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By R. W. TAYLOR.
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PRESS OF FRANDZEN, BUMGARDNER & CO.
The Dairymens Assistant
AND
~ Cattle Breeders’ Manual.
A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF COWS AND CALVES,
THEIR SYMPTOMS, MANAGEMENT, TREATMENT
AND CURE.
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FLOW ee ea.
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(MAY 15 ac
(AY 49 1895 |
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PRESS OF
FRANDZEN, BUMGARDNER « CO.
SAN DIEGO CAL,
COPYRIGHTED BY R. W. TAYLOR
April 5, 1895.
SECTION.
XII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
xX
XXI
XXII
XXIIL
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XX VII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXI
XXXII
XXXII
XXXIV
XXXV
XXXVI
XXXVII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Felon, Epidemic Colds, or Influenza...........
Peripneumony, or an Inflammation of the Lungs
Nieavellows; Or JAUNGICE. .. 5.0...) . 202. dee
Inflammation of the Brain.............
Murrain, or the Pestilential Fever ..... te
Black Leg. Quarter Evil, or Black Quarter. ...
Red Water and Black Water ..................
Diarrhea vor Nottennessin cis sisca cee mein.) cease
Inflamm ationvom thewdeiverm ani.es <ooeee wn acces
Inflammation! ofthe Kidneys)... 22.5 ...2.2..2.5
iInflammianonver the Stomachs...2+s.22 15.750 ..-
(Cinliies anal Gr el tiie. Seen 9 SBE en Dee He oa ame
Rosi Sickness; Movenror Blown.......-... t24<.5
Staggers, Vertigo, or Swimming in the Head....
The Milk Fever... 050. c eect eee cece cece ee eeee
To Extract the Placenta, or the Cleansing, etc.............
How to Extract a Calf when in Wrong Position ...
The Falling Down of the Calf Bed...............
Locked) Jaws. 6.065. ‘
On the Utility of Purging Medicines.............
The Hoose or Cough......... 2s Ot ewan, Bae omg
Rheumatism, or Joint Felon..... Pe ee ey
IPOUSON B). :a/e,2hes aren ee or Cie a stpe ot Bie ABE aa eye
The Bite of Venomous Reptiles.................
‘ithe Downtalliin the Udder 1.25. .s2ece- heat.
NAS 11 01 | nn TE Sy he Oe, te A Re Wi Cae
Wounds of the Joints .......
Strains and Bruises....
Cancerous Ulcers.....
The Foul in the Foot...... Sy ecco ee ee
oaeveawow of ler (Milkerwy ct a ates»! oles
ACRE OITION :\.., | temerity. oe >
mold e! LNG ESS A Ms <5 Os a
RMT EIER oi", cc Mp Me PME ta iad odds soo
Vi LOC Ce oP
A WALES oo is Mee eRe Shc cherie ear ae
To Make a Cow Take the Bull.............
eb (Cc LS
bo
en Ov ‘Or Or cy or cy ch
co Oo ky, OO CS
SECTION. —
XXX VIII
XXXIX
XL
XLI
XLII
SCTE
XLIV
XLV
XLVI
XLVII
XLVIIT
XLIX
Bull Burnt
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cows that/Slink or slip Them Galvesmie. ae aaa
Blood, Its’ Nature and Propepiy: 22 14) 0. ee eeeeeees: &
Bleeding, Its Utility and When Necessary... 2 eece eae.
PP RODUCTION.
The following treatise on the diseases of neat cattle, and cows
in particular, is not the production of a few years experience, but
the result of many years of practice.
The motives for publishing a treatise on the disorders incident
to these valuable animals are briefly as follows:
Frrst.—They have hitherto been almost entirely neglected, or
but very briefly mentioned by most authors on cattle and their
diseases.
Seconp.—In most of the publications on neat cattle, those parts
devoted to medical treatment have very far lacked the requisite
bounds in the quantity of the doses prescribed; and thus, in all
probability, the loss of many valuable animals has been ocasioned.
For instance, from three to six ounces of Glauber Salts are pre-
scribed for full-sized animals, in some works, whereas I have always
found that a less quantity than one pound would not purge full
grown animals.
Tuirp.—It will be seen that most of the drinks, prescribed in
this treatise, are so adjusted in point of quantity and preparation
as to produce the desired effect when properly administered. The
practitioner is frequently cautioned in this work to see that articles
containing an essential oil, such as seeds of every kind, and many
of the roots, are pulverized at the time of using, for if kept in a
powdered state they in a short time lose all their medicinal virtue.
It is of the greatest importance to have genuine drugs in the
cure of the diseases peculiar to cattle of all kinds.
These animals do not require the seeds and roots to be reduced
to so fine a powder as others that do not ruminate, or chew their
cuds. j
It remains only to state what has been attempted in this
treatise.
(1) A concise description of every disease has been given,
together with a method of treatment of the same through every
stage.
(2) A number of valuable recipes are here made known, such
as have never before been published. The writer of this work is
fully aware that the generality of cow-doctors, so called, will com-
plain that many of the recipes are too expensive, so as not to leave
much profit to them, though not one of them will probably exceed
one dollar. Be it, however, observed that he has not considered
their interests but that of the owners, and the lives of the animals.
Cattle of every description are valuable to the owner. If a
poor man, for instance, lose a cow, it frequently is an irreparable
loss, when, at the same time, if a drink or two, at the cost of a few
cents each, had»been given her, she might have been saved, pro-
INTRODUCTION.
vided the medicine were administered in season and proper treat-
ment rendered according to the directions laid down in this treatise.
Particular diseases, requiring more than ordinary care. are dis-
cussed at considerable length in this work. Such are the Downfall
in the Udder of cows, Red Water, Black Water, Fevers, etc.
A small part of this book is devoted to the description of the dif-
ferent diseases incident to young calves, together with the medi-
cines suitable to each.
The age of neat cattle is very requisite, and should be known by
everyone who has anything to do with them. They have no front
teeth in the upper jaw, the age therefore must be determined by
those of the lower jaw. At two years old they get two new front
teeth, or nippers, and every succeeding year they get two more
until they are five years old; at six they become full-mouthed, the
last two teeth being completely up.
There is also another way by which the age of cattle may be
determined, viz., by the horns. At the age of three years their
horns are smooth and even, and every succeeding year there is a
wrinkle or circle round the base near the head, which keeps moving
the other forward, so that if the first be stated at three years it will
be easy to tell the age of any animal after that time.
But as some breeders of cattle in late years have thought best to
dehorn their stock, and as there are some breeds that are devoid of
horns, therefore the teeth alone must be relied on up to six years.
It is to the interest of every owner of a cow to be acquainted with
her different diseases, their symptoms and methods of treatment,
and if this were more generally the case he would rarely, if ever,
have occasion to call to his aid a veterinary.
Medicines when wrongly applied, or not given in a sufficient
quantity, increase the malignity of most diseases, while too large a
dose may endanger the animal’s life.
By strict attention to the rules contained in this treatise most
persons will be enabled to act with propriety and judgment in
caring for their cattle in case of sickness.
THE DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND CATTLE
BREEDERS’ MANUAL.
‘ SECTION I.
FELON, EPIDEMIC COLD, OR INFLUENZA.
The observations most worthy of notice in this disease relates to
its first cause. It in general proceeds from the sudden change of
the atmosphere from a warm and moist air to a piercing cold and
dry wind, which powerfully affects the whole animal frame by shut-
ting up the pores of the skin, and in a great measure putting a stop
to perspiration. In cases of this kind the hide becomes thickened
and the hair looks penfeathered or staring, and appears to stand
the wrong way on the animal’s back.
Cows are the most liable to be afflicted by the Influenza, owing
to the different state or changeableness of the weather, and also
from their being more tenderly managed by being housed during
the winter. The prevailing north and northeasterly winds, at the
spring of the year, very often produce dangerous and sometimes
fatal diseases. Horned cattle, particularly cows, are subject to a
great variety of diseases, which are for the most part brought on by
the different effects of the elements on the animal frame; and often
in a few days reduce them from a state of perfection to a mere skel-
eton. In this case the regular course of the blood through the veins
and arteries is obstructed, which frequently causes an inflammation
to take place in some particular part of the body, as the stomach,
bowels or intestines, kidneys, bladder and sometimes even the
brain. In cases of this kind bleeding should not be neglected.
Hence are produced fevers of different descriptions, which will be
discussed under their proper heads in this treatise.
The first symptoms that are produced by taking cold are a heavi-
ness in the head and dullness in their motions, with weeping eyes,
a sudden depression of the milky secretions, and if the hand be
pressed upon the chine, or any part of the back, the animal will
instantly give way. This is for the most part called the Chine Felon.
At other times the joints become more perticularly affected than
any other part, from which circumstance it is in geneal termed the
Joint Felon. Old cows are the most subject to this last complaint,
especially a short time before calving. It is attended with con-
siderable pain and weakness; if the animal lie down she is seldom
able to rise without some assistance till after calving. This neces-
sarily occasions much trouble to the owner, which, if proper care had
been taken, might have been prevented. When this happens they
8 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
generaliy require some assistance at rising, until the time of calving,
in all other respects they appear well and eat their food as usual.
For more information on this head see Rheumatism or Joint Felon
in this treatise.
In the cure of colds of every description the first attempt should
be to remove the cause by giving to the animal a warm cordial
drink, which, acting as a stimulant on the stomach and intestines,
will give fresh motion to these parts, and will enable nature to re-
sume her former course. Either of the following drinks will be
found sufficient to answer the desired. effect, under proper manage-
ment.
RECIPE NO. 1.—Take aniseeds, carraway-seeds, grains of para-
dise, and fenugreek, of each two ounces, fresh powdered; mix
them together for one drink.
RECIPE NO. 2.—Take sweet fennel seeds and cummin seeds, of
each two ounces, fresh powdered, long pepper, turmeric, ginger,
and enula campana (elecampane), each one ounce, fresh pow-
dered; mix for one drink.
The method of giving either of these drinks is as follows: Take
one and put it in a pitcher with two ounces of fresh butter and four
ounces of course sugar or molasses; then pour one quart of boiling
water upon the whole; cover them down till new-milk warm; then
add a gill of gin, brandy or whisky; then give the whole for one
drink to the beast. By this method the whole virtue of the seeds
will be retained, which chiefly consists in the essential oil. By
giving a few of these drinks to cattle that have been much reduced
from scanty food, during a long winter, the animals have been so
much revived thereby as to resume nearly ali their original life and
vigor. In cases of this kind, where the system appears debilitated,
one of the above drinks may be given every day for three or four
days: but if the animal be in tolerable condition the drinks may
be repeated every other or third day, as may be thought most re- .
quisite.
In two hours after giving the drink give the animal a good mash
of scalded bran, with a pint of meal of corn, oats or barley added,
and warm water that day. In slight colds during summer these
drinks may be given to cattle while in their pasture; and where it
can be convenient, let them fast two hours after, and then graze as
usual. It is also necessary to examine the sick animals every day,
to see whether the body be of a proper heat, and the nose in a nat-
ural condition, and the bowels regular.
If these be regular there is not much danger. If, however, fever-
ish symptoms should appear (which frequently happens), the ani-
mal will become costive; or, what is best understood by the word
saped, and if not speedily relieved will be in danger. In such cases
let one of the following purging drinks be given:
RECIPE NO. 3.—Take Glauber’s salts, one pound; ginger (in pow-
der) two ounces; molasses, four ounces. Put all the ingredients
into a pitcher and pour three pints of boiling water upon them.
When new-milk warm give the whole for one dose.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 9
RECIPE NO. 4.—Take epsom salts, one pound; aniseeds and
ginger, in powder, each two ounces; molasses, four ounces. Let
this drink be given in the same manner as the above (No. 3).
In most cases either of these drinks will be found sufficient to
purge a full-grown animal of this kind. The last, I frequently
think, works its passage more quickly. If either of these drinks
fail in the operation in sixteen or twenty hours let one-half of either
No. 3 or No. 4 be repeated every night and morning until the de-
sired effect be obtained. By strict attention to the above method
of application a fever may be prevented and the animal speedily
restored. It should, however, be recollected that, after the intestines
are sufficiently evacuated, it will be proper to repeat the cordial
drink, No. 1 or No. 2, for a few times.
SECTION IL.
PERIPNEUMONY OR INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.
Hepatic diseases amongst cattle are of frequent occurrence, and
are produced by a variety of causes.
Frrst.—By the powerful effects of the elements upon the animal
frame in bringing on this disease—dry, harsh winds are severely
felt by shutting up the pores of the skin and checking the perspira-
tion, which is so essential to life and to the health of the animal as
not to be dispensed with.
Seconpiy.—It has frequently been brought on by drinking cold
water when over heated.
TuirDLY.—At other times it has attacked those which have been
turned into fresh pastures, when their stomach has been overcharged
with herbage, in consequence of which the load upon the lungs be-
comes very oppressive; the sizy and viscid part of the blood ob-
structs the vessels and brings on difficulty in breathing, attended
with a troublesome cough and hoosing.
These symptoms indicate the lungs to be considerably affected.
While the discharge from the nose and mouth continues to be pretty
copious, the inflammation makes but little progress; but, as soon as
this discharge is stopped, it rapidly increases; and if not timely
checked, will quickly terminate in the animal’s death. Symptoms
of an inflammation taking place are discovered by the body becom-
ing alternately hot and cold—the extremities for the most part
cold, especially the ears, horns and feet; if the beast be in low con-
dition, weak and much debilitated, bleeding is seldom necessary;
but, if on the contrary, the animal be in high condition, the fever
appeare to increase, and the body feels of a hot, dry and parching
heat, and the breath the same; further, if the white of the eyes
appears to be much inflamed, and tinged with a yellow hue, bleed-
ing in such cases will become highly necessary in this stage of the
disease. From two to four quarts of blood may be taken away, ac-
cording to the size, strength and condition of the animal; and if
found necessary let it be repeated. A small quantity may be taken
10 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
away every day, or every other day, according to the violence of the
symptoms.
Sometimes this disease puts on a flattering appearance, the fever
and heat appear small and scarcely perceptible; at other times it
seems rapid in its progress.
The cause of this disease appears in a great measure to proceed
from a deficiency in the animal’s nature of performing its regular
course, in carrying on a due circulation through all the vessels.
The redundant state of the blood, through these impediments, be-
comes surcharged with the pituitous lenter of the blood and hu-
mors; for the glands cease to secrete the bile, which is not poured
into the intestines, but becomes deposited on the skin. Hence is
produced the jaundice, which is known by yellowness of the eyes
and of the different parts of the body.
The cure must be attempted according to the symptoms already
noticed. The costive state of the animal’s body which, in general,
accompanies this disease, must be strictly attended to. Let, there-
fore, the purging drink (No. 3) or (No. 4) be given as above di-
rected and the body be afterwards kept open by giving one-half of
either of the before mentioncd purging drinks in the morning and
the other half in the evening, about every second or third day, as
occasion may require.
If the fever continues after the intestines have been evacuated
(which is seldom the case), it will be proper to take some blood
from the animal, and the quantity must be regulated according to
the disease and habit of body. By strict attention to the above
rules the disease will be checked, and the animal’s body properly
prepared for either of the following drinks, which may be given
every day, except on those days when the purging drink is given:
RECIPE NO. 5.—Take aniseeds and carraway seeds, in powder,
each two ounces; ginger and nitre, in powder, each one ounce;
salt of tartar, one ounce; gum myrrh, in powder, half an ounce;
mix them together for one drink.
RECIPE NO. 6.—Take sweet fennel seeds, in powder, two ounces;
grains of paradise, in powder, one ounce; Peruvian bark, in pow-
der, salt of tartar, mottled soap, sliced, each one ounce; for one
drink.
Hither of these drinks may be given in a quart of thin gruel,
with a wine glass of gin or other spirits, and sweetened with four
ounces of molasses or sugar. It will be proper to repeat these
drinks, as stated above. Warm water, mashes and gruel must be
regularly given two or three times a day.
These drinks will be found to operate powerfully in expelling the
disease and to promote insensible perspiration, as well as in dis-
solving and evacuating the phlegm in the ventricles and intestines,
while they will also open and cleanse the vessels in the lungs and
bring them to a regular performance of their functions. After a
strict application of the aforesaid remedies, and of the management
according to the rules already laid down, if any symptoms of the
disease should still remain, it will be proper to give the following
drink:
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 11
RECIPE NO. 7.—Take valerian, in powder, two ounces; dried
squills, in powder, half an ounce; gum myrrh, in powder, half an
ounce; balsam of sulphur and balsam of copaiva, each one ounce;
the two last articles to be beat up with the yolk of an egg; add
sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; tincture of opium, half an ounce;
mix for one drink.
Let this drink be given in a quart of warm gruel sweetened, and
a wine glassfull of gin be added to it, and treat the animal with
mashes and warm water as before. This drink may be repeated
every third day for three or four times.
SECTION III.
THE YELLOWS OR JAUNDICE.
This is a common disease among neat cattle and proceeds from
the obstruction of the gall bladder and the cystic duct. The gall
is a yellow liquor, separated in the liver and collected in the gall
bladder; its great use is to mix with the chyle, to rouse the peris-
taltic motion of the intestines, and to finish digestion. This sap-
onaceous juice corrects the acidity in the stomach and bowels; its
salutary effects are powerfully felt in all parts of the body.
The Yellows, or Jaundice, consists in a diffusion of this bile
throughout the whole body, and is favoured by everything that ob-
structs its passage into the duodenum. This disease is first observ-
able in the white of the eyes, which appears of a yellow tint, and as
it increases the whole skin becomes impregnated with the same
yellow hue; the ears, tail, eyes and mouth are the parts where it is
most conspicuous to the sight. In every stage of the disease the
animals are attended with weakness and a great debility of the
nervous system, a listleness to move and want of appetite. When
in the pasture they wander about by themselves, by the side of
fences, in a dejected manner.
These appearances sufficiently indicate the disease. Milch cows
are the most subject to it in the spring and the latter end of the
year, although they are not exempt from it at all other times of the
year. The most dangerous state in this disease is when a scirrhus
liver is the cause; little hope can then be entertained of a perma-
nent cure. The fluctuating state of the weather has a powerful
effect upon the animal frame in retarding or promoting the cure;
care should also be taken to house them at all unfavorable oppor-
tunities.
As soon as this disease makes its first appearance it may for the
most part be removed by administering the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 8.—Take cummin seeds, aniseeds and turmeric root,
in powder, each two ounces; grains of paradise, in powder, castile
soap and salt of tartar, each one ounce; molasses, two ounces;
mix for one drink.
