where he studied the
works of Correggio and adopted the manner
of Barocci. On his return to Rome he en-
joyed the favour of Clement VHL, who
made him a knight. His pictures are in
several of the churches of Siena, especially
in S. Quirico, S. Spirito, SS. Concezzione,
and S. Agostino. Other examples : Repose
of the Holy Family, Martyrdom of St. Irene,
Louvre, Paris ; Holy Family, Dresden Gal-
lery ; St. Francis in Ecstasy, Pitti, Florence ;
Sons of Jacob buying Wheat of Joseph,
Uffizi, ib. ; Holy Women at Tomb of Christ,
Madrid Museum ; Innocence, Hermitage ;
Fall of Simon Magus, St. Peter's, Rome (one
of the few oil paintings in that basilica). —
Lanzi, i. 314 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole floreutine.
VANNI, TURING DI, born in Pisa;
flourished close of 14th century. Floren-
tine school. A Madonna and Angels, signed
by him, is in the Louvre ; an altarpiece,
signed and dated 1397, in S. Paolo a Ripa,
Arno ; and a Virgin with Angels and Saints,
in the Convent of S. Martino, near Palermo.
Had a brother, Nello di Vanni, who finished
the history of Job, begun by Giotto in the
Campo Santo. — Villot, Cat. Louvre.
VANNUCCHI, ANDREA. See Andrea
del Sarto.
VANNUCCI. See Perugino.
324
VANNUTELLI
VANNUTELLI, SCIPIONE, Cavaliere,
born in Rome ; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil in Vienna of Wurzinger, af-
terwards in Paris of Heilbutb. Medal :
Paris, 1864 Works : Carnival in Venice ;
Gabrielle d'Estrees ; Italian Danae ; Tbe
Nigbt ; Agreeable Reading ; Procession in
Venice ; Novices in a Roman Churcb, Trio
in tbe Garden (1883).
VARCHI, BENEDETTO, portrait, Titian,
Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3
ft. Painted about 1550. Repainted about
tbe face.— C. & C., Titian, ii. 426.
VARGAS, LUIS DE, born in Seville in
1502, died there
in 1568. Spanish
school ; pupil of
Diego de la Bar-
rera ; went to It-
aly about 1527,
according to Cean
Bermudez, and
studied with
Perino del Vaga
(?) ; returned to
Seville after an absence of twenty-eight
years. He is remarkable for grandeur and
simplicity of design, and for the purity and
grace of his female heads ; his drawing too
is correct, and his colouring good. Works :
Nativity (1555), and La Gamba (1561), Ca-
thedral of Seville.— Stirling, i. 307; Ch.
Blanc, £cole espaguole.
VARIN, QUENTIN, born at Amiens in
1580, died about 1645. French school ;
history painter, pupil of Gagex and Bona-
veutura in Amiens and Beauvais, and then
went to Paris, where he became an able
painter, and the' master of Nicolas Poussin.
Works : Christ in the Temple, St. Germain
des Pros, Paris ; St. Charles Borromeo, St.
Jacques de la Boueherie, ib. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole franyaise.
VARLEY, CORNELIUS, born at Hack-
ney, near London, Nov. 21, 1781, died at
Highbury, Oct. 2, 1873. Landscape paint-
er in water-colours, brother and pupil of
John Varley ; exhibited first at the Royal
Academy in 1803, and in the following year
was one of the foundation members of the
Water Colour Society. He painted chiefly
views in Ireland and Wales and classical
scenery. A younger brother, William Fleet-
wood Varley (1785-1856), was a water-col-
our painter and teacher of drawing at Ox-
ford.
VARLEY, JOHN, born at Hackney, near
London, Aug. 17, 1778, died Nov. 17, 1842.
Landscape painter in water-colours ; stud-
ied first under a portrait painter and then
with an architectural draughtsman ; exhib-
ited first, in 1798, View of Peterborough
Cathedral. He exhibited at the Royal Acad-
emy until 1804, when he became one of the
foundation members of the Water Colour
Society. He painted many views in Wales
and on the Thames, was a successful teach-
er, and the author of several drawing-books
and other works. His son, Albert Fleet-
wood Varley (1804-76), was also a water-
colour painter and teacher.
VARONI (Varonne, Varrone), JOHANN,
born at Bellinzona, Canton Tessiuo, Switzer-
land, in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy and of Josef Hiiger ; set-
tled in Vienna, whence he made frequent
study trips into the Austrian Alps, to Italy,
and Switzerland. Works : View of Ariccia,
do. in Roman Campagna, do. near Olevano,
Ruins of Psestum (1855) ; Pine Woods near
Frascati (1856) ; Well in the Campagna, St.
Gotthard (1858) ; Well near Grotta Ferrata,
View of Vienna (1860) ; Nassfeld near Gas-
tein, Temple of Coucordia near Girgeutc
(1861); St. Bernardino, Switzerland (1862);
Views in Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, and Swit-
zerland (1863-73) ; Koltschach Valley near
Gasteiu (1877).— Wurzbach, xlix. 287.
VAROTARI, ALESSANDRO. See Pa-
dovanino.
VASARI, GIORGIO, born at Arezzo,
July 30, 1511, died in Florence, June 27,
1574. Florentine school ; pupil of his fa-
ther, Antonio Vasari, and afterwards of An-
drea del Sarto and of Michelangelo. Went
to Rome with Cardinal Ippolito de' Medi-
VASS1LACCHI
ci, and laboured there several years with
Francesco Salviati. He afterwards painted
in Florence, Pi-
sa (1529), Bolo-
gna (1539), Ven-
ice (1542), and
Naples (1544).
In Florence he
was patronized
by the Medici,
for whom he
executed many
works, both ar-
chitectural and decorative. But he is best
known by his "Vite de' piii eccellenti pit-
tori, scultori, ed architetti " (Florence, 1550,
2d ed. 1568) — the first important history
of modern art. As a painter he was a
weak imitator of Michelangelo. He left
many pictures, among which are : Ma-
donna in Glory and Saints, Arezzo Gal-
lery ; Supper of St. Gregory (1540), Bo-
logna Gallery ; Conception, Lucca Gallery ;
Holy Family, Palazzo Corsini, Rome ; Por-
trait of Cosimo I. de' Medici, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Pieta, Dresden Gallery ; Holy Fam-
ily, Leipsic Museum ; do. (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; do. (1), and Christ driving
out the Money Changers, Vienna Museum ;
Three Graces, National Museum, Buda-
Pesth ; Angel's Salutation, Louvre ; Cari-
tas, Madonna and Angels, Madrid Muse-
um ; Three Saints, Liverpool Institute. —
Ch. Blanc, ficole florentine ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., i. 57 ; Burckhardt, 94, 157, 221 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 562.
VASSILACCHI, ANTONIO. See Ali-
ense.
VASTAGH, GYOEGY (George), born at
Szegedin, Hungary, in 1834. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy,
after having fought as a honvud in the revo-
lutionary war of 1848-49, and then wan-
dered about under great privations, paint-
ing portraits and studying national costumes
and manners. His pictures, exhibited in
Vienna in 1870, immediately attracted at-
tention, and forthwith he won fame with
his scenes from gypsy life, for which he
made studies in Transylvania and Rou-
mania ; thence he moved to Pesth, where
he has since become the favourite por-
trait painter of the Hungarian aristocracy.
Works : Group of Children (1871) ; Decla-
ration of Love at the Hedge, Turkish Gyp-
sies by a Bridge (1872) ; Gypsies resting in
a Church Ruin, Roumanian Gypsies, For-
tune Teller, Roumanian Gypsy Girl gather-
ing Mushrooms (1873) ; Gypsies dancing
and playing in Roumanian Peasant Room ;
Moldavian Gypsies crossing Brook ; Woo-
ing in Roumania ; Peasant Girl about to
sell her Hair ; Gypsies at Cards in a Hut ;
Sunday in Wallachia ; Portraits of Count
Pochy (1872); Archduke Joseph; Arch-
duchess Clotilde ; Archduchess Maria Doro-
thea (1885).— AUgem. K. C., ix. 306, 622 ;
Land und Meer (1873), ii. 504 ; (1875), i.
69 ; ii. 690 ; (1877), i. 29 ; (1879), ii. 964 ;
(1880), ii. 949 ; N. illust. Zeitg. (1873), No.
43 ; Wurzbach, 1. 1.
VASTO, MARQUIS DEL. See Avalos,
Alfonso d'.
VAUCHELET, THEOPHILE AU-
GUSTE, born at Passy (Paris), March 7,
1802, died in 1873. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and of Her-
sent ; won the second prize in 1827, and
the grand prix de Rome in 1829. Medals :
2d class, 1831 ; 1st class, 1846, 1861 ; L. of
Honour, 1861. Works : Portraits of Mar-
shals Prince Poniatowski (1834), Due de
Choiseul (1835), Due de Croy, of General
Lecourbe (1836), Capitulation of Magde-
burg in 1806, Versailles Museum ; Death of
the Virgin (1837) ; Martyrdom of St. Do-
natus and St. Rogatus (1839), Ministry of
Interior ; Battle of Ocana in 1809 (1839) ;
Christian Charity (1846), Amiens Museum ;
Man sustained by Religion (1868) ; Mode-
ration, Power favouring the Good, Pru-
dence hindering Evil, Palais du Senat,
Paris ; Invocation of the Holy Spirit, Chap-
el of do. ; Prophets Daniel and Ezekiel,
Jeremiah and Isaiah, Saint-Germain 1'Aux-
errois, Paris ; Decoration in Chapel of St.
VAUTIER
Agnes, Saint Eustache, ib. ; Decorations of
one of the grand salons de reception in the
Hotel de Ville (burned under the Commune);
Ceiling of Victory in the Palace of the Tuil-
eries (destroyed under the Commune). He
made also designs for Gobelin tapestry for
the Apollo Gallery, Louvre. — Bellier, ii.
638.
VAUTIER, BENJAMIN, born at Morges
on Lake Geneva, April 24, 1829. Genre
painter, pupil at Geneva of Robert and of
Lugardon, then (1850) in DUsseldorf of the
Academy and of Jordan ; studied peasant
life in the Black Forest and in the Berne
Highlands, then attracted by Knaus went
in 1856 to Paris, and six months later
settled in Diisseldorf, where he at once
achieved a brilliant success with his Church
Scene, exhibited at the historical exhibition
at Munich in 1858, and has since attained
a position by the side of Rnaus as one of
the great painters of popular life. He has
made also masterly illustrations to works
by Auerbach and Immermann. Member of
Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Antwerp, and Am-
sterdam Academies. Professor in 186C.
Gold medals: Berlin, 1864; Paris, 1865,
1866 ; 2d class, 1867 ; 1st class, 1878. Or-
der of Francis Joseph, 1868 ; Order of Red
Eagle; Order of St. Michael, 1869; L.
of Honour, 1878. Works : Church Scene
(1858) ; Auction in Old Castle (1859) ; Sun-
day Morning Toilet ; Women coming from
Church find their Husbands at the Inn
(1862), Leipsic Museum ; Sewing School ;
The Tutor ; Peasant and Broker, Involun-
tary Confession, Basle Museum ; Saying
Grace, Berne Museum ; Peasants at Trial,
Sick Mother, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Sunday
in Suabia ; Peasants in a Picture Gallery ;
Young and Old ; The Sisters ; Repast after
Funeral, Cologne Museum ; First Dancing
Lesson (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Antiquary in Peasant's Cottage ; Sail over
Brienz Lake to a Funeral ; Farewell of Dy-
ing Peasant Woman ; Interrupted Brawl
(1869) ; Entrapped Rat, Stettin Museum ;
Toast to the Bride (Rococo Costume, 1870),
Hamburg Gallery ; Ruse for Ruse, Public
Dinner (1871); Burial (1872); Consulting his
Lawyer, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Visit at
the Fireside (1873); Quarrel at Chess; Invi-
tation to the Dance ; Departure from Homo
(1875) ; Before the Meeting (1876) ; Little
Barefoot ; Intermission at Alsatian Wed-
ding (1878), Dresden Gallery ; The May-
or's Annual Dinner (Exposition universelle,
1878), John G. Johnson, Philadelphia ; Wait-
ing Room at Post Station ; Arrest of Usurer
(1879) ; Visit of Young Couple (1880) ; Ob-
stinacy (1882), DUsseldorf Gallery ; Bota-
nist, Alsatian Woman (1882).— niustr. Zeitg.
(1878), ii. 463 ; (1879), ii. 274 ; (1881), ii.
10 ; (1882), ii. 531 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ;
Kunst-Chronik, i. 85 ; v. 94, 143 ; vi. 119 ;
viii. 60, 627, 807 ; ix. 450, 578, 820 ; x. 139,
459 ; xi. 74, 273 ; xvii. 337 ; xviii. 740 ; Land
und Meer (1869), i. 54 ; Br. Meyer, stud. u.
Krit., 246; Mailer, 531; Pecht, iii. 351;
Reber-Pecht, iii. 341 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii.
166, 279 ; iv. 17, 177 ; vi. 148 ; ix. (Mit-
theilungen, ii. 28) ; xii. 259 (Mit., v. 50).
VAYSON, PAUL, born at Gordes (Vau-
cluse) ; contemporary.
Genre and flower
painter, pupil of
Gleyre and Laurens.
Medals: 3d class,
1875 ; 2d class, 1879 ;
L. of Honour, 1886.
Works : Hay Making
in Provence (1868);
Sheep in Provence
(1879); Departure of the Herd (1880);
Herds coming down from Mountains (1881) ;
Herd Returning (1882) ; Fair of St. Triniti";
in Provence (1883) ; Threshing Corn ;
Hunter of Camargue ; Sleeping Shepherd-
ess ; Spring (1884) ; Truffle Gatherers, Bull
in Pasture (1886).
VECCHIA, PIETRO DELLA, born in
1605, died there in 1678. Venetian school ;
pupil of Alessandro Varotari, who imitated
the style of Giorgione and of Pordenone so
successfully that some of his pictures have
been attributed to them. Most of his works
827
VECCHIETTA
are in Venice : In S. Caterina, two scenes [
from the Legend of St. Catherine and the
Triumph of Virginity ; in S. Giustina, St.
Justina, one of his best works ; in S. Maria
del Pianto, a Madonna and Saints ; in S.
Bartolommeo, the Death of the Virgin ; in
S. Lione, a Crucifixion ; in S. Giovanni
Evangelista, four pictures ; and in the Acad-
emy, a Christ and the Money Changers.
Portraits by him in Louvre and Dresden j
Gallery ; Young Man and Young Woman,
Berlin Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ficole veniti-
enne.
VECCHIETTA, IL, born at Castiglione
di Valdorcia in the Sienese territory in
1412 (?), died in Siena, June C, 1480.
Sienese school. Real name Lorenzo di Pie-
tro di Giovanni di Lando ; called II Vecchi-
etta (the little old man), perhaps from the
age of many of his habitual models. De-
spite the dryness of his style he was highly
esteemed during his lifetime, and stands
among the best painters of the later Sienese i
school. His masterpiece, an altarpiece in
the Cathedral at Pienza, painted about
1447, is a noble work. It represents the [
Ascending Virgin, our Lord, Saints Cather-
ine and Agatha, Popes Calixtus and Pius II.
(who ordered the picture), and in the upper
part, six saints, patriarchs, or prophets. •
"In this work," says a late writer, " Vecchi-
etta joins to the sweetness of the Sienese
school a severity of drawing and a dramatic
force worthy of Florence." Among his
other works are frescos in the Hospital at
Siena (1441) and a relic press (1445), also
the decoration of several ceilings and part
of the tribune of the Sienese Baptistery
(1449-50), as well as an altarpiece, in the
Sienese Academy and a Madonna and
Saints in the Uffizi, dated 1457. Vecchietta
also painted frescos in the Palazzo Pubblico,
Siena, of which a St. Catherine (1460), and
a Virgin of Mercy sheltering the people
under her mantle and attended by saints,
still survive. Much gilding, stamped and
cut out in patterns, according to the fashion
of the time, marks these works, which are
most carefully elaborated in a precise, for-
mal, and dry manner. This is also notice-
able in Vecchietta's bronze and marble
works, of which he executed many. He was
also an architect and a goldsmith. — C. & C.,
Italy, iii, 59 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 209 ;
ed. Mil, iiL 75, 87 ; Mfiutz, Tour du Monde
(1882), No. 1117; Mttntz, A travers la Tos-
cane, 342 ; Perkins, Hist. Handbook Italian
Sculpture (London, 1882), 67.
VECELLI (Vecellio), FRANCESCO, born
at Cadore about 1475, died in 1560. Vene-
tian school Brother, probably younger, of
Titian ; went about 1487 to Venice, where
he studied first under Zuccato, and later
with Giovanni Bellini. Having left the
school of the Bellini to become a soldier,
he returned to Venice after the League
of Cambrai and studied with his brother,
whose jealousy he is questionably said to
have aroused. His earliest picture is a Ma-
donna, in the Genova Chapel at the Pieve di
Cadore, which shows that he began to paint
with almost as much promise as Titian him-
self, but his later efforts proved that he
was not of the stuff of which great painters
are made, and he finally settled down to
commercial pursuits at Cadore. In his Ma-
donna with Saints, in S. Vito di Cadore, his
style is vastly below that of Titian's. His
frescos in S. Salvatore, Venice, and his pict-
ures on the shutters of the organ (1530)
show more power, more freedom of hand-
ling, and greater spirit than any other of
his extant works ; but they lack distinction,
and the figures are strained in action and
overweighted in muscle. His Nativity, in
Casa Ponte at Fonzaso, near Belluno, has
been assigned to Titian. Other pictures by
him are in the Venice Academy and the
galleries of Modena, Dresden, and Berlin. —
C. & C., Titian, il 476 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
venitienne.
VECELLI, LAVTNIA, portrait, Titian,
Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 £ in. x 2
ft 7^ in. A robust girl, dressed in a yel-
lowish flowered silk, raises with both hands,
to the level of her forehead, a silver dish of
VEOELLI
fruit and flowers, as she glances back at the
spectator. Painted about 1555 for Niccolo
Crasso ; bought in Florence, in 1832, for
5,000 thalers, from Abbate Celotti, for Ber-
lin Museum. Replica in Lord Cowper's
Collection, London, with a casket, instead
of fruit and flowers, on the silver dish ; from
the Orleans Gallery. — C. & C., Titian, ii.
13G ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 497 ; Ridolfi,
Maraviglie, i. 253, 259.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3
ft. 8 in. X 3 ft. 1 in. A young girl, dressed
in white damask silk, her yellow hair strewed
with pearls, and with car-rings and necklace
of pearls, tucks up the train of her gown
with one hand and waves a palmetto fan
with the other. Painted about 1555 ; came
to Dresden from Modena ; transferred in
1827 to a new canvas ; fairly preserved.
Copy in the Cassel Museum ; another by
Rubens in Vienna Museum ; study in Al-
bertina Collection, Vienna. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 135.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, life-
size ; signed. A lady of mature years, in
dress of green velvet, standing in a room,
waving a fan of plumes. The features arc
different from those traditionally known as
Lavinia's, and resemble those of Venus with
the Whispering Cupid, in the Uffizi. Paint-
ed in 1558 ; sold with the Modena Collec-
tion to the King of Saxony. A masterpiece
of portraiture (C. & C.). Engraved by Ba-
san. Transferred to a new canvas in 182G.
— C. & C., Titian, ii. 267.
VECELLI (Vecellio), MARCO, called
Marco di Tiziano, born at Venice in 1545,
died there in 1611. Venetian school ; his-
tory painter, grand-nephew and favourite
pupil of Titian, whom he accompanied in his
journeys to Germany and Rome, and whose
style, both in composition and colouring, he
imitated most successfully, whence his sur-
name. Works : Allegory on Peace of Bo-
logna in 1529, Doge Leonardo Donato
kneeling before Madonna, Victory of the
Venetians in the Morea in 1148, several
others, Palazzo ducale, Venice ; Christ illu-
minating the World, SS. Giovanni e Pao-
lo, ib. ; Altarpieces in several other churches,
ib. ; Crucifixion and two Episodes in Life of
St. Catherine, Parish church at Cadore. His
son Tiziano Vecellio, the younger, called
Tizianello (born in 1570), degenerated under
the influence of the mannerism prevailing
at the beginning of the 17th century, but
was much esteemed as a portrait painter. —
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 1G8 ; Nagler, six. 494.
VECELLI (Vecellio), ORAZIO, born in
Venice, 1515, died there in 1576. Venetian
school ; second son and pupil of Titian,
whom he served constantly as an assistant.
He accompanied his father to Rome, where
he painted Battista Siciliano, a celebrated
violin player, and other persons. His por-
traits are praised by Vasari, but he no
doubt had aid and advice from his father.
Being rich, dissipated, and indolent, ho
painted but little, and gained little distinc-
tion. His Battle of Castle Sant' Angelo,
painted in competition with Tintoretto and
Paolo Veronese for the Great Council Hall
in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, was burned
in 1574. His only known pictures are the
shutters of the altar in S. Biagio of Calalzo,
near Cadore.— C. <t C., Titian, ii. 484 ; Ch.
Blanc, ftcole vi'nitienne ; Vasari, ed. Lo
Mon., xi. 322 ; xiii. 36; Burckhardt, 73!).
VECELLI, TIZIANO. See Titian.
VEDDER, ELIHU, born in New York,
Feb. 26, 1836. Genre
painter, pupil of T.
H. Matteson, Slier-
bourne, N. Y., and
of Picot in Paris.
In 1856 he went to
Italy, where he has
worked many years.
Occasionally exhibits
at the National Acad-
emy ; elected N. A. in 1865. Studio in Rome.
In 1883-84 Vedder made a series of 56
illustrations for the Rubaiyat of Omar
Khayyam (Boston, 1884). Works : Ques-
tioner of the Sphinx ; The Lost Mind ;
Identity ; Lair of the Sea Serpent, Boston
/
VEEN
Museum of Fine Arts ; Young Medusa,
Death of Abel (1869) ; Ideal Head (1871) ;
Scene on the Mediterranean, Fote Champc-
tre (1874) ; Greek Actor's Daughter (1876) ;
Young Marsyas, Cuineean Sibyl, A Pastoral
(1878) ; Sleeping Girl ; Venetian Model ;
Golden Net, Waves off Pier Head (1882) ;
Le Mistral— The Strong North- West Wind
(1884) ; Nausicaii and her Companions, J.
P. Morgan, New York ; Maiden, E. D. Mor-
gan Collection, ib. ; Genius aud Fisherman,
Martin Brimmer, Boston. — Am. Art Rev.
(1880), 325, 369 ; Mag. of Art (1885), viii.
120.
VEEN, MARTIN VAN. See Heemskerk.
VEEN, OCTAVIO VAN. See Vaenius.
VEILLON, (LOUIS) AUGUSTS, born at
Bex, Canton Wallis, Dec. 29, 1834. Land-
scape painter, pupil in Geneva of Diday,
studied in Paris and Rome and travelled in
Switzerland, Holland, and Egypt ; lived two
years in Venice. Works : Lake of Brienz
(1866), Berne Museum ; Evening in Venice,
Basle Museum ; View at Brunnen, Zurich
Museum ; Two Views on Lake Geneva ;
Evening on Banks of the Nile ; Arabian
Camp ; Lake Geneva, Evening near Cairo
(1882).— Miiller, 532 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
703, 741.
VEIT, PHILIPP, born in Berlin, Feb. 13,
1793, died in Meutz,
Dec. 18, 1877. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Dresden Academy un-
der Matthiii, then went
to Vienna to his step-
father, Friedrich von
Schlegel; in 1813
he entered the German
army as a volunteer,
fought in the battles
of Dresden, Culm, and Leipsic, and was
decorated with the Iron Cross. In 1815
he joined in Rome the circle of Corne-
lius, Overbeck, and Schadow, with whom he
painted the frescos in the Casa Bartholdi
and Villa Massimi ; in 1830 made director
of the Stadel Institute at Frankfort ; re-
signed in 1843 and settled at Sachsenhau-
sen, whence, in 1853, he moved to Mentz
as director of the Gallery. One of the chief
representatives of the religious-romantic
school. Works : Triumph of Religion, Vat-
ican Gallery, Rome ; Madonna in Glory,
S. Trinita de' Monti, ib. (cartoon in Darm-
stadt Museum) ; Judith ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Naumburg Cathedral ; Christ
knocking at the Door ; Presentation in the
Temple (1829); Simeon in the Temple ; Ger-
mania ; Magnificat ; Repose in Egypt, Mary
and Elizabeth, Portrait of Abbe Noirlieu,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Assumption
(1846), Cathedral, ib. ; Charlemagne, Otto
the Great, Frederic H., Henry VIL, Romer,
ib. ; The Two Marys at Christ's Tomb, Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; St. George ; Good
Samaritan ; Egyptian Darkness. In fresco :
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Allegory on the
Seven Fruitful Years, Casa Bartholdi, Rome
(cartoon in Stadel Gallery) ; Pictures to
Dante's "Paradise," Villa Massimi, ib. ; Al-
legory on Restoration of Coliseum, Museo
Chiaramonti, Vatican, ib. ; Triumph of
Christianity, Italia, Germania (1838), Stadel
Institute, Frankfort (cartoons in Carlsruhe
Gallery) ; Cartoons of Cycle (executed, 1868,
by Settegast, Lasinsky, and Hermann),
Mentz Cathedral. His elder brother Jo-
hannes (died in Rome in 1852), studied in
Vienna and from 1811 in Rome, where he
was allied with Cornelius, Schadow, and
Overbeck, and took especially Perugino for
his model. In the Catholic Church in Ber-
lin is an Adoration of the Shepherds by
him. He painted also excellent portraits.
—Art Journal (1865), 70 ; Dohme, K. u. K.
des xix. Jahrh., i. and ii. ; Forster, iv. 221 ; v.
351 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ; Kaulen, 31 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 19 ; Nagler, xx. 1 ;
Reber, ii. 223 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wieder-
auflebens. der d. K, 322, 345; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, iv, 62 ; xv. 29, 73.
VELASCO, LUIS DE, died in Toledo,
March 11, 1606. Spanish school. Was
living in Toledo in 1564 ; became painter to
the Chapter there in 1581. Best works :
330
VELASQUEZ
Incarnation, Madonna with Saints and An-
gels, St. Damian, and St. Cosmo, the last
three executed in 1585 by order of Cardinal
Quiroga, whose portrait he painted. His
son and pupil, Cristobal do Velasco, was
painter to Philip IIL; he also left a son,
Matias de Velasco, who painted some pict-
</ J
ures of merit at Valladolid. — Stirling, i. 275 ;
iii. 1360 ; Cean Bermudez.
VELASQUEZ, portrait, Velasquez, Uffizi,
Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 10
in. Bust, three-quarters right ; with mous-
tache, and long hair on shoulders, wearing
a small skull-cap on back of head ; wide
linen collar over dark habit. Engraved by
G. Kossi ; C. Colombini. — Curtis, 81 ; Stir-
ling, 1401.
By Velasquez, Uffizi, Florence; canvas, H.
3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Sixty years old, half-
length, standing, in black coat and cloak,
white collar, and sword ; a medal with cross
of Santiago on his breast ; left hand rests
on a table ; right partly conceals a key in
his girdle. Probably painted in 1659. En-
graved by F. Cecchini ; with changes, Bias
Amettler ; H. Adlard ; bust only, J. Min-
gnet. — Ch. Blanc, I5cole espagnole ; Stirling,
1401 ; Curtis, 81.
By Velasquez, Valencia Museum ; less than
life-size. Bust, turned partly to right ; al-
most identical with bust of Uffizi picture of
1659. Etched by Fortuny for the Baron
Ch. Davillier's " Momoire de Velasquez"
(Paris, 1874).— Curtis, 82.
VELASQUEZ, CONVERSATION OF.
See Artists, Meeting of.
VELASQUEZ, DAUGHTER OF. See
Clara, St.; Francisca ; Velasquez, Family of.
VELASQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE
SILVA Y, born in Seville, baptized June
6, 1599, died in Madrid, Aug. 7, 1660.
Spanish school ; pupil of Herrera el Viejo,
and of Francisco Pacheco, whose daughter
he married in 1618. Examples of his first
manner are the Water Carrier, at Apsley
House and the Adoration of the Shepherds,
National Gallery,
London, in the style
of Ribera. In 1622
he went to Madrid,
hoping, but in vain,
to be allowed to paint
the king's portrait.
After some months'
study at the Prado
and the Escorial he
returned to Seville
and painted a portrait
of the poet Gclngora, which attracted atten-
tion. In 1623 the Duke of Olivures called
him back to Madrid, presented him to the
king, whose equestrian portrait he painted,
and by whom he was appointed court
painter. In the same year Velasquez paint-
ed a portrait of Prince Charles of England,
never finished, and now lost. The visit of
Rubens to Madrid, in 1628, excited the
young painter's desire to visit Italy, for
which he obtained the royal consent, and
after finishing the famous picture of Los
Jiorrachox, he embarked at Barcelona, July
22, 1629. After passing a year in Rome
and some time in Naples, where he became
intimate with Spagnoletto, Velasquez re-
turned to Madrid early in 1631, to remain
for the next eighteen years, during which ho
painted many of his finest works. In 1649
the king sent him to Italy to collect pictures
for the royal galleries, and for the Academy
which he wished to found at Madrid. With
his faithful servant and pupil Pareja, Velas-
quez successively visited Genoa, Milan, Pa-
dua, Venice, Parma, Rome (where he painted
Innocent X.),and Naples, returning home in
1651. In the following year the king ap-
pointed the great painter quartermaster-
general of his household, an office which he
held for eight years. During this period he
painted, among other famous works, his
pictures of Las Meninas (1656), and Las
Hilanderas ; attended to the laborious duties
of his office ; superintended the placing of
331
VELASQUEZ
pictures in the Royal Palace, Madrid, the
Escorial, etc. ; accompanied the French am-
bassador on his artistic journeys in 1659,
and created a new school of painting with
the magical works of his third style. In
1660 a meeting of the French and Spanish
courts was fixed to take place on the Isle of
Pheasants in the River Bidassoa, to celebrate
the nuptials of Louis XIV. and the Infanta
Maria Teresa. In March Velasquez was
sent to erect a pavilion on the island, and
prepare the Castle of Fueuterrabia for the
royal reception. The fatigue consequent
upon his great labours proved too much for
his constitution. After his return to Ma-
drid, July 31, he became alarmingly ill,
and a week later, Friday, Aug. 7, breathed
his last. The corpse lay in state for two
days, habited in the full dress of a Knight
of Santiago, and was then carried by night
to the parish church of San Juan, where it
was buried in the vault below the family
chapel of the Fuensalidas. Works : Adora-
tion of Magi, Christ on the Cross, Corona-
tion of Virgin, Anthony the Abbot and Paul
the Hermit, Los Ilorrachon, Forge of Vulcan,
Las Lanzas, Las Hilanderas, Las Meninas,
Mercury and Ai-gus, Portrait of Philip in.,
do. of Margarita of Austria, do. of Philip IV.
(7), do. of Isabel of Bourbon, do. of Don Bal-
tasar Carlos (3), do. of Coude de Olivdres,
do. of Infanta Dona Maria, do. of Don Car-
los, do. of Don Fernando, do. of Dona Mari-
ana of Austria (3), do. of Dona Maria Teresa
of Austria, do. of Luis de Gongora, do. of
Dona Juana Pacheco, do. of Francisca—
daughter of Velasquez, do. of Antonio Alon-
so Pimentel, do. of Martinez Montanes, do.
of Pablillos de Valladolid, do. of Pernia, do.
of Don Juan de Austria, do. of El Primo, do.
of Sebastian de Morra, do. of Don Antonio,
do. of El Nino de Vallecas, do. of El Bobo
de Coria, JEsop, Menippus, Mars, portrait of
Alonso Martinez de Espinar, and other por-
traits, Arch of Titus, Villa Medici (2),
Fountain of Tritons, Lake at Buen Retiro,
and other landscapes, Madrid Museum ;
Coat of Joseph, Escorial; Water Carrier,
Royal Palace, Madrid ; Saint with Palm
Branch, Portraits of Philip IV., his Queen,
and seven others, two Landscapes, Salaman-
ca Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of Dona Antouia de
Haro, Duke of Alva, ib. ; Nativity, Still-Life
(2), Landscape, Portraits (2), Seville Muse-
um ; Young Cavalier, sketches for portraits
of Philip IV. and Conde de Oliviires, Mont-
pensier Gallery, ib.; Portrait of Velasquez,
Valencia Museum ; Portrait of Infanta Ma-
ria Margarita, do. of Philip IV., do. of Don
Pedro de Altamira, Meeting of Artists, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Portrait of Don Baltasar Carlos,
Landscape, Hague Museum ; Portrait of
Don Baltasar Carlos, Amsterdam Museum ;
Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Portrait of
Alessaudro del Borro, do. of Mariana — sister
of Philip IV., Berlin Museum ; Portrait of
Conde de Olivdres, Personages of Court of
Philip IV., two male portraits, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Portrait of Cardinal Borgia, do. of
Infanta Margarita Teresa, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Portrait of Infanta Maria Tere-
sa, do. of Velasquez (?), Male Portrait, Mu-
nich Gallery ; Laughing Idiot, Family of
Velasquez, Portrait of Philip IV. (2), do. of
Don Baltasar Carlos, do. of an Infanta, do.
of Infante Don Philip Prosper, do. of In-
fanta Maria Teresa, do. of Infanta Margarita
Maria, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of Philip
IV. (2), Conde de Olivdres (2), Pope Inno-
cent X., Peasant Laughing, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Portrait, Leuchtenberg Collec-
tion, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV, Stockholm
Museum ; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Ve-
lasquez, two Male Portraits, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Ve-
lasquez, Bacchanalian Scene, Uffizi, ib. ; Ma-
donna, Palazzo Cataneo, Genoa ; Portrait of
Innocent X., Palazzo Doria, Rome ; Portrait
of Philip TV., Turin Gallery ; Portrait of
Philip PV. (2), Adoration of Shepherds, Boar
Hunt, Dead Warrior, Praying Children be-
fore Ecce Homo, National Gallery, London ;
Portrait of Philip IV., Dulwich Gallery, ib.;
Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Queen of
Philip TV., Hampton Court Palace, ib.;
Water Carrier, Fair with Gypsies, Fortified
332
VELASQUEZ
Town, Portrait of Innocent X., do. of Velas-
quez, do. of Francisco de Quevedo, do. of n
Cardinal, Apsley House, ib. ; Portrait of In-
nocent X., Marquis of Bute, ib. ; Landscape
(2), Portrait of Philip IV., Bath House, ib.;
Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Velasquez, do.
of Son of Conde de Olivares, Bridgewater
House, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of
Don Baltasar Carlos, Grosvenor House, ib.;
Lady with Fan, Boar Hunt, Portrait of Don
Ballasar Carlos (3), do. of Infanta, do. of
Philip IV., do. of Conde de Olivures, Sir
Richard Wallace, Hertford House, ib.; St.
Clara, Dona Juaua Panheco, Dudley House,
ib.; Field Marshal in Armour, Holford
House, ib.; Duke of Gandia, St. Charles
Borromeo, St. Francis Borgia, Landscape,
Stafford House, ib. ; St. John Evangelist,
Bartle Frere Collection, ib.; Slay Hunt,
Lord Ashburton, ib. ; Portrait of Don Adrian
Pulido Pareja, do. of Juan de Pareja, do. of
Velasquez, Longford Castle, "Wilts ; Portrait
of Don Adrian Pulido Pareja, male portrait,
Woburn Abbey ; Portrait of Philip IV. (2),
Virgin in Fjcstasy, Miles Collection, Leigh
Court; Portrait of Pedro Alcantara, Duke
of Northumberland ; Head of Girl, Earl
Spencer, Althorp ; Portrait of Olivares, do.
Innocent X. (?), Portrait of Velasquez, Child
in Bed, Landscape with Cavaliers (2), Mar-
quis of Lansdowne, Bowood ; Las Meuinas,
Portrait of Cardinal Gasparde Borja, do. of
Philip IV., Banks Collection, Kingston
Lacy ; Lot and his Daughters, Northwick
Park, Worcestershire ; Finding of Moses,
Juan de Pareja, Earl of Carlisle, Castle
Howard ; Portrait of Philip IV., Isabel of
Bourbon, Conde de Olivdres, Mrs. Henry
Huth, Wykehurst, Surrey ; Deliverance of
St. Peter, Francis Cook, Richmond ; Venus
and Cupid, Robert Morrit, Rokeby Park,
Yorkshire ; Portrait of Mariana of Austria,
H. B. Brabazon, Battle, Sussex ; Incident in
Life of Pope Sixtus V., National Gallery,
Edinburgh ; Supper at Emmaus, Earl of
Breadalbane, Perthshire ; Portrait of Don
Baltasar Carlos, Henry G. Marquand, New
York ; Knight of Santiago, Aspinwall sale
(1886), ib.; Knight of Santiago, William P.
Douglas, ib.; Philip IV. as David, Portrait
of Infanta Margarita, Landscape, Still-Life,
Portrait of Cinq Mars, St. John Baptist,
Lady and Children, Historical Society, ib.;
Fruits, Metropoli-
tan Museum, ib. —
Sir W. Stirling-
Maxwell, Annals of
Artists of Spain;
Baron Davillier,
Memoire de V. (Paris, 1874); W. Bttrger,
Tresor d'Art en Angletcrre (Paris, 1868);
Waagen, Treasures ; Madrazo, 586 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1879), xix. 415 et seq.; Quar-
terly Rev., Oct., 1872 ; Stowe, Velasquez,
(London, 1882) ; Curtis, Velasquez and Mu-
rillo (New York, 1883); Washburn, Spanish
Masters, 109 ; Kunst-Chrouik, xix. 175 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., v. 229 ; xi. 160 ; xviii.
389.
VELASQUEZ, FAMILY OF, Velasquez,
Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 5 ft. 7
in. In a well-lighted room are twelve fig-
ures, two-thirds life-size, commonly called
Family of Velasquez ; in foreground, his
wife Juaua, seated, with two children stand-
ing at her knee ; on left, his daughter Fran-
cisca with three other children ; on extreme
left, J. B. M. del Mazo, husband of Fran-
cisca, with a young man called a younger
brother of Juaua ; in background, in an al-
cove, Velasquez, his back to the spectator,
painting a portrait of a lady, and a servant
and child. Curtis thinks this depicts the
family of Mazo instead of Velasquez. En-
graved by J. Kovatsch ; etched by W. lin-
ger.— Stirling, ii. 671 ; Haas, Gal. de Vi-
enne ; Curtis, 15.
VELATA, LA See Donna Velata.
VELDE, ADRIAAN VAN DE, born in
Amsterdam in 1635 or 1636, died there, Jan.
21, 1672. Dutch school ; landscape and an-
imal painter, son and pupil of Willetn van
de Velde, the elder, then pupil at Haarlem
of Jail Wynants ; showed even as a boy an
eminent talent, and after having left Wyn-
ants, studied figure drawing under Philip
VELDE
Wouwerman, and further developed under
the influence of Paulus Potter ; is almost
equally import-
ant as a painter
of figures in
the landscapes
of famous con-
temporaries,
like Van der
Heyden, Wyn-
ants, the Ruis-
daels, Hobbe-
ma, Frederik
Moucheron, etc. Painted some religious
and mythological subjects. Works : Farm
Cottage (1658), Forest Scene (1658), Frost
Scene (1668), three others, National Gal-
lery, London ; Hilly Landscape with Shep-
herdess (1659), Seashore at Scheveningeu
(1660), Hunting Party (1666), four others
(1664, 1666, 1668), Buckingham Palace, ib.;
two, Lord Ashburton, ib. ; do., Mr. Hope
and Mr. Munro, ib. ; Eendezvous de Chasse,
Mr. Baring, ib. ; Strand of Scheveningen
(1660), Three Landscapes with Animals
(1661, 1664), Shepherd's Family (1668),
Frozen Canal (1668), Louvre ; Landscape
with Sheep, Antwerp Museum ; Herd Rest-
ing (1665), Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ;
Landscape with Animals (1663), View of
Scheveningen (1665), Hague Museum ; The
Ferry (1666), Artist and his Family in the
Country (1667), Hunting Party (1669), The
Hut (1671), Landscapes with Cattle and
Shepherds (2), Amsterdam Museum ; View
of Haarlem, Haarlem Museum ; Landscape
with Animals, Smithy (1658), Rotterdam
Museum ; Cows and Sheep, Basle Museum ;
Pastoral Scenes (3, 1662, 1669, 1671), Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; View near Scheveningen at
Ebb Tide, Landscape with Cattle, Cassel
Gallery ; Grazing Cows (1658), Wood Land-
scape with Herd (1668), River Landscape,
Berlin Museum ; Cottage and Grazing Cat-
tle (1659), Woman Drinking (1661), Land-
scapes (2, 1665, 1667), Winter Scene (1669),
Cattle and Sheep, Dresden Gallery ; Deer
Grazing (1658), Stag Hunt (1666), Shep-
herds with Flock by a Well (1668), Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Horsemen starting from
Inn, Leipsic Museum ; Herdsman driving
Cattle (1660), Ferry with Peasants and Cat-
tle (1667), Idyllic Landscape (1669), two
others (1670, 1671), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Cattle driven by Herdsman in Rainy
Weather, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Ro-
man Ferry Boat (1659), St. Jerome in a
Landscape (1668), Herd resting by a Brook
(1670), Schwerin Gallery ; Officer question-
ing Peasant (1659), Worlitz Gallery ; oth-
ers in Galleries of Aschaffenburg (2), Gotha,
Hamburg (1650), Innsbruck, Schleissheim ;
in Museum, Vienna (2, one dated 1664),
Liechtenstein (3, two dated 1663, 1665),
and Czernin Galleries, ib.; Baron Roth-
schild's Collection, ib. ; in Stroganoff Gal-
lery (5), St. Petersburg ; Landscape with
Animals, Historical Society, New York. —
Ch. Blanc,
A
A W
^Xt W
daise;Bur-
ger, Musees, i. 135, 265 ; ii. 88, 259 ; Doh-
me, lii. ; Havard, A. & A. holl., ii. 183;
Immerzeel, iii. 162 ; Krarnm, vi. 1686 ;
Rugler (Crowe), ii. 441 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K.,
vi. 331.
VELDE, ESAIAS VAN DE, born in Am-
sterdam about 1590, died at The Hague,
buried Nov. 18, 1630. Dutch school ; land-
scape and battle painter. Entered the Haar-
lem Guild in 1612, and that of The Hague
in 1618. Works : Diner Champetre (1614),
Hague Museum ; Surrender of Bois-le-Duc
(1629), Frolic on the Ice, Prince Maurice
" bell-ing " the Cat (copy ?), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Wooded Landscape, Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Nocturnal Combat between Dutch
Cavalry and Spanish Infantry (1623), Man
on Horseback, Rotterdam Museum ; Cav-
alry Skirmish (1622), Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Bulwark on Canal, Offi-
cer's Portrait (?), Berlin Museum ; Sacking
of Village at Night (1620), Moltke Collec-
tion, Copenhagen ; Buildings and Ruins on
Mountainside (1625), Christiania Gallery ;
Two Battle-Pieces, Amalienstift, Dessau ;
334
VELDE
Two Skirmishes, Dresden Museum ; Battle
of Prague, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Land-
scape with Cattle (1625), Winter Landscape
(1629), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Winter Scene
with Skaters (1615 or 1635 ?), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Pleasure Party on the Ice in a City
Moat (1618), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cav-
alry Fight, Museum, Vienna ; Stag Hunt,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Siege of Bois-le-
EVAAJDEN'VEtDE
Due, Schonborn Gallery, ib. — Ch. Blanc,
£cole hollandaise ; Burger, Musees, ii. 203 ;
Dohme, lii. ; Kramm, vi. 1687 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 358 ; Van der Willigen, 305 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 154.
VELDE, JAN VAN DE, the younger,
born in Haarlem about 1598 (?). Dutch
school ; landscape, animal, and still-life
painter, pupil of Jacob Matham, entered
the Haarlem guild in 1614, probably visit-
ed Italy ; better known as an etcher and
engraver. Works : Still-Life (1655), Brus-
sels Museum ; Landscape with Tobias and
the Angel, Brunswick Gallery ; Landscapes
with Figures (2), Christiauia Gallery ; do.
(1), Gotha Museum.— Bode, Studien, 322 ;
Havard, A. & A. holl., iv. 157 ; Kramm, vi.
1689 ; Rep. f. Kunstwissenschaft, v. 245 ;
Van der Willigen, 303.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the elder,
bom at Leyden in 1610, died at Greenwich,
England, buried in London, Dec. 16, 1693.
Dutch school ; began life as a sailor, but
soon became known as a nautical draughts-
man, in which capacity he was employed
by the States of Holland. Charles H., who
had known him in Holland, invited him to
England in 1675 "to make draughts of sea
fights," with a salary of .£100, which was
continued by James H. There is a series
of twelve naval battles and seaports by him
at Hampton Court. He was known in Eng-
land as Old Vandevelde, to distinguish him
from his son Willem, the younger. In the
Hermitage, St. Petersburg, are two Views
of a Roadstead in Holland, by him.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the young-
er, born in Am-
sterdam in 1633,
died at Green-
wich, April 6,
1707. Dutch
school ; marine
painter, son and
pupil of Willem
van de Velde, the
elder, and pupil
of Simon de Vlie-
ger. Accompanied his father on his sea
voyages, and entered with him, in 1675,
the service of Charles IL of England. In
1686 he returned for a short period to
Holland, but was called again to England
by James H. He is the greatest marine
painter of the Dutch school. Works : Ship-
ping in a Calm (1657), Coast Scene (1661),
Storm at Sea (1673), twelve others, National
Gallery, London ; Sea Coast (1669), Fish-
erman Putting off (1G71), two others, Buck-
ingham Palace, ib.; Dutch Coast (1656),
Scene from Naval Battle, five others, Bridge-
water Gallery, ib.; La petite flotte, Lord
Ashburton, ib.; two, Mr. Hope, ib.; four,
Mr. Munro, ib. ; two, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Fish-
ing Boats in a Calm, Engagement between
English and Dutch Fleets, National Gal-
lery, Edinburgh ; Flag-Ship, Dutch Fleet,
Calm Sea with Vessels, Louvre ; Calm Sea,
Antwerp Museum ; View of the Zuyder
Zee, Brussels Museum ; View of the Y,
Calm Sea with Vessels, Hague Museum ;
Flag-Ship Prince Royal striking her Col-
ours, Four Meu-of-War in same Action,
Agitated Sea with Sailing Vessels, View of
Amsterdam (1686), Calm Seas (3), Coast of
Scheveningen, Breeze, Ship firing Volleys,
Amsterdam Museum ; Harbour of Texel
(1673), Rotterdam Museum ; Four Vessels
(1653), Calm Sea, Cassel Gallery ; do., and
Marine View with Storm passing off, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Dutch Frigates, Man-
of-War Filing, Berlin Museum ; Agitated
338
VELY
Sea with Vessels, Darmstadt Museum ; do.,
Dresden Gallery ; do., and Calm Sea, Stii-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Calm Sea with Ves-
sels, Gotha Museum ; do. (1653), two oth-
ers, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Storms at
Sea (2), Landscape at Night, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Calm Sea, Leuchtenberg Gal-
lery, ib. ; Calm Sea with many Vessels
(1661), four others, Weimar Museum ; oth-
ers in Germanic Museum, Nuremberg, Stutt-
gart Museum, Wiesbaden Gallery, Vienna
Academy, Czernin, Harrach, and SchOnborn
Galleries, Vienna ; Marine Views (3), Ar-
rival of Dutch Fleet at Amsterdam, His-
torical Society, New York. His son, Cor-
nelius, also a marine painter, is remem-
bered only as a
copyist. — Ch.
Blanc, tfcole hol-
rr
sees, i. 155,
274; ii. 148; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii.
160 ; Kramm, vi. 1691 ; Kugler (Ci'owe), ii.
497 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 283 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, vi. 331 ; xi. 215 ; De Stuers, 174.
VF.LY, AN AT OLE, born at Ronsoy
(Somme), Feb. 20, 1838, died in Paris, Jan.
11, 1882. History and genre painter, pupil
of Valenciennes Academy, and in Paris of
Signol, and the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Med-
al, 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1880. Works :
Death of Abel (1866); Mater Dolorosa
(1868) ; Temptation (1869), Amiens Muse-
um ; Country Women ; Magdalen (1872) ;
Speaking Well (1873), New York Museum ;
Lucia di Lammermoor (1874), Narbonne
Museum ; Meditation (1875) ; First Step
(1876) ; Love and Money (1878) ; Awaken-
ing of the Heart (1880).— Bellier, ii. 646 ;
Larousse.
VENETIAN EMBASSY AT CONSTAN-
TINOPLE, Gentile Bellini, Louvre ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. The embassy re-
ceived by the Grand Vizier, who sits on a
divan in the court of his palace ; on steps
to right and in the court are groups of tur-
baned persons, some of whom are on horse-
back, with tame deer and an ape. Painted
in 1479-80, during Gentile's visit to Con-
stantinople. Carried into France by Raph-
ael Dufresne.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 127 ;
Villot, Louvre ; Mtindler, 36.
VENEZIANO, ANTONIO. See Antonio
Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, BONIFAZIO. See Boni-
fazio Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, DOMENICO. See Do-
menico Veneziano.
VENICE— THE DOGANA, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; wood,
H. 1 ft. 8 in.X 2 ft. 8 in. Showing the Do-
gana, Campanile of S. Marco, Palazzo Ducale,
Bridge of Sighs, etc. Royal Academy, 1833.
Engraved by J. T. Willmore ; T. A. Prior.
—Art Journal (1849), 260 ; Monkhouse, 125.
VENICE, AND DOGE SEBASTIAN
VENIER, Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice. " An unrivalled Veronese ; far finer
even than the Europa." — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 297.
VENICE ENTHRONED, Paolo Veronese,
Palazzo Ducale, Venice. The Apotheosis of
Venice, in Sala del Maggior' Consiglio.
" One of the grandest pieces of frank colour
in the Palazzo Ducale." — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii. 297 ; Zanotto, 140.
VENICE— GRAND CANAL, Joseph M.
W. Turner, Earl Dudley, London. The canal
covered with gondolas and gaily dressed
shipping ; at right, S. M. dell' Salute ; at
left, Palazzo Ducale and Campanile. Sold at
Mendel sale (1875), to Messrs. Agnew for
£7,350 ; to Earl of Dudley for 8,000 guineas.
Another, painted in 1835, in Munro Collec-
tion. Another (1844), different view, Na-
tional Gallery, London. — Art Journal (1850),
92 ; (1862), 192.
VENICE, TRIUMPH OF, Tintoretto, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, Venice. Above, Venice, draped
in blue, is surrounded by flying figures ; be-
low, Doge da Ponte and his senators receive
the homage of the conquered. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole venitienne.
VENIUS. See Vaenius.
VENNE, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at
Delft in 1589, died at The Hague, Nov. 12,
VENNEMAN
1662. Dutch school ; landscape, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of the goldsmith Si-
mon Valck, after having received a classical
and scientific education at Leyden ; master
of St. Luke's guild at The Hague in 1625,
and one of the founders of the new guild
in 1656 ; painted historical and allegorical
scenes, battles, hunts, conflagrations, into
ah1 of which he introduced numerous well-
drawn and finely executed figures, of a por-
trait-like character in the historical pieces.
Works : Truce Festival (1616), Louvre ;
Peche aux ames (1614), Prince Maurice
with his Brothers and Cousins on Horse-
back (1618), Prince Maurice visiting Kir-
mess at Eyswyk (1618), Prince Maurice and
Frederik Hendrik on Horseback, King of
Bohemia and Suite hunting (1627), Meeting
of Boudewyn van Heusclen with English
Ambassador, Prince Maurice lying in State,
Amsterdam Museum ; Ronde de Gueux,
Scuffle between Shopkeepers (1637), Hague
Museum ; Prince Frederik Hendrik and
Suite (1635), Rotterdam Museum ; Assem-
bly before a Castle, Cassel Gallery ; Gypsy
Venus and Adonis. Guercino, Dresden Gallery.
Family in a Ruin, Brunswick Gallery ; Prince
Maurice and Brothers on Horseback, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Allegory on Poverty and
Wealth, Gotha Gallery ; Summer and Win-
ter (1614), Berlin Museum ; Market Scene,
Christiania Gallery ; Peasant having Tooth
i extracted, Herinannstadt Museum ; Satyri-
cal Scenes (2), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck.
— Archief voor ned. Kuustgesch., ii. 108 ;
iii. 258, 272, 275 ; iv. 59 ; Immerzeel, iii.
165; Kramm, vi. 1696; vii. 152; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 245 ; Kunstkronijk (1867), 82,
83, 85 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 207.
VENNEMAN, CHARLES FERDINAND,
born in Ghent, Jan. 6,
1803, died in 1875.
Genre, landscape, and
animal painter, pupil
of Ghent Academy,
where he won several
prizes, and in Antwerp
of Braekeleer ; imitat-
ed the old Dutch mas-
ters. Medal, Antwerp,
1845. Works : Chicken Market, Interior
with Figures (1837) ; Musical Party (1839) ;
Peasants after the Chase (1842), Afternoon
Nap (1844), Toper (1846), Konigsberg Mu-
seum ; Dutch Peasant Scene (1847), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Card Players, Jolly
Peasant, Stettin Museum ; Card
Players (1850), Ghent Museum.—
Immerzeel, iii. 105.
VENUS, ancient pictures. See
Apelles, Artemidorux, Dvrotheus,
Nearchus.
VENUS, Giovanni Jlellim, Vi-
enna Museum ; wood ; H. 2 ft. 2
in. x 2 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated
1515. Figure seen to knees, seat-
ed on a cushion covered with a
Turkish carpet. Engraved by J.
A. von Prenner ; J. Popels. — C. <fe
C., N. Italy, i. 193 ; Meyer, Kttnst.
Lex., iii. 419.
By William Page, W. Bullard,
Boston ; canvas, life-size. Full-
length, standing in a shell which is
drawn over the sea by doves. Painted in 1859.
By Palma Veccbio, Dresden Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 f t. x 6 ft. 6 in. Venus, nude,
lying in a landscape. Bought in 1772 for
£300.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 475.
337
VENUS
VENUS AND ADONIS, Francesco Albani,
Louvre ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in.
A cupid conducts Adonis, holding a dog in
leash, to Venus, who lies asleep on cushions
in the shadow of trees, watched by other
cupids ; still others bathe in a river, and
two in the air are supporting a large white
veil. Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved
by Baudet; B. Audran.— Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre ; Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iii. PL 64
By Guerdno, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus finds the
dead body of Adonis ; Cupid leads thither
the boar by the ear. In Guercino's third
Venus and Adonis, Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg.
manner. Painted in 1647 for Cardinal
Mazarin, who ordered it as a pendant to
Cephalus and Procris ; belonged afterwards
to Prince de Carignan. Engraved by L. S.
Lempereur. Another (6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 10
in.) in Dresden Gallery. — Gal. roy. de Dres-
de, ii. PL 23 ; He-veil, vii. 475.
By Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
6 ft. 5 in. x 7 ft. 10 in. Venus, seated on a
bank under a tree, endeavours to detain
Adonis, who, spear in hand and his dogs by
his side, is anxious to depart ; Cupid clings
round Adonis's leg. A grand picture of the
artist's middle period. Presented by Em-
peror of Germany to John, Duke of Marl-
borough. Blenheim sale (1886) £7,200, to
Agnew. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 131 ;
Smith, ii. 245.
By Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
wood, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 11£ in. Venus,
just descended from her car, drawn by
white swans, endeavours to detain Adonis,
who, anxious for the chase with his attend-
ant dogs, tries to remove her arm from his
neck ; Cupid aids the goddess by clinging
to Adonis's thigh. Engraved by Tassaert.
Similar subject, Hague Museum ; engraved
by Lerouge in FilhoL— Smith, ix. 302 ; Fil-
hol, vii. PI. 470 ; Landon, Musee,
ii. PL 16.
By Bube.ns, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Venus, seated on a bank at foot of
a tree, endeavours to detain Ado-
nis, who, spear in hand, is ready
for the chase ; Cupid embraces his
knees, while the three Graces draw
aside the crimson drapery which
conceals her charms ; five other
cupids play with Adonis's dogs. —
Smith, ii. "l43 ; Lasinio, PI. 82 ;
Larousse, xv. 882.
By Titian, Alnwick Castle, Eng-
land ; canvas, H. 2 ft. G| in. x 3 ft.
4 in. Venus, half-lying, half-sit-
ting, with her back to the specta-
tor, on a brown-red cloth on a
mound shaded by trees, clutches
at Adonis, who, with a spear in one hand
and a leash of three dogs in the other, is
striding away to the field. Probably the
original sketch of this subject, painted
about 1560 ; formerly in the Cammuccini
and Barberini Collections. The principal
copy, long in the Farnese Collections in
Parma and Rome, has disappeared. Oth-
er copies with variations in Venice Acad-
emy, Vienna Museum, and at Leigh Court
and Cobham Hall, England. The Leigh
Court copy (H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft. 8 in.),
which once belonged to Benjamin West,
was bought in at Leigh Court sale (1884)
838
VENUS
for 1,680
150.
guineas. — C. & C., Titian,
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6
ft. x 6 ft. 9 in. Variation of the Alnwick Ve-
nus, with Cupid asleep under a tree. Paint-
ii. nelli, ib. ; Johann Rottenhfimmer, ib. ; Ales-
sandro Turchi (2), Dresden Museum ; Nicolas
Poussin, Uffizi, Florence, Montpellier Muse-
um ; Fran9ois Boucher, Barker Collection,
London ; Narciso Diaz (Salon, 1848, 1859) ;
ed in 1554 as a companion-piece (though j Victor Muller (Salon, 1865).
larger) to the Danae of Madrid, and sent to
London to Philip, Prince of Spain, with
Titian's congratulations on his marriage to
Queen Mary. Philip acknowledged its re-
ceipt, Dec. 6, 1554, and complained of an
injury to the canvas, which had been rolled
and squeezed flat by acci-
dent. The crease is still
apparent. Titian was prob-
ably aided by Orazio Ve-
celli in it, and by others
in the replicas in National
Gallery, London, and in
the collection of Lord El-
cho. Modern copies in
Nostitz Collection, Prague,
and in Duhvich Gallery. —
C. & C., Titian, ii. 237 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 451.
By Paolo Veronese, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 8 in.
— Waagen, Treasures, iii.
274.
By Paolo Veronese, Ma-
drid Museum ; canvas, H.
7 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in. Adonis
reclining on the sward
asleep, with his head in
the lap of the goddess ; Venus looks towards
a cupid and a beautiful dog, anxious to de-
part for the chase. Bought by Velasquez in
Venice for Philip IV. A very fine example
of the painter. — Madrazo ; Larousse, xv. 882.
Subject treated also by Moretto, Uffizi,
Florence ; Paris Bordone, Vienna Museum ;
Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Cornells Corneliszen, Caen Museum ; Joseph
Heinz, elder, Vienna Museum ; Abraham
Jaussens van Nuyssen, ib. ; Caspar Netscher,
Louvre, Paris; Giovanni Francesco Roma-
VENUS AND ^SCULAPIUS, Edward J.
Poynter, South Kensington Museum, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 8 in. Venus, attended
by the Graces, on one of whom she leans for
support, is showing the thorn in her foot to
.aSsculapius, who is seated in a garden un-
Venus and Adonis, Titian, Madrid Museum.
der a porch covered with honeysuckle, with
a dog lying beside him and Hygieia stand-
ing behind holding a box of medicaments ;
doves and sparrows are flitting about ; in
the background a gateway leads into the te-
menos of the temple, and at right is a foun-
tain, from which an attendant is dipping
water for one of the Graces, who is holding
out her hand for it. Royal Academy, 1880 ;
purchased for Chantry Collection. En-
graved by W. Ridgway. Water-colour
sketch, J. P. Haseltine.— Art Journal (1885),
324, 340.
839
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VEXU8
in a shell drawn by dolphins driven by By Sir Joshua Rey*Mt , Lord Castletown ;
loves ; around her nymphs and tritons are canvas. Full-length, nude, reclining in aa
f^ffiiiia in the wares, while above, the air is arbour under a red curtain in a wooded
filled with a cloud of genii. landscape. Cupid peeps in on her through
By Alexandra CabantL, Luxembourg Mu- the boughs. Probably soggested by Tenn*
senm, Paris ; canvas, H. 4ft3in.x7ft.4 of Titian. Painted in 1759 ; selected by
in. The goddess, just born, is m^nUting Earl of Upper Oasory, when he had, by Rey-
opon the foam, stretching, and half-opening nokk's will, choice of works in his studio.
her dazzled eyes, which she shades with her Engraved by Raimha^H -( Collyer. — Leslie k.
right arm ; above, five genii — two blowing Taylor, L 173 ; Potting, 22 ; Athen., Jan.,
conch shells, the others hovering over her 1875, 5*1
head. Salon, 1863 ; Exposition universelk, By Titian, Palazzo Borghese, Borne ; ean-
1867. Two replicas :
Smaller one, ™««i* for
engraving. H. C. Gib-
son, Philadelphia ; the
other, painted last, John
Wotfe, New Tort En-
graved by A. FraneoiB.
Etched by L. Flameng.
Photogravure in Art
Treasons of America. —
Art Tress. of Amer., L 56,
67 ; Larousse, XT. 882.
TEXTS AND CUPID,
Lucas Cnotach, the elder,
Berlin Museum ; wood,
H-5ft.6in.x2ft. Te-
nus, node, walking to
right ; near her, Cupid,
complaining of being
•»..«:
stung by bees (Tbeoe..
Id, xix.). Another in Berlin Museum, Ye- vac, half-lengths, life-size. Venus, sitting,
DOS walking to left, with Cupid on a pedes- binding the eyes of Eros, who leans on her
taL — Meyer, Vmtftpn. 10L lap. while she tarns to listen to snouner
By William Etty. Henry BtckneD, Cam- eupid leaning on her tfm\A*r : two girls to
dish House, Clapham Common, London ; left — one carrying a quiver, the other a bow.
canvas. Tenus, nude, recumbent, with Painted about 1565; weD preserved. Ec-
Cupid near her. — Art Journal (London, graved several times. — BidoifL Maravigb>. L
1872), 9L 257 ; C k C., Titian, ii. 355 ; Heath. Titian,
By Gttido Beni, Dresden GaOery ; canvas, 71 ; B^veO, xiiL STL
H.4ft5m.x5ft,9in. Fall-length, node, By fihaa, UffizL Florence : canvas, fig-
reposing on a coach covered with white, nres life-sire. Tenus. node, lying on a
with a curtain in background ; she leans velvet couch -the cloth of which she holds,
upon her right elbow, and takes with her together with a bunch of flowers, in one
left hand a dart from Cupid, who stands on hand), tarns her head towards Cupid, who
the coach near her feet. Bestored by Palen. whispers as he looks over her shoulder : a
— Hubner, Dresden GaL, L 19. link dog at her feet saj& at an owl on the
VENUS
balustrade ; in the distance, a landscape
with mountains. Painted about 1547 ; in
Urbino Collection. The Venus with the
Organ Player, Madrid, is in some re-
spects a repetition of it. — C. & C., Titian,
ii. 156.
By Velasquez, Robert Morrit, Rokeby
Park, Yorkshire, England ; full-length, life-
size. The goddess, nude, her back to the
spectator, reclining on a purple couch, be-
hind which hangs a green and crimson
drapery ; her face is reflected in a mirror
da Pontormo, Uffizi, Florence ; Antonio
Bellucci, Dresden Museum ; Jan Brueghel,
Madrid Museum ; Luca Cambicaso, Palazzo
Pallavicini, Genoa ; Girolamo Carpi, Dres-
den Museum ; Carlo Cignani, Turin Muse-
um ; Lucas Cranach, Palazzo Borghese,
Home ; Christian Dietrich, Dresden Muse-
um ; Guercino, Accademia di S. Luca, Koine ;
Eustache Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; Pietro
Liberi, Vienna Museum ; Heinrich van Lim-
borg, Dresden Museum ; Franyois Boucher,
Berlin Museum ; Padovanino, Louvre, Paris ;
Festival of Venus, Rubens, Vienna Museum.
held by Cupid, who kneels on the couch
near her feet. In Velasquez's latest man-
ner. Formerly in Alcazar at Madrid (1666) ;
then in possession of Duke of Alva (1776) ;
bought from the Prince of Peace in 1813 by
Mr. Morrit for £500. — Buchanan, Memoirs,
ii. 243 ; Illust. Esp. y Amer., Nov. 8, 1874 ;
Curtis, 20 ; Burger, Tresors, 121 ; Larousse,
xv. 882.
Subject treated also by Lodovico Carrac-
ci, Berlin Museum ; Vienna Museum ; Jaco-
po Palma, younger, Cassel Gallery ; Jacopo
Georg Penckz, Munich Gallery ; Rem-
brandt, Louvre ; Andrea Schiavone, Vienna
Museum ; Paolo Veronese, Bordeaux Muse-
um ; Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; Adriaan van
der Werff, Dresden Museum ; Joseph Ma-
zerolles (Salon, 1861) ; fidouard Toudouze
(Salon, 1874).
VENUS AND CUPID, HISTORY OF,
1 Raphael, Bath-room of Cardinal Bibbiena,
Vatican ; frescos on walls. Seven large
compositions, on a dark red background :
1. Birth of Venus ; 2. Venus and Cupid
343
VENUS
borne by Dolphins ; 3. Venus, wounded,
complaining to Cupid ; 4. Jupiter and An-
tiope ; 5. Venus drawing a Thorn from her
Foot ; 6. Venus and Adonis ; 7. Vulcan and
Minerva. Corresponding to these are seven
smaller compositions on a black back-
ground, illustrating the Triumphs of Love.
Designed by Raphael, and painted by his
pupils about 1514. Engraved, in whole or
iii part, by Marco da Eavenna ; Piroli ; Lan-
VENUS, CUPID, AND VULCAN, Tin-
toretto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2
ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 4 in. Venus, nude, reclining
i on a green carpet, caressing Cupid ; Vulcan,
also nearly nude, kneeling and raising a
white cloth which partly envelops Cupid ;
in background, a landscape, with Mars in
his chariot in the clouds, an allusion to the
parentage of Cupid. — Gal. du Pal. Pitti, ii.
PI. 84.
Toilet of Venus, Francesco Albani, Louvre, Paris.
don ; A. Veneziano ; A. Campanella ; Pizzi ;
Maestri.— Mtintz, 446 ; Passavant, ii. 231 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 469; Larousse, xv. 881.
VENUS, CUPID, AND SATYRS, Domeni-
chino, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; copper, oval,
H. 11 in. x 1 ft. 1 in. The goddess, nude,
lying on a stone, leaning on a cushion with
one arm, and pressing Cupid to her bosom
with the other. A figure in the background
tries to rob the quiver of its arrows, while
two satyrs look on from the other side. —
Cat. Pal. Pitti.
VENUS, DARMSTADT, Titian, Darm-
stadt Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft.
6 in. A young woman, nude, asleep on
rose-strewn cushions, with one arm under
her head, a red cloth, on which she lies,
partly covering the ground and partly hang-
ing from an oak tree ; landscape in distance,
with a couple seated courting. Painted
about 1523 ; history unknown ; considered
by some of doubtful authenticity. Copies
with variations in Apsley House, London ;
Dudley House, ib. ; Fitzwilliam Museum,
843
VENUS
Cambridge ; Dulwich Gallery ; and Dresden
Gallery. None of them by Titian. — C. &
C., Titian, i. 273.
VENUS, FESTIVAL OF, Eubens, Vienna
Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 11 ft. Votaries
present offerings to a statue of Venus in a
grove, while cupids dance around it, and
others sport among the trees or float in the
air with clusters of fruit ; at one side, two
beautiful women advance with offerings, and
at the other side, nymphs and satyrs dance ;
in background, the temple of the goddess on
a hill. Engraved by Preuner. — Smith, ii. 98.
VENUS AND MAES. See Mars.
VENUS WITH THE MIRROR. See Ve-
nus, Toilet of, Titian.
VENUS WITH THE ORGAN PLAYER,
Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6
in. x 7 ft. G in. Venus, nude, lying in same
position as the Venus and Cupid of the Uf-
fizi, but with different face ; instead of hold-
ing flowers, she pats with her hand a lap-dog,
the bark of which disturbs a man playing
an organ at the foot of the couch. Painted
about 1547, and probably taken to Augs-
burg in 1548 and sold to Nicholas Gran-
velle ; sold in 1GOO by the Count of Cante-
croix to Emperor Rudolf H. ; said to have
been in Collection of Charles I. of England ;
in Spain since 1665. Repetitions, with
changes, by followers of Titian, in Madrid
and Dresden Museums, and in Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge. Other copies. — C. &
C., Titian, ii. 158, 185 ; Morelli, 173 ; Hiib-
ner, Dresden Gal., i. 13 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
VENUS DEL PARDO. See Jupiter and
Antiope.
VENUS AU PETIT CHIEN. See Venus
of the Tribune.
VENUS OF THE SHELL. See Venus
Anadyomene, Titian.
VENUS, TOILET OF, Francesco Albani,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft.
3 in. Venus, seated in front of a Doric por-
tico on the border of the sea, looking at
herself in a mirror held by a cupid ; at left,
three cupids near a table on which is a vase
of flowers ; at right a fountain ; in back-
ground, a palace. Collection of Louis XIV.
Engraved by Baudet ; B. Audrau. — Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musec, 2d Col., iii.
PI. 61 ; Reveil, xii. 878.
By Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 4 in. Venus, partly
draped, seated on a couch, with her head
turned to look in a mirror held by a cupid,
who, with his back to the spectator, staggers
under the load ; Eros, with one hand on his
mother's shoulder, tries with the other to
crown her with a garland. Painted in 1562 ;
came from Pomponio Vecelli to Barberigo
Toilet of Venus, Titian, Cobham Hall, England.
Collection, whence passed to Russia. Re-
plicas made for Philip H. of Spain and for
Niccolo Crasso, but both missing. Copy
without Eros at Cobham Hall, from Orleans
Gallery; others in Dresden and Augsburg
Galleries, and an original sketch in Dresden.
Another, in the Hermitage, classed as a
school-piece, which came from the Malmai-
son Collection, presents two cupids hold-
ing the mirror ; replica lately in Lord Ash-
burton's Collection, London. Autotype by
Ad. Braun & Co., Paris.— C. & C., Titian,
ii. 333 ; Ticozzi, 59.
Subject treated also by Jacob Jordaens,
344
VENUS
Uffizi, Florence ; Padovanino, Palazzo Bor- 1 Bauclet ; B. Audran. — Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
ghese, Rome ; Theodoras van Thulden, Jluis Landon, Must-e, 2d Col., iii. PI. 62.
ten Bosch, The Hague ; Antonio Triva, By Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
Dresden Gallery ; Franc,ois Boucher, Stock-
holm Museum ; Paul Baudry (1859), Bor-
deaux Museum.
H. 14 in. x 9 in. Vulcan, seated beside
Venus, embraces her with his left arm, while
carrying a bundle of arrows on his shoulder
with his right ; Venus is putting arrows into
the quiver of a cupid who is bending his bow ;
another cupid presents her a butterfly, and
others bear a vase of flowers. Engraved by
Morace. — Filhol, vii. PL 451 ; Museo fran-
yais, i. Part 3 : Ch. Blanc, £cole romaine.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Venus dc-
VENUS OF THE TRIBUNE, Titian, Tri-
bune of the Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, life-
size. Supposed by some to be the portrait
of a mistress of Guidobaldo IL, Duke of
Urbino. Venus, nude, lies at the foot of
a green hanging, on a muslin sheet that
covers a red damask couch, one arm on
her person, the other on the cushions,
playing with a chaplet of
flowers ; a little dog is
curled up on the couch at
her feet, and handmaids in
distance are preparing lier
dress. Painted in Venice
about 1537 for Francesco
Maria della Rovere (?),
Duke of Urbino ; passed
in 17th century as an
heirloom to the Florence
Gallery. Replica in Uffizi
by a Venetian of Titian's
time ; adaptations in But-
ler-Johnstone and Hamp-
ton Court Collections. En-
graved by P. Soutman ;
R. Gay wood ; A. Nargeot ;
S t r ft 11 f ft Vn.ST.ri cA Venus of the Tribune, Titian, Tribune of the Uffiii, Florence.
Mil., vii. 443 ; C. «fc C., Titian, i. 389 ; Gotti, \ manding of Vulcan arms for JEneas. The
Gal. di Firenze, 103 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, i. goddess, nearly nude, preceded by a cupid
225 ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court, 51 ; bearing a sheathed sword, and sustained by
Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 49.
VENUS, TRIUMPH OF. See Venus,
Birth of.
VENUS AND VULCAN, Francesco Alba-
ni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in.
Venus lying on a couch, with Vulcan reclin-
a second cupid, advances towards Vulcan,
who has one knee upon a stone ; at left,
above the head of Venus, another cupid
with a bow and arrows ; in background,
two cyclops with hammers. Collection of
Louis XTV. ; formerly in Luxembourg. En-
ing at her feet ; two cupids present the god- • graved by Langlois ; C. Normand. — Cat.
dess a buckler pierced with arrows ; at Louvre ; Filhol., iii. PI. 170 ; Landon, xi.
right, cupids forge and sharpen arrows, oth- PI. 65 ; Guiffrey, 254 ; Smith, iii. 39 ; Musce
ers make bows ; Diana, in the clouds, at- franyais.
tended by two nymphs, holds a javelin. By Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ;
Collection of Louis XTV. Engraved by , canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. Venus receiv-
845
VENUS
ing from Vulcan the armour forged for
^neas. Vulcan, seated at right, extends
his hand to Venus ; a cupid and a cyclops
edge of an undulating ground on which
winged cupids swarm, some plucking the
sacred apples, others tumbling, fighting, and
dancing. Painted before 1518 for Duke
Alfonso of Ferrara ; removed in 1598 to
Rome, by Papal Legate Cardinal Aldobran-
dini ; was in Palazzo Ludovisi until Cardinal
Ludovisi sent it to Count Monterey, Spanish
Viceroy at Naples, as a present to the King
of Spain ; carried to Madrid by Monterey
in 1638. Copy by Rubens in Royal Palace,
Stockholm.— C. & C., Titian, i. 191 ; Sains-
bury Papers, 238, 353.
VENUSTI, MARCKLLO, born in Mantua
in 1515, died in 1576 or 1585. Roman
school ; history painter, pupil of Perino del
Vaga, afterwards of Michelangelo, whom he
assisted in his works in Rome and Florence.
He painted a great deal after that master's
drawings, and is distinguished by a delicate
Venus and Vulcan, Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris.
hold a breastplate before her bosom, while
other cupids play with parts of the armour ;
above, a cupid aims an arrow at Vulcan.
Called also Minerva and Vulcan. Engraved
by J. Axman ; Reveil. — Smith, iii. 27 ; Gal.
de Vienue, iii. PI. 146 ; Guiffrey, 253 ; La-
rousse, xv. 882 ; Reveil, xiii. 933.
Subject treated also by Pietro Liberi,
Dresden Museum ; Frai^ois Boucher, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Jan Brueghel, Palazzo Cambi-
aso, Genoa ; Charles Joseph Natoire, Lou-
vre, Bordeaux Museum ; Montpellier Muse-
um ; Rubens, Brussels Museum.
VENUS WORSHIP, Titian, Madrid Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 9 in
Subject from Philostratus (Eikones, i. 6)
Veuus, a marble statue on a pedestal, with
two nymphs at her feet, offering gifts ;
stream at the base of the pedestal waters the
Venus and Vulcan, Anton Van Dyck, Louvre, Paris.
and neat execution. Works: Christ appear-
ing to Souls in Purgatory, Colonna Gallery,
Rome ; Copy of Last Judgment by Michel-
346
VERA
angelo, Naples Museum ; Nativity, Vienna
Museum ; Holy Family (1563), Leipsic Mu-
seum.—Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 386 ; Lubke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., ii. 140.
VERA, Don ALEJO, born at Vifiuela, Ma-
laga ; contemporary. Spanish school ; his-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Frederico
de Madrazo ; studied afterwards in Rome ;
contributed much to raising art in Spain to
a higher standard. Medals : 1862, 1871 ;
Philadelphia, 1876. Works : Burial of St.
Lawrence in Catacombs of Rome (1862) ;
Communion of Early Christians in the Cata-
combs ; Pompeiian Lady at Toilet (1871) ;
Old Roman Woman with Parrot ; Jewelry
Store at Pompeii ; Heroism of Numantines
(1881).
VERBEECK, FRANS, born at Antwerp,
baptized Feb. 21, 1686, died there, May 28,
1755. Flemish school ; genre and battle
painter, pupil of Jan Baptist de Bie ; master
of the guild in 1710, and its dean in 1724,
1730, 1737, and 1746. He was also one of
the directors of the Antwerp Academy. His
only still known work is a Visit of the Ab-
bot of St. Michael to the Fencers' Guild
(1713), Antwerp Museum. — Cat. du Mus.
d'Anvers, 526 ; Van den Branden, 1193.
VERBEECK (Verbeecq), PIETER (COR-
NELISZ), born probably at Haarlem, flour-
ished about 1638-50. Dutch school ; ani-
mal and battle painter ; received as master
into the guild at Alkmanr in 1635, and at
The Hague in 1645. Works : Skirmish of
Oriental Hoi-semen (1638), Berlin Museum ;
Man and Woman on Horseback, Groom
holding Horse, Halt before Tavern (2), Cas-
sel Gallery ; Horse and Rider at Cistern
(1642), Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ;
Saddled Horse fastened to a Hedge, Old
Pinakothek, Munich. — Immerzeel, iii. 167 ;
Kramm, vi. 1701.
VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGENE JO-
SEPH, born at Warneton, West Flanders,
June 9, 1799, died in Brussels, Jan. 19, 1881.
Animal painter, son and pupil of the sculp-
tor Barthele mi Verboeckhoven ; visited Eng-
land in 1826, Germany in 1828, France and
Italy in 1841, and settled in Brussels. Mem-
ber of Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Amster-
dam, and St. Petersburg
Academies. L. of Hon-
our; Commander of Or-
ders of Leopold and
Francis Joseph ; Bava-
rian Order of Michael ;
Portuguese Order of
Christ; Order of Iron
Cross (1830). Works:
Arabian Stallion (1824);
Horses attacked by Wolves (1836), Land-
scapes with Cattle (2, 1824, 1825), Muse-
um, Amsterdam ; Sheep and Lamb, Sheep
in a Grove, Landscape with Resting Cat-
tle, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Wounded Lion ;
Horses in Roman Campagna ; Return from
Market ; Market at Ghent ; Shepherd near
Tivoli (1846), Bad Neighbours (1853), Herd
driven to Pasture (1856), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Bull in a Landscape (1829),
Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Cows in Pasture,
Ravenc Gallery, ib. ; Sheep Stable, Carls-
ruhe Gallery; do. (1841), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Woodland Scene with Cattle
(1836), Christiania Gallery ; Sheep in Pas-
ture (1838), Sheep Resting, Donkeys and
Sheep (1839), Kuusthalle, Hamburg ; Man
with Calf, Konigsberg Museum ; White
Horse by Cottage (1837), Peasant Asleep
with Horse watched by Dog (1839), Sheep
Pictures (4, 1838, 1840, 1846, 1859), Cow
and Goat in Stable (1841), Leipsic Muse-
um ; Sheep Stable (1844), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Landscape with Animals (1846),
Ghent Museum ; Sheep surprised by Storm,
Souvenir of Roman Campagna, Brussels
Museum ; Shepherdess in the Campine
(1855) ; Sheep in Downs of Ostend (1878) ;
Dead Sheep in Scottish Landscape, Scottish
ne
\JVH-
183}
Ponies, Bouquet (1880) ; Frightened Bull,
J. J. Astor, New York ; Sheep — Interior, H.
847
VERBOECKHOVEN
E. Maynard, Boston. — Chronique des Arts
(1881), 52 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 143 ;
Immerzeel, iii. 168 ; Kramm, vi. 1702 ;
Kuust-Chronik, xvi. 341 ; Michiels, x. 579.
VERBOECKHOVEN, LOUIS, born at
Warneton, West Flanders, Feb. 5, 1802.
Marine painter, brother of preceding, first
instructed by his father, then studied while
travelling on coast of North Sea. Member
of Amsterdam Academy. Medals at Brus-
sels, Cambray, Arras, and Lille. Works :
Marines in
Court ray,
Antwerp (1839), and Leipsic (2). — Immer-
zeel, iii. 169.
VERBOOM (van Boom), ABRAHAM, born
at Haarlem, died after 1657. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, imitated J. Ruisdael, and
influenced by Waterloo. He excelled in
painting trees, and his richly wooded land-
scapes are good in aerial perspective, though
somewhat heavy in colouring. Lingelbach,
Adriaan van de Velde, and Philips Wouwer-
man painted the figures in his landscapes.
Works : Wooded Hill, Mr. Baring, London ;
Departure for the Chase, Brussels Museum ;
Wood Landscape with Huntsmen Resting
(1657), Rotterdam Museum ; do. with Trav-
ellers (figures by Lingelbach), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Village, Oak Wood, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Village View (1656), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Landscapes (2), Copenhagen Gallery ;
do., Schleiss-
heim Gal-
lery; do.,
Historical
Society, New York.— Immerzeel, iii. 169 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 480 ; Kramm, i. 121 ;
vi. 1702.
VERBRUGGE, JEAN CHARLES, born
at Bruges, Aug. 25, 1756, died there, June
4, 1831. Genre painter, pupil of Hubert
de Cockq, then at the Bruges Academy of
Jean Gaeremyn, and finally of Legillon.
Works : Farm Interior (1790), do., and Sta-
ble Interior, Bruges Academy. — Weale, Cat.
Bruges Acad. (1861), 107.
.
A"T / /
V&r O
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER,
the elder, born at Antwerp, baptized Sept.
8, 1635, died there, April 16, 1681. Flem-
ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Corne-
lis Mahu in 1645 ; master of the guild in
1650. Works : Garland (1670), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Flowers around Picture, Dunkirk
Museum ; Flower-Pieces (2, 1651, 1679),
Schleissheim Gallery. — Van den Branden,
1137.
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER,
the younger, born at Antwerp, April 11,
1664, died there, buried March 14, 1730.
Flemish school ; flower painter, son and
pupil of preceding ; master of the guild in
1677 ; its dean in 1691 ; worked also at
The Hague, where he seems to have been
settled in 1706-23. Works : Flower-Pieces
in the Louvre, Galleries of Aschaffenburg
and Schwerin (2), Museums of Antwerp,
Cologne (2), Hermannstadt, Lille, Stock-
holm, and Wiesbaden. — Cat. du Mus. d'An-
vers, 529 ; Immerzeel, iii. 170 ; Kramm, vi.
1703 ; Van den Branden, 1139.
VERDE-DELISLE, Mme. MAREE EVE
ALEXANDRINE (nee Perignon), born in
Paris, April 29, 1805, died there in 1866.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Gros.
Works : Reading the Bible (1830) ; Charles
VH. and Agnes Sorel (1831) ; Rubens as a
Child (1844) ; Meet (1846) ; A Thought, A
Souvenir (1848). — Bellier, ii. 647 ; Larousse.
VERDIER, FRANgOIS, born in Paris in
1651, died there,
June 20, 1730.
French school ; his-
tory painter, pupil
of Le Brun, whose
niece he married,
and with whom he
worked upon the
decorations of the
Versailles and Tri-
anon Palaces and the
Gallery of Apollo in the Louvre. Won the
gi-and prix de Rome in 1668. Member of
Academy, 1678 ; assistant professor, 1681 ;
professor, 1684. Works : Assumption, Lou-
348
VEKDIER
vre ; Cupid Fighting, Cupid at Rest, Tri-
aiion Palace ; Orithyia carried off by Bo-
reas, Mercury with the Head of Argus,
Palais de Compiegne ; Jupiter and Antiope,
Nantes Museum ; Flight into Egypt, Ni-
obe's Children pierced by the Arrows of
Diana and Apollo, Orleans Museum ; David
and the High Priest, Kennes Museum ; Last
Supper, Caen Museum ; Baptism of Christ,
Mythologi- *~^*
cal Subject, X*T/^ ) ' Q
Hermitage, / &f (/ /JLJ/^--
St. Peters-
burg.—Bellier, ii. 649 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
fran9aise ; Jal, 1250 ; "Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Lejeune, Guide, i. 183 ; iii. 272.
VERDIEE, MARCEL, born in Paris, May
20, 1817, died there, August, 1856. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Ingres and
of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 3d
class, 1837 ; 2d class, 1848. Works : Holy
Family, First Criminal Thoughts (1837);
Philip baptizing the Eunuch (1840) ; Peni-
tent Magdalen, Death of Archimedes (1842);
Women and a Secret, Neapolitan Woman
(1847) ; See-Saw, Clairvoyante (1848) ; A
Mother after the Revolution of 1848, Man
between Two Ages and his Mistresses
(1849) ; St. Lawrence, Flower Girl (1850) ;
Artist's Discouragement, Conscripts Depart-
ing (1852) ; Scene of Modern Outlawry in
Clainecy (1853), Arras Museum ; Christ
crowned with Thorns, Female Portrait,
Montpellier Museum ; Male Portrait, Nimes
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 649 ; Larousse.
VERDOEL, ADRIAAN, born at Over-
mans in 1620, died in 1681. Dutch school ;
animal painter ; said to have been instruct-
ed" by Bramer and Jacob de Witte, as well as
by Rembrandt, whose manner he followed.
Mentioned as member of the guild at Haar-
lem in 1649. His compositions are ingeni-
ous, his drawing is correct, and his colour-
ing powerful In the Schwerin Gallery are
two pictures with Pigs in a Stable. — Ha-
vard, A. & A., iv. 88 ; Schlie, 649 ; Vosmaer,
Rembrandt (ed. 1877), 232 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K., xvii. 127.
VERDDSSEN, JAN PEETER, born prob-
ably at Antwerp, died at Avignon, March
31, 1763. Flemish school ; battle painter
of considerable renown, was director of the
Art School at Marseilles until 1744, when he
went to Turin, accompanied the King of Sar-
dinia in his campaigns, and after visiting
several other courts, returned to France
and settled at Avignon. Works: Siege of
Saint Guilhain in 1746, Versailles Museum ;
Charge of Cavalry (2), Marseilles Museum ;
Italian Landscape with Herd (copy after
Berchem), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Army Bag-
gage attacked by the Enemy, Horse Fair,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Bellier, ii. 650 ;
Kramm, vi. 1707.
VERDUSSEN, PEETER, born at Ant-
werp, baptized Feb. 10, 1662, died there (?).
Flemish school ; landscape and animal paint-
er, pupil of his father, Jacob Verdusseu ;
master of the guild in 1697. Works : Land-
scape with Battle of Eeckereu, City Hall,
Antwerp ; Mountainous Landscape, Mu-
seum Plantijn, ib. ; Meet of Huntsmen near
Roman Ruins, Augsburg Gallery. — Van den
Branden, 1080.
VERELST (van Elst), PIETER, born at
Antwerp in 1614, died after 1668. Dutch
school ; genre and portrait painter, flour-
ished about 1648-66 at The Hague, where
he settled in 1642 ; was one of the found-
ers of the new guild in 1656, and is men-
tioned in documents as late as 1668, when,
full of debts, he fled from his creditors.
Works : Farm Interior (1643), Copenhagen
Gallery ; Portrait of Old Lady (1648), Seam-
stress, Berlin Museum ; Lady's Portrait,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Card Players, Cassel Gal-
lery ; Old Man by Coal Fire, Man Reading,
Dresden Gallery; Dutch Family (1665),
Haarlem Mu-
seum;Peas-
ants Carous-
ing, do. Smok-
ing, Male Por-
traits (2), Vienna Museum. — Immerzeel, iii.
171 ; Kramm, vi. 1708 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
389.
VERELST
VEEELST, SIMON, born at The Hague,
died in London (?) about 1721. Dutch
school ; flower, fruit, and portrait painter ;
perhaps son of Pieter Verelst ; mentioned
as master of The Hague guild in 1666.
Works : Female Portrait, Louvre ; Flower-
Piece, Cassel Gallery ; do., Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Man in Armour (attributed), Dresden
Gallery; Still-Life, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Flowers, Schleissheim Gallery ; do.,
New York Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 171 ;
Kramm, vi. 1707 ; Eiegel, Beitriige, ii. 441.
VEEENDAEL (Veerendael), NICOLAAS
VAN, born in Antwerp, baptized Feb. 19,
1640, died there, buried Aug. 11, 1691.
Flemish school ; still-life painter, son and
pupil of Willem van Verendael ; approached
Seghers in careful detail and capital draw-
ing, but is greatly his inferior in power and
clearness of colour. Master of Antwerp
guild in 1656. Works : Eucharist, Ant-
werp Museum ; Flowers, etc., around Cru-
cifix (1686), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead
Game and Flowers (figures by Teniers), Mon-
keys at Table (1686), Bouquet, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Garland around Belief of Madonna
(1670), Berlin Museum; Festoon (1662),
Schwerin Gallery ; Garland around Bust of
Pomona, Fruits around Bust of Flora, Still-
Life, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Four Bou-
quets around Madonna (1662), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; Festoon around do., Na-
ples Museum ; Flower-Pieces in Museums
at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Innsbruck ; Gal-
lery at Carlsruhe (2) ; Uffizi, Florence. —
Kramm, vi. 1709 ; Michiela, ix. 210 ; Booses
(Eeber), 433 ; Van den Brandon, 1141.
VEEESCHAGIN, BASIL, born at Tcher-
epovets, government of Novgorod, Eussia,
Oct. 14 (26), 1842. Battle and genre paint-
er, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, where
he won a medal with his first picture ; after
a visit to Paris, the Pyrenees, and Germany,
went to the Caucasus to study Oriental sub-
jects, and in 1864 to Paris to study under
Geroine and at the ficole des Beaux Arts,
spending his vaca-
tions in the Cau-
casus and on his
paternal estates,
where he studied
the manners of Bus-
sian peasantry. In
1867-70 he accom-
panied General
Kaufmann to Turk-
estan, and after a
summer spent at Antwerp and Brussels,
went to the East as far as China ; in 1874-
76 visited India, and on his return settled
in Paris. Joined the Eussian army dur-
ing the Eusso-Turkish War, was severe-
ly wounded, but after recovery reached
Plevna in time to see the fortress stormed.
After assisting as secretary in the peace ne-
gotiations he returned to Paris, whence he
again visited India in 1882 and 1884. The
realistic painter par excellence of the ter-
rors of war, he paints his pictures in cycles,
which he will not allow to be broken up.
Divided into two main groups — those treat-
ing of scenery and genre, and those dealing
with war scenes — his principal works are
classified by himself in three sections, deal-
ing with India, with Turkestan, and with the
Eusso-Turkish War. Works : Unexpected
Attack ; Opium Eaters ; Before Victory ;
After Defeat ; Defence of the Citadel ; Look-
ing at the Trophies ; Assault on Plevna ;
After the Assault ; Apotheosis of War ; For-
gotten ; Wounded Eeturning ; Our Prison-
ers ; Victors ; Vanquished ; All Quiet at
Shipka ; Snow Trenches on the Shipka ;
Cycle from Campaign in Turkestan, do. (20)
from Kusso-Turkish War, Moscow Muse-
um ; Cycle (20) from History of India. A
series of large paintings is in the Tretjakoff
Collection at Moscow ; Frescos in the Church
of the Eedeemer, ib. In 1885 he exhibited
in Vienna 83 paintings, among which were :
Suppression of Indian Eevolt, Entry of
Prince of Wales into Jeypoor, Pearl Mosque
850
VEK1IAAGEN
at Agra, Reception Hall in Palace at Agra,
Tomb of Abraham, do. of Joseph, do. of
Samuel, Dead Sea, Well of Jacob, Gilgal,
Valley of Esdraelon, Source of Gideon, Cave
of Endor, Wall of Solomon, Place where
Christ was Baptized, Road to Jordan, Mount
Tabor, Mount of Temptation, Hermits on
the Jordan, Holy Family, Christ in the Des-
ert, do. on Lake Tiberias, The Prophecy,
Resurrection. — Allgem. K C., ix. 833, 855,
873, 880, 901, 996 ; Art Journal (1885), 9,
38 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1880), xxi. 164 ; H-
lustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 71, 111 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 49, 276, 387 ; xxi. 273 ; Kunst f.
Alle, i. 201 ; Nord u. Slid, xxv. 359 ; Reber-
Pecht, iii. 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 195.
VERHAAGEN, JORIS. See Hagen.
VERHAEGT (van Haecht), TOBIAS,
born in Antwerp about 1561, died there iu
1631. Flemish school ; landscape and archi-
tecture painter, master of Antwerp guild in
1590, its dean in 1595-96 ; went to Italy,
where he painted in fresco at Florence and
Rome. Notable as the first master of Ru-
bens. Works : Mountainous Landscape
with River (1613), Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; Hunting Adventure of Emper-
or Maximilian L (1615), Brussels Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 172 ; Rramm, vi. 1710 ;
Michiels, vi. 343 ; Riegel, Beitrage, i. 274 ;
Rooses (Reber), 151 ; Van den Branden, 383.
VERHAGHEN, PIERRE JOSEPH, born
at Aerschot, March 19, 1728, died at Lou-
vain, April 3, 1811. History painter, pupil
of Antwerp Academy under Beschey, but
formed himself chiefly by studying the works
of the great masters of the 17th century.
In 1744 he settled at Louvain ; in 1771 ap-
pointed painter to Prince Charles of Lor-
raine, and sent to France and Italy by the
Empress Maria Theresa ; well received in
Vienna on his return in 1773 from Rome,
where he had been much distinguished by
Pope Clement XTV., but could not be in-
duced to stay, and returned to Louvain.
He was remark-
able as a colourist.
Works: Hagar
and Ishmael, Ant-
werp Museum;
Adoration of Ma-
gi, Brussels Mu-
seum ; Presenta-
tion in Temple
(1767), Ghent Mu-
seum; St. Stephen,
King of Hungary
receiving Envoys of Pope Sylvester H.
(1770), Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flamande ; Immerzeel, iii. 173 ; Kramm, vi.
1711 ; Michiels, x. 492.
VERHAS, JAN, born at Termonde ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, especially of
scenes from child life. Medals at Philadel-
phia, 1876 ; Brussels, 1878 ; Paris, 2d class,
1881 ; Vienna, 1882 ; Berlin, 1884, 1886.
Order of Leopold, 1879 ; L. of Honour, 1881.
Studio in Brussels. Works : May I come
in ? Mother's Portrait ; Seashore at Blan-
kenberghe (1876); Inundation, Studio (1877);
Girl in the Corner ; Procession of School
Children (1880), Brussels Museum ; Preco-
cious Master - Painter, Ghent Museum ;
Heyst-sur-Mer (1883); Ride on Shore of
Sea Resort (1884) ; On the Landing Bridge
at Blankenberghe (1885). His brother,
Frans, paints in a similar manner. Work :
The Lion (1874), Ghent Museum.— Miiller,
534 ; D. Rundschau,
xx. 471 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., xvii.
VERHEYDEN,
FRANCISCUS,
born at Louvain,
March 18, 1806.
Genre painter, pu-
pil in Paris of Je-
rome Langlois.
Medals : Ghent,
1844 ; Brussels, 1845 ; Order of Leopold.
Works : Harvest Festival ; Dealer iu Plas-
361
VEKHEYDEN
ter Figures ; Parson's Maid ; Young Peas-
ant Woman ; The Dancers (1842) ; Eaves-
dropper (1850) ; Grape Thieves ; The Arri-
val (1860) ; Boys' School ; Girls' School.—
Immerzeel, iii. 174 ; Kramm, vi. 1712.
VERHEYDEN, JAN HENDRIK, born
at Utrecht, Dec. 22, 1778, died there, buried
Jan. 16, 1846. Landscape painter, first in-
structed by Osti, a painter of ornaments at
Utrecht ; then formed himself chiefly by
careful study of nature and copying after
Jan van der Heyden and the two Berck-
Heyde ; painted mostly city views, which are
to be found in many private collections.
Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1822.
Works: Fish Market in Utrecht (1818);
Geertekerk in Utrecht, City View, Rotter-
dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 175 ; Kramm,
vi. 1713 ; Nagler, xx. 106.
VERHOEVEN - BALL, ADRIEN JO-
SEPH, born in Antwerp, Aug. 7, 1824.
Genre painter, pupil of Leys and of Ant-
werp Academy. Several Medals. For ten
years president of section of Fine Arts in
Cercle artistique at Antwerp. Works :
Foundation of Brotherhood in Antwerp ;
Letter to Godfather (1856) ; Card Players
(1861) ; Weenix in his Studio ; Return from
Mexico ; Still-Life (1873).— Miiller, 534.
VERHULST. See Hulst.
VERKOLJE, JAN, born in Amsterdam,
Feb. 9, 1650, died
at Delft, buried
May 8, 1693.
Dutch school ; por-
trait a 11 d genre
painter, pupil of
Jan Lievens, but
nevertheless a
painter of high fin-
ish. He composed
with taste, his
drawing is tolerable, his colour warm and
clear, and his execution is tender and soft.
Works : Mother and Child (1675), Louvre ;
Sportsman (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Mu-
sical Assembly (1673), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Portraits of Willem HI. and Consort
(attributed), Haarlem Museum ; Lady and
Trumpeter (1678), Old Fruit Vender and
Boy, Dresden Gallery ; Musical Assembly,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Lady and Mu-
sician at Piano (1674), Schleissheim Gallery ;
Cupid and Psyche, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Musical Assembly (1673), Vertum-
nus and Pomona (1678), Worlitz Gallery. —
Immerzeel, iii. 177 ; Kramm, vi. 1723 ; Ku-
gler (Crowe), ii. 414 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv.
319.
VERKOLJE, NICOLAAS, born at Delft
in 1673, died in
Amsterdam, Jan. 21,
1746. Dutch school;
history, genre, and
portrait painter, son
and pupil of Jan
Verkolje ; imitated
the style of Van der
Werff in his his-
torical pictures.
Works : Proserpine
culling Flowers, Louvre ; Male Portrait,
Amsterdam Museum ; Declined Booty, Ber-
lin Museum ; Toilet of Herse, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Return from the Chase, Christi-
aiiia Gallery. — Immerzeel, iii. 178 ; Kramm,
vi. 1724.
VERLAT, CHARLES, born in Antwerp
in 1824. History, portrait, and animal
painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy and of
Nicaise de Keyser ; studied in Paris, became
director of the Weimar Art School in 1869,
afterwards professor at Antwerp Academy,
and in 1885 was appointed its director.
Visited the East in 1875-77. Ranks high as
an animal painter. Medals : 3d class, Paris,
1853 ; 2d class, 1855, 1861 ; 1st class, 1878;
L. of Honour, 1868. Order of Leopold,
1855 ; Officer, 1866. Works : Godfrey de
Bouillon in Sight of Jerusalem (1855) ; Ma-
donna ; Mater Dolorosa (1866) ; Marriage
at Cana ; Vox Populi, Vox Dei ; Holy Fam-
ily (1868) ; The Jews Crying for Barabbas ;
Portraits of Himself, of Friedrich Preller
(1870), of Franz Liszt (1871), Weimar Mu-
seum ; of Grand Duchess of Saxe- Weimar ;
382
VERIJNDE
Rabbit Hunt (1866) ; Dog at Bay (1869) ;
Avidity ; Bad Neighbours ; Quarrelling over
the Booty ; Wolf Hunt ; Monkey shaving
before Mirror ; Dogs waiting for the Start ;
Shepherdess with her Flock ; First Snow ;
Not Invited ! Reynard in Hope ; Reynard
Deceived ; Storming of Jerusalem, Dog de-
fending Herd against Eagle, Brussels Mu-
seum ; Buffidoes attacked by Tiger, Zoologi-
cal Garden, Amsterdam ; Dog and Parrot,
Rooster and Chickens disturbed by Fox,
Museum Fodor, ib. ; Ecce Homo, Cruci-
fixion (1885) ; Lost the Track, Boar Hunt
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Illustr.
Zeitg. (1870), i. 270 ; Kunst-Chronik, v. 74 ;
xiii. 329 ; Mailer, 534 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 95 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi. 25, 104 ; xx. 570, 700.
VERLINDE, PETRUS ANTONIUS, born
at Winoxbergen, France, January, 1801.
History painter, pupil of Bruges Academy
under Ducq, of Antwerp Academy under
Van Bree, and in Paris of Gueriu ; settled in
Antwerp, where he became professor at the
Academy in 1829 ; painted the great tri-
umphal arch for the Rubens festival in
1840, for which the city of Antwerp award-
ed him a medal. Member of Royal Society
of Fine Arts in Antwerp in 1830, of Royal
Society of Sciences and Arts in 1834.
Works: Interior of Studio (1827) ; Death of
St. Louis ; Repose in Egypt ; Christ and
the Woman of Samaria ; Blind Man led by
his Daughter. — Immerzeel, iii. 179.
VERMAY or VERMAYEN. See Ver-
meyen.
VERMEER (van der Meer van Delft),
JOHANNES, born at Delft, baptized Oct.
31, 1632, died there, buried Dec. 15, 1675.
Dutch school ; portrait, genre, landscape,
and still-life painter, pupil of Karel Fabri-
tius, and further developed under the influ-
ence of Rembrandt. Master of the guild of
Delft in 1653, and was its dean in 1662-
63 and 1670-71. One of the greatest col-
ourists, excelling in admirable light effects.
Works: Music Lesson (attributed to Jan
Steen), Woman peeling Fruit (attributed to
Pieter de Hooch), Lord Hertford, London ;
Lace Maker, Louvre ; Soldier and Laugh-
ing Girl, Double Collection, Paris; Pearl
Weigher, Perier Collection, ib. ; Geographer,
do. (1665), Pereire Gallery, ib.; Portrait of
Young Girl, Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ;
Guitar Player, Cremer Collection, ib. ; View
of Delft, Hague Museum ; Woman Reading,
Amsterdam Museum ; Milkmaid, House in
Delft, Six Gallery, ib. ; Entrance to Forest
(attributed to Jacob van Ruisdael), Basle
Museum ; Girl with Wineglass (La Co-
quette), Brunswick Gallery ; Rustic Cottage
(now claimed for D. J. van dor Laen, 1759-
1829), Boy blowing Bubbles, Young Lady
with Pearl Necklace, Berlin Museum ; Cour-
tesan (1G56), Girl reading Letter, Dresden
Gallery; Geographer (1669), Stadel Gal-
lery, Frankfort ; Woman peeling Apple
for Child (attributed to Terburg), Still-
Life (1659), Museum, Vienna ; The Prome-
nade, Academy, ib. ; Family Reunion, Artist
in his Studio (attributed to Pieter do
Hooch), Entrance to Grove, Czernin Gal-
lery, ib. ; Landscapes (2), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Tavern Interior with Soldiers
(attributed to Jan Le Ducq), Borghese Gal-
lery, Rome.-
daise ; Burger, Musees, i. 272 ; ii. 67 ;
Dohme, Iii.; Gaz. des B. Arts (1866), xxi.
297, 458, 542 ; (1883), xxvii. 389 ; xxviii.
213 ; Kramm, vi. 1725 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
381 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 68 ; xxi. 234 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., ii. 167 ; iii. 262 ; iv. 140,
360 ; x. 34 ; xi. (Mittheilungen, iv. 11).
VERMEERSCH, IVO AMBROS, born at
Maldeghem, near Ghent, Jan. 9, 1810, died
in Munich, May 24, 1852. Architecture
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy under P.
F. de Noter ; settled in 1841 at Munich,
whence he visited Italy several times.
363
VERMEHREN
Works: Fish Market in Ghent (1826);
Dominican Church and Monastery, ib.
(1829); Ruins of St. Macarius', ib.; do. of
St. Bavon's Abbey, ib. (1830) ; Market
Square at Brunswick ; Views in Bruges,
Mentz, Limburg, etc.; View in Venice,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Harbour View (1842),
Canal Grande in Venice (1851), City Gate
of Perugia (1850), Street in Italian Town
(1845), Tower and Bridge at Andernach
(1846), New Pinakothek, Munich ; City
Gate and Bridge at Coblentz, Stuttgart
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 180 ; Kramm, vi.
1728 ; N. Necrol. d. D. (1852).
VEEMEHEEN, JOHAN FREDRIK, bom
at Eingsted, Zea-
land, May 12, 1823.
Genre, landscape,
and portrait painter,
pupil of Copenhagen
Academy; took part
in the campaign of
1848; visited Italy
in 1855, 1857, and
1862, Holland and
France in 1862, and
became member of Copenhagen Academy in
1864 and professor in 1873. Danebrog
Order, 1869. Works: Cobbler in his
Kitchen ; Woman Spinning ; Peasant Wom-
an bringing Coffee to her Mother (1851) ;
Bread Seller (1851, 1852) ; Jutland Shep-
herd (1853) ; Farewell of Eeserve Soldier
(1849), Street in Italian Town (1857), Sow-
ers (1859), Domestic Occupation (1860),
Beggar Children in Farm Kitchen (1861),
Farmyard (1865), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Portrait of the Painter Sonne (1870) ; Man
filling his Pipe (1882); Young Man of
Eighteenth Century (1883) ; Portrait of
General Jonquieres (1883), Frederiksborg
Gallery.— Sigurd Miiller, 365; Weilbach,
734.
VERMEULEN, ANDEIES, born at Dor-
drecht in 1763, died at Amsterdam in 1814.
Landscape and marine painter, son and
pupil of Cornelia Vermeulen (1732-1813) ;
painted especially winter scenes enlivened
by many figures, and of pleasing colouring.
Works : Winter Day on Dutch River with
Skaters, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (1800),
Winter Sunday in a Village (1800), Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Boat with Load of Pigs
crossing Frozen River, Gotha Museum,
where is also a Landscape with Cows and
Sheep by his father. — Immerzeel, iii. 130 ;
Kramm, vi. 1728.
VERMEYEN (Vermay, Vermayen), JAN
COENELISZ, called El Mayo, and Juan de
Barbalonga, born at Beverwyck, near Haar-
lem, in 1500, died in Brussels in 1559.
Flemish school ; history, portrait, and land-
scape painter ; in the service of Margaret of
Austria in 1529 ; summoned to Spain in
1534 by Charles V., whom he accompanied
to Tunis, where he drew the Siege of Tunis
and other events of the campaign. From
these drawings he executed several pictures,
now in the Castle of Coburg, and ten large
coloured cartoons (for tapestries), now in
the Vienna Museum. Afterwards he visited,
with Charles V., Naples, Germany, and
Flanders. His pictures in the Brussels Ca-
thedral were ruined by the Iconoclasts,
and various highly esteemed landscapes, in
the Palace of the Prado, Madrid, were
burned in 1608. In the gallery of Marchese
Mansi at Lucca are : Battle of Pavia (1525),
Taking of Eome (1527), and Siege of Tunis
(1535).— Engerth, Gem. der Belvedere Gal.,
ii. 522 ; Immerzeel, iii. 181 ; Jahrb. der
Kunsthist. Sammlg. des Allerhochsten Kai-
serh., ii. 145 ; Kramm, vi. 1729 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 236 ; Siret (1883), ii. 368 ; Wau-
ters, Peinture flam., 138.
VEENANSAL, GUY LOUIS, born at
Fontainebleau, July 12, 1648, died in Par-
is, April 9, 1729. French school ; history
painter, pupil of Le Brun ; received into the
Academy in 1687, adjunct professor in 1695,
professor in 1704 ; travelled for several
years, painted in 1716 at Bonn for the
Elector of Cologne, then in Italy, chiefly
at Padua, where several of his works may
still be seen. Works : Eenovation of the
Edict of Nantes (1687), Versailles Museum ;
354
VEIiNET
Daughter of Jairus (1689), formerly in the
Louvre ; St. Maurice and Companions, An-
gers Museum ; St. Bathilda sold to the
Mayor of Archambault Palace (1700), Feast
in Olympus (1709), Bacchus consigned to
the Nymphs, Bacchus crowning Ariadne
(attributed), Orleans Museum ; Jurispru-
dence (allegory), Kenne Museum ; Immacu-
late Conception (fresco), San Canziano,
Padua ; Birth of the Virgin, Presentation of
the Virgin, St. Ann's, ib. ; Nativity, Presen-
tation of the Virgin, Santa Clara, ib. ;
Scourging of Christ, The Paradise (ceiling),
San Gaetano, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives,
San Leonardo, ib. ; Christ on the Cross
healing a Wound of St. Pellegrino Lariosi,
Servites, ib. ; Birth of the Virgin (1720),
Nativity (1722), Church of Torresino, ib. ;
Magdalen (2), S. Maria de' Miracoli, Rome.
— Bellier, ii. 652; Biog. univ., xliii. 190.
VEBNET, (ANTOINE) CHARLES
(HORACE), called
Carle, born at Bor-
deaux, Aug. 14,
1758, died in Paris,
Nov. 27, 1836.
History and ani-
mal painter, son
and pupil of Joseph
Vernet and pupil
of Lepicie; won
second prize in
1779, for his Abigail bearing Presents to
David, and first prize in 1782, for his Prodi-
gal Son. In Italy he became a prey to
melancholy and wished to become a monk,
but being called back to France, resumed
the brush and painted the Triumph of Paulus
.iEmilius (1789), in which he broke with tra-
dition and represented horses as lie saw
them. Under the Directory he painted mili-
tary scenes ; accompanied the First Consul
to Italy and painted the Battle of Marengo
(1804), and the Morning of Austerlitz (1808),
both in the Versailles Museum ; and under
the Restoration produced hunting scenes,
genre pictures, and landscapes. Member
of Academy, 1789 ; member of Institute,
1809 ; L. of Honour, 1808 ; Officer, 1831 ;
Order of St Michael, 1827. Works: Char-
iot Races at Funeral of Patroclus (1793);
Conqueror in the Chariot Races returning
Home (1800) ; Bombardment of Madrid
(1810), Versailles Museum ; Battle of Rivoli
(1810) ; Exercises at Francoui ; Review iu
the Place du Carrousel ; Imperial Hunt
(1812) ; Portrait of the Due d'Angouleme,
Louis XVHL hunting at Rambouillet (1818) ;
Stag Hunt of Due de Berry at Sevres, De-
livery of Vienna by Sobieski (1819) ; Due
d'Enghien's Dog (1821) ; Capture of Pam-
peluna (1824), Versailles Museum ; Deer
Hunt in Woods of Meudon (1827), Louvre ;
Greek Horseman fighting a Liou, Amiens
Museum ; Cossacks in Bivouac, Neufchatel
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 656 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole franyaise, iii. ; Durande, Joseph,
Carle et Horace Vernet (Paris, 1865) ; Jal,
1256 ; Journal des Artistes (1836), xx. 378 ;
Larousse, — 399 ; Lemounier, Notes biog.
sur Carle et Horace V. (Paris, 1864) ; Meyer,
Gesch, 137 ; ^••» » t
Nagler, xx./^ y/^ \A ft^n,
137; Qua-V^t'tx1-11-
tremore de Quincy, Notice hist, sur la vie,
etc. (Paris, 1837).
VERNET, (CLAUDE) JOSEPH, born at
Avignon, Aug. 14,
1712, died in Paris,
Dec. 23, 1789.
French school;
marine painter, son
and pupil of An-
toine Vernet (1689-
1753, decorative
painter), and pupil
of Adrien Mang-
lard ; went to Rome
in 1732 and studied with Fergioni, Panini,
and Solimena. He became the first marine
painter in Europe, and was patronized by
many courts. After an absence of twenty
years he returned to Paris in 1753, became
a member of the Academy the same year,
and a councillor in 1766. Commissioned
by the King to paint all the seaports of
BB
VEKNET
France, he completed fifteen of the twenty,
when he became wearied of travelling and
settled in Paris. Works : Entrance to Port
of Marseilles (1754), Interior of do. (1754),
Gulf of Bandol (1755), New Harbour of
Toulon (1756); City and Eoadstead of Tou-
lon (1756), Old Harbour of Toulon (1756),
Eoadstead of Antibes (1756), Port of Cette
(1757), City and Port of Bordeaux (1758),
do. from Castle of Trompette (1759), City
and Port of Bayonue (1761), do. from Bouf-
fler's Road (1761), Port of La Rochelle
(1762), Port of Rochefort (1762), Port of
Dieppe (1765), Cascades of Tivoli, Environs
of Rome, Environs of Marseilles (2), Bridge '
and Castle of St. Angelo in Rome, Ponte
Rotto in Rome, and many others, Louvre ;
Hunt on Lago di Patria near Naples (1749),
Versailles Museum ; others in Palais de
Compiegne (4), in Museums of Aix, Angers,
Besangon, Bordeaux, Caen, Chartres, Cher-
bourg, Dijon, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Mont-
pellier (4), Nantes (6), Nimes, Orleans, Rouen
(3),Toulon, The Hague (2) ; Shipwreck (1780),
Basle Museum ; Temple of the Sibyl at Ti-
voli (1751), Berlin Museum ; Fishermen and
Washerwomen (1737), Harbour of Marseilles,
Gotha Museum ; View of an Inlet (2, 1748,
1760), do. of Imperial Palaces in Rome at
Evening, Harbour in the Mist at Sunrise,
Seapoi't Town burning by Moonlight (1748),
Storm at Sea (2, 1760, 1770), Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Italian Seaports (6, three dated
1758, 1761, 1769), Shipwreck (1763), Storm
at Sea (2, 1765, 1778), Death of Virginie
(scene from " Paul et Virginie," 1789), seven
others (three dated 1761, 1769), Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; View of Rome, Vienna Mu-
seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of
Aschaffenburg, Bamberg, Carlsruhe (2), Cas-
sel, Christiania, Cologne, Dresden, Hamburg
(2, one dated 1787), Nuremberg, Schleiss-
heim (3), Stuttgart (2), Madrid (5), Liech-
tenstein (4), Harrach (6, 1750, 1751, 1752),
and Czernin Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Palazzo
Borghese, ib. (8) ; National Gallery, Lon-
don (2), and Dulwich Gallery. -L'Art (1876),
iii. 254, 307 ; (1877), viii. 73 ; Bellier, ii.
652; Biog. univ., xliii. 199; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran9aise, ii. ; Colburn's New Monthly
Mag., cxxxiii. 344; Durande, as above;
fimeric-David, Not. hist, sur les chefs-
d'oeuvre, etc. (1862), 309 ; Houssaye, Hist.
de 1'art fr. au xviii. siecle, 284 ; Jal, 1256 ;
Lagrange, Jos.V. et la peint. au xviii. siecle,
Joseph
(Paris, 1864) ; Nouvelle biog. gen., xlvi. 3 ;
Portfolio, iii. 98 ; Rev. des Deux Mondes
(1852), xiv. 109.
VERNET, (EMILE JEAN) HORACE,
born in Paris, June
30, 1789, died
there, Jan. 17, 1863.
History and genre
painter, son and
pupil of Carle Ver-
net, and pupil of
Moreau and Vin-
cent When fifteen
years old he sup-
ported himself by
his drawings. In
1810 he exhibited his Capture of a Re-
doubt, in which he gave up the classical
style of David and thenceforth represented
nature with great truth. In 1812 he won a
first medal by his Taking of an Intrenched
Camp. In 1814 Napoleon decorated him
with the Cross of the Legion of Honour for
gallant conduct at the defence of the Bar-
riere de Clichy, which he subsequently
painted (1820). Notwithstanding his Bona-
partist tendencies he received many honours
after the Restoration, especially under Louis
Philippe. In 1826 he became a member of
the Institute ; in 1828-1839 he was director
of the French Academy in Rome. Visited
Algeria in 1833-35, St. Petersburg in 1836,
1838, and 1842, Algeria again in 1837, 1845,
356
VERNET
and 1853, and Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and
Turkey in 1839-40. Officer L. of Honour,
1825; Commander, 1842; Grand Officer,
1862 ; Medal of Honour, Paris Exhibition
1855. Vernet painted successfully military,
oriental, and biblical scenes, but after 1836
be devoted himself chiefly to battle-pieces
and pieces illustrative of Arab life in Al-
geria. With wonderful facility of invention
and execution, he had little imagination or
depth of feeling. He is nevertheless to be
classed among the great French painters on
account of the change which he wrought
from pseudo-classicism to that observation
and close study of nature which characterize
the modern schools. Works : Taking of In-
trenched Camp at Glatz (1812) ; Dog of the
Regiment ; Horse with the Trumpet (1814) ;
Battle of Tolosa (1817), Versailles Museum ;
Massacre of Mamelukes (1819) ; Defence of
Paris in 1814 (1820), Louvre; Battle of
Jemappes, The Working Soldier, Soldier of
Waterloo, Last Cartridge, Camoens saving
his Manuscripts from Shipwreck, Scenes
from Moliere's Plays (5), Artist's Studio,
Death of Poniatowski, Defence of Saragossa,
Joseph Vernet bound to the Mast (1822) ;
Review on Champ de Mars (1824), Versailles
Museum ; Mazeppa (1825), Vaucluse Mu-
seum ; Mazeppa (1826), Avignon Museum ;
Last Hunt of Louis XVI. at Fontainebleau
(1827) ; Julius H directing the Building of
the Vatican (ceiling in the Louvre) ; Bridge
of Arcole ; Escape of Lavalette, Edith
searching for Body of Harold (1828) ; Mag-
dalen Penitent (1828), Leipsic Museum ;
Pope Leo XH. earned to the Basilica of St.
Peter (1829), Versailles Museum ; Battles of
Jemappes and Valmy, Brigands and Cara-
bineers, Brigand Confessing, Hunting in the
Pontine Marshes, Meeting of Raphael and
Michelangelo, Arrest of the Princes by
Order of Anne of Austria (1829) ; Judith
and Holofernes (1830), Louvre ; Campaign
in France ; Slave Market (1836), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Soldier as Nurse, Ravene
Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of the Emperor Nicho-
las, do. on Horseback, Capture of Warsaw
(1842) ; The Carrousel in May, 1842, Capt-
ure of Wola (1844) ; Capture of the Sinala
of ylW-el-Kader (1844), Battle of Isly (1845);
Capture of Rome (1851), Versailles Muse-
um ; Joseph sold by his Brethren, Return
from Lion Hunt, Hunting wild Sheep in
Morocco, Mass in Kabylia (1852) ; Eques-
trian Portrait of Napoleon HI., Incident of
Crimean War (1855) ; Battles of Bouvines,
Foutenoy, Jena, Friedland, and Wagram
(1836), Siege of Constantino (3, 1838, 1839),
French Fleet forcing Entrance into the Ta-
jo, Attack of Citadel of Antwerp (1840), En-
try of French Army into Belgium in 1831
(1841), Occupation of Ancona in 1832,
Taking of Bougie, do. of Fort Saint Jean
d'Ulloa (1841), seven others, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Expulsion of Hagar (1839), The Dead
Ride fast, Nantes Museum ; Portraits of
Marshals Gouvion Saint Cyr (1824), Molitor
(1833), Bosquet, Canrobert, Randon (1857),
MacMahon, Versailles Museum ; Marshal
Vaillaut, Dijon Museum ; General Drouot,
Nancy Museum. His works number about
800. — Art Journal (1863), 52; L' Artiste
(1842), i. 357; (1854), xiv. 62; (1857), ii.
177 ; Les Beaux Arts, vi. 3, 4, & 5, Livr. ;
Bellier, ii. 657 ; Bertholon and Lhote, H. V.
;'i Versailles, au Luxembourg et an Louvre
(Paris, 1863) ; Beulc', Eloge de H. V. (Paris,
1863); Biog. univ., xliii. 208; Ch. Blanc,
ficole franyaise, iii. ; Claretie, Peintres, etc.
(1874), 65 ; La critique francaise, Feb. 15,
1863 ; Durande, as above ; fitienne de Joux
and Jay, Salon d'H. V. (Paris, 1822) ; Fine
Arts Quarterly, ii. 12G ; Fourcault de Pa-
vaiit, H V. (Versailles, 1863) ; Goupil-Fes-
quet, Voyage en Orient fait avec H. V.
(Paris, 1843) ; Hamerton, French Painters,
30 ; L'Ulustration, Dec. 25, 1847 ; June 10,
1848 ; Sept. 1, 1849 ; Feb. 21, 1851 ; Jan.
24, 1863 ; Jal, 1257 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 231 ;
Journal des Debats, Jan. 24, 1863 ; Larousse ;
Laurent, Lugendes d'atelier (Paris, 1859) ;
Lomenie, Galerie des contemporains, H. V.
(Paris, 1842); Meyer, Gesch., 188, 424;
Mirecourt, Les Contemporains, H. V. (Paris,
1855-57) ; Mouiteur, Jan. 23, 1863 ; Nou-
357
VERNET-LECOMTE
velle "biog. gen., xlvi. 9; Pietsch, H. V.
Album (Berlin, 1864) ; La Presse, Feb. 5,
1863 ; Rees, H. V. (London, 1880) ; Revue
artistique et litteraire, Feb. 1, 1863, seq.;
Rev. des DeuxMondes (1863), xliv. 76 ; Rev.
du Nord de la France, iv. 312 ; Silvestre,
Lettres intimes de H. V. (Paris, 1856) ; La-
rousse ; Meyer, Gescli., 188 ; Fine Arts
Quarterly, ii. 126 ; E. de Mirecourt, Horace
Vernet (Paris, 1858).
VERNET-LECOMTE, EMILE, born in
Paris in 1821. Genre painter, pupil of
Horace Vernet and Leon Cogniet. Medals :
3d class, 1846, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1864.
Works : Appeal to Neptune, Lille Museum ;
Agamemnon's Body-Guard ; Ajax ; Job and
his Friends ; Enduring and Passing Love ;
Fellah Girl ; Moorish Girl opening a Pome-
granate ; Happy Future, Idyl of Mount Li-
banus (1880).— Bellier, i. 958.
VERNIER, EMILE LOUIS, born at
Lons-le-Saulnier (Jura). Landscape paint-
er and lithographer, pupil of Collette. Paints
in the style of Corot. Medals : 1869, 1870.
Works : View near Besanpon, River Ain
(1864) ; Park of Champigny (1865) ; Street
in Champigny, View of Champigny (1866) ;
River Doubs, Road in the Woods ( 1867) ; Vil-
lage of Avane, River Loire (1868) ; View at
Cluron, River Louc (1869) ; Farm at Vaucotte,
Beach near Etretat (1870) ; Boat No. 774 of
Yport, Beach of Yport (1872) ; Return to
Yport, Low Tide (1873) ; The Martigues,
Dry Dock in Marseilles, Cancale Boats
(1874) ; Return of the Bas-de-1'Eau (1875) ;
Tower of the Weeping Women, Country
People of Wiessant (1876) ; Boats drying
their Sails (1877) ; Before the Squall, Farm-
yard at Attainville (1878) ; Women gather-
ing Sea-Weed at Yport, The Seine at Bercy
in Winter (1879) ; Selling Shells (1880) ;
Gathering Sea-Weed at Concarneau, The
Downs of Roscoff (1881) ; Shrimp Fishers
of Grand Champ, Launch of a Sloop (1882) ;
Breton Team, The Thames at London (1883) ;
Low Tide at Concarneau, The Thames at
London (1884) ; Spring-Tide in Cornwall,
Morning, ib. (1885) ; Embarking of Fisher-
men, Return of Vessels in Stormy Weather
(1886).— Larousse ; L'Art (1879), xvi. 310 ;
Bellier, ii. 661.
VERONESE, ALESSANDRO. See Tur-
chi, Alessandro.
VERONESE, BONIFAZIO. See Boni-
fazio, Veronese.
VERONESE, PAOLO, born in Verona in
1528, died in
Venice, April
19, 1588. Ve-
netian school ;
real name Paolo
Caliari or Ca-
gliari, son of
Gabriele Calia-
ri, a sculptor ;
pupil of his un-
cle Antonio
Badile, according to Ridolfi, and of Giovan-
ni Caroto, according to Vasari. After paint-
ing in Verona and in Mantua he established
himself in Venice, where he executed most
of his works. In 1563 he visited Rome in
the suite of the Venetian ambassador, but
the study of the pictures of the great masters
there did not affect his style. On his return
to Venice he gained great reputation by
many pictures and frescos painted in the
Palazzo Ducale and in churches, especially
in S. Sebastiano. As Titian was then very
old, Veronese shared with Tintoretto the
most important commissions. He received
orders from the Emperor Rudolph H., the
Duke of Savoy, and the Duke of Modena,
and was invited by Philip H. to decorate
the Escorial ; but preferring to remain in
Venice, he sent Federico Zuccaro to Spain
in his stead. With all his skill, splendid
use of colour, and facile command of the
resources of painting for decorative pur-
poses, Veronese seems superficial when
compared with Titian. He gives us the
glitter, the pomp, the outward aspect of
Venetian life, making it the medium for the
representation of sacred as well as profane
subjects ; but while he thus fascinates the
eye he does not, like Titian, move the feel-
368
VE11ONESE
ings or reveal to the mind the hidden springs
of character. He fills his canvases with
men and women, in the rich costumes of
the time, sitting or standing near heavy-
laden banqueting tables, relieved against
modern architectural backgrounds, and sur-
rounded by musicians, pages, attendants,
dogs, birds, and other objects, grouped in
the foreground with masterly effect. His
children are charming, his women models
of sensuous beauty, his mythological sub-
jects are especially well treated, and his por-
traits are remarkably life-like. Among his
works are : Rape of Europa, Venice En-
throned, Venice with Justice and Peace, and
others, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; Supper of
St. Gregory, Convent of Monte Berico, Vi-
cenza ; Venice and Doge Sebastian Venier ;
Feast in House of Levi, Annunciation, Vir-
gin and St. Dominick, Madonna with Saints,
Assumption, Venice Academy ; Martyrdom
of St. Sebastian, Martyrdom of SS. Hark
and Marcellinus, Madonna and Saints, Bap-
tism of Christ, Two Marys, and others, S.
Sebastiano, Venice ; Fall of Manna, SS.
Apostoli, ib. ; Marriage of St. Catherine, S.
Caterina, ib. ; Martyrdom of St. George, S.
Giorgio Maggiore, Verona ; Martyrdom of
St. Afra, S. Afra, Brescia ; Martyrdom of
St. Justina, S. Giustina, Padua ; Baptism
of Christ, Separation of Christ, Marys at the
Sepulchre, Presentation in Temple, St. Bene-
dict, Fercwese's Wife, Pitti, Florence ; Martyr-
dom of St. Justina, Annunciation, Holy Fami-
ly, Esther before Ahasuerus, Uffizi, Florence ;
Feast in House of the Pharisee, St. Anthony,
Marriage at Cana, Adoration of Magi, Brera,
Milan ; Judith, Palazzo Brignole-Sale, Gen-
oa ; Marriage of St. Catherine, Susanna,
Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Rape of Eu-
ropa, Magdalen, Capitol ; Venus and Cupid,
John the Baptist, Palazzo Borghese ; St.
Helena, Vatican ; Queen of Sheba and Solo-
mon, Feast in House of Simon the Pharisee,
Finding of Moses, Turin Gallery ; Adoration
of Magi, Madonna with Saints, Marriage at
Cana, Procession to Calvary, Susanna, Find-
ing of Moses, Centurion before Christ, Sup-
per at Emmaus, Presentation in Temple, Leda
and the Swan, Dresden Gallery ; Repose in
Egypt, Adoration of Magi, Death of Cleo-
patra, Munich Gallery ; Christ in House of
Jairus, Adoration of Magi, Annunciation,
Judith, St. Jerome, Vienna Museum ; Mar-
riage at Cana, Jupiter destroying Crimes,
Feast in House of the Pharisee, Supper at
Emmaus, Rebekah (?), Esther before Ahasue-
rus, Susanna, Lot and his Daughters, Ma-
donna with Saints (2), Louvre ; Venus and
Adonis, Christ and Centurion, Christ and
Doctors, Magdalen, Madonna with Saints,
Marriage at Cana, /Susanna, Cain and his
Wife, Finding of Moses, Calvary, Woman
taken in Adultery, and others, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Repose in Egypt, Pietd, Mars and
Venus, Holy Family and St. Catherine, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Adoration of Magi,
Vision of St. Helena, Family of Darius, Con-
secration of St. Nicholas, National Gallery,
London ; Mars and Venus, Venus and Ado-
nis, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Mercury
and Herse, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ;
Hercules led by Wisdom, Veronese between
Virtue and Vice, Hope Collection, London ;
Leda and the Swan, Munro Butler-Johnstone
Collection, ib. ; Death of Adonis, Judgment
of Solomon, Bridgewater House, ib. ; Supper
at Emmaus, Stafford House, ib. ; Adoration
of Magi, Devonshire House, ib. ; Judgment
of Paris, Earl of Wemyss, ib. ; Happy Love,
Infidelity, Respect, Disgust, Cobham Hall,
near Rochester, England. —
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 185;
xi. 249, 337 ; ed. Mil., vi. 369 ;
Baldiuucci, ii. 431 ; Ridolfi, Ma-
raviglie, ii. 1 ; Burckhardt, 82, 246, 745, 752 ;
Dohme, 2iii. ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole venitienne ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196; xii. 357; xiii.
388 ; xiv. 64.
VERONESE BETWEEN VIRTUE AND
VICE, Paolo Veronese, Hope Collection,
London ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in. x 5 ft. 2 in.
A man, said to be Veronese himself, flees
from a woman with the hands of a harpy,
holding a pack of cards, to embrace Virtue,
represented by a beautiful woman. From
ilium Ji;ui,
ft.
VEKOISTESE'S WIFE
Orleans Gallery ; sold in 1793 for £500.
Engraved by L. Deplaces. — Cab. Crozat, ii.
PI. 23 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 113, 498.
VERONESE'S WIFE, portrait, Paolo
Veronese, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
oval, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 11 in. Bust, full
face ; black dress, white embroidered veil,
and pearl necklace. Half figure. — Cat. Pal.
Pitti.
VERONICA, THE. See Ecce Homo,
Murillo.
VERRIO, ANTONIO, born in Naples in
1634, died at Hampton Court, England,
June 17, 1707. History painter ; after
painting for a while at Toulouse, France,
where he executed an altarpiece for the
Church of the Carmelites, he went to Eng-
land in 1671, at the invitation of Charles
H., who employed him in the decoration of
Windsor Castle. He was paid nearly £7,000
for his work there, in which he was contin-
ued by James IT. In the great hall of Christ's
Hospital is a work by him ninety feet long,
representing the governor with the officers
and children returning thanks to that mon-
arch for the hospital charter. At the time
of the Revolution he refused to work for
William HI., but after employment at Chats-
worth and at Burleigh he painted his well-
known work, the great staircase at Hamp-
ton Court. — Redgrave.
VERROCCHIO, ANDREA DEL, born in
Florence in 1435, died
in Venice, June 25,
1488. Florentine
school ; real name An-
drea da Michele di
Francesco de' Cioni.
Like Antonio Polla-
juolo, he was a gold-
smith, sculptor, and
worker in bronze, as
well as a painter. The
only example of his pictorial work, the Bap-
tism of Christ, in the Florence Academy,
shows that he combined the peculiarities of
Fra Filippo, of Andrea del Castagno, and of
Domenico Veneziano. His modelling is
conscientious, but his drapery is lifeless.
Verrocchio was the master of Leonardo da
Vinci and of Lorenzo di Credi. — C. & C.,
Italy, ii. 400 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 139 ;
ed. Mil., iii. 357 ; Burckhardt, 134, 351,
357 ; Lttbke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 316.
VERSCHAEREN, JOANNES ANTONI-
US, born in Antwerp, April 28, 1803, died
there, May 30, 1863. History, portrait, and
landscape painter, pupil of Herreyns ; formed
himself after old French and Italian masters
in England, France, Germany, especially at
Munich, and in Italy. Member of Antwerp
Academy in 1837. Professor ; Order of Leo-
pold, 1847. Works : Rebekah and Eliezer
(1836) ; Ruth and Boaz (1840) ; Descent
from the
Cross, St. Mi-
chael's, Lou-
vain ; Annun-
ciation, Bois-le-Duc Cathedral ; Portrait of
Herreyns, Antwerp Museum. — Immerzeel,
iii. 181.
VERSCHURINGH, HENDRIK, born at
Gorinchem in 1627, drowned near Dor-
drecht, April 26, 1690. Dutch school ; bat-
tle and genre painter, pupil of Dirk Govertsz
and of Jan Both in Utrecht ; continued his
studies in Italy, and after his return to Hol-
land in 1662 frequented armies and camps,
where he sketched from life and painted a
number of skirmishes, camps, guard-houses,
etc., with great truth and felicitous inven-
tion. Works : Shoeing a Horse (1667), Rot-
terdam Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish, Bam-
berg Gallery ; Riding School (1679), Trav-
ellers attacked by Robbers, Distribution of
Booty, Brunswick Gallery ; Scene by Sut-
lers' Tents (1674), Berlin Museum ; Detach-
ment of Army Starting (1670), Christ con-
ducted to Golgotha, Dresden Gallery ; Halt
of Travellers, Copenhagen Gallery ; Skir-
mish between Troopers, Christiania Gal-
lery ; Battle-Piece, Hermannstadt Museum ;
Piazza Aracoeli in Rome, Leipsic Museum ;
Dutch Coast View, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Warrior and Peasant busy with Horses, Ol-
denburg Gallery ; Ships at Anchor near a
360
VERSCHUIER
City, Schleissheim Gallery ; Italian Land-
scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Battle-Piece, Czer-
nin Gallery, ib.; Cavalry Skirmish, Sea in
Morning Light, Schonborn Gallery, ib. —
V\ V
Immerzeel, iii. 184 ; Kramm, vi. 1732 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), ii. 433 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii.
294.
VEESCHUIEK, UEVE, born in Rotter-
dam about 1630 (?), died there, buried Dec.
17, 1686. Dutch school ; marine painter,
pupil of Simon de Vlieger ; went afterwards
to Italy to study nature in its light effects
upon landscape and water ; painted a great
number of sea-fights and water-views, en-
livened with ships and boats. He was an
imitator of Willem van de Velde. Works :
Arrival of Charles Stuart in Rotterdam,
Keelhauling of a Surgeon, Agitated Sea
with Vessels, Amsterdam Museum ; View of
Rotterdam, The Old Eastport — ib., Moun-
tainous Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ;
Harbour Scenes (2), Hermannstadt Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Kramm, vi. 1733 ;
Kugler (Crowe) ii. 504.
VERSCHUUR, WOUTERUS, born in Am-
sterdam, June 11, 1812,
died at Vorden, July 4,
1874. Landscape and
animal painter, pupil of
Pieter Gerardus van Os
and of C. Steffelaar.
Member of Amsterdam
(1833) and Rotterdam
(1862) Academies. Med-
als : Amsterdam, 1831,
1832, 1838; The Hague,
1858, 1859 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown,
1862. Works: Sleighing on the Zaan
(1838), Stormy Weather (1872), Horse Fair,
Amsterdam Museum ; Halt before Tiivern
(1839); Stable, Horse at Plough (1840);
Landscape with Horses and Figures (1841) ;
Dogs resting by Fireside, Freight Waggon
and Horses in Stable, Museum Fodor, Am-
sterdam ; Messenger on Horseback with
Donkey, Goat, and Dog (1846), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Horses in Stable, Leipsic Mu-
seum. — Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Kramm, vi.
1733.
VERSPRONCK (Versprong), JAN, born
in Haarlem in 1597, died there, buried June
30, 1662. Dutch school ; portrait painter,
son of Cornells Engelszen Verspronck (by
whom a Repast of Archers, 1618, is in the
Haarlem Museum), pupil of Frans Hals ;
master of Haarlem guild in 1632. Shows in
his later pictures the influence of Rem-
brandt. Works: Portraits of Man and
Wife (1637), Male Portraits (2, 1641), Fe-
male Portrait (1650), Regents of the Hos-
pital (1642), Repast of Officers, Haarlem
Museum ; Portrait (1641), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Female Portrait (1653), Berlin Mu-
seum ; do., Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Male
Portraits (2, 1641, 1645), Female do. (1640,
1641), Oldenburg Gallery ; Young Couple
(1634, 1636), Woerlitz Gallery; Portrait,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Bode, Studien,
107 ; Van der Willigen, 306 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiv. 320.
VERSTEEG, MAGGIEL, born at Dor-
drecht, Aug. 30, 1756, died there, buried
Nov. 14, 1843. Genre and landscape paint-
er ; formed himself chiefly by copying the
works of old masters, and painted at first
landscapes, afterwards scenes from burgh-
ers' life by lamp and candle light. In 1811
Napoleon I. and Marie Louise visited his
studio at Dordrecht. Member of Antwerp
Academy in 1818. Works : Musical As-
sembly by Candle Light, Scullery Maid by
361
VERTANGHEN
Lamp Light, Museum, Amsterdam ; Kitchen
Interior, Teyler's Museum, ib.; Old Wom-
an Spinning, Eotterdam Museum ; others
in Lille Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 186 ;
Kramm, vi 1737.
VERTANGHEN, DANIEL, born at The
Hague in 1598, died there in 1657. Dutch
school ; history and landscape painter ; one
of the best pupils of Poelenburg, whom he
imitated most successfully in composition,
colouring, and execution. Painted falcon
hunts, bathing women, and dancing maidens
in attractive landscapes. Works : Narcis-
sus, Cassel Gallery ; Diana and Nymphs,
Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (2), Bathing Girls
surprised by Shepherds, Southern Land-
scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Landscape with
Bathing Nymphs, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ;
Landscape with Diana and Dancing Satyr,
Brunswick Gallery ; Adam and Eve driven
from Paradise, Dresden Gallery. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 187 ; Siret (1883), ii. 372.
VERTUMNUS AND POMONA, Paris
ftordone, Louvre ; canvas, round, 4 ft. 3 in.
diameter. Life-size figures, half-length, i
standing side by side, embracing. — Landon,
Musee, 2d Col., iv. PL 24.
By Francesco Mehi, Berlin Museum ;
wood, H. 6 ft. x 4 ft. 5 in. Pomona, sitting
under an elm, in a rocky landscape, turns
towards Vertumnus, who is disguised as an
old woman (Ovid., Met., xiv. 623). For-
merly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
Original sketch at Windsor Castle. — Meyer,
Museen, 280.
VERTUNNI, ACHILLE, Cavaliere, born
at Naples ; contemporary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Fergola ; visited Egypt and the
East, and paints scenes in those countries,
as well as in Italy, with remarkable power
and brilliancy of colour. Medals : Vienna,
1873 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; L. of Honour,
1878. Works : Daybreak near Cape Mise-
no ; Torrent near Terni ; Ruins of Roman
Villa ; Pine Forest near Ostia ; View in
Austria ; Pontine Marshes ; Pool in Roman
Campagna ; Ruins of Psestum, Fiirstenberg
Gallery, Donaueschingen ; Seashore of Por-
to d' Anzio ; Castello della Pietra ; Pyra-
mids of Egypt ; The Sphinx ; Sunset at
Cape Fusano ; On the Nile after Sunset
(1879) ; Lake Avernus, Psestum (1868), H.
P. Kidder, Boston, Mass.; Bay of Naples,
William H. Metcalf, Milwaukee, Wis.— Art
Journal (1870), 237; D. Rundschau, xx.
469.
VERVEER, SALOMON LEONARDUS,
born at The Hague, Nov. 30, 1813, died
there, Jan. 5, 1876. Genre and marine
painter, pupil of Bartholomeus Johannes
van Hove ; visited the Rhine countries and
France, especially Normandy, and lived for
some time in Paris. Medals : Brussels, 1842,
1851 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Order of Leo-
pold, 1851 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown,
1863 ; Order of Lion, 1874. Works : City
View with Mail Steamship Starting (1836) ;
Jewish Quarter at Amsterdam (1851) ; View
of Katwijk-aan-Zee, Ghent Museum ; View
of Noordwijk-aan-Zee (1865), View of Sche-
veuingen in Rainy Weather (1873), City
View, Museum, Amsterdam ; Kirmess at
Scheveningen, Museum Fodor, ib.; After-
noon at Katwijk-aan-Zee, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Winter Scene (1846), Landscape (with
animals by Verboeckhoven), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg. His brother and pupil Elchanon
(born at The Hague, April 19, 1826), paints
similar subjects ; studied also under Her-
man Ten Kate. Works : Little Smoker, Chil-
dren with Sleigh, Rotterdam Museum ; Re-
turn from the Walk (1883). — Immerzeel, iii.
188 ; Kramm, vi. 1742 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xvii. 944.
VERWEE, ALFRED JACQUES, born at
Brussels ; contemporary. Landscape and
animal painter, son of Louis Pierre Verwc-e
(born in Brussels, 1812), pupil of Eug&ne
Verboeckhoven ; paints in Brussels with
great success, and his pictures are to be
found in most collections in Belgium.
362
Puri a F
VERWILT
Medals : Brussels, Paris (1864, 1878), Vien-
na ; Order of Leopold, 1871 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1881. Works : Banks of the Scheldt ;
Horses at Pasture ; View in the Ardennes ;
Zealand Team, Brussels Museum ; St. Se-
bastian's Guild (1881) ; Ox and Bull Fight-
ing (1884).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 998.
VEEWILT, FRANgOIS, born at Rotter-
dam in 1598, died there in 1690 or 1691.
Dutch school ; landscape, figure, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Cornelia Dubois, then
of Poelenburg, whose style he imitated. His
works ai-e extremely rare. Works : Son of
Admiral van Nes (1669), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Magdalen Penitent, Cassel Gallery ;
Repose in Egypt, Czernin Gallery, Vienna.
— Irnmerzeel, iii. 190 ; Kuust-Chronik, xx.
508.
VESALIUS, ANDREA, portrait, Titian,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3
in. x 3 ft. 11 in. The eminent anatomist,
author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica"
(Bade, 1543), when an old man. Other por-
ti-aits of him differ from this in features.
Engraved by T. Ver Cruys ; Paradisi. — C.
& C., Titian, ii. 418 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, iii.
PI. 122.
VESTAL TUCCIA, Hector Leroux, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 4 ft.
6 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Tuccia, a vestal charged
with want of chastity, stands on the banks
of the Tiber, raising above her head with
both hands a sieve, praying to Vesta to al-
low her to bear it filled with water to her
temple in proof of her innocence. Salon,
1874 ; Paris Exhibition, 1878.— Art Treas-
ures of America, i. 6 ; Corcoran Gal. Cat.
VESTALS, SCHOOL OF, Hector Leroux,
J. J. Astor, New York ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x
10 ft. Scene : Interior of Temple of Vesta,
Rome ; in foreground, a bronze tripod with
the never-dying fire, upon which the chief
priestess pours a libation while a vestal, at
her left, reads from a scroll ; in front, two
priestesses of superior dignity sit upon rich
chairs with footstools, and the novices stand
around in a semicircle. Salon, 1880. Pho-
togravure in Ail Treasures of America, ii. 5.
VESTIER, ANTOINE, born at Avallon
(Yonne), April 28, 1740, died in Paris, Dec.
24, 1824. Portrait painter, pupil of Pierre ;
received into the Academy in 1786 ; after
travelling for a long time in Holland and
England, settled in Paris. Works : Por-
trait of Jean Baptiste Pierre (1786), Ecole
des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Artist's Wife (1787),
Female Portraits (2), Louvre, ib. — Bellier,
ii. 665 ; Jal, 1263.
VETSAJO, IL. See liembo, Gian Fran-
cesco.
VETTER, HEGESIPPE JEAN, born in
Paris, Sept. 21, 1820. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Steuben. Medals : 3d
class, 1843, 1867; 2d class, 1847, 1848,
1855 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Bay-
ard as a Child (1844); Moliere with the Bar-
ber of Pezenas (1847) ; Alchemist (1848),
Angers Museum ; Studying by Lamplight
(1850) ; Quarter of an Hour with Rabelais,
Master of Arms (1855) ; Smoker, Woman
Reading, The Story (1857) ; Woman Dress-
ing, Going out Walking (1859) ; Bernard
Palissy, The Declaration (1861); Molttre.
and Louis XIV. (1864), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Mascarille presenting Jodelet to Ca-
thos and Madelon (1865), Orleans Museum ;
Mignon playing with a Cup and Ball (1866);
In the Tavern (1867); Mazarin (1872), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Flight into Egypt (1874);
An Exquisite (1875) ; The Letter (1878) ;
St. John the Baptist, Saint Jacques du
Haut-pas, Paris; Two Angels, Saint Louis
d'Antiu. — Bellier, ii. 665 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
662 ; Larousse.
VEYRASSAT, JULES JACQUES, born
in Paris in 1825. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of Lefman. Paints both in
oil and water-colour. Medals : 2d class,
1872 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Drink-
ing Cider, Harvesters (1850) ; View at M.
Hereau's (1852); Manure Carts (1853); Peas-
ants going to Fields (1855) ; Peasants din-
ing in Fields, Gleaners, Meal in Shadow of
MiU (1857); Tow-Horses on the Seine (1859),
Pau Museum ; Tow-Horses in the Morning,
Harvest near Morlair, Harvest near Paris,
363
VIAEDOT
Peasants destroying a Stack of Wheat, Black-
smith shoeing a Horse, Shepherd Besting
(1859) ; Tow-Horses, A Ferry, Relays of
Horses, Harvest at Ezanville (1861); Drink-
ing Place at St. Bernard Gate ; Horse Ferry,
Cascarottes au Lavoir (1863) ; Horses at the
Eiver, Fountain at Hendaye (1864) ; Low
Tide at Grand-Champ, Washerwomen near
St. Jean de Luz, Building Yard, Eeturn to
the Yard (1865) ; Horses at Drinking Place
(1866) ; Ferry at Valvin, Tow-Horses on
"Upper Seine (1867) ; Horses Drinking, Vil-
lage Blacksmith, Shepherd and the Sea
(1868) ; Eeturn of Labourers, Watering
Place at Samois (1869) ; Basque Women
after the Bath, Village Street (1870) ; Be-
lays of Horses for Towing, Village Smithy
(1872) ; Summer, Vegetable Dealer (1873) ;
Last Sheaves, Cart in a Wood (1874) ; Wa-
tering Place, The Well, Street Carts in the
Woods of Fontainebleau (1875); The Little
Bridge at Samois, Eelays of Tow-Horses
(1876) ; Carrieres ;\ Paves, Horse Ferry for
Tow-Horses (1877) ; Fair of St. Catherine,
Tow-Horses in Eelays (1878) ; Information,
Market-Dues (1879) ; Tank for Tow-Horses
(1880) ; Old Horse at Door of Blacksmith's
Shop, Cock Crowing (1881) ; Early Wheat,
Blacksmith (1882) ; Cadi's Escort, Arabs
crossing the Chelif (1883) ; The Belay,
Horse Ferry (1884) ; Arab Horsemen at the
Fountain, Horse Dealers (1885) ; Vintage,
Eiver in a Village (1886).— Bellier, ii. 666 ;
Portfolio (1875), 162.
VIAEDOT, LfiON, born at Dijon, Dec.
1, 1805. History, portrait, and animal
painter, pupil of Picot and Ary Scheffer.
Medal : 2d class, 1835. Works : Corsican
Woman, Sultan (a dog), Sword of Damocles,
Eoebuck driving away a Fox, Dogs drink-
ing after Hunt, Head of Little Spanish Dog
(1836-65) ; Christ healing the Sick (1849) ;
Christ and the Samaritan Woman (1859) ;
Dog shaking a Partridge (1867) ; Hunting
and Puppies (1868) ; Meeting (1874) ; Head
of a Spanish Dog (1879) ; Spanish Dog
(1882) ; Woman Beading, Head of a Little
Girl (1883), Head of Setter Dog (1884) ;
Sweet Thought (1886).— Bellier, ii. 668 ;
Larousse.
VIBEBT, JEHAN GEOBGES, born in
Paris, Sept. 30,
1840. Genre
painter, pupil of
Picot and Barrias.
Medals: 1864,
1867, 1868; 3d
class, 1878 ; L. of
Honour, 1870.
Works : Bepent-
ance, Siesta (1863);
Narcissus transformed into a Flower (1864),
Bordeaux Museum ; Christian Martyrs in
Lions' Den, Dead Sheep (1865) ; Daphnis
and Chloo (1866) ; Entry of Bull Fighters
(with Zamacois), Temptation (1867) ; Wan-
dering Barber, Convent in Arms (1868) ;
Paying the Tithe, Morning of Wedding
(1869) ; Persistent (1870) ; Departure of
Newly Married Couple in Spain (1873) ; A
Beprimand, Coquelin as Mascarille, Monk
picking Badishes (1874) ; Grasshopper and
Ant, Painter Besting (1875) ; Monseigneur's
Antechamber (1876) ; Serenade (1877) ; Toi-
let of the Madonna, Apotheosis of Thiers
(1878) ; Behearsing Amateur Theatricals,
Studio in Evening (1881) ; At Best, Geor-
gette (1882). Works in United States : Bep-
rimand, Startling Confession, First-Born
(1873), Selling Consecrated Palms, Miss C.
L. Wolfe, New York ; Spanish Diligence
Station, First-Born, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Car-
dinal's Menu, Morgan sale, New York (1886),
Mrs. Arnott, Elmira, N. Y., for $12,500 ; Old
Sherry, Calvin S. Brice, ib.; Committee on
Moral Books, William H. Vanderbilt, ib. ;
Model's Bepose, William Astor, ib.; Bou-
quet, WThy comes he not?, W. Bockefeller,
ib.; Sacred Concert, J. J. Astor, ib.; Pre-
text for Conversation, B. G. Dun, ib. ; Pre-
paratory Sermon, Dealer in Pottery, New
Clerk (1877), On the Bamparts, Smoker, T.
B. Butler, ib. ; Standard Bearer, Mrs. Paran
Stevens, ib.; Theological Discussion, B. L.
Stuart Collection, ib.; Night Watch, Sharp-
ening Bull Fighter's Knife, D. O. Mills, ib.;
364
VICENTINO
Priest burning State Papers, C. P. Hunt-
ington, ib. ; Captain's Letter, R L. Cutting,
ib.; Missionary's Story (1883), Morgan sale,
ib., 1886, $25,500 ; The Arrival (1886), W.
Schauss, ib. ; Palm Sunday (1873), Morgan
sale, 1886, $2,000 ; Eyes and Ears, Morgan
sale, 1886, $3,500 ; Toreadors before enter-
ing Arena, Gulliver and the Liliputians
(1870), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Roll-Call
after Pillage (1867), H. C. Gibson, Phila-
delphia ; and many others. — Bellier, ii. 668 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 602 ; Larousse.
VICENTINO, ANDREA. See Andrea
Michieli.
VICES, WISDOM VICTORIOUS OVER,
Andrea Mantegna, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
3 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. Minerva and other god-
desses expel the Vices from a garden, and
welcome the approach of Justice, Force, and
Temperance from heaven. Painted after
1492 ; one of a series of pictures for the
boudoir of Isabella, Marchioness of Mantua ;
carried off by the Germans at sack of Man-
tua in 1630 ; passed into France ; for a time
in palace of Due de Richelieu at Richelieu.
— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 408 ; ViUot, Cat Lou-
vre ; Milndler, 137.
VICTOR (Fictor), JACOMO, Dutch
school, 17th century, alive in 1672. Paint-
ed chiefly birds ; as learned as Hondecoe-
ter, and even more original. Probably con-
nected with Jan Victors. Lived in Venice
about 1663, and, as Jacob van Ruisdael often
painted the backgrounds for his pictures, he
must have been settled in Amsterdam about
1670. Works : Domestic Birds (2), Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Dove-Cote (landscape
by Jacob van Ruisdael), Domestic Birds in
the Woods, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. in a
Park (landscape by Jacob van Ruisdael),
Berlin Museum ; Chickens and Dove, Dres-
den Gallery ; A Barnyard (attributed to
Hondecoeter), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Rooster and Doves, Schleissheim Gallery.
— Kramm, vi. 1751 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
458 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 39, 315.
VICTORS (Victoor, Fictoor), JAN, Dutch
school, born about 1620, died at Amsterdam
after December, 1672. History, genre, por-
trait, and landscape painter, pupil of Rem-
brandt, probably about 1635-40 ; in his bibli-
cal scenes adhered closely to the manner of
his master. Works : Tobias blessing his Son,
Bridge water Gallery, London ; Isaac blessing
Jacob, Girl at Casement (1640), Louvre ;
Village Wedding, Antwerp Museum ; Joseph
explaining the Dream, Pork Butcher (1648),
Dentist (1654), Museum, Amsterdam ; Mar-
ket, Six Collection, ib.; Portrait of a Bur-
gomaster (1661), Haarlem Museum ; Proph-
etess Anna, Van der Schrieck Collection,
Louvain ; Lady's Portrait, Death of David
(1642), Jacob and Laban, Boaz and Ruth,
Copenhagen Gallery ; Halt before Inn, Uni-
versity, Gottiugen ; Esther and Hainan
(1642), Capture of Samson, David anoint-
ed by Solomon (1653), Brunswick Gallery ;
Hannah and Samuel with Eli (1645), Berlin
Museum ; Finding of Moses, Finding of the
Cup in Benjamin's Sack, Dresden Gallery ;
Boaz and Ruth, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Peasants in a flat Landscape, Kuusthalle,
Hamburg ; Tobias mocked by his Wife,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Tobias recover-
ing Sight (1651), Old Piuakothek, Munich ;
Cyrus and Astyages, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Continence of Scipio (1640), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Landscape with Peasant Cot-
tage, Wiesbaden Gallery ; Mother and Child,
dan V/ctoors fee
Historical Society, New York.— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole hollandaise ; Burger, Must'es, ii. 29,
179, 315 ; Immerzeel, iii. 191 ; Kramm, vl
1752; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 379; Riegel,
Beitruge, ii. 270 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa
vie, 101.