12 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
Slice the soap and put the whole into a pitcher, then pour a
quart of boiling water upon the ingredients and cover them down
till new-milk warm, then give the drink. It will be proper to re-
peat this drink for two or three times, every other day, or oftener if
required. If the animal be in fair condition from’ two to three
quarts of blood may be taken away; they should not be turned out
after bleeding that day, nor at night, but the following morning
they may go to the pasture. If the disease do not give way to the
above treatment, but still keeps on the increase, it will be proper
to give the purging drink No. 3 or No. 4. After this has had the
desired effect let the following be given:
RECIPE NO. 9.—Take balsam of copaiva and salt of tartar, each
one ounce; castile soap, two ounces; beat them together in a mor-
tar; add valerian root, in powder, "two ounces; ginger root and
Peruvian bark, in powder, each one ounce; molasses, two ounces;
inix for one drink.
Let this drink be given in a quart of warm gruel and repeated if
necessary every other day. It will be found excellent in removing
obstructions and promoting a free circulation through all the an-
imal secretions.
It must be observed that it will be proper to keep the body sufhi-
ciently open through every stage of the disease, for if costiveness be
permitted the fever will increase, and if not timely removed the
disorder will terminate fatally. The following purging drink will
be found well adapted for opening a passage through the intestines
and removing those secretions that obstruct the progress of the bile.
RECIPE NO. 10.—Take Barbadoes aloes, one ounce; castile soap,
salt of tartar and ginger, in powder, of each half an ounce; an-
iseeds. fresh powdered, two ounces; castor oil, four ounces; mo-
lasses, four ounces; mix for one drink.
Put the above ingredients in a pitcher, pour on them a quart of
boiling water and when new-milk warm give it to the animal.
This drink will in general operate in from twelve to sixteen
hours. But when this happens not to be the case, let one-half of
the last-mentioned drink be repeated every night and morning un-
til the desired effect be accomplished. And as soon as the cause is
removed the animals may speedily be restored to their former
health, by giving two or three of the drinks No. 1 or No. 2, and if a
milch cow, they quickly restore them to their former flush of milk.
SECTION IV.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.
This disease is one of the most distressing to which cattle are
subject and is commonly called frenzy. It is most prevalent dur-
ing the hot months in summer. It is sometimes idiopathic, or a
primary disease; at other times it is symptomatic. Inflammation
of the brain proceeds from some other malady, as fevers of a dif-
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 13
ferent kind, or from an inflammation taking place in some partic-
ular part of the body, and is transferred to the brain. The cause
is too great an efflux of blood pressing upon the temporal arteries,
from which an increased action of the vessels takes place. The
symptoms that usually precede a true iuflammation of the brain
are a kind of madness attended with ravings and constant watch-
ings, slow respiration, and a strong pulsation in the temporal ar-
teries. Theanimal appears in a very fierce state, as if seized with
a turbulent kind of madness. The eyes appear much inflamed and
ready to start from their orbits; the beasts often fall down of a sud-
den and rise again with the same volatility, until nature is quite
exhausted; a constant trembling and starting of the tendons; a dry
and ‘harsh skin; a suppression of the urine; grinding of the teeth
and a total want of rest. These last are unfavorable symptoms.
The Frenzy or Inflammation of the Brain is sometimes occa-
sioned by wounds or contusions in the head, that are attended with
violent inflammations of the vessels, and if not speedily relieved
may terminate in a gangrene or a mortification, which is very often ~
the case, and that in a few days.
Wounds in this state require the speedy application of the most
powerful medicines, for the proper administering of which consult
section 26 on wounds.
In the cure of this disease the following method must be attended
to: First lessen the quantity of blood by frequent bleeding, which
may be repeated daily if required, and by which the great efflux of
blood upon the temporal arteries will be lessened and much re-
tarded. The following purgative drink will be found suitable for
this disease, and likewise for most fevers of an inflammatory nature.
RECIPE NO. 11.—Take glauber salts, one pound; tartarized an-
timony, one drachm; camphor, two drachms; molasses, four
ounces; mix and put them into a pitcher and pour on them three
pints of boiling water; when new-milk warm add tincture of opium,
half an ounce, and give it all for one dose.
This drink wil!, in general, operate in the space of twenty hours;
if not, let one-half of the quantity be given every night and morning
until the desired effect be obtained.
This will be found a powerful drink, not only in acting asa
purge, but in opening obstructions by which the offending cause
will quickly be removed. After the intestines have been sufficiently
evacuated by giving the above drink (No. 11) it will be found neces-
sary to give the following powder as long as any inflammatory
svmptoms remain :
RECIPE NO. 12.—Take white antimonial powder, two drachms;
nitre, one ounce; camphor, in powder, and tincture of opium, of
each two drachms; mix for one dose.
These powders must be given in a pint of warm gruel. and re-
peated every morning and evening until the fever begins to abate;
afterwards once a day will be sufficient. It frequently happens in
this disease that an inflammatory swelling takes place upon the
jaws, and on different parts of the head. In cases of this kind there
14 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
is a difficulty in swallowing, and as the inflammation increases the
jaws become gradually closed so as not to be opened without an in-
strument. Thisis termed Locked Jaw, the treatment of which will
be found in section 6.
Inflammations and contractions in these parts require medicines
of the most powerful kind. The following will be found excellent
for the purpose:
RECIPE NO. 13.—Take the best soft soap, six ounces; spirits of
hartshorn, rectified spirits of wine and tincture of opium, of each
eight ounces; oil of origanum, two ounces; mix the soap and
spirits of hartshorn well together in a mortar, then add the re-
mainder of the articles and mix them all together, and keep
them in a bottle well corked for use.
This linament will be found a powerful medicine in all anti-spas-
modic diseases of this kind. The parts afflicted must be well rubbed
with it every morning and evening, or oftener if required. The ani-
imals, under all these afflictions, can seldom of themselves take a suf-
cient quantity of nourishment to keep them alive. It will there-
fore be found necessary to give a sufficient quantity of that kind
which produces the most nutriment.
The following gruel will be found adequate to the purpose:
Take an equal quantity of oat and linseed meal, make them into
a thick gruel by boiling in a sufficient quantity of water, sweaten
with coarse sugar or molasses, and a little salt may be added, and
when new-milk warm from two to four quarts may be given to the
animal, or more if necessary, three or four times a day.
By these means the strength of the animal will be supported, and
it will be the better enabled to undergo the operation of medicine.
This is considered one of the severest diseases to which neat cattle
are liable; and after the symptoms disappear it leaves them in a
low, dejected and debilitated state.
The following restorative drink will be found very suitable for
such cattle as have been reduced by severe disease:
RECIPE NO. 14.—Take Peruvian bark, in powder, one ounce;
nitre and salt of steel, in powder, of each one ounce; aniseeds and
carraway seeds, in powder, of each one ounce; mix in a quart of
boiling water or gruel; add a glass of gin or brandy and sweeten
with four ounces of molasses and give for one drink.
It will be necessary to repeat this drink every two or three days
for three or four times, or longer if required, or the following if
thought more proper may be given:
RECIPE NO. 15.—Take Peruvian bark and gentian, in powder,
each one ounce; rust of iron, half an ounce; ginger root, in pow-
der, one ounce; elixir of vitrol, two drachms; molasses, four
ounces; gin or brandy, two tablespoonsfull; mix and give it the
same as No. 14. .
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 15
SECTION V.
MURRAIN OR THE PESTILENTIAL FEVER.
This is another of those severe diseases which afflict neat cattle,
and which very often prove fatal among them. It has, at times,
made great ravages in most parts of Europe, as well as in America,
This disease made great destruction among neat cattle in En-
gland some years ago. And I may further add that few years pass
without its appearance in some part or other, and with different de-
grees of virulence. It has been thought that the murrain bears
some resemblance to the plague, or the yellow fever, both of which
have proved so fatal to mankind.
There is every reason to suppose that this distemper is a con-
tagious one, and is drawn in by the breath of the animal from oth-
ers that are infected; and if the latter were timely separated there
is no doubt but that the further progress of the infection would be
prevented.
This disease is of the putrid kind, and _ is first observed by its ef-
fects in disordering the whole animal frame for several days before
it makes its outward appearance. The foot and mouth disease,
and the pleuro-pneumonia is no doubt a type of the murrain, and
therefore the same treatment will be found beneficial.
The first symptoms that appear are a shivering and trembling of
the limbs, a decrease of appetite, the head and neck protruding, a
difficulty in swallowing, the eyes appear dull and languid and often
shed tears; together with a continual scouring. In a few days the
breath, and also the dung of the diseased animal, become fetid and
very offensive. The steam that perspires from the body, the breath
and the excrements, affect the surrounding air for some distance;
the body and limbs cold; the head, horns and breath are very hot;
the mouth affected with blisters.
This pestilential disease is one of the most violent that can befall
neat cattle. From the violence of the fever an inflammation quickly
takes place in the stomach and intestines. It may also be dis-
covered by the appearance of a morbid tumor either across the loins
or on some other part of the body; and if the hand be pressed
upon the swelling it makes a crackling noise somewhat similar to
that of a bladder when dry. The cause of this sound is the violence
of the fever drying up every appearance of moisture.
In this stage of the disease a gangrene, or a mortification in gen-
eral, takes place which, though it leaves but little hopes of recovery,
yet does not diminish our duty in using every means in our power
to terminate the progress of so destructive a malady.
The more favorable symptoms are as follows: When the fever is
checked in its progress, the tumor gradually fills and forms a good
pus, and is discharged in a proper manner.
The method of cure recommended is, first to bleed the animal a
little if preferred, or as soon as possible after the disease is dis-
covered, let the purging drink (No. 11) be given, and repeated as
there directed until the desired effect be obtained. It sometimes
happens after giving this drink that the animal throws it up again,
which is chiefly owing to a quantity of acid being formed in the
16 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
beast's stomach from a load of indigested food. When this is the
case it will be proper to give one of the purging drinks, Nos. 3, 4 or
10, as there directed, which will correct the acid in the stomach,
and for the most part produce the desired effect; if not, it must be
repeated until the load is removed. If the fever is not checked, or
put a stop to, after the stomach and intestines are evacuated, let
two quarts of blood be taken from the beast, and the powders (No.
12) be given as there directed. By strict attention to the aforesaid
treatment the fever will in general be removed in the course of a
few days; should it, however, continue to increase, and proceed
gradually to a state of putrefaction, let the following drink be given:
RECIPE NO. 16.—Take alum, in powder, four ounces; nitre and
Peruvian bark, in powder, of each one ounce; molasses, four
ounces; mix for one drink.
Let these ingredients be put in a pitcher and a quart of hot gruel
poured upon them; when new-milk warm add halfa pint of vinegar
and give it tothe animal. It may be repeated once a day for three
or four days, as circumstances may require. This drink will also
be found excellent in preventing the infection from spreading among
the other cattle.
As this disease proceeds to a crisis the most difficult time is from
the sixth to the ninth day; if the animals survive the last, they
will in general get the better. They are left in a low and debili-
tated state, for which it will be proper to give them one of the re-
storative drinks, Nos. 14 or 15, and repeat it as there directed. As
soon as any swelling begins to make its appearance in any part of
the body (which is almost sure to be the case in a few days after
they are attacked) let the following mixture be well rubbed in on
the parts affected.
RECIPE NO. 17.—Take nitre, four ounces; vinegar, one quart;
dissolve the nitre in the vinegar; add oil of vitroil, one ounce;
tincture of opium, two ounces; camphorated spirits of wine, four
ounces; mix them together in a bottle for use.
The parts affected must be rubbed with this mixture two or three
times a day. It will be found a powerful application in repelling
or stopping the progress of this black mortifying tumor.
When the inflammatory tumors terminate in a gangrene or mor-
tification, their approach will be known by the following symptoms:
The inflammation loses its redness and assumes a dusky or livid
color; the tension of the skin goes off, and the latter feels of a flabby
nature; the complexion of the tumor changes from that of livid to
a more dark or black appearance; the pulse is quick and low, ac-
companied with cold and clammy sweats. When these symptoms
appear there are but little hopes of recovery. The more favorable
symptoms are those when the tumefied parts are gradually pro-
ceeding tu a state of suppuration. In this case the restringent mix-
ture must be omitted and the following emollient oils be well ap-
plied on the parts affected two or three times a day :
Take oil of elder, four ounces; spirits of turpentine and linseed
oil, of each three ounces; water of pure ammonia, two ounces;. opo-
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 17
deldoe and tincture of opium, of each two ounces; mix and _ bottle
for ‘use.
As soon as matter or pus is sufficiently formed it may be dis-
charged with a lancet or knife, and afterwards dressed with digest-
ive medicines. For the proper treatment of which see section No.
26 on wounds.
Further, the animals suffering under this disease are in general
severely afflicted with a sore mouth. full of blisters and much in-
flamed. The following mixture will be found suitable for the pur-
pose of washing or gargling the mouth and throat:
RECIPE NO. 19 —Take alum, in fine powder, two ounces; nitre
and bole armenic, in powder, of each one ounce; honey, two
ounces; white wine vinegar, one quart; mix ard keep them ina
bottle for use.
The mouth must be well washed with this mixture two or three
times a day in the following manner: Take a stick about two feet
long and fold round one end a small lump of linen, secure it well
with thread, pour some of the wash into a pot; dip the linen into
the gargle mixture and apply it all over the mouth.
Neat cattle suffering under this severe disease are seldom of
themselves able to take a sufficient quantity of nourishment, there-
fore give the gruel as recommended in Brain Fever, three or four
times a day, and, as soon as they will eat, let them have a mash of
bran scalded, with a little corn meal added. Proper care and good
nursing will quickly bring them about.
SECTION VI.
BLACK LEG, QUARTER-EVIL, OR BLACK QUARTER.
This disease is called by a great number of names, but as they
all indicate the same disorder, it will be no advantage to repeat
them here.
The symptoms are in many respects similar to those of the Mur-
rain or Pestitential Fever. It is, however, necessary to discuss this
malady in a separate section, as it does not appear to be either in-
fectious or epidemic, but is almost wholly confined to young cattle
from one to two years old. The Quarter Evil chiefly effects such as
are in the best condition. Milch cows, or lean cattle of all descrip-
tions, are seldom seized with this disease, and during the winter it
is not known. The summer season is the time when it makes its
appearance, and very often proves destructive to great numbers of
young cattle. When the vegetable creation springs up in all its
perfection the young animals are not able to stand such luxurious
living, particularly those which have been much reduced by scanty
food during winter.
The cause proceeds from a redundance or overflowing of the
blood, which is very great, and frequently occasions them to drop
and die suddenly in a state of putrefaction.
The symptoms are a sudden depression of the whole animal
frame, as if seized or struck with the palsy. A swelling takes place
18 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
immediately in some part of the body, as on the legs, shoulders,
under the belly, or on some part of the back; when it appears on
the last part towards the loins, it will be attended with the most
danger. It is first discovered by the crackling noise made by the
swelling when the hand is pressed upon it, and owing to a quantity
of air being collected between the skin and flesh. The mouth and
tongue are full of blisters from the violence of the fever.
As soon as this disease makes its appearance upon the young an-
imal, take from one to three quarts of blood away, according to age
and size. Two hours after bleeding give the following purging
drink, which will be found of a proper strength for young cattle
from the age of one to two years old:
RECIPE NO. 20.—Take glauber salts, from eight to twelve ounces;
white antimonial powder, one drachm; camphor (rubbed into
powder, with a few drops of spirits of wine), one drachm; ani-
seeds and ginger powdered, of each one ounce; molasses, four
ounces; mix for one drink.
Put the ingredients in a pitcher, pour on them a quart of boiling
water, cover the pitcher until new-milk warm and then give it. If
the animal be more than two years old the salts may be increased
in proportion until the quantity shall amount to one pound.
This will be found a powerful drink in removing those inflam-
matory symptoms which attend diseases of this kind, as well as to
evacuate the stomach and intestines. But if it should fail in purg-
ing the animal in the space of twelve or twenty hours, it must be
repeated by giving one-half of the drink night and morning until
the desired effect be obtained; as without this there are but little
hopes of recovery. When this is accomplished the following drink
may be given once a day, or every other day, as may be. thought
necessary:
RECIPE NO. 21.—Take alum, in powder, two ounces; nitre, in
powder, one ounce; Peruvian bark, in powder, half an ounce; an-
iseeds and carraway seeds, in powder, of each one ounce; mo-
lasses, four ounces; mix for one drink.
Put the ingredients in a pitcher and pour on them a quart of
boiling water as in No. 20, and when new-milk warm add halfa
pint of vinegar and give it at once. If the fever be attended with
considerable inflammation in the parts affected, and still continue
to increase, it will be proper to omit the above drink and have re-
course to the powders (No. 12) and give them as directed. And as
soon as the unfavorable symptoms disappear the above drink may
be given. All the swollen or tumefied parts must be well rubbed
with the ::ixture (No. 17). Butif the tumor gradually proceed to
suppurate it will be proper to encourage it by applying the mixture,
No. 18, or the following, as may be thought best:
RECIPE NO. 22.—Take Marsh-mallows ointment and Elder oint-
ment, of each four ounces; spirits of turpentine, two ounces; oil
of vitrol, half an ounce; mix and stir them together; then add
olive oil, four ounces, and stie all together for use.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 19
All the tumefied parts must be well rubbed with this ointment
twice a day, and if it be thought proper and not too much trouble,
the parts may be fomented with the following preparation:
RECIPE NO. 23.—Take white poppy heads, in number, twelve;
wormwood, one ounce; marsh-mallows root, one ounce; linseed,
bruised, half a pound; bruise the poppy heads and boil the whole
in two gallons of ale or beer dregs.
Then take a large piece of flannel, and wring it out of the liq-
uor as hot as possible, and apply to the swelling. This will very
much assist the formation of pus; and as soon as it is brought to a
state of maturation it must be opened with a lancet, and afterwards
dressed in the same manner as other wounds in section 26.
The mouth is generally infected with blisters, which must be ex-
amined and pricked with a lancet, and afterwards dressed with the
mixture, No. 19, as there directed, or with the following mixture:
RECIPE NO. 24.—Take burnt alum, half an ounce; armenian
bole, in powder, half an ounce; common salt, two ounces; put
the whole in a pitcher, then pour a pint and a half of hot vinegar
upon them; when cold bottle for use.
Apply the mixture in the same manner as directed for recipe No.