VIDAL, VINCENT, born at Carcassonne
(Aude), Jan. 20, 1811. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche. Paints
both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 3d
class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour,
1852. Works: Frasquita, Needjme, Nocmi,
366
VIEN
Little Tony (1844) ; Oracle of the Fields,
Inquisitive Little Girl, Self-Love, Fatinit-
za (1845); Season for Hoses, Satisfaction,
Woman Listening (1846) ; Season for Fruit,
Daughter of Eve, Darling Sin, (1847);
Fallen Angel, Tear of Repentance, Polyhym-
nia (1849) ; Flowers and Jewels (1852) ;
Portrait of the Empress Eugenie, Fancies
(1853); Loves of the Angels (1855); Bre-
ton Poacher, Rain in Brittany, Plouescat
Peasants returning Home, Muse of Luxury
(1857); Evening Prayer in Brittany, The
Muse of Candour, Prayer (1859) ; Broken
Thread, Flower Girl (1861) ; Farm in Brit-
tany, Loves of the Angels (1866) ; Breton
Trooper, Ferns (1868) ; Brittany in Autumn
(1870); Fever -Stricken Bretons, Hasty-
Pudding (1873) ; Edge of a Moor (1874) ;
Pond in Quimerch (1875) ; Farm in Finis-
terre, Pond in Quimerch (1879) ; The Hello,
Pond in Quimerets (1880) ; Hollow Eoad in
Brittany, A Heath (1881) ; Shore of a Pond,
Mill of Losten-Vir (1882) ; Calm on a Pond,
Ruins in an old Park (1883) ; Pike's Nest,
Moor in Brittany (1884) ; Beech-Tree Offal,
Autumn (1885) ; Glade, Beech-Tree Avenue
(1886).— Bellier, ii. 670; Meyer, Gesch.,
388 ; Larousse.
VIEN, JOSEPH MARIE, Count, born at
Montpellier, June 18,
1716, died in Paris,
March 27, 1809.
French school ; histo-
ry painter, pupil of
Giral and of Natoire in
Paris ; won grand prix
in 1743, spent five
years in Rome, and af-
ter his return became
member of the Acade-
my, and adjunct professor in 1754, and pro-
fessor in 1759. With Regnault, David, Vin-
cent, and Suvee, he founded the modern clas-
sical school. In 1775-81 he was director
of the Academy at Rome, in 1781 became
rector and in 1788 chancellor of the Paris
Academy, in 1789 first painter to the king,
and in 1795 member of the Institute. Or-
der of St. Michael, 1775. Napoleon made
him a senator, count, and commander of the
Legion of Honour. Works: St. Germain
and St. Vincent (1755), Daedalus and Icarus
(1754), Sleeping Hermit (1750), Cupids play-
ing with Swans, Flowers and Doves (1758),
Louvre ; Miraculous Draught of Fishes
(1759), Marseilles Museum ; Christ with the
Disciples at Emmaus (1759), Resurrection,
Hermit Asleep (study for painting in the
Louvre), Orleans Museum ; St. Germain
giving a Medal to St. Genevieve (1761),
Saint Louis, Versailles ; Rape of Proserpine
(1763), Grenoble Museum ; Marcus Aurelius
ordering Food to be distributed during a
Famine (1765), Amiens Museum ; St. De-
nis preaching the Gospel in France (1767),
St. Roch, Paris ; St. Gregory (1767), Sacris-
ty, St. Louis, Versailles ; The Magdalen
(1775), Verdun Cathedral ; Briseis led from
the Tent of Achilles (1781), Return of Pria-
mus with the Body of Hector (1785), Angers
Museum ; Circumcision, Bordeaux Museum ;
Moses with the Law Tables, Douai Muse-
um ; Lot and his Daughters, Havre Muse-
um; Christ healing the Son of the Cap-
tain of Capernaum, Marseilles Museum ; St.
Gregory the Great, St. John in the Desert,
Old Man Asleep, Academical Figure, Mont-
pellier Museum ; Religion, Nancy Museum ;
Christ on the Cross, Nimes Museum ;
Anger of Achilles, Rouen Museum. His
wife and pupil, Marie Therese, nee Reboul
(born in Paris in 1728, died there, Dec. 28,
1805), was a good miniature painter, and
received into the Academy in 1757. Their
son, Joseph Marie (born in 1762, died in
1848), was a portrait painter, pupil of his
father and of Vincent. Portraits of himself
and his wife are in the Rouen Museum ; a
portrait of his fa-
ther is in the Mont-
pellier Museum. —
Bellier, ii. 672 ; Bi-
og.univ.,xliii.357;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole
, iii. ; EmSric-David, Sur Vien (Pa-
ris, 1809) ; Jal, 12G5 ; Le Breton, Not. hist.
J.V
VIEIIGE
sur la vio, etc. (Paris, 1809) ; Nouvelle biog.
gen.,xlvi. 131 ; Revue univ. cles Arts, xvii. 20.
VIERGE AUX BALANCES. See Ma-
donna of the Scalea
VIEKGE AU BAS-RELIEF. See Ma-
donna of the Bas-Relief.
VIERGE A LA CEINTURE. See Ma-
donna a la Ceinture.
VIERGE AUX CERISES. See Madonna
of the Cherries.
VIERGE AU CHAPELET. See Madon-
na with Rosary.
VIERGE AU CHARDONNERET. See
Madonna del Cardelliuo.
VIERGE CONSOLATRICE. See Ma-
donna of Consolation.
VIERGE A LA COQUILLE. See Holy
Family, Domenichino.
VIERGE COUPEE. See Madonna, Mu-
rillo, Lord Overstone.
VIERGE AU COUSSIN VERT. See Ma-
donna of the Green Cushion.
VIERGE A LA CROIX. See Madonna
della Tenda.
VIERGE AU DIADEME. See Madonna
with Diadem.
VIERGE AU DONATAIRE. See Madon-
na di Foligno.
VIERGE DE L'ECHELLE. See Pietd,
Correggio.
VIERGE A LA GRAPPR See Madonna
with the Grapes.
VIERGE AU LAPIN. See Madonna del
Coniglio.
VIERGE AU LEZARD. See Repose in
Egypt.
VIERGE AU LINGE. See Madonna with
Diadem.
VIERGE DE LA MAISON D'ALBE.
See Madonna della Casa d'Alba.
VIERGE AU PALMIER. See Holy Fam-
ily of the Palm.
VIERGE AU PANIER. See Madonna
della Cesta.
VIERGE AUX ROCHERS. See Madon-
na among the Rocks.
VIERGE DE SEVILLE. See Holy Fam-
ily, Murillo, Louvre.
VIERGE DE LA VICTOIRE. See Ma-
donna della Vittoria.
VIERGE AU VOILE. See Madonna with
Diadem.
VIGEE-LEBRUN. See Lebrun.
VIGER, (JEAN LOUIS) HECTOR, born
at Argentan (Orne), Oct. 25, 1819, died in
Paris, March 15, 1879. History painter,
pupil of Monvoisin, Delaroche, and Drol-
ling ; afterwards influenced by Lehmann.
Works: St. Ann and the Virgin (1847),
Saint Lazare, Paris ; The Virgin working
in the Temple (1850), Saint Jean d'Angel,
ib. ; Death of Virgil (1857), Langres Muse-
um ; Christ on the Cross (1864), Palais de
Justice, Paris ; Empress Josephine before
the Coronation (1865), Marseilles Museum ;
Martyrdom of St. Denis and his Compan-
ions (1867), Saint Jacques duHaut-pas, Paris ;
Pas de Gavotte (1868), Argentan Museum ;
Les libellules (1870), Alencon Museum ; Je
ne pars plus (1870), Unexpected Return
(1872), Orleans Museum ; Corinne (1873),
Argentan Museum ; A Visit to St. Peter's
in Rome (1874), Cherbourg Museum ; First
Distribution of the Legion of Honour in the
Church of the Invalids, Palais de la Legion
d'honneur, Paris. — Belliei', ii. 677.
VIGNE, FELIX DE, born in Ghent,
March 16, 1806, died Dec. 5, 1862. Histo-
ry and genre painter, son and pupil of Igna-
tius de Vigne (1767-1840), and in Brussels of
Paelinck ; was very successful in rendering
the character and costumes of the middle
ages ; distinguished also as a writer on art.
Professor at the Academy and president of
Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Ghent.
Order of Leopold. Works : Mary of Bur-
gundy interceding for the Ministers Hugo-
net and Imbercourt ; Philip van Artevelde
addressing People of Ghent ; Antiquity Cab-
inet of H. Goltzius ; Three Stages in Life of
Woman ; Market in 15th Century, Ghent
Museum ; Wedding of the Painter Van der
Meere at Ghent ; Abrocomas and Anthia,
Brussels Museum ; Children by a Wine-Cel-
lar, Pavilion, Haarlem. His brother, Edou-
ard de Vigne (born in Ghent, Aug. 4, 1808,
387
VIGNON
died there, May 8, 1866), was a landscape
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy and of
Surmont de Volsberghe; visited Italy in
1836-38, and England in 1841. "Works:
View of Subiaco, Capuchin Monastery at
Cava (1838), In the Forest of Alife, Ghent
Museum.— Immerzeel, iii. 192 ; Kramm, vi.
1754 ; Sunaert, 109, 131.
VIGNON, CLAUDE, the elder, born at
Tours, May 19, 1593, died in Paris, May 10,
1670. French school ; history painter, pu-
pil in Kome of Caravaggio, but rather fol-
lowed the mannerism of his time, neglecting
the study of nature and of antique models.
tre
Village Bride, Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris.
After his return to France, via Spain, about
1624, he was patronized by Maria de' Medi-
ci, for whom he bought pictures and statues
in Spain and Italy, by Louis XHL and Car-
dinal Richelieu. Received into the Acade-
my and made professor in 1651. Works :
Baptism of the Eunuch (1638), Notre Dame
de Paris ; Christ among the Doctors, Gren-
oble Museum ; Adoration of the Magi, Lille
Museum ; Christ washing the Feet of the Bas.— Reveil, xii. 851.
Fran9ois (1634-1703), studied also in Rome,
and was received into the Paris Academy in
1667. By him: The Daughter of King
Polemon of Armenia delivered by St. Bar-
tholomew of a Demon (1668), Notre Dame
de Paris ; and a portrait of his father, in
the £cole des Beaux Arts. — Bellier, ii. 681 ;
Memoires inedits, i. 269.
VILLAGE BRIDE (Accordee de village),
Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. X 3 ft. 10 in. An old man, seated
at right, gives a purse, the dowry of his
daughter, to a young man, standing in cen-
the mother, seated at left, clasps the
hand of her daughter, who
stands beside her husband
supporting a younger sis-
ter leaning upon her shoul-
der ; at right, foreground,
a notary. Salon, 1761; pur-
chased by Marquis de Ma-
rigny for 9,000 livres ; at
his sale (1782), bought for
16,650 livres. Engraved
by J. J. Flipart (1770).—
Reveil, vi. 407 ; Filhol.
VILLAGE FESTIVAL,
David Teniers, younger, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H.
2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. A
kirmess or fe'te in a Flem-
ish village. Scene in the
court of an inn, from the
window of which is dis-
played a banner bearing the figure of the
Archduke Leopold, Governor of the Low
Countries. At the left, in foreground, a nu-
merous company at table ; in background,
many jovial drinkers ; in centre, peasants
dancing ; at right, Teniers himself and his
family arriving ; in background, another inn
with a May-pole and dancers. One of Ten-
iers's best works. Engraved by J. Ph. Le-
Apostles (1653), Nantes Museum ; Martyr-
dom of St. Catherine, Rennes Museum ;
Joseph in Prison, Rouen Museum ; St. Ce-
cilia, Toulouse Museum. His son, Claude
By Sir David WHMe, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 2 in.
Formerly called Ale-House Door. Groups
of villagers carousing in the yard of a vil-
368
VILLAGE
lage inn. Many small figures. Painted in
1811 for J. Aiigerstein, who paid for it 800
guineas ; bought with his collection in 1824.
Engraved by C. W. Marr ; G. Mosse ; E.
Smith; W. Finden; W. Greatbach; P.
Lightfoot. — Cat. Nat. GaL ; Heaton, Works
of Sir D. W. ; Cat. Angerstein Gal., No. 30.
VILLAGE LADIES (Demoiselles du vil-
lage), Gustave Courbet, Thomas Wiggles-
worth, Boston ; canvas, H. G f t. x 7 f t. Three
ladies, standing in foreground, giving alms
bach. — Heaton, Works of D. W. ; Painters
of Georgian Era, 51 ; Redgrave, Century,
ii. 257.
VILLAVICENCIO, Don PEDRO NU-
NEZ DE, born at Seville in 1G35, died there
in 1700. Spanish school ; pupil of Murillo,
and though only an amateur, won distinc-
tion. Becoming a knight of St. John of
Jerusalem, went to Malta and studied there
under H Calabrese ; on his return to Seville
joined the Academy and resumed his friend-
Village Fettival, David Teniers, younger, Vienna Museum.
to a beggar girl ; a dog is beside them, and
two cows at right ; background, a landscape
of rolling hills. Painted in 1852 ; Paris Ex-
hibition, 1855. — Art Treasures of America,
iii. 84
VILLAGE POLITICIANS, Sir David
Wilkie, Earl of Mansfield, England. A
group of rustics in heated discussion
around a table in a kitchen, with others near
a fire in the background. Royal Academy,
1806 ; sold to Lord Mansfield for 35 guineas.
Sketch at Hadzor. Engraved by A. Raim-
ly relations with Murillo, who died in his
Painted historical and genre sub-
arms.
jects and portraits. Works : Boys playing
Dice, Museo del Prado ; Infant Christ bear-
ing a Cross, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-
Chapelle ; Two Boys playing Dice, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Stirling, iii. 1104 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Madrazo ; Cur-
tis, 336.
VILLEGAS, JOSE"; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Mariaus Fortuny,
whose manner he follows. Studio in Rome.
VILLEGAS
Works : The Christening, Dream of the
Arabian Nights, William H. Vanderbilt,
New York ; Armourer's Shop, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, ib. ; Spanish Scene, August Belmont,
ib.; Bull Fighters, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Rare
Vase, Cornelius Vanderbilt, ib.; Turkish
Shoe-Shop, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Devotional
Scene, D. O. Mills, ib.; Armourer's Shop,
E. L. Cutting, ib.; Poultry Market in Tan-
gier, Cairo Slipper Merchant (1872), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Marriage of Doge Fos-
cari (1885).
VILLEGAS MAEMOLEJO, PEDRO DE,
born in Seville in 1520, died there in 1597.
Spanish school ; supposed to have studied
VINCENT, FRANgOIS ANDREA born in
Paris, Dec. 30, 1746, died there, Aug. 3,
1816. History painter, son of Francois
Elie Vincent (1708-90, miniature painter) ;
pupil of Vien. Won the grand prix in 1768,
and studied three years in Rome. Member
of Academy in 1782, professor in 1792 ;
chevalier of Legion of Honour, and pro-
fessor in the ficole polytechnique. Works :
Belisarius asking Alms ; Alcibiades and
Socrates ; St. Jerome (1777), Montpellier
Museum ; President Mole seized by Rioters
(1779) ; Combat of Romans and Sabines in-
terrupted by Sabine Women (1781), Angers
Museum ; Ccecinna Pcetus exhorted by his
Wife Arria to kill himself
(1785), Amiens Museum ;
Henri IV. meeting Sully
wounded (1786), Zeuxis
choosing Girls of Crotona
for Models (1789), Louvre;
William Tell upsetting the
Boat conveying Gesler
(1795), Toulouse Museum ;
Lesson in Field Labour,
Bordeaux Museum ; Por-
trait of Bishop de Jarente
(1787), Orleans Museum ;
do. of the Painter Houe'l,
Rouen Museum; David
Victor over Goliath, Valen-
ciennes Museum. His wife,
Mme. Adelaide Vincent
in Rome, as his pictures are reminiscent of (born, 1749, Labille des Vertus, married
Raphael and of the best traditions of the first M. Guyard, and died, 1803), was a por-
Village Politicians, Sir David Wilkie, Earl of Mansfield.
Roman school. Among his works, which
are rare, are : Visitation, Seville Cathedral ;
St. Lazarus, Hospital of the Lazarists, near
Seville ; Annunciation, Madonna, S. Lor-
enzo, Seville. — Stirling, i. 319 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole espagnole.
VILLOLDO, JUAN DE, died after 1551.
Spanish school ; pupil of his uncle, Alonzo
Perez de Villoldo, a scholar of Juan de Bor-
gofia. Painted in 1547-48 a series of forty-
five works on sacred subjects for the Carba-
jal Chapel in S. Andres, Madrid.— Stirling,
i. 148.
trait painter of repute. — Bellier, ii. 690 ; Ch.
Blanc, I5cole francaise ; Villot, Cat. Louvre ;
Meyer, Gesch., 55, 78 ; Larousse.
VINCENT, ST., Fra Bartolommeo, Flor-
ence Academy ; wood. Painted about 1515
for S. Marco, Florence. — Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 189 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 468.
VINCENZO DA SAN GIMIGNANO, born
in San Gimignano, April 10, 1492, died
there after 1529. Roman school. Real
name Tamagno, son of Bernardo ; called by
Vasari a disciple and friend of Raphael,
whom he assisted in the Vatican about 1512.
370
VINCENZO
Won the commendation of Raphael and
executed other works in Rome, none of
which are existing. After Raphael's death
he returned to San Gimignano, where he
painted in 1522 a Madonna with Saints. He
was again in Rome in 1527, when the city
was sacked, and went thence to Montalcino,
where he painted for the oratory of the con-
vent of S. Rocco the Madonna del Soccorso,
now in the Church of the Soccorso. In
1528 he painted for S. Stefano d" Ischia,
near Grosseto, St. Joachim and St. Anna.
His last known work, dated 1529, is a Ma-
donna with Saints, in the Chapel of S. Nic-
colo di Tolentino. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 489 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole ombrienne.
VINCENZO DA TREVISO. See Catena.
VLNCHON, AUGUSTE (JEAN BAP-
TISTE), born in Paris, Aug. 5, 1789, died
at Ems, Nassau, Aug. 1C, 1855. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Gioacchino
Serangeli, of David, and the £cole des
Beaux Arts ; won the second prix de Rome
in 1813, and the first in 1814. L. of Hon-
our, 1828. Medal, 2d class, 1855. Works :
Diagoras carried in Triumph by his Sons
(1814), l5cole des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Devo-
tion of young Mazet (1822), Lazaretto, Mar-
seilles ; Death of Comola (1824) ; Jeanne
d'Arc (1824), Orleans Museum ; Greek Sub-
ject (1830), Amiens Museum ; Coronation
of Charles VH. at Reims (1837), Entry of
the French into Bordeaux— 1451 (1838),
Opening of the Session of Chambers by
Louis XVHL (1841), Enlisting of Volun-
teers (1849), Two Portraits, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Achille de Harlay (1843) ; The
States General under Philip the Fair — 1302
(1846) ; Episode in History of Venice
(1847), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
Martyrs in the Time of Diocletian (1852) ;
Achille de Harlay and the Due de Guise
(1854) ; Grisailles in Salles 4, 7, 8, and 9 of
Musee Charles X., Louvre, Paris ; Presenta-
tion of the Virgin, Notre Dame de Lorette,
ib.; Abundance rewarding Industry, Truth
exposing Fraud, and six grisailles : City of
Paris, Agriculture, etc., Palais de la Bourse,
ib. In fresco : Two Episodes in Life of St.
Maurice, Angels decorating the Vault from
which the Souls of the Thebaiau Legion
soar to Heaven (1822), St. Maurice's Chapel,
Saint Sulpice, Paris. — Ballard, Not. sur les
peint. a fresque, etc. (Paris, 1822) ; Bellier,
ii. 692 ; Meyer, Gescb,, 431 ; Rev. univ. des
arts, i. 475.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, born at Vinci,
Val d' Arno,
near Florence, *%••'
in 1452, died at
the Chateau de
Clot or Cloux,
near Arnboise,
May 2, 1519.
Florentine
school. Natu-
ral son of Sor
Piero d' Anto-
nio, Florentine notary ; pupil of Andrea del
Verrocchio, with whom he was associated
as late as 1476. The bright angel which
he painted in his master's picture of the
Baptism of Christ, Florence Academy, the
Medusa Head, at the Uffizi (if indeed it be
the original, and not, as has been conject-
ured, the work of Lomazzo), are the only
extant works of the earlier period of his life,
which closed in 1483, when ho wrote the
famous letter to Lodovico Sforza, Duke of
Milan, whose statement of universal capacity
was in his case literally true. It led to his
appointment as court painter, director of
the newly founded Academy of Arts, gen-
eral organizer of fetes in which art played a
conspicuous part, and manager of all enter-
prises in which a knowledge of hydraulics,
engineering, and general science was neces-
sary. For the Duke he executed the famous
wall-painting of the Last Supper (1495-98),
in S. M. delle Grazie, and modelled an
equestrian statue, never cast, of his father,
Francesco Sforza, and with him he remained
until Lodovico was overthrown by the
French (1499), and sent to France to die in
a dungeon at the Castle of Loches. Leo-
nardo returned to Florence, but soon left it
371
VINCI
for Venice, and the year after (1502) to visit
the fortresses of the principal cities of the
Eomagna as military engineer to Csesar Bor-
gia. Between 1503 and 1505 he produced
the famous cartoon of the Battle of the
Standard, from which he was to have paint-
ed a fresco in the great Hall of the Palazzo
Vecchio at Florence. It hung side by side
with Michelangelo's cartoon of the Battle of
Pisa, in the Hall, where both were studied as
miracles of art by all the painters of the time
until after 1518, though Vasari erroneously
says it was cut to pieces in 1512. In Octo-
ber, 1507, Leonardo once more established
himself in Milan, where he remained, with
the exception of two short visits to Florence
in 1511 and 1513, until 1514, when he ac-
companied Giuliauo de' Medici to Home to
assist at the coronation of Leo X. Unless
he had previously visited Rome, of which we
have no proof, Leonardo must at this time
have painted the admirable fresco of the
Madonna with Donor, in a lunette in S. Ono-
frio on the Janiculum. Leonardo went in
January, 1516, to France, at the invitation
of Francis I., and spent the last three years
of his life in the King's service. But one of
the many sides of this most many-sided of
great men can be considered here, and that
very imperfectly — namely, his work as a
painter. Of this, unfortunately, very little
which can be regarded as certainly authentic
remains. His great mural painting of the
Last Supper, at Milan, is in such a degraded
and repainted condition that it is but a
shadow of a shade, of the original perfection
of which we can best judge by the fine
drawing for the head of Christ, in the Brera,
and to some extent by the copy by Marco
d' Oggione, in the Royal Academy, London,
and the well-known engraving by Raphael
Morghen. His cartoon survives only in the
drawing of one of its groups by Rubens, in
the Louvre, a Flemish copy of which was
probably used by Edelinck for his engrav-
ing of the Battle of the Standard. Few of
the easel pictures attributed to Leonardo
have stood the test of modern criticism ;
one after another has been assigned to some
of his numerous disciples, until those beyond
dispute authentic are the following : La
Belle Ferroniere (about 1497), Mono, Lisa
(about 1500), Madonna with St. Anne, Ma-
donna of the Rocks, Louvre, Paris, and Na-
tional Gallery, London. Other works which
pass under Leonardo's name are : Bacchus,
St. John Baptist (probably authentic), Lou-
vre ; Vanity and Modesty, Palazzo Barbe-
riui, Rome (painted by Luini or Salaino) ;
Madonna, Palazzo Belgiojoso, Milan ; Ma-
donna of the Scales, Louvre (Salaino or Ce-
sare da Sesto) ; Madonna and Infant St.
John, Louvre (by Bernardino Luini) ; Por-
trait of Charles d'Amboise, Louvre (by
Beltraffio) ; Resurrection, Berlin Museum ;
Salome with Head of John Baptist, Vienna
Museum (by Cesare da Sesto) ; Male Por-
trait, perhaps of Lodovico Sforza, Dresden
Museum ; St. Jerome, Vatican ; The Gold-
smith, La Monaca, Palazzo Pitti, Florence (at-
tributed to Lorenzo di Credi) ; Portrait of Isa-
bella of Aragon, Ambrosian Library, Milan ;
Madonna della Caraffa, Palazzo Borghese,
Rome ; Portrait of Leonardo (?), Annuncia-
tion (?), Adoration of the Magi (?), Uffizi,
Florence ; Madonna, fresco, Villa Melzi at
Vaprio ; Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
4 ~. j burg. — Vasari, ed.
1 /) L/ Mil., iv. 17 ; Burck-
<r£ hardt, 363, 625;
/* • MUndler, 112; Pater,
/ / "\ /. • Studies, 90 ; Dohme,
L i/o. Yt
Ch Blanc
florentine;
Houssaye, Hist, de
Leonard de Vinci (Paris, 1869); Kugler
(Eastlake), ii. 347 ; GaUenberg, L. da Vinci
(Leipsic, 1834) ; Archivio storico italiano,
Series HI., Vol. 16 ; Amoretti, Memoire
storiche ; Bossi, Cenacolo ; Carl Brun,
Kunst und Kiinstler des Mittelalters und
der Neuzeit ; Brown ; Heaton ; Richter ;
Symonds, Renaissance ; Eastlake, Five Great
Painters (London, 1882) ; Art Journal
(1882), 33 ; Jahrbuch der preuss. Kunst-
samml., v. 293 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 201,
372
VINCI
261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvi. 133 ; xvii. 11 ;
xviii. 88, 127, 154, 190 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1886), xxxiii. 357 et seq.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, DEATH OF,
Jean Francois Gigoux, Besancon Museum ;
canvas. The painter dying at Foutainebleau
in the arms of Francis I. Painted in 1835. A
good picture, but historically incorrect, as
Leonardo died at the Chateau de Clot, May
2, 1519, when the King was at St. Gerinain-
en-Laye. — Larousse, xv. 1081.
By Dominique Ingres, Comte de Blacas,
Paris. The painter dying at Fontainebleau
in the arms of Francis I. Painted in 1819.
Original sketch acquired by the Louvre in
1881.
VINCK, FRANS, born in Antwerp ; con-
temporary. History and genre painter, pu-
pil of Leys, whose style he adopted. Medals :
Brussels, Vienna, Philadelphia. Works :
Passion of Christ (14 pictures with Hen-
drickx), Antwerp Cathedral ; Triumphal
Return of Best Shot ; Flemish Burgher's
Wife in 16th Century ; Confederates in
Presence of Margaret of Parma. — Muller,
537.
VINCK-BOONS (Vinckeboons), DAVID,
born at Mechlin in 1578, died in Amster-
dam in 1629. Dutch school ; history, genre,
and landscape painter, son and pupil of
Philip Vinck-Boons (received into the Ant-
werp guild in 1580, and died in Amsterdam
in 1601) ; lived some time in Antwerp, but
most of his life in Amsterdam ; painted
chiefly on a small scale. Rottenhammer
often supplied the figures in his landscapes.
Works : Flemish Kirmess, Antwerp Muse-
um ; Prince Maurice starting for the Chase
(attributed, but probably by Pauwels van
Hillegaert), Museum, Amsterdam ; Lottery
by Torchlight, Old Men's Hospital, ib. ;
Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, Su-
ermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Wood
Landscape with Castle on a River, do. with
Hagar and the Angel, Aschaffenburg Gal-
lery ; Popular Festival in Holland, Bamberg
Gallery; Flemish Kirmess (1608), Land-
scape with Wedding Procession, Tyrolese
Landscape, Brunswick Gallery ; Cattle sur-
rounded by Water, Cassel Gallery ; Fair in
Flemish Village, Hamburg Gallery ; Abra-
ham and Hagar in a Forest, Copenhagen
Gallery; Feeding the Poor, Landscape,
Stockholm Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2,
one dated 1618), Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg ; do., Winter Palace, ib.; do. (2), Acad-
emy, ib. ; Feeding the Poor, Berlin Muse-
um ; do. and Kirmess, Robbers sharing
Booty, Dresden Gallery ; Greut Landscape,
Darmstadt Museum ; Madonna with Angels
in a Landscape, Fdrstenberg Gallery, Do-
nauesehingen ; Kirmess in a Village, Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Annual Fair in Flemish
Village, Baptism of the Eunuch, Kuusthalle,
Hamburg ; Frolic in Dutch Village, Kunigs-
berg Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross
(1611), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Wood
Landscape (1624), Schleissheim Gallery ;
Rustic Love Couple (1629), Boys about
Bird's Nest, Schwerin Gallery ; Crucifixion,
Repose in Egypt, do. (figures by Rotten-
hammer), Si Fulgentius in a Grotto, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Wood Landscape, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib. ; Kirmess in Dutch Town,
Harrach Gallery, ib. ; River Landscape, Wei-
mar Museum ; Frolic on the
Ice, Uffizi, Florence. — Charles
Blanc, Ecole flamande ; Immer-
zeel, iii. 194 ; Krainm, vi. 1756 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 250, 261 ; Michiels, vi.
187 ; Neefs, i. 238 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 66.
VINEA, FRANCESCO, born at Forli in
1846. Genre painter, pupil in Florence of
Pallastrini ; paints mostly scenes in the cos-
tume of the 16th and 17th centuriea Gold
medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : First Visit
to Grandmother, Cheers, Three Cheers !
Capitano Molena (1883) ; C' intendiamo,
Painter before Easel, Cook plucking Hen
(1884); Italian Dance Party, W. H. Vander-
bilt, New York.— Dlustr. Zeitg. (1884), i.
31 ; ii. 495, 501 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 114.
VINNE, VINCENT LAURENSZ VAN
DER, the elder, born in Haarlem, Oct. 11,
1629, died there, Aug. 26, 1702. Dutch
school ; history, portrait, landscape, and
373
VINTAGE
animal painter, pupil of Frans Hals ; en-
tered the guild in 1649, travelled in 1652-53
through Germany, Switzerland, and France.
After his return he painted portraits in the
vigorous style of his master. As few pict-
ures by him are known, though he was very
industrious, it is to be supposed that many
of his works pass under the name of Frans
Hals. Works : Organ Grinder, Museum,
Vienna ; Itinerant Musicians, Old Man's
Head, Old Woman's do., Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, ib. ; Male and Female Portraits, New
York Museum. His son Laurens (1658-
1729) was a landscape and flower painter,
pupil of Berchem, whose manner he imitat-
ed ; the latter 's son, Vincent Laurensz the
younger, born in Haarlem, June 10, 1686,
died there, May 16, 1742, painted the same
subjects. By him : City Hall of Haarlem
(1729), Haarlem Museum. Vincent Jans-
zoon van der Vinne (bom in Haarlem,
Jan. 31, 1736, died there, Jan. 15, 1811)
was a nephew of the last named. By him :
Mountainous Land-
scape with River,
Haarlem Museum. —
Gaz.desB. Arts (1872),
iii. 195 ; Kramm, vi.
380 ; Van der Wil-
vi. 477 ; Immerzeel, i:
1767 ; Siret (1883), ii.
ligen, 314.
VINTAGE FESTIVAL,
.dZma-Tadema,
Baron T. H. W.
a sumptuous
Schroder, Paris. Scene
in a sumptuous Bacchic Temple, Rome ;
in centre, an altar, past which is mov-
ing a procession led by a beautiful priest-
ess, followed by maidens playing the double
pipe, and by dancing girls beating tim-
brels ; after these march priests bearing
jars of wine. In the court of the temple
are more dancers and timbrel-players of
both sexes. Painted in 1870 ; Philadelphia
Exposition, 1876. Engraved by Aug. Blan-
chard.— Art Journal (1871), 147, 166 ;
(1883), 34.
VINTAGE AT MACON, Joseph M. W.
Turner, Earl of Yarborough, London ; can-
vas. Festival at the opening of the Vintage at
Macou, France. Male and female vintagers .
dancing under a group of trees on a terraced
hill-side overlooking a wide champaign, with
a smooth river flowing towasds the left ; in
the mid-distance, a bridge connecting the
two parts of the town, which lie on opposite
sides. One of Turner's best pictures ; re-
calls Claude and Poussin. Royal Academy,
1803.— Athen., Jan., 1875, 90 ; Waagen, Art
Treasures, iv. 70 ; Hamerton, Life.
VINTON, FREDERICK PORTER, born
at Bangor, Me., in 1846. Figure and por-
trait painter, pupil of W. M. Hunt in Bos-
ton ; in 1875 of Bonnat in Paris ; in 1876 of
Duveneck, Dietz, and Wagner, in Munich ;
and later of Jean Paul Laurens. Associate
of the National Academy, New York. Stu-
dio in Boston. Works : Celestina (1875) ;
Italian Girl, Head of Neapolitan Boy, Head
of Old French Peasant Woman (1878) ;
French Peasant Woman, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Portraits of S. H. Russell (1880),
Wendell Phillips (1882) ; Street in Toledo
—Spain (1884) ; Portrait, T. G. Appleton,
Boston.
VIOLANTE, Palma Vecchio, Vienna Mu-
seum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. Bust
of a beautiful girl, with rich tresses falling
upon her neck ; dressed in blue bodice,
showing plaited chemisette, and yeUow bro-
cade sleeves. Same figure, holding a palm,
in Palma's Madonna (attributed to Giorgi-
one) at Madrid. From collection of Paolo
del Sera.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 480 ; Boschi-
ni, Carta del Navegar, 368.
VIOLINIST (Violinista or Suonatore),
Raphael, Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna, Rome ;
wood, dated 1518. Bust of a youth, about
twenty years old, three-quarters face, wear-
ing a black cap, from which his brown hair
falls on his shoulders, and a green mantle,
trimmed with black velvet, with a fur col-
lar ; holds in left hand a violin bow and
some laurel leaves and immortelles. Passa-
vant believes it a portrait of Andrea Ma-
rone, a famous improvisators of Brescia in
time of Leo X. Engraved by J. Felsing.
— Passavant, ii. 275 ; Miintz, 532, 536 ;
Springer, 211.
374
VIOLLET-LE-DUC
VIOLLET-LE-DUC, ETIENNE
ADOLPHE, born in Paris in 1817, died
there in 1878. Landscape painter, pupil of
Leon Fleury and of F. L. Franjais. Medals :
3d class, 1852, 1861 ; medal, 1870. Works:
Valley of Jouy (1870) ; do. from Heights of
Metz (1872) ; Isles of Hyeres, Environs of
Cannes (1874) ; West Entrance to Ferme du
Mont at fitretat, East do. (1875) ; Aqueduct
of Buc (1876); Plateau of Amontat Etretat,
Beach at do. (1877).
VIRGEN DE BELEN. See Madonna de
Belen.
VIRGEN DE LA FAJA. See Madonna a
la Ceinture.
VIRGEN DE LA MANZANA. See Ma-
donna of the Apple.
VIRGEN DEL FEZ. See Madonna del
Pesce.
VIRGEN DE LA SERVILLETA. See
Madonna de la Servilleta.
VIRGIN, BIRTH OF, Annibale Carracci,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, arched, H. 8 ft. 10 in.
x 5 ft The Eternal, in a glory of angels,
presides over the birth of the Virgin, who is
cared for by women in foreground ; in back-
ground, St. Anna in bed aided by attend-
ants ; near her, Joachim and two women.
Painted for church of pontifical palace at
Loreto ; later in Musee Napoleon. En-
graved by R. V. Audenaerd. — Villot, Lou-
vre ; Landon, Mus6e, xii. PL 10.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo. See Virgin,
Life of.
By Murillo, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 6
ft. x 11 ft. 10 in. In a chamber, around n
copper vessel prepared to bathe the babe, are
two angels and four women, one of whom
holds the infant while another brings linen ;
to left of them two cherubs, one playing with
a dog ; on extreme left, St. Anna sitting in
bed, receiving St. Joachim and others ; on
right, two women drying linen at a fire-
place ; above, five cherubs in a glory.
Painted in 1655 for Cathedral of Seville ;
carried off by Soult ; bid in at Soult sale
(1852) at 90,000 francs ; acquired by the
government in 1858 at 150,000 francs. En-
graved by A. Martinet ; L. Massard ; A.
Masson ; etched by Damman. — C. Bermu-
dez, Carta, 59 ; Ford, Handbook, 180 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1875), xi. 180 ; Klass. der Ma-
lerei, ii. PL 66 ; Curtis, 142 ; Ruveil, vii.
471.
Birth of the Virgin, Annibale Carracci, Louvre, Paris.
VIRGIN, CONCEPTION OF. See Con-
ception.
VIRGIN, CORONATION OF, Fra An-
gelica, Louvre ; wood, H. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 11 in.
Christ, enthroned, crowning the Virgin in
the presence of many angels and saints. In
predella, seven scenes from life of St. Dom-
inick, called the Miracles of St. Dominick.
Painted for S. Domenico, Fiesole, whence
taken by the French in invasion of 1812.
Engraved by Ternite ; A Francois (1867) ;
875
VIEGIN
chromolithograph by Kellenhoven (1855) ;
water-colour, J. Journy (Salon, 1861). — Va-
sari, ed. Mil., ii. 511 ; A. W. Schlegel (Paris,
1816); C. &C., Italy, i. 584; Larousse, v. 363.
By Fra Angelica, Uffizi, Florence ; wood,
small figures. Christ places the crown up-
on the head of the Virgin in the midst of a
choir of angels, surrounded by a great num-
ber of saints, male and female. Painted in
1433 for S. M. Nuova, Florence, whence re-
moved to Uffizi in 1825. A masterpiece,
magnificently composed. The predella, con-
sisting of the Marriage of the Virgin, Death
of the Virgin, and Birth of John Baptist, is
for S. Domenico, whence removed to S.
Francesco. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 162 ; Ri-
dolfi, Maraviglie, i. 95 ; C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 158 ; Meyer, Kiinst. Lex., iii. 404, 416.
By Sandro Botticelli, Florence Academy ;
wood, H. 12 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. The Eter-
nal crowning the Virgin in the heavens, sur-
rounded by a choir of cherubs and dancing
angels ; below, SS. John Evangelist, Augus-
tine, Jerome, and Eloy. Painted about 1481
-84 for S. Marco, Florence. One of Botti-
celli's best works. Engraved by F. Livy. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 312 ; C. & C., Italy, ii.
420 ; Gall, di Firenze, PL 45.
Birth of the Virgin, Murillo, Louvre, Paris.
now separate in the Uffizi. The Marriage
is one of the greatest of his compositions.
—Vasari, ed. Mil., ii. 516 ; C. & C., Italy, i.
586 ; Lasinio, i. PI. 30, 105, 106.
By Giovanni Bellini, S. Francesco, Pe-
saro ; wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 11 in.;
signed. The Virgin and Saviour on a
throne, the former bending to receive the
crown ; SS. Peter, Paul, Jerome, and Fran-
cis. Panel is in a rich frame, with pilaster
niches on sides containing eight saints, and
resting on predellas representing : Conver-
sion of St. Paul ; Martyrdom of St. Peter ;
Nativity ; St. Jerome Penitent ; St Francis
receiving Stigmata. Painted about 1475
By Raffaellino del Garbo, Louvre ; wood,
H. 9 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 4 in. Within a glory
the Virgin, seated, receives the crown from
Christ, while the Holy Spirit hovers over
their heads ; four angels play a lute, a dul-
cimer, a harp, and a viol ; below, at left, SS.
Benedict and Salvi, Bishop of Verona ; at
right, SS. Giovanni Gualberto Azzini, found-
er of the brotherhood of Vallombrosa, and
Bernardo degli Uberti, Cardinal and Bish-
op of Parma. Painted for S. Salvi, Flor-
ence ; carried to Paris in 1812. Much in-
jured.—Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 238 ; Villot,
Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iv.
PL 1.
376
VIRGIN
By school of Domenico Ghirlandajo, S.
Girolamo, Narni. Formerly attributed to
Raphael and to Lo Spagna. — C. & C., Italy,
iii. 310.
By Guido Reni, Bologna Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft 5 in. x 5 ft 9 in. The Virgin,
in a glory, crowned by the Son and the
Father, with the Holy Ghost de-
scending from above ; below, SS.
Catherine, John Evangelist, John
Baptist, and Bernard. Formerly
in suppressed church of S. Ber-
nardo of the Olivetan monks.
Engraved by A. Marchi. — Pinac.
di Bologna, PI. 68 ; Felsinor, Pit-
trice, ii. 7 ; Lavice, 13.
By Guido Reni, National Gal-
lery, London ; copper, H. 2 ft 2
in. x 1 ft. 7 in. A rich composi-
tion with refined forms and beau-
tiful heads. Probably of first pe-
riod. Formerly in Madrid Gal-
lery, whence passed to Sir Thomas
Lawrence ; then to Mr. Wells, who
in 1847 bequeathed it to Nation-
al Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures,
i. 337.
By Andrea Orcagna, National
Gallery, London ; wood, tempera,
H. 9 ft. 7 in. x 13 ft 1 in. Altar-
piece in three parts : in centre,
Christ crowning the Virgin, with
two angels standing on each side
and ten others below, some kneel-
ing and some playing musical in-
struments ; in each of side pict-
ures, twenty-four saints kneeling ;
on left is St. Peter, supporting on
his knees the model of S. Pietro
Maggiore, Florence, for which the
picture was originally painted.
Nine other pictures in National Gallery also
formed part of this altarpiece. — Cat. Nat.
Gal.
By Raphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood trans-
ferred to canvas, arched at top, H. 9 ft. 2
in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Christ crowning the Virgin
enthroned in the heavens, surrounded by
angels with musical instruments, and cher-
ubs above ; below, the apostles around the
empty tomb. Painted in 1503 at Citta di
Castello for Maddalena degli Oddi, and
placed in the Oddi Chapel of S. Francesco,
Perugia ; carried thence in 1797 to Paris,
where it was transferred to canvas ; re-
Coronation of the Virgin, Raphael, Vatican, Rome.
turned in 1815 and placed in Vatican. En-
graved by E. Stolzel ; Graffonara ; CouchiJ
fils. Copy, dated 1518, in church of Civi-
tella Bernazzone, near Perugia. The pre-
della, — the Annunciation, Epiphany, and
Presentation, — also in Vatican, in separate
frame.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 317 ; C. & C.,
377
VIEGIN
Raphael, i. 141 ; Giornale di Enid. Tosc.,
235 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Eaphael, ii. 549 ;
Miintz, 64 ; Passavant, ii. 12 ; Larousse, v.
363.
By Raphael, Giulio Eomano, and H Fat-
tore, Vatican ; wood, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft.
8 in. In upper part, Christ crowning the
Virgin in the heavens ; in lower, apostles
around the tomb of the Virgin. Ordered
of Eaphael in 1505 for the Convent of
Monte Luce, near Perugia, but he had time
to make only the study for it. Upper part
finished, after Eaphael's death, by Giulio
Eomano, lower by H Fattore. Carried to
Paris in 1797 ; returned in 1815 and placed
in Vatican. Engraved by J. Cappelh'.—
Pungileone, Eaphael, 192 ; Passavant, ii.
309 ; C. & C., Eaphael, i. 235 ; Gruyer,
Vierges de Eaphael, ii. 570.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas,
H. 12 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft, 2 in. The Virgin,
kneeling upon an inverted crescent, with
angels in clouds beneath, is crowned by the
Father and the Son. Painted for Church
of Eecollets, Antwerp. Carried to Paris,
1794 ; given to Museum of Brussels in
1802. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Van den
Enden. Eeplica, with variations, Berlin Mu-
seum ; another, burned in 1718 in Church of
Jesuits, Antwerp. — Smith, ii. 15 ; ix. 247 ;
Meyer, Museen, 388 ; Larousse, v. 364
By Lo Spagna, Church of Eiformati, Todi.
Above, Saviour crowns Virgin under a can-
opy, in centre of a company of angels, proph-
ets, and sibyls ; below, SS. Jerome, Louis,
Bernardino, John Baptist, and others. Imi-
tated, with changes, from Florentine altar-
piece at Narni. Painted in 1511. Eeplica
(1511), with changes, S. Martino, near Trevi ;
Magdalen and St. Catharine introduced be-
low, and view of S. Francesco at Assisi in
background.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 310, 312
Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 594.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven-
ice ; canvas. Above, the Virgin is crowned
below are SS. Benedetto, Gregorio, Placido,
Mauro, and five portraits. — Zanotto, 631.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas.
H. 5 ft. 9 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. The Virgin, en-
ihroned in clouds, with her robe upheld by
;wo cherubs, is about to be crowned by the
Father and the Son, while above hovers
;he dove ; beneath are four winged heads.
Painted, probably after second visit to Italy,
'or the Queen's oratory in the palace at Ma-
drid. Considered the best of his religious
pictures. Engraved by Massard ; Nargeot ;
tched and lithographed by several. — Ma-
drazo ; C. Bermudez ; Jameson, Madonna,
23 ; Curtis, 3 ; Eeveil, xiv. 955.
Coronation of Virgin, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
Subject treated also by Cosimo Eosselli,
S. M. de' Pazzi, Florence, and Louvre, Par-
is ; Eidolfo Ghirlandajo, Louvre ; Pinturic-
chio, Vatican ; Girolamo da Santa Croce,
Berlin Museum ; Giulio Eomano and H Fat-
tore, Vatican ; Marco Palmezzano, Brera,
Milan ; Girolamo da TJdine, Hospital at
Udine ; Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy
and Schleissheim Gallery ; Annibale Car-
racci, Duke of Newcastle ; Giovanni Lan-
franco, Louvre ; Padovanino, Venice Acad-
emy ; Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, Passione,
Milan ; Juan de Juanes, Madrid Museum ;
Hans Memling, Hospital of St. John, Bruges ;
378
VIRGIN
Hans Holbein, elder, Augsburg Gallery ;
Hans von Culmbach, Munich Gallery ; Hans
Schauffelein, ib. ; Hans Baldung Grien, Fri-
burg Cathedral ; Adriaen van der Werff,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Giotto, Church
of S. Francesco d'Assisi ; Claudius Jac-
quand, St. Philippe-du-Roule, Paris.
VIRGIN, DEATH OF, Michelangelo da
Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft.
1 in. x 8 ft. The Virgin on her death-bed, the
apostles and their disciples in affliction ; in
Death of the Virgin, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris.
foreground, at right, a woman seated, her
head upon her knees, weeping. Painted
for S. M. della Scala in Trastevere, Rome ;
bought by Duke of Modena, who sold it to
Charles I. of England ; bought by Jabach,
who sold it to Louis XIV. Engraved by S.
Vallee ; H. Laurent ; Claessens ; Oortmann.
— Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musee royal, i. ; Fil-
hol, viL PL 475 ; Landon, Musee, iv. PL 32 ;
Meyer, Kttnst. Lex., i. 615 ; Cab. Crozat, ii.
PL 91.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo. See Virgin,
Life of.
By Martin Sckaffner, Pinakothek, Munich ;
wood, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. She kneels,
supported by two of the apostles, while an-
other, in priestly raiments, holds before her
a book ; at the right, two kneeling are read-
ing from a book and two others are visible
in background ; at the right, two more are
bringing a sprinkler and a censer ; above,
the soul of the dying, borne upwards by
angels to a glory, where it is received by
Christ. On the reverse : Christ with the
Apostles, and half of the Departure of
Christ, the other half being on the back of
another picture in the Pinakothek. These,
and other panels, formed once the wings of
the altar door of a convent at Weddenhau-
sen, near TJltn. They came into possession
of the Government in 1803, when the con-
vent was broken up. Engraved by J. Bur-
ger.— Fiirster, v.
VIRGIN, EDUCATION OF, Jean Jou-
venet, Uffizi, Florence ; canvas. The Vir-
gin, her hands joined, kneels before her
mother, who points with her finger to let-
ters on a paper spread out upon her knees ;
Joachim leans upon a chair in which St.
Anna is seated ; in background, young girls
at work ; above, the heads of cherubim smil-
ing hi the clouds. Engraved by Pierre Dre-
vet. Several repetitions. — Larousse, vii. 215.
By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
7 ft 2 in. x 5 ft 5 in. St. Anna, seated on
a bench with an open book in her lap, teach-
es the Virgin, who stands on left ; above,
two cherubs about to crown the latter with
flowers ; on left, a marble column and a
basket of linen ; in background, a balus-
trade. Painted about 1674 ; figures thought
to be portraits of wife and daughter of ar-
tist. From Isabel Farnese Collection. Lith-
ographed by F. Decraene ; H. Eichens ; Ja-
cott ; and others. Study, Madrid Museum ;
sketch, Edward A. Leatham, London. — Cur-
tis, 143 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1875) ; Madrazo,
478.
By Rubens, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
378
VIEGIN
6 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. St. Anna, seated on a bench
in front of a balustrade, teaches the Virgin,
who stands beside her, to read from a book ;
behind, left, St. Joachim, whose countenance
shows delight at the progress of the pupil ;
above, two angels with a crown of flowers.
Painted for the Church of the Unshod Car-
Education of the Virgin, Rubens, Antwerp Museum.
melites, Antwerp. Engraved by Schelte ;
Bolswert ; C. Waumans. — He-veil, x. 748.
VIRGIN IN GLORY WITH SAINTS,
Simone Cantanni, Bologna Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin,
seated upon clouds in a glory of angels,
two of whom are about to crown her, with
one foot upon the crescent moon ; below,
SS. John Evangelist, Nicholas of Tolentino,
and Euphemia. Engraved by G. Asioli. —
Pinac. di Bologna, PL 20.
VIRGIN OF GRIEF. See Mater Dolo-
rosa.
VIRGIN, HOLY, Guido Reni, Uffizi,
Florence ; canvas, H. 4 f t 3 in. x 3 ft. 1 in.
Half-length, with drapery over her head
and shoulders, her hands crossed upon her
breast, and her eyes turned upwards. En-
graved by E. Beisson. — Wicar, i. Part 10 ;
Molini, Gal. di Firenze, i. 141 ; Soc. Ed.
and Paris, PI. 117.
VIRGIN, LIFE OF THE, Domenico
Ghirlandajo, S. M. Novella, Florence ; fres-
cos on the wall of the choir. Seven sub-
jects : 1. Joachim's Expulsion from the
Temple ; 2. Birth of the Virgin ; 3. Presen-
tation in the Temple ; 4. Marriage of the
Virgin ; 5. Adoration of the Magi ; 6. Mas-
sacre of the Innocents ; 7. Death and As-
sumption of the Virgin. Executed, with
the aid of assistants, about 1490, by order
of Giovanni Tornabuoni, to replace the dam-
aged works of Andrea Orcagna. Engraved
by Lasinio. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 260 ; C. &
C., Italy, ii. 476 ; Larousse, xv. 1028.
By Murillo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart.,
London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.
The Virgin and Joseph, holding each other
by the hand, accompanied by five male and
three female attendants, stand before the
High Priest ; above, the dove in a glory ; in
background, architecture and a crimson cur-
tain.— Curtis, 143.
By Pietro Perugino, Caen Museum,
France ; canvas, life-size. Marriage of the
Virgin and St. Joseph by the High Priest,
in presence of a group of men on one side
and of women on the other, in front of an
octagon temple. A modification of the De-
livery of the Keys to Peter, in the Sistine
Chapel. Contracted for in 1495 for the
Brotherhood of S. Giuseppe in Lorenzo,
Perugia, but not painted until after 1500 ;
carried to France in 1799 and not returned.
Raphael probably had a hand in it, and his
Sposalizio, at Milan, repeats the same con-
secrated type. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 581 ;
C. & C., Italy, iii. 217 ; Miintz, 84.
By Raphael, Brera, Milan ; wood, arched
at top, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed, and
dated 1504. Marriage of the Virgin and
Joseph by the High Priest in the court of
the temple ; group of men on one side and
of women on the other side of priest. An
adaptation from Perugino's Sposalizio at
Fano and at Caen. Painted for S. Francesco
VIRGIN
of Citta di Castello, where it remained till
June 28, 1798, when the municipal authori-
ties gave it up to Gen. Giuseppe Lecchi,
commander of a French brigade then in the
town. Lecchi sold it in 1801 to Giacomo
Saunazaro, of Milan, from whom the Milan
Hospital inherited it in 1804 ; purchased
by the State in 180G for 53,000 francs. Re-
stored in Milan by Molteni, but somewhat
discoloured. Copy, of 1506, by
Giovanni Andrea Urbani, in sacristy
of S. Giuseppe, Urbino ; another in
S. Agostino, Cittii di Castello, a
third in Berlin Museum ; modern
copy in ficole des Beaux Arts, Par-
is. Engraved by Longhi. — Vasari,
ed. Mil., iv. 323 ; Pungileone, Raph-
ael, 282; C. & C., Raphael, i. 163;
Passavant, ii. 18 ; Klas. der Maler-
ei, i. PI. 31 ; Gruyer, Vierges de
Raphael, ii. 3, 21 ; Mttntz, 81 ; Kug-
ler (Eastlake), ii. 413 ; Perkins, 59 ;
Reveil, ix. 577.
VIRGIN OF MERCY. See Ma-
donna della Misericordia.
VIRGIN AND ST. DOMINICK,
Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy ;
canvas. The Virgin in glory and
St. Dominick distributing crowns
of roses to a pope, an emperor, a
king, a doge, etc. From S. Pietro
Martire, Murano.
VIRGIN OF SORROWS (Vir-
gen de las Augustias), Anton Van
Dyck, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. The Virgin,
seated, supports on her lap the
body of Christ, whose hand the
Magdalen kisses, while St. John
stands near by. Larger repetition in Mu-
seum of Arnbe'res. — Madrazo.
VIRGIN, SEVEN JOYS OF THE, Hans
Memling, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; wood,
H. 2 ft. 7 in. x5 ft. 11 in. An extensive
landscape, in the centre of which is Jerusa-
lem with many towers. In the foreground,
middle, the Adoration of the Magi, on the
left the Nativity, on the right the Resurrec-
tion ; in the background, The Annunciation
to the Shepherds, the Journeying of the
Magi and their Re-embarkation on the Sea ;
their Visit to Herod, the Massacre of the
Innocents, and the Flight into Egypt. On
the other side the Women at the Sepulchre,
the Appearance of Christ among the Women
and Disciples, taking Leave of his Mother,
his Ascension, the Death of the Virgin and
Marriage of the Virgin, Raphael, Brera, Milan.
her Reception in Heaven, and lastly, on the
distant mountain peaks, the Three Magi,
kneeling, gazing on the Star of Bethlehem.
The title of this picture is misleading, as the
design includes many incidents in the life
of Christ and of the Virgin besides those
called the Seven Joys. Weale calls it Christ
the Light of the World, and Michiels the
Triumphs of Christ. Painted for Pierre
381
VIRGIN
Bultynck, a currier of Bruges, who present-
ed it to his guild in 1479 ; dedicated in
1480 in Chapel of the Tanners, Bruges,
where it remained until about 1780, when
it was presented to the Austrian Governor-
General of Brabant ; passed in 1813 from
the Brion family at Brussels to the Collec-
tion of the Boisseree brothers ; acquired
thence by the Pinakothek. Engraved by
E. Schiiffer ; R. Peztsch in Forster's Denk-
male. Lithographed by Strixner, Frey-
mann. — Kugler (Crowe), i. 97 ; Eastlake,
Notes, 139.
VIRGIN, SEVEN SORROWS OF THE,
Hans Memling, Turin Gallery ; wood, H. 1
ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. The story of the Passion, in
a landscape. In background, the Entrance
of Christ into Jerusalem ; then the Saviour in
the House of the Pharisee, and the Last
Supper ; next, nearer the spectator, the Be-
trayal by Judas, the Flagellation, the March
to Calvary, the Crucifixion, the Descent
from the Cross, the Resurrection, the De-
scent into Limbus, the Appearance to the
Magdalen, and the Supper at Emmaus.
In the foreground, a donor and his wife are
kneeling. There are hundreds of figures in
this miniature, all of them delicately finished
and brilliantly coloured. Probably the cen-
tral part of an altarpiece, painted in 1477-
78, by order of Willem Vrelandt, for the
booksellers' chapel in Bruges. The donors
nre supposed to be Vrelandt and his wife.
The picture was sold in 1624. Saved from
the plunder of the Dominican Convent of
Bosco, near Alessandria, Piedmont, in the
French Revolution, and subsequently pre-
sented to the king. The wings are sup-
posed to be lost. — C. &C., Flemish Painters,
2G7.
VIRGINIA, DEATH OF, G. G. Lethiere,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 15 ft. x 25 ft. 8 in. ;
signed, dated 1828. Virginius, having slain
his daughter, holds up the bloody knife and
threatens Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.
Salon, 1831 ; presented to Louvre in 1848
by M. Bayard. Original study in Salon of
1795.
VISCH, MATHIAS DE, born at Reninghe,
West Flanders, in 1702, died at Bruges,
April 23, 1765. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter, pupil at Bruges of Jo-
seph van den Kerckhove ; was the first to
win (1720) the prize at the newly founded
Academy, went in 1723 to Paris and thence
soon after to Italy, visiting Rome, Venice,
where he studied under Piazzetta, then
Parma and Piacenza; returned to Bruges
after nine years' absence, established a suc-
cessful life-model school in 1735, and be-
came professor at the Academy in 1739.
Works : Hagar consoled by the Angel, St.
Jacques, Bruges ; Allegory of Fine Arts,
Portraits of Himself (2, one dated 1740), do.
of the Painter Suweyns (1740), Academy, ib.
— Immerzeel, iii. 197 ; Weale, Cat. Bruges
Acad., 91.
VISCHER, AUGUST, born at Waldan-
gelloch, Baden, in 1822. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Cornelius and Schnorr, and of Antwerp
Academy under Wappers and Deitmann,
then of De Block ; settled in Munich in
1850, visited Paris in 1853-54 ; became Ba-
den court painter in 1864 and professor at
the Polytechnic Institute in Carlsruhe in
1870. Gold medal, 1851. Works : Sailors'
Dance in Dutch Tavern, Scene in Baden
Revolution, Diana of Poitiers before Francis
I. (1850); Capture of Olden Barneveld
(1851), Coligny at St. Quentin surprised by
the Spaniards (1852), Carlsruhe Art Union ;
Capture of Gotz von Berlichingen ; Capture
of Francis L at Pavia (1857) ; Berthold of
Zahringen defeating the Milanese at Cassa-
no in 1158 (1864), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm-
ing of Rome by the Germans (1875). In
fresco : Storming of Ofen by Elector Max
Emanuel, Entry of Elector Max Joseph into
Munich in 1799, National Museum, Munich.
—Dioskuren (1870), 185 ; Kaulen, 310 ; Re-
gnet, ii. 286.
VISITATION, Mariotto Albertinelli, Uffizi,
Florence ; wood, small figures ; dated 1503.
Visit of Mary to Elizabeth (Luke i. 39).
The Virgin and Elizabeth meet under a dec-
382
VISITATION
orated portico ; in the preclella, Anmmcia
tion, Nativity, and Presentation in Temple
Painted for S. Martino, Florence ; passed
Visitation, Mariotto Aloertmelli, Uflizi, Florence.
in 1786 from the Florence Academy to
the Uffizi. Albertinelli's masterpiece. The
group is felicitous, the draperies are worthy
of Fra Bartolommeo, and the low-keyed
tone of colour is heightened by glazes ap-
plied with consummate skill. Engraved by
V. della Bruna.— C. & C., Italy, iii. 485 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 224 ; Molini, Gal. di Fi-
renze, i. 69 ; Lasinio, L PL 21 ; Meyer, Kiinst.
Lex., i. 219, 222 ; Etruria Pittrice, L PL 39 ;
Bosini, iv. 47.
By Domenico Ghirlandajo, Louvre ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. ; dated 1491. The
Virgin receives the salutation of St. Eliza-
beth, who kneels in presence of Mary Cleo-
pas and Mary Salome. Begun for Church
of Cestello, now S. M. Maddalena de' Pazzi,
Florence, by Domenico, and finished by his
brothers, David and Benedetto. Carried to
Paris in 1812, and left to the Musee Napo-
16on in 1815 by the Florentine Commission-
ers.— Vasari, ed. MiL, iii. 258 ; Villot, Cat.
Louvre.
By Palma Vecchio, Vienna Museum ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft X 11 ft. 9 in. Joseph and Zach-
arias witness the meeting of Elizabeth and
Mary at outskirts of a village.— C. & C., N
Italy, ii. 471.
By Sebastian del Piombo, Louvre, Paris ;
wood, transferred to canvas, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x
4 ft 4 in. ; signed, dated 1521. Visit of
Mary to Elizabeth ; in distance, a man an-
nounces to Zacharias the coming of the Vir-
gin. Painted for Francis I. Damaged by
restorations.— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 339 ; Vil-
lot, Cat. Louvre ; Filhol, vii. PL 469 ; Lan-
don, Musce, xiii. PI. 44.
Visitation, Sebastian del Piombo, Louvre, Paris.
By Raphael, Madrid Museum ; wood,
ransferred to canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 9
n. Elizabeth advances from left to meet
he Virgin and clasps her hand ; in back-
VISITATION
ground, baptism of Christ, with the Eternal
blessing him from above. Painted about
1517 for Giovanni Battista Branconio of
Visitation, Raphael, Madrid Museum,
Aquila, who presented it to S. Silvestro at
Aquila in the Abruzzi ; bought in 1655 by
Philip IV. of Spain, who placed it in the
Escorial ; carried to Paris in 1813 and trans-
ferred to canvas ; returned in 1822. Al-
most wholly by Raphael. Engraved by A.
B. Desnoyers, and others. — Gruyer, "Vierges
de Raphael, ii. 63 ; Passavant, ii. 247 ; Ma-
drazo, 189 ; Reveil, i. 61 ; Larousse, •s
1116.
By Rembrandt, Grosvenor House, Lon-
don ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. ; signed,
dated 1640. Elizabeth embraces the Virgin
at the bottom of the house steps, which the
aged Zacharias, who is supported by a
youth, is descending ; behind the Virgin, a
negress, and farther back a servant housing
an ass ; beside them a dog, a peacock, and
a hen with chickens. Formerly in Collec-
tion of King of Sardinia ; bought in Eng-
land in 1812. Engraved by 3. Burnet
(1813).— Waagen, Art Treasures, ii. 165;
Vosmaer, 455 ; Smith, vii. 22.
By Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral ; wood,
H. 13 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 10 in. The Virgin is
received by Elizabeth at the entrance of a
house with a vast portico supported by col-
umns, while Zacharias greets Joseph, who
is mounting the steps ; behind the latter, a
maid-servant with a basket on her head, and
in foreground a man-servant unlading an
ass. Painted on the interior of one of the
wings of the Descent from the Cross. En-
graved by P. de Jode ; Ragot.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ven-
ice ; canvas. The Virgin and Elizabeth,
with Zacharias behind them leaning on his
staff. " Painted in his very best manner ;
exquisite in simplicity, unrivalled in vigour,
well-preserved, and, as a piece of painting,
certainly one of the most precious in Venice."
— Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 332.
Visitation, Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral.
Subject treated also by Pinturicchio,
Vatican ; Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Strozzi,
Florence ; Federigo Barocci, Vienna Muse-
384
VITALE
urn ; Carlo Bonone, S. M. in Vado, Ferrara ;
Callisto da Lodi, S. M. Calchera, Brescia ;
Lodovico Carracci, S. Domenico, Bologna ;
Domeuichino, Cappella Nolfi, Fano ; Garo-
falo, Palazzo Doria, Borne ; Luca Giordano,
Vienna Museum ; Guercino, Rouen Muse-
um ; Carlo Maratti, S. M della Pace, Rome ;
Giovanni Maria Morandi, Uffizi, Florence ;
Bernardino Naldini, Duomo, Florence ; Er-
cole Procaccini, Naples Museum ; Andrea
Vicentino, Uffizi, Florence ; Vicente Joanes,
Madrid Museum, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Vin-
cenzo Carducho, Madrid Museum.
VITALE DA BOLOGNA, early part of
14th century. Bolognese school. A Ma-
donna signed and dated 1320 is in the Bo-
logna Gallery. Another, engraved by D'A-
gincourt, was dated 1345. A third, signed
by him without date, is in the Museo Cris-
tiano of the Vatican. He was a second-
rate painter, who imitated the affected ten-
derness and delicacy of the Umbrians and
displayed the mechanical attainments of a
miniaturist. — C. & C., Italy, ii. 207 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., iii. 4t ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolo-
naise, Introd., vi. ; Burckhardt, 518.
VITALIS, PAPIRIUS, Roman painter,
date unknown. — Fabretti, Inscr., 235, No.
622 ; R.-R, Schorn, 425.
VTTE, TIMOTEO, or Timoteo da Urbino,
born in Ferrara in 1469, died in Urbino,
Oct. 10, 1523. Urnbrian school ; son of
Bartolommeo di Pietro Vite. Brought up
a goldsmith, but painted with Francia in
Bologna in 1491-95, and settled as a master
at Urbino. About 1519, or perhaps a little
before, he became Raphael's assistant in
Rome, remaining there until Raphael's
death (1520), when he probably returned to
Urbino. The most important of his works
is the altarpiece (1504), Duomo, Urbino.
The outline and modelling are precise and
careful in finish, and the drapery is good,
but the effect is cold and chilling. Vite re-
calls Francia and Pinturicchio, though, much
inferior to them. A Madonna with Saints,
Brera, Milan, is of this period. As he grew
older he adopted the Raphaelesque style, as
shown in the figure of St. Apollonia in the
Santissima Trinita, Urbino. As Raphael's
assistant he painted the Prophets, in the
Church of the Pace, Rome, and the draper-
ies of Raphael's Sibyls below them. The
Madonna di S. Luca, Academy of St. Luke,
Rome, attributed to Raphael, is now as-
cribed to him. To this period also belongs
his Magdalen, Bologna Gallery. — C. & C.,
N. Italy, i. 567, 577 ; Burckhardt, 586, 660,
684 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mou., viii. 146 ; ed.
MiL, iv. 489 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole ombrienne ;
Lttbke, Gesch. itaL Mai., i. 453.
VIVARINI or VIVARINO, ANTONIO.
See Antonio da Murano.
VIVARINI, BARTOLOMMEO, Venetian
school ; last half of 15th century. Associ-
ated in 1450 with his brother Antonio
da Murano, with whom he had probably
studied, but soon left him and founded
a separate studio. In his first works he
signs himself Da Murano, but in 1459,
when he produced his St. John Capistrano,
now in the Louvre, he had taken the after-
wards celebrated name of Vivarini. In
1465 he painted a Madonna with Saints, now
in the Naples Museum, in which Venetian
and Paduau elements are commingled, but
the latter predominates in his later works.
After the introduction of oil-painting into
Venice by Antonello da Messina in 1470,
Bartolommeo was the first to adopt the new
method in two altarpieces, one of 1473 in
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (in parts, one in
the transept and one in the sacristy), and
the other, of 1474, St. Mark between Four
Saints, in S. M. de' Frari, Venice. To paint
these fine works he must have studied the
best creations of Mantegna, whom he often
resembles in accurate execution, though he
is generally colder in colour. The later
pictures of Bartolommeo show the hand of
assistants and are of unequal value. Of
these, the St. Ambrose between Four Saints
(1477), in the Vienna Museum, is a good
example. Between this and 1499 he exe-
cuted many works, but never rose again to
his best standard, and sank gradually into
VIVARINI
comparative obscurity. Among his later
works is St. George and the Dragon (1485),
Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy, i. 39 ;
Burckhardt, 589, 590, 623 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
venitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi. 86,
102, 126 ; ed. Mil., iii. 666 ; Lermolieff, 397 ;
Liibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 514.
VIVAKINI, LUIGI or ALVISE, the elder,
Venetian school, beginning of the 15th cen-
tury. A Christ bearing His Cross, in the
sacristy of S. Zanipolo, Venice, has his sig-
nature, with the date 1414. The picture has
been so much repainted that the authentic-
ity of the inscription has been doubted by
many. Lerniolieff and Crowe and Cavalca-
selle doubt the existence of an elder Luigi,
and the latter believe it to be the work of
Luigi Vivarini who lived at the close of the
15th century, following in this Lanzi and
others. Charles Blanc, however, who thinks
the date authentic, and believes in the ex-
istence of an elder Luigi, is supported in his
belief by Bidolfi, Zanetti, and Zanotto.
There are several single figures of saints at-
tributed to the elder Luigi in the Venice
Academy.— C. & C., N. Italy, i. 19, 58 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., iii. 159 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole vu-
nitienne ; Lermolieff, 396.
VIVARINI, LUIGI, the younger, Vene-
tian school, last of 15th century, died in
1503? He was a kinsman of Bartolom-
meo Vivarini, and probably studied either
under him or with Antonio da Murano, his
elder brother. His style for many years
is marked with the Muranese stamp, but
when Bartolommeo's powers began to de-
cline, Luigi crept up gradually to an imita-
tion of the Bellini, and in many qualities
soon rivalled Giovanni Bellini. One of the
best examples of his earlier works is the
Madonna with Saints (1480), now in the
Venice Academy. It shows correct aerial
and linear perspective and the proper dis-
tribution of figures, and proves that he
needed but a little more taste for colour,
more delicacy of selection, and greater ver-
satility, to equal his rivals. In 1488 he was
employed with the brothers Bellini in the
decoration of the Sala del Gran Consiglio,
but the fire of 1577 unfortunately destroyed
his works. While engaged in this he also
executed important private works, the three
largest and latest of which are a Madonna
with Saints, Berlin Museum ; Madonna with
Saints and Angels (1501), same gallery ;
and the Apotheosis of St. Ambrose in the
Frari, Venice, finished after Luigi's death,
by his pupil Basaiti. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
52; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 159; Ch. Blanc,
ficole venitienne ; Lermolieff, 398 ; Liibke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 517.
VIVIEN, JOSEPH, born at Lyons in
1657, died at Bonn, Dec. 5, 1735. French
school ; portrait painter, especially in pas-
tel, pupil of Le Brun in Paris, where he
went in 1677. Acquired such reputation
that all persons of note in Europe wished to
be painted by him. His portraits are excel-
lent likenesses and of fine execution. Mem-
ber of Academy, 1701 ; Counsellor, 1703.
Court painter to Elector of Cologne.
Works : Adoration of the Magi (1698), Notre
Dame de Paris ; Elector Max Emanuel of
Bavaria, Duke of Burgundy, Sculptor Gi-
rardon, three others, Musue des dessins,
Louvre ; Portraits of Fenelon, and the En-
graver Edelinck (attributed), Versailles Mu-
seum ; Cardinal Joseph Clement of Bavaria,
Elector of Cologne, Valenciennes Museum ;
others in Museums at Metz and Rouen ;
Duke Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Fenelon, The Artist, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Philip V. of Spain,
Dukes Charles de Berry, Louis of Bur-
gundy, Max
Emanuel of
Bavaria (2),
eight others,
Schleis s h e i m
I /nn-f I Gallery; Por-
I/W trait of him-
self, Uffizi, Florence.— Bellier, ii. 698 ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole fran9aise, iii.; Jal., 1278.
VLERICK, PEETER, born at Courtrai in
1539, died at Tournai in 1581. Flemish
school ; history painter, pupil of Charles
VLEUGHELS
d'Ypres, worked for awhile at Malines, then
studied at Antwerp under Jacob Floris
(brother of Frans Floris) ; went to Italy
about 1559, and worked in Venice under
Tintoretto ; in Home, where he studied the
works of Michelangelo, he assisted Girolamo
Muziano in the Vatican and in the Villa
d'Este, painting the figures in his land-
scapes. Having visited Naples, he returned
home via Germany ; but in spite of his
great skill met with no success, and died in
poverty. He was the master of Karel van
Mander, in whose time, even, his works were
already rare. — Fetis, Lea Artistes beiges a
1'etranger, ii. 350 ; Michiels, vi. 125 ; Splen-
deurs de 1'art en Belgique, 117.
VLEUGHELS. See Wleucjhels.
VLIEGER, SIMON DE, born in Rotter-
dam about 1600, died in Amsterdam shortly
before 1660. Dutch school ; marine and
landscape painter, supposed pupil of "Willem
van de Velde the elder ; entered guild at
Delft in 1634, and became a citizen of Am-
sterdam. He was the first to represent
with great truth the ocean under its differ-
ent aspects. He had a pure feeling for
nature, and excelled in aerial perspective,
freedom of touch, and softness of execution.
Works : Coast of Scheveningen, Bridge-
water Gallery, London ; Naval Battle on the
Slaak (1633), Amsterdam Museum ; Slight-
ly Agitated Sea (163-), Berlin Museum ;
do. (1632), Baron Minutoli's Collection,
Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia ; Storm at Sea,
Fort Bath on the Scheldt, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; River Maas with Vessels, Zuyder
Zee with Vessels, Marine (1660), Copenha-
gen Gallery ; Landscape with Hunters, Ma-
rines, Stockholm Museum ; Calm Sea with
Vessels (3, one dated 1654), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; do. (1649), Museum, Vienna ; Wood
Landscape (1640), Marines (2), Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib.; Storm at Sea, Czernin
Gallery, ib. ; Arrival of Prince of Orange at
Vliessingen, Agitated Sea (1624), Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; Calm Sea (2), Peterhof ;
others in the Louvre, in Museums and Gal-
leries of Antwerp, Augsburg, Basle, Dres-
den, Frankfort, Gotha, Konigsberg, and
Weimar. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ;
Immerzeel, iii. 202; Kramm, vi. 1780 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), ii. 494 ; Zeitechr. f. b. K, xxi.
324.
VLIET, HENDRIK CORNELJSZ VAN
(van der), born at Delft in 1611 or 1612,
died there in October, 1675. Dutch school ;
genre, portrait, and architecture painter,
pupil of his uncle Willem van Vliet, and of
Mierevelt ; painted church interiors with
fine aerial and lineal perspective ; also por-
traits, and genre pictures by lamplight, in
the style of Schalcken. Works : Lady's
Portrait (1671), Haarlem Museum ; Interior
of Protestant Church (1666), Rotterdam
Museum ; do. (1652), Moltke Collection,
Copenhagen ; do. (1659), Schwerin Gallery ;
Interior of Church in Delft, Hague Muse-
um ; do. (1654), Amsterdam Museum ; do.,
Stockholm Museum ; Merry Old Soldier
(1647), Copenhagen Gallery ; Monument to
William of Orange (1663), Amalienstift,
Dessau ; do., Stockholm Museum ; Return
of Jephtha, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg.
Interiors : Ghent Museum (2) ; Berlin Mu-
seum ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Vienna Academy ; Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg. — Burger, Husoes, ii.
312 ; Kramm, vi. 1780 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
513 ; Stuers, 176 ; Schlie, 667 ; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, xxi. 324.
VLIET, WILLEM VAN DER, born at
Delft in 1586, died in 1644. Dutch school ;
history and portrait painter, whose works
are very rare. Works : Portrait of a Jesuit,
National Gallery, London ; Male Portrait,
Brussels Museum ; do. (1632), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Female Portrait (1624), Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna. By Jan Joris van
387
VOELCKER
Vliet, born at Delft about 1610, pupil of
Eembrandt, are portraits in the Museums at
Rotterdam and Leipsic, and a Baptism of
the Eunuch, in the Oldenburg Gallery.
VOELCKER, GOTTFRIED WILHELM,
born in Berlin, March 23, 1775, died there,
Nov. 1, 1849. Flower painter, pupil of Jo-
hann Friedrich Schultze, whom he succeed-
ed as director of the Royal Porcelain Factory.
Member of Berlin Academy in 1811. Pro-
fessor and privy councillor. Order of Red
Eagle ; Hanover Order of Guelph. Works :
Fruit in Glass Bowl (1827), Flower-Piece
(1837), National Gallery, Berlin ; Flowers
on a Table (1820), Raczynski Gallery, ib.;
Flowers and Fruit (1834), Konigsberg Mu-
seum ; do. (1842), Schwerin Gallery. His
son, Friedrich Wilhelm (1799-1870), distin-
guished himself in the same branch. Work :
'8*2.
Flower-Piece (1821), New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich.— Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 351.
VOET, JACOB FERDINAND, born at
Antwei'p, baptized March 14, 1639, died
after 1691 (?). Flemish school ; portrait
painter, formed himself under the influ-
ence of Van Dyck, then in Rome under
that of Carlo Maratti ; flourished about
1660-91, chiefly in Rome, under the Popes
Alexander VH. and Clement IX., in Turin,
Paris, and Antwerp. Works : Portrait of
Cardinal Azzolini (1654), Berlin Museum ;
do. of Pope Clement IX. (1667).— Kramm,
vi. 1782.
VOET, KAREL BORCHAERT, born at
Zwolle about 1670, died in 1745. Dutch
school ; still-life painter, pupil of his broth-
er and another unknown master ; entered,
at the age of nineteen, the service of the
Earl of Portland, and accompanied him
several times to England. Finally lived at
Dordrecht. Works : Memento Mori (1741),
Kitchen Scenes (2), Schwerin Gallery. — Im-
merzeel, iii. 203 ; Schlie, 669.
VOGEL, CHRISTIAN LEBRECHT, born
at Dresden, April 4, 1759, died there, April
11, 1816. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Schenau ; invited to Castle Wilden-
fels in 1780 by his patron, Count Solms, he
painted there many portraits and family
groups of distinguished persons. Member
of Dresden Academy in 1800, professor in
1814. Was especially successful with chil-
dren's portraits. Works : Two Children
playing with lighted Candle, Christiania
Gallery ; Artist's Children with Picture
Book, Dresden Museum. — Nagler, xx. 491.
VOGEL, HUGO, born at Magdeburg,
Feb. 15, 1855. Historical genre painter,
pupil of Wilhelm Sohn at Dusseldorf . Gold
medal, Berlin, 1883. Works : Luther at the
Wartburg preaching from his Translation
of the Bible (1882), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Beethoven at the Piano (1883) ; Reception
of the French Huguenots by the Great
Elector (1884) ; Duke Ernst the Confessor
taking Communion at Celle — 1535 (1885),
Provinzial Museum, Hanover. — Kunst-Chro-
nik, xviii. 549 ; xx. 753 ; xxi. 243 ; Kunst
f. Alle, i.; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 256.
VOGEL, LUDW1G, born at Zurich, July
10, 1788, died there, Aug. 21, 1879. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Heinrich
Fuessli and of Konrad Gessner, then of Vi-
enna Academy ; went in 1810 with Over-
beck to Rome, and, after having studied, at
Florence and Orvieto, Perugia, Siena, Pisa,
etc., the masterworks of Signorelli, Giotto,
and other Pre-Raphaelite masters, returned
to Zurich in 1813, and until 1820 studied
Swiss types on trips through his native
mountains. Works : Return Home of Swiss
Warrior in 16th Century (1810) ; Return of
Victors at Morgarten (1813) ; Struthan von
Winkelried fighting the Dragon (1814) ; La
Benichon (1819); Flight of Charles the Bold
(1838) ; Ulrich Zwingli as Chaplain (1838) ;
Arnold von Wiukelried at Sempach (1840,
1856) ; Capuchin Refectory (1852) ; Tell's
Chapel, Woman of Grisons in Suabian War,
Prayer at the Grave (1844) ; Reception of
Zurich into Confederacy, Zurich Gallery ;
388
VOGEL
Zwingli's Return from Berne (1865) ; Death
of Gessler (1867).— Andresen, ii. 250 ; Kuust-
Chronik, xviii. 742 ; Nagler, xx. 495.
VOGEL VON VOGELSTEIN, KARL,
born at Wildenfels, Saxony, June 26, 1788,
died in Munich, March 4, 1868. History
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Chris-
tian Lebrecht Vogel (1759-1816), and pupil
of Dresden Academy ; went in 1807 to Mem-
el, Dorpert, and St. Petersburg, where he
painted many portraits, and in 1813 to Italy,
where he studied and copied after the old
masters ; in 1820 he became professor at
the Dresden Academy, and in 1824 court
painter ; visited London in 1834, Rome
again in 1840-42, and Venice in 1851-52 ;
resigned his professorship in 1853, and soon
after moved to Munich. Member of Berlin,
Munich, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Flor-
ence Academies ; ennobled by the King of
Saxony in 1831 ; Order of Albrecht, 1853.
Works : Temptation of Christ ; Annuncia-
tion ; Baptism of Christ ; Susanna justified
by Daniel ; Christ Crucified (1821), Naum-
burg Cathedral ; St. Joseph of Calazans
with the School Children ; Raising of Laza-
rus ; Madonna, Portrait of the Landscape
Painter Miville (1811), Basle Museum ;
Dante in his Relation to the Divine Com-
edy (1844), Palazzo Crocetta, Florence ;
Christian Martyr Perpetua in Prison ; Frau-
cesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta ; Fran-
cesca at the Bath (1845-46) ; Scenes from
Goethe's Faust (1852) ; replica, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Portraits of Pope Pius VH (1817),
Kings Frederic August (1823) and John
(1832) of Saxony, Dresden Gallery ; Lud-
wig Tieck, National Gallery, Berlin ; do.
(1834), and King Frederic August H, Leip-
sic Museum ; Portrait of himself, Uffizi,
Florence ; Thorwaldsen ; Lucien Bonaparte.
In fresco : Ten Scenes in Life of the Virgin
(1826-29), Royal Chapel, Pillnitz.— Andre-
sen, ii. 101 ; Elustr. Zeitg. (1868), i. 267 ;
Jordan (1885), ii. 232 ; Nagler, xx. 481.
VOILLEMOT, ANDRfi CHARLES, born
in Paris, Dec. 13, 1822. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Drolling and at the ficole des Beaux
Arts. His pictures, mostly ideal subjects,
produce a charming effect at a distance, but
on a close approach appear heavy in draw-
ing and colouring. Medal, 1870 ; L. of
Honour, 1870. Works: Zephyr, Cupid,
Dream (1859); Gallant Festival, Cupid,
Banquet of Stone (1863) ; Youth (1864) ;
The Nest (1868) ; Velleda (1869) ; Grass-
hopper and Ant (1870); Springtime (1873);
Woman with Roses (1874); Twilight (1876);
Innocence in Danger (1878); Revery (1880);
Recalling the Lovers (1883) ; Fautaisie es-
pagnole (1884). — Larousse.
VOIS, ARIE (Adriaan) DE, born in Ley-
den in 1641, died there in 1698 (?). Dutch
school ; history, portrait, genre, and land-
scape painter, pupil of Nicolas Knupfer in
Utrecht and of Abraham van den Tetnpel at
Leyden ; further developed under influence
of Gerard Dou and Frans van Mieris. He
painted, with minute finish, chiefly half-
length nude figures, in landscapes after the
manner of Poelenburg, animated in concep-
tion and clear and warm in colouring. A
rich marriage led him into idleness for thir-
teen years, until need compelled him to de-
vote himself again to art. The pictures of
his last period pass for his best. Works :
Boy with Book, Bridgewater Gallery, Lon-
don ; Woman cutting a Lemon, Two Male
Portraits, Louvre ; Jolly Toper, Brussels
Museum ; Old Lady, Antwerp Museum ;
Huntsman, Hague Museum ; Jolly Fish-
Seller, Violinist, A Lady, Peasant Smok-
ing, Amsterdam Museum ; Drinker, Cassel
Gallery ; Storm at Sea, Brunswick Gallery ;
Old Man's Head, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Venus and Adonis (1678), Berlin Muse-
um ; Lute Player, Gotha Museum ; Drinker,
Smoker, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Man
looking into a Mum-Glass, Shepherdess,
Landscape with Nude Figures (1666), Dres-
den Gallery ; Peasants before their Cottage,
Schwerin Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan-
VOLK
daise ; Immerzeel, iii. 203 ; Kramm, vi. 1784 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 413 ; Eiegel (Beitrage),
ii. 408.
VOLK, DOUGLAS, born in Pittsfield,
Mass., in 1856. Figure and subject paint-
er; son of Leonard Volt, sculptor; pupil
of Gc-rome in Paris, and studied in Home.
Member of Society of American Artists.
Studio in New York. Works : Vanity, In
Brittany (1876) ; Domestic Life in Nor-
mandy (1878) ; In the Studio — Portrait
(1880) ; Puritan Girl (1881), T. B. Clarke,
New York; Kept In (1882); Charity (1883).
VOLKEKS, EMIL, born at Birkenfeld,
Jan. 4, 1831. Genre and animal painter,
pupil in Dresden of Rietschel and Schnorr,
and in Munich of Albrecht and Franz Adam ;
studied the horse in the royal studs of Wiir-
temberg, and settled in Diisseldorf in 1857 ;
visited Bucharest in 1867 and Italy in 1869.
Works : Four-in-Hand of Prince of Rou-
mania ; Market at Reni ; Tavern Scene in
Roumania ; Roumanian Peasants Resting ;
Market Scene in Bucharest ; Scenes from
Campaigns of 1866 and 1870, Duke of Ol-
denburg.—Miiller, 539.
VOLKHART, GEORG WILHELM, born
at Herdicke, Westphalia, June 23, 1815,
died in Dusseldorf, March 14, 1876. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy ; studied in Italy (1846-47)
after the old masters. Works : Christ the
Good Shepherd (1834) ; Fritjof and Inge-
borg (1836) ; Tancred and Erminia (1837) ;
Raphael and the Fornarina (1838) ; Murder
of Rizzio (1841) ; Abdication of Mary Stuart
(1842) ; Mary Stuart on the Scaffold (1844);
Leonardo and Blandine (1845) ; Death of
Admiral Coligny (1846) ; Charles IX. and
Catharine de' Medici visiting Coligny
(1849) ; Duke of Alva's Breakfast at Rndol-
stadt (1850) ; Wallenstein and Seni (1851) ;
Scene from Peasants' War (1852) ; Death of
Belshazzar ; Matathias overthrowing Altar at
Modin. His son Max (born in Diisseldorf,
Oct. 17, 1848) is a successful genre painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy and of Eduard
von Gebhardt, then studied in Brussels, Ant-
werp, Bruges, and Ghent ; in 1878 visited
North Italy, and in 1881 Holland. Works :
Bandage Room at Gravelotte ; A Point of
Honour ; Much Ado about Nothing ; Au-
dience at the Burgomaster's ; Improvised
Dinner Party; Rejected Suitor (1884).—
Blanckarts, 102; Cotta's Kunstbl. (1839),
43 ; Kunst-Chronik, xi. 434 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 966 ; xx. 998 ; Wolfg. Miiller,
Diisseldf. K, 152 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviii. 36.
VOLKMAR, ANTONIE, born in Berlin,
April 24, 1827. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Julius Schrader, and in Paris (1853-
57) of Cogniet ; returned to her native city,
where she won immediate success ; visited
Italy in 1862-64. Works : Artist travelling
(1847) ; Sale of the Last Jewel (1858) ; Ger-
man Emigrants (1860) ; The new Governess
(1868) ; Beginning of Artistic Career (1870) ;
The Schoolmates (1880) ; Grandmother tell-
ing Stories, Stettin Museum. — Miiller, 539.
VOLLERDT, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
born at Leipsic in 1708, died at Dresden in
1769. German school ; landscape painter,
pupil of Alexander Thiele in Dresden ;
aimed at representing atmospheric effects in
the style of Christoph Ludwig Agricola.
Works : Winter Landscapes (3), Landscape
with River, do. with Ruins (2), Cassel Gal-
lery ; Thunderstorm, Rainbow in the Moun-
tains, Winter in do., River Landscape in do.,
Schwerin Gallery.— Schlie, 671.
VOLLMER, ADOLF, born in Hamburg,
Dec. 17, 1806, died there in 1875. Land-
scape and marine painter, pupil of Suhr,
then in Altona of Rosenberg and in Copen-
hagen of Eckersberg ; studied in Munich in
1833-39, and travelled in Tyrol and Italy.
In 1866 he became blind. Works : two
Views of Heligoland, Woods near Reinbeck
(1831) ; Harbour in the Baltic (1835) ; Sea
in approaching Storm (1837) ; Lagoons in
Venice (1839) ; Hamburg Harbour (1846) ;
Marine (1836) ; Stangenmiihlen-
Grund (1852), Hamburg Gal-
lery ; Coast on Baltic Sea (1864) ;
The Elbe at fiiankenese (1865).— Andresen,
iii. 24.
390
VOLLMERING
VOLLMERENG, JOSEPH, born at An-
holt, Westphalia, Aug. 27, 1810. Land-
scape painter, pupil of the Amsterdam
Academy in 1826-30 ; then travelled several
years in Germany, studying after nature,
especially in the valley of the Rhine ; from
1835 to 1844 studied with Barend Cornelia
Koekkoek, with whom he made many sketch-
ing trips in the Rhine, Moselle, and Neckar
Valleys. Removed to America in 1847 ;
elected an A.N.A. in 1852. Studio in New
York. Works : Indian Falls — near Cold
Spring, N. Y. (1848), painted for G. Kemble ;
View on the Hudson, J. J. Astor, New York ;
Holy Shrine at Sunset (1852), George I.
Seney, ib. ; Study of Trees (1865), L. M.
Rutherford, ib. ; Sunset Landscape (1869),
Adirondack Mountains (1869), F. H. Delano,
ib. ; The Hudson from Garrison's, C. de
Rham, ib. ; The Hudson from Hastings, F.
W. Lasak, ib. ; New York from Weehawken
Heights (1872), A. Havemeyer, ib.
VOLLON, ANTOINE, born in Lyons,
April 20, 1833. Genre,
landscape, and
flower painter, pupil
of Ribot. Colouring
harmonious ; in other
respects variable.
Medals: 1865, 1868,
1869; 1st class, 1878;
L. of Honour, 1870;
Officer, 1878. Works:
Art and Gluttony
(1864); Kitchen Interior (1864), Nantes
Museum ; Return from Market (1866) ; Mon-
key at the Accordeon (1866), Lyons Muse-
um ; Grapes in the South, Sea Fish (1867) ;
Old Fisherman, Curiosities (1868), Luxem-
bourg ; After the Ball (1869) ; Comer of
my Studio ; Sea Fish (1870), Luxembourg ;
Luncheon (1871) ; New Year's Day (1872) ;
The Kettle (1872), Lyons Museum ; Corner
of the Market (1874) ; The Pig, Armure Fish
(1875) ; Woman of the Pollet in Dieppe
(1876) ; Helmet of Henri H., Spaniard
(1878); Pumpkins (1880); Birds of the
South, Pot on the Fire (1883) ; Cruche de
Marseille (1885) ; Pottery, View of Treport
(1886); Still Life, Henry T. Chapman, Jr.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.— Claretie, Peintres (1874),
196 ; Meyer, Gesch., 630 ; Larousse.
VOLLWEIDER, AUGUST, born atEich-
stetten, Baden, in 1835. Landscape painter,
pupil in Carlsruhe of Schirmer ; visited Mu-
nich and the Bavarian Highlands in 1858,
Cologne, DQsseldorf, and Belgium in 1861,
the Swiss Alps and Black Forest in 1865,
and Paris in 1867 ; instructor at the Carls-
ruhe Art School since 1855, and inspector
since 1861 ; resigned in 1874 and settled at
Berne. Works : Heidelberg Castle ; Spring
under Oak Trees (1865), Oak Wood with
Deer, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm Landscape
(1866) ; German Oaks (1867) ; The Wetter-
horn, Wflrzburg Art Union ; Rosenlaui Gla-
cier ; Susten Pass in Switzerland ; Ancient
Germans in Oak Wood.— Mttller, 540.
VOLMAR, GEORG, born at Mengen,
Suabia, in 1770, died at Berne, April 27,
1831. Landscape painter, self-taught by
study of nature ; painted especially Swiss
scenery and costume pictures ; visited Italy
in 1807, and became professor at the Art
School in Berne. Works : Waterfall near
Meiriugen, Berne Museum ; Mother and
Child under a Tree near Battlefield, FUrst-
enberg Gallery, Donaueschingen. His son
Joseph (bom in 1795, died in Berne in 1865),
pupil of Horace Vernet, also became pro-
fessor at Berne. By him : Boar Hunt,
Leonore (after Burger's ballad, 1829), Berne
Museum. By another son, Rudolf (died in
Berne, 1844), a View of the Giessbach, ib.
VOLTERRA, DANIELE DA, born in
Volterra in 1509, died in Rome, April 4,
1566. Florentine school. Real name Dan-
iele Ricciarelli ; pupil of II Sodoma, after-
wards of Baldassare Peruzzi. When still
young he went to Rome, where, after work-
ing as assistant to Perino del Vaga, he be-
came the pupil of Michelangelo. His chief
works are in the Cappella Orsini in Trinita
de' Monti, Rome, where he spent seven
years in painting a series of frescos repre-
senting the history of the Cross. The prin-
391
VOLTEEKA
cipal composition, the Descent from the
Cross, is ranked among the great pictures
of the world. As
it is superior to
any other work by
Volterra, many
think he was aided
in the composition
by Michelangelo.
On the death of
Del Vaga, in 1547,
Volterra was ap-
pointed superin-
tendent of the works in the Vatican, but on
the death of Paul HI. he lost the position,
and the rest of his life was devoted chiefly
to sculpture. After living in Florence and
other places he finally returned to Rome,
and was employed by Paul IV. to drape the
nude figures in Michelangelo's Last Judg-
ment, in the Sistine Chapel, whence he was
nicknamed II Bracchettone (breeches-maker).
Among his works are : Massacre of the Inno-
cents, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna and Saints,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Descent from
the Cross, Madrid Museum ; Beheading of
John Baptist, Turin Gallery ; David and Go-
liath, Louvre. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 84 ;
ed. Mil., vii. 49 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole florentine ;
Burckhardt, 184, 048, 683, 756.
VOLTERRA, FRANCESCO DA, Floren-
tine school, 14th century. Supposed dis-
ciple of Giotto, but long settled in Pisa,
where in 1346 he had already executed an
altarpiece for the cathedral. Another work
is The Crucified, Angels and Saints, Sac-
risty of Ognissanti, Florence (1350). About
1370 he painted, according to lute authori-
ties, the great frescos of the Trials of Job,
in the Campo Santo, formerly ascribed to
Giotto.— C. & C., Italy, i. 392 ; Burckhardt,
495, 497, 503.
VOLTRI, NICCOLO DA, Genoese school ;
worked at Genoa in 1401 on an Annuncia-
tion, for the Church of the Madonna delle
Vigne ; also painted an altarpiece for S. Te-
odoro, Madonna and Child holding a small
Bird, with Kneeling Donor, inscribed Nico-
laus da Voltri, deposited in Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston. Shows study of German
masters. — Soprani, 11 ; Siret, 984.
VOLTZ, FRIEDRICH, bom at Nordling-
en, Oct. 31, 1817,
died in Munich,
June 25, 1886. An-
imal and idyl paint-
er, son and pupil of
the history and
genre painter Jo-
hann Michael Voltz
(1784-1858); then
studied at the Mu-
nich Academy and
from nature in the Bavarian Alps ; visited
Italy in 1843-45 and in 1872, and the Neth-
erlands in 1846, afterwards Paris, Vienna,
and Berlin. Professor at Munich Academy,
member of Munich (1863), Berlin (1869),
and Vienna ( 1870) Academies. Gold medals :
Berlin, 1856, 1861 ; Wiirtemburg medal for
art ; Orders of Red Eagle and of St. Micha-
el, 1867. Most of his works— nearly 2,000
— are in private collections. Works : Men-
agerie (1835), Cows Drinking (1868), Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; Herd on Benedictine
Wall in Bavarian Highlands (1852), Konigs-
berg Museum ; Herdsman and Cows near
a Village, Leipsic Museum ; Cow Stable,
Schwerin Gallery ; Sunday Morning on the
Alp, Stuttgart Museum ; Cows by the Wa-
ter, Harrach Gallery, Vienna; Return of
the Herd, St. Gall Museum ; First Storks
(1859), Duke of Oldenburg; Pasture, En-
dangered Meal in the Stable (1860) ; Herd
Resting, Cologne Museum; Idyl (1862),
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Cows in Stable, do. in
Pasture, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Re-
turn of Herd to Village (1863), New Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Cow Stable (1884); Water
ing Place for Cattle on Starnberg Lake in
Approaching Storm, Siesta in the Pasture
(1886).— Dioskuren (1861), 47, 55 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1857), i. ; (1870), i. 371 ; Regnet, ii.
294 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 660 ; xxi. 652 ;
xxii. 38 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 209 ; v. 160 ;
vi. 247 ; xiii. (Mittheilungen, vi. 35).
392
VOLTZ
VOLTZ, LUDWIG, born at Augsburg
in 1825. Landscape and animal painter,
brother and pupil of
preceding, having
first been instructed
by his father, and in
1843-45 pupil of Mu-
nich Academy ; is es-
pecially succes s f u 1
with horse portraits.
"Works : Peasant with
Ploughing Team, St.
Gall Museum ; Stags
Fighting ; After the Chase ; Horses in Past-
ure ; Harvest Scene, Forester's Daughter
feeding Deer (1860).
VONNOH, ROBERT WILLIAM, born in
Hartford, Conn., Sept. 17, 1858. Portrait
painter ; pupil in Paris at the Academie
Julien, in 1881-82, under Boulanger and
Lefebvre, where he won the prize for paint-
ing the male torso. His portrait of John S.
Con way, Milwaukee, Wis., was hung on the
line in the Salon of 1882, and he was award-
ed a gold medal at the Massachusetts Me-
chanics' Charitable Association Exhibition
in 1884.
VONWYL, JAKOB, born at Lucerne in
1595, died in 1621. Excellent painter in
the manner of Holbein ; many of his best
works were destroyed by fire ; his master-
piece, The Dance of Death, in seven large
panels and a small one, with twenty-four
groups, is in the Canton Library at Lucerne.
— Meyer von Knonau.
VOOGD, HENDRIK, born in Amsterdam
in 1766, died in Rome, Sept. 4, 1839. Land-
scape and animal painter, pupil of Amster-
dam Academy and of Juriaau Audriesseu ;
went in 1788 to Rome. Member of Am-
sterdam Academy. Order of Lion. Works :
Landscape with Buffaloes, formerly in Pa-
vilion, Haarlem ; View of the Campagna
(1809), Gotha Museum. — Immerzeel, iii
205 ; Kramm, vi. 1788.
VOORHOUT, JOHANNES, the elder,
born at Uithoorn, near Amsterdam, in 1647,
died before May 12, 1723. History and
' portrait painter, pupil at Gouda of C. Ver-
! bout, and at Amsterdam of Johan van
Noordt ; -went in 1672 to Frederikstadt,
thence to Hamburg, and afterwards returned
to Amsterdam. Works : Annunciation of
Samson's Birth to Manoah and Wife, Endym-
ion and Luna, Venus and Cupid on Clouds,
Good Samaritan (1698), Brunswick Gallery ;
Lady with little Girl, Amalienstift, Dessau.
— Iinmerzeel, iii. 205 ; Kramm, vi. 1789 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 309.
VOORT, CORNELLS VAN DER, born at
Antwerp in 1576, died at Amsterdam, Nov.
2, 1624. Dutch school ; portrait painter,
probably pupil of Cornells Ketel at Amster-
dam, where he ranked among the distin-
[ guished artists of his day. Works : Re-
' gents-Piece with six portraits (1618), do.
with five, Archery-Piece with twelve (1623),
| do. with twenty-one, Amsterdam Museum.
Kramm, vi. 1790.
VOORT, MICHIEL FRANS VAN DER,
jborn at Antwerp, baptized April 28, 1714,
j died there, March 28, 1777. Flemish school ;
history painter, son and probably pupil of
Joseph van der Voort, or studied under one
of his relatives, all of whom were artists.
Dean of the guild in 1751-52. One of the
directors of the Academy in 1752-62.
Works : Entry of Prince Charles of Lorraine
| into Antwerp (attributed to Jan Jozef Hore-
j mans, the younger), City Hall, Antwerp ;
Two allegorical Bas-reliefs, Museum, ib.-
Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 437 ; Van den Bran-
den, 1194.
VORSTERMANS, JAN, born at Bommel
in 1643, died about 1699. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, pupil of H. Saftleven ;
painted especially Rhine views with numer-
ous accessories, true in colouring and highly
finished. Later he went to England, and
painted a royal summer palace with many
courtiers for Charles H., for which he de-
manded so high a price that it was not ac-
cepted. Works : Landscape with Fortifica-
tions, Dresden Gallery ; Two Landscapes,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel,
iii. 206 ; Kramm, vi. 1792.
vos
VOS, CORNELIS DE, the elder, born at
Hulst in the summer of 1585, died in Ant-
werp, May 9,
1651. Flemish
school ; history
and portrait
painter, pupil of
David Remeeus ;
master of the
guild of Antwerp
in 1608, its dean
in 1619-20. He
formed several
pupils, notably
Jean Cossiers and Simon de Vos, with whom
he is often confounded. Belongs to the school
of Van Dyck, whose friend he was, and who
painted his portrait. Works: Episode in
Life of St. Norbert, Adoration of the Magi,
Vow to the Virgin, several portraits, Muse-
um, Antwerp ; Descent from the Cross, Ca-
thedral, ib. ; Artist and his Family, Brussels
Museum ; Portrait of Young Lady (1620),
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Alle-
gory on Riches, Rotterdam Museum ; do.,
Brunswick Museum ; Male Portraits (2),
Cassel Gallery ; The Hutten Family, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Cleopatra before An-
tony at Tarsus, Portrait of a Lady (1617),
Oldenburg Gallery ; Two Scenes in Life of
St. George, Stuttgart Museum ; Married
Couple on Terrace (1629), Painter's Daugh-
ters, Berlin Museum ; Lady and Three Gen-
tlemen at a Game, Stockholm Museum ;
Family Group, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Solomon anointed King, Vienna Museum ;
Portraits of Frans Snyders and Wife, Turin
Gallery ; Triumph of Bacchus, Apollo and
Python, Venus, Madrid Museum ; Portrait of
Young Girl, New
York Museum.
— Ch. Blanc,
Ecole flamande ; Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers,
133 ; Kramm, vi. 1793 ; Michiels, viii. 293 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 92 ; Rooses (Reber),
347 ; Van den Branden, 639, 653.
VOS, MARTEN DE, the elder, born in
Antwerp in 1532, died there, Dec. 17, 1603.
Vos
Flemish school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil of his father, Pieter de Vos (born
in 1490), and of
Frans Floris, af-
terwards of Tin-
toretto at Ven-
ice. On his re-
turn to Antwerp
he established a
school ; was re-
ceived into guild
of St. Luke in
1559, dean in
1572. He was one of the most prolific paint-
ers of his time. Works : Raising of Lazarus,
Samson and Delilah, Madrid Museum ; St.
Paul stung by Viper, Louvre ; Crucifixion,
Triptych with Incredulity of St. Thomas
(1574), Temptation of St. Anthony (1594),
thirty others, Museum, Antwerp ; several,
Cathedral, ib. ; Portraits of Man and Wife,
Brussels Museum ; Holy Family (1585),
Ghent Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables
(1575), Hague Museum ; Jesus on the Sea
of Tiberias (1589) ; Prophet Jonah cast into
the Sea (1589), Mythological Allegory, Su-
sanna and the Elders, Israelites crossing the
Red Sea, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Crucifixion,
Schleissheim Gallery; do., and Portrait of
the Artist, Museum, Vienna; Raising of
Lazarus, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Pieta,
Baptism of Christ, Harrach Gallery, ib. ;
Hermit in Prayer, Wiesbaden Gallery ;
Earthly Paradise, and several portraits, Uf-
fizi, Florence. His son, Marten (born 1576),
was also a paint-
er. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole flamande,
Cat. du Mus.
d'Anvers, 122;
Immerzeel, iii. 207 ; Kramm, vi. 1797 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 239 ; Michiels, v. 420 ;
Rooses (Reber), 101 ; Van den Branden,
216.
VOS, PAULUS DE, born at Hulst about
1590, died in 1678. Flemish school ; ani-
mal painter ; most successful imitator of
Snyders, his brother-in-law. Painted a
_
«^. /^ _
/ \~/\ /~\ I f-
^ VJUJ'jT
**^
394
vos
great deal for the Emperor, the King of
Spain, and the Duke of Aerschot, his par-
ticular patron. Master of the guild in 1620.
Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works :
Cats Fighting, Stags and Dogs, Bull pur-
sued by Dogs, and 13 others, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Death of the Roe Buck, Louvre ;
Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ; Boar Hunt
(figures by Van Thulden), Suermondt Mu-
seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; do., and Bear Hunt,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Dog barking at
Swans, Cassel Gallery ; Fight between Owls
and Martens, do. between Birds, Still-Life
(2), Hermannstadt Museum ; Bear Hunt,
The Animals in the Garden of Eden, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Two Dogs Quarrel-
ling (3), Roe pursued by Dogs, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Horse pursued by Dogs, Horse
torn by Wolves, Fight between Bears and
Dogs, Stag Hunt, Fight between Leopard
and Dogs, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — Ch.
Blanc, ficole flamande ; Kramm, vi. 1798 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 335 ; Michiels, ix. 229 ;
Rooses (Reber), 260 ; Van den Branden, 679.
VOS, SIMON DE, born in Antwerp, Oct.
28, 1603, died
there, Oct. 15,
1676. Flemish
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Cornells de
Vos (1615) and of
Rubens; received
as master into the
guild in 1620, when only seventeen years of
age. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works:
Portrait of Young Man, Grenoble Museum ;
Resurrection, Lille Museum ; do., Nantes
Museum ; Portrait of the Painter, Antwerp
Museum; Male Portraits (2, 1640, 1645),
Rotterdam Museum ; Punishment of Cupid,
Berlin Museum ; Abigail and David, Gotha
Museum ; Stag Hunt, Schleisaheim Gallery ;
Spring, Autumn, and Winter (1635); Tavern
Scene (1640), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
/
— Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Kramm, vi.
1799 ; Michiels, viii. 301 ; Rooses (Reber),
327 ; Van den Brauden, 899.
VOUET, SIMON, born in Paris, Jan. 9,
1590, died there,
June 30, 1649.
French school ;
history and por-
trait painter, son
and pupil of
Laurent Vouet,
a mediocre
painter ; then
studied nature
and the great
masters. Even in his fourteenth year he
showed such skill that he was called to
England to paint the portrait of a refugee,
— a lady of high rank. Charles L in vain
endeavoured to retain him, and he returned
to France to follow (1611) the French Am-
bassador Baron de Sancy to Constantinople,
where he painted Sultan Achmet I. from
memory. In 1612 he went to Venice, where
he copied Titian and Veronese, and in Rome
(1613), Caravaggio and Guido Reni. Called
to Genoa by the Dorias, he remained there
two years before returning to Rome, where
he became director of the Accademia di S.
Luca. In 1627 Louis XHL recalled him to
France, whither several of his pupils accom-
panied him. As first painter to the king,
he executed many decorative works for the
Louvre, the Luxembourg, %and the Palais
Royal, for numerous churches and palaces
in Paris, and painted portraits of the King
and many of the nobles of his court. Works :
Presentation of Christ in Temple, Madonna,
Christ on the Cross, Entombment, Roman
VOYAGE OF LIFE
Charity, Portrait of Louis XIII , Allegory
of Riches, Faith, Eloquence, Susanna and
the Elders, Louvre ; Dead Christ, Presen-
tation of the Virgin, Dijon Museum ; St.
Stephen in Ecstasy, Douai Museum ; Temp-
tation of St. Anthony, Repose in Egypt,
Grenoble Museum ; Entombment, Havre Mu-
seum ; Christ on the Cross, Lyons Muse-
um ; Madonna, Marseilles Museum ; Wisdom,
Montpellier Museum ; Nymph and Cupid,
Cupids playing with the Arms of -ZEneas,
Nancy Museum ; Apotheosis of St. Eus-
tache (ceiling), Peace, Ave Maria, Nantes
Museum ; St. Paul Baptizing, Nimes Mu-
seum ; Nymph with Grapes watched by
Youth, Orleans Museum ; Madonna with
St. John, Renues Museum ; Apotheosis of
St. Louis, Rouen Museum ; Christ sur-
rounded by Angels, Strasburg Museum ;
Portrait of a Lady as Cleopatra, Troyes
Museum ; Finding of the Cross, The Brazen
Serpent, Toulouse Museum ; St. Stephen in
Prayer, Valenciennes Museum ; St. Charles
Borromeo interceding for the Plague-strick-
en at Milan, Brussels Museum ; Allegory on
Glory of France, Madonna kneeling by a
Column, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Apotheosis of
St. Louis, Dresden Museum ; Holy Family,
Martyrdom of St. Sebastian, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Two Portraits of Princesses, Ma-
drid Museum ; Madonna in a Landscape,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Madonna (2),
Venus and Adonis, Death of Lucretia, Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; Madonna, Scliwe-
rin Gallery ; Annunciation, Uffizi, Florence ;
Allegory on Painting, Turin Gallery.— Bel-
lier, ii. 702 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole fran9aise.
VOYAGE OF LIFE, Thomas Cole, Henry
B. Plant, New York ; allegorical series of
four pictures. 1. The child, with its guar-
dian angel, in a boat heaped with flowers,
is floating down the stream ; 2. The youth,
with hope in his aspect, is taking command
of the helm ; 3. The mature man, his boat
hurried onward by the rapids of the river ;
4. The aged navigator who is again joined
by his guardian angel as he is about enter-
ing the ocean of eternity. Painted in 1841
for Samuel Ward ; purchased after his death
by the American Art Union, and drawn as
a prize in 1848 by J. F. Bredt, Bingham-
ton, of whom bought by Rev. Gorham D.
Abbott ; passed next to John Taylor John-
ston and sold at his sale (1876) for $3,100.
Engraved by James Smillie. Replica, painted
in 1843, owned in the West.
VRANCX, SEBASTIAAN, born in Ant-
werp, baptized Jan. 22, 1573, died there,
May 19, 1G47. Flemish school ; history,
hunt, and battle painter, pupil of Adam van
Noort, then went to Italy, and probably re-
turned about 1600, when he became master
of the guild at Antwerp ; was dean in
1612. He followed in the path of Jan
Brueghel and Hendrik van Balen, enliven-
ing his pictures with a multitude of well-
grouped figures, brilliant in colouring, but
somewhat stiff in drawing. Works : Camp
of Ambrosius Spinola's Army near Ostend,
Charge of Cavalry, Surprisal of a Convoy,
Woodland with Vehicles and Travellers
(landscape in last two by Jan Brueghel),
Madrid Museum ; Siege of Wachtendonk
by the Spaniards, Amsterdam Museum ;
Pillage, Promenade (2), Madonna, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Attack of Robbers, Caval-
ry Skirmish, Brunswick Museum ; Skirmish
about Travelling Coach (? attributed to
Peeter Snayers), Darmstadt Museum ; Mil-
itary Camp on Seashore, Cavalry Skirmish,
three others (attributed), Gotha Museum ;
Pilgrims encamped near a Town (1622), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Pharaoh perishing in
the Red Sea, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Surprisal of Travellers, Interior of Jesuit
Church at Antwerp, Vienna Museum. —
Kramm, H. 509 ; vi. 1801 ; Michiels, vii. 268 ;
Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 48 ; Rooses (Reber),
153 ; Van den Branden, 470.
VRIENDT, ALBERT and JULIAN DE;
396
VRIENDT
contemporaries. History painters in Brus-
sels, with an archaic tendency in opposition
to the realism of the day. Order of Leo-
pold. Works by Albert : Charles V. at San
Yuste ; Jacobea of Bavaria interceding for
her Husband ; Pope Paul HI. before Lu-
ther's Portrait (Munich Exhibition, 1883).
Works by Julian : St. Elizabeth expelled by
Inhabitants of Eisenach ; Last Days of Vir-
gin in Jerusalem, Palace Guard under Kings
of Judea, St. Cecilia in Prison (Munich Ex-
hibition, 1883).— MiiUer, 541 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xix. 313.
VRIENDT, FRANS DE. See Floris.
VRIES, ABRAHAM DE, born at Rotter-
dam, died at The Hague before or in 1662.
Dutch school ; portrait painter, active at
Amsterdam about 1632, when he appears
to have been influenced by Dirck van Sant-
voort and Thomas de Keyser, while after-
wards he followed the manner of Rembrandt.
Registered in the guild at The Hague in
1644. Works : Portrait of David de Moor
(1640), Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait of a
Burgomaster (1639), do. of Old Lady (1644),
Rotterdam Museum ; Portrait, Berlin Muse-
um ; Lady in Mourning (1692), Old Pin-
akothek, Munich. — Meyer, Gemiilde konigl.
Mus., 515 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xviii. 346.
VRIES, ADRIAAN DE, born in The
Hague in 1601, died after 1643. Dutch
school ; portrait painter. The frequently
false signatures upon his pictures have rob-
bed him of well-deserved fame. Rubens
and Van Dyck, who were his friends, highly
esteemed his talent
Works : Portraits in
Leyden, Got ha
(1643), Dresden
(1639), New York, and Vienna Museums,
and Schleissheim Gallery. — Gaz. des B. Arts
(1872), vi. 479 ; Kramm, vi. 1803.
VRIES, JAN FREDEMAN DE, born at
Leeuwarden in 1527, died in 1608. Dutch
school ; architecture painter. First appren-
ticed for five years to the glass painter,
Reyer Gerritszen, in Amsterdam. Being
employed in 1569 on the triumphal arch
for the entry of Charles V. into Antwerp,
he was led to study the works of Vitruvius
and Serlio. He then painted in Mechlin,
Frankfort, Brunswick, Prague, Hamburg,
Dantzic, etc., many fine perspective views,
enlivened with well-drawn figures. His
compositions are ingenious and varied, and
treated in a delicate, clear tone. Works :
Ave Maria in a House Interior, Mr. Robin-
son's Collection, London ; Interior of Ant-
werp Cathedral (figures by Peeter Brueghel,
the elder), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Interior
of Cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle, Stuttgart
Museum ; Gothic Church Interior, Architec-
tural Pieces (4, two dated 1596), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Allegories, Town Hall, Dantzic. — Im-
merzeel, iii. 210 ; Kraiuni, vi. 1804 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 262; Engerth, Belved. Gal., ii. 540.
VRIES, ROELOF (or Reiuier) DE, 17th
century. Dutch school ; landscape painter,
in the manner of Jacob van Ruisdael, per-
haps his pupil ; flourished at Haarlem about
1643-69. Works : The Hunt (with Barend
Graat), Pigeon House, Coursing, New York
Museum ; Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ;
Rustic Mansion, Amsterdam Museum ; A
Herd, Hague Museum ; Castle Ruins on a
River, Copenhagen Gallery ; Wooded Land-
scape, Brunswick Gallery ; Ruins on the
Water, Tower by Woods, Wooded Land-
scape with Herd, Berlin Museum ; Mill in
the Woods, Old Pinakothek, Munich. Oth-
ers in Stildel Gallery, Frankfort (4) ; Augs-
burg Gallery ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Fer-
dinandeum, Innsbruck (?); Leipsic Museum
(?) ; Schleissheim Gal- ~
lery ; Harrach, and f\//
Liechtenstein Gal- O\ Wi
leries, Vienna ; Turin
Gallery (3).— Archief
vor nederl. Kunst-
gesch., ii. 80 ; Meyer,
Gemiilde konigl. Mus., 516 ; De Stuers, 180 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii. 278.
VROMANS, NICOLAAS, called the Snake
Painter, born 1655 (?) or 1660, died 1719.
Dutch school ; painted plants and shrubbery,
with frogs, snakes, mice, spiders, etc., with
£4 r
. /
397
VEOOM
great truthfulness and careful execution.
Work : Snakes, Koyal Palace, Berlin.
VKOOM, HENDRIK CORNELISZEN,
born in Haarlem, in 1566, died there in
1640. Dutch school. Earliest known
Dutch marine painter. Being employed by
his stepfather in painting faience, which was
not to his taste, he left Haarlem for Rotter-
dam, visited Spain, traversed Italy in all
directions, and profited there by his intimacy
with Paul Bril. From Italy he travelled
through France and Holland to Dantzic,
where he studied perspective. After return-
ing to Holland he revisited Spain, Portugal,
and England, where he executed for tapes-
tries ten sea battles between English and
Spanish vessels, and made a drawing of the
Defeat of the Spanish Armada for the Earl
of Nottingham. From 1597 he worked in
Haarlem. Works: Admiral Heemskerk
sinking Spanish Galleys (1617), View of the
Y, Amsterdam Museum ; Arrival of Leices-
ter at Vlissingen, 1586 (1623), Burning of
Spanish Flag Ship in Battle of Gibraltar,
Ship sailing, View of Haarlem, Haarlem
Museum ; Seaport with Vessels, Augsburg
Gallery ; Woodland Scene, Christiania Gal-
lery ; River Landscape (1630), Schwerin
Gallery. By his son and probably his pupil,
Cornel is (born at Haarlem about 1600, buried
there, Sept. 16, 1661), is a Wood Landscape
in the Berlin Museum. By another son,
Frederik, is
trait in the
Darmstadt
Museum. —
Immerzeel, iii.
211 ; Kramm, vi. 1814 ; Kugler, (Crowe), i.
261 ; Michiels, vi. 207.
VUEZ, ARNOULD DE, born at Saint-
Omer, March 10, 1642, died at Lille in 1719
or 1720. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, first instructed in his native
place, then pupil of Claude Franfois (better
known as Frere Luc 1615-85), in Paris,
whence, three years later, he went to Venice,
then to Rome in 1660. His marked success
there involved him in several duels, which
caused his flight to Paris, where he assisted
Le Brun ; forced to leave in consequence of
another duel, he went to Constantinople
with the French ambassador, and after his
return was sent by Louvois to paint in a
convent at Lille, which led to his settling in
that city in 1692. Was received into the
Academy in 1681. Works : St. Francis of
Assisi receiving the Stigmata, Miracle of St.
Anthony of Padua, Scenes in Life of St.
Bonaventura (3), do. in Life of St. Augus-
tine (2), Last Judgment, Christ and the
Woman taken in Adultery, Judgment of
Solomon, Death of Ananias, St. Gregory the
Great, and many portraits, Museum, Lille ;
The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Annun-
ciation, St. Andrew's, ib. ; St. Francis de
Paula exhorting Louis XI. on his Death-Bed,
Assassination of Thomas a Becket, Presenta-
tion in the Temple, King David in Prayer,
St. Roch, St. Magdalen receiving the Com-
munion from St. Maximinius, Douai Muse-
um ; St. Francis declining the Tiara, Valen-
ciennes Museum. — Bellier, ii. 705.
VUILLEFROY, (DOMINIQUE)
DE, born in Paris,
March 2, 1841. Ani-
mal and landscape
painter, pupil of
Hebert and Bonnat.
Medals: 1870; 2d
class, 1875 ; L. of
Honour, 1880.
Works : Coast of
Grace (1867) ; Roe
Bucks on the Snow,
Deer in Autumn (1868) ; Spaniards on the
Tagus, Team of Oxen (1869) ; Morning in
Bas Breau, Environs of Chailly (1870) ; No-
vember (1872) ; Queen Blanche's Oaks at
Fontainebleau (1873) ; Mills in Plain of
Chailly, Grass (1874) ; Allemagne Street,
Free Market in Picardy (1875); Tending
Cows in Cantal, Market Place of Montfer-
rand (1876) ; Souvenir of Morvan (1877) ;
Bad Weather on Cliffs of Dieppe, Bulls and
Heifers (1878) ; Herd of Cows in Oberland
VULCAN
(1879); Return of Herd (1880), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Stream (1880) ; Relays of
Dogs (1881) ; Field of the Fair, Breton
Moor (1882) ; New Grass, In the Meadows
(1883), Luxembourg Museum ; Summer
Morning, Autumn Day
(1884); Sale of Colts
(1885) ; The Brook, De-
parture of Colts (1886).— Bellier, ii.
Larousse.
VULCAN, FORGE OF, Tintoretto, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas. "A meagre
and vulgar study of common models." -
w
Forge of Vulcan, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
Ridolfi,
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297
Marav., ii. 216.
By Velasquez, Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 7 ft. 5 in. x 9 ft. 6 in. Apollo, partly
draped, with a wreath on his head, from
which light scintillates, enters the smithy of Works
Vulcan to tell him of the infidelity of Venus ; | (1807)
Vulcan and four half-nude cyclops, who are
aiding him, cease their work to listen.
Painted in Italy in 1629-31, after same mod-
els as Coat of Joseph. Engraved by Glairon ;
Enriquez. Etched by Alabern y Fatjo.—
Curtis, 21 ; Madrazo, 598.
AAGEN, ADALBERT, born in Mu-
nich, March 30, 1834. Landscape
painter, son of Karl Waagen (1800
-73), and brother of the art historian Georg
Friedrich Waagen ; pupil of Albert Zirnmer-
n inn n, whom he followed to Milan ; returned
to Munich in 1859, and settled at Berchtes-
gaden in 1869. The finest of his landscapes
are in the possession of the Russian Prince
Apraxin ; many, also, arc in England and
America. Other works : The Obersee ; Val
Sassina ; The High Gull ; View of the Bren-
ner Railway near Gossensass ; Ruin of Kldi-
bach near Bozen ; Villa
Carlotta on Lake Como,
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
—Midler, 541.
WACH, KARL WIL-
HELM, born in Berlin,
Sept. 11, 1787, died there,
Nov. 25, 1845. History and
portrait painter, pupil of
Karl Kretzschmar and of
Berlin Academy ; took part
as an officer in the cam-
paigns of 1813-15, then
studied in Paris under Da-
vid and Gros, and in 1817
went to Rome, where he
aided in the revival of
modern German art ; re-
turned to Berlin in 1819,
became member of and pro-
fessor at the Academy, and established a
school in Berlin, from which issued more
than seventy scholars. Court painter in
1827 ; senator of the Academy in 1829 ;
vice-director in 1840. Order of Red Eagle.
Christ
Berlin
VULCAN AND VENUS.
Vulcan.
See Venus and
Christ with SS. John and Matthew
Portrait of Queen Louise (1811) ;
Crucified (1815), Garnisonskirche,
St. John Baptist (1816), Schloss
Bellevue, ib. ; Male Head, Madonna En-
throned (1826), Psyche surprised by Cupid,
National Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of Countess
Raczynski (1827), Head of the Virgin, Christ
and Disciples (1828), Raczynski Gallery, ib.;
Three Divine Virtues (1828-30), Werder
399
WACHSMUTH
Church, ib.; Eesurrection (1819); Last Sup-
per (1819), SS. Peter and Paul's, Moscow ;
The Nine Muses (1820) ; Nymph (1835) ;
Holy Family ; Judith (1838) ; St. John in
the Desert ; Introduction of Christianity in
Pomerania ; Finding of the Cross (1843) ;
Bishop Otto iu Stettin converting the
Wends, Head Studies (2), Stettin Museum.
—Jordan, (1885), ii. 234 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 9.
WACHSMUTH, FERDINAND, born at
Miihlhausen, Alsace, March 21, 1802, died at
Versailles, Nov. 11, 1869. History and genre
painter, pupil of Gros. Accompanied the
Orleans princes to Algeria, and was for a
time professor in the School of St. Cyr.
Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works : Capture
of Algiers, View at Staouele (1833, bought
by State) ; Louis XI. and Francis de Paula,
Politics of the Bar, Bonaparte at Valence,
The Suicide, An Inundation (1833 to 1840);
St. Thomas de Villanueva (bought by State),
Sutler's Wife in Africa, St. Francis Xavier
preaching in India (bought by State), St.
Louis de Gonzague (1840 to 1847) ; Zurba-
ran in his Youth, Giorgione (1848) ; Capture
oftheTuileries(1849); Salvator Rosa (1850);
Michelangelo in the Medici Garden (1857) ;
The Green Mamelon the Day after its Capt-
ure (1859) ; Siege and Capture of Fort St.
Philippe in 1756 (1837), Capture of Fort
1'Empereur in Algiers (1838), Entry of
Charles X. into Colmar, Portrait of Due de
Luxembourg, and two others, Versailles
Museum ; Spanish Market, Avignon Muse-
um.— Bellier, ii. 707 ; Larousse ; Vapereau.
WACHTER, EBERHARD GEORG
FRIEDRICH VON, born at Balingen, Wur-
temberg, Feb. 29, 1762, died in Stuttgart,
Aug. 14, 1852. History painter, pupil of
Stuttgart Art School, then in Paris of David,
whose classical style he abandoned, under
the influence of Carstens, in Rome, whither
he went in 1789. Having embraced Roman
Catholicism, he went in 1798 to Vienna,
where he inspired the younger generation of
artists, and in 1809 returned to Stuttgart.
His compositions are distinguished for po-
etical conception, great dignity and noble
bearing of the figures, and fine grouping.
Works : Job and his Friends, Choice of
Hercules, Ship of Life, Bacchus Singing,
Combat of Centaurs, The Lion in Florence,
The Muse mourning on Ruins of Athens,
Bacchus tendering the Cup to Cupid, Eros
as Founder of Wedlock, Stuttgart Gallery ;
Ulysses resisting the Sirens ; Belisarius at
the Gate of Rome ; Women at Christ's
Tomb ; Finding of Moses ; Charon ; Anac-
reon ; Cato the Elder ; Cimon in Prison ;
Andromache at Hector's Um ; Death of
Socrates ; Julius Caesar in the Plain of Troy ;
Hecuba ; Mourning Muse on Ruins of
Greece ; Pietil. — Haakh, Beitrage, 10, 313 ;
N. Necrol. d. D. (1852) ; Wagner, i. 464.
WAEL (Waal), CORNELIS DE, born in
Antwerp, Sept. 7, 1592, died in Genoa in
1662. Flemish school ; history and battle
painter, son and pupil of Hans de Wael
(1558-1633) ; went early in life to Italy, and
settled at Genoa before 1625. Painted
scenes from military life after the manner of
Peter Snayers. Employed by the Duke of
Aerschot and Philip III. of Spain. Works :
Arrival of the Prince Cardinal at Sint Jo-
rispoort, City Hall, Antwerp ; The Trinity,
Vision of St. John, St. Gertrude's Chapel,
St. James's, ib. ; Venetian Mountebank, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Passage through the Red Sea,
Vienna Museum ; Dentist, Men drinking at
Table, Nantes Museum ; Peter's Denial, S.
-,._ Ambrogio, Genoa ; Cavalry Skir-
AX/ mish, Palazzo Rosso, ib. — Immer-
>L Zeel, iii. 212 ; Kramm, vi. 1818 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 340 ; Rep. f. K, vi. 244 ;
Rooses (Reber), 409 ; Van den Branden, 664.
WAGENBAUR, MAX JOSEF, born at
Markt-Griifing, Bavaria, in 1774, died in
Munich, May 12, 1829. Animal and land-
scape painter, pupil in Munich of Dorner
and Mannlich, and studied nature in the
Bavarian Highlands. Member of Berlin,
Munich, and Hanau Academies. Court
painter and, in 1815, director of the royal
galleries. Works : View in Bavarian Alps,
Cows at Pasture, National Gallery, Berlin ;
400
WAGNER
Landscape with Cattle, Raczynski Gallery,
ib.; Shepherd Family with Cattle and Sheep
Resting, Similar Subject (1812), Darmstadt
Museum ; Inn Valley near Niederandorf,
Ruin of Falkenstein (1828), View in Tyrol
(1826), Kouigsberg Museum ; Herd with
Boy (1823), Leipsic Museum ; Young Bull,
Landscapes with Figures and Animals (5,
three dated 1816, 1821, 1827), New Pinako-
thek, Mu-
nich ; Sheep
and Cattle-
Pieces (6,
three dated 1810, 181G), View near Munich,
Schleissheirn Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii.
236.
WAGNER, ALEXANDER, born in Pesth,
April 16, 1838. History and genre painter,
pupil in Munich of Piloty. Won fame with
his first large picture, Isabella Ziipolya's
Farewell to Transylvania, belonging to the
Hungarian Academy ; visited Spain, and
is now professor at the Munich Academy.
Works : Episode in Siege of Belgrade,
Death of Titus Dugovich, Castle Vajda-
Hunyad with Matthias Corvinus and Hunt-
ing Suite, Pesth Museum ; Abduction of
Women (1868) ; Csikos Race at Debreczin ;
Picadores at Bull-Fight ; Spanish Mail at
Toledo ; Chariot Race (1876), G. Kirchner &
Co., New York. In fresco: Entry of Gusta-
vus Adolphus into Aschaffenburg, Marriage
of Otto of Bavaria, National Museum, Mu-
nich ; Banquet of Attila, Tournament of
Matthias Corvinus, Redouten Saal, Pesth.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 1013.
WAGNER, ELISE. See Puyroche.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, born at
SchwabmOnchen, Bavaria, in 1819, died in
Augsburg, June 13, 1881. History painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Cornelius,
Schlotthauer, and Schnorr ; returned in
1848 to his native town, painted for differ-
ent churches in Bavaria, and in succession
the following works in fresco : Last Judg-
ment, Church at SchwabmUuchen ; Homage
of City of Augsburg to Rudolf von Haps-
burg, Augsburg offering Protection to Louis
the Bavarian, Foundation of the Fuggerei,
Anton Fugger interceding for Augsburg,
Emperor Max at Augsburg (1860-63), Fug-
ger House, Augsburg ; others at Constance
(1864), and in the City Hall and Catho-
lic Church at Breslau (1865-66); Palace at
Monaco (1867) ; Church at Meminingen ;
New City Hall at Munich ; Scenes from Life
of Christ, Church at Friedberg, Suabia.—
Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 618 ; Mttller, 543.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, born at Pas-
sau, Jan. 25, 1847. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of
Quaglio ; visited Rome, and in 1876 Ven-
ice ; an artist of great imagination and ex-
quisite humour, and an excellent colourist.
Works : Children's Ball, Architect Bare,
Hamburg ; Lute Player; Evening Devotion ;
Doings of Modern Art. In fresco : Tann-
hiiuser Scenes (1873) ; Walls and Ceiling
(1874), Rathskeller, Munich ; do., Cafe Roth,
ib.; Five Senses (1881); Cycle of 17 pict-
ures representing Influence of Ancient Gods
on Aliments (1882) ; Hunting Train (1883),
Drachenburg on the Rhine ; Two Female
Figures (1883). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii.
993 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 210, 739 ; xix.
183, 447 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1875), ii. 83 ; All-
gem. K. C., viii. 547.
WAGNER, JOHANN MARTIN VON,
born at Wiirzburg, June 24, 1777, died in
Rome, Aug. 8, 1858. History painter, pu-
pil of Vienna Academy (1797-82) under
Fiiger ; won the first prize, and returned to
Wiirzburg ; went in 1803 to Paris and in
1804 to Rome, whither he returned in 1810
after a sojourn in Munich of two years. In
1812-13 he visited Greece, by order of Crown
Prince Louis of Bavaria, to buy antique works
of art. Professor and secretary-general of
Munich Academy. Commander of Order
of Civil Merit and of St. Michael. Works :
Holy Family, Holy Women returning from
Christ's Tomb (1802) ; Council of Leaders
before Troy (1808), Schleissheim Gallery;
sketch to this in Darmstadt Museum ; Por-
trait of Artist's Parents, Bearded Old Man,
Mary on her Journey to Elizabeth, Christ
401
WAGNER
and Apostles taking Leave of Mary, Jupiter
urging Agamemnon to Combat, AViirzburg
University. — Audresen, i. 37 ; Cotta's Kunst-
bl. (1836-47) ; Eaczynski, ii. 459.
WAGNER, MAEIA DOROTHEA, bom
at Weimar in 1728, died at Meissen (?) in
1788. German school ; landscape and his-
tory painter, sister of Christian Wilhelm
Dietrich, whom she took for her model.
Works : Valley with Brook and Mill, Dres-
den Museum ; Landscape with Cottages
and Figures (2), Gotha Museum. Her son,
Johann Georg (1744-66), was also a land-
scape painter of merit, pupil of his uncle
Dietrich, and of Josef Roos. In the Chris-
tiania Gallery are by him : The Defile,
and Landscape with Hills and Woods.
WAGRAM, BATTLE OF, Horace Ver-
net, Versailles Museum ; canvas. Battle
fought on July 6, 1809. Napoleon, in the
saddle, watching through a glass the cav-
alry charge. Close behind him the horse
of Bessieres, Duke of Istria, is struck down
by a cannon-ball. Engraved by J. M. Fon-
taine.— Gal. de Versailles, iv. No. 905.
WAGREZ, JACQUES CLEMENT, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, chiefly in water-colours ; pupil
of his father, of Farochon, Lenepveu, Pils,
and Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class,
1879. Works: Francis I. and the Duchesse
d'fitampes (1870) ; Etruscan Poet (1874) ;
Eros, Lion of St. Mark (1876) ; War and
Peace (1877) ; Education of Achilles, Diana
(1878) ; Perseus, Dreams of the Cup-
Bearer, and the Master of the Pantry
(1879); Orestes (1880); Hesiod (1881);
Cupid's Quadriga (1882) ; First Meeting
(1883, 15th century scene in Florence) ; St.
Clara of Assisi (1884); Wedding in St.
Mark's— Venice in 15th Century (1885).
WAHLBERG, ALFRED, born in Stock-
holm, Aug. 6, 1834. Landscape painter,
pupil of Diisseldorf Academy, and in Paris
of Corot and Daubigny. Member of Stock-
holm Academy. Medals : Paris, 1870 ; 2d
class, 1872 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1874 ; Officer, 1878 ; Order of Vasa. Works :
Winter Landscape (figures by Wallander),
View in Kolmarden, Stockholm Museum ;
Moonlight ; Sunset on the Coast ; Beech
Wood near Copenhagen ; Harbour of Wax-
holm at Night ; Coming Storm, Moonlight
on River Bank, Seney Collection, New York ;
Near Stockholm — Moonlight, Autumn Sun-
set— Waxholm, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Coast
of Norway, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Cascade of Husq-
varna— Sweden (1884).— Miiller, 543.
WALCH, JAKOB, born in Nuremberg,
beginning of 15th century. German school ;
excellent portrait painter, not to be con-
founded with Jacob Walch, called Jacopo
de' Barbari. Works : Portrait of Emperor
Maximilian I., Munich Gallery ; do., Mu-
seum, Vienna ; do., Emperor Frederic HI.,
and Male Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib.
WALDENBURG, ALFRED VON, born
in Berlin, Dec. 17, 1847. Landscape paint-
er, pupil in Munich of Franz Adam and
of Lier, and in Carlsruhe of Gude ; studied
nature in Silesia, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Southern France, and set-
tled in Diisseldorf in 1879. Works : Chap-
el near Amden, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ziller
Valley, Strasburg Gallery ; Pegli near Genoa ;
On Chiem Lake ; Varenna on Lake Como ;
Villa Andreossy, ib. ; View near Nice ; Road
near Villafranca ; Oaks near Aisching. —
Miiller, 544 ; Leixner, Mod. K., i. 58.
WALDMULLER, FERDINAND
(GEORG), born in
Vienna in 1793, died
there, Aug. 23, 1865.
Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy ; went
to Presburg to paint
portraits, thence as
drawing teacher with
Count Gyulai to
Agrarn, where he mar-
ried an actress, with whom he wandered
through the provincial towns until she found
an engagement in Vienna ; there he became
professor and the custodian of the Lamberg
402
WALDO
Gallery, afterwards fused with the Academy,
and acquired the reputation of the fore-
most genre painter in Austria. In 1820 he
visited Italy, in 1821 Dresden, where he
copied after Ruisdael and Correggio ; thence
to Leipsic, where he had great success with
his portraits (1827); visited Italy and Sicily
again in 1844. Order of Francis Joseph.
Works : Old Woman in Arm-Chair (1822),
Tyrolese Riflemen (1829), Beggar Boy on
High Bridge in Vienna (1830), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Child learning to Walk (1831) ; Rabbi
teaching Girl ; Tyrolese Family Resting
(1834) ; Travelling Beggar Family (1834) ;
Return of Husbandman to his Family (1835);
Dog beside Basket with Grapes (1840) ; Af-
ter School (1841), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Austrian Wedding ; New Life in Spring
(1844) ; Return from Harvest ; Congratu-
lation of Grandchildren, Pilgrims before
Statue of St. John (1845) ; Ave Maria ;
Evening Devotions in Peasant's Cottage
(1846), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sun-
day Afternoon (1846), Konigsberg Muse-
um ; Harvest (1846) ; Supper in Peasant's
Cottage ; Bay of Messina (1847) ; Convent
Soup, Vienna Academy ; Spriug Landscape
(1862) ; Portrait of Emperor Francis L
(1836) ; do. of Centenarian, Pesth Museum.
—Jordan (1885), ii. 237 ; Nagler, xxi. 90 ;
Wurzbach, li.; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 35 ; iv.
91.
WALDO, SAMUEL, born in Connecti-
cut in 1783, died in 1861. Portrait paint-
er, first practised art in Charleston, S. C. ;
painted in London in 1806-9, and spent the
rest of his professional life in New York.
Pictures in Historical Society, and in City
Hall, New York.
WALDORF, ANTOINE, born at Huis
iu 't Bosch, near The Hague, March 22,
1803, died in Amsterdam in 1866. Marine
and city view painter, pupil of Brecken-
heymer ; visited France in 1833, afterwards
Germany and Belgium ; lived for several
years in Amsterdam, and returned to The
Hague. Member of Amsterdam (1836) and
other Academies. Order of Leopold, 1845 ;
Order of Lion, 1847 ; Order of Oaken Crown,
1849. Works : View of Dordrecht (1836),
Calm Sea, Museum, Amsterdam ; Draw-
bridge over City Canal, Harbour in Calm
Weather, View of Spaaruwoude, Interior of
Protestant Church, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Es-
cape of Hugo Grotius from Castle Loeve-
stein, Rotterdam Museum ; View of Dutch
City, Leipsic Museum ; do., Weimar Mu-
seum ; Dutch Fishermen's Boats in Storm ;
View of Jewish Quarter in Amsterdam ;
Haarlem Sluice ; Calm in Zealand (1853) ;
Boats Meeting (1861). — Immerzeel, iii. 214 ;
Kramm, vi. 1823.
WALKER, FREDERICK, born iu Lon-
don, May 24, 1840,
died at St. Fillau's,
Perthshire, June 5,
1875. Subject and
landscape painter in
oil and water-col-
ours ; pupil in Lon-
don of Mr. Baker,
architect, and of
the Royal Acad-
emy; afterwards
studied two years with Mr. Whymper, wood
engraver. Exhibited first work, The Lost
Path, at Royal Academy in 1863. Associ-
ate of Water Colour Society, 1864 ; mem-
ber, 1867 ; AR.A, 1871. Works in water-
colour : Spring (1864) ; Autumn (1865) ;
Wayfarers, The Street— Cookham (1866) ;
Designs for Miss Thackeray's Jack the
Giant Killer (1868) ; Fishmonger's Shop
(1872) ; The Village (1873) ; The Fireside
(1876). Works in oil : The Bathers (1867) ;
Vagrants in the Glen (1868) ; Old Gate
(1869); The Plough (1870); Harbour of
Refuge (1872) ; Right of Way (1875). At
William Graham sale, London, 1886 : The
Bathers, £2,625; The Vagrants, £1,858;
The Lilies, £1,365 ; Sunny Thames, £1,218 ;
Stobhall Garden, £567.— Art Journal (1876),
300 ; Portfolio (1870), 35 ; (1875), 117.
WALKER, ROBERT, died in London
about 1658. Studied the works of Van
Dyck and became a portrait painter of great
403
WALLANDER
merit under the Commonwealth. He paint-
ed the Protector and many of his princi-
pal officers, and is known as "Cromwell's
portrait painter." One of his portraits of
Cromwell is engraved by Lombart, Godfrey,
and Picart ; another is in the Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; a third at Warwick Castle.
Portraits of himself at Hampton Court and
at Oxford ; of Cromwell, Lambert, Ireton,
and Faithorne, National Portrait Gallery,
South Kensington ; Lord Brooke, Warwick
Castle ; Admiral Blake, Wadham College ;
Sir Thomas Browne, Bodleian Library, Ox-
ford.— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 45 ; Burg-
er, Tresors d'Art, 358.
WALLANDER, JOSEF WILHELM, born
in Stockholm, May 15, 1821. Genre painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy ; went in 1851
to Diisseldorf, whither he returned, after
having visited France and Italy, until 1856 ;
became professor at Stockholm Academy in
1867. Works : Market at Vingaker (1852) ;
Wedding at Osteracker ; Sunday Morning in
Silja, Dalecarlia ; Rendezvous at the Gate ;
Spinning Company at Delsbo ; The Bride is
Coming ; Moritz in a Strait, Mollberg with
the Bottle, Ulla at Toilet.— Miiller, 544.
WALLER, FRANK, born in New York
in 1842. Landscape and genre painter, pu-
pil of J. G. Chapman in Rome in 1870 ;
sketched in Egypt in 1872 ; student of the
Ail League, New York, in 1874 ; former
treasurer, and now president, of the League.
First exhibited in National Academy in
18G6. Works : Tombs of the Caliphs near
Cairo ; Sta. Maria del Sasso — Lago Maggi-
ore, Parke Godwin, New York ; Ruins near
Cairo ; On the Desert ; Harmony, Record
of the Past (1880) ; Slave of the Shadoof
(1881); Dream at Rye Beach — N. H.
(1882) ; Eventide— Venice (1883) ; On the
Mediterranean near Alexandria — Egypt,
Hop Picking at Cooperstown — N. Y., At
Coney Island (1884) ; Hop Pickers, Testing
the Toledo, Lake Otsego (1885).
WALLER, SAMUEL EDMUND, born in
Gloucester in 1850. Animal and figure
painter ; educated at Cheltenham College ;
pupil in Gloucester School of Art, and stu-
dent of his father in architecture ; pupil of
the Royal Academy, London, in 1868. Mr.
Waller has illustrated many books, and
has for several years been attached to the
staff of the Graphic. Works : Illustrious
Stranger, Winter's Tale (1870) ; Jealous
(1875) ; Way of the World (1876) ; Home
(1877) ; King's Banner (1878) ; Empty Sad-
dle (1879) ; Suspense (1879) ; Where there's
a Will there's a Way (1880) ; King's High-
way (1880); Success (1881); Sweethearts
and Wives (1882) ; Day of Reckoning
(1883); The Orphans (1884); Outward
Bound (1885). His wife, Mrs. Mary L.
Waller, paints portraits. — Art Journal
(1881), 117.
WALSCAPELE (Walskapel, Wals-Kap-
pel), JACOB, flourished about 1670-80.
Dutch school ; flower and fruit painter, pu-
pil of Cornells Kick ; lived in Amsterdam
before 1667, and until 1717-18 ; formed his
style after Jan D. de Heem, whom he so nearly
approaches in arrangement, harmony, and
truth of detail, that most of his pictures
were attributed to that master. Works :
Flowers, Insects, and Strawberries, National
Gallery, London ; Festoon of Fruits and
Flowers, Berlin Museum ; Bouquet in Vase
(1677), Fruit-Piece, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; two pictures, Schwerin Gallery ;
Flower-Piece in Glass Vessel, Dresden Gal-
lery (ascribed to J. D. de Heem). — Kramm,
vi. 1825 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 519.
WALTHARD, FRIEDRICH, born at
Berne in 1818, died in 1870. Genre painter,
pupil of Barthulemy Menn (born 1815) in
Geneva, and of Gleyre in Paris. Works :
Scene from Goethe's Faust (1846), Wound-
ed Rifleman of Berne bringing News of De-
feat at Grauholz— 1798 (1854), Last Day of
the old Republic of Berne (1867), Berne
Museum ; Bernese Soldier of 1798, Neucha-
tel Museum.
4111
WALTIIER
WALTHER, WILHELM, born at Neu-
liiiiiscn. Saxony, in 1826. History painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Julius
Hdbner. Works : Christ appearing to the
Magdalen (1848), Flight into Egypt, Dres-
den Art Union. Sgraffito frieze : Festive
Procession of Saxon Princes (1876), Koyal
Palace, ib.— Kaulen, 209.
WALTON, FRANK ; contemporary.
Landscape painter in water-colours. Studio
in London. Works : From Unliarboured
Heaths (1877) ; Evening at Dorking ; Near
the Thames ; Regatta at Bournemouth ; Au-
tumn, Copse on Furzefield Brow, Brick-
makers (1881) ; Noontide's Hush, Happy
Valley (1882) ; Gentle Autumn (1883) ;
Among Whispering Woods, World of Mead-
ows, Kynance Cove (1884) ; Surrey's Pleas-
ant Hills (1885) ; Summer Tide of Blos-
soming (1886).
WANING HONEYMOON, George H.
Boughton, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; dated 1878.
A young pair are seated under a tree in late
autumn, the ground strewn with leaves ; he
is reading a book and carelessly caressing
his dog, while she is pouting prettily, but
thinking no pretty things of him. — Royal
Academy, 1878.
WAPPERS, GUSTAAF, Baron, born in
Antwerp, Aug. 23,
1803, died in Paris,
Dec. 6, 1874. History
and genre painter,
pupil at Antwerp
Academy of L J. van
Regemorter (1785-
1873), then of Van
Bree and of Herreyns ;
studied after Rubens,
Van Dyck, and Jor-
daens ; then in Amsterdam and The Hague
the old Dutch, and in Paris the Venetian
masters ; returned to Antwerp in 1830, be-
came professor at the Academy in 1832, and
was its director in 1840-53 ; made court
painter and baron in 1845 ; settled in Paris
in 1853. Meeting with great success at his
first appearance, he influenced modern Bel-
gian art as the chief representative of roman-
ticism, and formed many pupils ; his works
are meritorious in composition, poetical
treatment, and colouring. Member of sev-
eral Academies. Many medals : L. of Hon-
our, 1842 ; Officer, 1855 ; Order of lied
Eagle, 1847; Officer Order of Leopold,
1855. Works : Van Dyck in Love with his
Model (1827), View of Citadel of Antwerp
(1830), Amsterdam Museum ; Self-Devotion
of Burgomasters of Leyden (1830), Hague
Museum ; Christ at the Sepulchre (1833),
St. Michael's, Louvain ; The Populace of
Brussels tearing down the Proclamation of
Priuce Frederick (1835) ; Charles I. taking
leave of his Children (1836) ; Charles IX. on
St. Bartholomew's Night ; Temptation of St.
Anthony ; Holoise and Abelard ; Charles
VH. and Agnes Sorel ; Execution of Anne
Boleyn ; Peter the Great at Saardam ; Ca-
moens (1842) ; Genevicve of Brabant (1843),
Windsor Castle, Defence of Rhodes by
Knights of St. John (1848), Versailles Gal-
lery ; Death of Columbus ; The Ommegauck
at Antwerp ; Louis XL at Plessis les Tours ;
Boccaccio and Joan of Naples ; Louis XVH.
in the Temple Prison ; Charles I. on his way
to the Scaffold, Episode of September Days
of 1830, Brussels Museum ; Mother's Joy,
Museum, Antwerp ; Invocation of the Virgin,
St. Charles Borrorneo's, ib. ; Neuvaines of
the Family of Eguiout (1866), Mr. Probas-
co, Cincinnati. — Art Journal (1856), 124 ;
(1860), 142 ; (1865), 268 ; (1873), 241 ;
(1875), 76 ; Dioskuren (1875), 4 ; Immer-
zeel, iii. 217 ; Kramm, vi. (1826) ; Roosea
(Reber), 466 ; Van den Branden, 1390.
WAR, Sir Edwin Landsetr, National Gal-
lery, London ; H. 2 ft. 10 in. x 4 f t. 4 in.
A dying and a dead horse, with their fallen
riders, lying among the burning ruins of a
cottage. Companion to Peace. Royal Acad-
emy, 1846. Engraved by T. L. Atkinson ;
Lumb Stocks. — Art Journal (1854), 144.
WAR, HORRORS OF, Rubens, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft 5 in. x 9 ft.
3 in. Mai's, in armour and with sword and
405
WARD
shield, preceded by Plague and Famine and
torch,
dragged on
rushes from
by Alecto bearing a
the open temple of Janus,
trampling down the Arts and Sciences in
his progress ; Venus, Cybele, and Cupids in
vain attempt to restrain his warlike ardour.
Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815. En-
graved by Avril ; Paradisi. — Smith, ii. 150 ;
Landon, Musee, iv. PI. 9 ; Gal. du Pal.
Pitti, iv. PI. 88.
WARD, EDGAE M., born in Urbana,
Ohio ; contemporary. Figure and genre
painter, younger brother of J. Q. A. Ward,
sculptor ; pupil of the National Academy,
New York, of the £cole des Beaux Arts and
of Cabanel, Paris. First exhibited in Na-
tional Academy in 1871, and in the Paris
Salon in 1876. ' Elected an A.N.A. in 1876 ;
N. A. in 1883. Studio in New York. Works:
Brittany Washerwomen (1876) ; The Sabot
Maker, Venetian Water Carriers, Washing
in Brittany (1878) ; Street Scene— Treport
Horrors of War, Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
(1879) ; Normandy Cooper (1880) ; Tobacco
Field— Old Virginny (1881) ; Feeling the
Edge (1882) ; Collar Shop (1883), T. B.
Clarke, New York ; Street in Treport—
Normandy (1884) ; The Cobblers, Eesting,
The Blessing (1886).
WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW, born in
London in 1816, died there, Jan. 15, 1879.
History painter, pupil of Royal Academy in
1835 ; then worked nearly three years in
Rome, and after studying fresco painting
under Cornelius at Munich returned to Eng-
land and exhibited
his Cimabue and
Giotto. His Dr.
Johnson reading
the MS. of the Vi-
car of Wake field
(1843) first brought
him into notice ;
elected an A.R.A.
in 1846, and R.A.
in 1855. In 1852
and later, he executed eight historic pict-
ures, six in fresco and two in water-glass,
in the corridor of the House of Commons.
In the National Gallery are : Dr. Johnson
in the Anteroom of Lord Chesterfield (1845),
Disgrace of Lord Clarendon (1846), South
Sea Bubble (1847), James H. receiving News
of Landing of Prince of Orange (1850).
Other works : Charlotte Corday led to Ex-
ecution (1852) ; Execution
of Montrose (1853) ; Last
Sleep of Argyll (1854); Ma-
rie Antoinette parting with
the Dauphin (1856); Na-
poleon HL receiving Order
of the Garter (1859); Night
of Rizzio's Murder (1865) ;
Earl of Leicester and Amy
Robsart (1866); Landing of
Charles II. at Dover (1873);
William HI. and Mary re-
ceiving the Lords and Com-
mons at Whitehall (1874) ;
Last Interview between Na-
poleon I. and Queen Louisa
of Prussia at Tilsit (1877).— Cat. Nat. Gal.;
Jas. Dafforne, Life, etc. (London, 1879) ;
Sandby, ii. 299.
WARD, HENRIETTA, born in London
in 1832. Genre painter, granddaughter of
James Ward, R.A., and wife of Edward M.
Ward ; has exhibited at Royal Academy many
years. Works : Mary Queen of Scots quitting
Stirling (1863); Palissy the Potter (1866);
Childhood of Joan of Arc (1867) ; Lady Jane
406
WARD
Grey (1868) ; Fortunes of Little Fritz (1871);
Chatterton (1873); Defence of Lathom
House (1874); Poet's First Love (1875);
Ugly Duckling (1876) ; Princess Charlotte
of Wales (1877) ; One of Last Lays of Burns
(1878) ; Melody (1879).
WARD, JAMES, born in London, Oct.
23, 1769, died at
Cheshunt, Nov. 17,
1859. Studied en-
graving under J. R.
Smith, and after-
wards served an ap-
prenticeship under
his elder brother, -
William James Ward,
mezzotint engraver ;
practised as an engraver several years, but
soon began to paint, imitating the manner
of George Morland, his brother-in-law. In
1794 he was appointed painter and engraver
to the Prince of Wales, and shortly after-
wards devoted his talent entirely to the
painting of animals, especially horses and
cattle, in which he attained eminence.
Elected an A.R.A. in 1807, and R.A. in
1811 ; contributed to Academies 287 works.
His masterpiece is the Alderney bull, cow,
and calf (Landscape with Cattle, 1820-22),
purchased by the National Gallery for
£1,500, which is said to have been painted
in emulation of Paul Potter's celebrated
picture at The Hague. The National Gal-
lery also possesses by him : Cattle-Piece
(1807), View of Harlech Castle, Gordale
Scar in Yorkshire. — Art Journal (1849),
179; (1862), 169; Redgrave; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole anglaise ; Portfolio (1886), 8, 32, 45.
WARNBERGER, SIMON, born at Pul-
lach, near Munich, in 1769, died there in
1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich
Academy, and studied nature in Austria and
Italy. Member of Munich Academy, 1824.
Works : Beech Wood (1820), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Morning Landscape, Ruins of
Hermitage, Castle Falkenstein, Augsburg
Gallery ; Italian Landscape, two others,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Nagler, xxi. 126.
WARRIOR, DEAD, Velasquez, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 5
ft. 5 in. Commonly called Orlando Muerto
(Dead Roland). The Paladin Roland, killed
at battle of Roncesvalles by Bernardo del
Carpio, is lying in his armour on his back,
a skull and bones near his feet ; above him
is suspended a brass lamp, the flame of
which has just gone out. Purchased at
Pourtalus sale in 1865 for 37,000 francs.
Authenticity doubtful. Old copy in collec-
tion of M. Cremer, Brussels. — Stirling, ii.
680; Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviii. 98;
Curtis, 17.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE, portrait,
Charles Wilson Peale, Gen. G. W. C. Lee,
Lexington, Va. Three-quarters length, in
uniform of a colonel of Virginia militia —
blue coat with scarlet facings, scarlet waist-
coat and breeches, and purple scarf over
left shoulder. Painted in 1772 ; the first
life-size portrait of Washington. Bust study,
Charles S. Ogden, Philadelphia. — Johnston,
Portraits of Washington (Boston, 1882).
By Charles Wilson Peale, Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington (on deposit). Washing-
ton at Princeton. Full-length, standing, in
uniform of commander-in-chief, the left hand
resting upon a cannon, the right, holding
his chapeau, placed on his hip ; the conti-
nental flag, a circlet of stars in a blue field,
floats over his head, and captured British
flags are on the ground beside him. Paint-
ed in 1778-79 by order of Congress, but
left in the hands of the artist ; taken to
Europe ; purchased in Paris by Comte do
Menon, who returned it. Replicas : H.
Pratt McKean, Philadelphia ; Earl of Albe-
marle ; Versailles Museum ; others. — John-
ston, Portraits of Washington (Boston,
1882).