19. It will be proper to take a few observations respecting the pre-
vention of this malady. Every possible precaution cannot be too
strictly adhered to in preventing so destructive a disease among
young cattle, for if once attacked their cure may be doubtful. Such
as thrive most, are, in general, first attacked, and in the greatest
danger. As soonas this disease makes its appearance upon any
one of the herd, while in the pasture, they should be put in a fold
yard in the evening, and from two to three quarts of blood taken
from each, according to its size and strength. Let them be kept
there until morning and then give to each animal one of the follow-
ing drinks:
RECIPE NO. 25.—Take crude antimony, in powder, half an ounce;
sugar candy and nitre, in powder, of each one ounce; myrrh, in
powder, a quarter of an ounce; flour of sulphur, two ounces; mix
for one drink. ‘
This drink must be given fasting in the morning, in a quart of
warm gruel; two hours after the beasts may be put into the pasture.
Or the following may be given if thought more proper:
RECIPE NO. 26.—Take nitre and madder, in powder, of each one
ounce; alum, in powder, and flour of sulphur, of each two ounces;
molasses, four ounces; mix for one drink.
This must be given in a quart of warm gruel and a wine glassfull
of gin added to it. Two or three of these drinks, with bleeding, are
in general sufficient to protect them against the future approach of
this disease, if given every third morning. By adhering to the
treatment as laid down above, the disease may not only be cured,
but its ravages may also be prevented.
20 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
SECTION Wail
RED WATER AND BLACK WATER.
This disease is common among neat cattle of every description,
but more particularly attacks milch cows than any other kind.
The Red Water and Black Water seldom occur separately. The
former is considered to be the original disease, and the latter (Black
Water) to be occasioned by the retention of part of the blood about
the orifice of the leaky vessel, which coagulates and in a short time
putrifies, changing to a black color. This is in part washed away
every time the beast stales, and constitutes what is termed Black
Water.
The origin of this disease may be ascribed to different causes.
For instance, the taking of cold, when turned into low pasture
grounds in the spring, or to change of pasture, or to the scarcity of
water in a dry season, or to the changeable state of the atmosphere.
Most or all of these causes may, at times, occasion bloody urine.
In some animals it appears to be more hereditary than in others.
Some have been known to have been attacked with this complaint
once or twice a year for two or three successive years, and at last
literally bleed to death, defying all the powers of medicine and
change of diet.
It will be difficult to point out the exact seat of this disease, but
the following observations will, in some measure, enable the practi-
tioner to form his judgment in this respect.
If the Red Water proceed from any external injury, such as a
violent strain across the loins by other beasts jumping on them, or
from a severe blow on the part (which brings on an inflammation
of the kidneys and the adjacent parts), the treatment must be the
same as in cases of Inflammation of the Kidneys, in section 10. But
when this disease proceeds from other causes, as already stated, it
produces a different effect. An inflammation takes place upon the
glands, about the neck of the bladder; hence the small blood ves-
sels become ruptured, and the blood coagulates and lodges in the
cavity about the neck of the bladder, and produces the two different
kinds above mentioned.
When the change takes place from Red to Black Water, the an-
imal in general stales free from either for several times. In slight
cases, where the blood is passed away with the urine, the beast does
not appear to be affected by it; if a cow, she holds to her quantity of
milk and seems no worse. But when the blood so passed away,
is considerable, and continues for a time, it reduces the quantity of
milk, and likewise the animal itself to a very low state; and if some
powerful remedy be not applied the beast must inevitably sink un-
der the pressure of the disease.
The cure must first be attempted by evacuating the stomach and
intestines, for which purpose the following drink will be found suit-
able:
RECIPE NO. 27.—Take glauber salts, one pound, nitre and cream
of tartar, in powder, of each one ounce; ginger, in powder, two
ounces; molasses, four ounces; mix for one dose.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 21
' Put the articles into a pitcher, pour on them three pints of boiling
‘ water, stir the whole and when new-milk warm give the drink to
the beast. This contributes powerfully to remove the cause of this
disease; if it operate sufficiently it in general cures without any
other aid, and if not, it will be necessary to repeat it. The greatest
danger which attends the animal in this disease is that of costive-
ness, or being saped, which the above drink will be found amply
sufficient to remove. Butifit should not have the desired effect
by the time the medicine ceases to operate, it will be necessary to
give the following ball:
RECIPE NO. 28.—Take strained turpentine, four ounces; arme-
nian bole,. bay berries and red sanders, in powder, of each two
- ounces; mix them togetherin a mortar and beat them into a
proper consistency for one ball.
Cut this ball into thin slices and dissolve ina quart of gruel or
stale milk, over a slow fire; when dissolved and new-milk warm
give for one drink. If this ball be given to animals that are inclin-
ing to be costive it will increase the danger by reason of its astrin-
gent quality; in such case, it will be most advisable to give the
purging drink first. As long as the animal does not appear to be
inclined to a costive habit of body, the ball may be given every
other day for two or three times, and it the beast is not cured in
that time it will be proper to have recourse to others of a more
powerful nature, to-wit:
RECIPE NO. 29.—Take venice turpentine, four ounces; nitre, bay
berries, and armenian bole, in powder, of each two ounces; alum,
in powder, four ounces; mix into one ball.
This must be sliced and dissolved as No. 28, and given as there
directed. This ball may be repeated every other night the same as
the former. This has been known to have had the desired effect
after all other means have failed. But if these should fail, it will
be necessary to proceed to others, by which a permanent cure may
be established. The. following drink may be given to great ad-
vantage:
RECIPE NO. 30.—Take alum, in powder, four ounces, nitre, and
sal prunella, in powder, of each two ounces; prepared steel, in
powder, one ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix for one drink.
Put the ingredients into a pitcher and pour upon them a quart of
boiling gruel or water, stir well and when new-milk warm add half
a pint of vinegar and give it. This may be repeated every other
day for three or four times, and if thought proper four tablespoons-
full of spirits of turpentine may be added to the above drink, which
will prove a means of forcing it through the uretha and effect a
more speedy cure. The following drink has been known to cure
this disease after others have fruitlessly been administered:
RECIPE NO. 31.—Take oil of vitrol, half an ounce; tincture of
opium, half an ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix and give it in
two quarts ofwwarm gruel.
22 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
This may be repeated once a day, if found necessary, until a cure
be obtained.
There is a great number of other remedies made use of for this
complaint, but I have never known any to excel the recipes above
given. Some instances have occurred where half a pound of com-
mon salt, dissolved in two quarts of sour buttermilk, has completely
cured this complaint. The animal ought to be kept from food two
hours before any of the preceding drinks or balls are given, and
also for one or two hours after.
They seldom require any particular kind of diet, as they are
rarely off from their food, except they are attacked with a fever, in
which case they are liable to become costive or saped, which is al-
ways attended with danger.
SECTION VIII.
DIARRHGA OR ROTTENNESS.
This disease shows itself, sometimes, by copious stools of a slimy,
bilious and black nature; and at other times of a more frothy,
greasy and a clay-like nature.
Its cause may arise from various circumstances. The most fre-
quent are the acidity or putrescency of the ailments; acrid bile;
pus secreted from abscesses, and carried to the intestines; obstructed
perspiration; putrid vapor and the translation of the morbid mat-
ter of other diseases to the intestines.
The diarrhoea, when of long standing, is always attended with
danger; the frequent or constant motion of the intestines to eject or
discharge their contents quickly reduces the animal to a very weak
and debilitated state, attended with loss of appetite, in consequence
of which the foundation of an incurable disease will be laid if not
timely removed. It is supposed to be occasioned by the severe ef-
fects of the north and northeasterly winds at the spring of the year.
Such winds have very great effect upon the constitution of cattle
that have been kept bad during winter in forwarding the disease.
The time when cattle are most liable to the diarrhoea is in the
spring, especially if the season be wet and cold, grass plentiful and
of a sappy nature.
The relaxed powers of animal nature are not able to perform the
office of digestion, as they are too apt to overload the stomach.
Thus a large quantity of acid is formed in the stomach and con-
veyed from thence through the intestines, which produces slimy
and bilious stools.
Here nature, by her own effort, endeavors to check its progress
by an effusion of the saponaceous juice of the’ bile, which is fixed
for the purpose of correcting acidity and forwarding digestion, but
in many instances it often fails.
Cows, after calving, are liable to take cold when exposed in damp
or wet situations in severe weather, which frequently causes this
disease.
The following are the unfavorable symptoms: The animal loses
her appetite, the dewlap hangs down and has a flabby appearance;
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 23
her dung runs off, with a putrid and offensive smell, and as it falls
upon the ground rises up in bubbles; the hair all over the body ap-
pears staring. These symptoms indicate but little hopes of a speedy
cure.
The animals thus affected should be taken from grass and put
into a house or yard, where they can be sheltered from the weather
and kept on dry feed, such as good hay, ground oats and barley;
add an equal quantity of ground oil cake. A proper quantity should
be given them two or three times a day, and if they are much re-
duced and their appetite is quite gone, a thick gruel may be made
of the same and given to the animal three or four timesa day. A
strict attention to this method of diet will convey a sufficient quan-
tity of nutriment to the animal so as to enable it to undergo the op-
eration of the medicine.
The cure of this disease must first be attempted by evacuating the
stomach and intestines of those bilious and slimy execrements that
corrode and destroy the mucous lining of those parts. This method
may, perhaps, appear inconsistant to some, but its good effect will
soon be perceived; it prepares the parts and Jays a good founda-
tion on which other medicines can duly operate.
RECIPE NO. 32.—Take salt of tartar, one ounce; ipecacuanha, in
powder, one drachm; socotrine aloes, in powder, four drachms;
castor oil, four ounces; ginger, in powder, one ounce; molasses,
four ounces; mix for one drink.
This drink must be dissolved in a quart of hot gruel and given
when new-milk warm. It will be found a mild and valuable purge
for removing and carrying off whatever obstructions may have
caused this disease.
The strength of the drink may be increased by adding two or
three drachms more of aloes, if found necessary. In twenty-four
hours, or when the physic has nearly done operating, the following
may be administered:
RECIPE NO. 33.—Take prepared chalk, four ounces; bole armenic,
and aniseeds, in powder, of each two ounces; ginger, in powder,
one ounce; alum, in powder, three ounces; tincture of opium, half
an ounce; mix for one drink.
This must be given in a quart of warm gruel, and repeated every
other day for three or four or more times. In some cases the alum
may be omitted and the same quantity of common salt substituted,
and the drink may be given in a quart of warm milk.
This drink above prescribed has cured this disease when little
hopes of recovery appeared. In case, however, the above should
fail in producing the desired effect, it will be necessary to proceed to
others, for which I shall give several different formule.
RECIPE NO. 34.—Take castile soap, sliced, two ounces; dissolve
itin a quart of warm gruel; then add prepared chalk, four
ounces; ginger, in powder, one ounce; rhubarb, in powder, half
an ounce; sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; tincture of opium,
half an ouncey mix them in a quart of warm gruel.
24 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
This drink may be repeated every other day for some time; or the
following, which may be in some cases preferable:
RECIPE NO. 35.—Take prepared oyster shells and prepared chalk,
in powder, of each four ounces; ginger and gum kino, in powder,
of each one ounce; alum, in powder, two ounces; tincture of
opium, half an ounce; mix and give ina quart of warm gruel.:
All these different kinds of drinks will be found powerful ab-
sorbents, and in most cases well adapted to put a stop to those im-
moderate fluxes of humors which are continually pouring forth
their contents upon the intestines, and which nature appears to be
in continual motion to eject by contracting the mouths of those ves-
sels. As soon as the progress of the disease is checked, and the
animal begins to recover in strength, the cure may be greatly accel-
erated by giving the following drink:
REBIPE NO 36.—Take gum kino and Peruvian bark, in powder,
of each one ounce; pomegranate shell, in powder, two ounces;
tincture of opium, half an ounce; mix for one drink; boil the
pomegranate powder in three pints of water, and when new-milk
warm add the remainder of the ingredients and give it.
This will be found a most excellent drink in bracing and restoring
the relaxed powers of the animal, and likewise in carrying off the
remains of the disease. It will be proper to repeat the drink every
other day for three or four times.
SECTION IX.
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER.
This disease frequently takes place among neat cattle; it does
not appear to be confined to any particular part of the liver, but
sometimes affects the membranes only, or in its substance, ,in the
concave or the convex side thereof. But, as the treatment in each
case is necessarily the same, it will be of no consequence what part
is affected.
The liver is of a glandular substance, and the largest to be met
with in the animal body; its chief use is to secrete the bile. In-
flammation of the liver may proceed from various causes, sometimes
external, at other times from internal, but mostly from the latter.
Fat beasts, or such as are in good condition, are the most lable
to be attacked with this disease, particularly in hot weather, when
over-heated by driving, or from running about in the pasture on
very hot days; drinking cold water, or being exposed to sudden
cold after the body has been so heated.
Inflammations occasioned by external causes chiefly proceed
from other cattle goring them with their horns, or a violent blow or
bruise from some other cause. Hoye
The symptoms are chiefly as follows: A violent pain and swell-
ing about the short ribs on the right side, attended with difficulty
in breathing; loathing of food; great thirst; with a yellowness ex-
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 25
tending all over the body and on the white of the eyes; a palpitation
or beating of the heart, attended with a strong fever. If the inflam-
mation suppurate and discharge itself into the abdomen, the dis-
ease becomes more critical and dangerous; in this state there is lit-
tle prospect of a recovery. Bleeding will always be found proper
at the commencement of this disease; but the greatest relief, in
general. proceeds from purgative medicines, such as No. 3 or No.
27, or the following if thought more proper:
RECIPE NO. 37.—Take Barbadoes aloes, one ounce; castor oil,
four ounces; rhubarb, in powder, two drachms; castile soap,
sliced, one ounce; salt of tartar, half an ounce; ginger and ani-
seeds, ‘fresh powdered, of each one ounce; molasses, four ounces;
mix and give in a quart of warm gruel.
This drink will be found sufficiently strong for a full-grown ani-
mal; yet if it does not operate in twelve or fourteen hours, it will be
proper to repeatit by giving one-half of the above drink night and
morning untila sufficient passage through the intestines be ob-
tained. For if this be neglected, the fever will rapidly increase and
carry. off the animal in a very short time. If the fever and inflam-
mation still continue, after the bowels have been sufficiently evac-
uated, it will be proper to repeat the bleeding to the quantity of two
quarts or more, and if needful it may be repeated every other day
as long as the inflammation continues. Violent purgative medi-
cines should be avoided, yet it will be always 1equisite to keep the
body sufficiently open, after which give the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 38.—Take nitre, in powder, two ounces; castile soap,
sliced, one ounce; tartarized antimony, one drachm; salt of tar-
tar, half an ounce; ginger, carraway seeds and aniseeds, in pow-
der, of each one ounce; brown course sugar, two ounces; mix and
give in a quart of warm gruel.
It will be proper to repeat this drink once a day for several days,
or as long as any symptoms of the disease may continue to appear.
If, after all these endeavors, the fever still continues violent, it will
be necessary to give the powders, No. 12, as there directed. And
afterwards the animal may be restored by giving one of the drinks
(No. 14). The diet should be mashes made of scalded bran, with a
small quantity of corn and linseed meal mixed in it, or stiff gruel.
By strict attention to this method of treatment a cure in the very
worst of cases may be performed.
SECTION X.
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.
This disease is of frequent occurrence among neat cattle, and is
often attended with very severe and fatal consequences. Small as
the organs of the kidneys are, they are very essential to life and
could not be dispensed with. The quantity of blood that passes
through them is very great; and whatsoever may hinder or obstruct
26 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
the extremities of the arteries,and prevent them from transmitting
the fluid to its proper destination, will infallibly bring on this dis-
ease.
Inflammation of the kidneys may proceed from a violent blow
across the loins, or asprainin that part; but more frequently from
small stones or gravel being lodged within the kidneys; or from
violent motion in hard driving in hot and sultry weather; or from
any other circumstance that drives the blood too forcibly into the
kidneys. The following are the more violent symptoms: A burn-
ing heat, attended with great pain in the region of the kidneys, or
across the loins, and in general extending on the ureters to the
bladder; the heat is very perceptible to the hand, when applied on
the part; and, if pressed, the animal will instantly give way; the
urine is of a high color and sometimes nearly red, often discharged
in small quantities, yet with considerable pain and difficulty; a
shivering or a trembling of the whole body; cold and clammy
sweats; the extremities, as the ears, horns and feet, are for the most
part cold.
The sudden cessation of the nepheitic pains, and the urine drib-
bling away in small quantities, of a black and fcetid color, are cer-
tain signs of approaching mortification.
The symptoms that indicate a favorable termination in this dis-
ease are as follows: Ifthe urine becomes high or coffee-colored; is
secreted in a much larger quantity than stated before, and at last is
copious, thick and mixed with mucus, a gradual relief follows,
which always indicates a speedy cure. Bleeding is uniformly nec-
essary at the commencement of this disease, in proportion to the
size, strength and condition of the beast; from three to four quarts,
or more may be taken the first time. -
About to hours after bleeding give the purging drink No. 11 or
No. 37. Either of these drinks will be found sufficient to evacuate
the intestines, by which the parts will be greatly relieved, and there
is no doubt but the inflammation will be considerably checked. It
will be necessary afterwards to give the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 39.—Take castile soap, sliced, one ounce; salt of tar-
tar, half an ounce; balsam of copavia, one ounce; oil of juniper,
half an ounce; tincture of opium, half an ounce; camphor, two
drachms; dissolve it in the oil of juniper and then mix it with
the balsam of copabia and the yolk of an egg.
The soap may be dissolved separately in a quart of gruel, and
when new-milk warm the other ingredients must be well stirred in
and given.
This drink may be repeated every day, or every other day, as
necessity may require. Should the inflammation continue it will
be proper to repeat the bleeding. As soon as the symptoms begin
to abate, the cure may be effected by giving the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 40.—Take nitre, in powder, two ounces; cream of tar-
tar, one ounce; camphor, in powder, two drachms; liquorice pow-
der and honey, of each two ounces; tincture of opium, half an
ounce; mix for one drink.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL on
Let all the ingredients be pat in a pitcher and a quart of hot
gruel poured upon them; keep it covered until new-milk warm and
then give the drink. It willbe proper to repeat this once a day
until the inflammatory symptoms begin to abate, and then every
other day till the animal is recovered. Costiveness generally ac-
companies a disease of this kind, and tends greatly to increase it;
whenever it occurs it may be removed by the application of the fol-
lowing clyster, which will lubricate the parts and at the same time
act as a fomentation on the part affected:
RECIPE NO. 41.—Take linseed, half a pound; boil it in two quarts
of water and strain while hot; then add Glauber salts, four
ounces; molasses, four ounces; when new-milk warm inject it
and repeat as occasion may require.