By Rembrandt Peale, Vice-President's
room, Capitol, Washington. Bust, citizen's
dress, head turned to left. Purchased by
Congress in 1832. Many copies. — John-
ston, Portraits of W.
By Rembrandt Peale., Mount Vernon.
Washington before Yorktown. Mounted
407
WASHINGTON
on a white horse, riding to right, accompa-
nied by his staff, rebuking a subordinate
officer for neglect of duty. Painted for the
rotunda of the Capitol, but left in the ar-
tist's hands ; presented by his heirs, in
1873, to the " Ladies' Mount Vemon Asso-
ciation."— Johnston, Portraits of W.
By James Sharpies, James Walter, Lon-
don. Two bust portraits, one full-face, in
continental uniform, the other profile, in
civilian's costume. These, together with a
portrait of Martha Washington, are said to
have been executed about 1796 for Kobert
Cary, of Gary & Co., London, mercantile
agents for Washington. The full-face pict-
ure was exhibited in New York in 1854, but
returned to England ; in 1882 all three were
taken to the United States and exhibited in
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago,
and other cities. In November, 1886, Ma-
jor Walter presented to the Massachusetts
Historical Society the evidence in support
of the claim of these pictures to authentic-
ity, with a view to obtain its aid in an ap-
peal to the Government at Washington to
purchase them for the nation ; and on Jan-
uary 13, 1887, the committee of investiga-
tion reported adversely both to the authen-
ticity of the pictures and of the letters
published in Major Walter's "Memorials."
— Johnston, Portraits of W.; Walter, Me-
morials of W. (New York, 1887) ; Nation
(1887), xliv. 49.
By Gilbert Stuart, William F. Channing,
Providence, R. I. Half-length, in citizen's
dress, head turned to right, showing right
side of face. Painted in 1795 from a sketch
made in September of that year (destroyed
by Stuart) for Col. George Gibbs ; sold to
his sister, Mrs. William Ellery Channing,
and descended to her son. Eeplicas : One
painted for Samuel Vaughan, now in Harri-
son Collection, Philadelphia ; another paint-
ed for J. Vaughan and taken to England ;
a third, owned by Mrs. Rogers, Lancaster,
Penn. — Johnston, Portraits of W.
By Gilbert Stuart, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston, Mass. Bust, citizen's costume, head
turned to left, showing left side of face.
The head only is finished. Painted in 1796 ;
retained by Stuart, and purchased of his
widow and presented with its pendant, Mrs.
Washington, to the Athenaeum, Boston,
whence commonly called the Athenaeum
picture. About fifty replicas. — Mason, G.
Stuart, 103 ; Johnston, Portraits of Wash-
ington.
By Gilbert Stuarl, John Delaware Lewis,
London ; canvas, life-size. Washington as
President. Full-length, standing beside a
table, dressed in black-velvet suit and white
ruffles, the right hand extended, the left
holding a dress sword ; behind, right, an
arm-chair ; in background, two rows of pil-
lars and a drawn curtain. Painted in 1796
for Marquis of Lansdowne ; sold, at his de-
cease, to Samuel Williams for £2,000 (an-
other statement, £540 15s.) ; disposed of by
lottery in 1824, forty tickets at 50 guineas
each, and drawn by father of present owner.
Exhibited at Centennial Exhibition, 1876,
and returned to England. Replicas : Henry
E. Pierrepont, Brooklyn ; Academy of Fine
Arts, Philadelphia ; a third, painted for
Gardner Baker, New York, was stolen and
carried to England (possibly the one now
owned by Russell Sturgis, of London) ; a
fourth, State House, Providence, R. I.; a
fifth, State House, Newport, R. I.; a sixth,
State House, Hartford, Conn.; a seventh,
with changes, Lenox Library, New York. —
Johnston, Portraits of W.; Mason, G. Stu-
art.
By Gilbert Stuart, deposited by city in
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Washing-
ton on Dorchester Heights. Full-length, in
uniform, standing beside a white horse,
holding the bridle in his left hand and his
chapeau in his right. Painted in 1806 ;
presented to town of Boston by Samuel
Parkman ; long in Faneuil Hall, where re-
placed by Miss Jane Stuart's copy. — John-
ston, Portraits of W.; Mason, G. Stuart.
By John Trumbull, City Hall, New York.
Full-length, in uniform, standing by a white
horse, leaning his arm upon the saddle ; in
408
WASHINGTON
background, British ships and boats leaving
the shore, and Staten Island in the distance.
Painted in 1790 by order of Common Coun-
cil.— Johnston, Portraits of W.
By John Trumbull, Yale College ; canvas,
life-size. Washington at Trenton. Full-
length, military costume ; in background,
an attendant with white horse. Painted in
1791 for city of Charleston, but the citizens
preferring one in civil costume, Trumbull
painted them another and retained this. A
bust portrait by Trumbull, painted in 1793,
also in Yale College Gallery. Trumbull
painted in 1780 a full-length of Washing-
ton, in military costume, for M. de Neuf-
ville, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; supposed to
be still in Europe. Cabinet portraits of
General and Sirs. Washington, painted by
Trumbull in 1794, are in the Patent Off-
ice, Washington ; and a full-length cabinet,
painted in 1790, belongs to Edmund Law
Rogers, Baltimore. — Johnston, Portraits of
W.; Amer. Art Review, ii. 190.
By Adolph Ulric Wertmilller, Charles A.
Davis, New York. Bust, citizen's dress, with
lace frill on shirt. Replicas : Mrs. Come-
Ihis Bogart, New York ; office of Secretary
of Interior, Washington. Painted in 1795. —
Johnston, Portraits of W.
WASHINGTON, APOTHEOSIS OF,
Constantino Jirumidi, canopy of the rotun-
da of the Capitol, Washington. In centre,
Washington seated in majesty, with God-
dess of Liberty on his right and Victory
on his left hand ; encircling this group are
thirteen female figures, personifying the
original States ; and around the border
are six groups, emblematic of the Fall
of Tyranny, Agriculture, Mechanics, Com-
merce, the Marine, and the Arts and Sci-
ences.
WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DEL-
AWARE, Emanuel Leutze, Mrs. Slarshall O.
Roberts, New York. The general, wrapped
in his military cloak, standing in a theatri-
cal attitude in the bow of a boat which men
are forcing with oars and boat-hooks through
floating blocks of ice.
WASHINGTON, RESIGNATION OF,
John Trumbull, rotunda of Capitol, Wash-
ington ; canvas, H. 12 ft. x 18 ft Washing-
ton appearing before Congress at Annapo-
lis, Dec. 23, 1783, to resign his commission
as Commander-in-Chief of the Continen-
tal Army. Among the spectators are Mrs.
Washington and her grandchildren. Paint-
ed in 1827 for $8,000. Original study in
Yale College Gallery.
WATELET, LOUIS ETTENNE, born in
Paris, Aug. 25, 1780, died there, June 21,
1866. Landscape painter ; studied nature
deeply, and became one of the foremost ar-
tists of his class. After having visited Italy
in 1822, he began, with his Lake of Nemi,
in 1824, a series of exquisite landscapes of
realistic character, which won him fame at
home and abroad. He was the master of
Paul Delaroche, and influenced Troyon,
Huet, Lapito, Corot, Aligny, and others.
Medals: 2d class, 1818; 1st class, 1819;
L. of Honour, 1825. Works : Herdsmen
(1810); Napoleon in Ludwigsburg (1815),
Versailles Museum ; Henri IV. in the Forest
of Ailas (1819), Fontainebleau ; Romantic
Landscape (1819), Amiens Museum ; St. Je-
rome in the Desert (1822), Louvre ; Lake of
Nemi (1824) ; Norman Village (1835) ; Val-
ley of Gisors (1840) ; Flight into Egypt
(1842), Palais de Saint-Germaiu-en-Laye ;
Views in Tyrol (1848, 1850, 1857) ; View of
Lyons, Aix Museum ; Landscapes in SIusc-
ums of Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nimes, Neu-
chatel, KOnigsberg (2, 1835, 1845) ; Rac-
zynski Gallery, Berlin (1824). — Bellier, ii.
713; Jal, 1296 ; Journal of the Soc. of Arts
(18G6) ; Sleyer, Gesch., 732 ; Larousse.
WATELIN, LOUIS VICTOR, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Diaz. Sledal, 3d class, 1876.
Works : Artists' Path in Forest of Fontaine-
bleau (1870) ; Views in Oise (1873, 1874) ;
Mill at Gamaches, Communal Sleadow at
Bouvaincourt (1875) ; Road of Lesuette
(1876) ; Willows of Bourbel (1877) ; Port of
Sevres (1878) ; Views in Gironde, Sornme,
Picardy, and Normandy (1878-86).
WATER CARRIER
WATER CARRIER, Velasquez, Apsley
House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2
ft. 6 in. A man in tattered brown doublet,
with his left hand on a large earthen jar,
hands a glass of water to a boy who stands
beside a table on which is a smaller jar ;
another boy drinks from a pot. Earliest
recorded picture of Velasquez ; painted in
Seville about 1620. Carried off by Joseph
Bonaparte in his flight from Madrid, but
captured in his carriage at Vittoria, and
Water Carrier, Velasquez, Apsley House, London.
afterwards presented by Ferdinand VIE. to
the Duke of Wellington. Engraved by B.
Amettler; outline, E. Lingee. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole espagnole ; Klas. der Malerei ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1879), xx. 232 ; Stirling, 1396.
WATERHOUSE, JOHN WILLIAM, born
in Rome, Italy, of English parents, in 1849.
Went to England in 1854 ; history painter,
pupil of Royal Academy schools. First ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy, in 1874, Sleep
and his Brother Death. Revisited Italy in
1883. Elected an A.R.A. in 1885. Works:
Miranda (1875) ; After the Dance (1876) ;
Sick Child brought
into the Temple of
^sculapius (1877) ;
La Favorita (1879) ;
Rival Roses, Sum-
mer's Day (1881) ;
Diogenes (1882); Fa-
vourites of the Em-
peror Honorius, Bub-
bles (1883); Consult-
ing the Oracle (1884);
St. Eulalia's Crucifixion, By-way in Old
Rome (1885) ; Magic Circle, Flower Market
(1886).
WATER MILL, Meyndert Hobbema, for-
merly in Hamilton Palace Collection ; wood,
H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 9£ in. On the right, a thick
cluster of trees, the foliage of which partly
conceals the cottages and overshadows the
mill in the centre ; in foreground, the mill
stream, fringed with bulrushes and aquatic
plants, and with two pollard willows on the
bank ; a man fishing, another looking on,
and a third crossing a rustic bridge. Hamil-
ton Palace sale (1882), to Sedelmeyer, Paris,
£4,252 10s. Another in Dutuit Collection,
Paris, bought at De Morny sale (1852),
105,000 francs. A third, Pereire sale, Paris
(1872), 30,000 francs. Others in Bucking-
ham Palace, Bute Collection, Bridgewater
Collection, and National Gallery, London.
— Smith, vi. 156 ; Larousse, xi. 634.
WATERING PLACE, Thomas Gainsbor-
ough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
I ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. Evening ; a wooded
landscape, with village church in distance ;
at left, a figure sitting under a wall ; at
right, a man and dog, with cattle in a pool.
Engraved by W. Miller. — Art Journal
(1853), 184.
By Thomas Gainsborough, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft.
II in. Evening ; a thickly wooded land-
scape, with figures to left ; in foreground,
to right, some cattle and goats standing
in a pool. See, also, Brook. Presented in
410
WATERLOO
Worked in New York and Boston before he
went to Europe in 1878. Was an A.N.A.
Work : Gulliver in Lilliput (1876).
WATSON, GEORGE, born at Overmains,
Berwickshire, in 1707, died at Edinburgh,
Aug. 24, 1837. Portrait painter, pupil of
Alexander Nasinyth and of Sir Joshua Rey-
1827 by Lord Farnborough. Engraved by
W. Miller ; and in Jones's National Gallery ;
etched by R S. Chattock in Portfolio.— Cai
Nat Gal. ; Portfolio (1875), 49.
By Philips Wouwerman, Munich Gallery ;
wood, H. 1 ft. x 1 ft. 2 in. Men watering
horses at the side of a river, which is seen to
a great distance at right ;
cattle are being ferried
across. At left, an old wall,
and a gateway from which
a muleteer is issuing. Lith-
ographed by F. Hohe. — Ro-
veil, xiii. 898.
WATERLOO, ANTHO-
NIE, born at Lille about
1618 (?), died at Amster-
dam after 1673. Dutch
school ; landscape painter,
whose works are distin-
guished for facile treatment
and faithful representation
of nature. His aorial per-
spective is always good ;
trees and plants are correct
in colour and of great vari-
ety. Landscapes in Muse-
ums and Galleries of Am- Witeiing P|ace Phi|ipt Wouvvetman, Munich Glllery.
sterdam, Dresden, Gotlia,
(2), Hanover, Stuttgart, Munich, Wiesbaden, I nolds. He settled in Edinburgh, where he
and Florence. — Ch.
Blanc, ficole hollan-
was long the rival of Sir Henry Raeburn.
From 1808 to 1812 ho presided over the
daise ; Dioskur en Society of Associated Artists of Scotland,
(1860), 177, 185, 195, 202 ; Havard, A. & A. j aud on the foundation of the Royal Scottish
Academy, in 1826, he was elected president,
and held that office until his death. Por-
hol., ii. 189.
WATERLOW,
ERNEST A., London
contemporary. Landscape and genre paint-
er. Works : Last of the Shower (1877) ;
Close of Midsummer's Day (1879) ; Out-
ward Bound, Bluebells (1881); Home Again,
Sheep- Washing, Woodland Gleanings (1882) ;
Beltein — Midsummer Eve in Cornwall,
Fisherman's Garden (1883) ; Sand Dig-
traits of Benjamin West, Archibald Skirving,
and of himself, National Gallery, Edin-
burgh.
WATSON, JOHN, born in Scotland in
1685, died in New Jersey, Aug. 22, 1768.
Portrait painter, pupil of
Academy, Edinburgh. He
the Trustees'
emigrated in
ging, Breezy Tintagel, Shepherd's Return 1 1715 to New Jersey, where he is said to
(1884) ; Scant Fuel, From the Ferry (1885) ; ! have amassed a property by the practice of
Sunny Hours, Waiting, Rough Sea (1886). his profession.
WATERMAN, MARCUS, born in Provi- WATSON, WILLIAM SMELLTE, born
dence, R L; died in 1883. Genre painter, in Edinburgh in 1796, died there, Novem-
411
WATTEAU
f
ber, 1874. Portrait painter, son and pupil
of George Watson ; studied also in the
Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, in the Royal
Academy, London, and under Sir David
Wilkie, whom he assisted in the Penny
Wedding and other works. He was one of
the original members of the Royal Scottish
Academy. Work : The Student, National
Gallery, Edinburgh.
WATTEAU, ANTOINE, born at Valenci-
ennes, Oct. 10,
1684, died at
Nogent-sur-
Marne, July
18, 1721.
French school;
genre painter,
first instructed
by an obscure
painter in Va-
I enciennes ;
went to Paris
in 1702, and entered the studio of Gillot,
where he acquired a taste for the humorous
subjects for which he was afterwards dis-
tinguished. After a further apprenticeship
under the decorative painter Claude Audran
3d, he exhibited two pictures for which he
was received into the Academy in 1717.
Meanwhile he had continued his studies in
copying the masterpieces of Rubens and
Paolo Veronese. His great reputation rests
on a series of pictures of conventional shep-
herds and shepherdesses, dancers and com-
edians, painted with unrivalled freshness,
grace, and charm. More than 563 plates
after his pictures were engraved by Thom-
assin, Cochin, and Cardon. Works : Em-
barkation for Cythera (1717), Gilles of the
Comedie italienne, L'indifferent, La finette,
Assembly in a Park, Juggler, Jupiter and An-
tiope, three others, Louvre ; Fete Champetre,
Angers Museum ; Harlequin meeting Panta-
loon, Pierrot, and Colombine, Foot Soldier
Reconnoitring, Nantes Museum ; Monkey
Sculptor, Orleans Museum ; Country Scene,
Landscape, Troyes Museum ; Conversation
in a Park, Portrait of the Sculptor Antoine
Joseph Pater, Valenciennes Museum ; Con-
cert Champutre, Two Lovers Surprised,
Buckingham Palace, London ; Rendez-vous
at the Chase, Village Fete, Sir Richard
Wallace, ib.; do., Sir T. Baring, ib.; French
Pastoral, Fete Champetre, Toy Windmill,
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Love in
French Comedy, do. in Italian Comedy, La
Colation, Berlin Museum ; Assembly mak-
ing Merry in a Park (2), Cassel Gallery ;
Conversation on a Terrace, Company resting
on a Lawn, Dresden Museum ; Tender Con-
versation, Konigsberg Museum ; Young Girl
with Sunshade, Schwerin Gallery ; The
Minuet, The Savoyard, The Serenade, Fa-
tigues of War, Alleviations of War, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Guitar Player, Vienna
Museum ; Lady and Cavaliers in a Garden,
Uffizi, Florence ; Marriage Contract and
Fete Champetre, Assembly in Park of St.
vpi Cloud, Madrid Muse-
- W, urn.— Art Journal, iii.
77; Bellier, ii. 714;
*«•* ^ Bentley's Mag., Ivii.
304; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole fran9aise, ii.;
(jo ; Leg peintres des
fetes galantes (Paris, 1853); Cellier, Ant.
Watteau (Paris, 1867) ; Cousin, Tombeau
de W. (Paris, 1866) ; Denaux, Notice sur A.
W. (Valenciennes, 1834) ; Dohme, 3 ; Du-
mont, Ant. Wat. (Paris, 1866); Goncourt,
Cat. raisonne (Paris, 1875) ; do., L'art du
xviii. siecle, i. 1 ; Hedouin, Watteau, es-
sai sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1845) ; Houssaye,
Hist., 161 ; Larousse, xv. 1287 ; Lecarpen-
tier, Suite de la galerie des peintres celebres
(Rouen, 1815) ; Portfolio, iii. 18 ; Stothert,
110 ; Wurzbach, Fr. Mai. d. xviii. Jahrh., 21 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. 86.
WATTIER, CHARLES EMILE, born in
Paris, Nov. 17, 1800, died there, Nov. 22,
1868. Genre painter, pupil of Lafond and
of Gros ; imitated the style of the masters
of the 18th century, especially Watteau and
Boucher. Works: Prayer at Church ; Com-
ing from Church ; Ambuscade ; Ninon de
L'Enclos ; Entering the Bath ; Dinner in
412
WATTS
XV.
the Bower ; First Spring Day ; From the
History of Psyche ; Boudoir of Princess
Galitzin. — Bellier, ii. 718 ; Larousse,
1289 ; Meyer, Gesch., 613, 665.
WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK, born
in London in 1818.
Subject and portrait
painter, pupil of Roy-
al Academy, where he
exhibited in 1837 ;
first attracted notice
in 1842 by his car-
toon, Caractacus led
in Triumph through
the Streets of Rome,
for which he was awarded a prize of £300
in the competition for the decoration of the
Houses of Parliament. After studying some
time in Florence, he won a prize, in 1847, of
£500 for a cartoon of Alfred inciting the
Saxons to prevent the Landing of the Danes
by meeting them at Sea. He has painted
some important frescos, chief of which is
the School of Legislation, in the dining-hall
of Lincoln's Inn. Mr. Watts has exhibited
many ideal pictures, but his chief honours
have been won in portraiture, in which he
has few rivals. He is also noted as a sculp-
tor. He was elected an A.R.A. in 1867, and
R. A. in 1868. Medals : 1st class, Paris, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1878 ; 1st class, Antwerp Ex-
hibition, 1885. Among his principal sub-
ject pieces are : The Window-Seat, Sir Gal-
ahad (1862); Virginia, Ariadne (1863); Esau
(1865); Thetis (1866); Lamplight Study
(1867); Wife of Pygmalion, Jacob and Esau
(1868) ; Return of the Dove, Red Cross Knight
and Una (1869) ; Daphne, Fata Morgana
(1870); The Prodigal (1873); To all Churches
(1875) ; By the Sea (1876) ; Love and Death
The Dove, Lady Lindsay of Balcarres
(1877) ; Britomart and her Nurse, Florence
(1878) ; Paolo and Francesco, Orpheus and
Eurydice, Enid and Geraint, Dorothy (1879);
Psyche (1880) ; Dean's Daughter, Lucy
(1880) ; Arcadia, Carrara from Pisa (1881) ;
Katie, Condottiere of 15th Century, Rider
on Pale Horse, do. on White Horse, do. on
Black Horse, do. on Red Horse (1883) ; Love
and Life, Rain passing Away, Uldra, Alice,
Happy Warrior (1884); Ararat (1885); Death
of Cain, The Soul's Prism, Hope (1886).
Among his portraits are those of Tennyson,
Browning, Swinburne, William Morris, Car-
lyle, Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, Dean
Stanley, W. E. Lecky, Gladstone, Duke of
Argyll, Leslie Stephen, Holinan Hunt, Burne-
Jones, Millais, Leighton, Lord Lyndhurst,
Sir Alexander Cockburn, Viscount Stratford
de Redcliffe, Sir C. W. Dilke, Viscount Sher-
brooke, Mrs. Frederick Myers, Marquis of
Salisbury (1884), Earl Lytton (1884). A
collection of his works was exhibited at the
Metropolitan Museum, New York, in 1884-
85. Mr. Watts has lately announced that
he will work hereafter for the nation only,
and not for private individuals. — Meynell,
225 ; L'Art (1882), ii. 8 ; Portfolio (1870),
65 ; (1879), 129 ; Art Journal (1884).
WAUTERS, CHARLES AUGUSTIN,
born at Boom, near Antwerp, April 23,
1811. History painter, pupil of Mechlin
and Antwerp Academies ; then studied in
Paris, and in 1836 returned to Mechlin.
Member of the Amsterdam Academy, 1855.
Medals : Brussels, 1836 ; Order of Leopold.
Works : Unhappy Family, Death of Mary
of Burgundy (1836) ; Episode in History of
Mary of Burgundy (1839) ; Martyrdom of
St. Lawrepce (1840) ; Glorification of St.
Rombout ; Last Supper ; Peter the Hermit ;
Crucifixion (1862) ; Calvaert instructing his
Pupils in Anatomy ; Anniversary of Battle
of Waterloo ; Entry of Great Council into
Mechlin ; Fair Edith ; Gentleman compar-
ing Time on his Watch with Clock, Carls-
ruhe Gallery. — Irnmerzeel, iii. 222 ; Kramm,
vi. 1833.
WAUTERS, £MILE, born in Brussels,
Nov. 29, 1846. History painter, pupil of
Portaels, then in Paris (1867) of Gerome ;
visited Italy and Germany in 1868, and
Egypt in 1869. Member of Brussels, Vien-
na, and Madrid Academies. Medals : Par-
is, 2d class, 1875, 1876 ; of honour, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1878 ; Orders of Leopold and of
413
WAVE
Francis Joseph. Works: Morning after Bat-
tle of Hastings (1868) ; Mary of Burgundy
interceding for her Min-
isters (1870), Liege Mu-
seum ; Madness of Hugh
van der Goes (1871),
Museum, Brussels; Mary
of Burgundy's Oath to
respect Privileges of the
Commons (1876, origi-
nal owned by John G.
Johnson, Philadelphia),
Citizens of Brussels de-
manding Constitution of Duke John IV.,
City Hall, ib.; Scene in Cairo ; Burial of a
Monk.— Miiller, 547.
WAVE, THE (La vague), Gustave Cour-
bet, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
9 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. A strip of sandy, pebbly
beach in foreground, with two fishing-boats
drawn up at left ; in background, the sea,
with a single sail in the offing and a long
crested wave rolling inward and about to
break on the shore. Salon, 1870.
WAY, A. J. H., born in Washington,
D. C., in 1826. Still-life painter, pupil of
J. P. Frankenstein in Cincinnati, of Alfred
Miiller in Baltimore, and of Drolling in
Paris (1850). Entered the Academy at Flor-
ence in 1851. After four years' absence in
Europe, he opened a studio in Baltimore,
and became vice-president of the Maryland
Academy, which he was instrumental in
founding. Exhibits at the National Acad-
emy, New York. Works : Christmas Morn-
ing (1870) ; Purity, Flora and Pomona, Dr.
Zollicoffer, Baltimore ; Prince Albert Grapes
(1874), W. T. Walters, ib.; Black Grapes,
White Grapes, E. P. C. Lewis ; Flamme de
Tokay Grapes — California (1880); Pomona's
Offering (1881) ; Ked Head Duck (1882) ;
Cherries, Oysters, and Ale (1883); Gros
Colmo Grapes, Canvas-Back Ducks (1884) ;
Under the Vines (1885).
WEBER, ADOLPHE, born at Boulay
(Lorraine), March 4, 1842. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Laurent Marechal,
of Cogniet, and of Cabanel. Medal, 1867.
Works : Child's Slumber (1866) ; Awaken-
ing of Psyche (1867), Orleans Museum ;
Venus carried by Zephyr to Cyprus (1868) ;
Echo and Narcissus (1869), Metz Museum ;
Mystical Marriage of St. Catharine (1870) ;
Grandmother, Ischys and Coronis — Victims
of Apollo's Jealousy (1872) ; Cupid and
Psyche (1880) ; In the Country (1881) ;
Psyche whipped by Order of Venus (1884) ;
Temptation (1885) ; Legend of St. Herman
of Steinfeld (1886).
WEBEE, AUGUST, born in Frankfort,
Jan. 10, 1817, died in DUsseldorf, Sept. 9,
1873. Landscape painter, pupil of Rosen-
kranz, then in Darmstadt of Schilbach, with
whom he visited Switzerland ; then studied
two years at the Stiidel Institute in Frank-
fort, and one year at the Dilsseldorf Acad-
emy. Cultivated ideal landscape painting
and formed many pupils at Dilsseldorf,
where he settled ; made professor by King
of Prussia. Works : Westphalian Land-
scape (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ; Ital-
ian do. (1849), Evening do. (1851), Ravene
Gallery, ib. ; do., Diisseldorf Gallery ; others
in Museums of Cologne, Leipsic, Konigs-
berg (1855), and Stettin.— Blanckarts, 67 ;
Cat. Cologne Mus., 232 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
238 ; Wolfg. Miiller, Dusseldf. K., 327.
WEBER, OTTO, born in Berlin, killed in
the war of 1870. Genre, landscape, and
animal painter, pupil in Berlin of Steffeck,
and in Paris of Couture ; settled in Milan.
Medals : Paris, 1864, 1869 ; Utrecht, 1866.
Works : Wedding in Brittany (1864) ; On
the Bleachery ; Colts ; First Snow on the
Alp (1866) ; In Fontainebleau Forest ; Cat-
tle Grazing ; The Ploughing, Under the
Chestnut Trees (1867) ; Deer Quarry, Ren-
tree du Bois de Chauffage (1868) ; Ox-Team
(1869) ; Springtime, Annunziata (1870) ;
Hay Gatherers, Fete in Brittany, Mr. Wal-
ters, Baltimore. — Hamerton, Painting in
France.
WEBER, PAUL, born in Darmstadt in
1823. Landscape painter, pupil of Lucas,
and in Frankfort of the Stiidel Institute ;
went to Munich, where he studied chiefly
414
vtliora Saints. 1
J. H.. l>orh iu
made p
at!
WEBER
from nature, visited the East in 1846, then
studied in Antwerp under Deichmann. In
1848-58 he travelled in America and lived
in Philadelphia ; after his return, visited
Switzerland, France, and Great Britain, and
settled in Munich. Many of his pictures
are in America. Works : Twilight ; Mill in
Black Forest ; Storm on Chiem Lake ; View
in Catskill Mountains ; Beech Wood with
Farm House ; Forest Brook (1874), Darm-
stadt Museum ; Herd returning from Past-
ure (1880) ; Autumn Morning in Park of
Darmstadt (1883) ; Morning at Berchtes-
gaden (1884).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1865); Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 497.
WEBEE, THEODOR ALEXANDER,
born in Leipsic, May 11, 1838. Marine and
landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of Krause ;
went in 1856 to Paris, where he studied
under Isabey, and soon acquired great repu-
tation ; went to London in 1870, and settled
in Brussels in 1874. Member of Societas
Artis et Amicitice, Amsterdam, and other
European art societies. Medals : Rouen,
1866 ; Havre, 1868 ; London, 1871 ; Phila-
delphia, 1876. Works : Mont Orgueil in
Jersey ; Spreewald ; Sea View in Normandy ;
Coast near iStretat ; Sassnitz in Rflgen ;
Return in Winter ; Shipwreck near Dieppe ;
Banks of Seine ; Sunrise ou Coast of Brit-
tany ; Rock of Leide (1866); After the
Storm ; Harbour of Fecamp ; Ebb at Ostend
(1875) ; King of Belgium ; Mail-Ship be-
tween Ostend and Dover ; Shipwreck in Bay
of Douarnenez, Evrard Gallery, London ;
Arrival of French Mail-Ship at Dover,
Willis Gallery, ib.; In Harbour of Vlissing-
en, Lemmo Gallery, Antwerp ; In Harbour
of Ostend, Hauff Gallery, Paris ; Shipwreck
near Troport, Avignon Museum ; Twilight
on Seashore, Thiem Collection, Berlin.—
Illustr. Zeitg. (1864) ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xix. 1022.
WEBSTER, THOMAS, born in Pimlico,
March 20, 1800, died in 1886. Genre
painter, student in 1821 of Royal Academy,
where he took the first prize for painting in
1825 ; elected an A.R.A. in 1840, and R.A.
in 1846 ; retired in 1877. In his pictures
children are generally the principal actors.
Works: Gunpowder Plot (1829); Village
School (1833) ; Football (1839) ; Punch
(1841); Sickness and Health (1843) ; Dame's
School (1845) ; Village Choir (1847) ; Slide,
See-Saw (1849) ; School Playground (1852);
Hide and Seek (1856) ; Sunday Evening,
Grace before Meat (1858) ; Autumn, Win-
ter (1860) ; Politicians (1869) ; Volunteers
at Artillery Practice (1871) ; Odd or Even
(1872) ; Interested Adviser (1873) ; Wreck
Ashore (1874) ; Youth and Age (1876) ; The
Letter (1877) ; Released from School (1879).
— Saudby, ii. 177 ; Art Journal (1886), 351.
WEDDED, Sir Frederick Leighton, Syd-
ney Museum, New South Wales ; canvas.
Two figures walking under the arches of a
terrace, in glow of orange and purple ; back-
ground of blue sea and sky. Purchased for
£1,500.— R. Acad., 1882.
WEDDING-FEAST, RUSSIAN, Kon-
stantin Makovski, Charles W. Schumann,
New York ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 13 ft. ; signed,
dated 1883. The wedding-banquet hi tho
house of a wealthy Boyar in the seventeenth
century. The company, gathered around a
splendidly appointed table, have turned to
greet the bride and groom, who stand at
the head of the table at right, and wait with
filled cups to drink to their happiness when
the young husband, who now sees his wife
for the first time unveiled, shall have given
her the husband-kiss ; at the left, a group
are making merry over the bride's slipper,
which they have secured and hidden ; an at-
tendant is entering with a large dish, and
others are looking through the doorway.
Exhibited at the International Exposition,
Antwerp, 1885, where it was awarded the
medal of honour.
WEDDING-GOWN, CHOOSING THE,
William Mulready, South Kensington Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 5 in.
Scene suggested by opening passage in
"Vicar of Wakefield." Royal Academy,
1846 ; Sheepshanks Collection. Engraved
by F. A. Heath.— Art Journal (1869), 4.
415
WEDDING
WEDDING UNDER THE DIREC-
TORY, Frederik Henclrik Kaemmerer, Jay
Gould, New York; canvas. A gay wed-
ding-party in the time of the Directory
(1795-99), or government of the first French
republic. Salon, 1879. Bought originally
by Thomas A. Howell, Brooklyn, who sold
it to Mr. Gould.
WEED GATHERERS, Jules Breton,
Comte Duchatel, Paris. Sturdy peasants
gathering seaweed. Painted in 1861. One
of the painter's most characteristic works.
WEEKS, EDWIN LORD, born in Bos-
ton in 1849. Landscape and figure paint-
er, pupil in Paris of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts, Bonnat, and Gerome. Sketched and
painted in Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and
Tangier, and is particularly noted for pict-
ures of Eastern life. Member of the Bos-
ton Art Club. Honourable mention, Paris
Salon, 1885. Works: Jerusalem from the
Bethany Road ; Cup of Coffee ; Pilgrimage
to the Jordan ; Scene in Tangier, T. G.
Appleton, New York ; Alhambra Windows ;
They toil not, neither do they spin ; Arab
Story Teller (187G) ; Moorish Camel Driver
(1878).
WEENIX (Weeninckx), JAN BAPTISTA,
born in Amsterdam in 1621, died at Huis
ter Mey, near Utrecht, before Oct. 31, 1664
Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Jan Micker, then of
Abraham Bloemart in Utrecht, and of Nico-
laas Moeyaert, whom he closely imitated ;
went to Rome in 1643, and was employed by
Cardinal Pamfili, afterwards Pope Innocent
X. After his return in 1647 he lived in Am-
sterdam, then at Utrecht, where he appears
among the managers of the guild in 1649.
He represented equally well historical sub-
jects, genre, landscapes, harbours, archi-
tecture, and animals, with a warm and
pleasing colouring and a free and ingeni-
ous touch. Works : Italian Seaport, Fruit-
Piece, New York Museum ; Figures among
Roman Ruins, Stafford House, London ;
Repulse of Pirates, Louvre ; Dutch Lady at
Toilet (attributed), Brussels Museum ; Ital-
ian Seaport, Antwerp Museum ; do., Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Tobias asleep under a Vine
(1662), Rotterdam Museum ; Musical Party,
Roman Ruins with Shepherd, Brunswick
Gallery ; View of Venice, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Dogs by Fallen Horse, Partridge and
Duck, Fruit-Piece, Cassel Gallery ; Erminia
begging for Shelter, Berlin Museum ; Tink-
er (1674), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Meet-
ing of Jacob and Esau, Hen and Dog, Dres-
den Gallery ; Peasants near Antique Ruins,
Still-Life, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Carpet
Seller, Huntsman with Game (1665?), Sleep-
ing Girl with Tambourine, Knife Grinder,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Kitchen Interior,
do. (1652), Shepherd Life in the Campagna,
Merry Company on Seashore, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Shepherd resting by Antique Monu-
ments, Dead Game, Stuttgart Museum ; Sea-
port, Museum, Vienna ; Landscapes with
Animals, Academy and Czernin Gallery, ib. ;
Landscapes (2, one dated 1654), Dead Game
Birds (2), Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Prog-
ress of Abraham, Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Ital-
ian Landscape with Sheep, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Seaport, Leuchtenberg Gal-
lery, ib.; Milking a Goat, Dead Game, Pe-
terhof. — Ch. Blanc, ficole hollandaise ; Bode,
Studien, 174 ; Dohme, lii.; Fetis, Cat. Brus-
sels Mus., 495 ; Immerzeel, iii. 223 ; Kramm,
vi. 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 453 ; Meyer,
Gemalde kongl. Mus., 522 ; Riegel, Beitriige,
ii. 379.
WEENIX, JAN, born in Amsterdam, Dec.,
1640, died there, Sept. 20, 1719. Dutch
school ; animal, landscape, still-life, and
portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan Bap-
tista, and, like him, painted also seaports,
architecture, and figures with equal excel-
lence. In 1702-12 he painted for the
Elector John William, in his Castle Bens-
berg, near Cologne, a series of hunting and
animal pieces which belong to his most
AVEEPER
admirable productions. Most of them are
now in Munich. Lived several years at
Utrecht, where he is
inscribed in records
of guild in 1664
and 1668. His dead
hares are famous for
fine brush work.
Works : Dead Game
and Dog, Hunting
Scene, National Gal-
lery, London ; Dead
Hare, Buckingham
Palace, ib. ; Hare, Swan, Dog, and Parrot,
Two Companion Game-Pieces, Mr. Hope,
ib. ; ten first-rate specimens, Sir Richard
Wallace, ib.; Seaport in Spain, Game-Piece,
Blenheim sale, London, 1886 ; Game and
Utensils of Chase (1671), Dog watching
Dead Game (1696), Seaport (1704), Lou-
vre, Paris ; Dead Game and Fruit (1705),
Brussels Museum ; Roe and Swan, Dead
Game, Hague Museum ; Dead Game (2),
do. and Fruits (1704), Country House (1714),
Dogs, Male Portrait (1682), Peacock and
other Birds (1716), Rotterdam Museum ;
Dead Hare and Weapons of Chase, Musee
Rath, Geneva ; do. (1701), Dead Game and
Dog, Copenhagen Gallery ; Elizabeth Char-
lotte of Orleans (1697), Dead Game (2),
Bouquet, Berlin Museum ; Dead Hare and
Implements of the Chase (1681), Portrait of
Dutch Merchant, Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Dead Game Birds (1718), Genre Scene,
Gotha Museum ; Dead Game (10, six dated
1665, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1708, 1712), Wom-
an Asleep watched by Dog, Boar Hunt, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead Hare and Birds
(1691), two others, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg; do. (1), Leuch-
tenberg Gallery, ib. ;
others, principally
Dead Game-Pieces,
in Galleries and Mu-
seums of Bruns-
wick, Carlsruhe (2,
1681, 1683), Cassel, Dresden (4, three dated
1689, 1690), Schleissheim (8, one dated
1714), Schwerin (2, one dated 1687), Vien-
na (1690), Wiesbaden ; Academy, Czernin,
Liechtenstein (4), and Schonborn (3) Galler-
ies, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, iCcole hollandaise ;
Dohme, lii. ; Gool, i. 78 ; Immerzeel, iii. 224 ;
Kramm, vi. 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 456 ;
Stuers, 180 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 352.
WEEPER. See Eberliard.
WEERTS, JEAN JOSEPH, born at Rou-
baix (Nord), May 1,
1847. History and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Cabanel, Mils,
and Pils. Medal,
2d class, 1875 ; L.
of Honour, 1884.
Works : Old Soldier's
Repose (1869) ; Nazli
(1873), Lima Muse-
um, Fais ce quo dois (1873), Roubaix Mu-
seum ; The Captive (1874) ; Descent from
the Cross (1875) ; Legend of St. Francis of
Assisi (1877, bought by the State) ; The Vir-
gin fainting at the Foot of the Cross (1878) ;
Assassination of Marat (1880) ; Joseph Bara
(1882); Death of Joseph Bara (1883) ; St.
•7.J. WEERTS
Francis of Assisi borne to Santa Maria do
Porciuncula (1884).— Bellier, ii. 719.
W'EGELIN, ADOLF, born at Cleve in
1810, died in Cologne, Jan. 18, 1881.
Landscape and architecture painter, pupil
of Diisseldorf Academy under J. W. Schir-
mer, then studied in Nuremberg and Mu-
nich, and in 1836 settled in Cologne, where,
after 1842, he was especially employed for
Frederick William IV., by whose order ho
visited Belgium and Holland to paint his-
torical buildings. Court painter in 1861.
rf IJ&' Almost all his works are
C/Y fY in the Royal Collection at
Berlin. Works : Mediaeval Castles (2), Co-
logne Museum. — Kunst-Chrouik, xvi. 296.
WEGENER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM,
born in Dresden, April 20, 1812, died at
Gruna, near Dresden, July 11, 1879. Ani-
nial and landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
417
WEGMANN
hagen and Dresden Academies— at the lat-
ter under Dahl ; afterwards travelled in Ger-
many, Denmark, France, Switzerland, and
North Italy. Saxon court painter in I860.
Works : Fallow Deer (1847), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Prairie Fire in America (1846),
Stags crossing Water (1855), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Principal Christian Feasts at Seasons.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xvii. 991.
WEGMANN, BEETHA, born at Soglio,
Switzerland, Dec. 16, 1847. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil in Copenhagen of Fred-
erik Helsted and Frederik Christian Lund ;
went in 1867 to Munich, and there studied
under Lindenschmit and Kurzbauer, having
meanwhile spent a year in Florence ; then
visited Paris. Mention honourable, 1880 ;
3d class medal, 1882 ; Thorvaldsen medal,
Copenhagen. Works: Sick Child (1873);
Widow with her Child (1877) ; Portrait of
her Sister (1882) ; Artist's Studio, Young
Mother with her Child in a Garden (1883) ;
Portrait of herself (1885).— Sig. Milller, 369.
WEGUELIN, J. R, born in England ;
contemporary. Genre painter, exhibits at
Royal Academy and at Grosvenor Gallery.
Works : Tired Dancer (1879) ; The Vintage
(1880) ; The Fishers, Eoman Acrobat (1881) ;
Evoii Bacche, Habet ! Feast of Flora (1882) ;
Maidens' Eace, Libation to the Nymph, A
Secret (1883) ; Herodias and her Daughter,
The Bath (1884) ; Swing Feast, An Egyptian
Difficulty in Time of Augustus (1885) ; Ob-
sequies of an Egyptian Cat, Summer After-
noon, The Fair Girl (1886).
WEIEB, JACOB, born in Hamburg (?),
died there, May 8, 1670. German school ;
history and genre painter, mentioned as
master of the Maleramt at Hamburg in
1648. His works are extremely rare.
Works : Crucifixion, Falcon Chase, Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Crucifixion, Provinzial Muse-
nm, Mtinster ; Capture of a Standard, Ky-
burg Gallery, Switzerland. — Schlie, 687.
WEIGAND, KONEAD, born at Nurem-
berg, Dec. 12, 1842. History painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy. Medal, Munich.
Works : Eeligious Conversation between
Ulrich von Hutten, Franz von Sickingen,
and Martin Bucer ; Luther's Entry into
Worms (1879); Eobber Knight brought
captive into Nuremberg in 1472 (1885). In
fresco : Marriage of Albrecht Diirer and
Agnes Frey. — Miiller, 550 ; D. Eundschau,
xx. 460 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii. 14.
WEIE, JOHN FEEGUSON, born at West
Point,N.Y.,Aug. 28,
1841. Subject and
portrait painter, son
and pupil of Eobert
Walter Weir. Visit-
ed Europe in 1868 ;
in 1869 became di-
rector of the Yale
School of Fine Arts.
Elected N.A in
1866. Studio in
New Haven. Works : Culprit Fay ; Christ-
mas Bell, D. 0. Mills, New York ; Gun
Foundry (1867) ; Forging the Shaft (1868) ;
West Point, E. L. Stuart, New York ; The
Confessional (1876) ; Venice ; Tapping the
Furnace ; An Artist's Studio ; Morning
(1881) ; Theological Faculty of Yale College
(1882) ; Portrait of S. Wells Williams, Pro-
fessor of Chinese Language and Literature
at Yale College (1883); A Shimmering
Landscape, Pompilia (1886). — Sheldon, 175.
WEIE, JULIAN ALDEN, born at West
Point, N. Y., Aug.
30, 1852. Portrait
painter, son and
pupil of Eobert
Walter Weir, and
pupil of GcTome in
Paris in 1872-76.
Sketched and paint-
ed in Spain and Hol-
land. One of the
founders of the So-
ciety of American Artists ; exhibits at Paris
Salon and National Academy, New York.
Honourable mention, Paris Salon. Studio
in New York. Elected AN. A. in 1885, N. A.
in 1886. Ideal works : Scene in the Park
(1878) ; Good Samaritan (1879) ; Flower-
A
,
418
WKIll
Piece (1881) ; Dutch Peasant (1883), Muse
of Music, Metropolitan Museum, New
York ; Breton Interior, The Mother, Flow-
ers (1884). Water-colours : An Interior ;
Sunday Morning, Portrait of Sleeping Dog
(1884). Portraits : Robert Weir (1880) ;
Warren Delano (1881); Richard Grant
White (1883) ; Peter Cooper (1884) ; A
Revery (1886).
WEIR, ROBERT WALTER, born in New
Rochelle, June 18,
1803. History paint-
er, pupil of Jarvis ;
began to paint por-
traits in 1821, and
in 1824 went to
Florence, where he
studied with Ben-
venuti ; afterwards
studied nature and
old masters in Rome
(1825). Elected N.A. in 1829, and profes-
sor of drawing at the West Point Military
Academy in 1837, which position he held
for forty-two years. Studio in New York.
Works : Belle of the Carnival (1836) ; Land-
ing of Hendrik Hudson (1842) ; Embarka-
tion of the Pilgrims (1845), Capitol at Wash-
ington ; Evening of the Crucifixion (1867) ;
Virgil and Dante crossing the Styx (1869) ;
Titian in his Studio, Christ in the Garden
(1873) ; Our Lord on the Mount of Olives
(1877) ; Columbus before the Council of
Salamanca (1884).
WEIROTTER, FRANZ EDMUND, born
at Innsbruck, May 11, 1730, died in Vienna
in 1771. German school ; landscape paint-
er, studied at Innsbruck, Vienna, and Mentz,
then in Paris under the engraver Johann
Georg Wille ; visited Italy, and became pro-
fessor at the Vienna Academy in 1767. Land-
scapes by him are in the Bamberg Gallery
(2), the Ferdinandeum at Innsbruck (2),
and the Stuttgart Museum. — Wurzbach.
WEISER, JOSEF (EMANUEL), born at
Patschkau, Silesia, May 10, 1847. Genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Wilhelm Diez ; visited Germany, Austria,
and Italy ; paints with striking humour and
keen satire. Works : Visit to Nunnery ;
Theatre in Eighteenth Century ; Acquitted ;
Harvest Festival in Silesia ; Defence of
Monastery ; Full Glasses— Warm Heads !
Last Refuge, Dresden Gallery ; Church
Militant (1879) ; Storming of Maidens' Cas-
tle (1882) ; After the Surprise (1883) ; Plun-
dering Scene in Thirty Years' War (1884) ;
Outpost, Hay for the Monastery (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Allgem. K. C.,
viii. 378 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ii. 9 ; (1884),
ii. 37; (1885), i. 412 ; Kuust-Chronik, xv.
432 ; xvii. 632 ; xix. 630 ; xx. 744.
WEISHAUPT, VIKTOR, born in Munich,
March 6, 1848. Animal painter, pupil of
Munich Academy under Wilhelm Diez, after
having served in the war of 1870-71. Gold
medal, London. Works : Cattle Herd by a
Windmill (1876) ; Wild Bull (1879) ; Water-
ing Place for Cattle, Herd returning Home
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Illustr.
Zeitg. (1880), ii. 72; Kunst-Cronik, xxii.
39 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xv. 224.
WEISS, FERDINAND, born at Magde-
burg, Aug. 10, 1814, died in Berlin, Jan.
23, 1878. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Berlin and Diisseldorf Academies under
Schadow. Made himself especially known
through his excellent illustrations for his
brother Hermann's splendid history of cos-
tume. In the National Gallery at Berlin is
by him : The Return of the Knight (1837).
—Jordan (1885), ii. 239.
WEISS, JOSEF ANDREAS, born at
Freising, Bavaria, in 1814. Architecture
painter, first instructed by his father, an
amateur, then pupil of Domeiiico Quaglio
in Munich. Lived for some time at St. Pe-
tersburg as court painter to the Duke of
Leuchtenberg, travelled in Russia, then set-
tled in Munich. Works : Views in Munich
(4, 1873, 1877, 1879, 1884, two with military
groups), New Pinakothek, Munich ; St.
Isaac's in St. Petersburg ; The Kremlin in
Moscow. — Mflller, 551.
WEISSENBRUCH, JAN, born at The
Hague, March 18, 1822, died there, Feb. 15,
419
WEISZ
1880. Painter of landscapes and city views,
pupil of Salomon, Leonardus Verveer ;
travelled in Holland and Belgium. Mem-
ber of Amsterdam Academy, 1846 ; of So-
cieto beige des Aquarellistes, 1858 ; of So-
ciotu des Artistes beiges, and of Rotterdam
Academy, 18G2. Medals : Rotterdam, 1844 ;
The Hague, 1857 ; Brussels, 1859. Officer
of Order of Oaken Crown, 1861. Works :
Market Square at The Hague, Stuttgart Art
School ; St. Mary's in Utrecht, Societas Artis
et Amicitirc, Rotterdam ; View of Leerdam,
another City View, Amsterdam Museum ;
View in Amsterdam, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Courtyard in Old Town ; Copper Gate at
Amersfoort ; Views of "Waudrichem, Boxtel,
Kuilenborg, etc. — Kramm, vi. 1838 ; Miil-
ler, 551.
WEISZ, ADOLPHE, born at Budapest ;
contemporary, naturalized Frenchman.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Jala-
bert. Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class,
1885. Works : Mendicant Nun, Alsatian
Fiancoe (1875) ; Young Mother watching
her Sleeping Child, The First Tooth (1876) ;
Jealousy, Moravian Fiancee (1877) ; Alsatian
Centenarian, In 1815 (1878) ; Asking for
Publication of Bans, Fiancee (1880) ; Her-
cules and Omphale (1881) ; Rene and Bob
(1882) ; Namouua (1884) ; Enamoured Lion
(1885) ; Nymph Discovering the Head of
Orpheus (1886).
WEITSCH, FRIEDRICH GEORG, born
in Brunswick, Aug. 8, 1758, died in Berlin,
May 30, 1828. History painter, son of the
landscape painter Johann Friedrich Weitsch
(1723-1803), pupil in Cassel of Wilhelm
Tischbein ; visited Holland and Italy, re-
turned to Brunswick in 1781, went as court
painter to Berlin in 1787, and became di-
rector of the Academy in 1797. In 1808
called to Stettin to paint Marshal Soult.
Works : Abbot Jerusalem, Alexander von
Humboldt as a Young Man (1806), National
Gallery, Berlin ; Portrait of his Father
(1797), Brunswick Gallery ; do. of the Ar-
chrcologist Hirt (1785), Filrstenberg Gal-
lery, Donaueschingeu ; do. of the Poet
Tiedge (1817), Kunsthalle, Hamburg. There
are four landscapes (1763-93) by his fa-
ther in Brunswick Gallery. — Jordan (1885),
ii. 240 ; Nagler, xxi. 268 ; N. Necrol. der
D. (1828), i. 439.
WELL-BRED SITTERS, Sir Edwin
Landseer, private gallery, England. A large
black dog, with a badger-hair brush in his
mouth, sits, as if before an artist, a model
of dignity and self-possession ; by his side
a fawn-coloured dog is posed with great
elegance ; in the foreground, several dead
doves, a pheasant, and a purple-velvet cigar-
case. British Institution (1864). Coleman
sale (1881), £5,250.— Stephens, Sir E. L.,
106.
WELLER, THEODOR LEOPOLD, born
at Mannheim, May 29, 1802, died there,
Dec. 10, 1880. Genre painter, pupil of
Mannheim Art School, then of Munich
Academy under Langer ; lived in Rome in
1825-33, and is now director of the Mann-
heim Gallery. Works : Peasant Woman at
her Boy's Sick-Bed, Visit to Prisoner (1835),
National Gallery, Berlin ; -Italian Woman
with Jug, Fortune
Teller, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery; Italian Field
Labourers passing
through Old Gate
(1831), New Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Old Peasant at Olevano ;
Public Scribe.— Jordan (1885), ii. 240.
WELLS, HENRY TANWORTH, born in
London in 1828.
Portrait and land-
scape painter ; an
eminent miniature
painter, but since
1860 has contributed
many large portraits
and some ideal can-
vases to the Royal
Academy. Elected
an A.R.A. in 1866,
and R.A. in 1870. Works: Old Stone-
breaker and Child, The Laurel Walk (1879) ;
Picnic, Victoria Regina (1880) ; Ethel (1882);
WELTER
Quarry on the Hill, Leaving the Common
(1883) ; Friends, Loading at a Quarry, An
Old Crone (1884) ; Quarry Men of Purbeck
(1885). Mrs. H. T. Wells (Johanna Mary
Boyce 1831-61) was a genre painter of con-
siderable skill.
WELTER, MICHAEL, born in Cologne
in 1806. History painter ; studied in Berlin
and in Paris, and devoted himself to deco-
rative and monumental painting. Works :
Frescos in the Temple House, Cologne ;
Choir of Si Kunibert's, ib. (encaustic,
1856-59) ; religious pictures in the Chapel
and life-size portraits of the old landgraves
in the Rittersaal of the Wartburg, near
Eisenach (1859-61) ; Life of St. Godehard
(1861-63), Godehardi Church, Hildesheim.
— Mttller, 551.
WENCKER, JOSEPH, born at Stras-
bourg, Nov. 3, 1848.
Genre painter, pupil
of Gerome and of the
Ecole des Beaux Arts.
Won grand prix de
Rome in 1876. Med-
al: 2d ckss, 1877.
Works : Intimacy
(1873); Under the
Leaves (1874) ; Girls
putting on Flowers
(1875); Stoning of St. Stephen (1876);
Priam asking Achilles for Hector's Body
(1876) ; St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1879) ;
Saul consulting the Pythoness (1880) ; St.
John Chrysostom Preaching (1882) ; Woman
Bathing (1883). — Larousse.
WENETZIANOFF.ALEXEI GAVRTLO-
VICH, born at Nejine (Nezheen) in 1780,
died in the government of Tver, Dec. 5,
1846. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
and afterwards member of St. Petersburg
Academy. Works : Young Russian Peasant,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Peasant Girl at
Communion, Prianishnikof Collection, ib. ;
Interior of a Barn.
WENGLEIN, JOSEF, born in Munich,
Oct. 5, 1845. Landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy, of Steffan, and of Adolf
Lier ; paints well-conceived views in the high
plains of Upper Bavaria, treating with es-
pecial predilection old giant trees on the
steep banks of the Isar. Royal Professor
in Munich. Numerous medals. Works:
Mountain Ridge with Ruin (1875) ; Siiusee
in Upper Bavaria (1877); Spring Song, Lake
Chiem, Autumn Landscape with Hunting
Party, Winter Landscape on the Isar, Moor
in Upper Bavaria (1880) ; Temple of Posei-
don at Psestum (1882) ; Limestone Gather-
ers in the Isar Bed (1883), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Isar Valley near Baierbrunn (1883) ;
do. near Tiilz (1884), Cologne Museum ;
Autumn Landscape, In the Moss (1884). —
Mailer, 552 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 580 ; xx.
347; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 159 ; xx. 72.
WERESCHAGIN. See Vereschayin.
WERFF, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at
Kralinger-Am-
bacht, near Rot-
terdam, Jan. 21,
1659, died in Rot-
terdam, Nov. 12,
1722. Dutch
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil
of Cornelis Pico-
lett, portrait
painter ; then for four years of Eglon van der
Neer. At seventeen years of age he painted
his own portrait, and thenceforth worked
independently. In the art cabinets of the
wealthy amateur and collector Flinck, sou
of Govaert Fliuck, and of the burgomaster
Jan Six, in Amsterdam, 1692, he became ac-
quainted with many masterpieces of Italian
art which influenced his taste considerably.
In 1696 the Elector Palatine John William
visited his studio in Rotterdam and ordered
his portrait and the Judgment of Solomon,
made him court painter, and in 1703 he
knighted him. Works : Lot and Daughters,
Boy with Guinea-Pig and Girl with Kitten,
Buckingham Palace, London ; St. Margaret,
Lord Ashburtou, ib. ; Magdalen, Incredulity
of Thomas, Lot and Daughters, Mr. Hope,
421
WEKFF
ib.; Repose in Egypt (1706), Grosvenor
Gallery, ib. ; A Burgomaster and his Wife,
National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Chastity of
Joseph (1710), Dancing Nymphs (1718),
Nativity (1720), Antiochus and Stratonice
(1721), Adam and Eve, Finding of Moses
(1722), Magdalen, Group looking at Antique
Statues, Louvre ; Flight into Egypt (1710),
Portrait (1G89), Hague Museum ; Entomb-
ment (1696), Artist's Portrait (1699), Ve-
nus and Cupid, Holy Family (1714), Shep-
herd and Nymph (1718), Lovers (1694),
Amsterdam Museum ; Allegory on Charity
(1702), Entombment, Rotterdam Museum ;
Holy Family, Pastoral Scene, Flora and
Genii, Diana and Endymion, Children Ca-
ressing, Genii Hovering, Cassel Gallery ;
Chess Players, Dido Mourning (1687), Adam
and Eve (1711), Portrait, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Young Girl before Flower Vase, Gal-
lery, Copenhagen ; Fall of Man, Adam and
Eve after the Fall, Moltke Collection, ib. ;
Diana and Callisto, Bamberg Gallery ; Alle-
gory of Painting (1710), Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Pastoral Scene, Berlin Museum ; do.,
Artist and Family (1689), Lot and Daughters
(1694), Venus and Cupid (1699), Hermit
(1705), Magdalen (1711), Judgment of Paris
(1712), Infant Christ and John (1715), An-
nunciation (1718), Diogenes, Abraham cast-
ing off Hagar, Chess Players, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Girl and Boys with Bird (1687), Ecce
Homo (1698), Sarah conducting Hagar to
Abraham (1699), Portraits of Elector John
William and Consort (1700), Expulsion of
Hagar (1701), Repose in Egypt (1702,) En-
tombment (1703), Diana and Callisto (1704),
Magdalen Penitent (1705, 1707), sixteen
scenes from Life of Christ and the Virgin
(1705-15), Allegory (1716), Children playing
at Night, Male Portrait, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Temple of Fine Arts (1694), Ve-
nus and Cupid, Solomon's Judgment, Por-
trait of Grand Duke Don Gaston of Tuscany,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Portraits of Artist
and his Wife (1679), Game of Chess (1679),
Samson and Delilah, Schwerin Gallery ; The
Magdalen, Girl playing Guitar, Stuttgart
Museum; Gentleman's Portrait (1694), Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Entombment, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib. ; Christ and the Woman of Sa-
maria, Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Woman in
Prayer, Boy playing Cards, Schonborn Gal-
lery, ib. ; Venus and Cupid, Wiesbaden
Gallery ; Artist's Portrait, Engagement Ring
(1678), Boy with Cat and Bird, Bathsheba
conducting Abishag to David, Entombment
(2), Immaculate Conception, Ecce Homo,
Magdalen (1720), Adam and Eve chased
from Paradise (1700), Holy Family, Hermit-
age, St. Petersburg ; Girl Bathing, Leuch-
tenberg Gallery, ib. ; Adoration of the Magi
(1703), Judgment of Solomon, Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Portrait of Duke of Marlborough,
Palazzo Pitti, ib.; CEnone and Paris (1707),
Death of Abel,
Turin Gallery. —
Ch. Blanc, £cole
hollandaise ; Doh-
me, lii. ; Immer-
zeel, iii. 227 ; Kramm, vi. 1842 ; Kugler,
(Crowe), ii. 426 ; Riegel, Beitrilge, ii. 342 ;
Schlie, 689 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii. 180.
WERFF, PffiTER VAN DER, born at
Kralinger-Ambacht in 1665, died in Rotter-
dam in 1718. Dutch school ; history and
genre painter, brother and pupil of Adriaan
van der Werff, whom he often assisted in
his pictures. While there is milch resem-
blance in the colouring of his works to
those of Adriaan, they are lacking in feel-
ing and spirit. Works : St. Jerome (1710),
Girls crowning Statuette of Cupid (1713),
Girl drawing Statue of Venus (1715), Young
Hercules, Young Bacchus, Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Magdalen Penitent, Portrait of Johannes
Texelius (1718), do. of himself, two others,
Rotterdam Museum ; Madonna with St.
John, Boys playing with Birds, Girls with
ecit
1721
Flower Festoons, Cassel Gallery ; Girl throw-
ing Mouse out of Window, Men at Table, St
422
WERNER
Jerome (1707), Dresden Museum ; Lot and
his Daughters (1721), Schwerin Gallery ;
Venus rising from her Couch, Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna ; Children playing with
Bird, Uffizi, Florence. — Immerzeel, iii. 229 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 539.
WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON,
born in Frankfort-on-the-
Oder, May 9, 1843. His-
tory and genre painter
and illustrator, pupil of
Berlin Academy in 1859
-62, then in Carlsruhe of
Lessing and Ad. Schrod-
ter ; visited Paris in 18C7
and Italy in 1868-69 ;
settled in Berlin, where
he became director of
the Academy in 1875. Has furnished mas-
terly illustrations to the works of Josef Vic-
tor von Scheffel, to Herder's "Cid," and to
Schiller's dramas. Member of Venice and
Caraccas (Venezuela) Academies ; court
painter ; Officer of Order of Italian Crown ;
several other orders and many medals.
Works : Intimate Conversation, Quartette,
Convent Life, The Suitor, Don Quixote
with the Shepherds (1864-70) ; Luther be-
fore Cajetan (1865), Conratlin in Prison
(1866), Archbishop Hanuo of Cologne kid-
napping Henry IV. (1867), Struggle and
Victory (1871), Symbolic Picture of Battle
of Sedan, Allegory of German Union, Molt-
ke before Paris, Moltke in his Study, Proc-
lamation at Versailles (1876), Royal Palace,
Berlin ; Count von Moltke (1872), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg ; Luther at the Diet of
Worms, Stuttgart Museum ; Baptism in
Artist's House, Berlin Congress (1878),
Emperor's Entry into Saarbrdcken (1880) ;
Moltke at Sedan (1883). In fresco: Lu-
ther at Worms, Summons of Volunteers in
1813, Gymnasium, Kiel ; Proclamation at
Versailles, Coronation of First King of
Prussia (1884), Arsenal, Berlin. — Allgem.
K C., ix. 292 ; Graph. K, i. 65, 68 ; iv. 23 ;
Kunst-Chronik, ix. 345 ; xii. 430 ; xvi. 481 ;
xix. 730 ; Kunst f. Alle, i. 193 ; Laud und
Meer (1875), i. 46 ; Leixner, Mod. K, i. 64 ;
Nord u. Sttd, xviii. 185 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 234 ; D. Rundschau, viii. 432 ;
ix. 474 ; xiii. 329 ; xxl 146 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, iii. 182 ; iv. 16 ; vi. 174 ; xvi. 142 ; xx.
36 ; xxi. 36 ; xxii. 42 ; Art Journal (1887), 5.
WERNER, FRITZ, born in Berlin, Dec.
3, 1828. Genre painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy
under Daege, then of
Menzel ; studied in 1855
-63 in Paris, and again
in 1867 under Meisso-
nier, whose elegant treat-
ment of stuffs and acces-
sories he adopted, while
in conception and col-
ouring he successfully imitated the style of
Menzel, whose most talented pupil he is.
Member of, and Professor at, Berlin Acad-
emy. Medal, Berlin, 1878. Works : Sur-
prised Chambermaid (18(53); Huntsman ar-
ranging his Traps, Old Gentleman served
with Coffee (1864) ; Ornithologist, Prussian
Grenadier on Guard, Admonition, Picture
Amateur (1866) ; Fishmonger in Antwerp
(1867) ; Amateur of Engravings (1868) ;
Souvenir of Paris, Market Scene in Antibes,
View of Nice, Old Gentleman feeding Birds,
Street in Antibes, Picture Dealer, After Din-
ner, Fortifications in Antibes, Huntsman in
Tavern, At the Zoological Museum, Gentle-
man Reading, Soldier Smoking, Would-be
Politicians, Gentleman at Table, Interior of
Hunting Castle, Smoker by Tile Stove (all
of 18G8-69) ; Boy with Hare (1870) ; Man
with Dog and Hare, Trumpeter of Hussars,
Painter in Studio, Picture-Dealing, Man at
Draughts, Standard-Bearer, Peasant Hunt-
ing, Drummer, Child blowing Soap-Bubbles
(all of 1870-73) ; Smoker and Child, Cava-
lier jesting with Girl (1873) ; Frederick the
Great in his Library ; A Conversation ; From
the Dresden Gallery (1880) ; Ridiculous
Story (1881) ; Sutler Women between Regi-
ments of Dessau and Baireuth (Jubilee Ex-
hib., Berlin, 1886).— Anderson, v. 89 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1882), i. 10 ; Leixuer, Mod. K, iL
WERNER
100 ; Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 279 ; D.
Rundschau, ix. 475 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., vi.
174 ; xvi. 147, 272 ; xxii. 42.
WERNER, JOSEF, born at Berne in
1637, died there in 1710. German school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of his
father and in Frankfort of Matthias Meri-
an ; then studied in Rome under Pietro da
Cortona and Andrea Sacchi ; devoted him-
self for a time to miniature painting in imi-
tation of Carlo Maratti, was called to France
by Louis XIV., for whom he painted many
portraits and allegories, as he did also for
the Elector of Bavaria, having gone to Augs-
burg in 1G67 ; moved to Berne in 1682, and
was director of the Berlin Academy in 1696
-1707. Works : Union of Justice and Wis-
dom, City Hall, Berne ; Experience, Repub-
lic of Berne, Justice, Golden Age, Caval-
ry Skirmish in 17th Century (attributed),
Museum, ib.; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Augsburg Gallery ; Allegory on Avarice,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tobias burying
his Countrymen, Vienna Museum. — Des-
camps (Marseilles ed., 1842), ii. 230.
WERNER, KARL, born in Weimar, Oct.
4, 1808. Genre and
architecture painter,
pupil of Leipsic Acad-
emy under Veit Hans
Schnorr ; went in 1829
to Munich and in 1833
to Italy, where he re-
mained twenty years ;
visited England in
1851, Spain in 1856,
the East in 1862-64,
and Greece in 1875, making many sketches.
Ranks among the first painters in water-
colours. Professor at the Leipsic Academy
since 1881. Member of Venice Academy,
of Royal Society of Painters in Water Col-
ours, Saxon Order of Albrecht. Weimar
gold medal for Art and Science. Works :
Market Square of Piperno ; Venice in Pros-
perity ; do. in Decline ; Return of Andrea
Contarini ; Scene from Shylock ; Study
from Pompeii ; Lion Court of Alhambra ;
View of Beirout ; Isle of Philee ; Mosque at
Damascus ; Bazaar in Cairo ; Arabian Pal-
ace, ib. ; Jewellery Shop, ib. ; Column of
Memnon ; The Jordan near Jericho ; Tem-
ple of Isis at Thebes ; Antiquary by Tem-
ple at Karuak ; Castle Lahneck ; Interior
of Church at Frankfort ; Gate of Justice at
Cairo ; Church Interior (1833), Interior of
Cefalti Cathedral (1838), Palace Interior at
Palermo (1852), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Palace of Diocletian, Leipsic Museum ;
Abandoned Church in Poutine Swamps,
Schack Gallery, Munich. — Illustr. Zeitg.
(1874), ii. 31 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 240 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, iii. 104.
WERTHEIMER, GUSTAV, born in Vi-
enna ; contemporary. History and genre
painter. Works : Shipwreck of Agrippina ;
Venus Anadyomene ; Peeping ; Fisherman's
Dream (1880); Coast Watchman; The Wave's
Kiss ; Flowers' Revenge ; Fisherman's Dream,
The King's Breakfast (1884).— AUgem. K. C.,
viii. 619 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1883), i. 375 ; ii.
1GO ; (1884), i. 554 ; (1885), ii. 229.
WERTMULLER, ADOLF ULRICH,
born in Stockholm in 1751, died at Wil-
mington, Del., in 1811. History and genre
painter, supposed pupil of Pilo (1713-94) ;
went early to France, where he became
member of the Academy in 1782. Swedish
court painter in 1787 ; returned to Sweden
about 1789 ; came to America in 1794 and
painted several portraits of Washington ;
went home in 1797, but came back, mar-
ried, and became a citizen. Works : Ari-
adne Forsaken, Marie Antoinette and her
Children (1785), Stockholm Museum ; Por-
traits of Gustavus HI. and his Queen, of
Gustavus IV., of Bachelier and Caffieri. —
Gaz. des B. Arts (1874), x. 223 ; Revue univ.
des Arts, iv.
WEST, BENJAMIN, born at Springfield,
Penn., Oct. 10, 1738, died in London, March
11, 1820. Began to draw when seven years
old, and took his first lessons in preparing
colours from Cherokee Indians. After a lit-
tle instruction from a painter named Will-
iams, he set up, when eighteen years old, in
WESTALL
Philadelphia as a portrait painter ; thence
removed to New York, and in 1760 went to
Italy, where he re-
mained, studying the
antique and Michel-
angelo, until 1763,
when he settled in
London. His pictures
of Agrippina bringing
Home the Ashes of
Germanicus, painted
for the Archbishop
of York, and the Departure of Regulus,
bought by George HI., won him royal pa-
tronage and favour, which he long en-
joyed. From 1769 to 1801, during which
time he received all orders from the king,
who made him his historical painter (1772),
West gained £34,187. The seven pictures
illustrating Revealed Religion, which he
painted for the Oratory at Windsor, brought
him in £20,705, and his many portraits of
members of the royal family were also high-
ly remunerative. In the Death of General
Wolfe (1771), now in Grosvenor House,
and Perm's Treaty with the Indians, West
had the courage to protest successfully
against the treatment of modern subjects in
classic garb, according to the fashion of the
time. On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds
(1792) West succeeded him as president of
the Royal Academy, of which he had been
one of the founders in 1768, and, with the
exception of a few months, held that office
until 1815. The 400 historical and relig-
ious pictures which he painted show skill
in composition and considerable inventive
power, but they have no real vitality. Tame
in style, poor in imagination, monotonous
in colour, they ceased to interest the pub-
lic when the painter disappeared from view.
Among the most important of his works
are : Christ healing the Sick (1802), Nation-
al Gallery, which he painted for the Quaker
Hospital in Philadelphia, and sold to the
British Institution for £3,000, sending a
copy to America ; Death on the Pale Horse,
Pennsylvania Academy ; King Lear, Boston
Museum of Fine Arts ; and Raising of Laz-
arus, Winchester Cathedral. Seventeen of
his pictures are at Hampton Court ; among
them the Death of Chevalier Bayard, and
the Death of Epaminondas, both painted in
1771, as companion pieces to the Death of
Wolfe. Alexander the Great and his Phy-
sician is called by Waagen one of his best
pictures. Many of his
works were engraved. —
Gait, Life (London, I bt\f\
1820); Cunningham;
Redgrave, Century, i. 186 ; F. do Conches,
277 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Waagen,
Treasures ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court,
100 ; Art Journal (1863), 218 ; Sandby, i.
290 ; Portfolio (1873), 150.
WESTALL, RICHARD, born at Hert-
ford in 1765, died in London, Dec. 4, 1836.
Subject and landscape painter ; entered
Academy schools, London, in 1785 ; elected
an A.R.A. in 1792, and R.A. in 1794; paint-
ed in oil and in water-colours, and claimed
to be one of the founders of the latter
method. His book illustrations were very
popular. Late in life he was drawing mas-
ter to the Princess Victoria. Works : Cas-
sandra (1797), South Kensington Museum ;
Esau, Sappho, Mary Stuart going to Execu-
tion, Elijah, Christ crowned with Thorns
(altarpiece at All Souls' Church, London).
His brother William (1781-1850) was an
A.RA., and painted in both oil and water-
colours. His illustrated publications con-
tained his best work.— Redgrave ; Sandby,
i. 306.
WET, JACOB DE, flourished at Haarlem
about 1636-71. Dutch school ; history and
genre painter, imitator of Rembrandt ; was
established at Haarlem as early as 1636,
dean of the guild in 1661, and still living in
1671. Works : Girl with a Peach, Haarlem
Museum ; Adoration of the Lamb (1647),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Expulsion of Hagar,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; The Men in the
Fiery Furnace, Schleissheim Gallery. -
Kramm, vi. 1845; Schlie, 694; Van der
Willigen, 324.
425
WET
WET, JAN DE (Joliann Dtiwett), born in
Hamburg in 1617 (?). Dutch school ; his-
tory painter, pupil of Rembrandt in Amster-
dam, whither he went early in life. Like
his master he painted biblical and mytho-
logical subjects, well composed, better drawn
than Rembrandt's, and more finished in de-
tails. His pictures were often sold under
Rembrandt's name. He afterwards returned
to Hamburg. Works : The Seven Works
of Mercy, Haarlem Museum ; Elijah and
the Widow, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-
Chapelle ; Christ in the Temple (1635),
Burning of Troy, Brunswick Gallery ; Rais-
ing of Lazarus (1633), Darmstadt Gallery ;
Tobias and the Angel, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; others in Frankfort, Gottingen, Han-
over, and Oldenburg Galleries. — Kramm,
vi. 1845 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 378 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, ii. 265 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa
vie, etc. (1868), 62.
WETTE, FRANS DE, Dutch school, 17th
century. This master is exclusively known
by his biblical subjects on a small scale, in
the style of Rembrandt, which are remark-
able for arrangement, and fine expression in
the heads, but of somewhat brown tone.
Works : Christ and the Adulteress, Augs-
burg Gallery ; The Three in the Fiery Fur-
nace, Raising of Lazarus, Schleissheim Gal-
lery.—Kugler (Crowe), ii. 390.
WEYDEN, ROGIER VAN DER (Roge-
let de la Pasture,
Roger de Bruges),
born at Tournay in
1399 or 1400,. died
in Brussels, June 16,
1464. Flemish
school; history
painter, pupil in
Tournay (1426) of
one Robert Campin,
and master of the
guild there, Aug. 1, 1432 ; removed to
Brussels before April 21, 1435, and thence-
forth his name appears in its Flemish form.
First mentioned as city painter, May 2,
1436. He also lived and worked at Louvain,
\
perhaps also at Bruges ; but whether he
really was in Italy, especially at Ferrara
and Milan, as some circumstances seem to
indicate, and at Rome, during the jubilee in
1450, is not as yet ascertained. He was the
founder of the school of Brabant, highly es-
teemed in his own country, and actively em-
ployed throughout the Burgundian realm.
Although in technic and the realism of his
style Rogier belongs to the school of the
Van Eycks, with one of whom, Jan, he may
have had personal relations, he worked with
a deeper feeling and a religious intensity
which betrayed him into exaggeration of
sentiment and violence of action. The four
great pictures which he painted in the .gold-
en chamber of the Town Hall at Brussels
were destroyed in 1695. Works : Entomb-
ment (attributed), National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Altai-piece, Grosvenor House, ib. ;
Portrait of Charles the Bold, Head of Weep-
ing Woman, Brussels Museum ; eight others
(attributed), ib. ; Triptych with Seven Sacra-
ments, Annunciation, Portrait of Philip the
Good, Antwerp Museum ; Descent from the
Cross, Madrid Museum ; replica (1443), St.
Peter's, Louvain ; altarpiece with Last Judg-
ment (before 1450), Hospital, Beaune (Cote
d'Or) ; Descent from the Cross, Hague Mu-
seum ; St. John, Rotterdam Museum ; Ma-
donna with Saints, St. John Altar, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Triptych with Pieta (be-
fore 1445), do. with Life of St. John, do.
with Nativity, Berlin Museum ; Figure of
the Virgin, Filrstenberg Gallery, Donau-
eschingen ; Christ on the Cross, Dresden
Museum ; Triptych with Adoration of the
Magi, St. Luke painting the Virgin, Munich
Gallery ; Triptych with Crucifixion, The
Virgin Nursing Christ, St. Catherine, Vienna
Museum ; Pieta (attributed), Uffizi, Flor-
ence.— Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; C. & C.,
Flemish Painters, 182 ; Dohme, Ii. ; Fetis,
Cat. du Mus. royal, 162 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1866), xxi. 201, 349 ; Kramm, vi. 1846 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 77 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
441 ; Meyer, Gemiilde kongl. Mus., 528 ;
Michiels, iii. 7 ; v. 451 ; Schnaase, viii. 165 ;
WEYMOUTH
Van den Branden, 48 ; Wauters, R v. d.
W. (Brussels, 1856) ; do., Peinture flamande
(Paris, 1885), 56 ; W. & W., ii. 29 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., iii. 230 ; xvii. 293, 323.
WEYMOUTH BAY, John Constable,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft
8 in. The bay on the approach of a storm.
Painted in 1827. Engraved by D. Lucas ;
presented by John W. Wilson in 1873.—
Cat. Louvre.
WHARTON, PHILIP F., born in Phila-
delphia in 1841, died at Media, July 27,
1879. Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsyl-
vania Academy ; studied in Dresden, and in
the Atelier Suisse in Paris. Professional
life spent in Philadelphia. Works : Perdita
at the Sheep-Shearing Festival ("Winter's
Tale," 1876) ; Waiting for the Parade (1878),
etc.— Am. Art. Kev. (1880), 503.
WHISTLER, JAMES ABBOTT
McNEILL, born
in Lowell, Mass.,,
in 1834. Figure
and portrait paint-
er, educated at
West Point; pupil
for two years of
Gleyre in Paris ;
settled in 1863 in
London. Is as well
known by his etch-
ings as by his works in oils. Medal, Paris,
3d class, 1883. Elected in 1886 president
of the Society of British Artists. Works :
The White Girl (1862), Thomas D. Whistler,
Baltimore ; Coast of Brittany, Ross Whist-
ler, ib. ; Last of Old Westminster, Westmin-
ster Bridge (1863) ; Princesse des pays de
la porcelaine (1865) ; At the Piano (1867) ;
Portrait of my Mother, do. of Carlyle
(1872) ; Gold Girl, Nocturne in Blue and
Gold, Nocturne in Blue and Green (1878) ;
Harmony in Gray and Green (1881) ; Noc-
turne in Blue and Silver, Blue Girl, En-
trance to Southampton Water (1882) ; Great
Fire Wheel (1883) ; Harmony in Brown and
Black (1884).— Gaz. dea B. Arts (1881),
xxiii. 365 ; (1882), xxv. 620 ; (1884), xxix.
484, 534 ; Scribner's Magazine (1879), xviii.
481.
WHITE, EDWIN, born at South Hadley,
Mass., in 1817, died at Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., June 7, 1877. History and genre
painter ; studied in Paris, Rome, Florence,
and Diisseldorf in 1850 and in 1869. Elects
ed member of the National Academy in
1849. He lived in Europe many years, but
returned in 1875 and opened a studio in
New York. Among his important works
are : Pocahoutas informing Smith of the
Conspiracy of the Indians (painted for Gen-
eral Kearney) ; Washington resigning his
Commission (Annapolis, bought by the
State) ; Age's Revery, Military Academy,
West Point ; Death-Bed of Luther ; Mil-
ton's Visit to Galileo ; Requiem of De Soto ;
Old Age of Milton, Art Union ; First Print-
ing of the Bible ; Thoughts of Liberia, Old
Woman Spinning, R L. Stuart, New York ;
Evening Hymn of the Huguenot Refugees.
He bequeathed to the Metropolitan Muse-
um, New York, The Antiquary ; to Amherst-
College, Leonardo da Vinci and his Pupils ;
and to Yale College, the unfinished picture
of the Signing of the Compact on the May-
flower.— Tuckerman, 438.
WHITE, JOHN BLAKE, born in South
Carolina in 1781, died in Charleston, Au-
gust, 1859. History painter ; began the
study of law, but in 1803 went to London
and became the pupil in art of Benjamin
West. Among his works are : Mrs. Motte
presenting the Arrows ; General Marion in-
viting the British Officer to Dinner ; Battle
of Eutaw ; Battle of New Orleans. He was
also the author of several dramas.
WHITE GIRL, James McNeill Whistler,
Thomas D. Whistler, Baltimore ; canvas, H.
about 6 ft x 3 ft.; signed, dated 1862. A
tall girl, with dishevelled hair and dressed
wholly in white, standing before a white-lace
curtain on a wolf-skin, the head of which
lies in front, spread on a parti-coloured rug.
Never engraved.
WHTTEHORN, JAMES, born at Walling-
ford, Vt, in 1803. Portrait painter, pupil
437
WTI3TTREDGE
of the National Academy, New York, and as-
sisted in his studies by Robertson, Trum-
bull, Morse, and Dunlap. Professional life
passed in New York, with the exception
of two winters, 1844-46, in Washington,
D. C. Silver medal, National Academy, in
1827. Elected N.A. in 1833. Studio in
New York. Works: Silas Wright, City
Hall, New York ; Henry Clay addressing
the Senate (design for engraving published
in 184C) ; Rachel and Bella (1879) ; Family
Portrait (1881).
WHITTREDGE, WORTHINGTON, born
in Springfield, O.,
May 22, 1820. Land-
scape painter, pupil
of Andreas Achen-
bach in Diisseldorf.
Visited Europe in
1850, spent four
years in Rome, and
travelled thro ugh
England, France,
Holland, Belgium,
and Italy. Returned to New York in 1860,
and elected N.A. in 1861. In 1864 sketched
in the Rocky Mountains. President of the
National Academy in 1874. Studio iu New
York. Works : Old Kentucky Home, Coast
of Rhode Island (18G7) ; Home by the Sea-
side (1872) ; Study of Rocky Mountain As-
pens ; Old Hunting-Ground ; In the Bernese
Alps, C. P. Huntiugton, New York ; View of
Rocky Mountains from the River Platte,
Century Club, ib.; Trout Brook, H. G.
Marquand, ib.; Window, R. L. Stuart, ib.;
Forest Brook, Platte River (1878) ; Catskill
Brook (1879) ; On the Plains (1880) ; Old
House by the Sea, Nook on the River
(1881) ; Twilight on the Hudson, Sunny
Day in the Woods (1883) ; Old Road to the
Sea, Pool in the Woods, On the Plains —
Colorado (1884) ; Sunrise over the Sea, -The
Old Farm (1885) ; Brook in the Woods,
Brook among the Hills (1886).
WICAR, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Lille,
Jan. 22, 1762, died in Rome, Feb. 27, 1834.
History and portrait painter, pupil of David ;
went in 1784 to Florence to make drawings
of the works in the gallery, for engraving.
In 1793 he became a member of the Paris
Conservatory, and in 1796 commissary for
the art exploration of Italy. Settled about
1800 in Rome, where he won reputation
as a portrait painter ; in 1805 he became
a member of the Academy of St. Luke, and
from 1807-10 was director of the Academy
at Naples. Left his splendid collection of
drawings by the old masters to his native
city, where they are preserved in the Mu-
see Wicar. Works : Portraits of Duke and
Duchess Torlonia, of Murat, of Pius VII.,
of himself, Joseph explaining the Dream
(1784), Concordat between Pius and Napo-
leon (1806), Youth at Nain (1816), Solo-
mon's Judgment, Virgil reading the .ZEneid
before Augustus and Livy, Lille Museum ;
Resurrection, Themistocles at the House of
Admetus, Marriage of Mary, Peter and
Paul> Pem^& Ca-
r
_ % reading
J-uJftue. to Augustus (1818),
Coriolanus ; Ores-
tes ; Pylades and Electra. — Bellier, ii. 721 ;
Dufay, Notice sur la vie de Wicar (Paris,
1844) ; Larousse.
WICHMANN, ADOLF, born at Celle,
Hanover, March 18, 1820, died in Dresden,
Feb. 17, 1866. History and genre painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Bende-
maun ; then studied in Venice and also
in Rome (1847-51) after the old masters.
Gold medals: Dresden, 1845; Berlin, 1851.
Works : Allegory on Music (1845) ; Come
Ye that are Heavy Laden (1851) ; Grant-
ed Request (1853), New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Pietro Aretino reading at Titian's
(1865), Dresden Gallery ; Mary and Eliz-
abeth watching the Sleeping Infant Christ,
Liege Gallery ; Wedding Repast at Frei-
burg ; Painters' Festival at Titian's. — Kunst-
Chronik, i. 23.
WICHMANN, OTTO GOTTFRIED, born
in Berlin, March 25, 1828, died in Rome,
March 17, 1858. Genre painter, pupil of
428
WICKENBERG
Robert Fleury in Paris, -whence he went to
Italy to study the later Venetian mastera
Works : Paolo Veronese in Venice (1856),
Catherine cle' Medici at the Alchemist's,
National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii.
242.
WICKENBERG, PETER, bom at Stock-
holm in 1808, died at Pau in 1846. Genre
and landscape painter, pupil of Stockholm
Academy ; then went to Paris, where his
genre scenes met with much favour. After-
wards he painted views in Holland, and
winter landscapes of realistic conception,
but with careful execution of details, clear
and powerful colouring, and beautiful light
effects. Legion of Honour, 1842. Works :
Mother sewing by her Child's Bed (1839),
Fishing in Winter (1839), Fisher Family in
Cottage (1840), Leipsic Museum ; Winter
Landscape, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam.
WIDOWER, Luke Fildes, Sydney Muse-
um, New South Wales ; canvas. Royal
Academy, 1876 ; bought by Thomas Tay-
lor, of Wigan ; Taylor sale (1883), £2,205.
Etched by L. Flameng.
WIEDER, WILHELM, born at Stepnitz,
Pomerania, Feb. 16, 1818, died in Berlin,
Oct. 15, 1884. Genre painter, pupil in
Berlin of J. S. Otto ; lived for some time
in England, three years in Russia, four in
Paris, one in Antwerp, and twenty-four in
Italy ; returned to Germany in 1873, and
settled in Berlin. Works : Mass at Aracceli
Church in Rome (1856), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Confession on Holy Thursday in
St. Peter's, Rome. — Kunst-Chronik, xx. 57.
WIEGMANN, MARIE (nee Hancke),
born at Silberberg, Silesia, Nov. 7, 1826.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Diis-
seldorf Academy under Hermann Stilke and
Karl Sohn ; married the architect and paint-
er Rudolf Wiegmann, and visited afterwards
Germany, Holland, England, and Venice.
Gold medal, Berlin. Works: The Elves
(1847); Damajanti (1850); The Two Grand-
mothers (1852) ; Reunion ; Undine (1860) ;
Portrait of Karl Schnaase, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; do. of Karl Sohn, Heiurich
von Sybel, Countess Hatzfeld. — Mtlller,
556.
WIEGMANN, RUDOLF, born at Aden-
sen, Hanover, April 17, 1804, died in Dlls-
seldorf, April 17, 1865. Architecture paint-
er, studied in Italy, especially in Rome, in
1828-34 ; removed in 1835 to Dtlsseldorf,
where he became professor of architecture
at the Academy in 1839. Wrote a work on
the Diisseldorf Academy. Works : St. An-
gelo Castle in Rome (1833), Via Sacra (1834),
Outlook from Vatican (1836), Cloister in
Bonn Cathedral (1842), Interior of St.
Mark's in Venice (1845). — Andresen, ii.
157 ; Dioskuren, 1865 ; Wiegmann, 90.
WIERINGEN, CORNELIS CLAESZ
VAN, born in Haarlem between 1570 and
1580, died in 1635. Dutch school ; marine
painter. Destined for the navy, he made
several sea voyages before devoting himself
to art, in which he showed a great talent for
representing the sea in its various aspects.
Works : Arrival at Vliessingen of Elector
Palatine Frederic V. in 1613, Taking of
Damietta, Haarlem Museum ; Naval Battle,
Madrid Museum. — Van der Willigen, 330.
WIERTZ, ANTOINE JOSEPH, born at
Dinaut, Feb. 22, 1806,
died in Brussels, June
18, 1865. History and
portrait painter, pupil
of Antwerp Academy
under Herreyns and
van Bree ; then stud-
ied in the Louvre, won
the grand prize at the
Antwerp Academy in
1832, and went via
Paris to Rome, where he took Michelangelo
for his model, as afterwards Rubens be-
came his ideal, and in 1837 was made mem-
ber of the Accademia di S. Luca. After his
return he lived at Lii'ge, and in 1848 estab-
lished himself at Brussels, where in 1850
the government built for him, after his own
design, a large studio, now known as the
Musoe Wiertz, and containing his collected
great works, from which he never allowed
•89
WIESCHEBRINK
himself to realize a farthing, supporting
himself and his old mother exclusively by
painting portraits. In his studio he tried
to bring to perfection a process of painting
combining the merits of fresco and of oil,
and really invented a new method, excluding
reflection, which he called "peinture mate"
—unpolished painting. He was an artist
of undeniable, although undisciplined, ge-
nius, possessed of great power and individ-
uality of execution, and of deep philosophic
thought, combined with a fancy, in a marked
degree, for the horrible, the grotesque, and
the fantastic. Of his writings on art the
"Eulogy on Rubens" (1840) and the "Me-
moir on the Flemish School of Painting"
were crowned by the Brussels Academy.
Works : Greeks and Trojans contending
for the Body of Patroclus (1835) ; The
Brigand ; Carnival of Rome ; Education of
the Virgin ; Sleep of the Virgin ; Revolt of
Hell against Heaven ; Flight into Egypt ;
Death of St. Dionysius ; Christ as Judge ;
Beacon of Golgotha ; Triumph of Christ
(1848) ; The Present regarded by the Man
of the Future ; Last Cannon ; Civilization
of the Nineteenth Century ; Genius of War ;
A Blow from the Hand of a Belgian Wom-
an ; The Orphans (18G3); Burnt Child;
Thoughts and Visions of a Head cut off;
A Second after Death ; Precipitate Inhu-
mation ; Hunger, Folly, and Crime ; Satan ;
Suicide ; Scene in Hell ; Power of Man ;
Pride.— Art Journal (1869), 349, 365 ; Fra-
ser's Mag. (1872), v. 541 ; Harper's Mag.
(1873), xlvi. 823 ; Immerzeel, iii. 232 ;
Kramm, vi. 1859 ; Labarre, A. Wiertz
(Brussels, 1867) ; London Soc. (1872), xxii.
23 ; Portfolio (1875), 124, 133, 152 ; Van
Soust, fitudes, etc. (Brussels, 1858) ; Wat-
teau, Cat. raisonue du Mus. Wiertz (Brus-
sels, 1865) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, i. 273 ; Amer.
Art Review, ii. 13.
WIESCHEBRmK, FRANZ, born at
Burgsteinfurt, near Munich, March 14,
1818, died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 13, 1884.
History and genre painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy in 1834-40 ; painted at first
biblical scenes, but soon turned to the rep-
resentation of peasant family life, excelling
in scenes with children for the principal
actors. Spent two years in Paris. Works :
Tobias and the Angel (1839) ; Liberation of
Peter (1841) ; Children at the Grave of their
Parents (1841) ; The Sons of Jacob with Jo-
seph's Coat (1842); Visit to the Sick (1842);
Thunderstorm (1844); Children stealing Tid-
Bits (1845,1847); Pouting, EiaPopeia(1845);
Domestic Scene in the Morning, Grand-
mother and Child (1848), Museum Fodor,
Amsterdam ; Paternal Joys (1849, 1852) ;
Farewell (1850); Sunday Walk of a Philis-
tine ; How do you like your little Brother ?
(1865) ; Convalescent, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover. His son Heinrich (born at Diis-
seldorf, Oct. 25, 1852), pupil of the Academy
there under Julius Roting, is also a genre
painter. Works : Prosit (1873); The Fam-
ily Uncle (1874) ; Alone at Home (1874) ;
At the Almsbox (1875) ; Home Devotion
(1876); Ave Maria (1879). — Dioskuren,
1865; Wolfg. Mtiller, Diisseldf. K, 270;
Wiegmann, 324.
WIGGINS, CARLETON, born at Turn-
ers, N. Y., in 1848. Landscape and cattle
painter, pupil of the National Academy, New
York ; studied in France in 1880-81. Ex-
hibited first at National Academy in 1870.
Studio in Brooklyn. Works : Edge of For-
est— Barbizon, France, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Cattle in Landscape, Evening at
Grez, Calf in Landscape, Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn ; On the Road (1879);
September Day (1880) ; Hillside near Fon-
tainebleau (1882) ; October Morning (1883) ;
Come Bossy, Gathering Seaweed, September
Harvest (1884) ; Summer Morning (1885) ;
Three -year -old Heifer, Landscape near
Meudon (1886).
WIGHT, MOSES, bom in Boston in
1827. Genre and portrait painter, pupil in
Paris of Hebert and Bonnat ; was in Europe
in 1851-54, went again in 1860, and in 1865
settled in Paris, where he was still living in
1884. Ideal works : Lisette ; Confidants ;
Old Cuirassier ; Sleeping Beauty ; Eve at
WILBERG
the Fountain ; Sixteenth Century ; Pet's
First Cake ; John Alden and Priscilla ; Tote-
a-Tete, At her Ease (1879) ; Vieux Docu-
ment (1884). Portraits: Von Humboldt;
Everett ; Sumner ; Agassiz ; Josiah Quincy.
— Tuckerman, 504.
WILBERG, CHRISTIAN, born at Havel-
berg, Nov. 20, 1839, died in Paris, June 3,
1882. Architecture and landscape painter,
pupil in Berlin of Eduard Pape and of Paul
Gropius, then in Ddsseldorf of Oswald Ach-
enbach ; made several study trips to Italy
(1871-73, 1875-76), Austria, and Southern
Germany ; settled in Berlin and won repu-
tation, especially by his interiors of Italian
churches. Visited Pergamus in 1880. Med-
al, Vienna, 1873. Works : Interior of St.
Mark's in Venice (several) ; Doge's Palace ;
Palazzo Borghese ; Palazzo Colonna ; Tem-
ple of Juno Lacinia at Girgenti ; Cappella
Palatina in Palermo ; Grotto of Egeria ;
Roman Park ; View in Greece, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Bay of Naples, Bay of Baize
(1880) ; View of St. Peter's from Villa Pam-
fili (1881) ; Memento mori, Dresden Muse-
um.—Jordan (1885), ii. 243 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, ix. 43 ; xvii. 543, SCO ; xviii. 1, 22 ;
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 349.
WILDENS, JAN, born in Antwerp in
1586, died there, Oct. 16, 1653. Flemish
school ; landscape painter, pupil of Peter
Verhulst ; master of the guild in 1604.
Intimate with, and perhaps pupil of, Ru-
bens, for whom he painted backgrounds,
as well as for Snyders and Diepenbeck.
Subjects well chosen, facile brush, good
colour, skies and distances light and airy.
Rubens made him one of the executors of
his will. Van Dyck painted his portrait.
Works : View of Antwerp (1636), Amster-
dam Museum ; Winter Landscape (1624),
Dresden Gallery ; Waters of Spa, Hunt,
Gypsy telling Fortunes, Country Scene,
Madrid Museum ; Wood Landscape, Bridge-
water Gallery, London ; Landscape (Holy
Family by Rombouts), Antwerp Museum ;
do. (Eliezer and Rebekah by Jordaens),
Brussels Museum ; do. (Allegory by Van
*
>7
J
Balen), Corlsruhe Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, Ecole
flainande ; Immerzeel, 235 ; Kramm, vi
1862 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 298 ;
Michiels, viii.
174 ; Rooses (Reber), 261 ; Van den Bran-
den, 683.
WILES, LEMUEL M., born at Perry,
Wyoming County, N. Y., in 1826. Land-
scape and figure painter, studied under
William Hart, and with J. F. Cropsey in
New York. After painting in Washing-
ton, Albany, and Utica, he settled in New
York in 1863. Sketched in Panama, Cali-
fornia, and Colorado in 1873-74. Studio
at Ingharn University, Le Roy, N. Y. (1884),
where he conducts the department of paint-
ing. Works : Mt. San Jacinto ; Vale of
Elms, Ingham University ; Reminiscences
of Travel— 28 small pictures, A. R Froth-
ingham, Brooklyn ; Long Pond — Seneca
Lake, J. C. Lord, New York ; Moonrise,
Cardinal McCloskey ; Sunshine and Shad-
ow (1879); Panama, Across the Moor (1880);
Meadow Lands (1881); Snow-Bouml (1882);
Camp of the San Diego Indians (1883) ; St.
\ Catherine's Window — Dryburgh, Albany
(1884) ; Midwinter (1885) ; Summer-Day
Sketch (1886). His son, Irving R Wiles,
is a genre and portrait painter in New York.
WTT.TTF.TAr OF HERLE. See Meixter
Wilhelm.
WILKIE, BURIAL OF, Joseph M. W.
Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
2 ft. 8 in. square. Entitled Peace : Burial
at Sea of the Body of Sir David Wilkie, who
died on board the steamer Oriental, off Gib-
raltar, on his return from the East, June 1,
1841. Royal Academy, 1842 ; Turner Col-
lection. Engraved by J. Cousen ; etched
by Brunet-Debaines in Portfolio, 1874. —
Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Hamerton, Life.
WILKIE, Sir DAVID, born at Cults,
Fifeshire, Nov. 18, 1785, died in Bay of Gib-
raltar, June 1, 1841. Studied in Trustees'
Academy, Edinburgh, from 1799 to 1804,
and on his return to Cults painted, besides
portraits, Pitlessie Fair (1804), and the Vil-
431
WILLAERTS
lage Recruit (1805). In 1805 he went to
London and entered the Royal Academy as
a student with a cer-
tain reputation which
was acknowledged by
leading artists. In
1806 he produced
the Village Politi-
cians, which at once
brought him fame.
This was followed by
the Blind Fiddler
(1807, National Gal-
lery, London), Alfred in the Neatherd's
Cottage (1807), Card Players (1807), and
Rent Day (1808). In 1809 he was elect-
ed an A.R.A., and in 1811, R.A. In the
latter year he painted the Village Festival
(National Gallery, London). These works
are full of character, well composed, and
carefully drawn, but they are thinner in
colour and less highly finished than the
Blind Man's Buff (1812, Buckingham Pal-
ace), Distraining for Rent (1814), Duncan
Gray (1814), Rabbit on the Wall (1815),
Penny Wedding (1818), Reading the Will
(1820, New Pinakothek, Munich), Chelsea
Pensioners (1821), Parish Beadle (1822,
National Gallery, London), and the High-
lander's Home (1825), all of which belong
to his middle and best period, in which the
influence of the Dutch and Flemish mas-
ters is conspicuous. In 1814 Wilkie visited
Paris, in 181G Holland, and in 1817 Scot-
land, where he was entertained at Abbots-
ford, and painted his group of Sir Walter
Scott and his Family. In 1832 he exhib-
ited John Knox preaching before the Lords
of the Congregration (National Gallery,
London), one of his most esteemed pictures
in his second manner ; and in 1835 a series
of Irish subjects, a portrait of Queen Ade-
laide, for the Bodleian Library at Oxford,
and that of William IV., by whom he was
knighted in 1836, for Waterloo Chapel at
Windsor. In 1825 Sir David again went
to Paris, and visited also Italy, Germany,
and Spain, returning to London in 1828.
In 1840 he went to the East for his health,
but grew worse in the following year, and
dying on shipboard in Gibraltar Bay he was
buried at sea. In his third manner, the re-
sult of his Italian and Spanish studies, Wil-
kie aimed at Venetian effects of colour, and
produced pictures less esteemed than those
of an earlier time in which subject, concep-
tion, and technical treatment are in har-
mony. Other works : The Bagpiper (1813),
Newsmongers (1820), Wooded Landscape
(1822), The First Ear-Ring (1834), National
Gallery, London ; John Knox dispensing
the Sacrament at Calder House, Pitlessie
Fair, Portrait of his Sister, National Gal-
lery, Edinburgh ; Cotter's Saturday Night
(Moore sale, 1872, 590 guineas) ; Only
Daughter (do., 630 guineas) ; Errand Boy
(Knowles sale, 1864, 1,050 guineas) ; Cut
Finger ; Sunday Morning ; Jews -Harp ;
Pedlar ; Village School ; Maid of Saragos-
sa ; Guerilla Council of War ; Monks in
Cathedral of Toledo ; Columbus at La Rt't-
bida ; and many portraits. Most of his
pictures have been engraved. — Cunning-
ham, Life (London, 1843) ; Redgrave ; Ch.
Blanc, ficole anglaise ; F. de Conches ;
Mollet, Biog. Great Artists ; Heaton, Works
of Sir D. W. (London, 1868) ; Painters of
Georgian Era, 49 ; L' Artiste (1882), ii. 97 ;
Sandby, i. 336.
WILLAERTS, ABRAHAM, born at
Utrecht in 1613 (?), died there in 1671 (?).
Dutch school ; marine and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Adam Willaerts, then stud-
ied under Jan Bylert, arid in Paris under Si-
mon Vouet ; master of the guild at Utrecht
in 1624. Works : Portrait of an Admiral,
432
WILLAERTS
Amsterdam Museum ; Family Group (1659),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Coast Views with
Tower (1653, 1662), Brunswick Museum ;
Storm near Eocky Coast (1653), Liechten-
stein Gallery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iii. 236;
Kramm, vi. 1863.
WILLAERTS, ADAM, born in Antwerp
in 1577, died in Utrecht before 1662.
Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre
painter, especially of coast and harbour
scenes, enlivened with numerous character-
istic figures ; also burning ships, houses
and villages, markets and festive scenes.
Mentioned as member of the guild at
Utrecht in 1611, among the managers in
1620-37, as still living in 1649, as dead in
1662. Works : Two Sea Battles, Utrecht ;
Festival at Tervueren, Antwerp Museum ;
Attack of Dutch Fleet in Battle of Gibral-
tar (1639), Sea Fight between Spanish and
Dutch Galleys, Haarlem Museum ; Mouth of
the Meuse (1633), Rotterdam Museum ; Two
Sea Battles, Utrecht Museum ; Fight near
Coast between the Dutch and Spanish (1641),
Copenhagen Gallery ; Embarking of Troops
on Dutch Canal (1624), Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Marines in Arenberg Gallery,
Brussels ; in Museums and Galleries of Ber-
lin (1635), Augsburg, Dresden (1620), Gotha,
Frankfort (1638), Madrid (1627), Vienna
(Museum, 1631 ; Liechtenstein Gallery,
1616). By his son, Isaac, who was a mem-
ber of the guild at Utrecht in 1637, and its
dean in 1666, is a River View in the Rotter-
I
dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 235 ; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 261 ; Kramm, vi. 1863 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, ii. 179 ; Rooses (Reber), 419.
WILLE, AUGUST VON, born at Cassel
in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of Dtts-
seldorf Academy in 1847-53 ; lived for sev-
eral years at Weimar, then settled at
Diisseldorf ; his pictures are of poetical
conception, and well supplied with fine ar-
chitecture and many figures, executed with
great technical skill. Works : Planning of
Erection of Monastery (1859), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Luther's Arrival at the Wart-
burg by Moonlight, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Park Landscape ; Elizabeth's
Well at the Wartburg ; Gate of the Wart-
burg ; Feeding the Dogs ; Woodland Scene
with Huntsmen ; Inner Court of the Wart-
burg with Luther's Arrival ; Tavern Life in
Seventeenth Century ; City Hall at Bingen ;
Peasant and Antiquary ; Testing Wine in
Convent Cellar ; Street in Marburg ; Burn-
ing of Diisseldorf Academy. — Dioskuren
(1861-65) ; Kunst-Chrouik (1870-77) ; Mul-
ler, 558 ; Wiegmann, 383.
WILLEBORTS. See Bos^haert.
WILLEMS, FLORENT, born at Liege,
Jan. 8, 1823. Genre painter, pupil of
Mechlin Academy ; studied especially the
old Dutch masters, and attracted attention
as early as 1840 ; the great success of his
picture, exhibited in Paris in 1844, induced
him to settle there. Medals : Paris, 3d
class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st class, 1855,
1867, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1853 ; Officer,
1864 ; Commander, 1878 ; Officer of Order
of Leopold, 1851. Works : Visit to Young
Mother (1844) ; Musical Party ; The Widow ;
Visit of ilaria de' Medici to Rubens ; Guard
Room ; Woman by Spinning- Wheel (1850),
Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Auction (1851), Ra-
venc Gallery, Berlin ; Three Ages of Man ;
Engagement Ring ; Silk Mercer's Shop in
1660 (1855), Napoleon HI; Adorning the
Bride, Brussels Museum ; Presentation of
the Future, The Widow (1863) ; Going
Out, L'Accouchee (1864) ; Aux Annea de
Flandre (1877) ; Lady with Lap-Dog, Czer-
nin Gallery, Vienna ; Page with Dog, Paint-
er before Easel, Museum Fodor, Amster-
dam. Works in United States : Victor of
Crossbowmen (1844), John G. Johnson,
Philadelphia ; J'y etais ! Sealing the Love
Letter, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, ib. ; Judgment
of Paris, Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib. ; Good News,
W. B. Bement, ib. ; Artist, August Belmout,
WILLEES
New York ; Departing for the Promenade,
Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Plucking the Eose,
Israel Corse, ib. ; Betrothal Ring, Mrs.
Paran Stevens, ib.; Female Figure, T. A.
Havemeyer, ib. ; Waiting Maid, Robert Hoe,
ib. ; Mirror, John Hoey, ib. ; At the Window,
C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Revery, R. L. Stuart
Collection, ib.; La Bague, J. T. Martin,
Brooklyn ; Important Response, Health of
the King, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Read-
ing, J. W. Garrett, ib. ; Morning Walk, H. O.
Gibson, Philadelphia; The Letter, W. Mason,
Taunton, Mass. ; Love Letter, Charles Crock-
er, San Francisco ; Music Lesson, Morgan
sale, New York (1886), $1,255.— Dioskuren,
1863-66; D. Kunstbl., 1853-57; Immer-
zeel, iii.
WILLERS, ERNST, born at Oldenburg
in 1804, died in Munich, May 1, 1880.
Landscape painter, pupil of Diisseldorf
Academy under Schirmer ; went afterwards
to Rome, where he was long allied with
Josef Anton Koch ; thence he visited Sicily
and twice Greece ; finally settled at Munich.
His works, recalling the heroic landscapes
of Koch and the ideal style of Karl Marko,
are of grand conception and poetical colour-
ing. Among the best are : The Acropolis at
Athens, Temple of Jupiter, ib. ; View of the
Piraeus and Isles, Acrocorinth, View near
Palermo, Grand Duke of Oldenburg ; Valley
of Egeria near Rome, Grand Duchess of
Weimar ; The Acropolis at Athens, Schack
Gallery, Munich ; Outlook towards the Sea
from Chigi Park near Ariccia. — Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xvii. 1011 ; Schack, Meine
Gemaldesammlung, 213.
WILLIAM, ST., TAKING THE MONAS-
TIC HABIT, Guercino, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft. 10. William,
Duke of Aquitaine, having determined to
renounce the world, presents himself, at the
head of his warriors, before St. Felix, and
puts on the monastic habit ; above, in
clouds, the Virgin and child sustained by an
angel, and at left, SS. Peter and Paul.
Painted about 1620 for S. Gregorio, Bo-
logna ; carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
in 1815. A masterpiece of Guercino's first
period. Engraved by G. Trabalesi ; G. Mi-
telli ; G. Tomba. — Landon ; Musee, xii. PL
54 ; Pinac. di Bologna, PL 48 ; Meyer,
Ktinst. Lex., iii. 2 ; Lavice, 3.
WILLIAMS, EDWARD, born in Lam-
beth, London, in 1782, died at Barnes, June
24, 1855. Son of Edward Williams, engraver,
and pupil in painting of his maternal uncle
James Ward ; then apprenticed to Mr. Hil-
St. William taking the Monastic Habit, Guercino, Bologna Gallery.
Her, carver and gilder, but finally devoted
himself to miniature and landscape painting.
For many years his favourite subjects were
moonlight scenes, and later the scenery of
the Thames. His six sons were all painters.
Work : Landscape with Figures by Moon-
light, National Gallery, London.- — Redgrave ;
F. de Conches, 347.
WILLIAMS, FREDERICK DWIGHT,
born in Boston ; contemporary. Landscape
and figure painter. Studio in Paris.
434
WILLIAMS
Works : Scene at Pont Nien, Shepherdess
and her Flock, The Marne, Farmyard at
Fiuistere (1878) ; Autumn Day — France,
Fifine and her Geese (1881). His wife,
Sirs. L. Lunt Williams, paints figure and
cattle pieces. Work : Mange Done ! (1884).
WILLIAMS, HAYNES, born at Worces-
ter, England, in 1834. Genre painter, pupil
of the Art School in Birmingham ; went to
Spain in 1862, and has since painted many
Spanish subjects, exhibiting in the Royal
Academy in 1870 his Desesperados y Ines-
perados. Works : Prayers for One Wound-
ed (1872) ; A los Toros (1873) ; Billeted, El
Saludad (1874) ; Modern Occupants of An-
cient Homes, ArsLonga — Vita Brevis (1877);
Foundlings in Spain in 1790 (1878) ; Con-
gratulations (1879); The Stepmother (1880) ;
His First Offence (1881) ; The Sermon (1882) ;
Gleam of Sunshine (1883) ; Called to Court,
At the Fountain, Going to the Fountain
(1884) ; Benediction, Interruption in the
Dance (1885) ; Cellini awaiting an Inter-
view with Franyois I. (1886). — Meynell,
185.
WILLIAMS, ISAAC L., bom in Phila-
delphia in 1817. Landscape and portrait
painter, pupil in Philadelphia of John R
Smith and John Neagle. Visited Europe
in 1866-67. Member of the Philadelphia
Academy. Work : View near Meriden—
Conn., October (1876).
WILLIAMS, PENRY, born at Merthyr
Tydvil, Glamorganshire, about 1798, died in
Rome, or Wales, February, 1886 (?). Land-
scape and subject painter ; exhibited at
Royal Academy first in 1824 ; went to Italy
in 1827, and thenceforth resided in Rome,
whence he sent many pictures to England.
Works : Procession to the Christening (1832) ;
Ferry on the Nynfa (1835) ; Madonna del
Arco (1837); H Voto or the Convalescent
(1842); The Fountain— Mola diGaeta(1849);
Rustic Toilet (1853) ; Neapolitan Peasants
at Fountain (1859), National Gallery ; Mass
for the Reapers in the Campagna (1860) ;
Italian Mother and Child (1861).— Art Jour-
nal (1864), 101 ; Portfolio (1886).
WILLIAMSON, JOHN, born in Scot-
land in 1826, died at Glenwood, N. Y.,
May 28, 1885. Landscape painter, taken
to America when a child. Associate of the
National Academy, New York, in 1861.
Works : Passing Shower— Connecticut Val-
ley (1869) ; Hook Mountains (1870); Return
of the Hunters (1871) ; Reminiscence of
Berkshire County (1873) ; After the Storm
—Blue Ridge (1877) ; In the Mohawk Val-
ley, Sugar Loaf Mountain (1878); Palisades
—Hudson River (1879) ; Lovers' Walk-
Glen Lea (1880) ; Trout Fishing— Catskill
Mountains (1881) ; Long Years Saw Mill —
Ulster County, N. Y. (1883).
WILLICH, CASAR, born at Frnnken-
thal, Bavaria, in 1825. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under
Jacob Schlesinger (1793-1855), then in Mu-
nich (1846) of Karl Schorn ; lived in Swit-
zerland in 1848-49, went in 1850 to Ant-
werp, studied there for several years, then
for three years in Paris under Couture ;
visited Italy in 1858, stayed chiefly in Rome
until 1861, when he settled in Munich.
Works : Tribunal during Time of Witches'
Trials, H. Weseudonk, Zurich ; Psyche with
the Ointment Box ; Sleeping Nymph and
Faun ; Resting Amazon and Deer ; Young
Gypsy Girl with Lizard ; Nymph Fishing ;
Portrait of Richard Wagner. — Dioskureu
(1866-68) ; Mailer, 559.
WILLMANS, MICHAEL, born at Kon-
igsberg in 1629, died at a country-seat
near Leubus, Silesia, Aug. 26, 1706. Ger-
man school ; history and portrait painter,
pupil of his father Peter Willmans ; went
early to Holland, where he formed himself
under Jacob Backer and Rembrandt ; after
his return he worked at KGuigsberg, Prague,
Breslau, and Berlin, and was made court
painter by the Great Elector. Works : Rape
of Europa (1679), Schwerin Gallery ; Por-
trait of a Boy, Dresden Museum. — Schlie,
697.
WILLROIDER, JOSEPH, born at Vil-
lach, Carinthia, in 1838. Landscape paint-
er, self-taught from 1860 in Munich and
436
WILMAETH
during travels in Bavaria, the Austrian Alps,
and Holland ; his pictures show great feeling
for the picturesque in
their composition,
masterly treatment of
trees, and clear col-
ouring. Lives in Diis-
seldorf. Order of Ba-
varian Crown, 1884.
Works: Wood Land-
scape on Lake Ossi-
ach, Wood Interior,
View in Upper Ba-
varia, View on a Lake, View near Munich,
On the Elbe, Carinthian Landscape, Walk
to Emmaus (1879) ; Meteorological Station
in Carinthia (1882) ; Dies ine, Munich Art
Union. His brother and pupil, Ludwig
(born at Villach in 1845), is also a landscape
painter of merit ; lives in Munich, where he
has done much towards reviving interest in
the art of etching, and is honorary member
of the Academy. — Allgem. K. C., viii. 48 ;
Dioskuren (I860) ; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 62 ;
Kunst f iir Alle, i. 184 ; Miiller, 560 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., x. (Mittheilungen, iii. 75).
WILMAKTH, LEMUEL EVERETT,
born at Attleborough, Mass., Nov. 11, 1835.
Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania
Academy in Philadelphia ; studied at Mu-
nich under Kaulbach in 1859-62, and in
1864 at the £cole des Beaux Arts, Paris,
under Gerome. In 1870 professor of the
National Academy free schools ; elected an
A.N.A. in 1871, and N.A. in 1873. Studio
in New York. Works : Sparking in the
Olden Time (1864); Little Pitchers have Big
Ears (18G5) ; An Afternoon at Home (1871) ;
Guess what I've brought you? (1873) ; In-
gratitude (1875) ; Study of Peaches (1877) ;
Pick of the Orchard (1880) ; Who Wins
may Wear (1883); Jack's Return, Please
may I keep Him ? (1884) ; Country Artist
(1885).— Sheldon, 110.
WILMS, JOSEF, born at Bilk, near Diis-
seldorf, Aug. 2, 1814. Still-life and genre
painter, pupil of Diisseldorf Academy un-
der Schadow and Theodor Hildebrandt ; vis-
ited Strassburg in 1848 and Amsterdam in
1862. Works: Peasant Still-Life (1834),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Student enriched
by Heritage (1838); Punch Service by Lamp-
light (1840) ; Boar's Head (1841) ; Squirrel
(1842); Revolution inPainter'sStudio(1851);
Miinchhausen (1856) ; Breakfast with Cham-
pagne.— Miiller, 560 ; Wiegmaun, 410.
WILS, JOHANNES, born probably at
Haarlem, died there before 1670. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, entered the guild
at Haarlem in 1628, and was one of the mas-
ters of Berchem, who married his daughter.
His rare works are compared to those of Jan
Booth and Jacob Ruisdael. Works : Moun-
tainous Wood and River Landscape, Chapel
in the Forest, Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie,
697.
WILSON, RICHARD, born at Pinegas,
Montgomerys h i re,
Aug. 1, 1713, died at
Llanberris, Carnar-
vonshire, May, 1782.
Landscape painter,
pupil for six years
of Thomas Wright,
a London portrait
painter of little
ability. After
painting portraits
with some success, he went, in 1749, to
Italy, where, by advice of Zuccarelli, he de-
voted himself to landscape painting. Re-
turning home in 1755, he was disappointed
to find that his classic style was not appre-
ciated by the public. Though unfavoured
by fortune, he continued the struggle, and
in 1760 his ability attained some slight rec-
ognition when his picture of Niobe was ex-
hibited at the Society of Artists, of which
he was a member ; yet he never became
popular, and died in comparative indigence,
a disappointed man. Long after his death
the popular taste became educated to his
standard, and he is now regarded as one of
the greatest of English landscape painters.
Wilson was one of the original members of
the Royal Academy, and in 1776 was ap-
430
WILT
pointed its librarian. "Works : Villa of Mro-
ceuas at Tivoli, Destruction of Niobe's Chil-
dren, Lake Avernus, On the River Wye, and
other landscapes, National Gallery, London ;
Apollo and the Seasons, River Dee, Grosven-
or House ; View of Tivoli, Dulwich Gallery ;
Landscape, Earl of Wemyss ; Italian Land-
scape, R. C. L. Bevau ; Landscape with
Mill, Rev. W. H. Wayne; Italian Land-
scape, River Scene with Figures, National
Gallery, Einburgh.— Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Red-
grave ; Wright, Life (London, 1824) ; Cun-
ningham ; F. de Conches, 179 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 106 ; Portfolio
(1872), 82.
WILT, THOMAS VAN DER, born at
Piershil, Holland, Oct. 29, 1659, died at
Delft in 1733. Dutch school. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Jan Verkolje at Delft, where he
was repeatedly one of the trustees of the
guild in 1690-1714. His works show also
the influence of Ter Borch and Ochtervelt.
In the Berlin Museum is one of his princi-
pal works : Lady and two Gentlemen at
Game of Draughts. — Kramrn, vi. 1870 ;
Meyer, Gem. kongl. Mus., 536.
WINDSOR BEAUTIES, Sir Peter Lely,
Hampton Court Palace, England ; canvas,
H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft 4 in. each. Portraits
of beauties of the Court of Charles H., so
called because they were formerly hung in
the queen's bedchamber at Windsor Castle.
All of them are three-quarters lengths, in
landscapes, and all of one type — bare-head-
ed, with hair arranged in coquettish curls
on the forehead, short sleeves, and with
draperies disposed in graceful negligence,
freely exposing the busts. Lely painted
eleven originally : 1. Barbara Villiers, Duch-
ess of Cleveland, as Minerva ; daughter and
heiress of Viscount Graudisou and wife of
Roger Palmer, afterwards Earl of Castle-
maine. 2. Frances Stewart, Duchess of
Richmond ; daughter of Captain Walter
Stewart and wife of Duke of Richmond. 3.
Mrs. Jane Middleton, daughter of Sir Roger
Needham. 4. Elizabeth Wriothesley, Count-
ess of Northumberland ; daughter of the
Earl of Southampton and wife of Joscelin,
Lord Percy ; married second, Ralph, Lord
Montague, but retained her first title. 5.
Anne Digby, Countess of Sunderland ;
daughter of the Earl of Bristol and wife of
Robert Spencer, Earl of Suuderland. 6.
Elizabeth Bagot, Countess of Falraouth ;
daughter of Colonel Hervey Bagot, wife of
Lord Falmouth and afterwards of Lord
Dorset. 7. Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Den-
ham ; daughter of Sir William Brooke and
wife of Sir John Denham, the poet. 8.
Frances Brooke, afterwards Lady Whitmore ;
sister of Elizabeth Brooke and wife of Sir
Thomas Whitmore. 9. Henrietta Boyle,
Countess of Rochester ; daughter of Rich-
ard, Earl of Cork and Burlington, and wife
of Lawrence Hyde, afterwards Earl of
Rochester. 10. Eliza Hamilton, Countess
de Gramont, as St. Catherine ; sister of
Count Anthony Hamilton and wife of the
Chevalier de Gramont. 11. Madame d'Or-
leans. This picture is lost. — Law, Hist Cat.
Hampton Court, 56 ; Mrs. Jameson, Beauties
of Court of Charles H. ; Hamilton, Memoires
du comte de Gramont ; Pepys's Diary.
WINGE, MARTEN ESKTL, born in
Stockholm, Sept. 21, 1825. History paint-
er, pupil of Stockholm Academy, where ho
took the first prize in 1857 ; then studied in
Diisseldorf, and under Couture in Paris ;
went to Rome, and returned in 1803 via
Munich to Sweden ; became member of
Stockholm Academy and court painter in
1864, and professor in 1867. Works :
Kraka (1862), Hjalmar and Orvar Odd
(1865), Loke and Sigyn, Thor's Fight with
the Giants (1868), Stockholm Museum ; In-
geborg, Gothenburg Museum ; Olof Tryg-
gvesson and Sigrid Storrada at Konghiill ;
Christ on Mount of Olives ; Resurrection ;
Descent from the Cross. His wife Hauna,
nee Sengelin (born Dec. 4, 1838), is a good
genre painter, pupil of Boklund and of
Stockholm Academy. — Mtlller, 561.
437
WINGHE
WINGHE (Wingen), JODOCUS (Joost)
VAN, born in Brussels in 1544, died in
Frankfort in 1603 or 1605. Flemish school ;
history and portrait painter ; went early to
Borne, where he lived four years at a car-
dinal's ; after his return became painter to
the Prince of Parma, and in 1584 went to
Frankfort, meeting there and in Hanau
with great success. Works : Banquet and
Masquerade, Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait
of Patrician Lady, Stiidel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Lot and his Daughters, Gotha Muse-
um ; Apelles painting Campaspe (2), Vienna
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 239 ; Kramm, vi.
1871 ; Michiels, vi. 465.
WINNE, LIEVIN DE, born in Ghent in
1821, died in Brussels, May 13, 1880. Por-
trait painter of great excellence, pupil of
Felix Delvigne. Medals : Paris, 3d class,
1861 ; 2d class, 1863 ; 1st class, 1878 ; at
Brussels, and London, at the principal ex-
hibitions from 1860. L. of Honour, 1865 ;
Officer, 1878. Works: Portrait of King
Leopold I., Brussels Museum ; Prince of
Arenberg ; Count of Flanders ; Paul De-
vigue ; Felix Delvigne ; Emile Breton ; Fir-
rnin Rogier ; Duchess of Arenberg ; Minis-
ter Frere-Orbau, etc. — Gaz. des B. Arts
(1859), iii. 255; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix.
240.
WINT, PETER DE. See De Wint,
Peter.
WINTER, HEINRICH, born at Frank-
fort in 1843. Landscape and animal paint-
er, pupil of Jacob Becker at the Stiidel
Institute ; was induced in 1868, by Adolf
Schreyer, to visit Hungary, where he studied
the different breeds of horses on the large
plains. After his return he took part in the
campaign of 1870-71 as a volunteer, and in
1874 visited the East. Works: Rendez-
vous ; Horse Thieves ; Transportation of
French Prisoners through Loigny ; Prison-
ers and Wounded Soldiers on a Waggon in
the Snow.— Kaulen, 191 ; Miiller, 561.
WINTER, LOUIS DE, born at Antwerp,
March 23, 1819. Landscape and marine
painter, pupil at Antwerp Academy of Ja-
cobus Jacobs and of Jan Baptist de Jonghe.
Travelled in France and Germany. Gold
medal, Brussels, 1854. Order of Leopold,
1861. Works : Fishermen throwing out
their Nets by Moonlight (1853), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Coast View by Moonlight (1856),
Raveno Gallery, Berlin ; Crossing a Ford ;
View in the Ardennes ; Sunset ; Moonlight
Scenes and Marines.
WINTER, Nicolas Poussin. See Deluge.
WINTERHALTER, FRANZ XAVER,
born at Mengenschwand
in the Black Forest, April
20, 1806, died in Frank-
fort, July 8, 1873. Por-
trait and genre painter,
pupil of Munich Acad-
emy and of Stieler ; went
in 1828 to Carlsruhe,
where he was made court
painter ; spent several
years travelling in Italy, Spain, Belgium, and
England, and in 1834 settled in Paris, where
for more than thirty years he was the por-
trait painter par excellence of royalty and
of the aristocracy, especially of women. Med-
als : Paris, 1836, 1837, 1855 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1839 ; Officer, 1857 ; Order of Red
Eagle, 1861 ; Wtlrtemberg Crown Order,
Commander Order of Francis Joseph, and
many others. Works : Roman Genre Scene,
Portrait of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; do. of Grand Duchess
Sophie (1828) ; Mile. Tascher de laPagerie ;
Louis Philippe and his Queen ; Princes and
Princesses of Orleans ; King Leopold of
Belgium and Queen ; Royal Family of Eng-
land ; Queen Isabella of Spain ; Emperor
and Empress of Russia ; do. of Austria ; do.
of Mexico ; King and Queen of Prussia ;
do. of Wtlrtemberg ; Napoleon HI. and Eu-
genie ; Italians in a Landscape, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Maiden of Ariccia (1835) ; Dolce
438
WISLICENUS
far uiente, Decameron (1836) ; Fisherman's
Family in Mid-day Sun ; Scene at a Well
near Naples ; Florinde (1852), William H.
Webb, New York ; Queen Maria Christina
of Spain (1841), Marshal Count Sebastian
(1841), Queen Victoria (1842), Duchess of
Kent, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 724 ;
Kunst-Chronik, viii. 835 ; Laud und Meer
(1873), ii. 902 ; Meyer, Gesch., 390 ; Nagler,
xxi. 546.
WISLICENUS, HERMANN, born at
Eisenach, Sept. 20,
1825. History paint-
er, pupil of Dresden
Academy under Ben-
demann and Schnorr ;
went in 1853 to Rome,
where he was allied
with Cornelius and
other prominent mas-
ters ; after his return
in 1857 he lived ten
years in Weimar, became professor at the
Art School there in 1866, and at the Dils-
seldorf Academy in 1868. Works : Abun-
dance and Poverty (sketch for curtain in
Royal Theatre), Dresden Gallery ; Myth of
Prometheus, History of Hercules, Leip-
sic Museum ; The Four Seasons (1876-77),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Night and its
Retinue ; Charity (1857) ; Fancy borne by
Dream -Gods, Schack Gallery, Munich ; Ger-
mania keeping Watch on the Rhine (1874).
In fresco : Religious Subjects, Grand-Ducal
Chapel, Weimar ; Cornelia — Mother of the
Gracchi, Brutus condemning his Sons, Stair-
case of Roman House, Leipsic ; Cycle from
History of German Empire (1879- ), Kai-
serhaus, Goslar. — Jordan (1885), ii. 244 ;
Kunst-Chronik, it. 376 ; nil. 23 ; xix. 155 ;
xx. 4 ; MiiUer, 562 ; Reber (Pecht), ii. 218 ;
iii. 326 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung
(1884), 186 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 181.
WISNIESKI, OSKAR, born in Berlin,
Dec. 3, 1819. Genre painter, pupil of Ber-
lin Academy ; visited North Italy, and re-
peatedly Paris. Paints scenes after poets
and from history, especially fine costume
pictures of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Works : Sophie Charlotte and
Leibnitz in Park of Ldtzelburg ; Lady Pat-
roness and the Village Poor ; Dance in
Open Air ; Wolf Hunt ; Return Home, Page
and Country Maid (1881), National Gallery,
Berlin.— Jordan (1885), ii. 245.
WISSING, WILLIAM, born in Amster-
dam in 1656, died at Burleigh, near Stamford,
England, Sept. 10, 1687. Portrait painter,
pupil at The Hague of Dodaens, then studied
iu Paris, and lastly in London (1680) under
Lely, whose manner he imitated. After Le-
ly's death he became the fashionable rival
of Kneller, and was appointed by James II.
his principal painter. Among his sitters
were the Royal Family and the Duke of
Monmouth, and he was sent by the King to
Holland to paint William and Mary, then
Prince and Princess of Orange. Works :
Lord Cutts, Duke of Monmouth, Prince
George of Denmark, Mary of Modena, Mary
IL, National Portrait Gallery, London. —
Redgrave ; Feuillet de Conches, 62.
WIT, JACOB DE, born in Amsterdam in
1 6 95, died
there in 1754.
Dutch school ;
h i s t ory and
portrait paint-
er, pupil of Al-
bert van Spiers
and of Jacob
van Halen, but
formed himself
chiefly by study
of Rubens and Van Dyck. Painted children
with much success, and excelled in repre-
senting white marble and other substances
en grisaille. His knowledge of anatomy
and of perspective enabled him to depict
the most difficult foreshortenings on his
ceilings in the most natural manner.
Works , Ceiling and Wall Paintings, Town
Hall, Amsterdam ; Allegory on Science,
Museum, ib. ; Sketch for a Ceiling (1744),
Haarlem Museum ; Faith, Hope and Charity
(1743), Minerva and Four Children, Rotter-
439
WITHE RINGTON
dam Museum ; Portrait of Isaac Newton,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Four Seasons, two oth-
ers, Cassel Gallery ; Children with Attri-
butes of the Chase (1753), Dresden Gallery ;
Cupid as a Hunter, Allegory on Science and
Art (1748), Children's Bacchanal (2, 1748),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Groups of Chil-
dren at Play (2, 1752, 1754), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, Iilcole hollan-
daise ; Immerzeel, iii. 240 ; Kramm, vi.
1873 ; Van den Branden, 1212.
WITHERINGTON, WILLIAM FRED-
ERICK, born iii London, May 26, 1785,
died there, April 10, 1865. Student in
1805 in schools of Royal Academy ; painted
landscapes with figures and rustic figure
subjects ; works thoroughly English and
pleasing. Elected A.R A. in 1830, and R.A.
in 1840. Works : The Stepping Stones,
The Hop Garland, National Gallery ; Hop
Garden, South Kensington Museum. — Red-
grave ; Cat. Nat. Gal. ; Saudby, ii. 164.
WITHOOS, MATHIAS, bom at Amers-
foort in 1627, died at Hoorn in 1703. Dutch
school ; still-life painter, pupil of Jan van
Campen ; in company of Otto Marseus van
Schrieck he went to Italy, where lie painted
rich compositions of flowers and plants, with
butterflies, spiders, snakes, etc., for Cardi-
nal de' Medici. Works : View of the Vatican
and St. Peter's, Schwerin Gallery ; Roman
Park Landscape (1671), Meutz Museum. Jan,
Pieter, and Frans, sous of Mathias, and his
daughter Alida, all painted similar subjects.
— Immerzeel, iii. 243 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii.
523 ; Burger, Musc'es, ii. 320 ; Schlie, 698.
WITT, JOHN HARRISON, born in
Dublin, Wayne County, Ind., May 21, 1840.
Genre and portrait painter. Began to study
art in Cincinnati in 1862 ; first exhibited in
the National Academy in 1868. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1885. Works : Afternoon Nap,
Rags (1880) ; Queen of the Day, Dreaming
of the Future (1881) ; Out-Door Luxury,
One More Spring (1882) ; At Home, Dis-
graced (1883) ; A Clammer's Home, Hookey
(1884) ; Writing to Santa Claus (1885) ; Por-
trait of Lady and Horse (1886).
WITTE, EMANUEL DE, born at Alk-
maar in 1607, died in Amsterdam in 1692 ;
Dutch school ; architecture painter, pupil
at Delft of Evert van Aelst, but formed his
style rather on Aelbert Cuyp ; master of
guild at Alkmaar in 1636, at Delft in 1642 ;
settled in Amsterdam before 1650. At first
painted portraits and historical subjects,
afterwards devoted himself exclusively to
interiors of churches and other perspective
views, and brought this branch of art to the
same perfection as Ruisdael did that of
landscape, and Willem van de Velde that of
marine painting. With correct drawing he
combined a masterly treatment of chiaros-
curo, and a touch of admirable impasto. His
figures are always carefully drawn and are
introduced with picturesque effect. Works :
Church of Delft, Church Interior (1685),
Brussels Museum ; Church Interior (2), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Fish Market at Amster-
dam (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Church
Interiors (2, one dated 1667), Synagogue of
Amsterdam (1680), Berlin Museum ; Inte-
rior of Gothic Church (1656), Brunswick
Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; do. (2, 1667,
1668), Weimar Museum ; others in Kunst-
halle, Hamburg (2, one dated 1656), Schwe-
riu Gallery, Stockholm Museum ; Czernin Gal-
lery, Vienna ;
Ro than Gal-
lery, Paris ;
National Gal-
lery, London.
— Ch. Blanc,
hollandaise ; Immerzeel, iii. 244 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 512.
WITTE, GASPAR DE, bom at Antwerp,
baptized Oct. 5, 1624, died there, March
20, 1681. Flemish school ; landscape paint-
er, son and pupil of Pieter de Witte (1586
-1651), went early in life to Italy, thence to
France, and returned to Antwerp in 1651,
when he became master of the guild. Works :
La bonne aventure (1667), Christ healing
the Blind (1671), Antwerp Museum ; Wood-
land Scene, Lille Museum ; Mountain Land-
scape with a Castle, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
440
WITTE
Interior of Gothic Church, Gotha Museum ; '
Landscape with I turns of Aqueduct, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Rocky Wood Landscape with
Fishermen, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; An-
tique Buildings, Turin Gallery. — Cat. du
Mus. d'Anvers, 143 ; Booses (Beber), 412 ;
Van den Branden, 1062.
WITTE, PEETEB DE, called Candido,
born in Bruges about 1548, died in Munich
in 1628. Flemish school ; history painter ;
went early to Italy, and in Florence made
the acquaintance of Vasari, who took him to
Borne and employed him as his assistant
there and later in Florence. In 1578 he
entered the service of Duke Albert V., and
after that prince's death that of William V.
of Bavaria. As court painter to the next
duke, Maximilian I., he made most of the
designs for the decoration of his newly
built palace, and painted several ceilings in
it. He exerted considerable influence up-
on art in Munich. Works: Holy Family
adored by Angels, Kuusthalle, Hamburg ;
Madonna with Saints, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Hunt, Falcon Chase, Fishing, Daughter of
Jephtha, two portraits, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; King David playing the Harp, Baron
Miuutoli's Collection, Schloss Fridersdorf,
Silesia ; Death of St. Ursula, Holy Family,
do. with St. Stephen, Vienna Museum. —
Immerzeel, iii. 244 ; Kramm, vi. 1878 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), i. 242 ; Bee, Peter Candid und
seine Werke (Leipsic, 1885).
WITTKAMP, JOHAN BEBNABD, born
at Biesenbeck, Westphalia, Sept. 29, 1820.
History painter, pupil in Rotterdam of Wil-
lem Hendrik Schmidt, then of Antwerp Acad-
emy under DeKeyser ; visited France, Italy,
Switzerland, and Germany in 1853. Medals
at Brussels (1845), The Hague, Bruges, Lon-
don. Honorary Member of Amsterdam and
Philadelphia Academies. Works: The Dutch
passing the Winter on Nova Zembla in
1596 (1845) ; The Jailer (1850), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Arrival of Hugo Grotius at Bostock
(1851) ; Return of the Dutch from Nova
Zembla (1854) ; King Lear ; Borneo and
Juliet ; John Parricida's Flight over the
Alps; The Women of Crcveccour (1857);
Cruelty of Duke Adolphus of Gueldres to
his Father (1860); Parisina (after Byron,
1876).— D. Kunstbl., 1852, 1853; Mttller,
563.
WITTMEB, JOHANN MICHAEL, bom
at Murnau, Bavaria, Oct. 15, 1802, died in
Rome, May 9, 1880. History painter, pu-
pil of the Munich Academy under Longer ;
went in 1828 to Borne, whence he visited
Naples in 1831, and accompanied the Crown
Prince Max in 1833 on a tour to Naples,
Sicily, Malta, Corfh, Greece, Constantino-
ple, and Smyrna. He lived afterwards alto-
gether in Borne, but visited Germany in 1844
and 1858. Works : Christ Crucified (1826);
Two Altarpieces (1827) ; Bebekah at the
Well, Burial of St. Catherine (1828); Hngar
(1829) ; Healing of the Blind (1830) ; Sweet
Waters in Asia (1835) ; ^Esop telling his
Fables ; Autiochus and Stratonice, Homer,
Flight into Egypt, Six Oriental Views, Cof-
fee-House in Smyrna, Birth of St. John
(1843) ; Procession of Pius IX. to the Lateran
(1846) ; Blessing the Children (1848) ; Ma-
donna (1849); Coronation of Virgin (1858);
St. Ann with Virgin, St. Joseph, St. Igna-
tius (1861); Maria Immaculata (1866); Bur-
ial of St. Catherine (1851), Birth of St. John
(1862), Adoration of the Shepherds, New
Pinakothek, Munich. — Andresen, ii. 288 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xv. 627 ; xxi. 218 ; Cotta's
Kunstbl., 1829^3.
WLEUGHELS, NICOLAS, bom in Paris,
baptized Dec. 11, 1668, died in Rome, Dec.
5, 1737. Flemish and French schools; his-
tory and genre painter, son and pupil of
Philippe Wleughels (born at Antwerp about
1622, died in Paris, buried March 23, 1694,
pupil of Cornelis Schut) ; then studied un-
der Pierre Mignard, went to Italy in 1694,
and after a sojourn of two years in Borne
and Venice returned to Paris, where he was
received into the Academy in 1716. Ap-
pointed director of the French Academy in
Borne in 1724, and while there made chev-
alier of the Order of Saint Michel. He was
very intimate with Watteau, and his works
441
WOENSAM
were engraved by such masters as Jeaurat,
Charles Simoneau, Larmessin, Tardieu, Su-
rugue, and Cochin. Although his compo-
sition and colouring often suggest the in-
fluence of the Venetian school, he followed
on the whole the untrue mannerism of his
epoch. "Works : Apelles painting Campaspe
(1716), Chateau de Compiegne; Vulcan pre-
senting to Venus the Arms for .ZEneas, Tou-
louse Museum ; The Levee, Evening Toilet,
Valenciennes Museum ; Christ in the House
of Simon (1727), Marriage at Cana (1728),
Schleissheim Gallery ; Visitation of Mary
(1729), Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg.— Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Fetis,
Les Artistes beiges, ii. 226 ; Jal, 1302 ;
Memoires inedits, i. 354 ; Michiels, ix. 302.
WOENSAM (Wonsam), ANTON, called
Anton von Worms, flourished in Cologne
about 1528-61. German school ; the only
painter from the Lower Rhine in whose rare
pictures the influence of Albrecht Diirer is
perceptible. This master drew well, and
was not without a certain feeling for beauty.
Works : Carthusian Monks under the Cross,
Taking of Christ (1529), Museum, Cologne ;
Madonna, St. Severinus' and St. Ursula's,
ib. ; do., Darmstadt Gallery; Last Judg-
ment, Berlin Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i.
229 ; Merlo, 517 ; W. & W., ii. 491.
WOLF, AUGUST, born at Weinheim,
Baden, April 22, 1842. History painter,
pupil in Carlsruhe of the art school, and
of Hans Canon ; went in 1868 to Dresden,
and copied there a Madonna by Titian, and
the portrait of Charles I. by Van Dyck,
which procured for him a commission from
Count Schack, to copy in Venice the princi-
pal works of the Venetian masters for his
gallery in Munich ; this task, performed
with a singular understanding for the in-
dividuality of those masters, occupied him
for ten years in Venice, where he still lives.
Among his original works are : Banquet at
Murano in 16th Century ; Apollo among
the Muses ; The Three Parcte ; Old Vene-
tian Wedding Procession ; Resurrection, in
the Burial Chapel of the Schack Family,
Schwerin. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 975 ;
Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884),
290.
WOLF HUNT, Rubens, Ashburton Col-
lection, London ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 1 in. x 12
ft. 5 in. Three figures mounted, two of
them portraits of Rubens and Isabella
Brandt, and five on foot, attacking two
wolves and three foxes. Painted in 1612
for the Spanish General Legranes; inher-
ited by Count Altamira, Madrid ; taken to
Paris, returned in 1815 ; purchased (1824)
by Smith, picture dealer, for 50,000 francs.
Engraved by Soutman ; Van der Leeuw.
Replica (6 ft. 7 in. x 9 ft. 2 in.), Methuen
Collection, Corsham House, England. — Waa-
gen, Treasures, ii. 102 ; Smith, ii. 273.
WOLF, JOHANN ANDREAS, born in
Munich in 1652, died there, April 9, 1716.
German school ; history painter, pupil of
his father, Jonas Wolf, an obscure painter,
and of the sculptor Ableitner ; took Schon-
feld and Karl Loth for his models, and
afterwards studied especially copies after
Raphael's works. Works : Artist's Portrait,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Rupert, Met-
ropolitan Church, ib. ; Death of St. Joseph,
St. Joseph's Hospital Church, ib. ; Immacu-
late Conception, Church of the Holy Ghost,
ib.; Communion of the Virgin, The Virgin
on the Globe, Schleissheim Gallery ; St. An-
drew, Freising Cathedral. — Nagler, xxii. 51.
WOLFAERTS. See Wol/ordt.
WOLFE, DEATH OF, Benjamin West,
Grosveuor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft.
x 7 ft. Battle at Quebec, 1759. General
Wolfe, lying on the ground in the agonies
of death, supported by several officers, and
surrounded by others in various attitudes
expressive of grief, is told of his victory by
soldiers running from left, where the battle
is still raging ; in foreground, an Indian
sitting on the ground. In this picture
West repudiated the traditions of the clas-
sical school and dressed his characters in
the costume of the period represented.
Painted in 1771. Engraved by Woollett.
Replica at Hampton Court ; several others.
442
WOLFFORDT
— Ch. Blanc, iScole anglaise ; Law, Hist.
Cat. Hampton Court, 102 ; Reveil, xiv. 992.
WOLFFORDT, ARTUS, born at Ant-
werp in 1581, died there in 1G41. Flemish
school ; history painter ; entered in 1G03
the guild at Dordrecht, whither he had
been taken when three months old ; in
1616 was received into the guild at Ant-
werp. Enjoyed great reputation in his I
time, and Van Dyck painted his portrait.
Works : Flight into Egypt, Repose in !
-69), in Tyrol and North Italy (1858, 1860,
1867), in Austria and Hungary, and the art
centres of Germany. Works : Barbara Cor-
ner in Breslau (1857), Breslau City Hall
(1859), City Gallery, Breslau ; Liuneu House
at Breslau (1861), City Hall, ib.; St. Mary
Magdalen's (1867), and Interior of St. Vin-
cent's, (1869), National Museum, ib.
WOLFVOET, VICTOR, the younger,
born in Antwerp, baptized May 4, 1612,
died there, Oct. 23, 1052. Flemish school ;
Death of Wolfe, Benjamin West, Grosvenor House, London.
Egypt, Madrid Museum. His son, Jan Bap-
tist (born at Antwerp in November, 1625),
was a good landscape painter ; he went ear-
ly to Italy, and afterwards settled in Hol-
land. By him is a Mountainous Landscape
with Animals, in the Rotterdam Museum.—
Rooses (Reber), 379 ; Van den Brandeu,
632.
WOLFL, ADALBERT, born at Franken-
stein, Silesia, May 9, 1827. Architecture
and landscape painter, pupil in Breslau of
Ernst Resch, but principally self-taught dur-
ing travels on the Rhine and Moselle (1858
| history painter, son and pupil of Victor
Wolfvoet, the elder, then pupil of Rubens.
Master of Antwerp guild in 1644. Works :
Visitation (163!)), St. James', Antwerp ; Head
of Medusa, Dresden Gallery. — Kranirn, vi.
1883 ; Rooses (Reber), 318 ; Van den Bran-
den, 798.
WOLGEMUTH (Wohlgemuth, Wolge-
mut), MICHAEL, born in Nuremberg in
1434, died there, Nov. 30, 1519. German
school ; history and portrait painter. After
receiving instruction in art, probably from
his father, he, like other apprentices, spent
443
WOLGEMUTH
three years in wandering about Germany
and the Netherlands, and then settled at
Nuremberg, where he
first appears as a cit-
izen in 1474. He
opened a large stu-
dio, or rather work-
shop, in which he and
his numerous ap-
prentices painted re-
ligious pictures to or-
der, and made designs
for such wood-cuts as
those which fill the pages of the famous
" Chronicle of Nuremberg." Bather a skil-
ful mechanic than an artist, Wolgemuth's
on the Cross, Coronation of the Virgin,
Pieta, last three with portraits of donors,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Death of the Vir-
gin, Cologne Museum ; four altar wings
with Resurrection (1465), Crucifixion, Mar-
riage of St. Catherine, Departure of the
Apostles, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pe-
ringsdorffer Altar (1488), Christ on Mount
of Olives, Crucifixion, Portrait of Old Man
with Felt Hat, do. of Canon Schdnborn,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Portraits
of Ursula Tucher (1478) and Elizabeth
Tucher (1499), Cassel Gallery ; two por-
traits of same family, Weimar Museum ;
Portraits of Man and Wife (1475), Amalien-
stif t, Dessau ; Old Man's Portrait, Liechten-
Woman taken in Adultery, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
fame rests more upon the fact that he had Al-
brecht Diirer as his pupil than upon his ar-
tistic work. The pictures attributed to him
are very unequal in merit, probably because
many of them were for the most part paint-
ed by his assistants. The best show con-
siderable dramatic feeling, and are painted
in clear, strong colour. Works : Christ be-
fore Pilate, Louvre ; Entombment, Christ
stein Gallery, Vienna ; The Three Magi,
Czernin Gallery, ib. ; Altarpiece (1479) in
Church of the Virgin, Zwickau ; do. (1506
-08) in Church at Schwabach ; four scenes
from Childhood of Christ, Twelve Sibyls,
Figures of Emperors (about 1500), City
Hall, Goslar ; Pilate washing his Hands,
and Crucifixion, Liverpool Institution. — Ch.
Blanc, £cole allemande ; Kugler (Crowe), i.
444
WOLTZE
148 ; do., Kl. Schriften, ii. 28 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xxi. 218 ; Nagler, xxii. 29 ; Schnaase,
viii. 382 ; Thausing (Eaton), Ddrer, i. 62 ;
W. & W., ii. 119 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 1,
38 ; xiv. 390 ; xviii. 1G9.
WOLTZE, BERTHOLD, born at Havel-
berg, Brandenburg, in 1829. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Berlin Academy, where be won
the grand prize in 1854 ; studied in Rome
in 1855-56, then visited Paris and the
Netherlands. Works : Moses striking the
Rock (1854) ; The Oath (1873) ; Into hos-
tile Life ! (1874) ; Scene of Accident in the
Mountains (1874) ; Dangerous Operation ;
riage. — Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, L PL
53 ; Smith, viii. 51 ; Re veil, xiii. 899.
By Rembrandt, National Gallery, London ;
wood, arched, H. 2 ft 8J in. x 2 ft. 1J in.;
signed, dated 1644. Fifteen principal and
many subordinate figures. The woman in
tears, bending on one knee on the summit
of steps in a temple, is confronted by her
accusers before Christ, who wears a robe of
tawny yellow ; among the group stands a
Roman soldier ; in background, a splendid
altar, with priests and worshippers. Collec-
tion of Burgomaster W. Six (1734) ; taken
to England in 1807 and bought in at Chris-
Woman taken in Adultery, Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery.
Hurrah, Napoleon Caught ! Gypsy Woman
in Prison ; Stoppage of Payment ; When
the Workmen Strike.
WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY,
Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x
6 ft. 4 in. In a public place, decorated with
fine buildings, the woman, in tears, kneels
before Christ, who stands surrounded by
Scribes and Pharisees ; at right, three per-
sons ; at left, five persons ; in background,
a woman with a child in her arms. Painted
in 1653 for M. Le Notre ; Collection of
Louis XTV. Engraved by G. Audran ; C.
M. Vermeuleu ; G. Fonbonne (1709) ; Ma-
tie's at 5,000 guineas ; sold to J. J. Anger-
stein (1807), .£6,000 ; bought for National
Gallery at Anger-stein sale (1824). Engraved
by Burnet ; De Frey ; G. H. Philips (1835).
— Vosmaer, 192, 468 ; Smith, vii. 47.
By Rubens, Leigh Court, England ; wood,
H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 7 ft. 4 in. Five principal and
seven subordinate figures, seen to knees,
rather more than life-size. Woman in cen-
tre, with Christ at her right hand, and a
corpulent priest and a tall Pharisee on the
other side, probably not intended for Luther
and Calvin, as has been suggested. The
other principal figure is said to be a portrait
445
WOMAN
of Rubens's master, Otto Venius. Said to
Lave been painted for family of Van Knyf
at Antwerp ; in Collection of Canon Van
Knyf, Antwerp, in 1780 ; bought at Henry
Hope sale (1816), for £2,000 ; bought in at
Leigh Court sale (1884), for £1,785. En-
graved by Mile. Simons and Tassaert ; Car-
don, in Tresheim's British Gallery ; Brom-
ley, in Forster Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures,
iii. 181 ; Smith, ii. 223.
By iSmile Signal, Luxembourg Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 3 f t. 8 in. The
woman kneels in contrition at right, at the
base of a fluted column, her face buried in
her hands ; at left, Christ, standing, indi-
cates her with his left hand while turning
to speak to her accusers, who are not seen.
Salon, 1840.
By Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. G ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 8 in. Christ, seated in
the Temple, turns towards the left, where
the woman, surrounded by her accusers, is
standing ; at right, another group, and in
the background many people entering
through an arched doorway. Painted for
the Counts Vidmarie ; afterwards in Prague
Gallery, whence obtained in 1748. En-
graved by Philip Andrew Kilian.
By Titian (?), lately in S. Afra, Brescia ;
canvas, half-lengths, life-size. Christ turns
to address one of the Pharisees, whilst the
woman, surrounded by her accusers, to
right, bends before him ; in distance, a
grove and a temple ; in foreground, to left,
two figures standing, probably portraits of
members of the family for whom the picture
was painted. Probably by Giulio Campi.
Engraved by Sala. Copy in Tadini Collec-
tion, Louvre. The original in S. Afra has
lately passed into private hands.— C. & C.,
Titian, ii. 437.
WOMAN WITH PAN, Rembrandt, Buck-
ingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5£ in. x 2 ft.
8f in.; signed, dated 1641. A lady seen to
knees, with light hair, in a black silk robe
attached in front by black ribbons over a
yellow bodice, and point lace kerchief and
ruffles, a pearl necklace and bracelets, a dia-
mond brooch and a tiara, standing at a win-
dow, with a splendid fan in her right hand.
Bought byNieuwenhuys in Holland in 1814 ;
sold to Lord Charles Townsend for 1,000
guineas ; at his sale (1819) purchased for
the king at 720 guineas. Engraved by J.
P. Quilley. — Smith, vii. 164 ; Vossmaer,
460.
WONDER, PIETER CHRISTOFFEL,
born at Utrecht, Jan. 10, 1780, died at Am-
sterdam, July 13, 1852. Genre and por-
trait painter ; formed himself by study from
life and after the works of famous masters,
then in Diisseldorf (1802-1804), where he
copied after the antique and the works of
Rubens and Van Dyck. After his return he
rapidly acquired reputation with portraits
and genre scenes treated in the manner of
the old Dutch masters, and represented
by lamp or candle light. In 1823-31 he
lived in London. Gold medal, Amsterdam,
1817 ; member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works : The Time (1810), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Herring Seller, Rotterdam Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Kramm, vi. 1884.
WOOD, GEORGE B., JR., born in Phila-
delphia in 1832. Genre and still-life paint-
er, pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy, of
which he is a member. Works : Freddy
Flechtenstein's Shop ; Early Spring, Interi-
or of Mr. Childs's Private Office, G. W.
Guilds, Philadelphia ; Philadelphia Library,
George Whitney, ib. ; Hunter in Luck ;
Summer (1879) ; Interior (1881) ; Chip
Gatherer in Dry Dock (1882).
WOOD, THOMAS WATERMAN, born
in Montpelier, Vt., Nov. 12, 1823. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of Chester Harding
in Boston ; studied in Paris in 1858-60, and
visited Italy and Switzerland. He painted
in Louisville and Nashville before opening a
studio in New York in 1867. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1869, and N.A. in 1871. Works:
Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, Village Post-
Office (1867), Charles Stewart Smith, New
York ; Every Man his own Doctor, T. B.
Clarke, ib.; No Smoking Here !, H. B. Hurl-
but, Cleveland ; Quack Doctor (1879) ;
446
WOODFORDE
Joint Investment, G. N. Moore, Louisville ;
Strictly Confidential (1880) ; Uncle Ned and
1(1882); Neglecting Trade (1883) ; Portrait
of Professor Torrey (1884), Vermont Uni-
versity ; The Difficult Text, The Jack-o'-
Lantern (1885) ; Putting on Airs, The Se-
cret (1886). Water-colours : Dull Times
(1879) ; Sunday Morning, Poor White,
Charles Stewart Smith, New York ; Think-
ing it Over, Cup that Cheers (1881) ; Local
Reporter (1883) ; First Business Venture,
Good Night ! (1884).— Sheldon, 109.
WOODFORDE, SAMUEL, born at Castle
Gary, Somersetshire, in 1703, died at Bo-
logna, Italy, July 27, 1817. Portrait and
history painter ; student at Royal Academy
in 1782, and in Italy in 178G ; elected an
A.R.A. in 1800, and R.A. in 1807. Among
his principal works are : Calypso lament-
ing the Departure of Ulysses, Diana and
Nymphs, Charles I. taking leave of his Chil-
dren, and Spanish Shepherd and Dog. —
Sandby, i. 328.
WOODS, HENRY, born at Warrington,
Lan cashire, April
23, 1846. Genre
painter ; pupil of
Warrington and
South Kensington
Art Schools ; be-
came a magazine
illustrator, and was
long attached to the
London Graphic;
in 1876 accompa-
nied his brother-in-law, Luke Fildes, to Ven-
ice and has since remained there. Elected
an A.R.A. in 1881. Works : Street in Ven-
ice, Sunshine (1877) ; Convalescent (1878) ;
Venetian Ferry, Street Life in Venice (1879) ;
Three Venetian Sketches (1880) ; At the Foot
of the Rialto— Venice, Gondolier's Courtship
(1881); Bargaining for an Old Master (Hoi-
brook Gaskell, London), Venetian Fan Seller
(1882) ; Preparation for First Communion
(1883) ; In the Sun, Zucca Seller in Venice,
II mio Traghetto, Venetian Cloisters (1884) ;
Cupid's Spell (1885) ; Choosing the Summer
Gown, Water-Wheels of Savassa (1886).—
Art Journal (1886), 97.
WOOL-CARDER, Jean Francois Millet,
Mrs. Parau Stevens, New York. A woman
seated, carding wool ; on each aide, a bas-
ket of wool ; in background, a spinning-
wheel. Painted in 1862 ; Salon, 1863.
WOOTTON, JOHN, born (?), died in Lon-
don, January, 1765. Pupil of John Wyck
(died 1702), battle painter ; began as a paint-
er of race-horses at Newmarket, and later ex-
ecuted landscapes and hunting scenes. His
horses are well drawn and spirited, but his
landscapes are coarse. Works at Blenheim,
Althorp, Ditchley, and other country houses.
— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 341.
WOPFNER, JOSEF, born at Schwaz,
Tyrol, March 19, 1843. Genre and land-
scape painter, pupil of Piloty in 1869-72,
having for years endured great hardships
as apprentice to house painters in Munich.