If the hand be applied across the loins, and there appear to be an
exterior heat attended with pain, whichis easily ascertained by
pressing the hand on the part affected, rub well with the emolient
oils (No. 18) once or twice a day.
SECTION XI.
INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH
Is produced from nearly similar causes with the inflammation of
the intestines, and in many respects the symptoms are nearly the
same. It is likewise difficult to be distinguished from an inflam-
mation in the convex partof the liver. Butas the treatment is
nearly alike in each case the consequence is not material.
Inflammation inthe stomach proceeds from different causes.
Neat cattle in general seem to have no bounds; when admitted into
a fresh pasture they are too apt to overlay the stomach, by which
the powers of digestion are not able to perform their office; they for-
get to lie down to ruminate or chew their cud, for want of which it
frequently undergoes a more severe process of fermentation and
heat; this obstructs circulation and is the chief cause of bringing
on an inflammation in these parts; it likewise frequently proceeds
from the animal drinking too freely of cold water when over-heated
and in a state of perspiration, which is thus suddenly obstructed.
In some instances itis caused by the acrimony of the bile, or
from some adjacent part that may be inflamed, and at other times
it proceeds from taking into the stomach some acrid, stimulating or
corrosive poisons and such like.
This disease is very acute, and requires the most prompt and
powerful means of relief that can be employed, otherwise it will
prove fatal.
The symptoms are as follows: A pungent and fixed pain in the
stomach, attended with a burning heat; the breath at times is of so
hot a nature as to raise large blisters on the inside of the mouth.
The animal appears quite restless and full of anxiety; everything
that is swallowed appears to increase the pain, and the stomach re-
sists it with a degree of violence which frequently brings on a pain-
28 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
ful cough. The extremities are for the most part cold, and the body
is at the same time overspread with a cold and clammy sweat; pal-
pitation of the heart, attended with a difficulty in breathing. These
may be said to be the chief symptoms that accompany inflamma-
tion of the stomach.
The first thing necessary towards a cure is to bleed plentifully,
according to size and strength; if the disease prove obstinate, it
will be proper to repeat the bleeding in small quantities every two
or three days until the inflammatory symptoms cease. The mashes
and water that are given to the beast should be new-milk warm, as
anything hotter will tend to increase the inflammation.
The medical treatment must first be to unload ths stomach of its
indigested crudities by giving the most cooling and gentle purge
that can possibly be prepared, for unless the stomach and intestines
be first evacuated there will be but little hopes of a cure. The fol-
lowing will be found adequate to this purpose:
RECIPE No. 42.—Take castor oil, one pound; to be beaten until
well incorporated with the yolk of two eggs; then add salt of tar-
tar, half an ounce; molasses or sugar, four ounces; mix in three
pints of warm gruel for one drink.
If this drink does not operate or sufficiently work a passage
through the intestines in the space of twelve hours, it will be neces-
sary to repeat it by giving one-half of the above drink night and
morning until the object be obtained; or, if thought best, give the
drink No. 11 instead. In every stage of this disease nothing tends
more to give relief than the keeping of the body sufficiently open
with gentle purgative medicines. If the fever still continues, or
rage with increased violence, it will be proper to give the following
fever powders:
RECIPE NO. 43.—Take white antimonial powder, two drachms;
camphor, in powder, two drachms; crab’s eyes prepared, one
ounce; tincture of opium, half an ounce; coarse sugar, two table-
spoonsful; mix and give in a quart of warm gruel.
It will be necessary to repeat these powders every morning and
evening in cases that appear to be dangerous, but where the symp-
toms are more favorable once a day will be sufficient. If it should
be thought best give the powders (No. 12), which are very excel-
lent in most inflammatory diseases, to be given as there directed.
As soon as the symptoms begin to abate and the animal to recover
its former strength, the following drink will be found very beneficial
in bracing and restoring the relaxed constitution:
RECIPE NO. 44.—Take prepared steel, in powder, half an ounce;
Peruvian bark and nitre, in powder, of each one ounce; sweet
spirit of nitre and tincture of rhubarb, of each one ounce; mix
and give in a quart of warm gruel.
This drink may be repeated every third day for three or four
times or longer if thought proper. With care and proper manage-
ment the animal will soon be restored.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 29
SECTION XII.
COLIC OR GRIPES.
Cows of every age are liable to this disease. It appears to pro-
ceed from a spasmodic contraction of some part of the intestines.
Almostall pains of the belly go under the denomination of colic, or
gripes. It therefore will be necessary to consider thein under dif-
ferent heads.
The flatulent, or windy colic, is for the most part occasioned by
the animal overloading the stomach with hard, dry and indigestible
food, such as bran, chaff or corn; likewise from drinking too much
cold water when in a state of perspiration. In the summer it fre-
quently takes place among such cattle as are put into fresh past-
ures, where they are apt to overlay the stomach with succulent
grass. A concoction then takes place, avd a quantity of air is
formed, which if not speedily removed an acid will be formed that
will corrode the stomach or some part of the intestines, and possibly
end in an inflammation.
In this case it appears that the animal heat is not sufficient to
bring into motion that mass of aliment of fluid which nature re-
quires so as to prevent the circulation froin being impeded. The
inner surface of the stomach and bowels becomes irritated by their
cold or acrid qualities, which cause violent twitching pains and
produce so much uneasiness. The animals frequently lie down and
rise up on a sudden, and sometimes strike their horns and hind feet
against their belly. The pulse seldom appears to be much affected
at first; but if the disease continue for any length of time it becomes
much quicker and harder than usual. This generally indicates the
approach of inflammation, and is accompanied with considerable
tension of the belly.
The inflammatory colic for the most part proceeds from the for-
mer, and if not speedily relieved must terminate in an inflamma-
tion of some important part of the intestines. This disease is in
general attended with costiveness, which obstructing the contents of
the stomach in some part of the bowels, they ina short time become
acrid and viscid, and hence the membranes that line the intestines
become inflamed. This is the chief cause of those violent excru-
tiating pains the animal labors under. Neat cattle are also very
liable to another kind of costiveness called Fardel Bound; it pro-
ceeds from the liquid parts forcing a passage either through the
hardened excrements or by their side. Considerable danger attends
cattle in this situation; as the deceitful appearances are easily mis-
taken for purging. When these symptoms of costiveness make
their appearance no time should be lost; give the purging drink No.
46 or No. 42, or No.3 or No. 4may be given. Should the animal
breathe short, and heave in the flanks, attended with a continual
fever, this indicates the approach of an inflammation.
If this disease continue for a few days with all the aforesaid
symptums, a gangrene or mortification will ensue which will end in
sudden death. This, however, may be prevented by administering
proper medicines in time; for, when first attacked with the colic,
they seldom require more than some warm, stimulating drink to
promote the pexistaltic motion of the stomach and intestines.
30 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
RECIPE NO. 45.—Take aniseeds, sweet fennel seeds and carraway
seeds, in powder, of each two ounces; grains of paradise, in pow-
der, half an ounce; ginger, fresh powdered, one ounce; spirit of
turpentine, three tablespoonsfull; tincture of opium, half an ounce;
mix these for one drink; add a wine glassfull of gin and give in
a quart of warm gruel.
This will be found an excellent drink for removing flatulency and
expelling wind, and may be repeated in the course of the day if no
feverish symptoms appear. But if the animal begin to swell in the
body, without obtaining any relief from the above drink, it will be
necessary to take away from three to four quarts of blood. This
will check the inflammation. About two hours after bleeding the
following purging drink may be given:
RECIPE NO. 46.—Take socotrine aloes, half an ounce; Glauber
salts and castor oil, each four ounces; aniseeds, carraway seeds
and ginger, fresh powdered, of each one ounce; oil of juniper
and tincture of opium, of each half an ounce; dissolve the aloes
and salts in a quart of hot gruel or water, and when new-milk
warm add molasses, three ounces, and the other ingredients and
give it.
This generally operates in about twelve hours; if not it must be
repeated, and give one-half of the above drink night and morning
until the desired effect be obtained. The quantity of blood to be
taken from the animal when physic is to be given in a short time
after, should not exceed two-thirds of the usual quantity, otherwise
the animal would be reduced too low. The injection o! a clyster,
twice a day, will greatly assist the medicine in its operation.
RECIPE NO 47.—Take linseed, bruised, four ounces; tobacco, one
ounce; common salt, one handfull; molasses, four ounces; boil
the two first articles in three quarts of water; strain through a
cloth and add the remainder; when new-milk warm inject it up
the anus.
Clysters are, in most cases, beneficial; they relax the parts as far
as they go, and by softening the foeces, promote evacuation much
sooner. Immediate ease frequently succeeds these necessary evac-
uations; and the animal’s appetite may in a short time be restored
by good nursing; and a few of the restorative drinks (No. 14 or No.
15) be given as directed.
SECTION XIII.
FOG SICKNESS, HOVEN OR BLOWN.
This is a common complaint amongst neat cattle, and is attended
with symptoms of the most distressing nature. It requires speedy
relief or a rupture of the stomach or some part of the intestines may
be expected to take place, which generally soon terminates the ani-
mal’sexistence. Fog sickness usually proceeds from a voracious and
greedy disposition, incident to neat cattle when permitted to satiate
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 31
their appetite with food; such as red clover, alfalfa or different
kinds of grasses; likewise turnips, potatoes, beets and green corn,
and sometimes chaff. The latter are liable to choke the animals
and the former to blow them,
This disease, or rather accident, requires no description, as it is
well known to most persons who keep cattle. Cows are most sub-
ject to be Fog sick, Hoven or Blown in the summer; and in the win-
ter to be choked.
This complaint is generally occasioned by the animal feeding for
some time upon rich succulent food, so that the stomach becomes
overcharged, and they through their greediness to eat forget to lie
down to ruminate or chew their cud. Thus the paunch, or first
stomach, is rendered incapable of expelling its contents; a concoc-
tion or fermentation takes place in the stomach, by which a large
quantity of confined air is formed in the part that extends nearly
to the anus, and for want of vent at that part causes the animal to
swell even to a state of suffocation, or a rupture of some part of the
stomach or intestines ensues. As death is the consequence of this,
the greatest caution is necessary in turning cattle into a fresh past-
ure, where the feed is considerable; nor should they be allowed to
remain too long at a time in such pastures before they are removed
to a close yard, in order that the organs of rumination and digestion
may have time to discharge their functions.
Various expedients are employed for the purpose of affording re-
lief, both with medicine and manual operation. It is a good prac-
tice to give such cows as are of a greedy disposition a comfortable
drink, viz., No.1 or No. 2, about an hour before they are turned into
a fresh pasture. This will have the desired effect.
As soon as the animal is discovered to be either Hoven or Blown,
by eating too much of succulent grasses, give the purging drink No.
3 or No. 4 as there directed; either of these drinks will for the most
part check fermentation in the stomach, and in a short time force a
passage through the intestines.
When medicine fails to have a speedy effect, recourse must be
had to external means by using an instrument constructed as fol-
lows: Get a piece of small cane about six feet long, with a round
knob of wood properly secured to one end of the cane, then take hold
of the horn with one hand and the nostrils with the other; the as-
sistant must take hold of the tongue with one hand, while he pushes
the cane down the animal’s throat with the other; as soon as the
knob of wood enters the stomach a large quantity of fetid air will
be discharged, which will easily be discerned by the animal’s body
sinking to its former state again; and nature taking its regular
course the animal will soon be restored.
Paunching is another method sometimes resorted to in dangerous
cases. The operation is performed in the following manner: Take
a sharp pen-knife and gently introduce it into the paunch between
the haunch bone and the last rib on the left side. This will in-
stantly give vent to a large quantity of fetid air; a small tube ofa
sufficient length may then be introduced into the wound and re-
main until the air is sufficiently evacuated; afterwards take out the
tube and place over the orifice a plaister of pitch. Wounds of this
kind are seldom attended with danger. After the wind is expelled,
32 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
and the body has been reduced to its natural state, let the following
cordial drink be given:
RECIPE NO. 48.—Take aniseeds, diapente and elecampane, in,
powder, of each two ounces; tincture of rhubarb, two ounces;
sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix and
give in a quart of warm gruel.
This drink may be repeated every other day for two or three
times; or the following may be given instead:
RECIPE NO. 49.—Take aniseeds, grains of paradise and cummin ‘
seeds, powdered, each two ounces; spirits of turpentine, two table-
spoonsful sweet spirits of nitre, one ounce; molasses, two ounces;
mix and give in a quart of warm gruel.
This drink may be repeated every day for two or three times.
SECTION XIV.
STAGGERS, VERTIGO OR SWIMMING IN THE HEAD. :
Neat cattle are subject to this disease, which is generally known
by some of the above-mentioned names. The seat of this complaint
appears to be in the head, although it may proceed from the stom-
ach, and this is not probable.
It proceeds from a large quantity of phlegmatic Heieem pressing
upon the brain and optic nerves, which cause the animal to have a
wavering and staggering motion ‘of the body.
The symptoms are attended with heaviness and dullness oi eke
whole frame, a constant disposition to sleep, which is manifested by
the animal resting its head upon any convenient place. If this dis-
ease be not checked in its infancy by bleeding, evacuation and proper
management, it will probably terminate in an inflammation of
the brain or on some other part of the body.
This disease mostly attacks animals that have been kept in a
state of poverty and starvation during the winter, and which in
the spring have been put into a good fresh pasture; hence is
produced a redundancy of blood and other fluids pressing upon the
contracted vessels, while the animal occonomy on the other hand,
is using its utmost endeavor to restore reduced nature to its original
state. “If it is not checked in the manner as stated before, inflam-
mation in all probability must take place, in which case the animal
is attended with all the symptoms of one that is mad.
The cure must first be attempted by taking from two to three
quarts of blood from the animal, according to size and strength;
two or three hours after give one of the purging drinks, No. 3 or No.
4, or if thought best No. 10. Any of these are generally sufficient
to purge an animal; but ifit should not operate in about sixteen
hours give one- -half of either of the aforesaid drinks every twelve
hours until the desired effect be obtained.. Purging is very neces-
sary in this disease, as well as in all others of an inflammatory
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 33
kind, for otherwise it will be impossible to check its progress; and
as soon as this is effected the following drink should be given:
RECIPE NO. 50.—Take tartarized antimony, one drachm; volatile
salt of ammonia and camphor, in powder, each two drachms; ni-
tre and cream of tartar, each one ounce; molasses, four ounces;
mix in a quart of hot gruel or water, and give when new-milk
warm for one drink.
It will be necessary to repeat this drink twice a day until the
symptoms begin to abate; afterwards once a day will be sufhi-
cient. But so long as the fever continues to be attended with
raving and delirious symptoms, it will be proper to take from
one'to two or three quarts of blood from the animal every two
or three days. The keeping of the body sufficiently open with
purgative medicines, bleeding and administering the above drink
according to instructions, there is not much doubt but what it
will prove sufficient to perform a cure. If the disease continue
long, the following blistering ointment may be well rubbed on
the poll of the head and on each side of the neck:
RECIPE NO. 51.—Take yellow Basilicon ointment, three ounces;
spirits of turpentine, one ounce; Spanish flies, powdered, half
an ounce; mix them well together.
It will be proper to repeat this blister once a day for several
days, and if it take proper effect it will generally give relief to
the parts effected. When the blister has ceased to discharge the
part may be rubbed with Elder or Marsh-mallow ointment once
a day for two or three. times, and after the symptoms are abated
the animal may be restored by giving the drink No. 14 or No.
_ 15 as there directed.
SECTION XV.
THE MILK FEVER.
_ This is a disease peculiar to cows in good condition at the
time of calving; when young or old, all are liable to be attacked
by it. Whenever it takes place it is distressing to the animal,
as well as troublesonie to the owner; they seldom or ever are
able to rise in less than two or three days after. The puerperal,
or milk fever, is most frequent during the hot summer weather.
The cows most liab-e to this fever have large udders that are
full of milk for several days before calving, and often very much
inflamed and swelled.
The best method of preventing this disease is as follows: Take
four or five quarts of blood from the animal, about eight or ten
days before her time of calving. Let the blood be taken away
at night, and: the animal kept in a yard till next morning. The
following drink should be given before being turned out to grass,
as it will check the overflow of milk and brace up the relaxed
vessels: ;
34 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
RECIPE NO. 52.—Take alum in powder, two ounces; nitre and
cream of tartar, each one ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix in
a quart of boiling waler or gruel and give when milk warm.
Two hours after the animal may be turned out. This drink may
be repeated if thought necessary. If the cow’s udder is not suf-
ficiently relieved by bleeding and the aforesaid drink, the part
must be well rubbed with the following repellent medicine:
RECIPE NO. 53.—Take Goulard extract, four ounces; camphor-
ated spirits of wine, eight ounces; white vitriol, one ounce; rain
water, that has been boiled, one quart; mix and keep in a bottle
for use.
The udder and all the vessels about it that appear to be swollen
or inflamed must be well rubbed with this mixture two or three
times a day. If the inflammation still continues to increase, it will
be proper to milk her once or twice a day for a few days before
calving. When this is the case the above lotion may be omitted,
and the following liniment applied each time after milking:
RECIPE NO. 54.—Take Elder ointment, Marsh-mallow ointment
and soft soap, each four ounces; spirits of turpentine, two ounces;
oil of origanum, half an ounce; mix the whole well together and
keep for use.
This will greatly assist in removing the inflammation and in as-
suaging the tumefied parts, as well as restore the milky secretions
to their proper state. Cows thus afflicted before calving require
great care and attention at the time, by which the disease may in a
measure be prevented. The Milk Fever usually attacks the cow on
the second, third or fourth day after calving. It has been known
to attack some in a few hours after. Its symptoms correspond with
those of many other fevers. A cold shivering fit comes on, accom-
panied with a throbbing and great sickness; the pulse is quick, and
the tongue parching dry. The animal becomes very restless, at-
tended with a remarkable depression of spirits and loss of strength;
the extremities are for the most part cold. As soon as this disease
takes place it will be best to attempt to remove it by giving the fol-
lowing drink:
RECIPE NO. 55.—Take Peruvian bark, powdered, one ounce; gin-
ger and grains of paradise, in powder, each half an ounce; ani-
seeds, carraway seeds and sweet fennel seeds, powdered, each two
ounces; salt of tartar, half an ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix
in a quart of boiling water; add a gill of gin.
If the fever make but little progress. and the cow appears brisk
and lively, eats her food moderately well, and has her evacuations
nearly regular, it will be proper to repeat this drink once a day or
every other day for two or three times. It promotes the milky secre-
tions by destroying the acidity which hasa tendency to choke up the
lacteal vessels and bring on an inflammation in the udder. If the
fever appear gradualiy to increase from the first attack, care must
be taken or the animal will soon be in a_ costive state, saped or
fardel-bound (as it is called); these are synonymous names relating
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 35
to the same thing, and may be better understood by one than the
other. If, therefore, the fever continue to increase after giving the
above drink, her body must be kept open by giving one of the fol-
lowing drinks. If the fever attacks the same day as she calves, and
it is necessary to give the physic give her No. 42 as there directed.
But if on the third day give her No. 10 as there directed; and if on
the fourth or fifth day give No. 3 or No. 4 as directed. As soon as
any of the preceding drinks have sufficiently evacuated the bowels,
and nearly ceased to operate, the drink No. 55 may be repeated;
or, if the fever be considerably abated, give No. 1 or No. 2 instead,
as there directed. It will be proper to notice that in every stage of
this disease the body should be kept open with the purgative med-
icines before mentioned, and they may be greatly assisted by in-
jecting the following clyster:
RECIPE NO 56.—Take linseed meal, eight ounces; boil it in three
quarts of water; strain and add salt of tartar, one ounce; sweet
oil, four ounces; molasses, four ounces; mix and when milk warm
inject.
Cows afflicted with Milk Fever require great care and good nurs-
ing. They are sometimes unable to take a sufficient quantity of
nourishment themselves; it therefore becomes necessary to give
them two or three quarts of gruel of linseed meal and oatmeal,
mixed, three or four times a day.
SECTION XVI.
TO EXTRACT THE PLACENTA, OR THE CLEANSING
FROM THE COW AFTER CALVING.
The extracting of the secundines or cleansing from the cow re-
quires care and proper management; least violence should be used
in drawing the navel string too strongly. If the cow has gone her
natural or full time there is not the least difficulty or danger in
taking it from her by manual operation, provided she be put in a
proper position, otherwise it will be impossible to take it from her
without tearing.
Such persons as wish to remove the placenta, and to give the cow
that ease which nature requires after pains of this kind, should ob-
serve the following rules:
First.—Take the cow to a proper shed or house, well littered
down with clean straw, as soon as possible after she has calved;
care should be taken that her fore parts stand on rising ground.
This will greatly assist the operator. Some cows will part with
their cleansing with a little assistance while standing; others will
much more easily when laid down. In either case the operator
must take a cloth, lay hold of the umbilical cord or cleansing, and
every time she attempts to strain draw it gently forward until it
gets dislodged from its bed, then it generally comes all at once.
There is but little chance of taking the cleansing properly away,
except every attention be paid to her throes or after-pains. Those
36 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
cows which have slinked or slipped their calves before the regular
time of gestation (and likewise such as have gone their full time,
where the cleansing has been neglected to be taken away), in a few
days become so tender that the least pressure upon it will cause it
to tear. In these cases it will be proper to give her two or three of
the following drinks. And it will be proper to give this drink to
cows of all descriptions after calving:
RECIPE NO. 57.—Take spermaceti, two ounces; balsam of co-
paiba, one ounce; the yolk of an egg; beat them together ina
mortar until well incorporated; add Irish slate, in fine powder,
two ounces; aniseeds, grains of paradise and carraway seeds, fresh
powdered, each one ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix in a quart
of boiling water and add a wine glassfull of gin and give when
milk warm.
This drink will be beneficial in cleansing and healing those vesse!s
which have become lacerated by the divulsion of the placenta from
the uterus. As soon as the flux or discharge cease, and any de-
ficiency is found in the milky secretions, it will be best to give a few
of the drinks No. 1 or No. 2, as there directed, and add four ounces
of fresh butter or sweet oil, which will be found most excellent for
all cows after calving, especially young heifers.
SECTION XVII.
HOW TO EXTRACT A CALF WHEN IT PRESENTS ITSELF
IN A WRONG POSITION.
Persons who have anything to do with cows ought to be well ac-
quainted with the manner in which a calf should present itself
when in a natural or proper position.
All those positions are called unnatural in which the calf presents
itself otherwise than with its head and fore feet first and its back
towards the cow’s back. It is well known to all who have the man-
agement of cows, that calves are very conimonly presented in a va-
_ riety of different postures, for which no just reason can be assigned.
And whenever they present themselves in a wrong posture, both
cow and calf are in danger, and that more or less according to the
ability of the person employed to give the necessary assistance.
In the first place, then, after the waters are broke, and only the
head and one foot present themselves, you must take hold of the
calf’s head and wait till the throes are off, then gently push it back
and rectify the other foot, after which it may be extracted without
danger.
SrconpLy.—If the head only presents itself and both feet are left
behind, the head must be pushed back gently as soon as her throes
are off and the feet properly placed with the utmost care, so as not
to wound or tear the uterus.
Turrpiy —If all the four feet are turned where the back ought to
be, towards the top of the uterus, in this situation it will be impos-
sible to extract the foetus until it be put in a proper position. In
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 37
operations of this kind everything depends upon the management
of the person employed in putting the animal in a proper position.
‘The hind parts must be raised with straw or other substance that
will make it easy to lie on. By this means the person will be very
much assisted in putting the calf in a suitable posture for extrac-
tion; afterwards wait until her throes return, and then give nature
your best assistance.
FourTHLY.—It sometimes happens that the hind legs make their
appearance first; in this case it will be found better to extract them
in that position than attempt to turn them.
Firraty.—Instances frequently occur of calves being dropsical
in the head; this may be known by the largeness of the latter, in
which case the other parts are generally small and wasted away.
Under these circumstances, if the calf cannot be extracted in the
usual way, the best method will be to fix a strong cord around each
foot, or upon the upper or lower jaw, and then to assist the cow
every time nature attempts to do its office. If, however, the calf be
dead it may be cut away with a proper knife. This requires a per-
son of skill and experience, otherwise the life of the cow is in great
danger.
SrxrHiy.—Frequent instances have also occurred where the shoul-
der has presented itself first at the mouth of the uterus; this is a
difficult case and requires the hand to be introduced in search for
the fore legs; or, if thought more proper, the hind legs may be
brought forward; this must be left to the judgment of the person
employed.
SEVENTHLY.—It sometimes hapnens in cases where the calf is
dead or dropsical in the head, that instruments are necessary to be
used. When thisis the case the cow is generally reduced to a
weak, low and emaciated state. The instrument may be made of
a small rod of iron, or very strong wire, with a small hook at the
end. This hook must be placed in the operator’s hand as not to en-
danger the uterus when introduced. It must be then fixed in some
part of the calf’s head, as the sockets of the eyes, in the mouth, or in
any other part about the head, as may appear most convenient at
the time. Sometimes the fcetus is so enlarged, and the womb so
contracted, as not to admit of extraction. It will then be necessary
to take it away by pieces. This may be done, but it requires a
man well skilled in this practice. The knife must be made for the
purpose, and the blade so placed in the hand. with the fore finger
over the point, to protect the uterus from being wounded. In all
cases where the cow has been badly handled, and the inner parts
much bruised, the following mixture will be found of inflinite use
in warming, healing and stimulating the injured parts.
RECIPE NO. 58.—Take compound tincture of myrrh and cam-
phorated spirit of wine, of each four ounces; Barbadoes tar and
olive oil, of each three ounces; sweet spirit of nitre and tincture
of opium, of each two ounces; molasses, four ounces; mix all to-
gether and bottle for use.
The method of using these oils is as follows: Take as much as
you can hold in the hollow of the hand, then introduce it up the
matrix or womb; or saturate a sponge with the medicine and in-
38 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
troduce as above, pressed well out with the hand; or it may be in-
jected up the uterus with a syringe, but the two former methods are
much the best.
As soon as the operation is over, give her the drink No. 57 as
there directed. It will be necessary to repeat them for three or
four times, once a dav at least. Her body likewise should be kept
open with mashes of scalded bran, to which a small quantity of
groand oats, barley or corn may be added. Good nursing and
proper management will soon restore the animal.
SECTION XVIII.
THE FALLING DOWN OF THE CALF BED.
This is a complaint, or rather an accident, of frequent occurrence
among old cows at the time of calving, and proceeds from the vio-
lent motions that attend the extracting of the calf, and likewise
from the relaxation of the ligaments of the uterus. Some cows are
more subject to the falling down of the calf bed than others; this
appears in a great measure to proceed from the shape and make of
the cow in those parts. The cows most liable to this complaint are
those that rise considerably on the small of the back, in the form of
a curve, and begin to lower towards the tail; the hips, ramp and
surloin are for the most part straight. Cows of this form denote
great weakness in those parts, and without care and proper man-
agement at the time of calving are liable to have this complaint.
The observance of the following rules may prove a means of pre-
venting it:
First.—If they are kept in a cow house at the time of calving
the floor should be on a level; it would be to the advantage of
some cows to stand higher behind than before for a considerable
time before calving, as it would enable them when down to rise with
more ease and with less danger of straining themselves.
Sreconp.—If the falling down of the calf bed be suspected the cow
should be carefully watched at the time of calving, and as soon as
that takes place care should be taken to have in readiness a sheet
to put underneath and around the calf bed, if she lie down, or to
support it if standing, and to protect it from dirt, as also from the
effects of air.
Then let the operator take away the placenta, or cleansing, in the
gentlest possible manner, lest an effusion of blood take place and
endanger tne life of the cow. Afterwards bathe and wash all the
parts that hang down from the uterus with the following lotion:
RECIPE NO. 59.—Take rectified spirits of wine, eight ounces;
camphor, sliced, one ounce; dissolve the camphor in the spirits;
then add Goulard’s water, four ounces; rain water, one quart;
mix all together and use milk warm.
» As soon as the parts have been well washed or fomented with this
lotion, her hind parts must be raised, and the person’s hand well
rubbed with linseed oil. Then endeavor to find the middle part of
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 39
the calf bed, and by a gentle pressure of the hand it may in general
be replaced with ease and safety.
Sometimes it is with difficulty prevented from falling out a sec-
ond time; when this happens, take a small wire and pass it through
the lips of the womb, and bend each end of the wire in order to pre-
vent it from falling out. This may be permitted to remain there
several days, or until such time as the calf bed gets properly fixed
in its former position. This will easily be known by the cow hav-
ing no more symptoms to strain herself, after which the wire may
be taken away.
As soon as the calf bed is properly replaced and made secure, it
will be necessary to give her the following drink to remove the vio-
lent ‘after-pains. This drink should be repeated once a day, or
every other day, for two or three times. Warm mashes and proper
management must strictly be attended to.
RECIPE NO. 60.—Take Peruvian bark, white ginger and prepared
chalk, powdered, each one ounce; aniseeds, fresh powdered, four
ounces; tincture of opium, half an ounce; molasses, four ounces;
mix ina quart of boiling water or gruel and give when milk
warm.
SECTION XIX.
LOCKED JAW.
This disease is not so common amongst neat cattle as horses.
Whenever its takes place it generally begins with a sudden stagna-
tion of the whole system; every muscle appears seized at once, and
the jaws are so fast closed as very often to require an instrument to
force them open at the time of giving medicines. The first thing
necessary towards a cure must be to bleed, taking away three, four
or five quarts, according to the animal’s size and strength, after
which give the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 61.—Take opium, two drachms; assafcetida, cut
small, one ounce; put them in a mortar and gradually add a
pint of boiling water; keep stirring until all be dissolved; then
add spirit of hartshorn, two ounces; ginger, in powder, one ounce;
cayenne pepper, half an ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix and
give in a pint of warm gruel.
It will be proper to repeat this drink once or twice a day as long
as the symptoms remain violent.. If this disease attack the animal
in the winter two or three pails of warm water may be thrown upon
it, and if in the summer cold water may be used. Afterwards let
two persons, one on each side, rub the animal dry with straw ora
brush, This well applied over the body, legs and ears, will often
give relief. After which cover the animal with a blanket, as
warmth in this disease is always beneficial. Locked jaws, or con-
vulsions of this kind, most frequently proceed from wounds in dif-
ferent parts of the body, where a nerve or tendon is injured. Other
causes, however, produce convulsions, as the taking of poison, or
40 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
licking up any poisonous herbs or insects; these irritate the stom-
ach and intestines, by which the convulsions not only attack par-
ticular parts of the body, but often extend over the whole animal
frame. All such parts as are most contracted should be well
rubbed two or three times a day with the liniment No. 18, which
will be found to have a powerful effect in removing spasms in all
parts of the body. If the symptoms are not removed in twenty-
four hours the animal must be treated in the same manner as for
the Inflammatory Fever, section 11. this treatise.
SECTION XX.
UTILITY OF PURGING MEDICINES IN DISEASES INCI-
DENT TO NEAT CATTLE.
Neat cattle are subject to a variety of diseases as well as the
horse, though not to the same extent as the latter; this may in a
measure be owing to the labor and fatigue which the one undergoes
more than the other. Physic for cattle is one of the principal rem-
edies towards curing most fevers and inflammatory diseases, when
properly administered. Nevertheless, it is seldom advisable to give
physic to a beast unless it labor under some disease.
Neat cattle are by nature of a greedy and ravenous disposition,
whose appetite is unbounded and hardly ever satisfied. Milch cows
in particular are of this description; for, if feeding on succulent
grasses, or other food agreeable to their palate, they very often con-
tinue until they are in danger of suffocation. Thus the powers of
digestion become over-burdened, and a fever or other inflammatory
disease is frequently induced, in which cases purgative medicines
alone can give relief.
As fevers are in general accompanied with inflammation, nothing
tends more to give relief than purgative or opening medicines; they
unload the stomach and intestines of a mass of indigested crudities
which so rapidly increase all diseases of this kind.
External inflammation proceeds from outward causes, such as
wounds, according to their situation and extent; bruises and other
accidents they are liable to, on different parts of the body. All
these produce inflammation in part according to its severity, which
affects the whole system and very often bring on a fever; and, if
the latter be not timely removed by proper purgative medicines, ‘the
animal may die.
The greatest danger attendant on wounds is when the inflamma-
tion exceeds its natural bounds, and instead of generating pus a
gangrene takes place, which if not timely checked will disseminate
itself through the whole system. In this case the animal will ap-
pear greatly dejected in spirits, witn wildness in the eyes, the pulse
being quick, low and weak. For the proper treatment in this case
see section 26 on wounds.
After a gangrene or mortification once takes place, and enters the
system, little can be expected from the aid of physic. In all kinds
of fevers, whether symptomatic, local or of primary affection, pur-
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 41
gative medicines are of great importance, and without a free passage
through the intestines there is but little hope of a recovery. In
different parts of this treatise a great variety of purging drinks will
be found suitable for every disease; the reader is referred to those
marked with the following numbers: Nos. 3, 4, 10, 11, 20, 27, 32,
37,42 and 46. The two first numbers and number eleven are the
ones mostly used.
All these drinks are calculated for a full grown animal. The re-
mainder of the purging drinks will be found under the respective
diseases to which they belong.
SECTION XXII.
THE HOOSE OR COUGH
Diseases of this kind are very troublesome, as well as distressing
to the animal. Cows and young cattle are most liable to com-
plaints of this nature.
The Hoose or Cough proceeds from taking cold, either after caly-
ing or from being kept in too warm a place, and then exposed to
cdld and wet weather; which, producing an overflow of extraneous
matter in the throat, causes a continual tickling motion in that
parv.
The symptoms are a phe races of breath; a continual motion to
cough, attended with great difficulty in respiration, which seems to
press hard upon the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. Without
speedy relief it may bring on some local complaint, and terminate
in fever or an inflammation of the lungs. The following drink will
be found beneficial in removing diseases of this kind:
RECIPE NO. 62.—Take balsam of sulphur, two ounces; Barba-
does tar, one ounce; the yolks of two eggs, beat all together until
well incorporated; then add ginger, aniseeds, cummin seeds, el-
ecampane root, grains of paradise and liquorice root, each pow-
dered, one ounce; salt of tartar, half an ounce; honey, four
ounces; mix all together i in a quart of hot water or ‘eruel; add a
gill of gin and give when milk warm.
Repeat this drink every other day, or every third day, for three
or four times. If this is given at the commencement of the disease
one or two drinks will be found sufficient to remove it.
When this disease is of long standing it can seldom be removed
without first giving a purging drink, as No. 3 or 4, and in some
cases No. 10 will be preferable. After any of these drinks haye
been given, and have ceased to operate, give the animal the above
drink and repeat as directed. By this treatment, together with
good mashes, warm water and good care, the animal will soon be
restored, or if thought best’ the restorative drink No. 15 may be
given as directed.
42 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
SECTION XXII.
RHEUMATISM OR THE JOINT FELON.
The word Felon is of frequent occurrence; it is applied to diseases
proceeding from cold, and is variously called as Cold, Felon, Joint
Feion and Chine Felon.
This is a disease of the joints, and chiefly affects milch cows and
young cattle in the spring; it is generally occasioned by the ani-
mals being kept bad during the winter, and being in the spring ex-
posed to cold winds and wet weather.
The following are the symptoms: The animals for the first two
or three days appear stiff in the joints; afterwards they begin to
swell, yet there is no appearance of inflammation; but a cold phleg-
matic tumor arises in the joints, accompanied with a stiffness that
frequently extends all over the body to such a degree that the ani-
mals are unable to rise without some assistance. Cattle laboring
under this disease suffer very much from the severe pains in the
parts, as well as from listlessness and inability to stir. As soon as
this disease makes its appearance the animal must be put ina
warm place, as warmth very much assists nature, and at the same
time promotes the effects of medicine. The joints and all the af-
flicted parts must be well rubbed with the following mixture:
RECIPE NO. 63.—Take neatsfoot oil, eight ounces; spirits of tur-
pentine, four ounces; spirit of sal-ammoniac, four ounces; cam-
phorated spirit of wine, six ounces; oil of origanum, two ounces;
tincture of opium, two ounces; mix and bottle for use.
These oils must be well rubbed in on the joints once or twice a
day. There is seldom any fever in this disease, except that of a
nervous kind; the whole animal frame appears to be affected with
a sluggish disposition and a want of heat; this is Rheumatism or
Joint Felon.