In 1872 he first began his studies from
nature at the Chiem Lake, whither ho has
since returned every summer, and which
has furnished the motives for his finest pro-
ductions. Works : Wood Interior ; School
Children frightened by Boar ; Procession
on Stamberg Lake ; Fugitive Alsacians look-
ing back upon their Burning Village ; Hansl
and Gretl ; Rtlbezahl ; Sehneewittchen ;
Diiumling ; Das Lachspassen ; Ave Maria
(25 times) ; Going to Baptism ; Going to
Communion ; Fishermen Family on Chiem
Lake ; Pursuit of Poachers on Chiem Lake
(1884).— Allgem. K. C., viii. 222, 531 ; ix.
877 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1886), i. 187 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 419 ; xix. 631, 659 ; xx. 279 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., xx. 74.
WORLD, CREATION OF THE, Raph-
ael. See Raphael's Bible.
WORMS, ANTON VON. See Woensam.
WORMS, JULES, born in Paris, Dec. 16,
1832. Genre painter, pupil of Lafosse.
Has travelled in various countries, especial-
ly in Spain. Medals: 1867, 1868, and
1869 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1876.
Works : Field Forges, Dragoon courting
Nurse (1859) ; Arrest for Debt (1861) ;
447
WORNDLE
Fountain in Burgos (1863), Laval Museum ;
Tavern in the Asturias, Departure of Smug-
glers (1865) ; Kitchen
in Valencia, Race in
Valencia (1866) ; Scene
in Old Castile (1867) ;
Romance a. la Mode
(1868), Luxembourg
Museum ; Welcome
Visitor, Precocious Tal-
ent (1869) ; Selling a
Mule, Box of Letters
(1870); Sheep-Shear-
ing in Granada (1872) ; An Aunt by Succes-
sion (1873); Little Cabinet-Maker (1874);
Sensational News, One's Vocation (1875) ;
Dancing the Vito in Granada, Going to the
Review (1876) ; Fountain of the Bull in
Granada (1877), Miss C. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Distracted Barber, Every Age has
its Pleasures (1878) ; Pastoral Tournament
(1879) ; Before the Alcalde (1880) ; Public
Writer (1882) ; Politicians (1883).— Bellier,
ii. 725 ; Larousse.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, AU-
GUST, born in Vienna in 1829. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works :
Journey of the Magi with their Retinue,
Vienna Museum ; Jacob and Rachel at the
Well (1860) ; Hannibal crossing the Alps ;
Count Starhemberg on the Earthwork (1871).
In fresco : The Stations, Arcades of Ceme-
tery, Innsbruck ; Scenes in Life of Christ,
Chapel of Castle Ambras, near Innsbruck.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, ED-
MUND, born in Vienna in 1827. Land-
scape and figure painter, brother of pre-
ceding, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Steinfeld and Thomas Ender, and much in-
fluenced by Fuhrich ; went in 1855 to Pal-
estine, then studied for a year and a half in
Italy, and settled at Innsbruck in 1859.
Many of his works are in private collections
there, and several are in possession of the Im-
perial family. Keen observation of nature
and strong contrast of colouring are the
main features of his pictures, and he is
equally happy in the representation of the
sunny south and the grandeur of his native
glaciers. Works : Eight Tyrolese Views
in tempera, Savings Bank, Innsbruck ; Orvi-
eto, Ideal Eastern Landscape with Samson
and the Lion, Ferdinandeum, ib.; Castle
Tyrol, Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria ;
Apollo among the Shepherds ; Orpheus in
Erebus ; Multiplication of the Loaves ;
Christ and the Woman of Samaria ; Par-
cival Cycle (18 cartoons, 1883). — Allgem.
K. C., viii. 398, 720.
WOROBIEFF, MAXIME NIKIFORO-
VICH, born in 1787, died in St. Peters-
burg in 1855. Architecture and landscape
painter, pupil of Schtschedriu and of Alexe-
jeff ; visited the East and Italy, and became
professor at St. Petersburg Academy in
1825. Works : View of Moscow (1818),
Interior of Armenian Church in Jerusalem,
Interior of Church of Golgotha (1824), Sub-
terranean Church at Bethlehem (1833), Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; View of Constanti-
nople ; The Neva Quay in a Summer Night.
— Cotta's KunstbL, 1842 ; Raczynski, iii.
538.
WOUNDED, SALUTING THE (Salut
aux blesses), fidouard Detaille, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas. A
convoy of German prisoners, on foot, pass-
ing a French general and his escort, mount-
ed, on the highway ; the latter salute the
captives with military politeness, the offi-
cers by raising their caps, the cuirassiers
by the ordinary gesture. Painted in 1875
by commission from Mr. Samuel Hawk from
a sketch submitted by the artist. This
sketch, also in Hawk Collection, represents
French prisoners escorted by helmeted Ger-
mans, but the artist finally changed the re-
spective uniforms out of regard to the feel-
ings of his friends, who objected to sending
to America a painting of French prisoners.
At Detaille's request, the picture was re-
turned to France for exhibition in the Sa-
lon of 1877 ; but the objection was again
raised that it would be ridiculous to exhibit
in public a scene representing German pris-
oners, so the artist redressed the captives
448
WOUTERS
with water-colours as Austrians, making the
picture an episode of Solferino. On return-
ing the canvas to Mr. Hawk, these water-
colours were washed away, and the picture
remains now as originally painted. — Art
Treasures of America, ii. 25.
WOUTERS, FRANS, born at Lierre,
Brabant, baptized Oct. 2, 1612, died in Ant-
werp in 1659. Flemish school ; history and
landscape painter, pupil of Pieter van Avont
and of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild
in 1634 ; went soon after to Germany, where
we find him in 1637 as court painter to Fer-
dinand tt, with whose ambassador he went
to England and there became painter to the
Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles H.; had
returned to Antwerp in 1641, and was dean
of the guild in 1649. Works : Dance of
Amorettes, Hampton Court Gallery ; Pro-
metheus Bound, Nude Figure with Gar-
land, Lille Museum ; Venus and Adonis,
Copenhagen Gallery ; Sacrifice to Priapus,
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Two Landscapes, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Conflagration in Dutch City,
Stiidel Gallery, Frankfort ; Rape of Europa,
Gotha Museum ; Diana Hunting (1630), Vi-
enna Museum. The two pictures, in the
same museum, representing St. Joachim and
St. Joseph, formerly ascribed to him, are by
Magdalena Woutiers, of Mous, Hainault, who '
flourished in the first half of the 17th cen-
tury.— Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Michiels, viii.
192 ; Rooses (Reber), 319 ; Van den Bran-
den, 805.
WOUWERMAN (Wouverman), JAN,
born in Haarlem, baptized Oct. 30, 1629,
died there, buried Dec. 1, 1666. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, brother of Phil-
ips Wouwerman, entered Haarlem guild in
1655. He painted hilly landscapes, views of
canals, and wide plains, with strong colour-
ing and light effects, and enlivened them
by figures and animals. Very few of his
pictures exist, and several are probably at-
tributed to Jan Wynants, whose manner his
own closely resembles. Works : Landscape
with Horsemen, Arenberg Gallery, Brus-
sels ; View in Haarlem, Haarlem Muse-
um ; Hilly Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ;
Rocky Ravine with Figures, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; The Halt, New York Mu-
seum.—Burger, Mus6es, ii. 303 ; Dohme,
Iii.; Van der Willigen, 341.
WOUWERMAN, PHILIPS, born in Haar-
lem, baptized
May 24, 1619,
died there, May
19, 1668. Dutch
school; land-
scape, genre, and
animal painter,
first instructed by
his father Pau-
wels Joosten,
then pupil of Jan
Wynants, whose
influence is traceable in his backgrounds.
He introduced groups of horses, hunts, sol-
diers, in the manner of Pieter van Laer, but
with far more variety. His figures and ani-
mals are well drawn and animated, and the
general tone is tender and harmonious. He
painted nearly eight hundred pictures,
including many repetitions of the same
motive. In his first style the brown tone,
heavy race of horses, and angular drawing of
figures remind one of Pieter van Laer. His
second style is distinguished by the pure
golden tone and slender build of horses, and
the third by the prevalence of a dull silvery
tone. Works : Belle Laitiere, Interior of
Stable, Fishwomen on Seashore, Gathering
Faggots, Landscape, Stag Hunt, Skirmish,
Two Vedettes on Watch, National Gallery,
London ; Two Horsemen and Lady, Coup
de Pistolet, Farmer attacked by Robbers,
Hawking Party, sis others, Buckingham
Palace, ib.; three in Bridgewater Gallery,
ib. ; Ferine au Colombier, four others, Lord
Ashburton, ib. ; Hawking Party, Huntsmen
halting before Inn, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Horse-
Fair, Grosvenor Gallery, ib. ; Horseman with
Hounds, Inn with Tents, Mr. Baring, ib.;
Racing for the Herring, four others, Mr.
Holford, ib.; Riding Party, Hawking Party,
Alfred de Rothschild, ib. ; Woman and Child
WOUWERMAN
on a Hill, three others, Mr. Neeld, ib.; six
in Dulwich Gallery ; Procession of Boeuf
Gras, Start for Chase, Stag Hunt, eleven
others, Louvre, Paris ; Start for Hunt, Milk-
ing the Goat, Brussels Museum ; Chariot a,
Foin, Battle-Piece, seven others, Hague Mu-
seum ; Peasants' Brawl, Biding School, Far-
rier, ten others, Amsterdam Museum ; Sol-
diers Plundering, Equestrian Portrait, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Horsemen by a Sluice,
Basle Museum ; Destruction of English
Fleet in 16G7, Musce Rath, Geneva ; Fal-
coners, Seaport, Battle, nineteen others,
Cassel Gallery ; Ascension, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Landscapes (2), Hamburg Gallery ;
Stag Hunt, Halt before Inn, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Riding School, Halt of Hunting
Party, four others, Berlin Museum ; Stag
Hunt, Battle of Nordlingen, Pillage, Water-
ing Place, twelve others, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Annunciation to Shepherds, St.
John Preaching, sixty-four others, Dresden
Gallery ; Travellers Attacked, four others,
Museum, Vienna ; others in Academy, Liech-
tenstein (7), Czernin (2), and Harrach Gal-
leries, ib. ; nine in Stockholm Museum ;
forty-nine (3 dated 1650, 1653, 1656), Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; ten in Madrid Mu-
seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of
Aschaffenburg, Christiania (2), Frankfort
(5), Gotha (3), Hamburg (3), Leipsic (3),
Oldenburg, Schleissheim (2), Schwerin (6),
Stuttgart (3), Worlitz (2), Turin (3) ; Moltke
Collection, Copenhagen (4) ; Historical So-
ciety, New York (5) ; Landscape (£74),
Skirmish of Cavalry (£320), Storming of a
Town (£450), Blenheim sale, London, 1886.
— Ch. Blanc, Ecole
hollandaise, Bur-
ger,Musees,i.l26,
258 ; ii. 96 ; Doh-
^'j.. . j'raffiei._
zeel, iii. 249 ; Kramm, vii. 167 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 430 ; De Stuers, 187 ; Van der
Willigen, 338 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 48 ; x.
(Mittheilungen, iii. 44) ; xii. (Mit., v. 35).
WOUWERMAN, PIETER, born in Haar-
lem, baptized Sept. 13, 1623, died in Am-
sterdam, buried May 9, 1682 (?). Dutch
school ; landscape, genre, and animal paint-
er, pupil of his father Pauwels Joosten and
of his brother Philips, whom he probably
assisted in his pictures, the great number of
which could otherwise hardly be explained.
Lived in Amsterdam about 1662, and proba-
bly also in Paris about 1664. Though he
never attained the silvery tints and brilliant
colouring of his brother, whose pictures he
often copied, many of his works pass under
the latter's name. Works : View of Porte
de Nesle, Louvre, Paris ; Riding School,
Museum, Brussels ; Falcon Chase, Stag
Hunt, Arenberg Gallery, ib. ; Assault on a
City, Hunting Party, Amsterdam Museum ;
Kirmess, Haarlem Museum ; Broken Milk-
Pot, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Mowers, Stag Hunt,
Bargaining for Fish, Rotterdam Museum ;
three, Cassel Gallery ; View of Pont Neuf,
Horseman and Beggar Woman, Hunting
Booty, Brunswick Gallery ; View of Paris,
Castle on the Cliff, Gallery, Copenhagen ;
Military Camp, Combat between Polish and
Swedish Horsemen, Moltke Collection, ib. ;
Hunters Resting, Huntsman on Horseback,
Stockholm Museum ; Siege of Fortified
Town, Berlin Museum ; six in Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; others in Galleries and
Museums at Augsburg, Gotha (2), Olden-
burg, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, New York ;
Czernin Gallery, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence.
— Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Dohme,
Iii. ; Van der Willigen, 340.
WRAGE (JOCHIM) HINRICH, born at
Hitzhusen, Holstein, March 12, 1843. Land-
scape painter, first instructed by an obscure
painter at Kiel, then pupil of Oswald Ach-
enbach at the Diisseldorf Academy, whence
he made study trips to Copenhagen, Hol-
land, Antwerp, and Brussels. After a winter
spent at the art school in Weimar he visited
the Isle of Sylt, went in 1871 to Munich,
studied in the Bavarian Alps and in Tyrol,
then went to Italy and Sicily, and in 1875
to Berlin, where he studied figure painting
at the Academy. Since 1879 he has lived at
Gremsmtihlen in Holstein.
450
WRIGHT
WRIGHT, GEORGE FREDERICK, born
in Washington, Conn., Dec. 19, 1828, died
in Hartford, Jan. 29, 1881. Portrait paint-
er ; after studying in a studio and in the
life school of the National Academy in New
York, he settled in Hartford and painted
portraits for five years ; then studied two
years in Europe, chiefly in Munich under
Albert Griifle, but partly in Rome. He
painted at various times at Springfield, HI.,
and in other Western and Southern cities,
but worked principally in Hartford, Conn.
Among his portraits are many of the gov-
ernors and other prominent men of Illinois
and of Connecticut, and he was one of the
first, if not the first, to paint Abraham Lin-
coln. He was an excellent colourist.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH (Wright of Derby),
born at Derby, England, Sept. 3, 1734, died
there, Aug. 29, 1797. Went in 1751 to Lon-
don, and studied under Thomas Hudson, the
master of Reynolds ; became at first a por-
trait painter, but afterwards devoted him-
self chiefly to landscape and genre subjects.
Was in Italy in 1773-75, and made many
sketches of flame effects, especially in an
eruption of Vesuvius, and with lights in the
caves at Capri. In 1775 he became a stu-
dent in the Royal Academy ; in 1781 he was
elected an A.R.A., and in 1784 R.A., but de-
clined, though he continued to send pict-
ures to the exhibitions. In landscape he
was almost equal to Richard Wilson, and in
portraiture he was a near rival of Gainsbor-
ough. Works : The Air-Pump (17G5), Na-
tional Gallery, London ; The Orrery, Cor-
poration of Derby ; The Alchemist ; The
Forge ; Miravau ; Girl with Doves ; Boys
with a Bladder, William D. James, Esq.;
The Gladiator ; The Captive ; Old Man and
Death, Sir Henry Wilinot, Bart.; Edwin
(Beattie's " Minstrel "), Lord Houghton ;
Maria (Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"),
William Bemrose, Esq.; Antigonus in the
Storm (" Winter's Tale "), Haskett Smith ;
Eruption of Vesuvius ; Belshazzar's Feast ;
Head of Ulleswater ; Dead Soldier. — Red-
grave ; Ch. Blanc, licole anglaise ; Art Jour-
nal (1883), 205 ; Wm. Bemrose, Life of Jo-
seph Wright (London, 1886).
WRIGHT, JOSEPH, born at Borden-
town, N. J., July 16, 1756, died in New
York in 1793. Portrait painter ; taken in
1772 by his mother, a noted wax-modeller,
to London, where he was aided by Benjamin
West and by John Hoppuer, who married
his sister. He visited Paris in 1782, and
returned to America the following year and
painted General and Mrs. Washington for
Comte de Solms. In 1787 he lived in New
York, but in 1790 he followed Congress to
Philadelphia, and in 1792 was appointed die-
sinker to the newly-established mint He
painted Mr. Madison and other noted men.
Work : Portrait of John Jay (1786), Histor-
ical Society, New York. — Dunlap, L 312.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH MICHAEL, born in
Scotland about 1625, died in London about
1700. Pupil of George Jamesone ; went to
England when about sixteen years old, and
soon won reputation as a portrait painter ;
afterwards lived several years in Italy, and
was elected in 1648 a member of the Acad-
emy of St. Luke, Florence. Painted many
persons of distinction, among them Prince
Rupert and the Judges of Guildhall. At
Hampton Court is a portrait by him of
Lacy the actor (1675). His nephew, of the
same name, was educated in Rome and be-
came a famous portrait painter in Ireland.
— Redgrave.
WRIGHT, RUFUS, born in Cleveland,
O., in 1832. Portrait and genre painter,
pupil of the National Academy and of
George A. Baker in New York. Has paint-
ed in New York, Washington, and Brook-
lyn ; elected member of the Brooklyn Acad-
emy in 1866. Ideal works : Inventor and
the Banker, Morning Bouquet (1876) ; Thank
you, Sir ! (1877) ; Concerned for his Sole
(1878) ; Feeding the Birds (1880) ; Portraits
of Chief Justice Taney, Secretaries Seward
and Stanton, Isaac H. Read, and others.
WTE-WAEL. See Uitewael.
WUCHTERS (Wugters), ABRAHAM,
born in Holland about 1610-15, died at So-
451
WUEST
roe, Denmark, in May, 1683. Dutch school ;
history and portrait painter ; called to Den-
mark in 1638 by Christian IV., and went
there, probably in company with his brother-
in-law, Karel van Mander, the younger ; was
court painter for twenty-five years, then re-
tired to Soroe. Works : Prince Waldemar
Christian of Denmark, Male Portrait, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Female Portrait, Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Portrait of a Jeweller (1644),
Darmstadt Museum (?) ; Continence of
Scipio, Konigsberg Museum (?) ; Christian
IV. of Denmark, Vienna Museum. — Kramm,
vi. 1883 ; Nagler, xxii. 122 ; Weilbach, 760.
WUEST, ALEXANDER, born in Amer-
ica ; contemporary. Landscape painter in
Brussels ; paints mountain views from Scan-
dinavia and North America, with good col-
ouring. Medals : Brussels and The Hague,
1866 ; Vienna, 1873. Works : Mountain
Torrent in Norway, New York Museum ;
The Catskills, New Haven Gallery ; Nor-
wegian Waterfall ; Huntsmen on Sogne
Fjord ; Life in Canadian Woods.
WULFFAEET, ADRIANUS, born at Ter
Goes, Zealand, in September, 1804. History
and genre painter, pupil of Ducq and of
Bruges Academy, then studied in Paris
(1829-32), and after his return won the first
prize at Ghent. Works : Corps-de-Garde of
Bruges (1831), Child leaving the Bath,
Bruges Academy ; Venus at Grave of Adonis
(1832) ; Foster Brothers (1838), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Kirmess, Brussels Museum ; Death
of Admiral Buy ter ; Waking and Sleeping ;
Christ at Gethsemane ; Maria Consolatrix.
His wife Clara, nee Eooman, is a good
genre painter ; medal, Ghent, 1835, for
Maternal Lesson. — Immerzeel, iii. 251.
WUNNENBERG, KARL, born in Diis-
seldorf, Nov. 10, 1850. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Diisseldorf Academy under Deger and
Eduard von Gebhardt ; went in 1876 to
Rome, and became professor at the Cassel
Academy in 1882. Works : Praying Wom-
an in Choir of Church ; In the Confession-
al ; In the Park ; Lady with Kittens (1878);
Centaur ; Old Italian Idyl.— Miiller, 567.
WURMSER, NICOLAUS, of Strassburg,
14th century. German school ; history
painter, who came to Bohemia in 1348, en-
tered the service of Charles IV. in 1359,
and in the year following was appointed
court painter. His figures are hard in
tone, and weak in the extremities, but de-
spite these defects his pictures are notable
for independent thought, ideality, and pow-
erful colour. Works : Scenes from the Apoc-
alypse, Chapel of Burg Karlstein, near
Prague ; Christ on the Cross, Vienna Mu-
seum.— Kugler (Crowe), i. 38; do., Kl.
Schriften, ii. 498 ; Schnaase, vi. 439 ; W. &
W., i. 394 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vii.
148 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 366.
WURZINGER, KARL, bom in Vienna
in 1817, died at Dobling, near Vienna,
March 16, 1883. History painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy ; won the grand prize in
1845, and went to Rome in 1847, where he
remained ten years ; afterwards became pro-
fessor at Vienna Academy. Medals : Ber-
lin, 1866 ; Paris, 3d class, 1867. Orders of
Francis Joseph and of St. Michael. Works :
Joseph explaining the Dream ; Death of
King Ottokar (1847) ; Emperor Ferdinand
H. refusing his Signature to the Protestant
Delegation (1856), Vienna Museum ; Saul
and David ; Count Starhemberg wounded
at Siege of Vienna. — Mtlller, 567 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 431.
WUST, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, born at
Zurich, May 14, 1741, died there in 1821.
Landscape painter ; for six years appren-
ticed to a house painter, then went to Hol-
land, destitute of means, and at Amsterdam
was befriended by the portrait painter Ja-
cob Maurer, of Schaffhausen, and the art
patron Ploos van Amstel, who procured for
him commissions there and in Rotterdam.
After five years in Holland he spent two in
Paris, and returned home in 1769, when his
landscapes found immediately great favour.
Works : Forest Idyl, Berne Museum ; Even-
ing Landscape, two others, Zurich Gallery ;
Moonlight, Huts and Oaks by a Brook,
Aschaffenburg Gallery; Waterfall (1797),
452
\\TTKY
Landscape with do., Darmstadt Museum ;
Two Landscapes, Stuttgart Museum. -
Fttessli, Gesch. der besten Mai. in der
Schweiz, iv. 180.
WUTKY, MICHAEL, born at Krems,
Nether Austria, in 1739, died in Vienna in
1822. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Meytens in 1759, when he
successfully followed historical painting,
and won four prizes ; later went to Italy
and, studying especially after Poussin and
Claude Lorrain, soon established his repu-
tation as an excellent landscape painter ;
spent six years (1781-87), chiefly in Rome,
returned to Vienna, and visited Italy again
in 1805. Member (1770) of, and professor
in, Vienna Academy. Works : Eruption of
Vesuvius, Lake Avernus near Naples, Har-
rach Gallery, Vienna ; Landscapes with Cat-
tle, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; others in
Johanneum, Gratz. — Nagler, xxii. 137.
WYANT, ALEXANDER H., born in
Port Washington, O., Jan. 11, 1836. Land-
scape painter ; went abroad about 18G6, be-
came a pupil of Hans Gude in Carlsruhe,
and student of the works of Turner and
Constable in London. Exhibited first at
the National Academy, New York, in 1865.
Elected an A.N.A. in 1868 and N.A. in 1869.
Studio in New York. Works in oil : A
Storm (1861) ; Staten Island from Jersey
Meadows (1867) ; Scene on Upper Susque-
hanna (1869) ; Pool on the Au Sable (1871) ;
View on Lake George (1875) ; Old Field,
Morning— Essex County, N. Y., T. B. Clarke,
New York ; New England Landscape (1878) ;
Old Clearing (1881), Robert Gordon ; In the
Township of Greenwich, Scene in the Adi-
rondacks (1882) ; Anywhither (1883) ; Old
Stubble -Field, Forenoon — Adirondacks
(1884) ; Evening, Summer (1885) ; Sunset,
Near Killarney (1886). Water-colours :
Scene on Upper Little Miami (1867) ; New
Jersey Meadows (1870) ; Sunset on the
Prairie (1876) ; Reminiscence of the Con-
necticut (1878).
WYCK, THOMAS, born at Beverwyck in
1616, died in Haarlem, buried Aug. 19, 1677.
Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre
painter ; registered in the Haarlem guild in
1642, was its dean in 1660 ; studied chiefly
in Italy, especially in the environs of Na-
ples, where he made many sketches which
he afterwards used for his coast views.
Italian markets, charlatans, alchemists, etc.,
with palatial buildings in the background,
were among his favourite subjects. He fol-
lowed in one respect the style of Pieter de
Laar ; but, although his pictures are good
in composition, drawing, and execution,
they are cold and heavy in colour. Works :
Roman Ruin, Haarlem Museum ; Alchemist,
Rustic Interior, Amsterdam Museum ; Wom-
an and Children at Home, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Italian Seaport, Aschaffenburg Gal-
lery ; do., Bamberg Gallery ; Alchemist (3),
Cassel Gallery ; do., and Start for the Chase,
Brunswick Gallery ; Lane in Italian Town,
Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Italian
Mountain Scenery, Christiania Gallery ;
Italian Coast Views (3), Hamburg Gallery ;
Scholar in his Study, Darmstadt Museum ;
Alchemist (2), Italian Landscape, Dresden
Gallery ; Ruins on Seashore, Old Building
with Well, Museum, Vienna ; Seaport, Acad-
emy, ib. ; others in Galleries and Museums
at Augsburg, Copenha-
gen (2), Frankfort (2),
Innsbruck, Konigsberg,
Leipsic, Munich, Schwe-
rin (3), Stuttgart ; Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg
(3) ; Liechtenstein (3,
one dated 1647), Czer-
iiin (2), and SchOnbom
(2) Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence.—
Ch. Blanc, Ecole hollandaise ; Immerzeel,
iii. 252 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 454 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, ii. 373 ; Van der Willigen, 342.
WYLD, WILLIAM, born in London ;
contemporary. Landscape and architecture
painter ; studied mostly in travelling in It-
aly, Spain, and Algiers, and settled in Paris.
His water-colours are especially creditable.
Medals : 3d class, Paris, 1839 ; 2d class,
1841 ; Legion of Honour, 1855. Works :
463
WYLIE
Bagneres de Bigorre ; View of Bayonne ;
Elcantara in Algiers ; Milan Cathedral ;
Piazetta in Venice ; Corso Vittorio Emanu-
ele in Milan ; Strada Nuova in Genoa ;
Street in Prague ; Forest Border near
Tours, Ghent Museum ; Mont Saint-Michel
(18C9), Luxembourg Museum ; Ideal Land-
scape, Berne Museum ; Armenian Convent
in Venice (1883); Sunset near Tarent (1884);
Isle of St. George— Venice (1885) ; Palm-
Trees of Bordighera, Bab-a-Zoun Street in
Algiers (1886).
WYLIE, ROBERT, born in the Isle of
Man in 1839, died in Brittany in 1877.
Genre painter, brought to America when a
child ; pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy,
Philadelphia, by the directors of which he
was sent in 1863 to France to study. Med-
al : 2d class, Paris Salon, 1872. Works :
Reading the Letter from the Bridegroom
(1869); Breton Fortune-Teller (1872); Bre-
ton Neighbours reading Hugo's '"93," D. H.
McAlpine, New York ; Five Brittany Chil-
dren, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Breton Group,
Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Mendi-
cants in Brittany, Card-Players in Brittany,
G. A. Drummond, Baltimore ; Death of a
Vendean Chief (1876-77), Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York.
WYNANTS, JAN, born in Haarlem about
1615, died after 1679. Dutch school ; land-
scape painter, whose pictures are character-
ized by a certain prosaic truthfulness, fine
aerial perspective, silvery toned backgrounds,
and careful execution of details. Adriaan
van de Velde, Lingelbach, and Wouwerman,
also Barent Gael, Schellinks, and Helt-
Stockade, supplied his foreground figures.
Works : Landscapes (4), Sandbank in a
River, National Gallery, London ; others in
Buckingham Palace, and in collections of
Lord Ashburton and Mr. Baring, ib.; For-
est Border (1668), Landscapes (2), Louvre ;
Landscapes (4), Brussels Museum ; do. (2),
Antwerp Museum ; do. (2, 1659, 1675),
Hague Museum ; do. (8, one dated 1669),
Amsterdam Museum ; do. (8, three dated
1651, 1666, 1672), Munich Gallery ; do. (3),
Dresden Gallery; do. (2, one dated 1674),
Vienna Museum ; do. (1666), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; do. (2), Czernin Gallery,
ib. ; do. (3) Schonborn Historical Society,
ib.; do. (8, three dated 1656, 1675, 1679),
. Hermitage, St. Pe-
/**£ A 0 / tersburg ; others in
^^ Yf^y Augsburg, Copenha-
• -' gen (1660), Stock-
holm> Gotha (1661)>
Aschaffenburg,
Darmstadt (1671),
and Stadel (1671)
Galleries. — I m m e r -
zeel, iii. 253 ; Kramm,
vi. 1891 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 463 ; Dohme,
Iii. ; Burger, Musues, i. 138 ; Zeitschr. f . b.
K, xiii. 63.
WYNFIELD, DAVID WELKIE, born in
1837. Grand-nephew of David Wilkie.
History painter, pupil in London of J.
M. Leigh ; exhibited first in 1859, Undine.
Works : Meeting of Edward IV. and Eliza-
beth Woodville (1863); Rival Queens (1864);
Last Days of Elizabeth (1865) ; Death of
Cromwell (1867) ; Cromwell's First Appear-
ance in Parliament (1868) ; Rich Widow
(1869); Communication of Importance (1870);
Round the Fountain ; Confidences (1871) ;
Arrest of Anne Boleyn (1872) ; The Ladye's
Knight (1873); Visit from Inquisitors (1874);
Queen Elizabeth and Essex (1875) ; New
Curate, Market Morning (1876) ; David be-
fore Saul, Discovery of Gold in Australia,
Harvest Decorations (1877) ; Joseph and
his Brethren, Sunny Hours (1878) ; Ruth
and Boaz (1879) ; At Traitor's Gate (1880) ;
Origin of the English Woollen Trade (1881);
Royal Musician (1882) ; Courtship of Will-
iam H. of Orange (1883); Last "On dit"
(1884) ; Fall of Queen Elizabeth Woodville
(1886).— Portfolio (1871), 84.
WYNTRACK, D., 17th century, born in
Drenthe, Netherlands. Dutch school ; ani-
mal and landscape painter ; very skilfully
represented poultry, with which he often
supplied the landscapes of Wynants and
Ruisdael. His own landscapes are animated
454
WYTMAN
with birds true to nature. Works : Farm-
yard, Louvre ; Interior of Dutch Kitchen,
Hamburg Gallery ; Autumn Landscape,
Christiania Museum ; Ducks in Landscape
by Wynants (1671), Stadel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Two Village Views, Hermitage, St.
Petersburg.
WYTMAN, MATHEUS, born at Goriuch-
em about 1650, died about 1689. Dutch
school ; genre, landscape, and still-life paint-
er, pupil of Hendrik Verschuuring and J.
Bylaert in Utrecht, painted elaborate genre
pieces in the style of Caspar Netscher, with
carefully executed landscapes for back-
grounds. Later
he devoted him-
self successfully
to fruit and flower painting. Works : Girl
turning Leaves of Music Book, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Two Portraits, Schwerin Gallery. —
Immerzeel, iii. 254.
XANTHE AND PHAON,
W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; water-
colour, dated 1883. Scene from
"A Question," by George Ebers. "The
marble seat, on which the young people's
fate was decided, was called by the grand-
children of the wedded pair, who lived in
old age in love and harmony, the bench of
the question."
XENO, Greek painter, of Sicyon, pupil
of Neocles, date unknown. Mentioned by
Pliny (xxxv. 40 [146J) as of fair reputation.
XYLANDEK, VILHELM FERDINAND,
born in Copenhagen, April 1, 1840. Ma-
rine and landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy, then in Munich of Christian
Morgenstern ; lived in Copenhagen in 1862-
68, visited London in 1865, and settled in
Munich in 1868. Works : Moonlight on
Lake Starnberg ; do. near Hiigeniis ; do.
on North Sea ; Coast of Southampton ;
Mouth of the Thames ; Hamburg Harbour ;
Isle of Sylt ; Flensburg Harbour ; Moon-
light on Roadstead of Portsmouth ; do.
near Hellebeck on the Sound. — Muller,
569 ; Weilbach, 764.
YANEZ, HERNANDO, born at Alme-
diua, La Mancha, died between 1550
and 1560. Spanish school ; painted
in 1531 a series of pictures on panel for
chapel of the Albornoces, Cathedral of Cu-
enca. Their resemblance to the manner of
Leonardo da Vinci led to a belief that lie
might have studied in his school— Stirling,
i. 152.
YARMOUTH PIER, John Constable.
Foreground, a beach, with pier at right ;
at left, vessels at sea. Royal Academy in
1831. Engraved by D. Lucas. — Brock-Ar-
nold, 105.
YARZ, EDMOND, born at Toulouse ;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Men-
tion honourable ; Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works : Under the Apple-Trees, Cross-
Road (1876) ; Vineyards near Toulouse,
Gate of the Louvre (1878) ; Arab Garden
in Morocco (1879) ; Heaths in Bloom near
Fontainebleau, Fountain of Touarc (1880) ;
Spring in a Park (1881) ; Entrance to the
Canal of Giudecca, Autumn Morning (1882);
Quay of the Slavonians in Venice at Twi-
light, Night in Venice (1883) ; Entrance to
Grand Canal, Statue of Colleone at Venice
(1884) ; Gardon River, Rocks of Malpas
(1886).
YEAMES, WILLIAM FREDERICK,
; born at Taganrog,
South Russia, De-
] cember, 1835. His-
tory and genre
' painter ; taken by
his father, British
Consul at Tagan-
1 rog, to Italy in
• 1842-43 ; studied
• in Dresden from
1843 to 1848, when
he became a pupil in London of J. S. West-
macott and of George Scharf ; in 1852 went
to Florence, and studied two years under
Professor Pallastriui and Raffaelle Buona-
juti; later studied in Rome, and returned
to England in 1858. Exhibited at Royal
Academy, in 1859, The Staunch Friend;
455
YELLAND
elected an A.R.A. in 1867, and RA. in 1878.
Works : Meeting of Sir Thomas More with
his Daughter (1863) ; La Reine Malheureuse
(1864) ; The Stepping-Stones, Arming the
Young Knight (1865) ; Queen Elizabeth's
Reception of the French Ambassador after
St. Bartholomew's Day (1866); Dawn of
Reformation (1867) ; Chimney Corner, Lady
Jane Grey in the Tower (1868) ; Fugitive
Jacobite, Alarming Footsteps (1869) ; Maun-
dy Thursday, Love's Young Dream (1870) ;
Dr. Harvey and Children of Charles I. (1871) ;
Old Parishioners (1872) ; The Suitor (1875) ;
Last Bit of Scandal (1876) ; Amy Robsart,
Waking (1877) ; La Brigolante, When did
you last see your Father ? (1878) ; Here we
go round the Mulberry Bush, Dolce far
niente (1881) ; Prince Arthur and Hubert,
March Past, Welcome as Flowers in Spring
(1882) ; Tender Thoughts (1883) ; Toast of
the Kitcat Club, Toots (1884); Prisoners
of War in 1805, Dessert (1885) ; Malvina,
Catastrophe (1886). — Meynell, 116 ; Art
Journal (1874), 97 ; Portfolio (1871), 81.
YELLAND, RAYMOND D., born in
London in 1848, and brought to America
in his third year. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of the National Academy and of William
Page, Wilmarth, and Brevoort in New York.
Elected an A.N.A. of the California Art As-
sociation in 1874, and assistant director of
the School of Design in 1877. Studio in
San Francisco. WTorks : Half-Moon Beach
— Gloucester Harbour ; Seal Rocks — Gol-
den Gate, San Francisco ; Point Bonita
from Point Lobos— Golden Gate (1882) ;
Mt. Hood from White River Canon — Ore-
gon (1883) ; Cypress Trees at Monterey —
California (1884) ; Seal Rocks— San Fran-
cisco (1886).
YELLOWSTONE, CANON OF THE,
Thomas Moran, Capitol, Washington. Paint-
ed in 1872. — Scribner's Mag., v. 499.
YEOMAN OF THE GUARD, Sir John
Everett Millais, Mrs. Henry Hodgkinson,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in.
A life-size, three-quarters length figure of
one of the Queen's Yeomen of the Guard
in his state uniform of scarlet, embroidered
with black and gold, with medals and clasps
upon his breast, a baldric across his shoul-
der, a white ruff around his neck, and the
official cap of black velvet on his head.
The old man, a veteran of Waterloo, sits
upright in his chair, holding in his right
hand his staff of office and in his left a
folded paper containing his last orders.
Royal Academy, 1877 ; Exposition univer-
selle, Paris, 1878 ; Fine Art Society, Lon-
don, 1881 ; Grosvenor Gallery, 1886. Nev-
er engraved. Etched by Paul Rajon for
CYCLOPEDIA OF PAINTERS AND PAINTINGS,
1887.
YEWELL, GEORGE HENRY, born at
Havre-de-Grace, Md., Jan. 20, 1830. Land-
scape and still-life painter, pupil of Thomas
Hicks in New York, and of Couture in Paris.
Lived several years in Rome. Elected N.A.
in 1880. Studio in New York. Works:
Venice (1871); First Communion, Country
Girl (1872) ; Senate Chamber— Interior of
Ducal Palace (1877) ; Carpet Bazaar— Cairo,
Mosque of Kait-Bey — Cairo (1878) ; Oriental
Bric-a-Brac, Pulpit in S. Marco — Venice
(1879) ; Village Street in Umbria— Italy
(1880) ; Old Houses near Titian's Birthplace
(1882); On the Bolton Road— Lake George,
Portrait of Alexander Mitchell (1883); In
the Studio (1884) ; Entrance to Old Slave-
Market in Cairo (1885) ; New Cordial, Old
Music (1886) ; Young Monk (1886), William
Walter Phelps.
YKENS, FRANS, born in Antwerp, bap-
tized April 17, 1601, died there, probably
in 1693. Flemish school ; still-life painter,
pupil of Osias Beert ; travelled in France
about 1629, and became master of the guild
at Antwerp in 1630 ; lived also in Brussels
about 1665-67. Works : Flower-Piece, Mu-
seum Plan tin-More tus, Antwerp ; Garland
around Madonna, St. James's, ib. ; Still-Life
(1636), Ghent Museum ; Fruit-Piece, Ber-
lin Museum ; Festoon of Fruits (1652), Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; Bouquet, Vienna Museum ;
Game and Fruit, Madrid Museum. — Rooses
(Reber), 431 ; Van den Branden, 1130.
456
OF T
YKENS
YKENS, PEETER, born at Antwerp,
baptized Jan. 30, 1648, died there shortly
after July, 1695. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan
Ykens (1613-79, sculptor and painter); mas-
ter of the guild in 1673, dean in 1689.
Works : St. Catharine disputing with the
Philosophers (1684), Two Portraits (1690,
1693), Museum, Antwerp ; Last Supper
(1687), St. Andrew's, ib.; Portrait of Canon
Emanuel van Horenbeeck, St. James's, ib.;
Christ giving the Keys to St. Peter (1690),
Church at Wommelghem ; Christ appearing
to the Husband of St. Elizabeth of Hungary,
Two Episodes in Life of St. Francis Xavier,
St. Mary's Hospital, Mechlin ; Christ ap-
pearing to St. Theresa, Lille Museum. His
sister, Catharine (born in February, 1659),
was a flower and fruit painter, pupil of her
father, and master of the guild in 1688. In
the Madrid Museum are by her a Festoon
of Flowers and Fruits, and a Garland, both
around small landscapes. His son, Jan
Peeter (born in
1673), was also a
good painter. — 0 •
Cat. du Mus.
d'Anvers, 548; Rooses (Reber), 431; Van
den Branden, 951, 1146.
YON, EDMOND CHARLES, born at
Montmartre, Paris,
Feb. 2,1836. Land-
scape painter, pupil
of Lequien. At first
practised wood en-
graving, but since
1875 has painted
many charming
views from the en-
virons of Paris.
Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class, 1879 ;
L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Two Views
near Montereau (1875) ; Branch of the
Marne, Seine near Gravon (1876) ; Before
the Rain (1878); Banks of the Marne (1879);
Canal of La Villette, Isle-les-Villenoy on the
Marne (1880) ; Villerville, Marsh of Cricque-
bceuf (1881); River Eure (1882), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; San Marco (1882) ; The
Squall (1883); The Dune, Mouth of the
Dive (1884); The Meuse at Dordrecht
(1885); Frog Fishers, The Carp Hole (1886).
— Bellier, ii. 728.
YORICK AND THE GRISETTE, Gil-
bert Stuart Newlon, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5£ in. x 1 ft. 10£ in.
Interior of a hosier's shop. Yorick pur-
chasing gloves, the beautiful grisette menu
uring them one by one across his hand
(Sterne's " Sentimental Journey "). Royal
Academy, 1830. Vernon Collection. En-
graved by W. Watt ; H. Bourne.
YOSEMITE VALLEY, Albert Bierttadl,
Lenox Library, New York. Painted in
1866. Bierstadt painted also Looking down
the Yosemite (1865), W. H. Crosby, New
York ; and Domes of the Yosemite, an al-
most panoramic picture, formerly owned by
Le Grand Lockwood.
By Thomas Hill, Charles Crocker, San
Francisco. Painted in 1871 ; Philadelphia
Exhibition, 1876.
YOUNG BULL, Paul Potter, Hague Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 12 f t ; signed,
dated 1647. The young bull, brownish-red
with patches of white, standing on rising
ground under a tree, beside which a cow
and a ewe and her lamb are lying down, and
a ram is standing ; behind a fence is a
herdsman, with one hand on thejree, look-
ing at the bull ; background, a Dutch dairy
farm, with cattle. A masterpiece ; the ani-
mals, of life-size, appear to live and breathe.
Sold in Fabricius Collection, Haarlem, in
1749, for 630 florins ; carried to Paris ; re-
turned in 1816. Engraved by Le Bas ;
Coucho ; Battard ; etched by Denon. —
Smith, v. 118 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole hollan-
daise ; Reveil, xi. 789.
YOUNG, EDUARD, born in Prague in
1823. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
in Munich of Piloty in 1864, having first
studied at Linz, Upper Austria, and in Vi-
enna, then (1855) in Munich, and been in-
structor in drawing of King Frederick VH.
in Copenhagen, where he received the great
457
YOUTH
gold medal and the title of professor. Med- [ Children ; Judith praying before her Deed,
al, Vienna, 1873. Works : Girl on the Alp ; I — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1831, 1832) ; Immer-
Smugglers ; Wedding Procession in the
Mountains ; The Best Shot ; Prize Bull ;
Eeturn from Rural Festival.— Miiller, 570.
YOUTH, FOUNTAIN OF, Lucas Cranach,
elder, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 4 f t. x 6
ft.; signed, dated 1546. In the centre a
water-basin, from which rises a fountain
with a statue of Venus and Love ; on one
side old men are bringing, on waggons,
Young Bull, Paul Potter, Hague Museum.
wheelbarrows, and stretchers, their aged and
ugly wives, and dumping them into the
water-basin, on the opposite side of which
they are emerging as young and comely
maidens, who are led away by knights to a
tent where a feast and a dance await them.
— Sclmchardt, ii. 18 ; Jul. Meyer, D. konigl.
Mus. Gemalde, 99.
YSENDYCK, ANTONIUS VAN, born in
Antwerp, Jan. 26,1801. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Mattheus van Bree ;
obtained the grand prize in 1823, spent four
years in Italy and ten years in Paris ; be-
came director of the Academy at Bergen in
1840. Member of Amsterdam (1828) and
Antwerp (1829) Academies. Medals : Paris,
1840 ; Brussels, 1842. Order of Leopold.
Works : Ecce Homo (1828) ; Group from
the Deluge, Italian Robber Scene (1830);
Sons of Roman Mother (1832) ; Jealousy
(1833); Charity (1840); Christ and the
zeel, iii. 255.
YUNK, ENRICO, born in Turin about
1849, died in Pisa, Nov. 18, 1878. Genre
painter, pupil of Turin Academy, then in
Paris of Gerome and of Picot ; after his re-
turn painted chiefly rural scenes, went to
Constantinople, afterwards to Spain and
settled in Rome, but soon left for Cairo
and finally moved to Pisa. Works : Cana-
vese Nurse, Canavese Washer-
woman ; Scenes from Turin
Theatre. — L' Illustr. italiana
(1878), No. 48.
YVON, ADOLPHE, born
at Eschwiller, Lorraine, Feb.
1, 1817. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Delaroche.
Went to Russia in 1843 and
was sent to the Crimea to
paint the incidents of the war.
Medals : 1st class, 1848 ; 2d
class, 1855 ; of honour, 1857 ;
2d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour,
1855 ; Officer, 1867. Profes-
sor at the Ecole des B. Arts.
Works : Christ driving out the Money
Changers (1845) ; Punishment of Judas Is-
cariot in Hell (1846) ; Battle of Koulikoro
in 1378 (1850) ; Fallen Angel, Party of La-
dies (1852) ; First Consul descending Mt.
St. Bernard
(1853), Palace
of Compiegne ;
Marshal Ney
during Retreat
from Russia
(1855), Capture
of the Malakoff
(1857), Gorge of
the Malakoff,
Curtain of the Malakoff (1859), Versailles
Museum ; Battle of Solferino, Portrait of
the Prince Imperial (1861) ; Portrait of Na-
poleon HI. (1868), W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; From Solferino (1863), Battle of In-
kerman (1867), Genius of America (H. 22
458
ZACHARIAH
ft. x 35 ft.), Small Replica (1867), A. T. Stew-
art Collection, New York ; Street in Con-
stantinople, State Secrets (1873) ; Countess
of Caen, Caen Museum ; Charge of Cuiras-
siers at Reichsoffen (1875); Christian Legend
(1882).— Bellier, iL 729 ; Perrier, Eludes ;
Larousse ; Hamerton, French Painters.
ZACHARIAH, Michelangelo, Sistine
Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
ZACHARIE, PHILIPPE ER-
NEST, born at Radepont (Eure) ; contem-
porary. Figure painter, pupil of Guillemot
andMorin. Medal : 3d class, 1883. Works:
Tin vieux bouquiniste (1875) ; Field Flow-
ers, Evening of Epiphany (1876) ; Punish-
ment of Caiaphas (1877) ; Good Samaritan
(1878) ; St. Jerome, Woman with Pigeons
(1883) ; Irene and Sebastian (1884) ; Even-
ing in the Grove (1886).
ZACHO, CHRISTIAN, born near Grenaa,
Denmark, March 31, 1843. Landscape paint-
er, pupil at Aarhus of the animal painter
Goldberg (born in 1807), then of the Copen-
hagen Academy ; began to exhibit in 1865,
went to Italy in 1872, and visited Paris in
1875-76, and again in 1878. The winter
of 1881-82 he spent at Meutone. Medal :
Copenhagen, 1884. Works : First Snow
in Brittany (1881), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Woodland Scene, Coast Promenade near
Copenhagen (1881) ; View in Deer Park
(1882).— Sig. Miiller, 373.
ZACHTLEVEN. See &z/<-Leven.
ZAGANELLI, FRANCESCO, of Raven-
na, born at Cotignola latter half of the 15th
century, died after 1518. Bolognese school.
Sometimes called Francesco da Cotignola.
Pupil of Roudinello, but also connected
with school of Palmezzano. His Madonna
and Saints, Brera, Milan, dated 1505, shows
little talent ; but his St. Sebastian of 1513,
Constabili Gallery, Ferrara, and his Madon-
na with portraits of the Pallavicini family of
1518, in the Church of the Nunziata, near
Parma, show greater skill in arrangement
and better drawing. In the Berlin Museum
is an Annunciation (1509). Francesco had
a brother Bernardino, sometimes called
Bernardino da Cotignola, who was probably
his assistant, with no claim to rank as an
independent artist. — C. & C., N. Italy, i.
596 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolonaise ; Siret,
566.
ZAHRTMANN, KRISTIAN, born at
Ronne, Denmark, March 31, 1843. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy in 1864-68 ; went to Italy in 1875,
studying in Rome and Siena until 1878, and
again in 1882 on his way to Greece, whence
he returned in 1884. Medal : Copenhagen,
1873. Works : Leonore Christine in Prison
(1871); Christian H and Sigbrit settling
Accounts, Scene at Court of Christian YD.
(1873) ; Leonore Christine leaving her
Prison (1874) ; Roman Fruit Shop, Abbate
Asleep (1876) ; Sabiue Woman by Child's
Cradle (1877) ; Orange Harvest, The Wise
and Foolish Virgins, Fruit-Vender of Amalfi
(1878) ; Flower Girl of Florence (1880) ;
Leonore Christine at Maribo Convent, Death
of Queen Sophie Amalie (1882), Copenha-
gen Gallery ; Scene from Rome's Period
of Decline ; Women carrying Lime (1883) ;
Italian Family Scene. — Sig. Midler, 378.
ZAMACOIS, EDUARDO, born at Bilbao
in 1842, died in Madrid, Jan. 14, 1871.
Genre painter, pupil at Bilbao of Balaco,
then of Madrid Academy under Federico de
Madrazo, and in Paris of Meissouier ; treated
seventeenth century subjects with great suc-
cess. Medals : Paris, 1867 ; Munich, 1870.
Works : Enlisting of Cervantes, Diderot and
d'Alembert (1863) ; Conscripts in Spain
(1864) ; Entrance of the Toreros (with Vi-
bert), First Sword (1866) ; Buffoon of the
Sixteenth Century, Indirect Contribution,
Jester of the Sixteenth Century (1867) ;
Good Pastor (1869) ; Platonic Love, Educa-
tion of a Prince (1870). Works in United
States : Faust and Marguerite, H. P. Kid-
der, Boston ; Waiting for an Audience, R.
C. Taft, Providence ; Rival Confessors
(1868), J. J. Astor, New York ; Message,
M. Graham, ib.; Costume Shop, T. R Butr
459
ZAMPIERI
ler, ib.; Eeturn to the Convent (1869), R. L.
Cutting, ib.; Minion of Henry HI, Fletcher
Harper, ib.; The Suitor, C. P. Huntington,
ib.; Door of Mosque, M. K Jesup, ib.;
Antechamber, Hunter in the Forest, D. 0.
Mills, ib.; Disputed Game, W. Rockefeller,
ib. ; Puzzled Musician, C. S. Smith, ib.;
Court Jester (1867 ?), Levying Contribu-
tions, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Court Jesters
in Antechambers (1867), Begging Monk
(1877), A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.; Stroll-
ing Players, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Too
St. Zanobius Raising a Dead Child, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence.
much Crimson !, Useless Cavalry Boot,
Trooper attaching his Spurs, Mrs. W. P.
Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Armourer's Shop,
Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib.; Gardener, TV. B. Be-
ment, ib. ; Decoration, Fairman Rogers, ib. ;
Occupation of Spain by the French in 1812
(1866), TV. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Refec-
tory of the Trinitaires at Rome (1868), Lu-
cius Tuckerman, Washington ; Spanish No-
tary, Judge G. Hoadley, Cincinnati ; Mor-
gan Sale, New York, 1886, Singing Lesson
(1866), $5,300, Charles Crocker, San Fran-
cisco.—Art Journal (1871), 88 ; Gaz. des
B. Arts (1867), xxii. 532 ; (1868), xxv. 19 ;
(1869), ii. 10 ; (1870), iv. 49 ; La Ilustracion
(1871) ; Larousse, xv. 1451.
ZAMPIERI. See Domenichino.
ZANOBIUS, ST., BURIAL OF, Ridolfo
Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, figures
life-size. The body earned by six bishops
from S. Lorenzo, where it was first buried,
to S. M. del Fiore ; in passing the Piazza di
S. Giovanni, a dead elm, which the coffin
happens to touch, revives and puts forth
leaves again. Painted about 1512
for brotherhood of S. Zanobi, Flor-
ence. One of Ridolfo's best pict-
ures.— Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 537 ;
C. & C., Italy, iii. 527 ; Lasinio, i.
PI. 53.
ZANOBIUS, ST., RAISING A
DEAD CHILD, Ridolfo Ghirlan-
dajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, fig-
ures life-size. Bishop Zanobius
kneeling in the street in the atti-
tude of prayer, surrounded by a
wondering crowd ; in foreground,
the child reviving ; at left, the
mother and other women kneeling.
Painted about 1512 for brother-
hood of S. Zanobi, Florence. Mas-
terly in drawing, modelling, chia-
roscuro, and warm and rich in
colour. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 537 ;
C. & C., Italy, iii. 527 ; Lasinio, i.
PI. 52.
ZARA, SIEGE OF, Tintoretto,
Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas, H.
' 15 ft. x 13 ft. "A mere battle-piece, in which
the figures, like the arrows, are put in by
the score. There are high merits in it, and
Tintoret may possibly have made the sketch
I for it." — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 395 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole veuitienne.
ZARATO or ZAROTTO. See Morto da
Feltre.
ZEEGELAAR, GERRIT VAN, born at
Loenen, near Utrecht, July 16, 1719, died
at Wageningen, June 24, 1794. Genre
and portrait painter ; worked probably at
ZEEMAX
Utrecht, and about 1773 at Amsterdam.
He was a deaf-mute. Works: Peasant at
Luncheon, Mother nursing Child, Stiidel
Gallery, Frankfort.— Kramm, vi. 1899.
ZEEMAN, KEINIER, born in Amsterdam
about 1612, died there after 1C63. Dutch
school ; marine painter ; real name Remi-
gius Nooms ; called Zeeiuan because in his
youth he was a sailor. He visited France
(about 1650) and England, and later is said
to have resided long in Berlin. Occasion-
ally painted architecture pieces, but repre-
sented especially well all kinds of vessels
and the waves of the sea. Works : View of
the Ancient Louvre, Louvre, Paris ; Naval
Battle near Leghorn in 1653, View of Am-
sterdam, Amsterdam Museum ; Calm Sea,
Rotterdam Museum ; Calm Sea with Boats
and Fishermen (2), Berlin Museum ; Two
Men-of-War, Cassel Gallery ; Italian Coast
View (1659), Brunswick Gallery ; two Sea-
ports, Copenhagen Gallery ; Seaport (1663),
Schwerin Gallery ; Marine, Seaport, Land-
scapes (2), Stockholm Museum ; Storm at
Sea, Marine View with many Vessels, Stutt-
gart Museum ; Vessels and Harbour, Vienna
Museum. — Ch. Blanc, l5cole hollandaise ;
Immerzeel, iii. 258 ; Kramm, vi. 1898 ; Ku-
gler (Crowe), ii. 495 ; Nagler, MOD., v.
422 ; Riegel, Beitriige, ii. 355.
ZEEUW, MARINUS DE. See Marina*
van Roymerswale.
ZEGERS or ZEGHERS, DANIEL. See
Seghers.
ZEGERS (Seghers), GEERAARD,
born in Antwerp, baptized March 17, 1591,
died there, March 18, 1651. Flemish school ;
history and genre painter. Said to have
studied under Hendrik van Balen and
Abraham Janssens ; master of the guild in
1609. Really formed himself in Rome,
where he was sent by two rich merchants,
Goetbenck, and studied particularly the
works of Caravaggio and Manfredi. For a
time employed at the court of Madrid by
Philip m. Returned to Antwerp in 1620.
Friend of Rubens and of Van Dyck, who
painted his
p o r t r a i t .
Works: Christ
with Martha
and Mary, Ma-
drid Museum ;
St. Francis in
Ecstasy, Lou-
vre ; Adoration
of the Magi,
Toulouse Museum ; Descent from the Cross,
Dijon Museum ; St. Jerome, Lille Museum ;
Christ at the Pillar, St. Michael's, Ghent ;
Christ healing the Blind, Raising of Laza-
rus, St. Lievin raising a Woman, Martyrdom
of St. Lievin, Cathedral, ib. ; Adoration of
the Magi (1630, masterpiece), Notre Dame,
Bruges ; Marriage of the Virgin (master-
piece), St. Louis of Gonzaga, Ecstasy of St
Theresa, Resurrection, St. Clara, Virgin with
the Rosary, St Norbert, Museum, Antwerp ;
St. Francis of Assisi, Cathedral, ib. ; Holy
Family, St Andrew's, ib.; Adoration of the
Magi, Christ appearing to Magdalen, St.
James, ib. ; Erection of the Cross, St. Charles
Borromeo's, ib. ; Repast of the Gods, Ab-
duction of Europa, Brunswick Gallery ; Be-
heading of St. Dympna, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Madonna (2), Hagar and Ishmael,
Holy Family (2), Triumph of Silenus, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Adoration of Magi, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib.; Madonna in Glory,
Uffizi, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, Ecole flamaudo;
Cat. du Mus. d'Anvers, 554 ; Immerzeel,
iii. 33 ; Kramm, v. 1509 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 293 ; Michiels, viii. 411 ; Rooses (Reber),
264 ; Van den Branden, 879.
ZETTBLOM, BARTHOLOMAUS, flour-
ished in Ulm, 1484-1517. German school ;
history and portrait painter, and the most
eminent master of the school of Ulm ; at
first studied engraving under Schongauer,
then painting under Schuhlein, whose
daughter he married in 1483. Although
influenced by the school of Franconia, he
developed an individual style. We find in
461
ZELGER
his pictures heads pore and truthful in ex-
pression, natural flesh tones, a deep glow of
colour, and careful
execution, togaUtat
with a serious, often
grand conception.
"Works : Ahar 'Wings
(1488), Altarpieee
(1497Y, Archaeologi-
cal Union, Stutt-
gart; Altarpiece
(1490-95), Stuttgart
Museum ; Four
Scenes from Legends of St Valentine. Two
Saints. Pope Alexander (1504\ Augsburg
Gallery : St. Peter. The Holy Handkerchief,
Berlin Museum : Altar "Wings with Saints (2K
Priest at the Altar raising the Host, Carls-
ruhe Gallery : St. Lawrence. Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Visitation of Mary. SS. Magdalen and
Ursula. Furstenberg Gallery. Donauesching-
en : St. Catharine. Gotha Museum ; St.
Margaret St. Ursula. St. Bridget, Old Pina-
kothek. Munich : St. Ann and other Female
Saints. Mary and St. John. Pieta, Germanic
Museum. Nuremberg ; The Manna of the
Old and New Testament. Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Eight Scenes in Life of Mary the Vir-
gin, Hohenzollern Museum, Sigmaringen :
St Jago de Compostella. St. GaU Museum :
Annunciation. St John Baptist (2\ Visita-
tion of Mary. Bishop Valentine of Terracina
raising a dead Boy, St. Gregory the Great,
Nativity (about 1470), Pictures of Saints
|6>, Stuttgart Museum ; Male and Female
Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery. Vienna. —
Ch. Blanc. Ecole allemande : Dohme, 1L :
GrOneisen & Mauch. Ulm's Kunstleben. 42 :
Kugler (Crowe V i 145 ; Schnaase, viiL 423 ;
W. Jt W.. iL 111.
ZELGER JOSEF, born at Stanz. Swit-
zerland, in 1812. Landscape painter, pupil
at Geneva of Diday : is very successful in
leprewnting the grandeur of Alpine nature :
execution minute, colouring somewhat cold.
Works : View near KmnuUtm, Ruins of
Castle Unspunnen (1858X Berne Museum ;
View in Canton Unterwalden, Nenchatel
Museum; In Albula Pass, View near Lu-
cerne, Zurich Gallery. — Nagter, -rrii 255.
ZELLER, KONRAD. born at ffirslanden,
near Zurich, in 1807, died about 186?.
German school; genre ^TlrrinM1. pupO of
Leopold Robert in Rome, whither he went
in 1832, having for years prafltJKiJ as
an amateur. Works: Girls at the Bath,
Shepherd Family in the /\iKjm^p*l High-
born Visitor, Zurich Gallery ; Saltarello in
: Villa dTste near Trroli (1840), Female-Head
ISolX Leipsic Museum; Festival of St
Annun&ata near Borne (1846). — CotU's
EunstbL (1843-46).
ZELOTTI. GIAMBATTESTA, born in
Verona about 1532.
died about 1592.
Venetian school ;
educated in the
school of Antonio
Badile, where he
was a fellow-pupil
and friend of Paolo
Veronese. Called
by Vasari, Battista
Farinato, whence
some have supposed him of kin to Paolo
Farinato. Vasari also numbers him among
the pupils of Titian. He was a man of
genius, full of ideas and of imagination,
and a worthy rival of Paolo Veronese, with
whom he worked much in collaboration, es-
pecially in fresco painting, in which he ex-
celled ; but he was without ambition or
confidence in himself, and died obscure and
miserable. Among his frescos, those in the
Palazzo Ducale, which have been attributed
to Paolo Veronese, and those in the Library
of St Mark are the best Of his pictures
in oil. The Conversion of St. Paul, and the
Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Vicenza,
Duomo, are much admired. — Ch. Blanc,
Ecole venitienne : Vasari, ed. "Mil.., vL 595 ;
Burckhardt, 749, 750. 754.
ZENALE, BERNABDD? O, born at Tre-
vigho (?) in 1436, died in Milan, Feb. 10,
1526. Lombard school; real name Ber-
nardino Martini Disciple of Vmcenzo
ZEPPENFELD
Foppa, the elder, and partner of Buttinone,
with whom he generally painted in com-
mon. A few pictures are ascribed to him
alone, as Madonna in the Ambrosiaua, Vir-
gin with Saints and Kneeling Duke and
Duchess Sforza, in the Brera (1494-%),
and Annunciation in the Casa Borromeo,
Milan ; but Lennolieff says there is no au-
thenticated picture by him in existence.
After 1501 he gave most of his time to ar-
chitecture. In 1515 he became architect of
Santa Maria sopra San Celso, and in 1519
of the Duomo, Milan. He wrote a treatise
on perspective in 1524. — C. & C, N. Italy,
ii. 33 ; Vasari, ed. Le Men., vii. 127 ; xi.
271 ; Burckhardt, 608 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole
milanaise ; Lilbke, Gesch. itaL MaL, L 489 ;
Lerniolieff, 459.
ZEPPENFELD, VICTOR, born at Greiz,
Reuss-Greiz, in 1834. Genre painter, pu-
pil in Hamburg of Gensler, then studied in
Munich and under Jordan in DQsseldorf,
whence he visited Germany, Switzerland,
and North Italy. Works : Morning before
Riflemen's Festival : Grocery Shop ; Recov-
ery ; Blind Musician ; At the Post-Office ;
Mouse-Trap Seller ; Summer Theatre ; Sil-
ver Wedding ; Kaulbach's Arrival in Olym-
pus, A Burial (1871), Kuusthalle, Hamburg.
—Mailer, 571.
ZEUXIPPUS. See Zeturis.
ZEUXIS, one of the most famous of
Greek painters, native of Heraclsea (proba-
bly the Pontic), latter part of 5th century
B.C. Ionic school. Called Zeuxippus by
Socrates in the Protagoras of Plato (Brunii,
ii. p. 77). It is uncertain whether his mas-
ter was Demophilus of Himera or Neseas of
Thasos, but he probably owed more to
Apollodorus, who was at the height of his
reputation when Zeuxis went to Athens,
than to either of them. Pliny says (xxxv.
36 [61]) that Zeuxis entered the doors of
art which had been thrown open by Apollo-
dorus, and Apollodorus himself complained
in verse that Zeuxis had robbed him of his
art His characteristics were close imita-
tion of nature and sensuous charm. In his
works the highest standard of human beauty
was reached, and the closest representation
of those objects in nature which are incapa-
ble of an ideal representation. But, accord-
ing to Aristotle (Poet, vi. 5), they were want-
ing in character, or that which elevates the
moral sentiments. His Helen, in which
were combined the physical charms of the
five most beautiful virgins of Crotoua, was
celebrated as the embodiment of the perfec-
tion of female loveliness. It was consecrat-
ed in the Temple of Juno in that city, but it
was probably carried to Rome, as Pliny men-
tions a Helena by Zeuxis in the Portico of
Philip. Other pictures mentioned by Pliny
(L c. ) are : The Infant Hercules Strangling
the Serpent in presence of Amphitryon and
Alcmena, probably the same as the Alcmena
which the artist gave to the people of Agri-
genturn, after he had arrived at the conclu-
sion that there was no price large enough to
set on his works ; A Jupiter Enthroned sur-
rounded by the other Deities ; A Marsyas
Bound, preserved in the Temple of Cou-
, cord, Rome, supposed to have been similar
in design to a picture found at Herculoue-
um ; a Pan, which he gave to King Arche-
lails of Macedonia, whose palace at Pella lie
decorated ; and a Penelope. Lucian de-
scribes (Zeuxis, 3) also his picture of the
Centaur Family or Hippoceutaur, a female
centaur suckling her young in the fore-
ground, with the male in the background
holding up a lion'a whelp to frighten the
little ones. Lucian saw only a copy of this
picture, the original having been lost in a
vessel off Cape Malea on its way to Rome,
whither Sulla had sent it from Athens. An
engraved gem in the Florentine Museum is
supposed to have been copied from it. A
picture of Eros crowned with Roses is men-
tioned by the scholiast to Aristophanes, a
Menelausby Tzetzes, and a Boreas or Triton
by Lucian (Timon, 54), as among the works
of Zeuxis. That Zeuxis elaborated his
paintings with great care may be inferred
, from his reply to Agatharcus, who boasted
of the ease and speed with which he worked :
ZEVIO
" I confess I take a long time to paint ; but
I paint works to last a long time " (Plut.
Per., 13, De Amic. Mult., 5). Pliny relates
(1. c.) that Zeuxis, having entered into a
pictorial contest with Parrhasius, painted
some grapes so naturally that the birds
were attracted to them. Elated with his
success, he haughtily demanded that the
curtain should be drawn aside from his op-
ponent's picture in order that he might see
it, but was obliged to admit his defeat when
he found that the curtain itself was Parrha-
sius's picture. Zeuxis afterwards painted a
boy carrying grapes, when the birds pecked
at them as before. This vexed him greatly,
and he exclaimed: "I have painted the
grapes better than the child, or the birds
would have been afraid of him " (Pliny, 1.
c.). Festus relates (s. v. Pictor) that Zeuxis
met his death by choking with laughter at a
picture of an old woman he had just paint-
ed, but the time of his decease is unknown.
ZEVIO, STEPANO DA. See Stefano da
Zevio.
ZICHY, MICHAEL VON, born at Zala,
Hungary, in 1827.
History and genre
painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy and
of Waldmtiller, on
whose suggestion he
was called to St. Pe-
tersburg to instruct
one of the grand
duchesses ; left the
Russian court in
1850, but returned there in 1856 and became
court painter in 1859 ; moved to Paris in
1874. Works : The Prisoner (1847) ; Wound-
ed Knight at Communion ; Closing the
Coffin ; Descent from the Cross ; Life-Boat ;
Empress Elizabeth beside Deak's Coffin,
Pesth Museum ; The Weapons of the De-
mon of Devastation (1878). — Kunst-Chronik,
xiv. 180 ; Miiller, 572.
ZICK, JANUARIUS, born in Munich in
1733, died at Ehrenbreitstein in 1812. Ger-
man school ; history and genre painter, son
of Johann Zick (1702-62), pupil of his fa-
ther and of Munich Academy ; went in 1757
to Basle, where he
painted pictures in
Rembrandt's manner,
and in 1758 was in
Rome, where he is said
to have studied under
Raphael Mengs ; hav-
ing visited France, he
settled at Coblentz in
1761, and became
court painter to the
Archbishop of Troves
in 1764. Works: Old Scholar Reading,
Bamberg Gallery ; two Genre Scenes with
Fauns, etc., Artist's Portrait, Gallery, Co-
blentz ; Four Evangelists, St. Castor's, ib. ;
Trinity, Hospital Church, Mannheim ; Mag-
dalen Repentant, Wiesbaden Gallery. In
fresco : Justice, etc., Aurora, etc., Four
Evangelists, Royal Palace, Coblentz ; Wash-
ing the Disciples' Feet, Marriage at Cana,
St. Florin's Stift, ib.; Jupiter, etc. (1789),
Royal Palace, Mentz. — Ch. Blanc, £cole
allemande.
ZIEGLER, JULES, born at Langres
(Haute-Marue), March 16, 1804, died in Di-
jon, Dec. 29, 1856. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Ingres in Paris ; visited
Italy and Germany, allied himself to Cor-
nelius in Munich, and devoted himself es-
pecially to fresco painting. After his re-
turn he painted historical subjects and por-
traits ; subsequently executed the wall
paintings in the Madeleine, for which he
was made Officer of the Legion of Honour in
1838. Appointed director of the Museum at
Dijon in 1852. His pictures lack expression
and deep feeling, but they are excellent in
drawing and colour. Works : Venice at
Night (1831) ; Giotto in Cimabue's Studio
(1833), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Fos-
cari (1833), Henri TV. and Marguerite de
Valois, Arras Museum ; Prophet Daniel
(1838) ; The Dew spreading its Pearls on
the Flowers (1844) ; Jacob's Dream (1847) ;
Judith at the Gates of Bethulia (1847),
464
ZIEM
Lyons Museum ; Charles V. having prepared
his Funeral receives a Portrait represent-
ing him at the Ceremony (1848) ; Summer
Shower (1850), Bordeaux Museum ; Peace
of Amiens (1853), City Hall, Amiens ; The
Republic, Lille Museum ; St. George slay-
ing the Dragon, Nancy Museum ; Daniel
in the Lions' Den, Moonlight at Venice,
Nantes Museum ; Louis XTV. receiving at
Fontainebleau the Apology made in the
Name of Pope Alexander VH. by Cardinal
Chigi, portraits of Philippe VL, John II.,
Charles H. of
France, and
others, Ver-
saillesMuseum.
— Bellier, ii. 730 ; Meyer, Gesch., 359, 361 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole francaise ; Kunstlb. (1851-
67) ; Larousse.
ZIEM, FEIJX, born at Beaune (Cote
d'Or), Feb. 25, 1821.
Architecture and ma-
rine painter, pupil of
Art School at Dijon ;
travelled in 1845-48
in Southern France,
Italy, and the East.
His pictures, particu-
larly his views of
Venice, have won for
him a world-wide rep-
utation. Medals : 3d class, 1851, 1855 ;
1st class, 1852 ; L. of Honour, 1857 ; Offi-
cer, 1878. Works : View of the Bosphorus
(1849) ; Evening in Amsterdam, Hut near
The Hague (1852) ; View of Venice (1852),
Luxembourg Museum ; Interior of Mar-
seilles Harbour, Venice at Evening (1853) ;
Festival at Venice (1854) ; View of Antwerp
(1855) ; The Golden Horn at Constantino-
ple, St. Mark's Place in Venice (1857) ;
Views of Constantinople (2), Sunset (2,
1859) ; Triptych with St Mark's Place,
Bridge of Sighs, and Doge's Palace (1861) ;
Pilgrims embarking for Mecca, View of Trip-
olis (1863) ; Cleopatra in Upper Egypt
(1865) ; Venice after Rain, Stamboul at Sun-
set (1866) ; Bucentaur adorned for Cere-
mony of Doge's Marriage with the Adriatic,
Beheading of Carmagnola (1867); Party of
Pleasure at Venice, View at the Old Port of
Marseilles (1868) ; Doge's Palace in Venice,
Ravene Gallery, Berlin; do., and Marine,
Luxembourg Museum ; Banks of the Am-
stel — Holland, Bordeaux Museum ; View of
Quai Saint-Jean at Marseilles, Marseilles
Museum ; Sunset, Montpellier Museum.
Works in United States : Sweet Waters near
Constantinople, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ;
Venice, W. Richmond, Providence ; do., J.
A Brown, ib. ; Constantinople, J. J. Astor,
New York ; Fete-Day in Venice, William
Astor, ib. ; Inundation of Piazza S. Marco —
Venice, MissC. L. Wolfe, ib.; Canal Grande,
August Belmont, ib.; Dogana, M. Graham,
ib. ; Morning on the Lagoon, Robert Hoe,
ib. ; Canal, Israel Corse, ib. ; Doge's Palace,
R. L. Stuart, ib. ; Suburbs of Venice, M K.
Jesup, ib.; Canal Grande, D. O. Mills, ib.;
do., H. V. Newcomb, ib. ; Shipping at Ven-
ice, W. Rockefeller, ib.; Doge's Palace, Quai
dei Schiavoni, A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.;
Golden Horn with Pilgrims starting for
Mecca, Venice by Twilight, C. S. Smith, ib. ;
Across Canal Grande, J. H. Warren, Hoosac
Fulls, N. Y. ; Venetian Doorway, Entrance to
Garden, Fairman Rogers, Philadelphia ;
Holland (1851), Marseilles (1863), Venice
(4, one dated 1863), Tunny Fishing, Morn-
ing, Mid-Day (1868), Evening, W. T. Wal-
ters, Baltimore ; Entrance to Canal Grande,
J. W. Garrett, ib.; do., H. L. Dousraan, St.
Louis ; Tyrrhenian Sea, Judge G. Hoadley,
Cincinnati ; Marriage of the Adriatic, Hurl-
but Collection, Cleveland ; Arsenal — Venice,
Charles Parsons, St. Louis. — Larousse, xv.
1483 ; Meyer, Gesch., 753 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xvii. 323.
ZIER, VICTOR CASIMTR, born at War-
saw, Sept. 26, 1822. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Norblin and Lc-on Cogniet
in Paris, whither he went as early as 1825.
With Norblin he decorated in 1858 the
Chapel of St. Susanna in St. Roch's, Paris.
Works : Magdalen Penitent (1844) ; Faith,
Daniel in Lions' Den (1846) ; St. Genevieve
486
ZIERMAKN"
(1850) ; The Virgin and Magdalen (1852) ;
Holy Family (1855) ; Christ appearing to
the Magdalen (1861) ; St. Francis of Assisi
receiving the Stigmata (1863) ; Ecce Homo
(1864) ; St. Ann instructing the Virgin
(1865) ; Departure from Bethlehem (1867) ;
St. Peter healing the Lame (1868) ; Christ
Entombed (1869) ; Broken Ears of Grain
(1870) ; Ecstasy of St. Paul (1874) ; Glorifi-
cation of St. Leonard (1875) ; Elizabeth of
Hungary driven from her Palace (1877) ; St.
Margaret of Scotland (1878) ; Flight into
Egypt, Morning Dew (1879) ; Artist's Por-
trait (1880) ; Echo bewailing Narcissus
(1881) ; Psyche, Biblis (1882) ; Slumber of
St. Magdalen (1883).— Bellier, ii. 730 ; Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xis. 1041.
ZIERMANN, KARL, born in 1850, died
at Berka, near Weimar, Feb. 14, 1881.
Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Wei-
mar Art School under Gussow and Baur ;
won at once reputation with his first pict-
ure, exhibited in 1875, and was especially
successful in wood interiors, enlivened with
characteristic figures. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1878. Works : Journeyman afraid of
Dog (1875) ; The Botanist (1878) ; Broken
Pitcher ; At the Procession ; Barred Pas-
sage ; Pinch of Snuff ; The Caught Fowler ;
Wood-Choppers. — Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 426 ;
xvii. 497; D. Rundschau, xvii. 313.
ZIESENIS, JOHANN GEORG, born at
Copenhagen in 1716, died at Hanover in
1777. German school ; portrait painter,
pupil of his father ; went to Diisseldorf,
and in 1764 became court painter to the
Elector of Hanover, in which capacity he
painted many German princes, among them
Frederick the Great. He took Hyacinthe
Rigaud for his model. "Works : Portraits
of William V. of Orange (3), and his Wife,
Hague Museum ; Male and Female Portrait,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Princesses
of Bavaria (4), Schleissheim Gallery. — Na-
gler, xxii. 279 ; Weilbach, 766.
ZIMBRECHT. See Simbrecht.
ZIMMER, WILHELM, born at Apolda,
Saxe- Weimar, April 16, 1853. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Weimar Art School under
Kalckreuth and Hagen ; has made a name
for himself with his humorous scenes from
village life, in which the peasant types are
very characteristic. Works : Unsuccessful
Sleigh Ride ; Jolly Sleigh Ride ; Sunday
Pleasure in the Country (1876); Potato Har-
vest in Thuringia ; Farm Yard in Thuringia ;
The Departure (1880); On Furlough (1884);
Intermission (1885).— Miiller, 573 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1875), i. 167 ; (1877), ii. 416 ; (1885),
i. 513 ; (1886), i. 481.
ZIMMERMANN, ALBERT, born at Zit-
tau, Saxony, Sept. 20, 1808. Landscape
painter, mostly self-taught ; studied in Dres-
den and Munich, became professor at the
Milan Academy in 1827, and at the Vienna
Academy in 1859. His landscapes, to a cer-
tain degree ideal, show grand conception of
mountain scenery, masterly execution, and
powerful light effects. Member of Munich
and St. Petersburg Academies ; Bavarian
Order of Michael. Works : Jewish Cem-
etery (1834) ; Mountain Landscape with
Torrent, Rocky Landscape with Centaurs
and Leopards (1850), Landscape with Wa-
terfall, New Pinakothek, Munich ; Faust
and Mephistopheles on the Brocken, Gol-
gotha, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Chiem Lake in
Storm (1841) ; View in Tyrol after Storm,
do. in Bavarian Highlands, Stiidel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Historical Landscape (with Fight
between Centaur Women and Lions, by
Rahl); Landslide, The High Goll, Morning
Dawn on the Gross Venediger, Partridge
Hunting, Sunset on Hintersee (1858); Prayer
of Miners (1861) ; View on Anirner Lake,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Afterglow on
Lake Piano (1863); Moonlight on the Weser,
The Stony Sea near Berchtesgaden ; Lago
di Lugano (1869) ; Biblical Landscape
(1871) ; Spring Landscape with Sheep,
Dresden Museum ; The Obersee near Berch-
tesgaden, Stuttgart Museum ; Lake Como,
R. L. Stuart, New York. His brother and
pupil, Maximilian (born at Zittau, July 7,
1811, died in Munich, Dec. 30, 1878), painted
landscapes in the style of Ruisdael. Works :
466
ZIMMERMANN
Ammer Lake ; Outlook into the Plain ;
Wood Landscapes (3> 1845, 1848, 1850),
New Pinakothek, Munich. — Cotta's Kunst-
blatt (1834-43) ; Dioskuren (1860, 1861,
1863) ; Kunst-Chronik, xiv. 243 ; Mttller,
573 ; Schack, Meine Gemiildesammlung
(1884), 200 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 29.