The method of cure consists in giving fresh life and action to the
animal and to revive nature. The following drink should be given,
which gives speedy relief in complaints of this kind:
RECIPE NO. 64.—Take gum guaiacuin, in powder, one ounce;
Peruvian bark, in powder, one ounce; aniseeds, carraway seeds
and grains of paradise, fresh powdered, each two ounces; cam-
phor, powdered, with a few drops of spirits of wine; molasses,
four ounces; mix in a quart of boiling water or gruel. The gum
guaiacum must be kept out until milk warm and then added.
It will generally be found necessary to repeat this drink every
other day for a few times. At the commencement of the disease
it will be easy to remove by giving two or three of the cordial drinks
No. 1 or No. 2, as there directed. In some instances this may change
to the acute or inflammatory rheumatism, which is attended with a
fever, pain and swelling in the joints. When this happens it will
be necessarygto keep the body open by giving one of the purging
urinks No. 3 or 4, and if necessary repeat it.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 43
SECTION XXIII.
POISONS.
Poisons may be considered under two heads, the one external, the
other internal. We shall in this section confine our attention to the
latter.
They proceed from different causes, such as eating of some dele-
terios herbs, or the drinking of stagnated waters. But, whether the
animal have taken poison by eating or drinking, the symptoms are
a violent pain and heat at the stomach; the body frequently swells
to a prodigious size, attended with giddiness and stupidity. From
whatever source the poison may have been taken, if allowed to re-
main in the stomach, and no attempt made to remove it, it gen-
erally proves fatal in a short time. Animals, when once attacked
with poison, require speedy relief; if they begin to swell let a pen-
knife be introduced (between the haunch bone and the last rib on
the left side) into the paunch. This will instantly give vent to the
foul air and very often afford speedy relief, particularly if the poison
proceeds from vegetables. As soon as possible after any animal is
discovered to be in this state give the drink No. 42 as directed, or
if more handy No. 3 or4 may be given. Hither of these will correct
the acrimony and carry it off by stool. After some one of the afore-
said drinks has been given it will be found necessary to administer
the following in order to destroy the effects of the poison and to as-
sist the purging drink in forcing a passage through the intestines:
RECIPE NO. 65.—Take salt of tartar, one ounce; castor oil or
olive oil, four ounces; tincture of opium, half an ounce; mix in a
quart of warm gruel; to be repeated twice a day until the animal
be relieved.
If the animal be in good condition three quarts of blood may be
taken away. By strict attention to the above treatment there re-
mains but little doubt of a speedy cure, which may be assisted by
giving a few of the cordial drinks No. 1 or 2.
SECTION XXIV.
THE BITE OF VENOMOUS REPTILES.
Neat cattle are more liable to be stung by these reptiles than any
other cof the domestic animals. Instances have been known where
the tongue of the beast has been stung while grazing that have
proved fatal. Snakes seldom attack cattle except when disturbed
by them when grazing; this is the chief cause why so many are bit-
ten about the head and feet. The stings of the hornet, wasp or bee
are attended with considerable pain and inflammation, and require
a treatment similar to the former. The following liniment will be
found a powerful remedy in checking the progress of the poison:
RECIPE NO. 66.—Take olive oi], half a pint; strong spirit of
hartshorn, four ounces; opodeldoc, six ounces; spirit of turpen-
tine, four ounces; tincture of opium, four ounces; mix and put
in a bottle for use.
44 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
Let this linament be well rubbed on the part affected two or three
times a day until the swelling and inflammation abate. In some
cases that are more dangerous the parts affected, especially those
about the head, should be fomented with the following preparation:
RECIPE NO. 67.—Take white poppy heads, bruised, half a pound;
marsh-mallow roots, one handfull; plantain leaves, one handfull;
wormwood tops, one handfull; bruise them small and boil them
in two gallons of beer dregs.
Foment the parts affected two or three times a day; after each
time rub the liniment wellin. If any feverish symptoms should
appear (which frequently happen during the hot weather) it will be
proper to take from three to four quarts of blood, and in two or
three hours after give the purging drink No. 3 or 4, as there di-
rected.
SECTION XXV.
THE DOWNFALL IN THE UDDER.
This is a disease of the utmost consequence to the owners of
cows. Young cows in high condition are the most liable to it, es-
pecially at the time of calving. Such as are more aged are the most
subject to it during hot and sultry weather.
Cows of a gross habit of body, when overheated, or when they
have taken cold, are very liable to it at all seasons. This disorder
makes its appearance in an inflammatory tumor, collected from a
gross habit of body and deposited upon some part of the lacteal
vessels, where its presence is quickly discernable by lessening the
quantity of milk and changing it toa bloody and corrupt appear-
ance. At other times the milk or corruption is totally stopped and
the tumor gradually increases to a state of suppuration. When
this is the case it must be opened with a lancet.
In some instances it may be found necessary to amputate or cut
off the whole of the udder.
When this is needful it requires a person of skill to undertake an
operation of this kind. The bleeding of these wounds must be
stopped by applying the styptic powder No. 78, section 26, which
may if necessary be supported with a proper bandage across the
loins; and after the blood is stopped dress the wound with proper
digestives. (See section 26 on wounds.) These tumors have been
known to settle down upon the hock, fetlock or in the foot, and there
discharge as other wounds.
It will, however, be of the greatest benefit to the owner to prevent
this disease taking place, if possible; for, if permitted to proceed to
the state above described, the loss of time and trouble would be
considerable. It will, therefore, be necessary as soon as the down-
fall is first discovered, if the animal be in good condition, three to
five quarts of blood may be taken, according to size and strength.
If bled at night, next morning give the purging drink No. 3 or 4,
as there directed; it should operate in about twelve hours, if not, it
should be repeated. By these means the inflammation will soon
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 45
disappeer. The udder should be rubbed with the following lini-
ment, which will be beneficial:
RECIPE NO. 68.—Take soft soap, half a pound; oil of bays, eight
ounces; spirit of turpentine, eight ounces; camphorated spirit of
wine, four ounces; mix well together and bottle for use.
The parts affected must be well rubbed with the mixture night
and morning after the cow has been milked; and, if very bad, she
may be milked in the middle of the day, and her udder well bathed
with cold water. By frequent milking and the application of the
liniment the inflammation will be removed in a few days. After
the purging drink has ceased to operate the following drink should
be given:
RECIPE NO. 69.—Take aniseeds, carraway seeds and tumeric,
fresh powdered, each one ounce; juniper berries and nitre, in pow-
der, each two ounces; resin, in powder, four ounces; spirit of tur-
pentine, one ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix in a quart of gruel
or beer.
This drink should be repeated every third day for three times, or
oftener if necessary, or the following may be given:
RECIPE NO. 70.—Take nitre, two ounces; alum, in powder, four
ounces; dissolve them in a quart of boiling water or gruel; when
cold add yellow resin, in powder, six ounces; juniper berries and
ginger, in powder, each two ounces; mix all together and give for
one drink.
This should be repeated every third day the same as the former;
three or four ounces of molasses may be added.
These are excellent drinks for curing the downfall in the udder;
and in all slight cases one is in general sufficient to cure it. This
disease or complaint is chiefly known under the name of Sore Ud-
ders.
SECTION XXVI.
WOUNDS.
Wounds are common to neat cattle as well as others, and may be
defined to be a division or separation of some of the parts of the
body; and it is of great importance to know how to treat them in
all their different situations in the body, as the management must
vary according to the part where the wound is situated, and the cir-
cumstances under which it takes place. The animal’s constitution
and habit of body must also be considered, as well as the imme-
diate structure of the divided substance; and whether the wound
be made with a sharp instrument or a blunt one; if with the former,
and the wound be not considerable, it will be advisable to attempt
a union by the first intention, which may be performed in the fol-
lowing manner:
First cleanse the wound from all dirt and extraneous matter,
then pour in # sufficient quantity of the tincture of benzoin and
46 DAIRY MEN’S ASSISTANT AND
bring the edges of the wound together and close it neatly with a
proper suture, as follows: Take a flat crooked needle and a thin ©
white leather cord well tallowed, if silk or thread be used they
should be doubled several times, or they may cut themselves out,
but white leather is preferable. Every stitch across the wound
should be tied and one inch be allowed between every stitch; this
will generally be found sufficient for most purposes. When the
parts are properly closed take some lint or tow and soak it in the
tincture of benzoin and apply it over the wound, then secure it on
well with a bandage. The bandage should be taken off once a day
and fresh soaked lint applied and secured as before.
Wounds that are in a fleshy part, deep and much bruised, require .
a different treatment. The inflammation is often great, in which
the constitution appears to sympathise; the pulse is attended with
hardness, and feverish symptoms begin to appear. Unless a favor-
able turn takes place gangrene will ensue, which indicates an ap-
proaching mortification, and if it be not timely checked death will
come.
In cases so desperate every means must be used to support the
animal, and to check the gangrenous serum, in order that suppura-
tion may be prompted; this may be attempted in the following
manner:
First examine the wound with a proper probe or a candle may be
used. Then take some finely powdered nitre and sprinkle it over
the wound, and then dress the wound with the following oils:
RECIPE NO. 71.—Take linseed oil, one pint; put it in a vessel
that will hold three pints; then add by a little at a time two
ounces of oil of vitriol, constantly stirring until united; add spirit
of turpentine, half a pint, by a little at a time and keep stirring
until it is well united. By this method they will be properly
mixed.
Pour a sufficient quantity into the wound and see that it reaches
all parts of it.
When this is not practicable, lint or tow should be well saturated
with the oils and introduced to the bottom with a probe. The lint
must be long enough so as to admit of one end hanging out, by
which it may be taken out and fresh oils put in. These oils warm
and stimulate the injured part and stop gangrene to which wounds ™
of this nature are liable. Oils so powerful as these seldom require
to be used more than once or twice, and that chiefly in wounds that
are deep and much bruised, where there is some tendency to gan-
grene.
Such wounds as have been neglected at first, and which have as-
sumed a gangrenous disposition, should be dressed with oil of vit-
riol by dipping a skewer in it and applying it all over the wound for
several times. Immediately after using either of the above, the
wound must be dressed with the following ointment:
RECIPE NO. 72.—Take yellow basilicon ointment, half a pound;
black pitch, strained turpentine, tar and linseed oil, each four
ounces; melt them all together; then add spirit of turpentine,
four ounces; mix and keep in a pot for use.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 47
In using this ointment care should be taken that it penetrate
to the bottom of the wound, which may be done by putting the ani-
mal in a proper position. Then take some of the ointment and melt
it and when milk warm pour it into the wound; then cover it with
a pledget of tow dipped in the same and secure it in place. The
wound should be dressed once a day, every other day, or every third
day, as may be thought necessary. If the inflammation and swell-
ing be considerable it should be fomented (after the wound has been
dressed) with the following fomentation:
RECIPE NO. 73.—Take camomile flowers, four ounces; white
poppy heads, one dozen; linseed, bruised, half a pound; marsh-
mallow roots, bruised, one handfull; elder leaves, bruised, one
handfull; boil them in two gallons of beer dregs.
Foment all the parts affected two or three times a day with hot
flannels, well wrung out of the above fomentation; after each time
the wound and all about it should be well rubbed with the follow-
ing lini:rent:
RECIPE NO. 74.—Take oil of bays, four ounces; Marsh-mallow
ointment, four ounces; Elder ointment, four ounces; camphor,
one ounce, dissolved in four ounces of spirit of turpentine, by rub-
bing in a mortar; then mix the whole together and keep in a pot
for use well tied down.
This liniment will be found excellent for softening all kinds of
hard tumors about wounds and removing the inflammation. If
strict attention be paid to the above method of application, the
wounds (though ever so bad) may ina short time be brought to a
state of suppuration, by which the swelling and inflammation will
soon disappear; and the bottom of the wound will begin to heal and
fill up with granulations of flesh as the discharge diminishes; in
cases of this kind it frequently happens that these granulations be-
come too luxuriant and require the application of medicines to keep
them down.
Proud flesh in recent wounds differs in general from that in old
wounds; the former may easily be kept down with the following
powders, whilst the latter will require much stronger caustic med-
icines:
RECIPE NO. 75.—Take resin, in powder, two ounces; bole ar-
menic, in powder, one ounce; burnt alum, in powder, half an
ounce; mix all together and keep in a bottle for use.
After the wound has been dressed with the digestive medicines,
as stated before, sprinkle these powders over the surface once or
twice a day. Ifthe wound only require healing it may be first
anointed with the following tinctures and the powders afterwards
be dusted on:
RECIPE NO. 76.—Take tincture of benzoin, two ounces; tincture
of myrhh, two ounces; aquafortis, half an ounce; mix gently to-
gether and bottle for use.
These powders and tincture will be found sufficient to keep down
all superfluous flesh and assist nature in healing up the wound.
48 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
Wounds that penetrate into the cavity of the chest require nearly
the same treatment as other fresh wounds; in some cases it will be
advisable to omit using the styptic oils (No. 71). Wounds of the
abdomen or belly require persons of skill and judgment in the
proper management of them, for if any of the intestines be dis-
placed, or exposed to the air, it might endanger the life of the ani-
mal. The following lotion will be found adeqate for purposes of
this kind:
RECIPE NO. 77.—Take nitre, in powder, half an ounce; Goulard’s
extract, two ounces; camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces;
rain water, one pint; mix and bottle for use.
In all accidents, where part of the intestines is exposed to the air,
they should be well bathed or fomented with this lotion milk warm;
afterwards anoint them with the liniment No. 74, then endeavor to
replace them and support them with a roller or bandage. The diet
of the animal in cases of this kind should consist of bran mashes
with a little ground barley, corn or linseed mixed in it.
Hemorrhages in wounds frequently happen; it is, therefore,
highly necessary that persons should be acquainted with the course
of the arteries. ; ene
Whenever a blood vessel is wounded, or divided, and the hem-
orrhage likely to prove dangerous, the first care must be to stop the
bleeding by pressure, provided the wound be in a situation to ad-
mit of the application of a roller or bandage. Pressure, where it
can be properly applied, is certainly the best remedy; but as there
are many cases that will not admit of this treatment, the stoppage
of blood may be attempted by actual cautery where the part will
allow it, otherwise the following styptic powders’ may be used.
Sometimes, however, it is more convenient to tie up the blood ves-
sel; but these circumstances must be left to the judgment of the
operator:
RECIPE NO. 78.—Take blue vitriol, white vitriol, green vitriol,
alum, wheat flour and bole armenic, each two ounces; powder and
mix them together for use.
The mouth of the divided vessel must be covered over with a suf-
ficient quanty of these styptic powders, and pressed to with lint or
tow and then well secured by a roller or bandage.
SECTION XXVII.
WOUNDS OF THE JOINTS.
These are not so common among cattle as among horses. The
former are seldom troubled with anything more in these parts than
those wounds which are of a common nature and which generally
heal readily; while the latter are subject to severe contusions that
often render them of little use afterwards.
The treatment of wounds in the joints greatly depends on the
manner in which they have been received.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 49
Such as are attended ‘with severe bruises are more diflicult to heal
than those received from a cut. All recent wounds that are at-
tended with swelling and inflammation it will be necessary to fo-
ment with the fomentation No. 73, as there directed; after which
rub them well with the liniment No. 74 and dress the wounds with
the digestive ointment No. 72. These dressings should not be more
than for three or four days, or until the inflammation and swelling
subside, otherwise they might occasion a discharge of the joint oil.
The following compound mixture, therefore, will be found adequate
to the cure of most wounds in the joints of neat cattle:
RECIPE NO. 79.—Take mel-Egypticum, two ounces; tincture of
myrrh and aloes and tincture of benzoin, each two ounces; aqua-
fortis, half an ounce; mix and bottle for use.
The wound, if possible, should be filled with this mixture, either
by injection or pouring it in, and its mouth should be stopped with
lint or tow to prevent it running out, and supported with a bandage
or roller.
This method, if proceeded in, will in most cases be found suffi-
cient to cure all wounds in the joints of neat cattle.
SECTION XXVIII.
STRAINS AND BRUISES.
These accidents befall cattle of all descriptions, and as most per-
sons are well acquainted with them they require but little descrip-
tion. Neat cattle are not so liable to strains as the horse. Strains
or bruises may affect either the muscles, ligaments or tendons.
Strains of the former are generally attended with considerable in-
flammation, and the latter with a rupture or breaking down of the
tendon; but this last is not so common among neat cattle. Strains
of the stifle, whirl bone and back are very frequent amongst these
animals, and are chiefly occasioned by romping or playing together.
The cure in all the different parts must first be attempted by re-
moving the inflammation and swelling. The following mixture
will be found suitable for every purpose of this kind:
RECIPE NO. 80.—Take spirit of sal-ammoniac, with lime, two
ounces; oil of olive, four ounces; spirit of turpentine, four ounces;
camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces; mix and keep in a bot-
tle for use.
These oils will be found excellent for all kinds of strains, bruises
and hurts in different parts of the body. Let them be well rubbed
in on the part affected once or twice a day; and if necessary they
may be assisted by fomenting the part first with No. 73, as there
directed. If any feverish symptoms should appear, it will be best
to keep the body open by giving the purging drink No. 3. Strains
of the hip joint, shoulder, stifle and back, being more deeply seated,
require a more powerful application.
50 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
RECIPE NO. 81.—Take opodeldoc, four ounces; spirit of sal-
ammoniac, with lime, twoounces; spirit of turpentine, two ounces;
oil of origanum, one ounce; oil of olive, two ounces; cantharidies,
in powder, two drachms; mix and bottle for use.
These are powerful oils in curing deep-seated strains in fleshy
parts of the body; they will be found to dissolve the coagulable
lymph, which often remains in strains of long standing.
They must be well rubbed on the part affected once or twice a
day, as may be thought best. After the pain, inflammation and the
effects of the oils are gone, a weakness in the part often remains for
some time, which may be removed by applying the following
strengthening plaister:
RECIPE NO. 82.—Take black pitch, half a pound; white pitch,
four ounces; compound litharge plaister, two ounces; strengthen-
ing plaister, two ounces; melt them over a slow fire; when dis-
solved take them from the fire and add grains of paradise and
cummin seeds, fresh powdered, of each one ounce; stir them well
together, and when milk warm apply the plaister all over the
part affected, and immediately cover it over with a flannel band-
age.
SECTION XXIX.
CANCEROUS ULCERS.
These are the most difficult to heal of any ulcers to which neat
cattle are hable. They generally make their first appearance in a
hard livid tumor, seated in some of the glandulous parts of the
body. Some of these are moveable and others are fixed; some are
inflamed and quickly break out and discharge a thin matter; at
other times they discharge a thick yellow matter and the wounds
are apt to fill up with fungous flesh. They are chiefly on the
cheeks, eyelids and on the glands between the jaw bones. They
are supported by a scrofulous tendency of the neighboring fluids.