ZIMMERMANN, CLEMENS VON, boru
in Diisseldorf, Nov. 8, 1788, died in Mu-
nich, Jan. 24, 1869. Hist6ry and portrait
painter, pupil of Dflsseldorf Academy under
Peter von Longer, whom he followed to
Munich in 1808, to continue his studies at
the Academy there ; obtained the first prize
in 1812 ; visited Italy in 1816, and having
been director of the Augsburg Art School in
1817-25, became professor at the Munich
Academy. There he executed frescos in the
Glyptothek and Pinakothek, after sketches
by Cornelius, besides several successful oil
paintings ; was made director of the Central
Gallery in 1846, and visited Italy again in
1856-57 and 1859. Works: Mercury and
Argus (1811); Noah's Sacrifice (1812); The-
seus and his Mother, Flight into Egypt
(1814); Madonna, Farewell of Tobias (1817);
Portraits of King Maximilian I. (1820) and
of Queen Hortense ; Pilgrimage of Italian
Peasants to Loretto (1820), New Piuakothek,
Munich ; Joseph sold by his Brothers (1826);
Marriage of St. Catharine (1829); St. Cecil-
ia with Angels (1836) ; Farewell of Tobias
(1837) ; The Three Theological Virtues
(1840); Cimabue finding Giotto (1841), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Mars and Venus
(1843); Madonna (1846); Assumption (1852);
Paul's Expedition to Damascus (1867); Por-
trait of King Louis I. of Bavaria, Schleiss-
heim Gallery. In fresco : Investiture of
Otto von Wittelsbach with the Duchy of
Bavaria in 1180, Arcades of Royal Garden,
Munich. His son and pupil, Julius, bom
in Augsburg in 1824, studied also in Rome
and Paris, painted at first portraits and
genre (Young Musician, 1848), [afterwards
excellent landscapes in water-colours.
Works : On Lake Vierwaldstaedt ; Reichen-
bach Falls ; Road to Rosenlaui Glacier.—
ERNST, born in
Andresen, iii. 145 ; Dioskuren (1869), 59 ;
Kunst-Chronik, iv. 70 ; Nagler, xxiL 237 ;
Raczynski, ii. 316.
ZIMMERMANN,
Munich, April 2 4,
1852. History and
genre painter, son of
Reinhard Sebastian
Zimmermann, pupil
of his father, then of
the Munich Acad-
emy under Striihu-
ber and Anschtttz
and Wilhelm Diez ;
visited Venice, Paris,
and Vienna, and has, since 1879, acquired
! deserved reputation as a fine colourist.
Medals : 2d class, Munich, 1883 ; Berlin,
1886. Works : Monk mending Violin ;
Rope Dancers in a Barn ; Walk of Young
Princess ; Scenes from Fishermen's Life
on Lake Constance ; Travelling Menagerie,
Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; Christ
among the Doctors (1879) ; Game and Fish
Seller as Business Friends (1881) ; Con-
founded Dice Playing !, Fish Seller (1882) ;
Adoration of the Shepherds (1883), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Flute-Player, Ma-
donna in Rose Bower, Christ in House of
Lazarus (1884) ; Tyrolese Wrestlers (1885);
Christ and the Fishermen (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1886).— Mtiller, 573 ; Blustr.
Zeitg. (1883), ii. 583, 588 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 306 ; xviii. 386, 402 ; six. 447 ;
XXL 60 ; Reber-Pecht, iii. 285 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, xv. 191 ; xix. 132 ; xx. 52 ; xxi.
332.
ZIMMERMANN, FRIEDRICH, born at
Diessenhofen, Switzerland, in 1823, died in
Geneva in 1884. Landscape painter, pupil
of Calame in 1852-56. Works : Arolla Gla-
cier in Canton Wallis, White Rock at the
Prado near Marseilles, View near Geneva,
Berne Museum ; Ancasca Valley on Monte
Rosa, Langres Museum ; On the Engstlen
Alp, Turin Gallery ; Interior of Oakwood,
Duchess of Genoa; View in Berner Ober-
land, Royal Academy, London.
407
ZIMMEEMANN
ZIMMERMANN, REINHARD SEBAS-
TIAN, born at Hagenau, on Lake Constance,
Jan. 9, 1815. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich Acad-
emy, where he was much
influenced by Robert
Eberle ; lived in 1844-
45 in Paris as portrait
painter, and after visit-
ing England and Belgi-
um returned to Munich
in 1847, and attained
his first great success
in 1850 with the humorous Three Magi,
followed by numerous masterly and charac-
teristic genre pieces of brilliant execution.
Member of Berlin Academy, 1886. Gold
medal, Berlin. Works : Expensive Bill,
Peasants at the Castle (1853) ; Beggar Mu-
sicians (1854) ; Interior in Schleissheim Cas-
tle (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Vac-
cination Room (1858) ; Love Letter (1859),
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Anniversary in Munich
(1861), Cologne Museum ; Fisherman's Hut ;
Newspaper Reader in Tavern Room (1862),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Anteroom of a
Prince, St. Gall Museum ; Quartering of
French Soldiers ; Circulating Library, Peas-
ant Wedding (1867) ; Interrupted Game of
Cards (1869) ; Public Dinner ; News of Vic-
tory (1875) ; Village Youth as Landwehr,
Convent School in Ottobeuern (1879) ; Be-
fore Music Rehearsal (1880) ; Monk Artists,
Quartette, Scene in Village Inn (1881) ;
Monastery Orphanage (2, 1882). Works in
United States : Love's Messenger, Betrothal,
W. Mason, Tauuton, Mass.; Tinker, R. L.
Stuart Collection, New York ; Politicians,
Wine Tasters, John T. Martin, Brooklyn ;
Musical Rehearsal, Home for Boys, D. W.
Powers, Rochester ; Sudden Storm, J. W.
Bates, Philadelphia ; Discussing the Wai-
News, J. Carey Coale, Baltimore. — Diosku-
ren (I860), 365 ; Miiller, 574 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 305, 596 ; Regnet, ii. 305.
ZIMMERMANN, RICHARD, born at Zit-
tau, March 2, 1820, died in Munich, Feb. 4,
1875. Landscape painter, brother and pu-
pil of Albert Zimmermann, studied after-
wards under Ludwig Richter ; went in 1838
to Munich, and afterwards lived for several
years in Prague. Gold medal, Berlin. Works :
April Landscape (1842), Leipsic Museum ;
Shipwreck on the Coast at Carolin (1848),
Dresden Museum ; Potato Harvest (1852),
Winter Landscapes (3, 1849, 1853, 1859),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Winter Night,
Schack Gallery, ib. ; View near Rosenheim
(1861); Moonlight (1862); Rocky Land-
scape, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Fish-
ermen on Coast of North Sea (1863) ; Cows
La Zingarella, Correggio, Naples Museum.
and Sheep in Ravine ; The High Goll ; Al-
pine Snow-Storm, Blacksmith Shop, John
T. Martin, Brooklyn. — Cotta's Kunstbl.
(1843-48); Dioskuren (1861-63); Kunst-
Chronik, x. 439.
ZINGARELLA, LA (The Gypsy), Cor-
reggio, Naples Museum. The Virgin, with
an Oriental turban on her head, sitting un-
der a palm, bending over Jesus, who sleeps
in her lap ; above her, among the branches
and clouds, hover cherubs ; a rabbit in the
grass, whence called Madonna del Coniglio.
The Ziugarella is commonly supposed to
468
ZINGARO
be a portrait of Correggio's wife. Paint-
ed about 1520 (?). Bought from Farnese
Collection, Parma (where it was in 1587),
with one hundred other pictures, in 1740,
by Charles III of Naples. Much repainted.
Several copies. Engraved by Frezza ; Rossi ;
Bernard ; Porporati ; Toschi ; etc. — Meyer,
Correggio, 328, 480 ; Kunst Lex., i. 000 ;
Laiidon, (Euvres, viii. PI. 5.
By Garofdo (?), Pitti, Florence ; wood, H.
9 in. x 6 in. Half-figure of a woman, with
a blue cloth striped with yellow on head,
a white dress, and red mantle lined with
green ; gold chains and jewels on forehead
and neck. " Painted without doubt by Boc-
caccino " (C. & C.).— C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 446.
ZINGARO, LO, born in Venice or at
Civita di Penna, near Chieti, about 1382,
died in Naples in 1455 (?). Neapolitan
school ; real name Antonio Solario ; said to
have been a smith and to have become a
painter for love of Colantonio del Fiore's
daughter ; to have studied in Bologna with
Lippo Dalmasio, and in Venice, Florence,
Ferrara, and Borne, under the Vivarini,
Bicci, Galapo, Pisanello, and Gentile da
Fabriano. His existence has been doubt-
ed, but the pictures attributed to him show
the effect of an Umbro-Florentiue training.
Among them is a Madonna with Saints,
Museum, Naples ; an altai-piece of the early
part of the 16th century. Other pictures
in Berlin, Munich, and Naples, which have
passed under his name, are now proved to
be the work of other artists. — C. & C., N.
Italy, ii. 100 ; Burckhardt, 612 ; Ch. Blanc,
Ecole napolitaine ; Lanzi, ii. 5 ; Ltlbke,
Gesch. ital. Mai., i. 564.
ZIPPER (Cipper), GIACOMO FRAN-
CESCO. German school. Works: Fam-
ily Concert, Vegetable Market, Group of
Fortune-Telling Gypsies, Italian Peasants
at a Meal, Mr. Thomas Walesby, London ;
four pictures in Hampton Court Gallery. —
Gaz. des B. Arts (1859), i. 182.
ZO, ACHILLE, born at Bayonne, France,
July 30, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Cou-
ture. Conservator of the Bayonne Museum.
Medal, 1868 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works :
Henry IV. of England and the Prince of
Wales (1853) ; Adventurers playing Cards
(1855) ; Gitanos of Monte Sagrado at Gra-
nada (1861) ; Posada San Rafael at Cordova
(1863) ; Blind Man of Porta Doce-Cantos at
Toledo (1863), formerly in Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Plaza San Francisco at Seville (1865),
Marseilles Museum ; Tribunal of Moorish
Kings at Granada (1868) ; Evening, Jewess of
Morocco (1869) ; Dream of a Believer (1870);
Ambuscade of Gitanos (1874) ; Siesta, W.
Rockefeller, New York.— Bellier, ii. 732.
ZOFFANY, JOHANN, born at Ratisbon
about 1733, died in London, Nov. 11, 1810.
Real name Zauffely. Portrait painter, pu-
pil in Ratisbon of Speer ; went to Rome,
where he remained for twelve years. After
his return he made an unfortunate marriage,
and in 1758 went to England, where at first
he assisted the portrait painter Benjamin
Wilson ; but ho attracted the notice of Lord
Bute by a portrait of Garrick, and soon
acquired reputation ; sent to Italy by the
king in 1775, he painted there his famous
picture, The Tribune of Florence, and in
1778, for the Empress Maria Theresa, the
| Imperial Family of Tuscany, for which pict-
ure he was made a baron. After his return
to England he went to India, in 1783, and
amassed a great fortune. Member of Lon-
don, Bologna, Florence, and Parma Acad-
emies. Works : Portraits of Earl of Barry-
more, King George III., and Queen Char-
lotte with Family, of Garrick, Foote, and
Weston, of all Members of Royal Academy in
one picture ; Embassy of Hyder Beg (with
100 figures) ; Cock-Fight; Tiger Hunt;
Portrait of Archduchess Maria Christina,
Vienna Museum. — Redgrave, 496.
ZOLL, FRANZ JOSEF, born at Moh-
ringen, Baden, in 1772, died at Munich in
1833. History and portrait painter, first
instructed by his father, a sculptor and
painter, then by his uncle, a fresco painter
at Trostenberg, Bavaria, and finally studied
at the Munich Academy under Hauber, and
Dorner, the elder ; painted at first portraits,
469
ZONA
then visted Paris and Vienna, and studied
two years in Rome. In 1821 he became
professor of drawing at the University of
Freiburg, and in 1823 director of the gal-
lery and professor at Mannheim. Works :
Hercules and Hebe in Olympus, Gallery,
Carlsruhe ; several Biblical Scenes, Protes-
tant Church, ib.; Resurrection, Church at
Mdhringen.
ZONA, ANTONIO, born in 1810. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Venice
Academy ; distinguished for the classical
style of his paintings, especially his por-
traits in the manner of the Venetian mas-
ters of the 16th century. Lives in Venice.
Works: Farewell of Tobias, Annunciation
(1844) ; Raphael instructed by his Father,
Titian meeting Paolo Veronese (18G2) ;
Liberation of Admiral Pisani (1863) ; Gone
Astray, The Flower Girl Glycera, Our First
Italian Queen. — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1844) ;
Dioskuren (1863) ; Perseveranza (1863).
ZOPPO, MARCO, latter half of 15th cen-
tury. Bolognese school ; pupil in Padua of
Squarcione, whom he aided probably in
the decoration of the Eremitaui. Lived for
a time in Venice, painted many altarpieces,
and finally settled in Bologna, where he
lived until at least 1498. In his earlier ef-
forts he shows a tendency to imitate the
stiffness and reflected modelling of brass,
but he shows a better art in his Bolognese
pictures. Works : Altai-piece, Collegio di
Spagna ; Crucifix, and Altai-piece, Cappucci-
ni ; Pieta and Head of Baptist, S. Giovanni
Evangelista, Pesaro ; St. Dominic as Insti-
tutor of the Rosary, National Gallery, Lon-
don; Madonna Enthroned (1471, master-
piece), Berlin Museum. — C. & C., N. Italy,
i. 345 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise ; Burck-
hardt, 577, 579 ; Ltibke, Gesch. ital. Mai., i.
456.
ZORG. See Sorgh.
ZUBER, JEAN HENRI, born at Rixheim
(Alsace), June 24, 1844. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Gleyre. Medals : 3d class,
1875 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1886.
Works : Chinese Junk (1870) ; Nymphs at
the Bath (1873), Chalons-sur-Marne Muse-
um ; Marshes of Ferrette ; Mill at Miihl-
hausen ; River 111 ; Mussel-Hunters of the
Marne at Low Tide, Evening on Heath near
Dinard (1876) ; River HI in Alsace, Geese at
Seppois-le-Haut (1877) ; Dante and Virgil,
Autumn Evening, He - et-Vilaine (1878);
River Flon at Massignieu, Souvenir of Men-
tone (1880) ; Evening, Daytime, Morning,
Souvenirs of the Corniche Road (1881) ;
The Ford (1882) ; First Rays of Dawn in
Alsace, Herd of Vieux Ferrette in Alsace
(1883); Bad Weather, Coming Storm
(1884) ; September (1885) ; The Hollandsch
Diep (1885), Luxembourg Museum ; Lost
Path, After the Harvest (1886).
ZUBER-BUHLER, FRITZ, bom at Locle,
Switzerland ; contemporary. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Louis Gros-
claude, Picot, and the iScole des Beaux
Arts. Works : Infancy of Bacchus (1850) ;
Dust to Dust and the Soul to God (1850) ;
Poetry (1851), Neuchatel Museum ; Early
Education (1853) ; Reveil, Sarah, Gour-
mandise (1859) ; Visit to the Nurse, Les
trouble-fete (1861) ; La reine bacchanale, A
Farmer-General (1864) ; Domestic Happi-
ness (1865) ; The Golden Age (1875) ; Numa
Pompilius and Egeria (1876) ; Birth of
Venus (1877) ; Emancipation of Woman
(1879) ; Rose Harvest (1882) ; Little Co-
quette (1883) ; Big Brother's little Christ-
mas (1884) ; Spring as Doctor (1886) ; The
Doll, Neuchatel Museum ; Award of Idle-
ness, C. H. Wolff, Philadelphia.
ZUCCARELLI (Zuccherelli), FRANCES-
CO, born at Pitigliauo, Tuscany, in 1702,
died at Florence in 1788. Florentine
school ; landscape painter, pupil in Flor-
ence of Paolo Anesi, then in Rome of Gio-
vanni Maria Morandi, and of Pietro Nelli ;
practised at first history painting, and after
staying for some time in Venice travelled
in Germany, Holland, and France ; was in-
duced by the British consul at Venice to
visit London, where he was employed for
five years in painting decorations for the
Opera House, and views on the Thames.
470
ZUCCHERO
After his return to Venice he painted some
of his best landscapes, but having become
known and admired in England by engrav-
ings from his works, he went again to Lon-
don in 1752, and was largely patronized by
the royal family and aristocracy, in whose
collections many of his works may still
be found. He was a member of the In-
corporated Society of Artists, and in 1768
one of the foundation members of the
Royal Academy ; returned to Florence in
1773, and having invested his savings in
the security of a monastery, which soon
after was suppressed, he was left indigent,
and compelled to resume his art. Many of
his works are in Venice (21 in the Palazzo
Reale). Works : Landscape with Italian
Buildings, do. with Ruins and Waterfall,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Waterfall with Fish-
ermen, Basle Museum ; do. with Sheep and
Girl on Mule, Bamberg Gallery ; two Land-
scapes, Gotha Museum ; Landscape with
Horsemen, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Land-
scape, Stuttgart Museum ; do. with Herds,
do. with Fishermen, Museum, Vienna ; do.
with Busy Groups of Peasants, Abraham's
Departure for the Promised Land, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib. ; Woodland Scenes (4),
Bergamo Gallery ; Woodland with St. John
Preaching, Brera, Milan ; Landscape with
Horsemen, Fondazione Poldi Pezzoli, ib.;
do. with Holy Family (2), two others, Venice
Academy. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. 2C2 ; ii. 31C ;
Nagler, xxii. 323 ; Redgrave, 497.
ZUCCHERO (Zucearo) FEDERIGO,
born in S. Agnolo in
V a d o , Urbino, in
1543, died at An-
cona in 1609. Ro-
man school. Brother
of Taddeo Zucchero,
in whose studio he
laboured many years
as pupil and assist-
ant. Taddeo, al-
though his brother was very useful to him,
aided him to get commissions of his own.
Among other works, Federigo painted the
Grimani Chapel, in S. Francesco della Vi-
gna, Venice, which Battista Franco had left
unfinished. Soon after his return to Rome
his brother died, and Federigo finished his
works and executed others in S. Caterina
de' Funari, S3. Apostoli, S. M. dell' Orto,
and other churches. In 1572 he went to
France, and soon after to Flanders, Holland,
and England. He painted several portraits
of Queen Elizabeth and other distinguished
personages (21 were exhibited in 1866). In
j 1574 Federigo painted the cupola of the
Duomo, Florence, which had been left un-
finished by Vasari. In 1582 he painted, hi
the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Barbarossa at
the Feet of Pope Alexander lH. After
working a while in Rome, he went in 1585
to Madrid, at the invitation of Philip II. ,
and painted several pictures in the Escorial.
But his style did not please the Spaniards,
and he returned to Rome. He founded the
Academy of St. Luke, was its first president,
and left all his property to it. He was the
author of a treatise on painting, sculpture,
and architecture. Among his easel pictures
arc : Deposition from the Cross, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome ; Calumny, Hampton Court ;
Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, Kensington
Gallery ; The Golden Age, The Silver Age,
Mythological Allegory, Uffizi, Florence ;
Descent of Christ into Limbo (1585), Brera,
Milan. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 109, 133 ;
Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrienne; Burckhardt,
185, 235, 754 ; Siret, 1030.
ZUCCHERO, TADDEO, born in S. Agno-
lo in Vado,
Urbino, Sept.
1, 1529, died
in Rome,
Sept. 2, 1566.
Roman
school ; s o n
and pupil of
Ottaviano
Zucchero, a
poor painter,
and elder brother of Federigo Zucchero.
Went to Rome when very young, and after
411
ZUGEL
suffering great privations was brought into
notice by his decoration of the Palazzo Mat-
tei. Became a popular painter, and was
buried near Kaphael in the Pantheon.
Among his best works are frescos of the
Passion of Christ, in S. Consolazione, and a
series representing the Glories of the Far-
nese Family, in the villa built by Cardinal
Farnese at Caprasola. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
xii. 104 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole ombrieune ;
Burckhardt, 186 ; Siret, 1030.
ZUGEL, HEINRICH, born at Murrhard,
Wiirtemberg, Oct. 22,
1850. Animal painter,
pupil of Stuttgart Art
School ; studied in 1873
in Vienna, and settled
in Munich. Works:
Sheep in Alder Grove
(1875), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Sheep-
Shearing ; Sheep-
Washing; Span of Oxen
(1875) ; Herd fleeing from Storm ; Plough-
ing Oxen ; Nobody at Home ; Runaway
Bull ; Sheep and Lambs, Knoedler & Co.,
New York.— Miiller, 575; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1880), i. 129 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiii. 128.
ZUND, ROBERT, born at Lucerne,
Switzerland, in 1827. Landscape painter ; ex-
cels in representing the poetry of the woods,
and, by a silvery tone, imparts a peculiar
charm to his landscapes, which are general-
ly supplied with biblical figures. Lives at
Lucerne. Works : The Harvest, Prodigal
Sou tending Swine, View near Lucerne, On
Lake of Lucerne, Basle Museum ; Autumn
in the Woods (figures by Rudolf Roller),
Berne Museum ; Near the Battle Chapel of
Sempach, Oakwood, Zurich Gallery.
ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (DE), born at
Fuente de Cantos, Estremadura, Nov. 7,
1598, died in Madrid in 1662. Spanish
school ; son of simple labourers ; pupil of
Juan de las Roelas, afterwards imitated style
of Caravaggio, whence called the Spanish
Caravaggio. In 1625 he painted a series of
scenes from the life of St. Peter for the
Chapel of S. Pedro, Cathedral of Seville, and
about the same time his Glory of St. Thom-
as Aquinas, his
best work, now
in the Seville
Museum. In
1633 he signed
himself painter
to the king — an
honour which he
shared with Ve-
lasquez. He
painted in 1650 the Labours of Hercules, in
ten pictures, for the palace of Buen Retiro,
now in the Madrid Museum. Zurbaran
painted several large compositions, but pre-
ferred simple ones requiring but few figures,
and generally religious subjects, especially
those displaying the rigours and austerities
of monastic life. He is the painter of
monks, as Raphael is of Madonnas. Other
works : Miracle of St. Hugo, St. Bruno
before Urban H., Madonna de las Cuevas,
Two Dominicans, Seville Museum ; Sleep of
Jesus, Vision of S. Pedro Nolasco, Appa-
rition of St. Peter to S. Pedro Nolasco,
St. Casilda, Madrid Museum ; Annunciation,
Adoration of Shepherds, Adoration of Magi,
Circumcision, Montpensier Gallery, Seville ;
SS. Peter Nolasco and Raymond de Pegna-
f ort, Funeral of a Bishop, St. Apollina, Lou-
vre; Franciscan Monk, National Gallery,
London ; Holy Family, Suermondt Muse-
um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Christ after the Scourg-
ing, St. Bonaventura, Museum, Berlin ; Ma-
donna adored by Monks, Raczynski Gal-
lery, ib.; St. Ccelestine declining the Papal
Crown, Dresden Museum ; St. Francis of
Assisi in Ecstasy, Old Pinakothek, Munich.
—Stirling, ii. 767 ; Viardot, 75 ; Ch. Blanc,
ZUSTKIS
Ecole espagnole ; Modrazo, 545 ; Meyer,
Gemiilde kongL Mus., 547; Washbum,
Spanish Masters, 96.
ZUSTKIS (Sustris), born at Amsterdam
in 1526, died in Munich in 1599 (?). Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, son of,
and first instructed by, Lambert Zustris,
•who is probably the same as Lamberto
d'Amsterdamo mentioned by Vasari as a
pupil of Titian in Venice ; then pupil of Jan
Swart of Groningen, afterwards went to
Florence and there allied himself to Vasari,
who makes honourable mention of him in
1568 as Federigo di Lamberto Fiamingho.
Later on he appears as court painter and
architect to Duke William V. of Bavaria.
Works : Venus and Cupid, Louvre, Paris ;
Holy Family, Cassel Gallery.— Kramm, iii.
936 ; Nagler, xviii. 17 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vii.
590.
ZWENGAUEE, ANTON, the elder, born
in Munich, Oct. 11, 1810, died there, June
13, 1884. Landscape painter ; studied from
nature in the Bavarian Highlands and in
Southern Tyrol. His evening and sunset
landscapes are especially fine. In 1853-69
Conservator of Schleissheim Gallery, since
1869 of Munich Gallery. Works : Noon on
the Alp (1841); Chiern Lake after Sunset
(1847), Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Evening
Landscape with Stag (1851), Evening on
the Alp (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Bay of Kochel Lake, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
Deer on a Lake after Sunset, Leipsic Muse-
um ; Four Seasons (1858), Swantreep Gal-
lery, Christiania ; Evening in the Rushes
(1861); Sunset in Bavarian Highlands, Basle
Museum ; Village in the Evening (1863) ;
Return of the Herd (1883). His son, An-
ton (born June 12, 1850, pupil of Munich
Academy and of his father), paints in the
latter's style. Works : View on the Isar ;
Mill in Nether Bavaria. — Allgem. K. C., viii.
510 ; Kunst-Chronik, six. 627 ; Miiller, 576 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii. 63.
ZYL, GERARD PIETERSE VAN, born
in Amsterdam or in Leyden, probably about
1615. Dutch school ; portrait and genre
painter ; was in London with Van Dyck,
and painted so much in the style of that
master, that he was called Little van Dyck ;
' returned to Amsterdam in or soon after
1641, is mentioned as living there in 1655-
1 58, and painted genre pieces, especially
merry assemblages. Works : Portraits of
Man and Wife, Brunswick Gallery ; Com-
pany of Ladies and Gentlemen, Gallery,
1 Copenhagen ; Music Lesson, Moltke Col-
lection, ib. — Immerzeel, iii. 262 ; Riegel,
Beitriige, il 291.
473
SUPPLEMENT.
Containing names omitted, corrections, and additions, to 1887. Articles
preceded by an asterisk (*) are supplementary to articles in the text.
*ADAM, Franz, died in Munich, Sept.
29, 1886.— Kunst-Chronik, xxii. 19.
AGACHE, ALFEED PIERRE, born at
Lille ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil
of Plucliard and Colas. Medal, 3d class,
1885. Works : Old Woman (1880) ; Little
Girl (1881) ; The Fates (1882) ; Decorative
Figure (1884) ; Fortuna (1885) ; Kaled
(1886).
AGGHAZY, GYULA, born in Hungary ;
contemporary. Genre painter. Works :
The Power of Music (1881) ; Market Scene
(1882), Emperor of Austria ; Village Gossip
(1883), Hungarian Art Union ; Washer-
women, Hemp-Roasting, Evening Land-
scape (National Exhibition, Buda-Pesth,
1885).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 103.
*ALMA-TADEMA, LAURENZ. Add to
•works : Hadrian in England — visiting a
Romano-British Pottery (1884) ; Reading
from Homer, My Youngest Daughter, Who
is it ? (1885) ; An Apodyterium, A Foregone
Conclusion (1886). At the Morgan sale,
New York, 1886, Roman Lady feeding Fish,
and Spring, sold respectively for $5,000 and
$7,000.
*AMAURY-DUVAL, EUGENE EM-
MANUEL, died in Paris, Dec. 27, 1885.
*AMERLING, FRIEDRICH, died in Vi-
enna, Jan. 14, 1887.— Allgem. K. C., xi. 90.
*ANATOMY, LESSON IN, Rembrandt;
read Hague Museum instead of National
Gallery, Amsterdam. The picture in the
Amsterdam Gallery is a fragment of the
Lesson in Anatomy of Dr. Deyman, paint-
ed by Rembrandt in 1656. It was greatly
damaged by fire in 1723 ; sold in 1842 to
Mr. Chaplin, an Englishman, for 660 florins ;
bought in London, 1882, for the Amster-
dam Museum for £100. The Hague pict-
ure was etched by W. Unger in 1873 ;
lithographed by C. Binger ; H. J. van den
Hout ; H. J. Zimmerman ; C. C. A. Last ;
J. L. Huijgens.
* AURORA, Guercino, Palazzo Ludovisi,
Rome (vol. i., p. 82, line 3). Read Aurora
instead of Apollo.
BALL, JOSEPH (CLAUDE), born at
Limonest (Rhone) ; contemporary. Genre
and still-life painter, son and pupil of Jean
Antoine Bail. Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : Bibelots (1880) ; The Pig (1881) ;
Mere Bruue, Violoncello Player (1882) ;
Glass of Water, Cooks (1883) ; The Wind
of the Lamb, Little Dogs (1884) ; Cluny
Bibelots (1885) ; Bibelots from Museum of
Cluny and from the Drape Collection
(1886).
BAKER, WILLIAM BLISS, died at
Ballston, N. Y., November, 1886.
474
SUPPLEMENT
*BARGUE, CHARLES. At the Morgan
sale, New York, 1886, was sold : The Sen-
tinel (1876, from John W. Wilson sale,
Paris, 1881), $12,300, J. L Martin, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
BARON, THEODORE, born in Belgium ;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Gold
medal, Antwerp, 1879 ; Order of Leopold,
1880. Works : Pool in Forest of Fontaiue-
bleau in Winter, Summer in Neighbourhood
of Paris (1883).
*BASTIEN-LEPAGE, JULES. Add to
works : The Wood-Gatherer (an old man
with fagots and child gathering wild-flow-
ers), The Mowers (two men in meadow
partly cut), Edward P. Allis, Milwaukee,
Wis.
*BAUDOIN, PAUL ALBERT. Awarded
a 2d class medal for his Decorative Panel
for the Mayoralty of Saint-Maur, Salon,
1886.
*BAUDRY, PAUL, died in Paris, Jan. 17,
1886. A collective exhibition of his works
was held in Paris in the autumn of 1886. —
Gaz. des B. Arts (1881), xxiii. 478 ; (1882),
xxv. 538 ; xxvi. 131 ; (1884), xxix. 311, 509 ;
(1886), xxxiii. 106, 395 ; Claretie, Peintres
(1884), ii. 33; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 279;
Mag. of Art, ix. 468 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii.
1, 65.
*BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL, elect-
ed A.N.A., 1886.
*BEHRENDSEN, AUGUST, died at Me-
ran, Tyrol, April, 1886.
*BELLOWS, ALBERT F., born at Mil-
ford, Mass., Nov. 29, 1829, died at Auburn-
dale, Mass., Nov. 24, 1883.
*BENCZUR, GYULA. Work in United
States : Verlassen, W. H. Metcalf, Milwau-
kee.
*BENJAMIN-CONSTANT, JEAN JO-
SEPH. Add to works : Judith, Justinian
(1886). The latter picture, a very large
canvas, representing the Emperor Justinian
seated on his throne among his councillors,
is owned in St. Paul, Minn. The Justice of
the Cherif (Salon, 1885) is owned in New
York.
*BERAUD, JEAN. The Public Ball
(1880) is owned by T. T. Kinney, Newark,
N. J.
BERGH, RICHARD, born at Stockholm ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy and in Paris
of Jean Paul Laurens and of E. Persi-us.
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : End of the
Meeting (1884); In Sweden at Nightfall
(1885) ; My Wife (1886).
BERTHELON, EUGENE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Landscape and marine paint-
er, pupil of Eugene Lavieille and of Berne-
Bellecour. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works :
Coast at Mesnilval near Trc-port, Near the
Coast in Thick Weather (1884); Depart-
ure of the Pilot, Forest of Fontainebleau
(1885) ; Old Jetty at Troport in Stormy
Weather (1886). "
*BINET, VICTOR Awarded a 2d class
medal for his Spring Morning at Saint-
Aubin-sur-Quillebceuf, and The Plain at do.,
Salon, 1886.
*BISI, LUIGI, died in Milan, Sept. 11,
1886.
BLAYN, FERNAND, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Alex-
andre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : A Rescue, A Poor Reception
(1880); Old Warrior (1881); Return of
Fishermen, On the Beach (1882) ; Low
Water at Cayeux, Idyl on the Beach (1883) ;
Burial of a Child in Brittany (1884) ; St.
Francis of Assisi (1885) ; Funeral of a
Young Girl in Picardy, Return of the Geese
—Normandy (1886).
*BODENMULLER, ALFONS, died in-
sane in Munich, June 18, 1886. Works :
The Schiiffler Dance in Munich during the
Plague, The Foster Child, Caritas.
BOMPARD, MAURICE, born at Rodez
(Aveyron) ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Boulanger and Jules
Lefobvre. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works :
Study of Birds, Model's Repose (1880) ; De-
but at the Studio (1881) ; Jack in the Bowl
(1882) ; Tunisian Butcher (1884) ; A Studio
Corner (1885) ; Prayer at the Mosque (1886).
476
SUPPLEMENT
*BONHEUE, (MAEIE) KOSA. At the
Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold
the following : Calf and Cow — Scotch High-
lands (1876), $12,200 ; Deer in Forest (1867),
$7,150, Mr. Sutton, New York.
*BOKDES, EKNEST DOMINIQUE.
Awarded a 2d class medal for his Death of
Bishop Prsetextatus, Salon, 1886.
*BOSSHARDT, KASPAR, died in Mu-
nich, Feb. 10, 1887.— Kunst-Chronik, xxii.
328.
*BOUGUEREAU, (WILLIAM)
ADOLPHE. Medal of honour, 1885 ; Com-
mander of L. of Honour, 1885. To pictures
owned in the United States add : The Lost
Pleiad, W. H. Metcalf, Milwaukee; The
New-Bom Lamb (1873), Return from the
Harvest (1878), A. T. Stewart Collection,
New York ; The Bathers, Dr. Judson, ib.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, Cupid,
Nut-Gatherers (1882), Italian Mother and
Child, and Madonna and St. John (1882),
sold for $6,500, $7,250, $3,050, and $9,000.
*BOURGEOIS, (LtiON PIERRE) UR-
BANI. Add to works : Martyrdom of St.
Andrew (1886), Convent of Gray Nuns, Mon-
treal, Canada.
*BR£TON, JULES ADOLPHE. Mem-
ber of Institute, 1886. Add to works : The
Communicants (H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in., Salon,
1884), Morgan sale, New York, 1886, $45,-
500, to Donald Smith, Montreal, Canada.
Same sale, Bird Nest (1884), and Returning
from the Fields (1878), sold respectively for
$3,600 and $9,500.
*BROUILLET, (PIERRE) ANDRE\
Awarded a 2d class medal for his Wounded
Peasant, Salon, 1886.
BURGERS, HENDRIK JACOB, born
at Huissen, Guelderland ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Amsterdam Acad-
emy and in Paris of Lionel Royer. L. of
Honour, 1878. Works : Surprise, The Fa-
vourite (1876) ; The Bath (1878) ; After the
Departure, Mother and Child (1879) ; Win-
ter, Autumn (1880) ; In the Country (1881) ;
Ship Builder, The Duo (1882) ; Farrier, A
Symphony (1883) ; Sick Sister, Baptistery
of St. Mark's — Venice (1884) ; Fisherwoman
of Zaudvoort, The Cooper of Dives (1885) ;
The Brook, The Forge (1886).
BURNAND, EUGENE, born at Moudon,
Switzerland ; contemporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Menn and of Gerome. Works :
Dominican Novices (1878) ; Spinning Wom-
an, Wood Cutter in Prayer (1879) ; Horse
Drove in Camargue (1882) ; Swiss Farm,
Shepherd in the Garrigues (1883) ; Old Age
of Louis XT7., A Day's Mowing (1884);
Alpine Bull, Proven9al Shepherd (1885);
Change of Pasture (1886).— N. illustr. Zeitg.
(1880), ii. 790.
*BURNE-JONES, EDWARD. Add to
works : Flamma Vestalis, Morning of the
Resurrection, Sibylla Delphica, Depths of
the Sea (1886). The last-named picture is
the first one ever exhibited by the painter
in the Royal Academy. Philip Burne-Jones,
son of Edward Burue-Jones, exhibited in
the Grosvenor Gallery, 1886, An Unpainted
Masterpiece, representing the studio of a
poor artist, suggested by Henry James's
story, "A Madonna of the Future."
*BURNITZ, KARL PETER, died in
Frankfort, Aug. 18, 1886.
CARABIN, JACQUES, landscape painter
in Brussels ; contemporary. Medals : Lon-
don, 1873, 1874 ; Dunkirk, 1876 ; Algiers and
Nimes, 1881 ; Sydney, 1880 ; Melbourne, 1st
class, 1881 ; Lyons, 1882. Order of Libera-
tor of Venezuela. Works: Under the Portico
del Marocco at Riva, Fountain at Corbole
(Exposition universelle, Amsterdam, 1883).
*CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO
DA (vol. i., p. 241, col. 2, line 40). Read
Good Samaritan instead of St. Sebastian.
CARBONELL Y SELVA, Don MIGUEL,
born in Spain ; contemporary. Pupil of
Barcelona Academy. Works : Sappho (1881);
Catalonian Lace Maker (1882); Patria, Fides,
Amor (1884).— LaHustracion (1882), i. 282 ;
(1884), i. 395.
*CASADO DEL ALISAL, Don JOS^,
born in Valencia, Spain, in 1832, died in
Madrid, Oct. 10, 1886. — Kunst-Chrouik,
xxii. 43.
476
SUPPLEMENT
CASANOVA Y ESTORACH, ANTONIO,
born at Tortosa, Spain ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil at Barcelona of Clau-
dio Lorenzale and at the Madrid Academy
of Federico de Madrazo ; then studied in
Rome, and finally in Paris, where he still
resides. Works : Preparing for a Visit
(1874), A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ;
Victims of Pillage (1876) ; Court Favour-
ites, Temptation (1877) ; Van Dyck at the
Court of Charles L, Chocolate (1878) ; Mar-
riage of a Prince, Indiscretion (1879) ; Hero
of the Fete (1880) ; In the Corner of a
Garden, Gourmet (1881) ; Episode in Siege
of Paris— 1590, At Figaro's (1882) ; A ris-
ing Star (youth of Mine, de Pompadour),
Always the King (1883) ; The Gourmand
(1883), at Morgan sale, New York, 188G,
$1,750 ; Writing his Memoirs, Theologian
(1884) ; Last Moments of Philip II of Spain
(1885) ; St. Ferdinand, King of Spain (188C).
CASTRES, EDOUARD, born at Gene-
va ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in
Geneva of Menn and in Paris of Zarna-
cois. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1872, 1874.
Works : A Collector (1870) ; Japanese Ba-
zaar ; International Ambulance in the Snow
(1872) ; Prisoner's Narrative (1873) ; Con-
vent Fountain, Gypsies Travelling, After the
Shot (1874) ; At Cairo, Return from Mar-
ket, Beggar Monk (1875) ; Gratuitous Con-
sultation, Caravan (1876) ; Gypsies travers-
ing Simplon Pass, Game at Quoits on
Convent Terrace (1877) ; Relays at Hospital
on Simplon Pass, Japanese Woman at the
Bath (1878); Interrupted Meditation, A
Trick (1879) ; Crossing the Frontier, Re-
turn from Mountains (1880) ; Little Con-
valescent (1881); The Bivouacs (1882);
Hamlet on Fire (1883); Christmas Eve
(1884); Country Life (1885); The Con-
scripts (1886).
CAVfi, JULES CYRILLE, born in Paris ;
contemporary. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Bouguereau and Tony Robert-
Fleury. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
A Martyr of the Catacombs, Portrait of
Mile. Germaiue S. (1886).
*CESBRON, ACHILLE. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Flowers of Sleep and his
Lilac Tree, Salon, 1886.
*CHARNAY, ARMAND. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Terrace of Chrysanthe-
mums at Chateau de Gasthellier, Salon,
1886.
CIARDI, GUGLIELMO, born at Treviso ;
contemporary. Marine and landscape paint-
er in Venice. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886.
Works : Malamocco — Venice, Calm in the
Lagoons, Chioggia (Exhibition, Munich,
1883) ; Messidoro, Spring Clouds (1886).
*CLAIRIN, GEORGES (JULES VIC-
TOR). Add : Medal, 2d class, 1885.
CLEMENS, WILHELM. Genre painter
in Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal,
Berlin, 1886. Works : Monks Quarrelling
(1882) ; Poacher's End (1886).
CLEMENTE, Don SALVADOR, born
at Cadiz, Spain ; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Art School at Cadiz and
of Domingo Marques. Works : Cavalier of
Court of Louis XIII. ; Sparrow Day at Se-
ville ; Volveran las oscuras goloudriuas. —
La Ilustracion (1883), ii. 131.
COESSIN DE LA FOSSE, CHARLES
ALEXANDRE, born at Lisieux (Calvados),
Sepi 7, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Pi-
cot and Couture. Medal, 3d class, 1873.
Works: Theseus (1866), Lisieux Museum ;
Man and Fortune (1870); Politics at the
Palais Royal— 1793 (1873) ; Chanson de Ro-
land, Lansquenet (1874) ; Procession of Par-
don de Ploumanach (1884) ; Adieus (1885) ;
Dressed for the Procession (1886).
COOSEMANS, JOSEPH THEODORE,
landscape painter in Brussels ; contempo-
rary. Order of Leopold. Works : Entrance
to Gorge aux loups in Fontainebleau Forest
(Exposition universelle, Amsterdam, 1883) ;
Road in Heath of Genck, Plateau Belle
croix at Fontainebleau (Munich Exhibition,
1883) ; Autumn Landscape (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).
CORELLI, AUGUSTO, genre painter in
Rome ; contemporary. Gold medals : Ant-
werp, 1885 ; Berlin, 1st class, 1886. Works :
SUP PL EM EN T
Peasants surprised by Thunder-storm;
Lady in Drawing-Room, Oriental Costume
(Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; My Poor Maria,
Forest God (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin,
1886).
*COEOT, (JEAN BAPTISTS) C AMILLE.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Landscape, $9,000 ;
Nymphs Bathing, $4,800; Evening on a
River, $4,050 ; Landscape and Cattle,
$4,200; Near Ville d'Avray, $3,500 ; Land-
scape, $3,300 ; Environs of Lake Nemi
(1865), $14,000; Wood Gatherers (1875),
$15,000.
CRAMER, ALFONS VON, died at Pegli
Multedo, Italy, Jan. 4, 1884.
*CRANK, CHARLES ALEXANDRE
(vol. i., p. 348). Instead of CRANK read
CRAUK.
CURTIS, CALVIN, born at Stratford,
Conn., July 5, 1822. Portrait and land-
scape painter, pupil in 1841 of the National
Academy and of Daniel Huntington. After
painting for several years in New York, he
returned in 1849 to Connecticut, and lived
in Birmingham and Waterbury until 1859,
when he settled in Bridgeport. Though
hampered by disease, he has been able to
accomplish much good work. Among his
sitters have been Chief Justice Thomas B.
Butler, Judge S. B. Beardsley, General
William N. Noble, Gideon H. Hollister, Rev.
Nathaniel Hewitt, and William R. Seeley.
*DAGNAN-BOUVERET, PASCAL
ADOLPHE JEAN. Add : Legion of Hon-
our, 1885.
*DANBY, THOMAS (son of Francis),
died in London, March 25, 1886.
*DAUBIGNY, CHARLES FRANgOIS.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Boats on the Shore,
$1,325 ; Cooper's Shop (1872), $5,300 ; On
the Seine (1873), $6,200; On the Marne
(1873), $5,500.
*DAUBIGNY, KARL PIERRE, died at
Auvers-sur-Oise, in May, 1886.
*DECAMPS, ALEXANDRE GABRIEL.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Bazaars in Cairo, $2,450 ;
Walk to Emmaus, $3,100.
*DELAUNAY, JULES ELIE. Add to
medals : 1st class, 1878 ; Officer L. of Hon-
our, 1878 ; Member of Institute, 1879.
DELPEREE, EMILE, genre and por-
trait painter in Liege ; contemporary. Med-
al, Ghent, 1877 ; gold medal, Brussels, 1871 ;
Order of Leopold, 1883. Works : Return
from the Garden, Portrait of Professor van
Beneden (Exposition universelle, Amster-
dam, 1883) ; Interruption of Jubilee Pro-
cession at Liege in 1875 (Munich Exhibi-
tion, 1883).
*DESTREM, CASIMIR. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Ruth and Boaz, Salon,
1886.
*DEVILLY, THEODORE, died at Nancy,
France, Dec. 24, 1886. — Chronique des Arts
(1887), 5.
*DIAZ DE LA PENA, NARCISO VIR-
GILIO (vol. i., p. 405, line 30). For Diana
and Poictiers read Diana of Poitiers. At
the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Oriental Woman (1865),
$1,550 ; Lane near Fontainebleau (1865),
$2,500 ; Study of the Nude, $1,375 ; Edge
of a Wood, $2,750 ; Moonlight Concert,
$2,400 ; Pool in the Woods (1873), $2,600 ;
Toilet of Venus (1877), $3,300 ; Flowers,
#500 ; lie des Amours (1857), $3,900 ; Chil-
dren and Kid (1860), $2,750 ; Persian Wom-
en (1860), $2,925 ; Repose after Bath, $1,600 ;
Boy with Hunting Dogs (1855), $4,500 ;
Holy Family (1853), $4,100 ; Sunset after
Storm (1871), $8,650; Bathers, $2,400;
Persian Woman and Child, $3,500.
DILL, LUDWIG, born at Gernsbach,
Baden, Feb. 2, 1848. Marine painter in
Munich ; self-taught. Medal, Nuremberg ;
gold medal, Stuttgart ; Munich, 2d class,
1883. Works: After the Storm (1882),
Munich Art Union ; Canal in Venice (1882),
Stuttgart Museum ; Sirocco, Lagoon Vil-
lage (Exhibition, Munich, 1883) ; Venetian
Fishing Boat (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin,
1886).— Kuust-Chrouik, xvii. 8, 386 ; xix.
447 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 159.
478
SUPPLEMENT
DIX, CHARLES TEMPLE, born in Al-
bany, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1838, died in Rome,
March, 1872. Landscape and marine paint-
er ; served in the civil war on the staff of
his father, General John A. Dix, and at its
close went to study in Rome, where he re-
mained until his decease. Works : Phantom
Ship ; View of Gibraltar ; Sunset at Capri ;
Sark Channel Islands ; Coast Scene (1871).
*DOREUR, LE. Add to bibliography:
Jal, 1046.
*DUBUFE, EDOUARD. Add to works :
Love's Diversion (1860), Circassian Girl
(1867), Lady and Parrot (1871), Prodigal
Son (1867), A. T. Stewart Collection, New
York. The Prodigal Son, the study of the
larger picture (Exposition universelle, Paris,
1878, burned iu Cincinnati a few years
later), is in three parts in one frame : cen-
tre, H. 4 ft. x 7 ft. 6 in.; wings, each, H. 4
ft. x 1 ft. 4 in.
*DUPRfi, JULES. At the Morgan sale,
New York, 1886, were sold the following :
Stormy Weather, $1,700 ; Driving Cows to
Water, $1,850 ; Cloudy Day, $2,500 ; Morn-
ing, $8,050 ; A Symphony, $8,100.
*DUPRE\ LEON VICTOR, died in Paris,
Nov. 1, 1879.— L' Art (1879), iv. 168.
DURANGEL, LEOPOLD VICTOR, born
at Marseilles ; contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Horace Vernet and
of Ferdinand Wachsmuth. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works : Deposition from the Cross
(1878) ; Providence (1879) ; Jesus Dead on
the Cross, Butterflies — Decorative Panel
(1880) ; Olive Harvest (1881) ; The Flute
Prize (1882) ; The Fish and the Shepherd
that plays the Flute, Omnis Homo (1885) ;
Resignation (1886).
ERDTELT, ALOIS, genre painter in
Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1886. Works : Genre Scene, Two Por-
traits (Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; At the
Tailor's, Portrait of the Artist, do. of his
Father (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
FAIVRE, LEON MAXIME, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Gerome and of Boulanger.
Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Interior of
Gt-rome's Studio (1877) ; Derniere victoire !
(1880) ; William the Conqueror (1881) ; La
muse au cabaret (1882) ; Female Portrait
(1884); An Invader in the Stone Age
(1885) ; Surprised by the Tide (1886).
FERRY, JULES, born at Bordeaux,
France, Jan. 1, 1844. History and genre
painter, pupil of John Lewis Brown and of
Alexandra Cabanel. Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : Astyanax thrown from the Walls of
Troy by order of Ulysses (1869) ; Game
Seller (1870) ; Return from Hunting (1873) ;
Hallali of the Wild Boar (1876) ; Recall of
Dogs from Boar Chase (1879) ; The Guard's
Breakfast (1880) ; Market Day— Road to
Evreux (1884) ; Diana at the Bath (1886).
*FILDES, (SAMUEL) LUKE, elected
R.A., 1887. Add to works : The Flower Girl,
A Daughter of the Lagoons (1886).
FIRLE, WALTHER, genre painter in
Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1886. Works : Morning Devotions in
Dutch Orphanage, Sunday School (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*FORTUNY Y CARBO, MARIANO. At
; the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold
the following : Italian Woman (water-col-
our), $450 ; Spanish Lady with Fan (water-
colour), $575 ; The Rare Vase (1870, water-
colour, J. W. Wilson sale, Paris, 1881),
$7,100.
FOURIE, ALBERT, born in Paris ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Jean
Paul Laurens and of Gautherin. Medal, 3d
class, 1884. Works : Recreation in the
Cloister (1879) ; Judith, A Numismatist
(1881) ; Etienne Marcel and the Dauphin
(1882) ; First Communion at Crosne (1884) ;
Last Mourning (1885) ; A Fete-Day (1886).
*FRERE, CHARLES (EDOUARD). In-
stead of Medal, 2d class, 1848; Medal,
1865, read : Medal, 3d class, 1883.
*FRERE, (PIERRE) EDOUARD, died at
Ecouen, May 23, 1886.— Athenaeum (1886),
i. 723.
FRIESE, RICHARD, born at Hamburg,
Germany ; contemporary. Animal painter,
479
SUP PLEMENT
pupil of Berlin Academy. Medal, 3d class,
Paris, 1885 ; gold medal, Berlin, 1886.
Works : Brigands of the Desert (Salon,
1885) ; Hard Fight between Ure-Oxen, End
of a Noble of the Forest (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).
*GAGLIARDINI, JDLIEN GUSTAVE.
Awarded a 2d class medal for Picardy Farm,
Court Yard in Auvergne, Salon, 1886.
GEBHARDT, KARL, born in Munich,
March 23, 1860. History painter, pupil of
Loefftz and Lindenschmit at the Munich
Academy, where he won several prizes ; then
studied in Italy. Medal, Nuremberg, 1879.
Works: A Bookworm (1877), owned in
America ; Loki and Sigrun (1878) ; Hero and
Leander (1879), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Min-
nesinger (1881) ; Death of Virginia (1882) ;
Eve by the body of Abel (1883).— Ulustr.
Zeitg. (1886), i. 109; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
436 ; xviii. 549; xix. 351; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xix. 135.
GELHAY, EDOUARD, born at Braisne-
sur-Vesle (Aisne) ; contemporary. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of Jules Goupil
and of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works: Atelier of Tony Robert-
Fleury (1885) ; Foundling Asylum (1886).
*GEROME, JEAN LEON. Add to
works : CEdipus, First Kiss of the Sun
(1886). At the Morgan sale, New York,
1886, were sold the following : Vase Seller
—Cairo, $4,600 ; The Tulip Folly, $6,000 ;
Coffee House— Cairo, $4,800.
GESELSCHAP, FRIEDRICH, born at
Wesel, Prussia, May 5, 1835. History paint-
er, pupil of Dresden Academy and in Diis-
seldorf of Mintrop ; studied in Rome in
1866-71. Professor, member, and sena-
tor of Berlin Academy. Great gold medal,
Berlin, 1886. Works: Roman Triumphal
Procession, Four Cardinal Virtues, Re-erec-
tion of German Empire, Allegory on War,
do. on Peace, Defence of the Country
against Foreign Invaders, Union of North
and South through Prussia (1883-87),
Arsenal, Berlin ; Decorations on Staircase
of Ministry of Commerce, ib. — D. illustr.
Zeitg. (1886), v. 231 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
314 ; xviii. 451 ; xix. 730.
GILBERT, RENE JOSEPH, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works : A Bad Blow (1882) ; Sun-
day (1885) ; The Tapestry Mender (pastel,
1886).
*GIRARD, ALBERT. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his La premiere heure —
Banks of the Seine, Salon, 1886.
GREGORY, JAMES ELIOT, born in
New York ; contemporary. Portrait and
figure painter, pupil of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts and of Carolus-Duran. Studio in
Paris. Works: Portraits of Mrs. C. H.
Baldwin (1882), of General Cullum (1883),
Mrs. E. S. Higgins, Child of W. W. Astor
(1884), and Mrs. Sherwood (1885); Co-
quetry (1884).
GRIDEL, JOSEPH EMTLE, born at
Baccarat (Meurthe), Oct. 16, 1839. Animal
painter, pupil of Augustin Feyen-Perrin.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Wounded
Boar (1865) ; A Double Blow (1869) ; Re-
turn from Boar Hunt in the Vosges (1879) ;
Bosnian Bear Exhibitor (1880) ; Capture of
a Wild Boar (1886).
GROLLERON, PAUL, born at Seignelay
(Yonne) ; contemporary. History and genre
painter, pupil of Leon Bonnat. Medal, 3d
class, 1886. Works: When the Masters
are Away (1874) ; Game of Piquet (1875) ;
Each in his Turn (1878) ; W7hen the Cat's
away the Mice, etc. (1879) ; Episode of 1870
(1881) ; Combat in 1870 under Walls of
Paris (1882) ; La partie fine (1883) ; On the
Look-out, At Buzenval (1884) ; An Inquiry,
Chatillon— Oct. 13, 1870 (1885); Episode
of the Battle of Loigny (1886).
GUETAL, LAURENT, born at Vienne
(Isere) ; contemporary. Landscape painter.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : La Berarde-
en-Oisans (1882) ; Banks of the Drac (1883) ;
Mont- Aiguille and the Valley of Chichilianne-
en-Tri6ves in Dauphiny (1884) ; The First
Snow (1885) ; Lake of Lechauda in the
Hautes-Alpes, A Sea in Winter (1886).
480
SUPPLEMENT
HAANEN, CECIL VAN, bora in Vienna,
in November, 1844. Genre painter, son of
and first instructed by liemy van Haanen,
then pupil of Vienna Academy, and for six
years in Antwerp of Van Lerius and Verlat ;
having for six months been employed in
London as draughtsman for leading maga-
zines, he visited Venice in 1873 and was
greatly influenced by Passini, and this, in
connection with Pettenkofen's advice, im-
parted a new stamp to his style. He is a
brilliant colourist, with a broad and vigorous
touch and a fine faculty for composing and
placing his figures. Medals : Paris, 3d
class, 1876 ; 2d class, 1878. Works : The
Bead Stringers (1876) ; A Water Carrier, A
Street Wrangle (1877) ; The First Dip
(1880) ; Luncheon Time in a Venetian Sar-
toria, Cobbler's Shop (1881) ; Gypsy Girl,
Mask Shop in Venice (1882) ; Afternoon
Coffee (1883); Death of Juliet (1884).—
Mag. of Art, x. 1.
HALKETT, FRANCOIS (JOSEPH CLE-
MENT), born at Brussels ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Jules Lefi-bvre,
Gustave Boulanger, and Portaels. Medal,
3d class, Paris, 1886. Works : Joueuse
d'osselets, A Nun (1883) ; Under the Fir
Trees (1884) ; Candy Sorters, Interior of a
Candy Shop (1885) ; In the Fir Forest,
Souvenir of the Dune (1886).
HAQUETTE, GEORGES, born in Paris;
contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of A
Millet and of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1880. Works : Scene at Pollet— near Di-
eppe (1878); Francine's Muft', Interior at
Pollet (1879) ; Wandering Musicians in a
Cabaret, Fish Dealer at Dieppe (1880) ; In-
terior of la more Panotte, Pore Mazure
(1881) ; Departure for Newfoundland, At
the Wharf (1882) ; Le salut au Calvaire, A
Baptism (1884) ; Landing from Fishing, A
Wind Squall (1885) ; Man of the Sea (1886).
HASLUND, OTTO, born in Copenhagen,
Nov. 4, 1842. Landscape, animal, and fig-
ure painter, first instructed by Frederik
Helsted (1809-75), then pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy, of Roed, Marstrand, Si-
monsen, and Skovgaard ; won a prize in
1871, and went to Italy in 1873. Works :
Landscape with Sheep (1867) ; Old Horse
seeking Shelter behind Boat (1868) ; Land-
scapes and Animal-Pieces (1869-71) ; Re-
turn from Market (1871) ; Donkeys on the
Road in Ischia (1874) ; Roman Abbot
smoking clandestinely (1875) ; Monk start-
ing out in Rainy Weather (1878); Milk-
maids assisting one another in writing to
their Lovers, Two Old People keeping Sun-
day, Behind a Mill of an Afternoon (1882) ;
In Yule-Tide (1883). -Sigurd Muller, 146.
HAWKINS, LOUIS WELDEN, born at
Stuttgart of English parents ; contempo-
rary. Genre painter, pupil of Bouguereau,
Jules Lefcbvre, and Boulanger. Medal, 3d
class, 1881. Works : Potato Harvest, The
Orphans (1881) ; Lavatory at Gri-s, Peasant
Woman and Geese (1882) ; Fisherman's
Mother, Evening (1883) ; Poor People (1884).
*HENNER, JEAN JACQUES. Add to
works : Orpheline, Solitude (1886). At the
Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the
following : Sleeping Nymph, $2,075 ; Re-
pose, $3,100 ; Fabiola (heroine of Cardinal
Wiseman's story of same name), $4,100 ;
La Source (Salon, 1881), $10,100, Walter
Watson, Montreal, Canada.
JACOMIN, MARIE FERDINAND, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
son and pupil of Jean Marie Jacomin (1789-
1858). Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: End
of a Winter Day (1880) ; View in Forest of
Saint-Germain (1881, 1884, 1885) ; do. in
Forest of Marly (1881, 1882, 1883, 1886).—
Bellier, i. 809.
*JACQUEMART, N^LIE (voL ii., p. 328,
line 10). For Drury read Dimiy.
*KNAUS, LUDWIG. Add to works:
The Witch, George L Seney, New York.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : A Farmer's Daughter
(1884), $2,300 ; Young Satyr, *3,150 ; St
Martin's Day (1877), $5,700 ; Hunter's Re-
past (1867), $16,400, Mrs. Arnott, Elmira,
N. Y. ; Country Store (1883), *10,400, S. P.
Avery, New York.
1-1
SUPPLEMENT
KOVALEVSKI, PAUL, born at Kasan,
Russia ; contemporary. Genre painter in
St. Petersburg ; professor. Member of Ber-
lin Academy. Medals : 2d class, Paris, 1878;
Berlin, 1886. Works : Transportation of a
Millstone (1877) ; Excavations in Eome
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*KRAY, WELHELM. Undine listening
to the Tale of a Playmate (1879) is owned
by T. T. Kinney, Newark, N. J.
LAHAYE, ALEXIS MARIE, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Pils, of Corot, and of Carolus-Duran.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Banks of
the Allier at Beaurecueil (1877) ; Idleness,
Dreaming (1878) ; Under the Olives (1879) ;
Gitanos of the Albaycin at Granada (1880) ;
Marguerite (1881) ; Little Child (1882) ;
Edge of the Water, Pierre (1883) ; Susanna
(1884) ; Two Sisters (1885) ; Revery, First
Step (1886).
LALAING, Count JACQUES DE, born
in Belgium ; contemporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Portaels and of Cluysenaar.
Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1883 ; 2d class,
1884 ; do., Berlin, 1886. Studio in Brussels.
Works: The Intercepted Courier (1882);
Prisoners of War (1883) ; Equestrian Por-
trait (1884) ; The Wrestlers (1885).
LARSSON, KARL, born in Stockholm,
Sweden ; contemporary. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of the Stockholm Acad-
emy. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1883. Works :
In the Country (1883) ; Petite fille (1885) ;
In Sweden (1886).
LATOUCHE, GASTON, born at Saint-
Cloud (Seine-et-Oise); contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Corot. Is also a sculptor
and engraver. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works:
Conversation (1880) ; Le trepasse, The View
(1881) ; Fire in London, Interment of a
Child at Juvigny-sous-Andaine (1882) ; Mis-
ery, The Wheedler (1883) ; A Vow, Legende
du point d'Argentan (1884) ; The Infirm at
the Monastery of Perron, Solitude (1885) ;
Wilhelmshohe, Holy Family (triptych, 1886).
LAURENT, ERNEST JOSEPH, born in
Paris ; contemporary. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Lehmann, Hebert, and
Merson. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Studio at
Ecouen in 1885. Works : Portrait of my
Mother (1882) ; Clarissa Harlow (1883) ;
On the Banks of the Brook (1884) ; Annun-
ciation (1885).
*LAWRENCE, Sir THOMAS (vol. iii., p.
39, lines 11 and 41). For Gonsalvi read
Consalvi.
LECHEVALIER-CHEVIGNARD, ED-
MOND, born at Lyons, France, Feb. 3,
1825. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Michel Martin Drolling in Paris. Med-
als : 3d class, 1857, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1885. Works : Ancient Comedians (1850) ;
Benedicite (1859) ; Marriage of the King of
Navarre (1863) ; Antonello da Messina and
Giovanni Bellini (1872) ; Chateaudun (1885),
H6tel-de-Ville at Chateaudun.
LEHOUX, PIERRE FRANQOIS, born
in Paris, June 27, 1823. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of Horace Vemet and
of Gros. Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works :
View of Alexandria, Ruins of Thebes (1831);
Emigration of Arabs in a Caravan from
Upper Egypt, Bedouin Camp, Mosque in
Alexandria (1833); View of Beyrout (1839) ;
Maronite Monks of Mount Lebanon (1840) ;
VaUey of the Jordan (1846) ; Plain of Thebes
(1866) ; Quarries of Silsilis — Upper Egypt ;
Siesta on the Field of the Dead — Syria
(1882) ; Siesta in the Harem, Lake of Tibe-
rias (1884) ; View at Bellevue, Terrace at
Beyrout (1885).
LELIEVRE, MAURICE (CHARLES
MARIE), bom at Lille (Nord) ; contempo-
rary. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
of Dubufe, Mazerolle, Harpignies, and Jean
Paul Laurens. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Paints
chiefly in water-colours. Works : Environs
of Tlerncen (1877); Halt in the Desert (1878);
Blind Man at Door of Mosque (1880) ; Ac-
taeon(1881); Dance of Nymphs (1882); En-
virons of Toulon, Environs of Cannes (1884);
Pool in a Forest (1885) ; Banks of the Loire
near Beaugency, On the Loire at Baule (1886).
LE POITTEVIN, LOUIS, born at Neu-
ville-Champ-d'Oisel (Seine-Inferieure) ; con-
•182
SUPPLEMENT
temporary. Landscape and genre painter,
pupil of Gustave Morin, of Zacharie, and of
Bouguereau. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works :
Norman Landscape, Paternosters of the Sei-
gneur de Gurzon (1880) ; Evening at fitre-
tat (1881) ; Behind the Farm (1882) ; Vale
of Antifer (1883) ; The Pkin (1884) ; The
Little Valley (1885) ; The Ascent of Benou-
ville— Etretat (1886).
"LEROLLE, HENRI. Add to works:
Close of the Day (1886), Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
LEROY, PAUL ALEXANDRE ALFRED,
born in Paris ; contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Alexandre Cabanel.
Medal, 3d class, 1882. Works : Jesus with
Martha and Mary (1882) ; Portrait (1883) ;
Mordecai (1884) ; Recreation, Friday at
Sidi-Abd-er-Rahman (1886).
*LOIR, LUIGI. Awarded a 2d class
medal for his La fumee du chemin de fer,
Salon, 1886.
LONGCHAMP, Mile. HENRIETTE DE,
born at Saint-Dizier (Haute-Marne) ; con-
temporary. Flower and fruit painter.
Medals : 3d class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848.
Works : Offering to the Holy Virgin (1846) ;
Fruit (1847) ; A Road-side Cross (1848) ;
Offering to St. Genevieve (1863) ; Chrys-
anthemums, Tea Roses (1874) ; Noisette
Roses (1882); Group of Roses (1883);
Roses near Water, Study of Roses (1884) ;
Autumn Roses (1885) ; Hundred-Leaf Roses
(1886).
LUCAS, FELIX MARIE HIPPOLYTE,
born at Rochefortrsur-Mer (Charente-In-
ferieure) ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Pils and of Henri
Lehman. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works :
Eclogue (1880) ; Dying Sappho (1881) ; For-
saken—Souvenir of Venice (1884) ; Sacred
Spring (1885) ; Portrait of Mile, de V. (1886).
MACMASTER, WILLIAM E., born at
Ballston, N. Y., May 22, 1823. Portrait,
genre, and landscape painter ; entered Na-
tional Academy School, New York, in 1843 ;
studied with Charles L. Elliott in 1843-45,
and with John Vanderlyn in 1848. He
painted portraits in Washington until 1852,
having among his sitters Thomas H. Ben-
ton, Daniel S. Dickinson, Henry Clay,
James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, and William
H. Seward. In 1852-70 he painted in New
York ; in the latter year he went to Europe,
studied under Albrecht Schenck at Ecouen,
and spent several years in Paris. In 1878
he accompanied William H. Seward to Cali-
fornia and painted in the Yosemite Valley.
Among his other works are : The Opera
Belle (bronze medal, Exposition universelle,
Paris, 1867) ; Mont Blanc from Chamounix
(1868), George W. Allen, Milwaukee ; The
Jungfrau (1871), A. V. H. Carpenter, ib.;
Eruption of Vesuvius (1878), L. E. Conrad,
Philadelphia; and portraits of Presidents
Pierce (1852) and Buchanan (1856), General
H. W. Slocum (1866), Thomas C. Durant
(1868), Alexander Mitchell (1871), General
Winfield S. Hancock (1880), and Roswell P.
Flower (1882).
*MARfiCHAL, CHARLES LAURENT,
died at Bar-le-Duc, January, 1887. — Chro-
nique des Arts (1887), 31.
MAREST, Mile. JULIA, born in Paris ;
contemporary. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Charles Chaplin and of Gervex.
Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works : La Rous-
sotte (1881) ; Satisfied (1882) ; Far niente
(1883) ; Teasing (1884) ; Marquise Nina
(1885) ; Portrait of Mme. R (1886).
MASSARANI, TULLO, born in Mantua,
Italy ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil
of Induno. Officer of Legion of Honour,
1878. Studio in Milan. Works : Infancy in
Greece, Lady of the Manor and a Vassal
(1880) ; L'esclave aux colombes (1885).
*MEISSONIER, JEAN LOUIS ERNEST.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : A Standard Bearer
(1857), $15,000, In the Library (1876),
$16,525, Charles Crocker, San Francisco ;
The Vedette— 1812 (1883), $15,000, S. P.
Avery, New York.
MERClfi, (MARTCS JEAN) ANTHO-
NIN, born at Toulouse, France ; contem-
porary. History and portrait painter, pupil
483
SUPPLEMENT
of Jouffroy and of Falguiere. Medal, 3d
class, 1883. Is far better known as a
sculptor, in which department of art he
has received many decorations and is an
Officer of the L. of Honour (1879). Works :
After the Funeral — Souvenir of Brittany, De-
lilah (1881) ; The First Halt (1882) ; Venus
(1883) ; Leda (1884) ; Michelangelo studying
Anatomy (1885) ; Blood of Venus (1886).
MESLE, JOSEPH PAUL, born at Saint-
Servan (Hie - et - Vilaine) ; contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Leon
Bonnat. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
Landscape (1880) ; Breton Girl (1881) ; do.
and Portrait of Mme. D. L. (1882) ; Little
Peasant Girl (1883) ; A Mother (1884) ; Two
Sisters (1886).
*MEYER, JOHANN GEORG (Meyer
von Bremen), died in Berlin, Dec. 4, 1886.
MICHEL, GEORGES, born in Paris in
1763, died in 1843. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of Taunay. He was an ex-
cellent copyist, and was employed in the
restoration of the pictures of Cardinal Fesch.
Though he had but little reputation in his
day, his pictures are now much sought
after. Works : Horse Market (1791) ; Swiss
Landscape (1793) ; Military Convoy, Halt of
Cavalry (1800) ; Rainy Landscape (1808) ;
Animals going to Drinking Place (figures
by Taunay), Nantes Museum. Some fine
examples of his work are owned in this
counti-y by John W. Mason, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and Henry T. Chapman, Jr., ib.
*MILLET, JEAN FRANgOIS. At the
Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold the
following : Shepherdess and Sheep (water-
colour), $1,525 ; Gathering Apples, $2,575 ;
Wool Carder, $3,650 ; Feeding Poultry,
$4,000 ; Dressing Flax (1854), $4,975 ; The
Churner (Laurent Richard sale, Paris, 1878),
$8,100; Gathering Beans, $6,300; Wood
Cutters, $5,000 ; Woman in Kitchen, $650 ;
The Spaders, $3,800 ; The Spinner, $14,000.
MORENO, Don MANUEL GOMEZ, born
at Granada ; contemporary. History paint-
er, pupil of Granada Art School, and under
Federico Madrazo of Madrid Academy (1857
-60) ; won two competition prizes at Gra-
nada in 1861 and 1862, and was appointed
professor of drawing at the royal college of
San Bartolome y Santiago in 1867. Went
to Rome in December, 1878, and studied
there for two years. Gold medal, 1875.
Works : Pieta, (1861) ; Christ on Calvary
(1862); St. Teresa (1867); Conception
(1875), Granada University ; Courtyard of
the Mosque in the Alhambra (1875) ; Read-
ing the Bill (1876) ; Scene during First Ex-
pulsion of the Moors under Philip II. (1877);
Chamber where Queen Aixa visited her dis-
graced Son Boabdil (1879) ; San Juan de
Dios saving from the Flames the Infirm of
the Hospital at Granada (1880). — La Ilus-
tracion (1881), i. 410.
*NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE (MARIE)
DE. Add to works : Assault on Tel-ul-
Kebir (1883, episode of the war in Egypt),
Knoedler & Co., New York.
OLIVE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. Marine painter, pu-
pil of Vollon. Medals : 3d class, 1885 ; 2d
class, 1886. Works: Rocks at Treport
(1879) ; The Mediterranean (1880) ; Old
Port of Marseilles, Still-Life (1881) ; Beach
of the Prado during the Mistral (1882) ;
Promenade of la Croisette at Cannes (1883);
Entrance to Old Port of Marseilles, Sea
Shore at St. Laurent (1885) ; Mistral in
Isle of the Prado — Marseilles, iSpaves de la
Navarre near Marseilles (1886).
PERRANDEAU, CHARLES, born at
Sully - sur - Loire (Loiret) ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Alexandre Cabanel.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Ecstasy
(1881) ; Death of Jesus (1882) ; A Widow,
Fatigue (1883) ; The Scholar of the Village,
Young Sardiniere (1884) ; Return from Mar-
ket (1885) ; Wretchedness (1886).
*PRINCETEAU, RENE. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Return to the Farm
during an Inundation, Salon, 1886.
PROUVE, VICTOR EMILE, born at
Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; contemporary.
Figure painter, pupil of Devilly and of Ca-
banel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
484
SUPPLEMENT
Adam and Eve (1882) ; Jeanne (1883) ; Rosy
Visions (1884) ; Sardanapalus (1885) ; Mad-
eline, Nourmahal (1886).
RICHEMONT, ALFRED (PAUL MA-
RIE) DE, born in Paris ; contemporary.
History painter, pupil of Bin, Douillard,
and Michel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
The Monk (1880) ; Corner in the Church at
Dieppe (1881) ; The Old Vagabond (1882) ;
A Cave during the Bombardment of Paris
in 1871 (1883) ; Refugees— Notice posted in
Paris, Jan. 18, 1871 (1884) ; Volunteer En-
rolment—1870 (1885) ; Legend of Si Mary
of Brabant— 1290 (1886).
*ROUSSEAU, THEODORE. Add to
works : Road through Fontainebleau (H.
2 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 10 iu.), Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
RUEL, (PIERRE) LtiON (HORACE),
born in Paris ; contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of Isidor Pils. Med-
al, 3d class, 1886. Works : De Profundis
(1870) ; Idyl (1878) ; Breakfast (1879) ; The
Sense of Smell (1881) ; Surprise of a Hos-
tile Post by Franc-Tireurs in 1870 (1882) ;
Leda (1883) ; Corner of the Studio (1884) ;
Temptation of St. Anthony (1885) ; Homage
to Admiral Courbet (1886).
SAIN, PAUL (JEAN MARIE), born at
Avignon (Vaucluse) ; contemporary. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Guilbert d'Anelle
and of L6on Gerome. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works : Cabin at Billancourt in
Winter (1880) ; Torrent in Woods at Bre-
nets — Switzerland (1881) ; Evening on
Banks of the Seine at Billancourt, Morning
on Banks of the Rhone at Avignon (1882) ;
End of Autumn at Avignon (1883) ; An-
cient Road of Chone-Vert near Avignon,
November Twilight (1884) ; Evening in
February at Avignon, The Rhone (1885) ;
Sunset in Isle of Piot near Avignon, Mill of
St. Conery near Alen9on (1886).
*SERVIN, AMADfiE ELIE, died at Vil-
liers-sur-Morin, May, 1884.
*SORTIE OF THE BANNING COCK
COMPANY. Add to bibliography: Gaz.
des B. Arts (1887), xxxv. 175.
*STONE, MARCUS, elected R.A., 1887.
*TERBURG, GERARD. Add to bibli-
ography : Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiv.
388 ; (1887), xxxv. 40, 125.
THOMAS, CHARLES ARMAND, born
in Paris ; contemporary. Still-life painter,
pupil of Victor Leclaire. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works: June Flowers (1880); A
Corner of the Conservatory (1881) ; Cellar
of Pere Jacquemin (1882) ; A Gay Morning
(1883) ; Corner of Vineyard in Burgundy
(1884) ; In the Studio (1885) ; Eve of the
Fete (1886).
*TROYON, CONSTANT. Add to works :
Going to Market (H. 1 ft 2 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.),
Henry T. Chapman, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Cattle (1856), Landscape and Cattle (H. 2
ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.), A. T. Stewart Collec-
tion, New York.
TURNER, ROSS STERLING, born at
Westport, Essex County, N. Y., June 29,
1847. Landscape painter, studied in Mu-
nich, Venice, Florence, and Rome. Studio
in Salem, Mass. Works in oils : A Roman
Villa (1883) ; La Salute (1884) ; A White
House Ashore. Water-colours : A White
Study (1883) ; An Old Garden (1886).
*VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL.
Awarded a 2d class medal, Salon, 1886.
"VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGENE JO-
SEPH. Add to works : Dog tossed by a
Bull (H. 2 ft. x3 ft.), Henry T. Chapman,
Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
*VLBERT, JEHAN GEORGES. The
Missionary's Story (1883, Morgan sale,
1886, $25,500), was bought by C. P. Hunt-
in gton, New York.
VBIONT, £DOUARD, born in Paris,
Aug. 8, 1846. History painter, pupil of
Alexandre Cabanel and of Maillet Medal,
3d class, 1886. Works: Cephalus and Pro-
cris (1870) ; The Sirens (1874) ; Lucretia
(1875) ; Si Genevieve (1876) ; The Fable
and the Truth (1880) ; A Gallic Oracle
(1881) ; Hercules between Vice and Virtue
(1883) ; Si Columba (1884) ; Folly guides
the Shafts of Love (1885) ; Vitellius saluted
Emperor (1886).
486
SUPPLEMENT
*VUILLEFROY, (DOMINIQUE) FELIX
DE. Add to works : Peasant Boy with
Oxen at a Roadside Shrine, Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
WINTER, PHARAON (ABDON LE~ON)
DE, born at Bailleul (Nord) ; contemporary.
3d class, 1886. Works : St. Sebastian
(1875) ; Prodigal Sou (1876) ; Judith (1877) ;
Old Woman in Prayer (1878) ; In the Fields
(1880) ; Tryptich— Birth of Christ— Death
of Christ— Holy Women (1881) ; The Sheep-
Tender (1884) ; At the Convent (1885) ; At
History and genre painter, pupil of Alexan- the Dispensary (1886).
dre Cabanel, Jules Breton and Colas. Medal,
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