The cure greatly depends on the part of the glands when the ul-
cer is seated. There are some parts that will admit of a total ex-
tirpation, which may be done with a knife or (if preferred) by act-
ual cautery.
The choice of these methods must be left to the judgment of the
operator. After the wound has been thoroughly cleansed from all
extraneous matter, let it be treated all over with lunar caustic, or
sprinkled with red precipitate; and afterwards dress it with the fol-
lowing mixture:
RECIPE NO. 83.—Take Egypticum, four ounces; compound tinct-
ure of myrrh and spirit of turpentine, each two ounees; subli-
mate, in fine powder, two drachms; spirit of salt, half an ounce;
mix and keep in a bottle for use.
Let the wound be dressed with lint or tow dipped in this mixture
once a day, and if any superfluous flesh should appear it will be
necessary to keep it down with the above caustic; or instead of this
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 51
the wound may be sprinkled over with the powders No. 78 before it
be dressed with the mixture. As wounds dressed with the above
seldom fill up in the same manner as those which are dressed with
digestives, it may, therefore, be in some cases advisable, after the
wound has been well cleansed, and the acrid discharge has b-+en
stopped, to use one part of the digestive ointment No. 72 and two
parts of the above mixture well mixed together on a slab with a
spatula. The wound may be dressed once or twice a day with this
spread on lint or tow.
Purging is sometimes advisable in cases of this kind, and may be
administered once a week for three or four weeks. No. 3, 4 or 26 may
be given as there directed. By these the great flux of tumors will
in some measure be carried off by stool and cause the above medi-
cine to act more powerfully on the wound. When these hard ex-
crescent tumors, or schirrlous swellings of the glands first make
their appearance, they may with ease be removed by the following
ointment:
RECIPE NO. 84.—Take quicksilver, half a pound; strained tur-
pentine, four ounces; spirit of turpentine, two ounces; rub them
together in a mortar until all the globules of the silver disappear;
then add hog’s lard, one pound; work them well together until
properly incorporated
A sufficient quantity of this ointment must be rubbed on the parts
affected once a day for eight or ten days. Then leave it off for a
month; and if any substance remain the ointment should be re-
peated as before. In some cases the following compound mercurial
ointment will be more efficacious:
RECIPE NO. 85.—Take mercurial ointment (No. 84), two ounces;
strong aquafortis, two drachms; mix them together; then add
cantharides, powdered, two drachms; mix the whole together for
use.
This must be well rubbed on the part affected every day for five
or six days; then leave off for a month, and if the tumor be not dis-
persed repeat the treatment as before. In this manner it may be
repeated as often as may be found necessary.
There is no danger in the application of either of these ointments
on any part of the animal’s body, provided they are prevented from
licking it.
SECTION XXX.
THE FOUL IN THE FOOT.
This appears to proceed from the habit of body more than from
any external cause. Neat cattle of all ages are liable to this com-
plaint; but cows of a gross habit of body suffer most by it. It gen-
erally first makes its appearance betwixt the claws or hoofs in the
form of a hard crack, attended with considerable inflammation, and
in a short time will discharge a fetid and offensive matter similar
to that of the grease in horses heels. At other times it makes its
52 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
appearance in the form of a large tumor upon the cornet between
the hair and the hoof, attended with great pain and inflammation.
This is considered to. be similar to the’ downfall, and to proceed
from the same cause, though not in the same place, one being in
the udder and the other in the foot. The pain is often so consid-
erable so as to reduce the animal to a mere skeleton. If this dis-
ease makes its appearance between the claws, wash the part clean
from all dirt; when dry take a rope one-quarter of an inch in size,
then chafe the part affected by it until of a glow or red, then dress
the part with a wood skewer dipped in butter of antimony, oil of
vitriol, or aquafortis, and let them stand in a dry place for two
hours. This should be repeated for two or three times, and if the
part swell and appear much inflamed, it must be well rubbed with
the liniment No. 74, and then if the tumor be likely to suppurate
apply the following poultice:
RECIPE NO. 86.—Take tar, one pound, and melt it; then add
linseed meal, half a pound; mix and apply milk warm on the
part affected.
The liniment and poultice must be repeated once a day until the
tumor is sufficiently ripe to be opened; afterwards dress the wound
with No. 83 and continue the poultice and liniment until the inflam-
mation and swelling be reduced and the parts acquire their former
state. The cure may be completed by continuing to dress the
wound with No. 88, or if that be thought too strong the subli-
mate may be omitted. When the foul appears to proceed from a
superabundant flow of humors collected from different parts of the
body, and settled in the foot, the cure may be accelerated by giving
the animal a purging drink (No. 3) once a week for two or three
weeks, as there directed.
SECTION XXXI.
TO DRY A COW ‘OF HER Mink
This is a subject with which every dairy man should be well ac-
quainted. Some cows are more difficult to dry than others by rea-
son of their giving so large a quantity of milk.
Without great care and management these will be -iable to the
downfall, either in the udder or in the foot; or it may terminate in
some inflammatory disease.
Cows that milk themselves are very difficult to dry, and those
that give a large quantity of milk and suchas are in good condition
should be folded over night in a yard. The next morning give the
following drink:
RECIPE NO. 87.—Take roach alum, in powder, six ounces; bole
armenic, in powder, two ounces; mix and put in a pitcher and
pour on them a pint anda half of boiling water; then add one pint
of vinegar and give when milk warm.
The cow must be milked clean at the time the above drink is
given; and in two hours after may be turned to pasture. About
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 53
four days after, if her udder appear hard and full, she should again
be milked clean and the drink repeated.
This is generally sufficient to dry any cow of her milk; but as
some cows give so much that renders them difficult to dry. it may
be necessary to repeat the drink and milking every fourth day for
three or four times before they can be completely dried. Or the
following drink may be given, which is equally as useful as the
former, if not more efficacious:
RECIPE NO. 88.—Take red wine tartar, in powder, one pound;
molasses, four ounces; put them in a pitcher and pour on them
three pints of boiling water; stir well and give milk warm.
This is a powerful drink for the purpose, as well as the former;
in order to give more time it may be necessary to change the drinks.
Another formula is therefore subjoined:
RECIPE NO. 89.—Take alum, in fine powder, six ounces; red wine
tartar, in powder, half a pound; bole armenic, in powder, two
ounces; molasses, four ounces; mix in a pitcher and pour a quart
of boiling water on the ingredients; then add a pint of vinegar
and give to the cow milk warm.
These are two excellent drinks, as well as the former, and are
equally powerful (if not more so in drying up their milk). They
may be repeated in the same manner as the first.
If one of these drinks were given every month during summer
to cows that are of a gross habit of body, it would prevent the dread-
ful disease of the downfall in the udder, which often baffles skilled
persons well acquainted with the diseases of neat cattle. :
SECTION XXXII.
ANGLE-BERRIKS.
These are cutaneous tumors growing out above the surface of the
skin, and of different sizes, with a very disagreeable appearance.
Young heifers or cows of their first and second calves, are the most
subject to them. These fleshy excresences make their appearance
on different parts of the body.
Those upon the udder are not only disagreeable, but makes the
cow troublesome to milk. They rise from a smal] base, and hang
in a pendulous form of different sizes. The common method used
to extirpate these excrescences is to fix a ligature round their bases
and suffer them to rot off. Others, after they have been tied round
with a cord, will cut them off and anoint the part with oil of vit-
riol. But the most ready and effectual way is to throw the animal
and take hold of the angle-berry at the base with a pair of broad,
flat barnacles, such as are used in farriery; then take a firing iron
and sear or burn it off; touch the seared part all over with a skewer
dipped in oil of vitriol or aquafortis. Either of these will destroy
the roots and prevent them from growing again; but if they are at-
tended to in time, betore they come to their full growth, they may
54 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
be eradicated by applying the following ointment. A small quantity
of this ointment must be rubbed on the angle-berries, warts or any
excrescences that may grow upon the udder or any other part of
the body, every night and morning, and they will gradually waste
away:
RECIPE NO. 90.—Take green vitriol, white vitriol and blue vit-
rial, in powder, each one ounce; camphor, two drachms, dissolved
in half an ounce of rectified spirit of wine; sugar of lead, half an
ounce; hog’s lard, half a pound; mix them well together on a
slab and keep in a pot for use.
SECTION XXXIII.
SORE TEATS.
Some cows are more subject to sore teats than others; they are
liable to this complaint at all seasons of the year, particularly such
cows as have just calved. Ifthe teats be afflicted in the summer
they often become ulcerated, which renders them difficult to milk.
The following ointment should be kept for purposes of this kind:
RECIPE NO. 91.—Take Elder ointinent, six ounces; beeswax, two
ounces; melt them together and add sugar of lead, one ounce;
alum, in powder, two ounces; mix and stir them together.
The cow’s teats should be well rubbed with this ointment night
and morning after milking. If in the summer and the flies bother
them, add one ounce of assafcetida in powder and dissolve it with
the ointment and wax. This will prevent the flies from teasing the
animal.
SECTION XXXIV.
THE MANGE.
This disease is well known to most dairy and other cattle men,
and therefore require but little description. It is seated in the skin
and generally proceeds from bad keeping during the winter; it
makes its appearance early in the spring as soon as the weather is
warm.
The symptoms are as follows: The skin or hide appears fast on all
parts of the body; and every time the animals rub themselves the
hair comes off and a thick white scurf of a scabby appearance is to
be seen.
‘In the cure of this disease mercurial ointment cannot be used
with any degree of safety among neat cattle, as there is hardly a
possibility of preventing them from licking themselves. Hither of
the following ointments, therefore, may be safely used in diseases
of this kind:
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 55
RECIPE NO. 92.—Take hog’s lard, two pounds; spirit of turpen-
tine, halfa pint; put them in a _ pot that will hold twice the
quantity; then gradually add oil of vitriol, two ounces, and keep
gently stirring until mixed; then add sulphur vivum, in fine
powder, half a pound; mix them well together for use.
Or the following may be used if thought more proper:
RECIPE NO. 93.—Take soft soap, one pound; hog’s lard, one
pound; spirit of turpentine, one pint; flour of sulphur, half a
pound; white helebore, in powder, half a pound; pearl ashes, in
powder, two ounces; mix them all together for use.
All the infected parts must be well rubbed with either of these
ointments every third or fourth day for three times; this should be
done when the sun is out. Thus, the medicine will prove of good
effect, and very often in slight cases one dressing will be sufficient
if the ointment be well applied. At the same time it will be neces-
sary to give the following drink. And this drink may be repeated
every third day for three or four times. It will be found to possess
the requisite quality of promoting the animal secretions, by which
nature will be regenerated:
RECIPE NO. 94.—Take aniseeds and carraway seeds, fresh pow-
dered, each two ounces; grains of paradise, powdered, one ounce;
nitre, in powder, one ounce; flour of sulphur, two ounces; crude
antimony, in powder, half an ounce; molasses, four ounces; mix
for one drink ina quart of hot water or gruel and give milk
war.
SECTION XXXV.
LICE ON CATTLE.
Lice on cattle, like the former disease, require no description, as
filth is always visible; if not, by shedding the hair, they will soon
appear. The cattle most subject to lice are those which through
bad keeping are reduced to a low state, so that nature is not able to
cast off her old coat, in consequence of this an extra harbor is left
for the vermin to accumulate in.
Different kinds of medicines have been applied for the destruc-
tion of lice. Mercurial ointment would prove the most effectual in
destroying them if it could be used with safety, but neat cattle are
so liable to lick themselves it would endanger their lives by bring-
ing on a salivation upon the glands. It will, therefore, be better to
omit its use and to apply the following:
RECIPE NO. 95.—Take hog’s lard, two pounds; spirit of turpen-
tine, half a pint; oil of vitriol, one ounce; mix them gradually,
and when united add whale oil, half a pint; staves-acre, in pow-
der, half a pound; mix all together into an ointment.
Rub some of this ointment on the body where lice are found, and
repeat it in fivé or six days after; twice dressing is generally sufli-
56 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
cient. Or, if thought better, use the ointment No. 92 or No. 98,
which is equal to the above. It will be beneficial to give the ani-
mal, when reduced to a low state, the nourishing drink No. 1 or No.
2, as there directed.
SECTION XXXVI.
WARBLES.
These proceed from a fly known by the name of the Gad Fly,
which punctures small holes in the backs of neat cattle and there
deposits its eggs. These are speedily hatched by the heat of the
animal’s body, a small tumor arises, containing a grub and having
a small hole in its center, that answers as a breathing place for the
insects.
The best way to destroy these worms is to pull off the scab that
covers the mouth of the hole and pour a few drops of the black oils
No. 71 into the orifice of the wound, or a few drops of spirits of tur-
pentine may be used instead.
SECTION XXXVII.
TO MAKE A COW TAKE THE BULL.
It is sometimes necessary to promote this desire in cows, but is
very rarely wanted if the animal be healthful and in good con-
dition; and it is much better when nature perform her own office,
but this cannot always be dispensed with. The following drink,
therefore, may be given:
RECIPE NO. 96.—Take aniseeds, grains of paradise and bay ber-
ries, powdered, of each two ounces; cantharides, in powder. two
drachms; mix them together for one drink.
This drink should be given in a quart of warm milk at any time
of the day, and not feed the animal anything for two hours, then
feed as usual. If this drink has the desired effect the cow will take
the bull in about eight or ten days; if not, the drink may be re-
peated with the addition of half a drachm more of cantharides to
it. It is best to give this drink on a full stomach, as it will be less
liable to bring on the strangury. But if the latter should take
place give her the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 97.—Take Nitre in powder, two ounces; sweet spirit
of nitre, one ounce; tincture of opium, half an ounce; mix and
give in a quart of linseed tea.
This drink may be repeated if found needful.
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 57
SECTION XXXVIII.
BULL BURNT.
This is a local disease, affecting the sheath of the bull; the parts
become foul and full of cancercus ulcers which inflame the bull’s
yard and causes the sheath to swell. The most effectual way of
curing this disease is to throw the bull down and turn him on his
back. Then take a cloth and fold it round his yard, and gently
draw it out of the sheath to examine all the ulcerated parts, which
should be bathed and washed with the following lotion:
RECIPE NO. 98.—Take camphorated spirit of wine, four ounces;
sugar of lead, one ounce; white vitriol, two ounces; rain water,
one quart; mix and bottle for use.
The bull should be dressed twice a week with this lotion, and
kept from cows until cured. Care must be taken that every part is
properly washed or bathed with this mixture. Or he may be
dressed in the same manner with the following mixture, which is
more powerful:
RECIPE NO. 99.—Take sugar of lead, white vitriol, blue vitriol
and bole armenic, of each half an ounce; boiling water, one pint;
mix, when milk warm bottle for use.
This is a very powerful mixture, but should not be used the first
time of dressing; afterwards it may be used with safety. During
the time of treatment give the bull the purging drink No. 3 or No.
4 with the addition of four ounces more of salts, as there directed,
and repeat it once a week for two or three times.
The matrix or womb of the cow is sometimes affected by the bull,
which causes the parts to inflame or swell, likewise to discharge a
very disagreeable ichor; at the time of staling she appears to have
considerable pain. All the parts that are infected should be bathed
with the lotion No. 98, the other being too strong for a cow, and a
linen cloth should be soaked in the lotion, folded round the finger,
and introduced into the womb, or injected with a syringe. A few
dressings will generally be sufficient.
SECTION XXXIX.
PROPER TREATMENT OF COWS THAT SLINK OR SLIP
THEIR CALVES.
Abortion, or cows slipping their calves in an early period of gesta-
tion, is a great loss sometimes to the owner; it appears that cows in
the best condition are the most liable to this misfortune. It is
sometimes caused by an accident, and frequently happens in the
summer. At other times it has appeared of an epidemical nature,
several haying slipped their calves in the course of a few days; in
this case it proceeds from debility and a relaxation of the genera-
tive parts.
58 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
Cows are the most liable to slink their calves towards the fall of
the year, while feeding on autumnal grass; or on low marshy
grounds; and at other times it has proceeded from the smell of
carrion exposed in the pasture. The sense of smell in neat cattle
is remarably acute.
Cows that are in danger of slipping their calves, before their due
time of gestation, should be taken from the pasture at night and
from two to three quarts of blood taken from them, and remain in
the yard until the morning, then give the following drink:
RECIPE NO. 100.—Take alum, in powder, six ounces; Peruvian
bark, in powder, half an ounce; aniseeds, fresh powdered, two
ounces; molasses, four ounces; mix for one ‘drink.
Put the ingredients in a pitcher and pour a quart of boiling water
on it; cover it down till milk warm then give it to the animal.
This drink may be repeated in eight or ten days, and it will pro-
duce the desired effect.
Some cows are constantly a bulling every two or three weeks dur-
ing the summer. A better drink cannot be given to stop this, and
also to make her hold to the bull. The drink should be given to
the cow two hours after bulling; it strengthens and braces the parts
of generation.
SECTION XL.
THE NATURE AND PROPERTY OF THE BLOOD.
The blood may justly be called the element or life of animal na-
ture, which is always in a continual motion, circulating through the
veins and arteries of all living animals. On a slight examination
it may appear homogeneous, but it consists of very dissimilar parts.
When blood is first taken from the animal it very soon loses its
volatile part, which goes off in the form of vapor, and as soon as the
vapor is dissipated the blood congeals and becomes a trembling
mass.
The principal part of this coagulated mass is the crassamentum,
which contains the color and gives it to the other parts. There is
also the serum, or watery part of the blood, from which is formed
the crust on its surface after taking it from the vein. In this
serum, besides the albumen (which hardens like the white of an
egg), there is a considerable portion of water, likewise a small quan-
tity of ropy mucus; besides these there is a small portion of sea
salt, fine chalky earth, of iron and of fixed air; to which may be
added the elementary fire. By the joint co-operation of the whole,
life is infused into all parts of the body.
It appears that the natural elements of the blood formed by the
animal occonomy are the albumen and the globules. The albumen
is the immediate matter of growth and nutrition. The globules
never pass the emunctories, except by violent exertion or disease;
the saline, acid, morbid, bilious and other particles that are found
in the circulating blood are rather hetrogeneous than elementary
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 59
parts of it. When the animal is in full health and vigor of consti-
stution, the blood is mild and gelatinous, but by disease it is often
rendered very acrid.
SECTION XLI.
BLEEDING.—ITS UTILITY AND IN WHAT CASES NECES-
SARY. :
Bleeding, when properly employed, is productive of great and
good effects, as also of much injury when improperly resorted to.
It‘is useful in checking the progress of all inflammatory diseases.
The following are the chief symptoms that indicate bleeding to be
necessary:
First.—Where animals in a thriving state rub themselves until
the hair comes off, the spot being frequently covered with a dry
scab; in this state not more than half the usual quantity should be
taken at one time.
Seconp.—In all kinds of inflammatory diseases where the eyes
appear red or inflamed, and the veins puff up and seem considerably
larger than common.
Tutrp.—In fevers, bruises, hurts, wounds upon the head, strains
in different parts; and .
FourtH.—In all other accidents that may occur to the animal
where there is reason to apprehend a stagnation of blood.
The manner of performing this operation is too well known to re-
quire any description.
The fleam is an instrument in general use for neat cattle; the
quantity of blood that may be proper to take away at one time can-
not here be determined, but must be regulated according to the size,
condition and the disease under which the animal may labor at the
time.
In many inflammatory diseases too much can hardly be taken,
provided the animal be not faint or likely to fall down. A_ strong
healthy animal can bear the loss of three or four quarts of blood
without the least injury; larger cattle that are attacked with in-
flammatory fevers will bear a larger proportion to be taken away
at once than usual, from four to six quarts; but it will be found
better in these diseases not to take away too large a quantity ata
time, but to repeat it occasionally. The animal should neither be
suffered to drink cold water immediately after bleeding nor to graze;
the former may chill the blood, and the latter cause the orifice to
bleed again. If this operation be performed in the summer, it will
be best to take them from the pasture towards evening, bleed and
stand in the yard all night, and the next morning turn them to
their pasture. The utility of bleeding will be found under different
heads in this treatise, and the proper quantity necessary to be
taken from the animal at one time according to the disease and
symptoms,
60 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
SECTION XLII.
THE COW POX.
It appears that this disease was not noticed by anyone before Dr.
Jenner, who is the first man that attempted to convince the world
of its great utility in protecting the human race from that baneful
disease, the smallpox. Vaccine innoculation has been introduced
into all parts of the world. As a substitute for the smallpox it has
met the approbation of the public. The cow pox is a disease that
gradually proceeds to maturation, and afterwards declines or dies
away; it is known by the following symptoms:
The eyes of the animals appear heavy and dull, and their milky
secretions are considerably lessened, frequently to more than one-
half in a few days. The animals moan and wander about by them-
selves. Irregular pustules appear on the nipples of the cow, which,
at their first appearance, are commonly of a palish blue, or rather
of a color somewhat approaching to a livid, and are surrounded by
an erysipelatous inflammation.
As soon as this disease takes place, a cordial drink should be
given, which is necessary to warm and stimulate the solids and give
fresh motion to the fluids, by which nature will be better able to re-
pel the disease; the drink No | or No. 2 may be given as there di-
rected for two or three times.
If any feverish symptoms should appear, the body must be kept
open by giving one of the following purging drinks as there di-
rected, No. 3, 4 or 42. Any of these drinks will be found sufficient
to purge the body and check the fever. The teats and udder should
be well rubbed with the ointment No. 91 twice a day after milking,
or the following lotion may be used if thought better:
RECIPE NO. 101.—Take crude sal-ammoniac, in powder, half an
ounce; wine vinegar, half a pint; camphorated spirit of wine,
two ounces; Goulard’s extract, one ounce; mix and bottle for use.
This lotion is more pleasant to use than ointment and is very
good for sore teats in general, though they may proceed from other
causes. It should be well rubbed on the parts affected twice a day.
SECTION XLIII.
WOOD-EVIL, MOOR-ILL, CLUE-BOUND, FARDAL BOUND
AND PANTAS.
A great variety of curious names is given to many of the diseases
of neat cattle. It certainly would be a great convenience if nearly
one-half of them were expunged and more rational ones admitted.
The Wood-evil chiefly proceeds from debility, occasioned by tak-
ing cold when exposed to bleak winds. This brings on a pain and
stiffness in the joints, and if early attended to may be easily re-
moved by giving a few of the drinks No. 1 or 2, as there directed.
But if the disease be of some time standing, it will be more proper
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 61
to treat the animal in the same manner as for the Rheumatism or
Joint Felon. (See section 22.)
Moor-ill is a state of debility said to be occasioned by the want of
fresh water; this may easily be remedied by removing the animal
where it is more plentiful, and by giving a few of the above drinks
as for Wood-evil.
Clue-bound or Fardel-bound.—The animal when in this state is
disposed to be saped or costive; the thin part of the excrements
force their way through the middle or one side of the hardened part.
This frequently takes place at the commencement of a fever and re-
quires speedy relief, otherwise the life of the animal will be in dan-
ger. Give the purging drink No. 3 or 4, as there directed, as soon
as possible, and repeat it until a passage is obtained. The animal
may be restored in a short time by giving two or three of the drinks
No. 14, as there directed.
Pantas is another species of disease similar to the former, requir-
ing the same treatment.
SECTION XLIV.
ON THE DISEASES INCIDENT TO YOUNG CALVES, AND
THE METHOD OF TREATING THE COW
AFTER CALVING.
After the extraction of the calf proper care should be taken of
the cow, in providing her a suitable place to lie down in; and also
to allow her to lick her calf, which not only makes her fond of it,
but the friction of her tongue puts the young animal in motion, and
will enable it to rise much sooner than it otherwise would. About
a quart of the first milk should be taken from the cow before the
calf be allowed to suck, after which it may have free access to the
cow.
The milk for the first three or four days being of a purging qual-
ity, will evacuate the bowels of the yellow matter called the me-
conium, which is confined in the colon during gestation. If, there-
fore, this should not perform the necessary evacuation, recourse
must be had to medicines, of which the following will be suitable
for this purpose:
RECIPE NO. 102.—Take castor oil, one ounce; prepared kali, half
a drachm; ginger, in powder, one teaspoonful; mix and give it
in half a pint of warm milk.
This drink may be repeated the next day if the bowels are not
sufficiently open. It is advisible to let the calf have free access to
the cow, as soon as it is able to stand. And on the second day the
calf may be taken away, if the cow’s udder be free from kernels, or
hard excrescent substances; otherwise it should be permitted to
suck for a day or two longer.
The jolting of the calf’s head against the udder greatly assists in
dispersing the @xcrescenses, and in preventing the downfall or an
62 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
inflammation taking place in this part, which might cause much
trouble.
The diet and treatment of cows, at the time of parturition, must
be regulated according to the season of the year; if in the winter, or
early in the spring, care should be taken to house them as soon as
possible, and to give them warm water and mashes of scalded bran,
with some ground grain in them, two or three times a day. If in
the summer they should be kept in the shade in the day time and
at night protected from the cold.
SECTION XLV.
THE METHOD OF TREATING THE NAVEL STRING AFTER
EXTRACTING.
As soon as the calf has been taken from the cow and has been
properly cleansed, either by the cow licking it or by a cloth, let the
umbilical cord, or navel string, be secured in the following manner:
Take a waxed thread of several thicknesses and pass it several
times around it, about two inches from the body, secure it fast, then
clip it off a little below the tied part. Care is necessary in tying
the thread lest it cut the navel string and cause an effusion of blood,
that might endanger the life of the calf.
However, if this should happen to be the case, no time must be
lost, and the wound dressed as soon as possible with the following
styptic mixture:
RECIPE NO. 103.—Take compound tincture of myrrh, two ounces;
wine vinegar, half a pint; oil of vitriol, half an ounce; mel-Egyp-
tiacum, two ounces; mix and bottle for use.
Take a pledget of lint or tow and dip it in the above mixture;
then apply it to the part affected and support it with a bandage
round the body. This will generally stop the bleeding in a short
time; or, if thought more proper, the folloping poultice may be ap-
plied, which will be found of equal efficacy in: repelling the hemor-
rhage:
RECIPE NO. 104.—Take wheat flour, half a pound; blue vitriol,
in powder, half an ounce; alum, in powder, two ounces; mix
them into the consistence of a poultice, with the preceding mix-
ture, No. 108.
This poultice must be spread thick on leather or linen (the for-
mer is the best), then apply it to the navel, and support it with a
bandage as before. Ifthe part tumefy, and be likely to suppurate,
it should be dressed with the following:
RECIPE NO. 105.—Take spirit of turpentine and spirit of sal-
ammoniac, with lime, each two ounces; linseed oil, six ounces;
oil of amber, one ounce; mix them and bottle for use.
All the swelled part must be well rubbed with this mixture twice
a day, and the wound dressed with the digestive ointment No. 72
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 63
as there directed. Under such cireumstances the young animal is
so much reduced by pain and the loss of blood as to require medi-
cine to brace and strengthen its relaxed condition. The following
restorative will be found very good in this case:
RECIPE NO. 106.—Take Peruvian bark, in powder, two drachms;
ginger, fresh powdered, two drachms; mix and give them in half
a pint of new milk.
This may be repeated once or twice a day for a few days until the
calf recovers its strength. By strict attention to the above treat-
ment the life of the animal may be saved in cases that appear des-
perate.
a —_—_—
SECTION XLVI.
DIARRH@A OR DYSENTERY.
This is a disease to which young calves are very subject at the
age of from two to six weeks, and is generally caused through
change of diet.
The time of changing the diet of these young animals is the most
difficult. Care should therefore be taken to change it very little
for the first two weeks, but to give it mostly new milk; afterwards
bring it to porridge by slow degrees, or otherwise a dysentery may
take place which weakens the calf, and if not checked in time will
end in a complete dysentery.
The symptoms are as follows: Great weakness, loathing of its
food, a continual purging, everything it takes turns acid and coag-
ulates on the stomach. ‘Towards the last stage of this disease the
stools are bloody and fetid, a large portion of the defensive mucus
of the intestines is mixed with them; after which a gangrene or
mortification soon takes place and terminates in death.
This may be prevented (if timely attended to) by proper man-
agement. The following medicines should be given:
RECIPE NO..107.—Take rhubarb, in powder, two drachms; castor
oil, one ounce; prepared kali, one teaspoonful; mix and give in’
pint of warm milk.
This drink will generally purge and evacuate the stomach and
bowels of the indigested erudities with which they are loaded in
cases of this kind. The day after giving the above drink give the
following powders as directed:
RECIPE NO. 108.—Take prepared chalk, four ounces; prepared
crab’s eyes, two ounces; bole armenic, two ounces; bone, burnt
until white, in powder, two ounces; ginger, fresh powdered, two
ounces; mix them all well together.
Take one large tablespoonful of these powders, mix in a pint of
new milk and give it to the calf before feeding every night and
morning as long as the purging continues. These powders will.be
found a powerful absorbent, and frequently to check, if not to cure
the disease in its last stage.
64 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
Calves that are attacked with this disease, at the age of four or
six weeks, may have the castor oil increased to two ounces; the
powders also may be doubled, and to these powders may be added
one teaspoonful of tincture of opium every time they are given. By
increasing the quantity every dose may be made suitable to the age
of the calf. In cases of long standing there is often a continual
motion to stool, which is called tenesmus. The pain in this case
appears to be limited to the rectum, and may be removed by the
following clyster:
RECIPE NO. 109.—Take linseed, two ounces; boil in a pint and a
half of water; strain and add molasses, two ounces; salt of tartar,
two drachms; prepared chalk, one ounce; tincture of opium, half
an ounce; olive oi], one ounce; mix all together while warm and
inject it up the rectum, and apply the hand to the anus for five
minutes.
This clyster will expel the acrid and slimy humors adhering to
the coats of the rectum; if found necessary it may be repeated once
a day.
SECTION XLVII.
COSTIVENESS IN YOUNG CALVES.
The costiveness of some calves may take place at the ege of three
or four days, but it generally does not appear until the time the
young animal is put on dry food, which may be at or about the age
of eight or ten weeks. In every state of costiveness the animal will
be in danger if not timely removed.
Neat cattle, whether young or old, when laboring under any in-
ternal disease, are liable to become costive. And while so, are li-
able to inflammatory fevers of different kinds. And if purgative
medicines are not given in time there is often little hopes of re-
covery. Neat cattle, of all others, verge most rapidly to a state of
dissolution when suffering under any inflammatory disease. (See
section 20, on Purging Medicines. )
The greatest art of curing diseases is to be well acquainted with
their nature, and the constitution of the animal, together with a
proper knowledge of the quality and quantity of every medicine
necessary to be given in each disease, in order to obtain the desired
effect. Without this knowledge there will be but little probability
of success. If the purgative dose be too small it will be apt to in-
crease the disease, and if too large it will be liable to reduce the
young animal to a weak state. A proper quantity, therefore, suffi-
cient to produce the desired effect is the point most necessary to be
sought for; and of this point the author ventures to hope that long
experience has given him a confident knowledge. The following
different formulas will serve to elucidate the subject so as to enable
the practitioner to prescribe for calves of every age:
The following drink is suitable for one six weeks old:
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 65
RECIPE NO. 110.—Take Glauber salts, three ounces: ginger, in
powder, half an ounce; aniseeds, fresh powdered, half an ounce;
molasses, two ounces; mix in a pint of boiling water and cover
down, and give when milk warm.
The following may be given to one about eight weeks old:
RECIPE NO. 111.—Take Glauber salts, four ounces; rhubarb, in
powder, two drachms; ginger, carraway seeds and aniseeds, fresh
powdered, of each half an ounce; molasses, three ounces; mix
the same as No. 110 and give.
Or, if thonght best, the following may be given, especially in in-
flammatory cases:
RECIPE NO. 112.—Take castor oil, four ounces; rhubarb, in pow-
der, two drachms; prepared kali, one drachm; ginger and ani-
seeds, powdered, each half an ounce; molasses, two ounces; mix
and give the same as No. 110.
Any of these drinks may be repeated once a day until they pro-
duce the desired effect. By increasing the Glauber salts or the cas-
tor oil the drinks may be accommodated to every age. The great
utility of purging medicines consists in carrying off those crudities
which so frequently engender inthe stomach and intestines of young
calves and produce many fatal diseases, as is obvious to those who
have the management of voung cattle. It will be necessary here
to introduce a cordial drink, which is always best to be given after
purging, as it not only nourishes and heals but stimulates to fresh
action, and will be beneficial in removing flatulency from the stom-
ach:
RECIPE NO. 113.—Take aniseeds and carraway seeds, powdered,
of each one ounce; coriander seeds, ginger, grains of paradise,
fresh powdered, each half an ounce; molasses, two ounces; fresh
butter, one ounce; mix and give as No. 110.
This will be found an excellent drink to strengthen the stomach
and promote an appetite.
SECTION XLVIII.
THE HOOSE IN CALVES.
This disease most commonly attacks young calves during the
first year, and generally while at grass in the summer.
In some dry summers large numbers are fatally attacked. Upon
examination after death a bunch of worms will be found in the gul-
let netted or matted together. These, by their continual tickling
motion, cause the young animal to be in a constant state of hoosing
or coughing, by which the powers of digestion are so much im-
paired as to render the chewing of the cud impracticable. And if
proper medicines are not applied they languish and pine away like
a consumptive patient.
66 DAIRYMEN’S ASSISTANT AND
All these evils may be prevented with care and proper manage-
ment. The following drink will be found effectual in destroying
these kind of vermin:
RECIPE NO. 114.—Take wormwood and savin, each two ounces;
Indian pink, half an ounce; cut or bruise them small and put in
_a pitcher; then pour a quart of boiling water upon them; cover
them down and stand in a warm place for twelve hours; strain
and add to the liquor ginger, in powder, half an ounce; aniseeds,
fresh powdered, two ounces; linseed oil, one ounce; mix and give
milk warm.
The calf must fast two hours before the drink is given, when it
may be turned to pasture. It will be necessary to repeat the drink
every other or third day for some time. The above drink is calcu-
lated for one of the age of three months, and from that to six or
eight months. If the animal be older a larger portion of the ingre-
dients must be added, if younger less will suffice. Or the following
may be given if preferred:
RECIPE NO. 115.—Take wormwood, one handful; Indian pink,
half an ounce; cut or bruise them small and soak them in a quart
of boiling water about twelve hours; strain and add gentian and
worm seed, in powder, of each half an ounce; carraway seeds and
_aniseeds, fresh powdered, of each one ounce; fresh butter, one
ounce; mix and give milk warm.
' The young animal must fast as in the former drink. This drink
will be suitable for those of the age of six months, and from that to
one year. It may be repeated every third day for three or four
times; then leave off for a week, and if the calf still continues un-
well repeat it as before.
The aforesaid drinks will increase the appetite, promote digestion
and destroy vermin from the larynx. Worms in neat cattle we be-
lieve are not very common, except in the above cases. In many in-
stances where calves have been so bad with this complaint that they
baffled the power of other medicines, the disease has instantly given
way on giving them one tablespoonful of spirits of turpentine clear.
It may be repeated every third day for three times.
SECTION XLIX.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROPER METHOD OF DIVIDING
THE DIFFERENT DRINKS MENTIONED IN THIS
_ TREATISE, SUITABLE FOR NEAT CATCLE
FROM THE AGE OF ONE YEAR
AND UPWARDS.
The reader is requested to bear in mind that in the preceding
pages the drinks are chiefly calculated for cattle that have arrived
to a state of maturity. It will, therefore, be necessary for those per-
sons who have the management of neat cattle to have a proper
CATTLE BREEDERS’ MANUAL 67
knowledge of the method commonly used in dividing each drink suit-
able for different ages. Those of a purgative nature first claim our
attention, as they are the most necessary for every one to make
himself thoroughly acquainted with.
If too large a dose be given the animal’s life will be in danger.
On the other hand, if too small a quantity be administered the
symptonis will be increased; thus it will be obvious that either ex-
treme may lead to a disappointment of cure, if not to the death of
the animal. It is indispensably necessary that all persons who
prescribe medicines for cattle should be well acquainted with the
nature and power of the animal’s frame, the symptoms of all dis-
eases, and likewise quality and operative powers of the medicines
prescribed. Without this knowledge our proficiency in the healing
art will be very deficient.
The following method, if strictly attended to, will lead to a proper
division of those drinks whose operative powers are the most con-
siderable:
First.—For an animal of one year old, and from that to a year
and a half, one-half of any of the following purging drinks will be
sufficient: Nos. 3, 4, 10, 11, 20, 27, 32, 37, 42, 46.
Seconp.—For such as are from one year and a half to two years
and a haif, three parts out of four may be given of any of the afore-
said drinks; afterwards a whole drink may be given.
By this method every drink may be properly divided suitable for
every age, size and constitution. The above rule will also serve to
regulate the other drinks.
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